gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
&lt;title&gt;Multivariate calibration applied to the quantitative analysis of infrared spectra&lt;/title&gt; (1992)

Multivariate calibration methods are very useful for improving the precision, accuracy, and reliability of quantitative spectral analyses. Spectroscopists can more effectively use these sophisticated statistical tools if they have a qualitative understanding of the techniques involved. A qualitative picture of the factor analysis multivariate calibration methods of partial least squares (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR) is presented using infrared calibrations based upon spectra of phosphosilicate glass thin films on silicon wafers. Comparisons of the relative prediction abilities of four different multivariate calibration methods are given based on Monte Carlo simulations of spectral calibration and prediction data. The success of multivariate spectral calibrations is demonstrated for several quantitative infrared studies. The infrared absorption and emission spectra of thin-film dielectrics used in the manufacture of microelectronic devices demonstrate rapid, nondestructive at-line and in- situ analyses using PLS calibrations. Finally, the application of multivariate spectral calibrations to reagentless analysis of blood is presented. We have found that the determination of glucose in whole blood taken from diabetics can be precisely monitored from the PLS calibration of either mid- or near-infrared spectra of the blood. Progress toward the noninvasive determination of glucose levels in diabetics is an ultimate goal of this research.
25 nm mechanically buttressed high aspect ratio zone plates:Fabrication and performance (2004)

High performance zone plates are critical for advancing the state-of-the-art in x-ray microscopy, both in terms of spatial and energy resolution. Improved resolution, increased energy bandwidth, and enhanced efficiency can be achieved through the fabrication of smaller, higher aspect ratio outer zones. Using electron beam lithography, we have fabricated and obtained initial performance data from a 25nm outer zone width zone plate, with a 7:1 aspect ratio, using a hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ)/cross-linked polymer bilayer process. We investigated the effectiveness of buttresses, i.e., mechanical supports perpendicular to the zones, on our ability to achieve higher aspect ratios which conventionally would be unreachable due to resist collapse. Optimum buttress spacing is affected by film thickness, linewidth, collapse mechanisms, and resist modulus. For 25nm zones, etched into 150nm cross-linked polymer (AZPN114), buttress spacings of approximately two times the resist thickness or ten times the zone width ...
Introduction to the Quantitative Analysis of Two-Dimensional Fluorescence Microscopy Images for Cell-Based Screening (2009)

Modern automated microscopes collect digital images at an astonishing pace. Automated image analysis can measure biological phenotypes quantitatively and reliably, and has therefore become a powerful tool for probing a wide variety of biological questions using microscopy. In this tutorial, we acquaint biologists with this important computational field and introduce some basic principles of image analysis, using typical strategies for two-dimensional images of cultured cells in high-throughput screens as the primary example.
Soluble CD40 ligand can replace the normal T cell-derived CD40 ligand signal to B cells in T cell-dependent activation. (1993)

We have constructed a soluble chimeric fusion protein between the mouse CD8 alpha chain and the mouse CD40 T cell ligand. This protein binds to both human and mouse B cells. By itself it induced a modest degree of B cell proliferation, but together with anti-immunoglobulin (anti-Ig) antibody it greatly stimulated B cell proliferation, as determined by both [3H]thymidine uptake and increase in cell numbers. These data are evidence that the CD40 ligand on T cells provides a signal that drives B cell proliferation. This signal is synergistic with that delivered by anti-Ig antibody.
Effect of porosity on the fluid flow characteristics and mechanical properties of tantalum scaffolds (2005)

In many cases of traumatic bone injury, bone grafting is required. The primary source of graft material is either autograft or allograft. The use of both material sources are well established, however, both suffer limitations. In response, many grafting alternatives are being explored. This article specifically focuses on a porous tantalum metal grafting material (Trabecular Metaltrade mark) marketed by Zimmer. Twenty-one cylindrical scaffolds were manufactured (66% to 88% porous) and tested for porosity, intrinsic permeability, tangent elastic modulus, and for yield stress and strain behavior. Scaffold microstructural geometries were also measured. Tantalum scaffold intrinsic permeability ranged from 2.1 x 10(-10) to 4.8 x 10(-10) m(2) and tangent elastic modulus ranged from 373 MPa to 2.2 GPa. Both intrinsic permeability and tangent elastic modulus closely matched porosity-matched cancellous bone specimens from a variety of species and anatomic locations. Scaffold yield stress ranged from 4 to 12.7 MPa and was comparable to bovine and human cancellous bone. Yield strain was unaffected by scaffold porosity (average = 0.010 mm/mm). Understanding these structure-function relationships will help complete the basic physical characterization of this new material and will aid in the development of realistic mathematical models, ultimately enhancing future implant designs utilizing this material.
Repeat-Until-Success: Non-deterministic decomposition of single-qubit unitaries (2013)

We present a decomposition technique that uses non-deterministic circuits to approximate an arbitrary single-qubit unitary to within distance $ε$ and requires significantly fewer non-Clifford gates than existing techniques. We develop "Repeat-Until-Success" (RUS) circuits and characterize unitaries that can be exactly represented as an RUS circuit. Our RUS circuits operate by conditioning on a given measurement outcome and using only a small number of non-Clifford gates and ancilla qubits. We construct an algorithm based on RUS circuits that approximates an arbitrary single-qubit $Z$-axis rotation to within distance $ε$, where the number of $T$ gates scales as $1.26\log_2(1/ε) - 3.53$, an improvement of roughly three-fold over state-of-the-art techniques. We then extend our algorithm and show that a scaling of $2.4\log_2(1/ε) - 3.28$ can be achieved for arbitrary unitaries and a small range of $ε$, which is roughly twice as good as optimal deterministic decomposition methods.
Production of monoclonal antibodies that detect Hodgkin's high molecular weight transforming growth factor-beta (1990)

High molecular weight transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) is a physiologically active TGF secreted by nodular sclerosing Reed- Sternberg cells. Five monoclonal murine antibodies were prepared that distinguished Hodgkin's TGF beta from platelet-derived TGF beta using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, neutralization of biologic activity, and Western blotting. These monoclonal antibodies directed at unique antigenic determinants (epitopes) of Hodgkin's TGF beta will allow further characterization of the role of Hodgkin's TGF beta in Hodgkin's disease and related entities.
Application of Boiling Heat Transfer to High-Heat-Flux Cooling Technology in Power Electronics (2011)

Boiling heat transfer is a superior heat transfer technology using the latent heat transport with phase-change. However, it has been difficult to employ as a cooling technology for electronics because the unstable transition boiling and film boiling with excessive high temperature are impossible to control. In highly subcooled boiling, the coalescing bubbles formed on the heating surface collapse to many fine bubbles at the beginning of transition boiling and the heat flux exceeds the critical heat flux. This boiling regime has been called Microbubble Emission Boiling (MEB). Two models of cooling device are introduced using subcooled flow boiling with MEB for power electronics, where the maximum heat flux is 500 W/cm2 (5 MW/m2).
Network Analysis of World Subway Systems Using Updated Graph Theory (2009)

This paper demonstrates that network topologies play a key role in attracting people to use public transit; ridership is not solely determined by cultural characteristics (North American versus European versus Asian) or city design (transit oriented versus automobile oriented). The analysis considers 19 subway systems worldwide: those in Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Chicago, Illinois; New York City; Washington, D.C.; San Francisco, California; Mexico City, Mexico; London; Paris; Lyon, France; Madrid, Spain; Berlin; Athens, Greece; Stockholm, Sweden; Moscow; Tokyo; Osaka, Japan; Seoul, South Korea; and Singapore. The relationship between ridership and network design was studied by using updated graph theory concepts. Ridership was computed as the annual number of boardings per capita. Network design was measured according to three major indicators. The first is a measure of transit coverage and is based on the total number of stations and land area. The second relates to the maximum number of transfers necessary to go from one station to another and is called directness. The third attempts to get an overall view of transfer possibilities to travel in the network to appreciate a sense of mobility; it is termed connectivity. Multiple-regression analysis showed a strong relationship between these three indicators and ridership, achieving a goodness of fit (adjusted R 2 value) of .725. The importance of network design is significant and should be considered in future public transportation projects.
Molecular mechanisms of resistance to the EGFR monoclonal antibody cetuximab (2011)

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase belonging to the HER family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Receptor activation upon ligand binding leads to down stream activation of the PI3K/AKT, RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK and PLCγ/PKC pathways that influence cell proliferation, survival and the metastatic potential of tumor cells. Increased activation by gene amplification, protein overexpression or mutations of the EGFR has been identified as an etiological factor in a number of human epithelial cancers (e.g., NSCLC, CRC, glioblastoma and breast cancer). Therefore, targeting the EGFR has been intensely pursued as a cancer treatment strategy over the last two decades. To date, five EGFR inhibitors, including three small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and two monoclonal antibodies have gained FDA approval for use in oncology. Both approaches to targeting the EGFR have shown clinical promise and the anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab is used to treat HNSCC and CRC. Despite clinical gains arising from use of cetuximab, both intrinsic resistance and the development of acquired resistance are now well recognized. In this review we focus on the biology of the EGFR, the role of EGFR in human cancer, the development of antibody-based anti-EGFR therapies and a summary of their clinical successes. Further, we provide an in depth discussion of described molecular mechanisms of resistance to cetuximab and potential strategies to circumvent this resistance.
Walk Backwards to Happiness : Debugging by Time Travel (1997)

In circumstances when a variable in a program has an incorrect value the process of debugging it is often a process about discovering the history of that variable, or rather the ancestry of the value that it contains. In this paper we propose a new technique for debugging that revolves around being able to trace back through the history of a particular variable or variables that it depends upon. Our development is in the domain of functional programming as the proposal has particular significance in this domain due to the fact that so many standard debugging techniques cannot be used at all.
Temporal Association in Asymmetric Neural Networks (1986)

A neural network model which is capable of recalling time sequences and cycles of patterns is introduced. In this model, some of the synaptic connections, ${J}_{\mathrm{ij}}$, between pairs of neurons are asymmetric (${J}_{\mathrm{ij}}\ensuremath{\ne}{J}_{\mathrm{ji}}$) and have slow dynamic response. The effects of thermal noise on the generated sequences are discussed. Simulation results demonstrating the performance of the network are presented. The model may be also useful in understanding the generation of rhythmic patterns in biological motor systems.
Surfactant-stabilized graphene/polyaniline nanofiber composites for high performance supercapacitor electrode (2011)

Polyaniline nanofibers were prepared by in situ polymerization of aniline in the presence of surfactants such as tetrabutylammonium hydroxide and sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate stabilized graphene under acidic condition. A homogeneous dispersion of individual graphene sheets within the polymer matrix was achieved due to the good dispersibility of surfactant-stabilized graphene in aqueous phase. The morphology and electrochemical properties of both components were well preserved due to the mild reaction conditions. The composite materials were used for supercapacitor electrode and a high specific capacitance of 526 F g−1 was obtained at a current density of 0.2 A g−1 with good cycling stability.
Catalytic Conversion of Light Hydrocarbons into Aromatic Hydrocarbons over Modified Zeolite Catalysts (2017)

Oriental Journal of Chemistry is a peer reviewed quarterly research journal of pure and applied chemistry. It publishes standard research papers in almost all thrust areas of current chemistry of academic and commercial importance. It provides a platform for rapid publication of quality research papers, reviews and chemistry letters. Oriental Journal of Chemistry is abstracted and indexed in almost all reputed National and International agencies.
Resistance to antimicrobials in humans and animals (2005)

University of Cambridge, Cambridge (lordsoulsby@swaffham-prior
Presence of hypochlorite-modified proteins in human atherosclerotic lesions. (1996)

Oxidation of LDL may contribute to atherogenesis, though the nature of the in vivo oxidant(s) remains obscure. Myeloperoxidase, the enzyme responsible for hypochlorous acid/hypochlorite (HOCl) production in vivo, is present in active form in human atherosclerotic lesions, and HOCl aggregates and transforms LDL into a high-uptake form for macrophages in vitro. Here we demonstrate HOCl-modified proteins in human lesions using an mAb raised against HOCl-modified LDL that recognizes HOCl-oxidized proteins but does not cross-react with Cu2+-, malondialdehyde-, or 4-hydroxynonenal-modified LDL. This antibody detected significantly more material in advanced atherosclerotic lesions than normal arteries, even though azide and methionine were included during sample work-up to inhibit myeloperoxidase and to scavenge HOCl. The epitope(s) recognized was predominantly cell associated and present in monocyte/macrophages, smooth muscle, and endothelial cells. The intima and cholesterol clefts stained more heavily than the center of the thickened vessels; adventitial staining was apparent in some cases. Immunostaining was also detected in a very early lesion from an accident victim, beside healthy areas that were unreactive. LDL oxidized by HOCl in vitro, but not native LDL, effectively competed with the epitopes in lesions for antibody binding. Density centrifugation of plaque homogenates and Western blot analysis showed that, in the apo B-containing lipoprotein fraction, the mAb recognized protein(s) of molecular mass greater than apo B, similar to those produced during oxidation of LDL with HOCl in vitro. Three major proteins were recognized by the anti-HOCl-modified protein antibody but not by an anti-apo B antibody in the apo B-free fraction. Together, these results demonstrate HOCl-oxidized proteins in human atherosclerotic lesions, implicating this oxidant in LDL modification in vivo.
Working Memory Deficit in Aged Rats in Delayed Nonmatching to Position Task and Effect of Physostigmine on Performance of Young and Aged Rats (1991)

Young (5 month) and aged (23 month) male rats were tested in delayed nonmatching to position task using a T-maze, and their ability of working memory retention was assessed over interrun intervals ranging between 5 and 300 sec. There were no significant age differences in pretest performance at 0 sec interval, but significant memory loss was observed in aged rats when tested with the interrun intervals. Physostigmine (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) improved this age-related decline in working memory in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the treatment slightly but not significantly improved the performance of young rats. These results suggest that the central cholinergic system in aged rats was functionally deteriorated and that stimulation of the system could enhance working memory retention in aged rats.
Kinetics, Role and Therapeutic Implications of Endogenous Soluble form of Receptor for Advanced Glycation end Products (sRAGE) in Diabetes (2007)

Reducing sugars can react non-enzymatically with amino groups of protein to form Amadori products. These early glycation products undergo further complex reaction such as rearrangement, dehydration, and condensation to become irreversibly cross-linked, heterogeneous fluorescent derivatives, termed advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The formation and accumulation of AGEs have been known to progress at an accelerated rate in diabetes. There is a growing body of evidence that AGEs and their receptor (RAGE) axis is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications. Indeed, the engagement of RAGE with AGEs is shown to elicit oxidative stress generation and subsequently evoke inflammatory responses in various types of cells, thus playing an important role in the development and progression of diabetic micro- and macroangiopathy. Moreover, administration of a recombinant soluble form of RAGE (sRAGE), has been shown to suppress the development of accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetic apolipoprotein E-null mice. These observations suggest that exogenously administered sRAGE may capture and eliminate circulating AGEs, thus protecting against the AGEs-elicited tissue damage by acting as a decoy receptor. Recently, endogenous sRAGE has been identified in humans. However, there is few comprehensive review about the regulation and role of endogenous sRAGE in diabetes. In the former part of this paper, we review the role of the AGE-RAGE system in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications. Then we summarize in the latter part of this review the kinetics and pathophysiological role of endogenous sRAGE in diabetes. We also discuss the possibility that endogenous sRAGE may be a therapeutic target for the prevention of diabetic vascular complications.
Methamphetamine-Induced Ischemic Colitis (1991)

A 50-year-old woman with acute onset of right lower quadrant pain and hematochezia proved to have segmental ischemic colitis associated with methamphetamine abuse. The diagnosis was established by colonoscopy with biopsy, and abdominal angiography revealed no thrombosis, vasculitis, or vasospasm. The condition resolved within 10 days. Since methamphetamine abuse is increasing, physicians should be aware of its potential to produce intestinal ischemia.
Calculation of Stereotactic Coordinates from the Computed Tomographic Scan (1982)

A protocol has been developed to use the GE 8800 scanner and its resident programs to calculate stereotactic coordinates, which has made it possible to use any stereotactic apparatus without modifying the apparatus in order to introduce a cannula into any lesion visualized on a computed tomographic (CT) scan to biopsy tumors, drain abscesses, implant radioisotopes, etc. The CT scanning is done in a routine fashion except that a lateral ScoutView, with the planes of each CT slice indicated, is included. Once the CT scan has been completed, resident programs for measuring distances are used to establish a zero point on a reference plane, from which all other coordinates can be defined. The stereotactic procedure is done at a separate time in the operating room, using the coordinates derived from the CT scan. The ScoutView image is compared to the lateral x-ray film taken during the stereotactic procedure to establish the location of the targets. It has been estimated that the accuracy of this system is 3 mm. Abscesses less than 1 cm in diameter deep within the cerebral hemisphere have been accurately aspirated and tumor biopsies have been successfully taken.
Detection of curcumin and its metabolites in hepatic tissue and portal blood of patients following oral administration (2004)

Studies in vitro and in animal models of colorectal and hepatocellular cancers suggest that curcumin is an effective chemopreventive agent. In this pilot trial, we investigated whether oral administration of curcumin results in concentrations of the agent in normal and malignant human liver tissue, which are sufficient to elicit pharmacological activity. In total, 12 patients with hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer received 450-3600 mg of curcumin daily, for 1 week prior to surgery. Levels of curcumin and its metabolites were measured by HPLC in portal and peripheral blood, bile and liver tissue. Curcumin was poorly available, following oral administration, with low nanomolar levels of the parent compound and its glucuronide and sulphate conjugates found in the peripheral or portal circulation. While curcumin was not found in liver tissue, trace levels of products of its metabolic reduction were detected. In patients who had received curcumin, levels of malondialdehyde-DNA (M(1)G) adduct, which reflect oxidative DNA changes, were not decreased in post-treatment normal and malignant liver tissue when compared to pretreatment samples. The results suggest that doses of curcumin required to furnish hepatic levels sufficient to exert pharmacological activity are probably not feasible in humans.
Total Synthesis of Aigialomycin D:  Surprising Chemoselectivity Dependence on Alkyne Structure in Nickel-Catalyzed Cyclizations (2008)

The total synthesis of aigialomycin D was carried out using a nickel-catalyzed ynal macrocyclization as a key step. This key step allowed macrocycle assembly and formation of a disubstituted alkene and a secondary hydroxyl stereocenter in a single step, although the stereocenter was formed unselectively. An interesting side reaction involving five-membered-ring synthesis by an aldehyde/styrene cyclization was observed when macrocyclization of an alkynyl silane was attempted. A mechanistic basis for this surprising process is provided.