gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mitochondrial gene organization and expression in petunia male fertile and sterile plants (1999)

In cytoplasmic male-sterile Petunia lines, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 (nad3) and ribosomal protein S12 (rps12) are cotranscribed with the chimeric gene pcf and located in the region of the mitochondrial genome associated with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in Petunia. In fertile Petunia line 3704, the genes for nad3 and rps12 are cotranscribed with an unidentified open reading frame (orf143). In the homologous region of fertile line 3699, there is an ORF that lacks a genomic DNA-encoded stop codon; instead an RNA editing event creates a stop codon, resulting in an ORF of 161 codons. While expressed sequences homologous to this open reading frame can be detected in sterile lines, a contiguous orf143/orf161 gene does not exist in the CMS-encoding mitochondrial genome. Transcription at the CMS-associated pcf locus and the fertile orf143/nad3/rps12 locus is complex, with multiple 5' and 3' termini. The presence of the nuclear fertility restorer gene affects the abundance of a transcript class with 5' termini--121 nucleotides before the pcf start codon, and greatly reduces the abundance of a pcf gene product with apparent molecular mass of 25 kDa which is present in both vegetative and reproductive tissues of CMS plants. In addition to the 25 kDa protein product, small amounts of precursor and processed pcf products with higher molecular mass have been detected; their possible role in the CMS phenotype is unknown. Current hypotheses for the mechanism of action of CMS-associated and fertility restorer genes are discussed.
Hepatitis C Virus Is Related to Progressive Liver Disease in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Positive Hemophiliacs and Should Be Treated as an Opportunistic Infection (1999)

The hypothesis was investigated that hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection behaves like an opportunistic infection in which progressive liver disease (PLD) is the principal manifestation. PLD in 81 hemophiliacs coinfected with HCV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was compared with 53 HIV-seronegative HCV-infected hemophiliacs. Progression to AIDS and death in 22 HCV/HIV-coinfected hemophiliacs with PLD was also compared with 59 coinfected hemophiliacs who did not develop PLD. The risk of PLD occurrence associated with an HIV-positive status was 7.4 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2-25.5; Cox model). In the coinfected group, the risk of PLD occurrence was higher in subjects with severe AIDS-defining immunodeficiency than in those without (odds ratio, 3. 6; 95% CI, 1.3-10). Persons with PLD also had a faster progression to AIDS (P=.03, log rank test) than those without PLD. Thus, as with other chronic resident human viruses, HCV should be considered another opportunistic pathogen in HIV disease.
X-Ray Wavelengths (1967)

Inconsistencies in accepted values (in x units) of x-ray reference lines have recently been demonstrated, although all are supposedly based on "good" calcite crystals. Factors supporting the selection of the W $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$ line as the X-Ray Wavelength Standard are critically discussed. A review is given of the experimental measurements which are used to establish the wavelength of this line on an absolute angstrom basis. Its value is $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ W $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}=(0.2090100\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 \mathrm{ppm})$ \AA{}. This may be used to define a new unit, denoted by \AA{}*, such that the W $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$ wavelength is exactly 0.2090100 \AA{}*; hence 1\AA{}*=1\AA{}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 ppm. The wavelengths of the Ag $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$, Mo $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$, Cu $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$, and the Cr $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}$ have been established as secondary standards with probable error of approximately one part per million. Sixty-one additional x-ray lines have been used as reference values in a comprehensive review and reevaluation of more than 2700 emission and absorption wavelengths. The recommended wavelength values are listed in \AA{}* units together with probable errors; corresponding energies are given in keV. A second table lists the wavelengths in numerical order, and likewise includes their energies in keV.
Design and implementation of a floating-point quasi-systolic general purpose CORDIC rotator for high-rate parallel data and signal processing (2002)

The authors describe the design and implementation of an algorithm and a processor which can be used to accelerate computations in which large amounts of rotations (circular as well as hyperbolic) are involved. The processor is a low-cost high-throughput VLSI implementation of the algorithm. With 10/sup 7/ rotations per second, many real-time and interaction-time applications in scientific computation become feasible. The required storage and/or silicon area is low and the execution time is independent of the particular operation performed. Another feature of this CORDIC design is its pipelined architecture and floating point extension. It is angle-pipelinable at the bit-level and has an execution time which is independent of any possible operation that can be executed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Chip-scale spectrometry based on tapered hollow Bragg waveguides (2009)

We describe a micro-spectrometer that exploits out-of-plane radiation at mode cutoff in a tapered leaky waveguide clad by omnidirectional Bragg reflectors. The device can be viewed as a side-coupled, tapered Fabry-Perot cavity. An effective-index transfer-matrix model reveals that optimal resolution is dependent on the reduction or mitigation of back-reflection and standing waves leading up to the cutoff point. We address this by insertion of low numerical aperture optics between the taper and the detector, and demonstrate an experimental resolution as small as approximately 1 nm and operating bandwidth >100 nm in the 1550 nm range, from a tapered waveguide with footprint approximately 50 microm x 500 microm. The device combines the small size of a Fabry-Perot instrument with the detector array compatibility and fixed optics of a grating-based instrument.
Combined mode selection and macroblock quantization step adaptation for the H.263 video encoder (2002)

The low bitrate video coding standard H.263 allows four modes of coding, and 31 quantization parameters for each macroblock in a sequence. A new quantization parameter can be set at the beginning of each group of blocks (GOB), and then adapted from macroblock to macroblock within the GOB in a constrained manner. In this work, for every GOB in a frame, an m-best search scheme is employed through a trellis to find the best modes and the best quantizer step changes, in a rate-distortion sense, for both when the starting quantization parameter is predetermined, and when it is to be selected optimally as well. Thus the algorithm performs the most generic kind of optimization at the macroblock level for the P-frames of H.263. It is demonstrated that a relatively low search depth is sufficient to produce coding results superior to established standard-compatible coders.
Gas Production, 2. Processes (2011)

Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1. Steam Reforming of Natural Gas and Other Hydrocarbons 1.1. Feedstocks 1.2. Natural Gas and Other Gaseous Hydrocarbons 1.2.1. Principles 1.2.2. Catalysts, Catalyst Poisons, Desulfurization 1.2.3. Tubular Reformers 1.2.4. Production of Fuel Gas and Synthesis Gas 1.2.5. Special Reforming Processes 1.3. Tubular Steam Reforming of Liquid Hydrocarbons 1.3.1. Commercial Processes 1.3.2. Fuel Gas and Synthesis Gas from Liquid Hydrocarbons 1.3.3. Special Processes 1.4. Prereforming 1.4.1. Principles 1.4.2. Catalysts 1.4.3. Prereforming of Natural Gas 1.4.4. Prereforming of Naphtha; Rich Gas Process 1.5. Autothermal Catalytic Reforming 2. Noncatalytic Partial Oxidation and Special Gasification Processes for Higher‐Boiling Hydrocarbons 2.1. Raw Materials 2.2. Partial Oxidation of Hydrocarbons 2.2.1. Principle 2.2.2. Types of Processes 2.2.3. Influencing Raw Gas Composition 2.2.4. Submerged Flame Process 2.3. Hydrogenating Gasification 3. Gas Production from Coal, Wood, and Other Solid Feedstocks 3.1. Fundamentals 3.1.1. Thermodynamics of Chemical Reactions 3.1.2. Kinetics 3.2. Classification and General Characteristics of Gasification Processes 3.2.1. Criteria for Classification 3.2.2. Criteria for Process Assessment 3.2.3. Mathematical Modeling of Gasification Reactors 3.3. Characterization of Solid Feedstocks for Gasification 3.4. Moving‐ or Fixed‐Bed Processes 3.5. Fluidized‐Bed Processes 3.6. Entrained‐Flow Processes 3.7. Molten‐Bath Processes 3.8. Underground Coal Gasification 3.9. Environmental Aspects of Gasification
Static timing analysis including power supply noise effect on propagation delay in VLSI circuits (2001)

This paper presents techniques to include the effect of supply voltage noise on the circuit propagation delay of a digital VLSI circuit. The proposed methods rely on an input-independent approach to calculate the logic gate's worst-case power supply noise. A quasi-static timing analysis is then applied to derive a tight upper-bound on the delay for a selected path with power supply noise effects. This upper-bound can be further reduced by considering the logic constraints and dependencies in the circuit. Experimental results for ISCAS-85 benchmark circuits are presented using the techniques described in the paper. HSPICE simulation results are also used to validate our work.
Telemicroscopy. Design considerations for a key tool in telepathology. (1992)

The paper introduces telemicroscopy as a mean to establish online telepathology services. It is differentiated between specialized point to point connections with only a few restrictions on one side, and telecommunication links available inexpensive worldwide in the form of the public telephone net on the other side with the restriction of a limited channel capacity. The restrictions imposed by the application of the telephone net (preferentially the ISDN service) are discussed and strategies outlined to overcome these restrictions. It is concluded, that if dedicated broadband connections are available, realtime telemicroscopy links can be realized immediately with available equipment. If a switched and general available telemicroscopy service applying public telecommunication links is favoured, for effective and acceptable ("online") links, computer intelligence has to be introduced to allow effective strategies for data reduction and data transmission. In this field design and development efforts are still necessary.
Entrapment of Hepatocyte Spheroids in a Hollow Fiber Bioreactor as a Potential Bioartificial Liver (1995)

A bioartificial liver (BAL) employing xenogeneic hepatocytes has been developed as a potential interim support for patients in hepatic failure. For application in human therapy, the BAL requires a substantial increase in liver-specific functions. Cultivation of hepatocytes as spheroids leads to enhanced liver specific functions. We explored the possibility of entrapping spheroids into the BAL in order to improve device performance. Rat hepatocyte spheroids were entrapped in collagen gel within the lumen fibers of the BAL. The morphology and ultrastructure of collagen-entrapped spheroids resembled those of suspended spheroids formed on petri dishes. Albumin synthesis and P-450 enzyme activity were measured as markers of liver specific functions of spheroids entrapped in the BAL. At least a 4-fold improvement in these functions was observed compared to BAL devices entrapped with dispersed hepatocytes in collagen gels.
Endothelin in human congestive heart failure. (1994)

The present study establishes for the first time that the elevation of plasma ET in severe human CHF represents principally elevation of big-ET. Second, ET is present in healthy and failing myocardia, and its activity by both immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay is not changed in CHF. Furthermore, the elevated plasma ET is characteristic of severe CHF and not asymptomatic or mild CHF. In addition, the degree of plasma elevation of ET correlates with the magnitude of alterations in cardiac hemodynamics and functional class. The present study confirms and extends previous investigations of ET in human CHF and establishes the evolution of circulating and local cardiac ET in the spectrum of human CHF.
Microwave-assisted solvent-free synthesis of 3-[(4-substituted piperazin-1-yl)alkyl] imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]benzothiazol-2(3H)-ones as serotonin3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonists. (2005)

A series of novel 3-[(4-substituted piperazin-1-yl)alkyl]imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]benzothiazol-2(3H)-ones were prepared by microwave irradiation using alumina as solid support and also by a conventional method. The compounds were characterized by spectral data and the purity was ascertained by microanalysis. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for 5-hydroxytryptamine3 antagonisms in a longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus preparation from guinea pig ileum against the 5-hydroxytryptamine3 agonist, 2-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine. Among the test compounds, 3-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl]imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]benzothiazol-2(3H)-one (3b) showed most favorable 5-hydroxytryptamine3 antagonism (pA2 6.7) in the isolated guinea pig ileum.
BglBricks: A flexible standard for biological part assembly (2010)

The BglBrick standard provides a new, more flexible platform from which to generate standard biological parts and automate DNA assembly. Work on BglBrick assembly reactions, as well as on the development of automation and bioinformatics tools, is currently underway. These tools will provide a foundation from which to transform genetic engineering from a technically intensive art into a purely design-based discipline.
Optimal two-level unequal error control codes for computer systems (2002)

Error control codes are now successfully applied to computer systems, especially to memory systems. This paper proposes an extended class of unequal error control codes which protects the fixed-byte strongly in computer words from multiple errors. The fixed-byte stores valuable information such as control and address information in computer/communication messages or pointer information in database words. Here, fixed-byte means the clustered information digits in the word whose position is determined in advance. As a simple and practical class of the codes, this paper proposes an extended type of two-level unequal error control codes which has two error control levels in the codeword; one with strong error control function for the fixed-byte, and the other with weak function for the other part of the codeword. The proposed optimal codes are single-bit error correction, double-bit error detection and fixed b-bit byte error correction code, called SEC-DED-FbEC code, and single-bit plus fixed b-bit byte error correction code, called (S+Fb)EC code, which correct single-bit errors and fixed-byte errors occurring simultaneously. For both types of codes, this paper clarifies necessary and sufficient conditions and bounds on code length, and demonstrates a code construction method of the optimal codes and an evaluation of these codes from the perspectives of error correction/detection capability and decoder hardware complexity.
Analysis of Users' Behaviour and Adoption Trends of Social Media Payment Platforms (2019)

The recent proliferation of Electronic Commerce (E-commerce) has been further escalated by multifaceted emerging payment solutions such as cryptocurrencies, mobile, peer-to-peer (P2P) and social media payment platforms. While these technological advancements are gaining tremendous popularity, mostly for their ease of use, various impediments such as security and privacy concerns, societal and cultural norms etc. forbear the users' adoption trends to some extents. This article examines the current status of the social media payment platforms as well as the projection of future adoption trends. Our research underlines the motivations and obstacles to the adoption of social media platforms.
Role of branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase in 2-oxobutyrate metabolism (1986)

Purified branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase (BCODH) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) had apparent Km values (microM) for 2-oxobutyrate of 26 and 114, with a relative Vmax. (% of Vmax. for 3-methyl-2-oxobutyrate and pyruvate) of 38 and 45% respectively. The phosphorylation state of both complexes in extracts of mitochondria from rat liver, kidney, heart and skeletal muscle was shown to influence oxidative decarboxylation of 2-oxobutyrate. Inhibitory antibodies to BCODH and an inhibitor of PDH (3-fluoropyruvate) were used with mitochondrial extracts to determine the relative contribution of both complexes to oxidative decarboxylation of 2-oxobutyrate. Calculated rates of 2-oxobutyrate decarboxylation in mitochondrial extracts, based on the kinetic constants given above and the activities of both complexes, were the same as the measured rates. Hydroxyapatite chromatography of extracts of mitochondria from rat liver revealed only two peaks of oxidative decarboxylation of 2-oxobutyrate, with one peak associated with PDH and the other with BCODH. Competition studies with various 2-oxo acids revealed a different inhibition pattern with mitochondrial extracts from liver compared with those from heart or skeletal muscle. We conclude that both intramitochondrial complexes are responsible for oxidative decarboxylation of 2-oxobutyrate. However, the BCODH is probably the more important complex, particularly in liver, on the basis of kinetic analyses, activity or phosphorylation state of both complexes, competition studies, and the apparent physiological concentration of pyruvate, 2-oxobutyrate and the branched-chain 2-oxo acids.
Assessment of liver viscoelasticity using multifrequency MR elastography (2008)

MR elastography (MRE) allows the noninvasive assessment of the viscoelastic properties of human organs based on the organ response to oscillatory shear stress. Shear waves of a given frequency are mechanically introduced and the propagation is imaged by applying motion-sensitive gradients. An experiment was set up that introduces multifrequency shear waves combined with broadband motion sensitization to extend the dynamic range of MRE from one given frequency to, in this study, four different frequencies. With this approach, multiple wave images corresponding to the four driving frequencies are simultaneously acquired and can be evaluated with regard to the dispersion of the complex modulus over the respective frequency. A viscoelastic model based on two shear moduli and one viscosity parameter was used to reproduce the experimental wave speed and wave damping dispersion. The technique was applied in eight healthy volunteers and eight patients with biopsy-proven high-grade liver fibrosis (grade 3-4). Fibrotic liver had a significantly higher (P < 0.01) viscosity (14.4 +/- 6.6 Pa x s) and elastic moduli (2.91 +/- 0.84 kPa; 4.83 +/- 1.77 kPa) than the viscosity (7.3 +/- 2.3 Pa x s) and elastic moduli (1.16 +/- 0.28 kPa; 1.97 +/- 0.30 kPa) of normal volunteers. Multifrequency MRE is well suited for the noninvasive differentiation of normal and fibrotic liver as it allows the measurement of rheologic material properties.
Resolution of Adipose Tissue Inflammation (2010)

The presence of the so-called "low-grade" inflammatory state is recognized as a critical event in adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity. This chronic "low-grade" inflammation in white adipose tissue is powerfully augmented through the infiltration of macrophages, which, together with adipocytes, perpetuate a vicious cycle of macrophage recruitment and secretion of free fatty acids and deleterious adipokines that predispose the development of obesity-related comorbidities, such as insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In the last decade, many factors have been identified that contribute to mounting uncontrolled inflammation in obese adipose tissue. Among them, bioactive lipid mediators derived from the cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase pathways, which convert the omega-6-polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) arachidonic acid into potent proinflammatory eicosanoids (i.e., prostaglandins [PGs] and leukotrienes), have emerged. Interestingly, the same lipid mediators that initially trigger the inflammatory response also signal the termination of inflammation by stimulating the biosynthesis of anti-inflammatory and proresolving lipid autacoids. This review discusses the current status, characteristics, and progress in this class of "stop signals", including the lipoxins, which were the first identified omega-6 PUFA-derived lipid mediators with potent anti-inflammatory properties; the recently described omega-3 PUFA-derived lipid mediators resolvins and protectins; and the cyclopentenone PGs of the D series. Special emphasis is given to the participation of these bioactive lipid autacoids in the resolution of adipose tissue inflammation and in preventing the development of obesity-related complications.
Contact lens fitting to correct irregular astigmatism after corneal refractive surgery (2002)

Results indicate that contact lens fitting is a good-and sometimes the only-alternative for patients with induced irregular astigmatism. Rigid gas-permeable contact lenses provided the best visual performance and patient tolerance.
Major Trauma Enhances Store-Operated Calcium Influx in Human Neutrophils (2000)

SOCI may play an important role in PMN activation, and trauma increases PMN SOCI. Prolonged elevations of [Ca2+]i due to enhanced SOCI may alter stimulus-response coupling to chemotaxins and contribute to PMN dysfunction after injury.
Orally Disintegrating Tablets: An Overview (2014)

Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) have greatly increased dosage forms which have remarkable impact on the patient compliance especially for the pediatric, geriatric and psychiatric patients with deglutition disorders. Several technologies either conventional or patented based on freeze drying/lyophilization, spray drying, moulding, phase transition process, melt granulation, sublimation, mass extrusion, cotton candy process, direct compression etc. have been developed for manufacturing of ODTs. In this review brief information about ODTs including definition, ideal and desired characteristics, advantages, limitations and disadvantages, drug canditates, challenges in formulation, excipients with recent developments in superdisintegrants, tast masking, manufacturing techniques, evaluation parameters and recent patents in ODTs are presentented.
Methotrexate limits inflammation through an A20-dependent cross-tolerance mechanism (2018)

MTX impairs macrophage proinflammatory responses through upregulation of A20 expression. The A20-mediated MTX-induced innate tolerance might limit inflammation in the RA synovial context, and positions A20 as a potential MTX-response biomarker.
QoSMig: Adaptive Rate-Controlled Migration of Bulk Data in Storage Systems (2005)

Logical reorganization of data and requirements of differentiated QoS in information systems necessitate bulk data migration by the underlying storage layer. Such data migration needs to ensure that regular client I/Os are not impacted significantly while migration is in progress. We formalize the data migration problem in a unified admission control framework that captures both the performance requirements of client I/Os and the constraints associated with migration. We propose an adaptive rate-control based data migration methodology, QoSMig, that achieves the optimal client performance in a differentiated QoS setting, while ensuring that the specified migration constraints are met QoSMig uses both long term averages and short term forecasts of client traffic to compute a migration schedule. We present an architecture based on Service Level Enforcement Discipline for Storage (SLEDS) that supports QoSMig. Our trace-driven experimental study demonstrates that QoSMig provides significantly better I/O performance as compared to existing migration methodologies.