gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: GENERAL SYNTHETIC METHODS FOR THE PREPARATION OF 1,4‐ AND 1,5‐DICARBONYL COMPOUNDS. NEW ANNULATION METHODS BASED ON THE PALLADIUM‐CATALYZED OXIDATION OF TERMINAL OLEFINS TO METHYL KETONES (1984)

Abstract Durch Anwendung der Methode A) lassen sich eine Reihe von Verbindungen, wie die Enone (I) und (XIV) und die Aldehyde (V) und (XVIII), durch Oxidationder endständigen Olefingruppe in Ketone [ → (II), (VI), (XV), (XIX)] überführen.
A DNA repeat, NBL2, is hypermethylated in some cancers but hypomethylated in others (2005)

Hypermethylation at certain CpG-rich promoters and hypomethylation at repeated DNA sequences are very frequently found in cancers. We provide the first report that a DNA sequence (NBL2) can be either extensively hypermethylated or hypomethylated in cancer. Previously, it was shown that NBL2, a complex tandem DNA repeat in the acrocentric chromosomes, is hypomethylated at NotI sites in >70% of neuroblastomas and hepatocellular carcinomas and in cells from ICF syndrome (DNMT3B-deficiency) patients. Unexpectedly, by Southern blot analysis of 18 ovarian carcinomas, 51 Wilms tumors, and various somatic control tissues, we found that >70% of the cancers exhibited large increases in methylation at HhaI sites in NBL2 compared with all the controls. In contrast, 17% of the carcinomas showed major decreases in methylation at HhaI and NotI sites. The intermediate levels of methylation at HhaI sites in somatic controls enabled this discovery of cancer-linked hypermethylation and hypomethylation in NBL2. In a comparison of ovarian epithelial carcinomas, low malignant potential tumors, and cystadenomas, NBL2 hypermethylation at HhaI sites was significantly related to the degree of malignancy, and hypomethylation was seen only in the carcinomas. By RT-PCR, we found NBL2 transcripts at low levels in a few cancers and undetectable in various normal tissues. In the tumors there was no association of NBL2 hypomethylation and transcription, but this may reflect NBL2's lack of identifiable promoter elements and our evidence for run-through transcription from adjacent sequences into NBL2. The propensity of NBL2 sequences to become either hypermethylated or hypomethylated in cancer suggests that these opposite epigenetic changes share an early step during carcinogenesis and that cancer-linked hypermethylation might be spontaneously reversible.
Designing Applications with Msmq: Message Queuing for Developers (1998)

1. Distributed Architectures and Microsoft Message Queue Server (MSMQ). Introduction to MSMQ Application Architectures. Using MSMQ in Well-Known Distributed Application Architectures. The Future of MSMQ. Conclusion. Resources and References. 2. Overview of MSMQ Architecture and Features. Selected Definitions. Programming Interfaces. Messages and Message Queues. Sending and Receiving Messages. MSMQ Architecture. Integration with non-MSMQ Messaging Environments. Conclusion. Resources and References. 3. Properties and Queue Names. Properties. Queue Naming. Conclusion. Resources and References. 4. An MSMQ Application Using the COM Components. Overview of Hello World. MSMQ COM Components. Queue Creation. Locating Queues. Creating the Hello World Sender Form. Opening Queues and Sending Messages. Receiving Responses. Closing Queues. The Hello World Receiver. Summary. Resources and References. 5. An MSMQ Application Using the MSMQ API. Overview of Hello World. Working with Properties in the MSMQ API. Creating Queues. Locating Queues. Opening, Closing, and Deleting Queues. Receiving Messages and Sending a Response. The Hello World Sender. Sample Program Output. Conclusion. Resources and References. 6. MSMQ Queue and Message Design Considerations. Hello World Program Analysis. Queue Options. Messages and Message Property Options. Summary. Resources and References. 7. Solutions to Message Problems. Converting Message and Correlation IDs to Strings. Request and Response Correlation. Asynchronous Message Processing. Handling Variable-Length Messages. Multipart Message Sequences. Object Shipping. Working While Off Line. Conclusion. Resources and References. 8. Improving Message Tracking and Recovery. Overview of MSMQ Facilities. Making Messages Recoverable. Setting Up Message and Queue Journals. Tracing Message Routing. Acknowledging Messages. Recovering and Tracing Messages. Conclusion. Resources and References. 9. MSMQ Security. Authentication. Message Encryption. MSMQ Access Controls. Managing Queue Access Programmatically. Access Event Auditing. Conclusion and Recommendations. Resources and References. 10. Introduction to Transaction Processing. Basics of Transaction Processing. The ACID Properties. Distributed Transaction Processing. Transactional Queued Messaging. When to Use On-Line or Queued Transactions. Conclusions and Recommendations. Resources and References. 11. Implementing Transactions and Assessing Performance. Basics of Transactional Messaging. External Transactions. Internal Transactions. In-Order Delivery. Conclusion. Resources and References. Appendix A: COM Component and MSMQ API Reference. COM Components. MSMQ API Functions. Queue and Message Properties. Appendix B: Configuring Visual C++ and Visual Basic for MSMQ. Creating and Configuring a Project in Visual C++. Creating and Configuring a Project in Visual Basic. Appendix C: MSMQ Performance. Messaging Performance. Conclusions and Recommendations. Index. 0201325810T04062001
Translocation of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein c-IAP1 from the nucleus to the Golgi in hematopoietic cells undergoing differentiation: a nuclear export signal-mediated event (2004)

The caspase inhibitor and RING finger-containing protein cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (c-IAP1) has been shown to be involved in both apoptosis inhibition and signaling by members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family. The protein is regulated transcriptionally (eg, is a target for nuclear factor-kappaB [NF-kappaB]) and can be inhibited by mitochondrial proteins released in the cytoplasm upon apoptotic stimuli. The present study indicates that an additional level of regulation of c-IAP1 may be cell compartmentalization. The protein is present in the nucleus of undifferentiated U937 and THP1 monocytic cell lines. When these cells undergo differentiation under phorbol ester exposure, c-IAP1 translocates to the cytoplasmic side of the Golgi apparatus. This redistribution involves a nuclear export signal (NES)-mediated, leptomycin B-sensitive mechanism. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we localized the functional NES motif in the caspase recruitment domain (CARD) of c-IAP1. A nucleocytoplasmic redistribution of the protein was also observed in human monocytes as well as in tumor cells from epithelial origin when undergoing differentiation. c-IAP1 does not translocate from the nucleus of cells whose differentiation is blocked (ie, in cell lines and monocytes from transgenic mice overexpressing B-cell lymphoma 2 [Bcl-2] and in monocytes from patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia). Altogether, these observations associate c-IAP1 cellular location with cell differentiation, which opens new perspectives on the functions of the protein.
Protein and peptide drug delivery: Oral approaches (2008)

Till recent, injections remained the most common means for administering therapeutic proteins and peptides because of their poor oral bioavailability. However, oral route would be preferred to any other route because of its high levels of patient acceptance and long term compliance, which increases the therapeutic value of the drug. Designing and formulating a polypeptide drug delivery through the gastro intestinal tract has been a persistent challenge because of their unfavorable physicochemical properties, which includes enzymatic degradation, poor membrane permeability and large molecular size. The main challenge is to improve the oral bioavailability from less than 1% to at least 30-50%. Consequently, efforts have intensified over the past few decades, where every oral dosage form used for the conventional small molecule drugs has been used to explore oral protein and peptide delivery. Various strategies currently under investigation include chemical modification, formulation vehicles and use of enzyme inhibitors, absorption enhancers and mucoadhesive polymers. This review summarizes different pharmaceutical approaches which overcome various physiological barriers that help to improve oral bioavailability that ultimately achieve formulation goals for oral delivery.
Cast transage 175 titanium alloy for durability critical structural components (1983)

Efforts to reduce the cost of titanium structural components have focused on means to reduce buy-to-fly weight ratio and the amount of machining to produce net shape. Casting is of considerable interest; however, designers commonly want no loss in performance compared to current components, e. g. , forged Ti-6A1-4V. Fatigue test results on cast-to-size bars of the martensitic Transage 175 alloy (Ti-2.5A1-13V-7Sn-2Zr) a re reported for four conditions: smooth bar, low cycle, axial (A = 1) fatigue at 250' and 500°F (121 and 260°C); and smooth and notched (Kt = 3) bar, high cycle, axial (A = ) fatigue a t 250°F. Cast Transage 175 was equal or superior to wrought, STA Ti-6A1-4V under all test conditions.
Endotoxemia and sepsis mortality reduction by non-anticoagulant–activated protein C (2007)

Activated protein C (APC) reduces mortality of severe sepsis patients but increases the risk of serious bleeding. APC exerts anticoagulant activity by proteolysis of factors Va/VIIIa. APC also exerts antiinflammatory and antiapoptotic effects and stabilizes endothelial barrier function by APC-initiated cell signaling that requires two receptors, endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) and protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1). The relative importance of APC's various activities for efficacy in sepsis is unknown. We used protein engineering of mouse APC and genetically altered mice to clarify mechanisms for the efficacy of APC in mouse sepsis models. Mortality reduction in LPS-induced endotoxemia required the enzymatic active site of APC, EPCR, and PAR-1, highlighting a key role for APC's cytoprotective actions. A recombinant APC variant with normal signaling but <10% anticoagulant activity (5A-APC) was as effective as wild-type APC in reducing mortality after LPS challenge, and enhanced the survival of mice subjected to peritonitis induced by gram-positive or -negative bacteria or to polymicrobial peritoneal sepsis triggered by colon ascendens stent implantation. Thus, APC's efficacy in severe sepsis is predominantly based on EPCR- and PAR1-dependent cell signaling, and APC variants with normal cell signaling but reduced anticoagulant activities retain efficacy while reducing the risk of bleeding.
Legacy Interface Migration: A Task-Centered Approach (1999)

User Interface Specification and Graphical User Interface Generation. These steps will be explained in terms of a hypothetical task in an Insurance Information System. Consider a situation where the insurance company computerized its claims department separately from their customer&amp;apos;s database, and therefore owns two separate subsystems, i.e., subsystem1 and subsystem2, containing their customer and claims information. Suppose further that in subsystem2, the user must enter the customer&amp;apos;s claim number in order to retrieve the data relevant to generating a report on the customer&amp;apos;s accident, but she only knows the name of the customer. So she has to first search for the claim number in the subsystem1 by entering the customer name, before she can go in subsystem2 to retrieve the report data. Task Analysis Task analysis occurs in three phases: the first examines a single trace of the task, the second phase examines multiple traces of the same task performed by the same user, and the thi...
Computation modeling of drill bits: A new method for reproducing bottom hole geometry and a second-order explicit integrator via composition for coupled rotating rigid bodies (2007)

A new, highly adaptable, framework for the simulation of bit dynamics is introduced. The new software, dubbed Three Dimensional Bit Dynamics (TDBD), is implemented as object- orientated code and designed to meet current and future research needs. The software uses a triangulated mesh to represent the bit and rock surface geometry. A novel method for updating the rock surface as the bit drills is presented. This method uses information from both the bit and rock surface to allow for general motion of the bit (including whirl). It also limits the number of operations required to maintain the shape quality of the elements in the rock surface mesh. This method avoids the costly operation of removing elements and remeshing the resulting hole. A derivation of the equations of motion of a roller cone bit is presented as an example of coupled rotating rigid bodies. The equations are derived using the virtual power method which naturally handles the constraint between the bit body and the cones. A state-of-the-art numerical integrator is applied to the equations to produce an algorithm suitable for use in a bit dynamics software application. The integrator is a composition of adjoint first order integrators (reminiscent of the approach used earlier in Reference [47] to derive an explicit midpoint Lie method). It maintains the properties of the original three degree-of-freedom integrator: second order convergence, symplecticness, remarkable accuracy, and momentum conservation. This algorithm can be applied to other applications where rotating rigid bodies are coupled through an axis that allows rotation. The force model from Reference [33], used for calculating the forces on a bit resulting from rock removal, is implemented within the framework and used to evaluate the software. The weight-on-bit and torque-on-bit are compared to laboratory data. Two polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bits are used to calibrate the force model and a third is run in the software to "predict" the laboratory data
Evaluating patient-based outcome measures for use in clinical trials. (1998)

T he overall aim of the NHS R&D Health Technology Assessment (HTA) programme is to ensure that high-quality research information on the costs, effectiveness and broader impact of health technologies is produced in the most efficient way for those who use, manage
Comparative reactivity of different HLA‐G monoclonal antibodies to soluble HLA‐G molecules (2000)

Different HLA-G monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were first evaluated for their capability to identify soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) in ELISA. Three of them, namely 87G, BFL.1 and MEM-G/9, when used as coating mAbs together with W6/32 capture mAb, identified beta2-microglobulin (beta2m)-associated-sHLA-G but not soluble HLA-B7 (sHLA-B7) in cell culture supernatants from transfected cells. By comparison, the anti-HLA class I mAb 90 did recognize both sHLA-G and sHLA-B7. By using these HLA-G mAbs, sHLA-G was identified in amniotic fluids as well as in culture supernatants of first trimester and term placental explants but not in cord blood. Intron 4-retaining sHLA-G isoforms were identified in some amniotic fluids by the use of an intron 4-specific mAb (16G1). Reactivity of these different HLA-G mAbs was then compared to determine their respective binding sites on soluble and membrane-bound HLA-G. Using both ELISA and flow cytometry analysis, we showed that they did not compete with each other, which suggested that they did not recognize the same determinants. Finally, we report that two mAbs directed against the alpha1 domain of HLA class I heavy chain (mAb 90 and YTH 862) did compete with 87G, therefore demonstrating that this latter mAb recognized an epitope localized on this external domain of HLA-G.
Quality-control issues and approaches in vaccine development (2009)

The successful development of vaccines is a lengthy process, requiring input from different expertises, such as research and development, quality control, quality assurance, production, regulatory affairs, and marketing and sales. A cornerstone in vaccine development is the availability of a panel of high-quality assays that can reduce the risk of failure in clinical trials and licensure. This review highlights the quality-control issues and approaches in vaccine development from different viewpoints: discovery, process development, assay development, clinical development and the postlicensing phase.
The insect tracheal system: a conduit for the systemic spread of Autographa californica M nuclear polyhedrosis virus. (1994)

Baculoviruses establish systemic infections within susceptible insect hosts, even though host tissues are surrounded by basal laminae, extracellular matrices that exclude particles smaller than these viruses. Using a recombinant Autographa californica M nuclear polyhedrosis virus containing a lacZ reporter gene under the control of a constitutive promoter, we followed the progression of infection in Trichoplusia ni larvae. We discovered that infection of the larval insect tracheal system (and not hemocytes, as thought previously) provides the major conduit for this virus to pass through basal laminae and to spread throughout the host. Tracheal epidermal cells, the only known cellular components of the tracheal system, share a common lymph system. Locally these cells contact one another by interdigitating cytoplasmic extensions called epidermal feet. These two features of the tracheal system are likely to facilitate the rapid systemic spread of the virus. The findings reported here have major implications for the fields of insect pathology and biological control and usher in an important consideration regarding host-range factors.
Differential effects of the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor NU1025 on topoisomerase I and II inhibitor cytotoxicity in L1210 cells in vitro (2001)

The potent novel poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, NU1025, enhances the cytotoxicity of DNA-methylating agents and ionizing radiation by inhibiting DNA repair. We report here an investigation of the role of PARP in the cellular responses to inhibitors of topoisomerase I and II using NU1025. The cytotoxicity of the topoisomerase I inhibitor, camptothecin, was increased 2.6-fold in L1210 cells by co-incubation with NU1025. Camptothecin-induced DNA strand breaks were also increased 2.5-fold by NU1025 and exposure to camptothecin-activated PARP. In contrast, NU1025 did not increase the DNA strand breakage or cytotoxicity caused by the topoisomerase II inhibitor etoposide. Exposure to etoposide did not activate PARP even at concentrations that caused significant levels of apoptosis. Taken together, these data suggest that potentiation of camptothecin cytotoxicity by NU1025 is a direct result of increased DNA strand breakage, and that activation of PARP by camptothecin-induced DNA damage contributes to its repair and consequently cell survival. However, in L1210 cells at least, it would appear that PARP is not involved in the cellular response to etoposide-mediated DNA damage. On the basis of these data, PARP inhibitors may be potentially useful in combination with topoisomerase I inhibitor anticancer chemotherapy.
Massive hybrid antenna array for millimeter-wave cellular communications (2015)

A massive hybrid array consists of multiple analog subarrays, with each subarray having its digital processing chain. It offers the potential advantage of balancing cost and performance for massive arrays and therefore serves as an attractive solution for future millimeter-wave (mm- Wave) cellular communications. On one hand, using beamforming analog subarrays such as phased arrays, the hybrid configuration can effectively collect or distribute signal energy in sparse mm-Wave channels. On the other hand, multiple digital chains in the configuration provide multiplexing capability and more beamforming flexibility to the system. In this article, we discuss several important issues and the state-of-the-art development for mm-Wave hybrid arrays, such as channel modeling, capacity characterization, applications of various smart antenna techniques for single-user and multiuser communications, and practical hardware design. We investigate how the hybrid array architecture and special mm-Wave channel property can be exploited to design suboptimal but practical massive antenna array schemes. We also compare two main types of hybrid arrays, interleaved and localized arrays, and recommend that the localized array is a better option in terms of overall performance and hardware feasibility.
Hydrogenation of unsaturated polymers with diimide (1973)

Abstract We have studied the homogeneous hydrogenation of a series of unsaturated polymeric substrates with diimide formed from the thermal decomposition of p ‐toluenesulfonylhydrazide (TSH) at elevated temperatures (110 to 160°C) and in aromatic solvents. At a TSH/olefin ratio of 2.0, homopolymers of butadiene, polycyclohexadiene, and polyisoprene were quantitatively hydrogenated as were two styrene/butadiene copolymers. Alkyl branching at or near the residual polymer double bond, as in methyl rubber and poly‐2.5‐dimethyl‐2.4‐hexadiene, gave less than 50% hydrogenation. Polychloroprene was not hydrogenated by diimide (conversions less than 10%) which is in agreement with the behavior previously observed for low molecular weight olefins. The unsaturated polymers which were successfully hydrogenated were soluble and, hence, showed no excessive crosslinking. Polycyclohexadiene and polyisoprene, the only samples evaluated for molecular weight changes, exhibited no chain degradation. Some qualitative kinetic data were obtained using per cent conversion vs. time data. Under the conditions of toluene reflux and TSH/olefin ratios of 1.5, the relative rates of hydrogenation for cis, trans and vinyl butadiene units was k cis ≃ k trans &lt; k vinyl. Byproducts from the diimide generation resulted in the introduction of 0.2 to 1.0% of p ‐CH 3 C 6 H 4 SO 2 ‐groups into the polymer based upon 100% of the double bonds originally present.
Evaluation of the Neural Response Telemetry (NRT) capabilities of the Nucleus Research Platform 8: initial results from the NRT trial (2004)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of the new features of the Nucleus Research Platform 8 (RP8), a system developed specifically for research purposes The RP8 consists of a research implant, a speech processor and a new NRT software (NRT v4), and includes comparisons of the different artefact-cancellation methods, NRT threshold, and recovery function measurements. The system has new artefact-suppression techniques and new diagnostic capabilities; their performance has been verified in animal experiments. In this study, NRT data were collected from 15 postlingually deafened adult cochlear implant patients intraoperatively and up to 6 months postoperatively after switch-on. The initial investigation in two clinics in Europe focused primarily on the enhanced NRT capabilities Results from the trial in two European clinics indicate that NRT measurements can be obtained with lower noise levels. A comparison of the different artefact-cancellation techniques showed that the forward-masking paradigm implemented in the Nucleus 3 system is still the method of choice. The focus of this report is on recovery function characteristics, which may give insight into auditory nerve fiber properties with regard to higher stimulation rates.