gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A time delay neural network architecture for efficient modeling of long temporal contexts (2015)

Recurrent neural network architectures have been shown to efficiently model long term temporal dependencies between acoustic events. However the training time of recurrent networks is higher than feedforward networks due to the sequential nature of the learning algorithm. In this paper we propose a time delay neural network architecture which models long term temporal dependencies with training times comparable to standard feed-forward DNNs. The network uses sub-sampling to reduce computation during training. On the Switchboard task we show a relative improvement of 6% over the baseline DNN model. We present results on several LVCSR tasks with training data ranging from 3 to 1800 hours to show the effectiveness of the TDNN architecture in learning wider temporal dependencies in both small and large data scenarios.
Hydroformylation of fluoro olefins, RfCH:CH2, catalyzed by group VIII transition-metal catalysts. Crucial factors for extremely high regioselectivity (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydroformylation of fluoro olefins, RfCH:CH2, catalyzed by group VIII transition-metal catalysts. Crucial factors for extremely high regioselectivityIwao Ojima, Koji Kato, Masami Okabe, and Takamasa FuchikamiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 25, 7714–7720Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1987https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00259a020RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views698Altmetric-Citations67LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (893 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Review of Sonic-Boom Generation Theory and Prediction Methods (1972)

Within the past two decades, the combined contributions of scientists and engineers in this country and abroad have resulted in development of systematic and reliable methods for the prediction of sonic-boom phenomena. The prediction techniques reviewed in the present paper permit the calculation of sonic booms produced by rather complex conventional supersonic aircraft designs performing level nonaccelerated flight in a quiet atmosphere. It has been found that the calculated characteristics for a quiet atmosphere are representative of nominal conditions in a statistical sense for a real atmosphere. Basic concepts of supersonic flow analysis, for representation of an airplane as a linear distribution of disturbances and for determination of the resultant pressure field complete with shocks, are outlined. Numerical techniques for implementation of the theory are discussed briefly, and examples of the correlation of theory with experimental data from wind tunnel and flight tests are presented. Special attention is given to presentation of a simplified method for rapid “first-cut” estimation of farfield bow-shock overpressure. Finally, some problems encountered in attempts at applying the prediction techniques for the nearfield at high supersonic Mach numbers are recognized, and the need for further refinement of present techniques or the development of new systems is discussed.
Steady-State Internal Temperature Rise in Magnet Coil Windings (1950)

The temperature distribution in an electric coil winding is determined by solving the differential equations which apply to the system approximately. The maximum and average temperature rises are given for several types of windings. A distinction is made between small and large temperature rise; the treatment of the former neglects local changes in resistivity and thermal conductivity caused by the increase in temperature. A correction factor is computed to obtain the actual temperature rise from the much simpler calculations for the maximum temperature rise which would occur if the resistance were independent of temperature. It is found that non-uniform windings, wound of several different wire sizes to minimize the resistance, exhibit the same temperature rise characteristics as conventional uniform windings of zero curvature.
Variational harmonic maps for space deformation (2009)

A space deformation is a mapping from a source region to a target region within Euclidean space, which best satisfies some userspecified constraints. It can be used to deform shapes embedded in the ambient space and represented in various forms -- polygon meshes, point clouds or volumetric data. For a space deformation method to be useful, it should possess some natural properties: e.g. detail preservation, smoothness and intuitive control. A harmonic map from a domain ω ⊂ R d to R d is a mapping whose d components are harmonic functions. Harmonic mappings are smooth and regular, and if their components are coupled in some special way, the mapping can be detail-preserving, making it a natural choice for space deformation applications. The challenge is to find a harmonic mapping of the domain, which will satisfy constraints specified by the user, yet also be detail-preserving, and intuitive to control. We generate harmonic mappings as a linear combination of a set of harmonic basis functions, which have a closed-form expression when the source region boundary is piecewise linear. This is done by defining an energy functional of the mapping, and minimizing it within the linear span of these basis functions. The resulting mapping is harmonic, and a natural "As-Rigid-As-Possible" deformation of the source region. Unlike other space deformation methods, our approach does not require an explicit discretization of the domain. It is shown to be much more efficient, yet generate comparable deformations to state-of-the-art methods. We describe an optimization algorithm to minimize the deformation energy, which is robust, provably convergent, and easy to implement.
Deletions of the Hypervariable Region (HVR) in Open Reading Frame 1 of Hepatitis E Virus Do Not Abolish Virus Infectivity: Evidence for Attenuation of HVR Deletion Mutants In Vivo (2008)

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important human pathogen, although little is known about its biology and replication. Comparative sequence analysis revealed a hypervariable region (HVR) with extensive sequence variations in open reading frame 1 of HEV. To elucidate the role of the HVR in HEV replication, we first constructed two HVR deletion mutants, hHVRd1 and hHVRd2, with in-frame deletion of amino acids (aa) 711 to 777 and 747 to 761 in the HVR of a genotype 1 human HEV replicon. Evidence of HEV replication was detected in Huh7 cells transfected with RNA transcripts from mutant hHVRd2, as evidenced by expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein. To confirm the in vitro results, we constructed three avian HEV mutants with various HVR deletions: mutants aHVRd1, with deletion of aa 557 to 585 (Delta557-585); aHVRd2 (Delta612-641); and aHVRd3 (Delta557-641). Chickens intrahepatically inoculated with capped RNA transcripts from mutants aHVRd1 and aHVRd2 developed active viral infection, as evidenced by seroconversion, viremia, and fecal virus shedding, although mutant aHVRd3, with complete HVR deletion, was apparently attenuated in chickens. To further verify the results, we constructed four additional HVR deletion mutants using the genotype 3 swine HEV as the backbone. Mutants sHVRd2 (Delta722-781), sHVRd3 (Delta735-765), and sHVRd4 (Delta712-765) were shown to tolerate deletions and were infectious in pigs intrahepatically inoculated with capped RNA transcripts from the mutants, whereas mutant sHVRd1 (Delta712-790), with a nearly complete HVR deletion, exhibited an attenuation phenotype in infected pigs. The data from these studies indicate that deletions in HVR do not abolish HEV infectivity in vitro or in vivo, although evidence for attenuation was observed for HEV mutants with a larger or nearly complete HVR deletion.
Synthesis and Functionalization of a Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle Based on the Sol–Gel Process and Applications in Controlled Release (2007)

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are introduced as chemically and thermally stable nanomaterials with well-defined and controllable morphology and porosity. It is shown that these particles possess external and internal surfaces that can be selectively functionalized with multiple organic and inorganic groups. On the basis of these characteristics, the biocompatibility of silica, and their efficient uptake by mammalian cells, MSNs are proposed as the basis of nanodevices for the controlled release of drugs and genes into living cells.
Efficient Vacuum‐Deposited Organic Solar Cells Based on a New Low‐Bandgap Oligothiophene and Fullerene C<sub>60</sub> (2006)

Organic solar cells based on a new oligothiophene derivative (see figure) and fullerene C60 exhibit power efficiencies of up to 3.4 %. α,α′-Bis(2,2-dicyanovinyl)-quinquethiophene (DCV5T) features a reduced optical gap with high absorption coefficients between 450 and 650 nm. Dicyanovinyl substituents on the oligothiophene rings lower the bandgap and increase the ionization energy of these oligomers, enabling the formation of photoactive heterojunctions with C60 and yielding open-circuit photovoltages as high as 1 V.
Fast Maximnurm Likelihood Joint Estimation of Frequency and Frequency Rate (1986)

A fast maximum likelihood algorithm is presented that jointly estimates the frequency and frequency rate of a sinusoid corrupted by additive Gaussian white noise. It consists of a coarse search and a fine search. First the two-dimensional frequency-frequency rate plane is subdivided into parallelograms whose size depends on the region of convergence of Newton's method used in maximizing the log-likelihood function (LLF). The size of the parallelogram is explicitly computed and is optimal for the method used. The coarse search consists of maximizing the LLF over the vertices of the parallelograms. Then starting at the vertex where the LLF attained its maximum, a two-dimensional Newton's method to find the absolute maximum of the LLF is implemented. This last step consists of the fine search. The rate of convergence of Newton's method is cubic, and is extremely fast. Furthermore Newton's method will converge after two iterations when the starting point used in the method lies within 75 percent of the distances defined by the parallelogram of convergence whose center coincides with the true values of frequency and frequency rate. In this case, the root mean square error (RMSEs) for frequency and frequency rate are practically equal to the Cramer-Rao bound at all signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)≥15 dB. The frequency-frequency rate ambiguity function is shown to be even and its periodicities are extracted.
New Knowledge of Chlamydiae and the Diseases They Cause (1975)

The trachoma and LGV organisms, the human pathogens of the species C. trachomatis, cause oculogenital infections and disease syndromes of the eye and genital tract. The incidence of the most prominent disease, endemic trachoma with eye-to-eye transmission, is decreasing all over the world. At the same time there is increasing recognition of high-frequency venereal infections with trachoma organisms and of the genital disease and occasional ocular disease that they cause. Laboratory techniques for diagnosis and investigation are improving, but work with these interesting intermediate agents remains more difficult than that with many other microorganisms. Proper recognition of the diseases is important because specific therapy is available.
Multiresolution tetrahedral framework for visualizing regular volume data (1997)

The authors present a multiresolution framework, called Multi-Tetra framework, that approximates volume data with different levels-of-detail tetrahedra. The framework is generated through a recursive subdivision of the volume data and is represented by binary trees. Instead of using a certain level of the Multi-Tetra framework for approximation, an error-based model (EBM) is generated by recursively fusing a sequence of tetrahedra from different levels of the Multi-Tetra framework. The EBM significantly reduces the number of voxels required to model an object, while preserving the original topology. The approach provides continuous distribution of rendered intensity or generated isosurfaces along boundaries of different levels-of-detail thus solving the crack problem. The model supports typical rendering approaches, such as marching cubes, direct volume projection, and splatting. Experimental results demonstrate the strengths of the approach.
K+ Channel Blockers: Novel Tools to Inhibit T Cell Activation Leading to Specific Immunosuppression (2006)

During the last two decades since the identification and characterization of T cell potassium channels great advances have been made in the understanding of the role of these channels in T cell functions, especially in antigen-induced activation. Their limited tissue distribution and the recent discovery that different T cell subtypes carrying out distinct immune functions show specific expression levels of these channels have made T cell potassium channels attractive targets for immunomodulatory drugs. Many toxins of various animal species and a structurally diverse array of small molecules inhibiting these channels with varying affinity and selectivity were found and their successful use in immunosuppression in vivo was also demonstrated. Better understanding of the topological differences between potassium channel pores, detailed knowledge of toxin and small-molecule structures and the identification of the binding sites of blocking compounds make it possible to improve the selectivity and affinity of the lead compounds by introducing modifications based on structural information. In this review the basic properties and physiological roles of the voltage-gated Kv1.3 and the Ca2+-activated IKCa1 potassium channels are discussed along with an overview of compounds inhibiting these channels and approaches aiming at producing more efficient modulators of immune functions for the treatment of diseases like sclerosis multiplex and type I diabetes.
An energy management display for general aviation safety enhancements (2014)

Loss of control (LOC) is the leading cause of general aviation (GA) accidents according to findings of the GA Joint Steering Committee (GAJSC). Main contributors to LOC are lack of awareness of the energy state and the angle-of attack, as well as margins from published limits of the aircraft. As part of their assessment, the GAJSC developed a GA Safety Plan and identified a list of safety enhancements (SEs). Several of these safety enhancements address the improvement of the pilot's energy state awareness (e.g. better awareness of the aircraft's angle-of-attack, and tools to help in achieving a stabilized approach and landing). This paper addresses a GA synthetic vision display concept that includes cues to help the pilots' awareness of the aircraft energy state during various phases of flight including arrival, approach and landing. First, the glide path along the extended centerline of the selected runway is visualized on the primary flight display (PFD). Upon visual acquisition of this path, the pilot can choose to have the system compute and display an intercept-tunnel from the current position to the glide path along the extended centerline, and can use a flight path (FPM) marker to assess the aircraft motion with respect to the lateral and vertical path constraints. To assess the deviation of the current energy state from the desired energy state, a potential flight path angle (PFPA) indicator is included. The PFPA is an acceleration cue (along the flight path), and is scaled such that it indicates a change of flight path at the current power setting while holding speed constant. In addition to the PFPA, the display includes the maximum and minimum PFPA to make the pilots aware of the safety margins when applying maximum thrust and idle thrust. Finally, the display will include an indication of pitch limits with respect to the critical stall-(v <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S0</sub> ) and never-exceed-(v <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">NE</sub> ) velocities In addition to a detailed explanation of the GA SVS concept and the added energy awareness cues, the paper will discuss the preparation for a human-in-the loop evaluation and flight test of the proposed concepts.
Myoglobin content and oxygen diffusion: model analysis of horse and steer muscle (1996)

We test the hypothesis that myoglobin is important for O2 supply near the oxidative capacity of muscle. This hypothesis is evaluated with a simple model that incorporates the properties of heart and skeletal muscle tissue taken from steers and horses exercising at their maximum O2 consumption rate. These tissue samples allowed us to set the bounds on oxidative demand and O2 flux from red blood cells to the core of the muscle fiber, to estimate the blood and tissue capacities for O2 diffusion, and to define the capillary blood PO2 driving this O2 flux. A model combining blood convection with tissue diffusion indicates that O2 diffusion alone is insufficient to achieve the measured O2 fluxes in many samples. The myoglobin content of these fibers is significantly correlated with this O2 diffusion limitation and provides sufficient additional O2 flux to meet muscle O2 demand. The presence of myoglobin maintains the PO2 in the fiber core above anoxic levels for the majority of muscles. Thus myoglobin is critical to O2 supply at fluxes near the maximum and prevents anoxia by maintaining PO2 above levels needed to support mitochondrial function.
Proximal caries detection accuracy using intraoral bitewing radiography, extraoral bitewing radiography and panoramic radiography (2012)

Intraoral bitewing radiography was superior to extraoral bitewing and panoramic radiography in diagnosing proximal caries of premolar and molar teeth ex vivo. Similar intra- and interobserver coefficients were calculated for extraoral bitewing and panoramic radiography.
Characterization of human circulating TIG2 as a ligand for the orphan receptor ChemR23 (2003)

The orphan receptor ChemR23 is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) with homology to neuropeptide and chemoattractant receptors. Tazarotene, a synthetic retinoid activating retinoic acid receptor (RAR), up-regulates tazarotene-induced gene-2 (TIG2). The function and molecular target of this protein are now described. By means of reverse pharmacology screening using a peptide library generated from human hemofiltrate, we have isolated and identified TIG2 as the natural ligand of ChemR23 and report the specific molecular form of the bioactive, circulating TIG2, representing the amino-acid residues 21 to 154 of the 163 amino acid-containing prepropeptide. Based on the expression pattern of ChemR23 and TIG2, the physiological role in bone development, immune and inflammatory responses and the maintenance of skin is now being investigated.
Scan insertion criteria for low design impact (1996)

The paper focuses an the constraints that the new silicon technologies impose on the implementation of partial and full scan approach. In particular the ordering of Flip-Flops inside each scan chain must be decided taking into account the capacitance constraints imposed by new technologies. The main goal of this paper is to prove that recent technologies impose a new design flow, exploiting layout information for scan chain reordering. Two algorithms are then described, which reduce both the average and the maximum distance between FFs in the chains, thus reducing the power dissipation of the circuit, too. Preliminary results, obtained through the implementation of the algorithms in the Italtel Design Environment and their application on a sample circuit, are reported.
Role of strain and growth conditions on the growth front profile of In<i>x</i>Ga1−<i>x</i>As on GaAs during the pseudomorphic growth regime (1988)

Theoretical and experimental studies are presented to understand the initial stages of growth of InGaAs on GaAs. Thermodynamic considerations show that, as strain increases, the free-energy minimum surface of the epilayer is not atomically flat, but three-dimensional in form. Since by altering growth conditions the strained epilayer can be grown near equilibrium or far from equilibrium, the effect of strain on growth modes can be studied. In situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction studies are carried out to study the growth modes and surface lattice spacing before the onset of dislocations. The surface lattice constant does not change abruptly from that of the substrate to that of the epilayer at the critical thickness, but changes monotonically. These observations are consistent with the simple thermodynamic considerations presented.
Temporal Motion Prediction for Fast Motion Estimation in Multiple Reference Frames (2006)

In the new video coding standard, H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10, motion compensation is allowed to use multiple reference frames that improves the rate distortion performance but at the cost of drastic increase in complexity. The increased computation is in proportion to the number of searched reference frames. However, the reduction of prediction residues is highly dependent on the nature of sequences. In this paper, we present a fast technique to predict the motion vector in reference frames to speed up the matching process for multiple reference frames. The proposed technique is based on choosing the motion centre and carrying the search around the centre with a radius of 1 or 2 pixels in all reference frames with the exception of the one which immediately precedes the current frame. For the reference frame that immediately precedes the current frame any motion estimation technique can be used. The results show that the proposed technique reduces the computational requirements down to that which is required for single reference frame motion estimation with only a negligible loss of objective quality
Chemistry and physics of the ‘‘liquid’’/solid interface: A surface science perspective (1993)

Through experimental simulation of the electrochemical double layer under conditions of ultrahigh vacuum, surface science experiments can provide detailed and definitive information about the metal/electrolyte interface. The relevance of this somewhat nontraditional approach to the liquid/solid interface might appear questionable, but thermodynamic considerations, along with an ever expanding list of gas/solid to liquid/solid analogies, attests to its merit. In this article, thermodynamic arguments for the direct relationship between vacuum and electrochemical experiments are presented and supporting experimental results in the areas of solvent adsorption, surface solvation, hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions, specific and nonspecific adsorption, adlayer solution theory of HF and H2O coadsorbed on Ag(110), and electrochemical charge transfer reactions in vacuum are reviewed. On the basis of these results a new, three-dimensional model of the metal/electrolyte interface is proposed.