gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Single-domain properties of 0.67Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.33PbTiO3 single crystals under electric field bias (2003)

We report a complete set of material properties of single-domain, relaxor-based 0.67Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.33PbTiO3 [PMN–33%PT] single crystals. Because the single-domain state is unstable in natural conditions, a bias electric field of 0.2 MV/m was applied along the dipole direction of the rhombohedral phase during the measurements. It was found that the electromechanical coupling coefficient k33 and the piezoelectric constant d33 for single-domain PMN–33%PT are 69% and 190 pC/N, respectively. Both of them are much smaller than those of multidomain PMN–33%PT poled along [001] direction. However, the shear piezoelectric constant d15 of single-domain PMN–33%PT reaches 4100 pC/N, which is much higher than that of multidomain PMN–33%PT.
FAST TCP: motivation, architecture, algorithms, performance (2005)

We describe FAST TCP, a new TCP congestion control algorithm for high-speed long-latency networks, from design to implementation. We highlight the approach taken by FAST TCP to address the four difficulties, at both packet and flow levels, which the current TCP implementation has at large windows. We describe the architecture and characterize the equilibrium and stability properties of FAST TCP. We present experimental results comparing our first Linux prototype with TCP Reno, HSTCP, and STCP in terms of throughput, fairness, stability, and responsiveness. FAST TCP aims to rapidly stabilize high-speed long-latency networks into steady, efficient and fair operating points, in dynamic sharing environments, and the preliminary results are promising.
Expression of tenascin in the developing and adult cerebellar cortex (1992)

Since tenascin may influence neuronal cell development, we studied its expression pattern using immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridization, Northern blot analysis, and immunochemistry in the developing and adult mouse cerebellar cortex. Tenascin immunoreactivity was detectable in all layers of the developing cerebellar cortex. In the external granular layer, only the radially oriented processes of Golgi epithelial cells were immunoreactive, whereas the densely packed cell bodies were immunonegative. Tenascin was hardly detectable at contact sites between migrating granule cells and processes of Golgi epithelial cells. Axons of granule cells in the molecular layer were immunoreactive, whereas their cell bodies in the internal granular layer lacked detectable levels of tenascin. By in situ hybridization, only Golgi epithelial cells and astrocytes of the internal granular layer and prospective white matter, but not nerve cells, could be shown to synthesize detectable levels of tenascin mRNA in the developing mouse cerebellar cortex. Thus, tenascin in the cerebellar cortex seems to be a glia-derived molecule that becomes adsorbed to neuronal surfaces in a topographically restricted pattern in situ. Levels of tenascin protein and mRNA decreased significantly with increasing age. In the adult, tenascin immunoreactivity was weak and mainly restricted to the molecular layer and tenascin mRNA was confined to Golgi epithelial cells, indicative for a functional heterogeneity in differentiated cerebellar astrocytes. Quantitative immunoblot analysis revealed that the 225 and 240 kDa components of tenascin were developmentally downregulated at a faster rate than the 190 and 200 kDa components, corresponding to the faster downregulation of the 8 kilobase (kb) mRNA species compared to the 6 kb mRNA species as revealed by Northern blot analysis. These observations indicate a differentially regulated expression of the tenascin components. We hypothesize that glia-derived tenascin modifies the functional properties of nerve cell surfaces and that tenascin is involved in such different morphogenetic events as neurite growth and oligodendrocyte distribution.
Robust estimation of respiratory rate via ECG- and PPG-derived respiratory quality indices (2016)

Respiratory rate (RR) is one of the most informative indicators of a patient's health status. However, automated, non-invasive measurements of RR are insufficiently robust for use in clinical practice. A number of methods have been described in the literature to estimate RR from both photo-plethysmography (PPG) and electrocardiography (ECG) based on three physiological modulations of respiration: amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), and baseline wander (BW). However, the quality of the respiratory information acquired is highly patient-dependent and often too noisy to be used. We address this by proposing respiratory quality indices (RQIs) that quantify the quality of the respiratory signal that can be extracted from each modulation from both PPG and ECG waveforms. Signal quality indices (SQIs) detect artefact in the ECG and PPG, which is relatively straight-forward. RQIs have a different role: they quantify if an individual patient's physiology is modulating the sensor waveforms. We have designed four RQIs based on Fourier transform (RQIFFT), autocorrelation (RQIAC), autoregression (RQIAR), and Hjorth complexity (RQIHC). We validated the approach using PPG and ECG data in the CapnoBase and MIMIC II datasets. We conclude that the novel implementation of an RQI-based preprocessing step has the potential to improve substantially the performance of RR estimation algorithms.
Investigation of factors affecting on viscosity reduction of sludge from Iranian crude oil storage tanks (2018)

Crude oil is a kind of water/oil emulsion, which the oil phase consists of organic molecules with different molecular weights such as alkanes, paraffin, asphaltene, and resins. Due to the change in physicochemical conditions during the production, transportation, storage, and refining, heavier molecules can precipitate from crude oil. Thus, viscous sludge formed at the bottom of storage tanks can cause many problems including reduction of storage capacity of tank, oil contamination, corrosion, repair costs, environmental pollution, etc. The reduction of sludge viscosity can be achieved by reduction of its interfacial tension. In this study, different chemical and physical factors, influencing prepared emulsions (made of sludge, water and surfactant), such as surfactants, solvents, temperature, pressure, and mixing conditions were investigated. Results showed that non-ionic surfactants (like bitumen emulsifier), and solvents (such as mixed xylene, AW-400, and AW-402), injection of additives, applying pressure, and mixing operations had a positive effect on reduction of emulsion viscosity. All experiments were carried out with sludge obtained from crude oil storage tanks at Kharg Island, Iran.
Salmonella effectors: important players modulating host cell function during infection (2011)

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a Gram-negative facultative food-borne pathogen that causes gastroenteritis in humans. This bacterium has evolved a sophisticated machinery to alter host cell function critical to its virulence capabilities. Central to S. Typhimurium pathogenesis are two Type III secretion systems (T3SS) encoded within pathogenicity islands SPI-1 and SPI-2 that are responsible for the secretion and translocation of a set of bacterial proteins termed effectors into host cells with the intention of altering host cell physiology for bacterial entry and survival. Thus, once delivered by the T3SS, the secreted effectors play critical roles in manipulating the host cell to allow for bacteria invasion, induction of inflammatory responses, and the assembly of an intracellular protective niche created for bacterial survival and replication. Emerging evidence indicates that these effectors are modular proteins consisting of distinct functional domains/motifs that are utilized by the bacteria to activate intracellular signalling pathways modifying host cell function. Also, recently reported are the dual functionality of secreted effectors and the concept of 'terminal reassortment'. Herein, we highlight some of the nascent concepts regarding Salmonella effectors in the context of infection.
Preparation and partial characterization of amino acid transporting brush border membrane vesicles from the larval midgut of the gypsy moth (<i>Lymantria dispar</i>) (1993)

Brush border membrane vesicles were prepared from both fresh and frozen midguts of Lymantria dispar larvae by Mg/EGTA precipitation and differential centrifugation. The vesicles were enriched 10 to 13-fold, relative to the homogenate, in aminopeptidase and gamma-glutamyltransferase activity. No significant difference was found in enzyme enrichment of vesicles prepared from fresh and frozen midguts. Inwardly directed potassium salt gradients resulted in transient accumulation of leucine and lysine but not glutamic acid by the vesicles.
Learning the Ropes: One Year in the Life of a Congressional Staffer (1998)

Anthropologists have often been accused of indulging in the exotic and esoteric. As the criticism goes, such research priority diverts us from investigating issues with direct relevance to our society's most pressing problems—racism, economic inequality, and the seeming inability of our governmental system to address these issues as we cross the metaphorical "bridge to the twenty-first century." As the following case study asserts, anthropologists who possess the tools to address inequality in the United States and can access research money and tools of scholastic research also have the responsibility to make field data available to legislators and others in the position to affect positive social change. From 1990-91, I used my skills of participant observation to study members of the United States Congress. With the help of a Graduate Legislative Fellowship awarded by the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation, I was able to observe legislators in the act of making laws that tend to maintain social inequality in the United States. So, while gathering information for my doctoral dissertation in anthropology, I have also been able to call attention to the role of Congress in reinforcing economic and racial inequalities.
Using output codes to boost multiclass learning problems (1997)

This paper describes a new technique for solving multiclass learning problems by combining Freund and Schapire&amp;apos;s boosting algorithm with the main ideas of Dietterich and Bakiri&amp;apos;s method of error-correcting output codes (ECOC). Boosting is a general method of improving the accuracy of a given base or &amp;quot;weak&amp;quot; learning algorithm. ECOC is a robust method of solving multiclass learning problems by reducing to a sequence of two-class problems. We show that our new hybrid method has advantages of both: Like ECOC, our method only requires that the base learning algorithm work on binary-labeled data. Like boosting, we prove that the method comes with strong theoretical guarantees on the training and generalization error of the final combined hypothesis assuming only that the base learning algorithm perform slightly better than random guessing. Although previous methods were known for boosting multiclass problems, the new method may be significantly faster and require less programming effort in creating the base&#13;\nlearning algorithm. We also compare the new algorithm&#13;\nexperimentally to other voting methods.
Kinetic analysis of extension of substrate specificity with Xanthomonas maltophilia, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Bacillus cereus metallo-beta-lactamases (1995)

Twenty beta-lactam molecules, including penicillins, cephalosporins, penems, carbapenems, and monobactams, were investigated as potential substrates for Xanthomonas maltophilia ULA-511, Aeromonas hydrophila AE036, and Bacillus cereus 5/B/6 metallo-beta-lactamases. A detailed analysis of the kinetic parameters examined confirmed these enzymes to be broad-spectrum beta-lactamases with different ranges of catalytic efficiency. Cefoxitin and moxalactam, substrates for the beta-lactamases from X. maltophilia ULA-511 and B. cereus 5/B/6, behaved as inactivators of the A. hydrophila AE036 metallo-beta-lactamase, which appeared to be unique among the enzymes tested in this study. In addition, we report a new, faster, and reliable purification procedure for the B. cereus 5/B/6 metallo-beta-lactamase, cloned in Escherichia coli HB101.
Preparation of Platinum Nanoparticles by Sonochemical Reduction of the Pt(II) Ion (1999)

Platinum nanoparticles were prepared in an aqueous system using high-intensity ultrasound (200 kHz, 6 W cm-2). The particles formed in the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) were stable, homogeneously spherical, and relatively monodispersed with an average 2.6 nm diameter. The rate of formation of the platinum nanoparticles was 26.7 μM min-1 in the Pt(II)−SDS system. Reducing species generated near and/or in the hot bubbles, which were sonochemically induced in the media, would react with the PtCl42- complexes to form the platinum nanoparticles. Three kinds of the reducing species were proposed to be formed in the sonicated system: (a) radicals formed from the thermal decomposition of SDS at the interfacial region between the cavitation bubbles and bulk solution; (b) radicals formed via reactions of the hydroxyl radicals or hydrogen atoms with SDS; (c) hydrogen atoms. During the reduction of the Pt(II) ion, (b) and (c) ((b) > (c)) may be effective while (a) is only slightly effective, whereas in the cases of gold and palladium nanoparticles (a) was the main reductive species.
The Washington Manual of medical therapeutics (2004)

Chapter 1 u Patient Care in Internal Medicine General Care of the Hospitalized Patient Acute Inpatient Care Sedative and Psychoactive Drug Therapy Medical Consultation Chapter 2 u Nutritional Therapy Chapter 3 u Fluid and Electrolyte Management General Management of Fluids Salt and Water Potassium Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Acid-Base Disturbances Chapter 4 u Hypertension Definitions and Diagnostic Evaluation Therapeutic Considerations Special Considerations Chapter 5 u Ischemic Heart Disease Differential Diagnosis of Ischemic Chest Pain Primary Prevention Stable Angina Diagnostic Testing and Risk Stratification Unstable Angina and Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Subsequent Management of Myocardial Infarction Complications of Myocardial Infarction Secondary Prevention Hyperlipidemia in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease Chapter 6 u Heart Failure, Cardiomyopathy, and Valvular Heart Disease Heart Failure Cardiomyopathy Pericardial Disease Valvular Heart Disease Chapter 7 u Arrhythmias Recognition and Diagnosis Mechanisms of Arrhythmia Treatment Chapter 8 u Critical Care Respiratory Failure Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Oxygen Therapy Airway Management and Tracheal Intubation Mechanical Ventilation Shock Hemodynamic Monitoring and Pulmonary Artery Catheterization Chapter 9 u Pulmonary Diseases Pulmonary Symptoms Pleural Effusion Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Cystic Fibrosis Pulmonary Embolism Pulmonary Aspiration Syndromes and Lung Abscess Interstitial Lung Disease Pulmonary Hypertension Sleep Apnea Syndrome Chapter 10 u Allergy and Immunology Drug Reactions Anaphylaxis Asthma Urticaria and Angioedema Eosinophilia Immunodeficiency Chapter 11 u Renal Diseases Evaluation of the Patient with Renal Disease Acute Renal Failure Glomerulonephropathies Chronic Renal Failure Renal Replacement Therapies Nephrolithiasis Chapter 12 u Antimicrobials Antibacterial Agents Antituberculous Agents Antiviral Agents Antifungal Agents Chapter 13 u Treatment of Infectious Diseases Principles of Therapy Fever and Rash Sepsis Catheter-Related Infections Meningitis Infective Endocarditis Respiratory Tract Infections Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Infections Skin, Soft Tissue, and Bone Infections Genitourinary Infections Toxin-Mediated Infections Sexually Transmitted Diseases Tuberculosis Systemic Mycoses Zoonoses and Arthropod-Borne Diseases Human and Animal Bites Bioterrorism West Nile Virus Nosocomial Infections Chapter 14 u HIV Infection and AIDS Approach to Patients with HIV Treatment of HIV Opportunisitic Infections Neoplasms Chapter 15 u Solid Organ Transplant Medicine Immunosuppressive Medications Rejection Infectious Complications Long-Term Complications of Transplantation Chapter 16 u Gastrointestinal Diseases Gastrointestinal Bleeding Esophageal Disease Peptic Ulcer Disease Inflammatory Bowel Disease Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Acute Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction Pancreaticobiliary Disorders Other Gastrointestinal Disorders Dysph
Side reactions in peptide synthesis. 8. On the phenacyl group in the protection of the .beta.-carboxyl function of aspartyl residues (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSide reactions in peptide synthesis. 8. On the phenacyl group in the protection of the .beta.-carboxyl function of aspartyl residuesMiklos Bodanszky and Jean MartinezCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 15, 3071–3073Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00409a035https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00409a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views115Altmetric-Citations30LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Photochemical Trifluoromethylation of Some Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Compounds with Trifluoromethyl Bromide (1988)

Abstract The photochemical introduction of trifluoromethyl group with CF3Br in aromatic and heteroaromatic rings was investigated for 9 compounds. Naphthalene, anthracene, anisole, N,N-dimethylaniline, ferrocene, benzo[b]thiophene, isoquinoline, and N-methylpyrrole gave trifluoromethylated products in 6.5–100% yields. In one step from uracil, a pharmacologically important 5-trifluoromethyluracil can be synthesized by this method in 11% yield. Based on the mechanistic study carried out for the naphthalene–CF3Br–CH3CN system, the reaction is found to proceed via the electron transfer from an excited singlet state of naphthalene to CF3Br.
[Treatment of solid tumor by a direct electric current]. (1999)

This is a case report of a 37-year-old Japanese married female with laryngeal sarcoma, treated by direct electric current so as to obtain remission for more than 4 years without signs of recurrence. Due to her hoarseness and laryngeal numb feeling she underwent a laryngeal examination including a biopsy, resulting in a diagnosis of sarcoma. She refused a total laryngectomy and was given Cobalt treatment of 40 Grey. In the following several months, no improvement was observed, objectively or subjectively. In Nagoya University Hospital the patient then received direct electric current therapy of 36 Coulombs through two platinum electrodes inserted into the tumor under a CT guide, pericutaneously. Two months later, as the hoarseness remained in spite of some improvement, she underwent another session of direct electric current therapy of 14.4 Coulombs through the platinum electrodes by bronchoscope-guided direct insertion. Her hoarseness soon disappeared thereafter and there was a regression of the tumor in 6 months. She did well thereafter without any signs of recurrence for 4 years. Clinical treatment of solid tumors with electric treatment with direct electric current has been done in more than 8,000 cases with CR in 25% of all cases and PR in 50%. Its mechanism, however, remains unclear. In our experimental animal studies, apoptosis was observed. It is considered that this electric therapy using direct electric current will be recognized as one method to treat solid tumors.
Against Double Fault Attacks: Injection Effort Model, Space and Time Randomization Based Countermeasures for Reconfigurable Array Architecture (2016)

With the increasing accuracy of fault injections, it has become possible to inject two faults into specific circuit regions precisely at a certain time. Unfortunately, most existing fault attack countermeasures are based on the single fault assumption, and it is, therefore, very difficult to resist double fault attacks. Reconfigurable array architecture (RAA) has the ability to introduce spatial and time randomness by dynamic reconfiguration, which can alleviate the threat of double fault attacks. This paper, for the first time, analyzes the double fault attack issues in the fault injection phase systematically. An evaluation model, named injection effort model (IEM), is proposed to quantify the efforts of a successful fault injection. In IEM, the real injection process is described mathematically using the probability method, so that a theoretical basis can be provided for the corresponding countermeasure design. Based on the concept of spatial and time randomization, three countermeasures are implemented on RAA for the purpose of decreasing the implementation overhead under the premise of ensuring the security. When these countermeasures are adopted, tradeoffs can be made between the double fault resistance and the extra overhead through changing the degree of randomness. Experiments are carried out to analyze the relationship between the resistance and the overhead using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Data Encryption Standard (DES), and Camellia. When the overhead constraints in terms of throughput, hardware resources, and energy are 5%, 35%, and 10% respectively, the double fault resistance can increase by two to four orders of magnitude (ranging from 824 to 10 149 for different algorithms).
Improved and simplified methods for specifying positions of the electrode bands of a cochlear implant array. (1996)

The techniques described allow, principally, measurement of the longitudinal positions of the bands of a cochlear implant in scala tympani and estimation of corresponding characteristic frequencies.
Persuasive Technology: Using Computers to Change What We Think and Do (2002)

Can computers change what you think and do? Can they motivate you to stop smoking, persuade you to buy insurance, or convince you to join the Army? "Yes, they can," says Dr. B.J. Fogg, director of the Persuasive Technology Lab at Stanford University. Fogg has coined the phrase "Captology"(an acronym for computers as persuasive technologies) to capture the domain of research, design, and applications of persuasive computers. In this thought-provoking book, based on nine years of research in captology, Dr. Fogg reveals how Web sites, software applications, and mobile devices can be used to change people's attitudes and behavior. Technology designers, marketers, researchers, consumersanyone who wants to leverage or simply understand the persuasive power of interactive technologywill appreciate the compelling insights and illuminating examples found inside. Persuasive technology can be controversialand it should be. Who will wield this power of digital influence? And to what end? Now is the time to survey the issues and explore the principles of persuasive technology, and B.J. Fogg has written this book to be your guide. * Filled with key term definitions in persuasive computing *Provides frameworks for understanding this domain *Describes real examples of persuasive technologies