gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Land Valuation Systems using GIS Technology Case of Matara Urban Council Area, Sri Lanka (2015)

Bhumi is published by the Town &amp; Country Planning Research Institute of the University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka and the La Trobe University, Australia.Bhumi serves a wide range of subject areas directly and indirectly related to Urban and Rural Planning, Economics, Development, Governance, Urban Management, Environmental Planning, Resource Management, Construction, Housing, Infrastructure, Urban Design, Politics, Technology etc.
Documentation of Wound Surface Area from Tracings of Wound Perimeters (1983)

Tracing wounds on clear plastic film provides a viable option for recording wound surface area. The wound area can be determined by a graph paper counting, planimetry, or weighing technique. All methods are accurate for confirming known areas. When different clinicians trace wounds, variance in their tracings may result in additional deviations in the calculated area regardless of the technique used for determining surface area. The use of wound tracing merits broader application. The reliability and tolerance levels for the various techniques should, however, be determined before using the techniques for research purposes.
Autoantibodies to Redox-modified Oligomeric Aβ Are Attenuated in the Plasma of Alzheimer's Disease Patients (2005)

Accumulation of Abeta protein in beta-amyloid deposits is a hallmark event in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent findings suggest anti-Abeta autoantibodies may have a role in AD pathology. However, a consensus has yet to emerge as to whether endogenous anti-Abeta autoantibodies are elevated, depressed, or unchanged in AD patients. Whereas experiments to date have used synthetic unmodified monomeric Abeta (Abetamon) to test autoimmunity, up to 40% of the Abeta pool inB AD brain consists of low molecular weight oligomeric cross-linked beta-amyloid protein species (CAPS). Recent studies also suggest that CAPS may be the primary neurotoxic agent in AD. In the present study, AD and nondemented control plasma were analyzed for immunoreactivity to CAPS and Abetamon. Plasma of both nondemented and AD patients were found to contain autoantibodies specific for soluble CAPS. Nondemented control and AD plasmas demonstrated similar immunoreactivity to Abetamon. In contrast, anti-CAPS antibodies in AD plasma were found to be significantly reduced compared with nondemented controls (p=0.018). Furthermore, age at onset for AD correlated significantly (p=0.041) with plasma immunoreactivity to CAPS. These data suggest that autoantibodies to CAPS are depleted in AD patients and raise the prospect that immunization with anti-CAPS antibodies might provide therapeutic benefit for AD.
Exploration and Inference in Learning from Reinforcement (1998)

Recently there has been a good deal of interest in using techniques developed for learning from reinforcement to guide learning in robots. Motivated by the desire to find better robot learning methods, this thesis presents a number of novel extensions to existing techniques for controlling exploration and inference in reinforcement learning. First I distinguish between the well known exploration-exploitation trade-off and what I term exploration for future exploitation. It is argued that there are many tasks where it is more appropriate to maximise this latter measure. In particular it is appropriate when we want to employ learning algorithms as part of the process of designing a controller. Informed by this insight I develop a number of novel measures of the agent&amp;apos;s task knowledge. The first of these is a measure of the probability of a particular course of action being the optimal course of action. Estimators are developed for this measure for boolean and non-boolean processes. These...
Solid Phase Synthesis of Pyridine-Based Derivatives from a 2-Chloro-5-Bromopyridine Scaffold (2005)

2-Chloro-5-bromopyridine was immobilized on polystyrene via selective introduction of a traceless silicon linker at the C-4 position. A useful scaffold was thus obtained, as demonstrated by efficient and selective reactions with polar and transition organometallic reagents, opening a new access to pyridine-based libraries of synthons and chromophores.
Niacin (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Summary Niacin Structure and Nomenclature Assessment and Maintenance of Niacin Nutriture NAD Metabolism Physiological Functions of NAD NAD-utilizing Proteins Niacin and Disease Physiological Concentrations of NAD Precursors Future Directions
Crystal Structure of<i>Escherichia coli</i>Penicillin-Binding Protein 5 Bound to a Tripeptide Boronic Acid Inhibitor:  A Role for Ser-110 in Deacylation (2005)

Penicillin-binding protein 5 (PBP 5) from Escherichia coli is a well-characterized d-alanine carboxypeptidase that serves as a prototypical enzyme to elucidate the structure, function, and catalytic mechanism of PBPs. A comprehensive understanding of the catalytic mechanism underlying d-alanine carboxypeptidation and antibiotic binding has proven elusive. In this study, we report the crystal structure at 1.6 A resolution of PBP 5 in complex with a substrate-like peptide boronic acid, which was designed to resemble the transition-state intermediate during the deacylation step of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction with peptide substrates. In the structure of the complex, the boron atom is covalently attached to Ser-44, which in turn is within hydrogen-bonding distance to Lys-47. This arrangement further supports the assignment of Lys-47 as the general base that activates Ser-44 during acylation. One of the two hydroxyls in the boronyl center (O2) is held by the oxyanion hole comprising the amides of Ser-44 and His-216, while the other hydroxyl (O3), which is analogous to the nucleophilic water for hydrolysis of the acyl-enzyme intermediate, is solvated by a water molecule that bridges to Ser-110. Lys-47 is not well-positioned to act as the catalytic base in the deacylation reaction. Instead, these data suggest a mechanism of catalysis for deacylation that uses a hydrogen-bonding network, involving Lys-213, Ser-110, and a bridging water molecule, to polarize the hydrolytic water molecule.
Data mining for preterm birth prediction (2000)

Article Data mining for preterm birth prediction Share on Authors: Linda Goodwin Duke University, Box 3322, Durham, NC Duke University, Box 3322, Durham, NCView Profile , Sean Maher GrayCrane Inc., 205 Lloyd Street - Suite 207, Carborro, NC GrayCrane Inc., 205 Lloyd Street - Suite 207, Carborro, NCView Profile Authors Info & Claims SAC '00: Proceedings of the 2000 ACM symposium on Applied computing - Volume 1March 2000 Pages 46–51https://doi.org/10.1145/335603.335680Online:19 March 2000Publication History 11citation1,239DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations11Total Downloads1,239Last 12 Months38Last 6 weeks3 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteGet Access
The Adapter Protein LAT Enhances Fcγ Receptor-mediated Signal Transduction in Myeloid Cells (2000)

FcgammaR clustering in monocytes initiates a cascade of signaling events that culminate in biological responses such as phagocytosis, production of inflammatory cytokines, and generation of reactive oxygen species. We have identified and determined the function of the adapter protein linker of activation of T cell (LAT) in FcgammaR-mediated signaling and function. Clustering of FcgammaRs on the human monocytic cell line, THP-1, induces phosphorylation of a major 36-kDa protein which immunoreacts with anti-LAT antisera. Our data indicate that although both the 36-kDa and 38-kDa isoforms of LAT are expressed in THP-1 and U937 human monocytic cells, FcgammaR clustering induces phosphorylation of the 36-kDa isoform only. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed a constitutive association of p36 LAT with both FcgammaRI and FcgammaRIIa immunoprecipitates, and an activation-induced association of LAT with PLCgamma1, Grb2, and the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Transient transfection experiments in COS-7 cells indicated that overexpression of a wild type but not a dominant-negative LAT, that is incapable of binding to p85, enhances phagocytosis by FcgammaRI. Furthermore, bone marrow-derived macrophages from LAT-deficient mice displayed reduced phagocytic efficiency in comparison to the macrophages from wild-type mice. Thus, we conclude that p36 LAT serves to enhance FcgammaR-induced signal transduction in myeloid cells.
Structure‐Mapping: A Theoretical Framework for Analogy* (1983)

A theory of analogy must describe how the meaning of an analogy is derived from the meanings of its parts. In the structure‐mapping theory, the interpretation rules are characterized as implicit rules for mapping knowledge about a base domain into a target domain. Two important features of the theory are (a) the rules depend only on syntactic properties of the knowledge representation, and not on the specific content of the domains; and (b) the theoretical framework allows analogies to be distinguished cleanly from literal similarity statements, applications of abstractions, and other kinds of comparisons. Two mapping principles are described: (a) Relations between objects, rather than attributes of objects, are mapped from base to target; and (b) The particular relations mapped are determined by systematicity, as defined by the existence of higher‐order relations.
Ceramide-Coated Balloon Catheters Limit Neointimal Hyperplasia After Stretch Injury in Carotid Arteries (2000)

Neointimal hyperplasia at the site of surgical intervention is a common and deleterious complication of surgery for cardiovascular diseases. We hypothesized that direct delivery of a cell-permeable growth-arresting lipid via the balloon tip of an embolectomy catheter would limit neointimal hyperplasia after stretch injury. We have previously demonstrated that sphingolipid-derived ceramide arrested the growth of smooth muscle cell pericytes in vitro. Here, we show that ceramide-coated balloon catheters significantly reduced neointimal hyperplasia induced by balloon angioplasty in rabbit carotid arteries in vivo. This ceramide treatment decreased the number of vascular smooth muscle cells entering the cell cycle without inducing apoptosis. In situ autoradiographic studies demonstrated that inflating the balloon catheter forced cell-permeable ceramide into the intimal and medial layers of the artery. Intercalation of ceramide into vascular smooth muscle cells correlated with rapid inhibition of trauma-associated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and protein kinase B. These studies demonstrate the utility of cell-permeable ceramide as a novel therapy for reducing neointimal hyperplasia after balloon angioplasty.
Production of various cytokines by normal human osteoblast-like cells in response to interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha: lack of regulation by 17 beta-estradiol (1992)

We investigated, in five cell strains per experiment, whether several cytokines known or believed to have effects on bone resorption were produced by nearly homogeneous strains of cultured normal human osteoblast-like (hOB) cells that display virtually the complete phenotype of the mature osteoblast. In unstimulated hOB cells, we detected constitutive production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) (mean +/- SE, 122 +/- 32 pg/ml) and IL-8 (135 +/- 39 pg/ml), but not of IL-4, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha). IL-1 beta in doses from 1-100 U/ml stimulated dose-dependent increases in IL-6 (r = 0.87; P less than 0.001) and IL-8 (r = 0.95; P less than 0.001). Similar increases occurred after stimulation with TNF alpha in doses from 3-300 U/ml. IL-1 beta and TNF alpha also stimulated GM-CSF production, but only at higher doses. 17 beta-Estradiol (10(-8) M) had no significant effect on the secretion of any of these cytokines, either constitutively or after stimulation with IL-1 beta or TNF alpha. Stimulated production of IL-4 was not detected after treatment with IL-1 beta or TNF alpha, and that of TNF alpha was not detected after treatment with IL-1 beta. We conclude that IL-6, IL-8, and GM-CSF, but not IL-4 and TNF alpha, are produced by highly differentiated normal human cells of the osteoblast lineage, but their secretion is not regulated by estrogen. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that estrogen regulation of these cytokines may occur during early stages of osteoblast differentiation.
Low Power SRAM with Boost Driver Generating Pulsed Word Line Voltage for Sub-1V Operation (2008)

Instability of SRAM memory cells derived from the process variation and lowered supply voltage has recently been posing significant design challenges for low power SoCs. This paper presents a boosted word line voltage scheme, where an active bodybiasing controlled boost transistor generates a pulsed word line voltage by capacitive coupling only when accessed. Simulation results have shown that the proposed approach not only shortens the access time but mitigates the impact of Vth variation on performance even at ultra low supply voltage less than 0.5 V.
Design of a 3-D surface scanner for lower limb prosthetics: a technical note. (1996)

A three-dimensional (3-D) noncontact optical surface range sensing imaging system that captures the entire circumferential and distal end surfaces of lower limb residua in less than 1 second has been developed. The optical surface scanner (OSS) consists of four charge injection device (CID) cameras and three white light projectors, mounted on a rigid frame surrounding the subject's residuum, allowing 360 degrees surface coverage of the lower residual limb. Anatomic 3-D computer graphics reconstruction of a residuum surface, recorded with the OSS imaging system, is used for visualization and measurement. One cubical and two spherical calibration test objects were used to obtain a system precision of less than 1 mm. In a study conducted with 13 persons with below knee (BK) amputation, the OSS system was compared to calipers, electromagnetic digitizer, and volumetric computed tomography with better than 1 mm precision on plaster positive casts and approximately 2 mm on the residual limbs.
Nanofabrication of arrays of silicon field emitters with vertical silicon nanowire current limiters and self-aligned gates (2016)

We developed a fabrication process for embedding a dense array (10(8) cm(-2)) of high-aspect-ratio silicon nanowires (200 nm diameter and 10 μm tall) in a dielectric matrix and then structured/exposed the tips of the nanowires to form self-aligned gate field emitter arrays using chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). Using this structure, we demonstrated a high current density (100 A cm(-2)), uniform, and long lifetime (>100 h) silicon field emitter array architecture in which the current emitted by each tip is regulated by the silicon nanowire current limiter connected in series with the tip. Using the current voltage characteristics and with the aid of numerical device models, we estimated the tip radius of our field emission arrays to be ≈4.8 nm, as consistent with the tip radius measured using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Thiol Proteins/Peptides Following Selenamide Derivatization And Electrolytic Reduction of Disulfide Bonds (2012)

Ambient mass spectrometry (MS) methods such
as desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (DESI-MS)
provides direct ionization of analytes with little or no sample
preparation. The capability for liquidsamples analysis allows
DESI-MS to be coupled with many devices such as electrochemical
cells and liquid chromatography (LC) for novel analytical
applications. The online coupling of a thin-layer electrochemical
flow cell with liquid sample DESI-MS can be applied for
investigating different electrochemical reactions of biological
molecules such as electrolytic reduction of disulfide-containing
peptides/proteins. In addition, electrochemistry (EC) can assist
the top-down characterization of proteins by electrolytic reduction
of the disulfide bonds, in which sequence coverage can be
significantly improved for electron-capture dissociation (ECD) and
collision-induced dissociation (CID) analysis. Furthermore, the
online coupling of LC with liquid sample DESI-MS was established,
which allows a wide range of elution flow rates, online
derivatization viareactive DESI to solve the post-column
derivatization problems, also integration with EC. In addition,
reactive DESI, which exploits the potential for coupling specific
ion/molecule reactions with the ionization event, greatly improves
the selectivity and efficiency for saccharide detection.
 A systemic mass spectrometric investigation of a
novel strategy for labeling biological thiols using selenamide
reagents, involving the cleavage of the Se-N bond and form a new
Se-S bond was introduced. Among 20 natural amino acids, the
reaction is highly selective to thiol-containing peptides and
proteins and occurs rapidly in high yield. The derivatization is
also reversible upon additionof reducting reagents. The MS/MS
dissociation behaviors of resulting peptide ions upon CID and
electron-transfer dissociation (ETD) were investigated. In the
positive ion mode, derivatized peptide ions exhibit tag-dependent
CID dissociation pathways, allowing fast screening of
peptides/proteins containing free cysteine residuesin a mixture. By
contrast, ETD dissociation of the two selenamide-derivatized
peptide ions show the facile loss of the tag, providing insight
into the mechanism for electron-based ion dissociation. The
derivatization reaction and related ion dissociation chemistry
would find extensive applications in proteomics, including the
derivatization of thiol protein/peptides arising from online
electrolytic reduction mentioned above.
Reaktionen mit Cyclobutendionen, XX. Synthese und Reaktivität von <i>p</i>‐substituierten Phenylcyclobutendionen (1971)

Abstract Die Addition von Trifluorchloräthylen ( 2 ) an [ p ‐Nitro‐phenyl]‐acetylen ( 1a ) bzw. [ p ‐Methoxy‐phenyl]‐acetylen ( 1b ) liefert die Cyclobutene 3a , b , die beim Behandeln mit Schwefelsäure in die entsprechenden Cyclobutendione 4a , b übergehen. 4a , b werden hinsichtlich ihrer Reaktivität untersucht.
Functional imaging and monitoring (1993)

In 1880 an important book with the title The Spectroscope in Medicine was published by MacMunn in London. In 1914, MacMunn published another book with the title, Spectrum Analysis Applied to Biology and Medicine. The color of cells and tissues, and their absorption and fluorescence properties begins with the studies of hemoproteins by MacMunn, continues with the classic work of Keilin on cytochromes, and continues in this century with the modern advances in the development of redox fluorometrv.
Mullerian Inhibiting Substance inhibits cervical cancer cell growth via a pathway involving p130 and p107 (2003)

In addition to causing regression of the Mullerian duct in the male embryo, Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS) inhibits the growth of epithelial ovarian cancer cells, which are known to be of Mullerian origin. Because the uterine cervix is derived from the same Mullerian duct precursor as the epithelium of the ovary, we tested the hypothesis that cervical cancer cells might also respond to MIS. A number of cervical cancer cell lines express the MIS type II receptor, and MIS inhibits the growth of both human papilloma virus-transformed and non-human papilloma virus-transformed cervical cell lines, with a more dramatic effect seen in the latter. As in the ovarian cancer cell line OVCAR8, suppression of growth of the C33A cervical cancer cell line by MIS is associated with induction of the p16 tumor suppressor protein. However, in contrast to OVCAR8 cells, induction of p130 and p107 appears to play an important role in the inhibition of growth of C33A cells by MIS. Finally, normal cervical tissue expresses the MIS type II receptor in vivo, supporting the idea that MIS could be a targeted therapy for cervical cancer.
Virus Like Particles as Immunogens and Universal Nanocarriers (2015)

Over the last two decades virus-like particles (VLPs) have become an important tool in biomedical research and medicine. VLPs are multiprotein structures that resemble viable virus particles in conformation but lack the viral genome. Consequently, they are non-infectious and non-replicative, but retain the ability to penetrate cells, making them useful for a vast spectrum of applications. Above all, VLPs mimicking genuine viruses in antigenic structure provide a safe alternative to attenuated and inactivated viruses in vaccine development. Moreover, due to their transducing proprieties, VLPs may efficiently deliver foreign nucleic acids, proteins, or conjugated compounds to the organism, or even to specific cell types. Additionally, VLPs are versatile nanovectors due to their flexibility in terms of composition and expression systems. In this review, different approaches for of virus-like particle synthesis and manipulation, as well as their potential applications, will be discussed.
Speech coding based upon vector quantization (1980)

With rare exception, all presently available narrow-band speech coding systems implement scalar quantization (independent quantization) of the transmission parameters (such as reflection coefficients or transformed reflection coefficients in LPC systems). This paper presents a new approach called vector quantization. For very low data rates, realistic experiments have shown that vector quantization can achieve a given level of average distortion with 15 to 20 fewer bits/frame than that required for the optimized scalar quantizing approaches presently in use. The vector quantizing approach is shown to be a mathematically and computationally tractable method which builds upon knowledge obtained in linear prediction analysis studies. This paper introduces the theory in a nonrigorous form, along with practical results to date and an extensive list of research topics for this new area of speech coding.
Atomically Precise Au<sub>25</sub>(SR)<sub>18</sub> Nanoparticles as Catalysts for the Selective Hydrogenation of α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones and Aldehydes (2010)

A golden opportunity: A mechanism has been proposed to account for the chemoselective hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated ketones (or aldehydes) to unsaturated alcohols catalyzed by monodisperse Au25(SR)18 particles (see picture). Now that the structure of these nanoparticles is known, structure–activity correlations can be drawn.