gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reaction mechanisms of inorganic and organometallic systems (1998)

This third edition retains the general level and scope of earlier editions, but has been substantially updated with over 900 new references covering the literature through 2005, and 140 more pages of text than the previous edition. In addition to the general updating of materials, there is new or greatly expanded coverage of topics such as Curtin-Hammett conditions, pressure effects, metal hydrides and asymmetric hydrogenation catalysts, the inverted electron-transfer region, intervalence electron transfer, photochemistry of metal carbonyls, methyl transferase and nitric oxide synthase. The new chapter on heterogeneous systems introduces the basic background to this industrially important area. The emphasis is on inorganic examples of gas/liquid and gas/liquid/solid systems and methods of determining heterogeneity.
Postvaccine Genetic Structure of<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>Serotype 19A from Children in the United States (2005)

Serotype 19A is, at present, the most important cause of IPD by replacement serotypes, and it is increasingly drug resistant. CC199 is the predominant CC among type 19A serotypes in children <5 years old. Our data suggest that some of the increase in rates of infection with serotype 19A may be due to serotype switching within certain vaccine type strains.
Characterization and new numerical model of spectral hole burning in broadband erbium-doped fiber amplifier (2003)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text M. NISHIHARA, Y. SUGAYA, and E. ISHIKAWA, "Characterization and new numerical model of spectral hole burning in broadband erbium-doped fiber amplifier," in Optical Amplifiers and Their Applications, OSA Technical Digest Series (Optica Publishing Group, 2003), paper TuD3. Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
A practical gait analysis system using gyroscopes (1999)

This study investigated the possibility of using uni-axial gyroscopes to develop a simple portable gait analysis system. Gyroscopes were attached on the skin surface of the shank and thigh segments and the angular velocity for each segment was recorded in each segment. Segment inclinations and knee angle were derived from segment angular velocities. The angular signals from a motion analysis system were used to evaluate the angular velocities and the derived signals from the gyroscopes. There was a good correlation between these signals. When performing a turn the signals of segment inclination and knee angle drifted. Two methods were used to solve this: automatically resetting the system to re-initialise the angle in each gait cycle, and high-pass filtering. They both successfully corrected this drift. A single gyroscope on the shank segment could provide information on segment inclination range, cadence, number of steps, and an estimation of stride length and walking speed.
Russian Federation - The myth of monopoly : a new view of industrial structure in Russia (1994)

Discussion of economic reform in the Russian Federation is colored by the conventional view of Russia's industrial structure. Both in Russia and in the West, Russian industry is characterized as very large enterprises operating in highly concentrated industries. The authors challenge the conventional view. They assess Russian industrial concentration by comparing the Russian industrial structure (as revealed in the 1989 Soviet Census of Industry) with that in the United States and other countries. They find that very large firms are more prevalent in the United States than in Russia. This empirical fact suggests that planners economized on the costs of central economic coordination not by building unusually large enterprises, but by not building very small enterprises. Their most important finding: that there is little aggregate or industry concentration at the national level in Russia. Monopolies and oligopolies actually account for only a small share of national employment and production. Instead, barriers to competition in Russia arise as a result of highly segmented product markets. In large part, this segmentation can be viewed as a legacy of central planning. Under the prior regime, enterprises were highly isolated, divided alone both ministerial and geographical lines. Presently, these barriers are reinforced by some features of the transitional environment that continue to undermine the efficient distribution of goods. The authors conclude that the traditional policy remedies appropriate for problems of concentration (such as antitrust policy and import competition) may be ill-advised or inadequate for addressing problems of imperfect competition in the Russian economy. They argue instead that improving the distribution system and other market infrastructure that supports trade and facilitating the entry of new firms should be the most critical elements of competition policy in Russia.
Human Immune Respone to Monoclonal Antibodies (1994)

Monoclonal antibodies either of mouse, mouse/human chimeric, or human origin have been used safely in human trials for a decade. Considerable effort has been committed in investigations of manipulating endogenous immunological activity against tumors and targeting various cytotoxic agents to cancers. These studies have identified several problems that need to be resolved before any such reagents can be used routinely in patients. One of these problems has been the immunogenicity of these monoclonal antibodies. This review article discusses what is known regarding human immune response to monoclonal antibodies and their clinical consequences.
“A Review on Power Efficient energy-Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks” (2013)

The most necessary issue that has got to be resolved in coming up with a knowledge transmission algorithmic program for wireless detector networks (WSNs) is the way to save detector node energy whereas meeting the desires of application as the detector nodes are battery restricted. Whereas satisfying the energy saving demand, it's conjointly necessary to realize the standard of service. Just in case of emergency work, it's necessary to deliver the info on time. Achieving quality of service in WSNs is additionally necessary. So as to realize this demand, Power-efficient Energy-Aware routing protocol for wireless detector networks is projected that saves the energy by expeditiously choosing the energy economical path within the routing method. Once supply finds route to destination, it calculates for every route. The worth relies on largest minimum residual energy of the trail and hop count of the trail. If a route has higher , then that path is chosen for routing the info. the worth of are higher, if the biggest of minimum residual energy of the trail is higher and also the range of hop count is lower. Once the trail is chosen, knowledge is transferred on the trail.
A Year in the Life of a Bereavement Counselling and Support Service for People with Learning Disabilities (2001)

This paper addresses the specific needs of a minority group that historically have not had their grief needs acknowledged, addressed or accommodated: people with learning disabilities. Action research was initially used to introduce, and facilitate the development of, a bereavement counselling and support service designed specifically for people with learning disabilities and integrated into a well-established voluntary organization in North Staffordshire, England. The paper focuses upon a 12 month `snap-shot' of this service which incorporated a qualitative perspective, where focus groups were used to capture constructive feedback from the bereavement counsellors involved in the project. In addition, descriptive statistical data of the service are presented to corroborate the perceived needs and challenges of the bereaved individual who has learning disabilities. Specific characteristics of a bereavement service that can constructively accommodate the bereavement care needs of such a client group are identified.
The natural history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: an argument for intermediate endpoint biomarkers. (1995)

Cervical cancer is the second most common malignancy in women worldwide and remains a significant health problem for women, especially minority women in the United States. Despite morbid and costly treatment with whole pelvic radiotherapy, radical surgery, and chemotherapy, the overall survival remains 40%. While the epidemiological risk factors are well known, little is known of the pathobiology of cervical carcinogenesis. Prevention of cervical cancer and its precursors is an important objective. New strategies, both clinical and laboratory based, are desperately needed. Cellular and molecular characteristics of the pathobiology of cervical cancer and its precursors need to be quantified, thereby providing insights into the multistep process of cervical carcinogenesis, identifying those precancerous lesions at high risk for progression to invasion, providing potential targets for intervention, and providing intermediate end point biomarkers for chemopreventive therapies. The premise for this strategy in cervical cancer prevention is that squamous cancers of the female genital tract have a well defined preinvasive stage, and that carcinogenesis is a multistep genetic process which involves increasing dysregulation of proliferation and differentiation as lesions progress from normal to human papillomavirus infected tissue to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia to cancer.
Role of angiotensinogen in blood pressure homeostasis. (1982)

The role of angiotensinogen in blood pressure control was assessed in normotensive rats by observing the changes resulting from inhibition by specific rat angiotensinogen antiserum. The antiserum decreased blood pressure in rats on normal sodium as well as sodium-free diets (respectively delta BP = -30 +/- 6 mm Hg and -42 +/- 8 mm Hg). In binephrectomized sodium-replete rats, administration of antiserum did not reduce blood pressure, whereas in sodium-depleted animals it slightly decreased blood pressure by 11 +/- 3 mm Hg. These results suggest that angiotensinogen participates in the regulation of blood pressure in normotensive rats, even in the sodium-replete state.
The Hypolipidemic Natural Product Guggulsterone Acts as an Antagonist of the Bile Acid Receptor (2002)

Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of health care and medicine, has a well-organized materia medica in which plants form a dominant part. A key illustration of the exploitation of this knowledge toward the development of a modern drug is the isolation and characterization of two antihyperlipidemic compounds, Z-, and E-guggulsterone from the tree Commiphora mukul, the exudate of which has been traditionally used for mitigating lipid disorders. Here, we demonstrate that Z-guggulsterone and an analog, 80-574 currently in clinical trials, act as antagonists of the bile acid receptor (BAR), a member of the intracellular receptor superfamily. These compounds antagonize the activity of BAR in vitro, and in cell culture systems on promoters and endogenous target genes. In biochemical assays, they are able to displace coactivator peptides from the receptor in a dose-dependent manner. The mechanism by which they act as BAR antagonists is likely through their inability to recruit coactivator proteins, failure to release corepressor proteins from unliganded receptor, and ability to compete with BAR agonists to block coactivator recruitment. Our data suggest these compounds may mediate at least some of their effects via the BAR.
Synthesis and Application of a Chain-Terminating Dinucleotide mRNA Cap Analog (2001)

[structure: see text] We describe the synthesis of a chain-terminating mRNA cap dinucleotide and its use in the in vitro transcription of homogeneously capped RNA. Computer modeling strongly indicates that RNA capped with the new compound will be a substrate for cap-dependent translation.
On-Chip ESD Protection Strategies for RF Circuits in CMOS Technology (2006)

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection design for RF circuits has been one of the key challenges to implement RF ICs in CMOS technology. On-chip ESD protection circuit at the RF I/O pads often cause unacceptable degradation to RF circuits. In this paper, ESD protection design considerations for RF circuits are addressed, and on-chip ESD protection strategies for both narrow band and broadband CMOS RF circuits are also presented and discussed
Reactivity of natural and induced human antibodies to MUC1 mucin with MUC1 peptides and n‐acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) peptides (2000)

Antibodies (Abs) to MUC1 occur naturally in both healthy subjects and cancer patients and can be induced by MUC1 peptide vaccination. We compared the specificity of natural and induced MUC1 Abs with the objective of defining an effective MUC1 vaccine for active immunotherapy of adenocarcinoma patients. Serum samples, selected out of a screened population of 492 subjects for their high levels of IgG and/or IgM MUC1 Abs, were obtained from 55 control subjects and from 26 breast cancer patients before primary treatment, as well as from 19 breast cancer patients immunized with MUC1 peptides coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and mixed with QS-21. The samples were tested with enzyme-linked immunoassays for reactivity with (1) overlapping hepta- and 20-mer peptides spanning the MUC1 tandem repeat sequence; (2) two modified 60-mer peptides with substitutions in the PDTR (PDTA) or in the STAPPA (STAAAA) sequence of each tandem repeat; and (3) four 60-mer glycopeptides with each 1, 2, 3 and 5 mol N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) per repeat. More than one minimal epitopic sequence could be defined, indicating that Abs directed to more than one region of the MUC1 peptide core can coexist in one and the same subject. The most frequent minimal epitopic sequence of natural MUC1 IgG and IgM Abs was RPAPGS, followed by PPAHGVT and PDTRP. MUC1 peptide vaccination induced high titers of IgM and IgG Abs predominantly directed, respectively, to the PDTRPAP and the STAPPAHGV sequences of the tandem repeat. Natural MUC1 Abs from breast cancer patients reacted more strongly with the N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) peptides than with the naked 60-mer peptide, while reactivity with the GalNAc-peptides was significantly reduced (2-tailed p < 0.0001) in the MUC1 IgG and IgM Abs induced by MUC1 peptide vaccination. Whereas in cancer patients glycans appear to participate in epitope conformation, the epitope(s) recognized by MUC1 Abs induced by peptide vaccination are already masked by minimal glycosylation. Therefore, our results indicate that a MUC1 glycopeptide would be a better vaccine than a naked peptide. Int. J. Cancer 86:702–712, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Chromosomal imbalance maps of malignant solid tumors: a cytogenetic survey of 3185 neoplasms. (1997)

To assess the distribution of gains and losses of genetic material in malignant solid neoplasms, 11 tumor types for which at least 100 short-term cultured cases with clonal chromosome aberrations had been reported in the literature were selected. The study was based on cytogenetic information from 508 breast carcinomas, 447 malignant neuroglial tumors, 435 kidney carcinomas, 333 colon carcinomas, 304 ovarian carcinomas, 303 lung carcinomas, 209 testicular germ cell tumors, 206 head and neck carcinomas, 172 malignant melanomas, 142 Wilms' tumors, and 126 neuroblastomas. In each case, the net imbalances were calculated for each chromosome band. The profiles of gains and losses revealed that all tumor types display unique combinations of imbalances. However, there is also considerable overlap among the profiles of the different diagnostic entities, indicating that similar molecular mechanisms may be operative in the development of many types of neoplasia. Deletions were more common than gains in all tumor types, with chromosomes X, Y, 4, 10, 13-15, 18, and 22 and chromosome segments 1p22-pter, 3p13-pter, 6q14-qter, 8p, 9p, and 11p being particularly often deleted in the majority of tumors. To better delineate critical lost segments, deletion profiles based only on structural rearrangements were made for chromosomes 1, 3-12, and 17, which all had on average at least four registered deletions per band. The relative distribution of losses indicated that different bands/regions are affected in different tumor types and that, often, several distinct candidate tumor suppressor gene loci can be discerned within the same chromosome arm, e.g., 1p12-13, 1p22, 1p34, and 1p36 on the short arm of chromosome 1 and 7q22, 7q32, and 7q36 on the long arm of chromosome 7. The only chromosomes or chromosome segments more often gained than deleted were chromosomes 7 and 20 and the long arms of chromosomes 1 and 12, suggesting the presence there of dominantly acting growth-regulatory genes. The data presented in this study should be valuable as a guide for molecular genetic studies on allelic imbalances and for the interpretation of results from studies using comparative genomic hybridization.
Novel generation of human satellite DNA-based artificial chromosomes in mammalian cells (2000)

An in vivo approach has been developed for generation of artificial chromosomes, based on the induction of intrinsic, large-scale amplification mechanisms of mammalian cells. Here, we describe the successful generation of prototype human satellite DNA-based artificial chromosomes via amplification-dependent de novo chromosome formations induced by integration of exogenous DNA sequences into the centromeric/rDNA regions of human acrocentric chromosomes. Subclones with mitotically stable de novo chromosomes were established, which allowed the initial characterization and purification of these artificial chromosomes. Because of the low complexity of their DNA content, they may serve as a useful tool to study the structure and function of higher eukaryotic chromosomes. Human satellite DNA-based artificial chromosomes containing amplified satellite DNA, rDNA, and exogenous DNA sequences were heterochromatic, however, they provided a suitable chromosomal environment for the expression of the integrated exogenous genetic material. We demonstrate that induced de novo chromosome formation is a reproducible and effective methodology in generating artificial chromosomes from predictable sequences of different mammalian species. Satellite DNA-based artificial chromosomes formed by induced large-scale amplifications on the short arm of human acrocentric chromosomes may become safe or low risk vectors in gene therapy.
Power-aware branch target prediction using a new BTB architecture (2009)

This paper presents two effective methods to reduce power consumption of branch target buffer (BTB): 1) the first method is based on storing distance to next branch address in tag array instead of storing whole branch address, 2) the second method is to use a new field in data array of BTB namely Next Branch Distance (NBD) which holds distance of next branch address from current branch address. When a new hit is performed in BTB, based on NBD field, there would be no access through NBD number of instructions, so BTB can be shutdown not to consume power. The new architecture does not impose extra delay and reduction in prediction accuracy. Both methods were implemented and simulated using SimpleScalar and Wattch performance and power tools. The simulation experiment results show that the first method decreases power about 3% and the second method decreases power consumption of BTB up to 7.3%. Moreover, combining these two methods would reduce power consumption of BTB up to 8.3% without affecting performance of the processor.
Cannabinoid ligand-receptor signaling in the mouse uterus. (1995)

Using RNA (Northern) blot hybridization and reverse transcription-PCR, we demonstrate that the brain-type cannabinoid receptor (CB1-R) mRNA, but not the spleen-type cannabinoid receptor (CB2-R) mRNA, is expressed in the mouse uterus and that this organ has the capacity to synthesize the putative endogenous cannabinoid ligand, anandamide (arachidonylethanolamide). The psychoactive cannabinoid component of marijuana--delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)--or anandamide, but not the inactive and nonpsychoactive cannabidiol (CBD), inhibited forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP formation in the mouse uterus, which was prevented by pertussis toxin pretreatment. These results suggest that uterine CB1-R is coupled to inhibitory guanine nucleotide-binding protein and is biologically active. Autoradiographic studies identified ligand binding sites ([3H]anandamide) in the uterine epithelium and stromal cells, suggesting that these cells are perhaps the targets for cannabinoid action. Scatchard analysis of the binding of [3H]WIN 55212-2, another cannabinoid receptor ligand, showed a single class of high-affinity binding sites in the endometrium with an apparent Kd of 2.4 nM and Bmax of 5.4 x 10(9) molecules per mg of protein. The gene encoding lactoferrin is an estrogen-responsive gene in the mouse uterus that was rapidly and transiently up-regulated by THC, but not by CBD, in ovariectomized mice in the absence of ovarian steroids. This effect, unlike that of 17 beta-estradiol (E2), was not influenced by a pure antiestrogen, ICI 182780, suggesting that the THC-induced uterine lactoferrin gene expression does not involve estrogen receptors. We propose that the uterus is a new target for cannabinoid ligand-receptor signaling.
Development of Digestive Enzymes in the Piglet from Birth to 8 Weeks (1978)

The development of pancreatic tissue (fresh weight, total proteins, RNA and DNA) and of the level of pancreatic enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase and amylase) of the piglet has been followed from birth to the age of 8 weeks in 10 animals at each of 7 stages. There was an increase with age and body weight of the total fresh weight of the exocrine pancreas. From birth until 4 weeks the development of the pancreatic gland was due to hyperplasia; from the 4th week till the 8th week of age, it was due both to hyperplasia and hypertrophy. There was a specific period, at the age of 3--4 weeks, from which total enzymatic activities markedly increased. Furthermore, from the 4th week of age there was a rise in the intake of total dietary proteins, fat and carbohydrates, due to the intake of solid food.