gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reagin production in mice: effect of subcutaneous and oral sensitization with untreated bovine milk and homogenized bovine milk. (1992)

Subcutaneous and oral sensitization with untreated bovine milk and homogenized bovine milk in mice was analyzed in two different sensitization schemes--a low dose and a high dose scheme. Homologous murine passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test was used to measure the titres of reagins (IgE and IgG1). Subcutaneous and oral sensitization with low doses of homogenized milk induced production of higher titres of IgE than sensitization with high doses of homogenized milk. By contrast, sensitization with both low and high doses of untreated bovine milk resulted in very low or undetectable IgE titres. The results indicate that homogenization of milk increases the efficacy of inducing IgE production in mice. Some possible implications of these results with respect to clinical allergy are discussed.
Accelerated Healing of Ulcer Wounds in the Rabbit Ear by Recombinant Human Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (1990)

A dermal ulcer wound-healing model was established in rabbit ear to examine the effects of recombinant human transforming growth factor-β1 (rhTGF-β 1) in wound healing. Histo-morphometric examination of the wounds indicate a biphasic healing response 7 days after a single application of rhTGF-β l at the time of wounding. Statistically significant healing occurred at 5-100 ng but not at higher doses of 500 or 1000 ng rhTGF-β l/wound. Enhanced collagen synthesis as determined by [3H] proline incorporation occurred at 15 and 25 ng and was significantly depressed at 500 ng rhTGF-β1wound. Multiple doses of 100 ng rhTGF-/3l applied to the wound at the time of wounding and for 3 days after wounding provided results comparable to the single application of growth factor. Delaying treatment 24 hr after wounding did not enhance wound healing compared with vehicle. Our findings suggest that rhTGF-β l can be a valuable growth factor to improve the healing of ulcer wounds.
An Immunoassay for Small Analytes with Theoretical Detection Limits (2001)

A flow-based immunoassay that uses microspheres as the solid phase accomplished the theoretical limit of detectability achievable with the antibody. An equilibrated mixture of anti-estriol monoclonal antibody and estriol was briefly exposed to a bead pack containing immobilized estriol in a flow cell. A small portion of free antibody was separated rapidly from the mixture by binding it to immobilized hormone, but the antibody-hormone complex was kinetically excluded from binding. This rapid separation prevented shift in the equilibrium of the liquid phase binding. Signals were generated by labeling the separated antibodies on the beads with a Cy5-conjugated antispecies secondary antibody. By labeling after the separation step, perturbing the liquid-phase or solid-phase binding was prevented. This assay allowed the reduction of the concentration of primary antibody by continuously accumulating free antibody onto the beads prior to quantification and, thus, offered ideal conditions to achieve theoretical limits of detectability. The optimum achievable dynamic range of this immunoassay was 4-300 pM. Because the proportion of free anti-estriol antibody in the mixture was controlled by the Kd of the antibody-estriol interaction, when the concentration of the antibody was below the Kd, the smallest detectable estriol concentration approached the theoretical limit of detectability achievable with this antibody.
Inhibition of Dunning Tumor Growth by Melatonin (1988)

Injections of the pineal hormone melatonin reduced growth and increased doubling time of the R3327H Dunning prostatic adenocarcinoma in the Copenhagen X Fisher rat. This occurred even though testosterone levels (50% of normal) were ostensibly high enough to maintain normal tumor growth. Melatonin may act directly upon the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone to inhibit tumor growth. Alternatively, a more complicated mechanism may be involved since studies on MCF breast cancer tissue indicate an estrogen requirement for inhibition of growth by melatonin.
Nonsurgical Correction of Congenital Auricular Deformities in the Early Neonate (1984)

We conclude that auricular deformities of the early neonate are corrigible by nonsurgical correction. Ideally, the correction should be started immediately after birth (realistically, at latest by the third day after birth) in order to obtain satisfactory and irreversible results.
Lasting Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Induces Epileptic Focus in the Rat Somatosensory Cortex (2004)

Perturbations in the integrity of the blood-brain barrier have been reported in both humans and animals under numerous pathological conditions. Although the blood-brain barrier prevents the penetration of many blood constituents into the brain extracellular space, the effect of such perturbations on the brain function and their roles in the pathogenesis of cortical diseases are unknown. In this study we established a model for focal disruption of the blood-brain barrier in the rat cortex by direct application of bile salts. Exposure of the cerebral cortex in vivo to bile salts resulted in long-lasting extravasation of serum albumin to the brain extracellular space and was associated with a prominent activation of astrocytes with no inflammatory response or marked cell loss. Using electrophysiological recordings in brain slices we found that a focus of epileptiform discharges developed within 4-7 d after treatment and could be recorded up to 49 d postoperatively in >60% of slices from treated animals but only rarely (10%) in sham-operated controls. Epileptiform activity involved both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. Epileptiform activity was also induced by direct cortical application of native serum, denatured serum, or albumin-containing solution. In contrast, perfusion with serum-adapted electrolyte solution did not induce abnormal activity, thereby suggesting that the exposure of the serum-devoid brain environment to serum proteins underlies epileptogenesis in the blood-brain barrier-disrupted cortex. Although many neuropathologies entail a compromised blood-brain barrier, this is the first direct evidence that it may have a role in the pathogenesis of focal cortical epilepsy, a common neurological disease.
Cyclooxygenase-2 and its role in ovulation: a 2004 account (2004)

The pre-ovulatory surge of gonadotrophins triggers a marked and obligatory increase in follicular prostaglandin synthesis prior to ovulation, and the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme is a key rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. In the early 1990s, the pre-ovulatory rise in follicular prostaglandin synthesis was shown to result from the selective induction of a novel COX isoform, now referred to as COX-2. Differences in the time-course of COX-2 induction in species with a short versus a long ovulatory process suggest that the enzyme could be a molecular determinant that sets the alarm of the mammalian ovulatory clock. Some of the fine molecular mechanisms involved in the transcriptional activation of the COX-2 gene in granulosa cells have also been elucidated. The binding of trans-activating upstream stimulatory factors (USF) to a consensus E-box cis-element in the proximal region of the promoter was shown to play a predominant role in COX-2 transcription. Studies showed that COX-2 expression could also serve as a valuable marker for follicular commitment to ovulation during hyperstimulatory cycles. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the events that led to the characterization of COX-2 in pre-ovulatory follicles, updates current concepts on the control of COX-2 expression in pre-ovulatory follicles, and addresses the consequences of COX-2 inhibition to women fertility and potential implications of COX-2 expression in ovarian cancer.
Synthesis and Properties of 2′-O-Methylribonucleotide Methylphosphonate Containing Chimeric Oligonucleotides (1995)

Abstract 2′-O-methylribonucleoside methylphosphonamidites are synthesized and incorporated into oligonucleotides to obtain chimeric antisense oligonucleotides. The resulting oligonucleotide binds to their target RNA/DNA sequences efficiently and stable in a medium containing bovine serum.
Thousands of Voices for HMM-Based Speech Synthesis–Analysis and Application of TTS Systems Built on Various ASR Corpora (2010)

In conventional speech synthesis, large amounts of phonetically balanced speech data recorded in highly controlled recording studio environments are typically required to build a voice. Although using such data is a straightforward solution for high quality synthesis, the number of voices available will always be limited, because recording costs are high. On the other hand, our recent experiments with HMM-based speech synthesis systems have demonstrated that speaker-adaptive HMM-based speech synthesis (which uses an “average voice model” plus model adaptation) is robust to non-ideal speech data that are recorded under various conditions and with varying microphones, that are not perfectly clean, and/or that lack phonetic balance. This enables us to consider building high-quality voices on “non-TTS” corpora such as ASR corpora. Since ASR corpora generally include a large number of speakers, this leads to the possibility of producing an enormous number of voices automatically. In this paper, we demonstrate the thousands of voices for HMM-based speech synthesis that we have made from several popular ASR corpora such as the Wall Street Journal (WSJ0, WSJ1, and WSJCAM0), Resource Management, Globalphone, and SPEECON databases. We also present the results of associated analysis based on perceptual evaluation, and discuss remaining issues.
An algorithm for noise suppression in dual energy CT material density images (1988)

Dual-energy material density images obtained by prereconstruction-basis material decomposition techniques offer specific tissue information, but they exhibit relatively high pixel noise. It is shown that noise in the material density images is negatively correlated and that this can be exploited for noise reduction in the two-basis material density images. The algorithm minimizes noise-related differences between pixels and their local mean values, with the constraint that monoenergetic CT values, which can be calculated from the density images, remain unchanged. Applied to the material density images, a noise reduction by factors of 2 to 5 is achieved. While quantitative results for regions of interest remain unchanged, edge effects can occur in the processed images. To suppress these, locally adaptive algorithms are presented and discussed. Results are documented by both phantom measurements and clinical examples.
Human Antibodies against a Purified Glucosylceramide from<i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>Inhibit Cell Budding and Fungal Growth (2000)

A major ceramide monohexoside (CMH) was purified from lipidic extracts of Cryptococcus neoformans. This molecule was analyzed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry. The cryptococcal CMH is a beta-glucosylceramide, with the carbohydrate residue attached to 9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine in amidic linkage to 2-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid. Sera from patients with cryptococcosis and a few other mycoses reacted with the cryptococcal CMH. Specific antibodies were purified from patients' sera by immunoadsorption on the purified glycolipid followed by protein G affinity chromatography. The purified antibodies to CMH (mainly immunoglobulin G1) bound to different strains and serological types of C. neoformans, as shown by flow cytofluorimetry and immunofluorescence labeling. Transmission electron microscopy of yeasts labeled with immunogold-antibodies to CMH and immunostaining of isolated cell wall lipid extracts separated by HPTLC showed that the cryptococcal CMH predominantly localizes to the fungal cell wall. Confocal microscopy revealed that the beta-glucosylceramide accumulates mostly at the budding sites of dividing cells with a more disperse distribution at the cell surface of nondividing cells. The increased density of sphingolipid molecules seems to correlate with thickening of the cell wall, hence with its biosynthesis. The addition of human antibodies to CMH to cryptococcal cultures of both acapsular and encapsulated strains of C. neoformans inhibited cell budding and cell growth. This process was complement-independent and reversible upon removal of the antibodies. The present data suggest that the cryptococcal beta-glucosylceramide is a fungal antigen that plays a role on the cell wall synthesis and yeast budding and that antibodies raised against this component are inhibitory in vitro.
APS DFD 2011 video submission V045 (2011)

Inhomogeneous uid mixing in a tilted-rotating cylindrical tank (radius a = 3:5 cm) is shown at Re(17-40) and low capillary numbers. A water and surfactant solu- tion (1% by mass sodium oleate) is dispersed in soybean oil (95% by volume), through varying the rotation rate, and angle of inclination, the rate of mixing is observed. A planar laser is directed down the tank axis to highlight a cross-sectional area of the fluid volume and as the water droplets begin to break up to sizes on the order of the beam width and less, more light is refracted and the mixture is illuminated. Initially, the water breaks up into large droplets that exhibit approximate solid-body rotation about the bottom of the tank. When the total combined volume is below the critical volume of the tank Vcrit = a^3 tan vortex transport of the water occurs more rapidly, breaking up the water into continually smaller droplets in a process that resembles periodic shearing. When the fluid volume is above critical the water will break up and rotate about the bottom of the tank and vortex-induced mixing is much more reticent, if occurring at all. It is noted that shallower angles with respect to the horizontal produce faster mixing while allowing a greater volume of fluid to be mixed at the sub-critical volume given a constant tank size.
Cranial sutures as intramembranous bone growth sites (2000)

Intramembranous bone growth is achieved through bone formation within a periosteum or by bone formation at sutures. Sutures are formed during embryonic development at the sites of approximation of the membranous bones of the craniofacial skeleton. They serve as the major sites of bone expansion during postnatal craniofacial growth. For sutures to function as intramembranous bone growth sites, they need to remain in an unossified state, yet allow new bone to be formed at the edges of the overlapping bone fronts. This process relies on the production of sufficient new bone cells to be recruited into the bone fronts, while ensuring that the cells within the suture remain undifferentiated. Unlike endochondral growth plates, which expand through chondrocyte hypertrophy, sutures do not have intrinsic growth potential. Rather, they produce new bone at the sutural edges of the bone fronts in response to external stimuli, such as signals arising from the expanding neurocranium. This process allows growth of the cranial vault to be coordinated with growth of the neurocranium. Too little or delayed bone growth will result in wide-open fontanels and suture agenesis, whereas too much or accelerated bone growth will result in osseous obliteration of the sutures or craniosynostosis. Craniosynostosis in humans, suture fusion in animals, and induced suture obliteration in vitro has been associated with mutations or alterations in expression of several transcription factors, growth factors, and their receptors. Much of the data concerning signaling within sutures has been garnered from research on cranial sutures; hence, only the cranial sutures will be discussed in detail in this review. This review synthesizes classic descriptions of suture growth and pathology with modern molecular analysis of genetics and cell function in normal and abnormal suture morphogenesis and growth in a unifying hypothesis. At the same time, the reader is reminded of the importance of the suture as an intramembranous bone growth site.
Magnetoresistance and<i>V</i>-<i>I</i>curves of Ag-sheathed (Bi,Pb<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Sr</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ca</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Cu</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="italic">y</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>tape (1994)

The magnetoresistance and the V-I curves (I&gt;${\mathit{I}}_{\mathit{c}}$) of a well-characterized Ag-clad (Bi,Pb${)}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{10+\mathit{y}}$ tape (BPSCCO) with ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{c}}$(77 K, B=0)=10 kA/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ have been analyzed in the temperature (T) range 80--110 K and magnetic field (B) up to 60 mT. The results obtained after the correction for the parallel conduction through the Ag sheathing and BPSCCO core are similar to those for corresponding single crystals and the epitaxial thin films. The effective activation energy for the flux creep ${\mathit{U}}_{0}$ is larger than those for the single crystals and thin films of Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O (BSCCO) compound. The variations of the differential resistance ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{f}}$ (deduced from V-I curves at I\ensuremath{\gg}${\mathit{I}}_{\mathit{c}}$) with T and B are consistent with those for the conventional type-II superconductors at elevated temperatures and low fields. Hence the unusual features deduced from the total dissipation in similar tapes are probably due to improper data analysis. The analysis presented here relies on the homogeneity of dissipation within the core which has to be checked for each tape.
Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Treatment of Biomass:  Effect of Reaction Parameters on Products and Boiling Point Distributions (2003)

Low-temperature hydrothermal treatment of waste biomass (sawdust) was performed using an autoclave at various temperatures of 180, 250, and 280 °C for 15 min and 60 min. The oil product was obtained from both liquid and solid portions of reaction products from the autoclave, and the composition of oil products was investigated separately. At high reaction temperature, i.e., 250 °C and 280 °C, the longer reaction time led to decreased oil yield; at low reaction temperature (180 °C), the oil yield was found to increase with the increase of reaction time. The oil1 (extracted from the liquid portion) consists of low-boiling-point compounds, whereas oil2 (extracted from the solid portion) contained both low- and high-boiling-point oxygenated hydrocarbons. Ca(OH)2 was found to be effective on liquefaction of biomass in terms of both oil yield and composition. The volatility distribution of oxygenated hydrocarbons in oil1 and oil2 was studied by using a C-NP gram which can be used as a tool for characterizing biomass-derived oil products.
Temperature-sensitive mutations in Drosophila melanogaster,I. Relative frequencies among gamma-ray and chemically induced sex-linked recessive lethals and semilethals. (1967)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Spectral analysis of heart rate variability before and during episodes of nocturnal ischaemia in patients with extensive coronary artery disease (1996)

Spectral analysis of heart rate variability was used to assess autonomic nervous system activity associated with episodes of nocturnal myocardial ischaemia in 32 patients (20 men, age 58 +/- 9 years) with extensive coronary artery disease. Twenty-four hour Holter tape recordings were analysed and spectral indexes of heart rate variability were computed by fast Fourier analysis on 2 min segments covering the period from 10 min before to 10 min after each nocturnal ischaemic episode, defined as ST segment depression > or = 1 mm lasting at least 4 min. Spectral power was measured at low frequencies (LF: 0.06-0.10 Hz) and high frequencies (HF: 0.15-0.40 Hz) and the ratio LF/HF was calculated. RESULTS. A total of 30 episodes of nocturnal ischaemia were analysed. High frequency spectral power showed a clear decrease during the 10 min before the onset of ischaemia, remained steady until the end of the episode, and returned to normal by 6 min after. Low frequency spectral power fluctuated throughout the ischaemic episodes with no clear pattern of variation. The low/high frequency ratio reflected mainly the changes in high frequency. CONCLUSIONS. Sympathetic predominance due to para-sympathetic withdrawal is the principal change in autonomic nervous system activity associated with episodes of nocturnal ischaemia.
A continuous spectrophotometric assay for inorganic phosphate and for measuring phosphate release kinetics in biological systems. (1992)

A spectrophotometric method for the measurement of inorganic phosphate (P(i)) has been developed by using 2-amino-6-mercapto-7-methylpurine ribonucleoside and purine-nucleoside phosphorylase (purine-nucleoside:orthophosphate ribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.1). This substrate gives an absorbance increase at 360 nm on phosphorolysis at pH 6.5-8.5, and at pH 7.6 the change in extinction coefficient is 11,000 M-1.cm-1. The Michaelis-Menten constants of the two substrates with the enzyme are 70 microM for the nucleoside and 26 microM for P(i); the kcat is 40 s-1 (25 degrees C). The assay was shown to quantitate P(i) in solution at concentrations at least down to 2 microM. It can be used to measure the kinetics of P(i) release from phosphatases, such as GTPases and ATPases, by coupling the two enzymic reactions. The utility of this assay was shown by three test systems: glycerol kinase plus D-glyceraldehyde acting as an ATPase and actin-activated myosin ATPase, and myosin subfragment 1, hydrolyzing a single turnover of ATP, releasing P(i) with a rate constant the same as the steady-state ATPase activity.
Free radical scavenging and antioxidant effects of lactate ion: an in vitro study (2000)

Divergent literature data are found concerning the effect of lactate on free radical production during exercise. To clarify this point, we tested the pro- or antioxidant effect of lactate ion in vitro at different concentrations using three methods: 1) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was used to study the scavenging ability of lactate toward the superoxide aion (O(2)(-).) and hydroxyl radical (.OH); 2) linoleic acid micelles were employed to investigate the lipid radical scavenging capacity of lactate; and 3) primary rat hepatocyte culture was used to study the inhibition of membrane lipid peroxidation by lactate. EPR experiments exhibited scavenging activities of lactate toward both O(2)(-). and.OH; lactate was also able to inhibit lipid peroxidation of hepatocyte culture. Both effects of lactate were concentration dependent. However, no inhibition of lipid peroxidation by lactate was observed in the micelle model. These results suggested that lactate ion may prevent lipid peroxidation by scavenging free radicals such as O(2)(-). and.OH but not lipid radicals. Thus lactate ion might be considered as a potential antioxidant agent.