gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cellulase-Xylanase Synergy in Designer Cellulosomes for Enhanced Degradation of a Complex Cellulosic Substrate (2010)

Designer cellulosomes are precision-engineered multienzyme complexes in which the molecular architecture and enzyme content are exquisitely controlled. This system was used to examine enzyme cooperation for improved synergy among Thermobifida fusca glycoside hydrolases. Two T. fusca cellulases, Cel48A exoglucanase and Cel5A endoglucanase, and two T. fusca xylanases, endoxylanases Xyn10B and Xyn11A, were selected as enzymatic components of a mixed cellulase/xylanase-containing designer cellulosome. The resultant mixed multienzyme complex was fabricated on a single scaffoldin subunit bearing all four enzymes. Conversion of T. fusca enzymes to the cellulosomal mode followed by their subsequent incorporation into a tetravalent cellulosome led to assemblies with enhanced activity (~2.4-fold) on wheat straw as a complex cellulosic substrate. The enhanced synergy was caused by the proximity of the enzymes on the complex compared to the free-enzyme systems. The hydrolytic properties of the tetravalent designer cellulosome were compared with the combined action of two separate divalent cellulase- and xylanase-containing cellulosomes. Significantly, the tetravalent designer cellulosome system exhibited an ~2-fold enhancement in enzymatic activity compared to the activity of the mixture of two distinct divalent scaffoldin-borne enzymes. These results provide additional evidence that close proximity between cellulases and xylanases is key to the observed concerted degradation of the complex cellulosic substrate in which the integrated enzymes complement each other by promoting access to the relevant polysaccharide components of the substrate. The data demonstrate that cooperation among xylanases and cellulases can be augmented by their integration into a single designer cellulosome.
Spatial recognition and grouping of text and graphics (2004)

We present a framework for simultaneous grouping and recognition of shapes and symbols in free-form ink diagrams. The approach is completely spatial, that is it does not require any ordering on the strokes. It also does not place any constraint on the relative placement of the shapes or symbols. Initially each of the strokes on the page is linked in a proximity graph. A discriminative classifier is used to classify connected subgraphs as either making up one of the known symbols or perhaps as an invalid combination of strokes (e.g. including strokes from two different symbols). This classifier combines the rendered image of the strokes with stroke features such as curvature and endpoints. A small subset of very efficient features is selected, yielding an extremely fast classifier. An A-star search algorithm over connected subsets of the proximity graph is used to simultaneously find the optimal segmentation and recognition of all the strokes on the page. Experiments demonstrate that the system can achieve 97% segmentation/recognition accuracy on a cross-validated shape dataset from 19 different writers.
Real-Time Occlusion Handling in Augmented Reality Based on an Object Tracking Approach (2010)

To produce a realistic augmentation in Augmented Reality, the correct relative positions of real objects and virtual objects are very important. In this paper, we propose a novel real-time occlusion handling method based on an object tracking approach. Our method is divided into three steps: selection of the occluding object, object tracking and occlusion handling. The user selects the occluding object using an interactive segmentation method. The contour of the selected object is then tracked in the subsequent frames in real-time. In the occlusion handling step, all the pixels on the tracked object are redrawn on the unprocessed augmented image to produce a new synthesized image in which the relative position between the real and virtual object is correct. The proposed method has several advantages. First, it is robust and stable, since it remains effective when the camera is moved through large changes of viewing angles and volumes or when the object and the background have similar colors. Second, it is fast, since the real object can be tracked in real-time. Last, a smoothing technique provides seamless merging between the augmented and virtual object. Several experiments are provided to validate the performance of the proposed method.
The next-generation Internet (2000)

The author predicts the future of the Internet. The Internet was first used for remote terminal login, then file transfer, e-mail, and newsgroups. A long time later, we got Web publishing. Now there's Web commerce. Where next? Well, as broadband is deployed and the Internet heads toward all-optical, there will be a lot more e-mail, a lot more Web commerce, and so on. But what new applications will develop? For one thing, the Internet will subsume the telephone network. Telephone traffic is increasing less than 10 percent per year, while Internet traffic is doubling every four months. If Internet traffic did not surpass telephony by the end of the millennium, it will soon. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) will be a trivia sidelight of the Internet right after that. After telephone, television. Internet protocols and bandwidth will need upgrading before television can be carried well, but it inevitably will move to the Internet. Why? The Internet can make television interactive: give it a million channels. The author does not mean turning your TV into a PC monitor, and he doesn't mean carrying the Internet on television networks (CTMs). He means carrying television on the Internet, in packets, using Internet packets: TVoIP. After that: Internet telepresence. There will be major substitutions of communication for travel. Less commuting. Less tedious business travel to press the flesh. We'll wire up our homes and (mostly) stay there.
Design of Transmission Technique Utilizing Linear Combination Diversity in Consideration of LOS Environments in MIMO Systems (2005)

In this letter we propose a new transmission technique to realize both high speed data transmission and high data quality by decreasing the difference in BER performance due to the phase difference of direct paths for 2 × 2 MIMO systems using spatial multiplexing in LOS environments.
Application of alternating phase-shifting masks to 140-nm gate patterning: linewidth control improvements and design optimization (1997)

In this paper we show that the problem of intrafield line width variations can be effectively solved through a novel application of alternating phase-shifting mask (PSM) technology. To illustrate its advantages, we applied this approach to produce 140 nm transistor gates using DUV (248 nm wavelength, KrF) lithography. We show that: systematic intrafield line width variations can be controlled to within 10 nm (3 (sigma) ), and variations across the wafer held to within 15 nm (3 (sigma) ), with a target k1 factor of K1 equals 0.237 (140 nm target gate lengths).
Acrylic Fiber Technology and Applications (1995)

This work examines the science and technology used in the manufacture of acrylic fibre for both mass-produced commodity products and premium products. It elucidates the chemistry and fibre production techniques of speciality acrylics such as flame-retardant, water-reversible bicomponent, producer dyed and others. Capacity figures for developing cou
A century of (epithelial) transport physiology: from vitalism to molecular cloning (1998)

During the past century, the generally accepted view of the function of biological membranes has evolved from that of a static, inert lipoprotein envelope that simply separates the intracellular machinery from the outside milieu, to that of a dynamic structure that is, in fact, an integral part of that machinery actively involved in homeostasis and bioenergetics. This brief review traces that paradigm shift with special emphasis on the evolution of central concepts in epithelial transport physiology.
Different populations and sources of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC): A comparison of adult and neonatal tissue-derived MSC (2011)

The mesenchymal stroma harbors an important population of cells that possess stem cell-like characteristics including self renewal and differentiation capacities and can be derived from a variety of different sources. These multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) can be found in nearly all tissues and are mostly located in perivascular niches. MSC have migratory abilities and can secrete protective factors and act as a primary matrix for tissue regeneration during inflammation, tissue injuries and certain cancers.These functions underlie the important physiological roles of MSC and underscore a significant potential for the clinical use of distinct populations from the various tissues. MSC derived from different adult (adipose tissue, peripheral blood, bone marrow) and neonatal tissues (particular parts of the placenta and umbilical cord) are therefore compared in this mini-review with respect to their cell biological properties, surface marker expression and proliferative capacities. In addition, several MSC functions including in vitro and in vivo differentiation capacities within a variety of lineages and immune-modulatory properties are highlighted. Differences in the extracellular milieu such as the presence of interacting neighbouring cell populations, exposure to proteases or a hypoxic microenvironment contribute to functional developments within MSC populations originating from different tissues, and intracellular conditions such as the expression levels of certain micro RNAs can additionally balance MSC function and fate.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of MNT (2014)

The machining allowance and chip thickness can be reduced to less than approximately 1 μm in ultraprecision manufacturing such as single point diamond turning (SPDT). Metal surfaces can be finished under precisely controlled machine and environmental conditions. Accuracies of, respectively, 10 and 1 nm have been attained in practice and under experimental conditions (aided by advanced control techniques). Under the highly precise motion of such a machine tool, the primary factor affecting machining accuracy is the controllability or repeatability of the thickness of cut, that is, the undeformed chip thickness effectively removed at the cutting edge. Experiments with a specially prepared fine diamond cutting tool used on such a machine tool have confirmed that very fine chips, of undeformed thickness as small as 1 nm, can be removed in the turning of some highly machineable work materials. However, the accuracy attainable, and mechanisms such as chip formation and surface generation in microcutting are still not well understood, owing to the limitations in availability of experimental and measurement techniques, and in analytic methods for studying such machining conditions. Micro &amp; nanocutting that occurs in a small region which contains only a few layers of molecules can consequently be atomistic, or discrete in nature, rather than continuous, as is assumed in conventional continuum mechanics. In studies of such atomistic processes, which are difficult to investigate experimentally, computer simulation by molecular techniques is useful. Further advancements in the machining technology can be aided through a theoretical understanding of micro &amp; nanomachining. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, like other simulation techniques can play a significant role in addressing a number of machining problems at the atomic scale. It may be noted that atomic simulations are providing new data and exciting insights into various phenomenon in micro &amp; nanomanufacturing processes that cannot be obtained readily by any other theory or experiment. The diversity of these processes renders difficult of using a generalized theoretical analysis of micro &amp; nanomachining, however, the methods of molecular dynamics are becoming increasingly attractive for studies of micromachining, especially as the technology advances toward the shaping of parts in the nanometric range. The foundations of molecular dynamics that are needed for theoretical treatments of micromachining therefore form the basis of MNT. Several such analyzing of micro &amp; nanomachining have been developed. In this chapter, the principle of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation on micro &amp; nanomachining and the procedures used to determine the accuracies attainable are described. As noted above, the case of diamond machining and chemical mechanical polishing are used to illustrate the technique, although molecular dynamics is now being increasingly used in studies of many other methods of micro &amp; nanomachining.
Unraveling the Genetics of Cancer: Genome Sequencing and Beyond (2011)

Advances in next-generation sequencing technology are enabling the systematic analyses of whole cancer genomes, providing insights into the landscape of somatic mutations and the great genetic heterogeneity that defines the unique signature of an individual tumor. Moreover, integrated studies of the genome, epigenome, and transcriptome reveal mechanisms of tumorigenesis at multiple levels. Progress in sequencing technologies and bioinformatics will improve the costs, sensitivity, and accuracy of detecting somatic mutations, while large-scale projects are underway to coordinate cancer genome sequencing at the global level to facilitate the generation and dissemination of high-quality uniform genetic data. These developments will create opportunities for deeper studies of cancer genetics and the clinical application of genome sequencing, and will motivate further research in cancer pathogenesis.
High channel mobility in inversion layers of 4H-SiC MOSFETs by utilizing (112~0) face (1999)

A dramatic improvement of inversion channel mobility in 4H-SiC MOSFETs was successfully achieved by utilizing the (112~0) face: 17 times higher (95.9 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /Vs) than that on the conventional (0001) Si-face (5.59 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /Vs). A low threshold voltage of MOSFETs on the (112~0) face indicates that the (112~0) MOS interface has fewer negative charges than the (0001) MOS interface. Small anisotropy of channel mobility in 4H-SiC MOSFETs (μ/sub (11~00)//μ/sub (0001)/=0.85) reflects the small anisotropy in bulk electron mobility.
Optimal estimation and control of clock synchronization following the Precision Time Protocol (2010)

Using the Precision Time Protocol (PTP) specified by the IEEE 1588 standard, synchronization of distributed clocks is achieved by propagating the timing information of a preselected master clock throughout the entire network. Based on this directly or indirectly obtained noisy timing information, each slave clock tries to follow as closely as possible the master time. This paper formulates the PTP based clock synchronization as an estimation-control problem. An LQG controller is designed which produces an optimal reconstruction of the master time at each slave in the sense of minimizing the mean square error of the estimator and minimizing an LQR cost function for the controller. The performance of the proposed optimal controller is verified by simulation results.
The relationship between methylation of the Syk gene in the promoter region and the genesis of lung cancer. (2010)

Hypermethylation leads to silencing of the Syk gene in human lung carcinoma. Methylation of the Syk promoter and loss of Syk expression in lung cancer are independent biomarkers, a determination which may offer guidance for selecting appropriate diagnoses and treatments. Syk may be a potential tumor suppressor in human lung cancer.
Grains of paradise (<i>Aframomum melegueta</i>) extract activates brown adipose tissue and increases whole-body energy expenditure in men (2013)

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is responsible for cold- and diet-induced thermogenesis, and thereby contributes to the control of whole-body energy expenditure (EE) and body fat content. BAT activity can be assessed by fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) in human subjects. Grains of paradise (GP, Aframomum melegueta), a species of the ginger family, contain pungent, aromatic ketones such as 6-paradol, 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol. An alcohol extract of GP seeds and 6-paradol are known to activate BAT thermogenesis in small rodents. The present study aimed to examine the effects of the GP extract on whole-body EE and to analyse its relation to BAT activity in men. A total of nineteen healthy male volunteers aged 20-32 years underwent FDG-PET after 2 h of exposure to cold at 19°C with light clothing. A total of twelve subjects showed marked FDG uptake into the adipose tissue of the supraclavicular and paraspinal regions (BAT positive). The remaining seven showed no detectable uptake (BAT negative). Within 4 weeks after the FDG-PET examination, whole-body EE was measured at 27°C before and after oral ingestion of GP extract (40 mg) in a single-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover design. The resting EE of the BAT-positive group did not differ from that of the BAT-negative group. After GP extract ingestion, the EE of the BAT-positive group increased within 2 h to a significantly greater (P<0·01) level than that of the BAT-negative group. Placebo ingestion produced no significant change in EE. These results suggest that oral ingestion of GP extract increases whole-body EE through the activation of BAT in human subjects.
Energy-Efficient Scheduling of Urgent Bag-of-Tasks Applications in Clouds through DVFS (2014)

The broad adoption of cloud services led to an increasing concentration of servers in a few data centers. Reports estimate the energy consumptions of these data centers to be between 1.1% and 1.5% of the worldwide electricity consumption. This extensive energy consumption precludes massive CO2 emissions, as a significant number of data centers are backed by "brown" power plants. While most researchers have focused on reducing energy consumption of cloud data centers via server consolidation, we propose an approach for reducing the power required to execute urgent, CPU-intensive Bag-of-Tasks applications on cloud infrastructures. It exploits intelligent scheduling combined with the Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) capability of modern CPU processors to keep the CPU operating at the minimum voltage level (and consequently minimum frequency and power consumption) that enables the application to complete before a user-defined deadline. Experiments demonstrate that our approach reduces energy consumption with the extra feature of not requiring virtual machines to have knowledge about its underlying physical infrastructure, which is an assumption of previous works.
Prevalence and risk factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV-monoinfection (2017)

NAFLD is frequently observed in HIV-monoinfected patients, and NASH is a common cause of unexplained abnormal liver function in patients selected for liver biopsy. Metabolic disorders are key risk factors independently of HIV parameters. Future trials on pharmacological interventions in NASH with fibrosis should include patients with HIV.
Texram: a smart memory for texturing (1996)

Logic embedded memory is an emerging technology that combines high transfer rates and computing power. Texram implements this technology and a new filtering algorithm to achieve high speed, high quality texture mapping. Integrating arithmetic units and large memory arrays on the same chip and thus exploiting the enormous internal transfer rates provides an elegant solution to the memory access bottleneck of high quality texture mapping. Using this technology, we can not only achieve higher texturing speed at lower system costs, we can also incorporate new functionalities such as detail mapping and footprint assembly to produce higher quality images at real time rendering speeds. Environment and video mapping are also integrated on the Texram, which therefore represents an autonomous and versatile texturing coprocessor. Logic enhanced memories might become the computing paradigm of the future, not just in graphics applications. Technological advances will foster this trend by providing an ever increasing amount of memory capacity and chip space for arithmetic units. As the ultimate solution, we can expect a complete 3D graphics pipeline including all memory systems integrated on a single chip.
Involvement of interleukin (IL)‐13, but not IL‐4, in spontaneous IgE and IgG4 production in nephrotic syndrome (1995)

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a renal disease characterized by proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia. In NS patients without any allergic disease, serum IgE and IgG4 levels were selectively increased, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC) spontaneously produced IgE and IgG4. T cells produced interleukin (IL)-13 spontaneously, and B cells constitutively expressed IL-13 receptors (IL-13R). In addition, T cells stimulated surface IgE-negative (sIgE-) and sIgG4- B cells to produce IgE and IgG4, respectively, and IgE and IgG4 production was specifically blocked by anti-IL-13 antibody (Ab). MNC from atopic dermatitis (AD) patients also produced IgE and IgG4 spontaneously. However, in AD patients, T cells spontaneously produced IL-4, but not IL-13, and B cells constitutively expressed IL-4R, but not IL-13R. T cells stimulated sIgE- and sIgG4- B cells to produce IgE and IgG4, respectively, and the production was specifically blocked by anti-IL-4 Ab. On the other hand, sIgE+ and sIgG4+ B cells from both NS and AD patients spontaneously produced IgE and IgG4, respectively, and this production was not affected by T cells, anti-IL-4 Ab, or anti-IL-13 Ab. These results indicate that IL-13 is involved in the enhanced production of IgE and IgG4 in NS, while IL-4 is involved in these responses in AD.
Loss of Imprinting of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-II (IGF2) Gene in Distinguishing Specific Biologic Subtypes of Wilms Tumor (2001)

These data demonstrate a clear relationship between LOI and altered expression of IGF2 in Wilms tumors and provide a molecular basis for understanding the divergent pathogenesis of this cancer. Analysis of LOI could provide a valuable molecular tool for the classification of Wilms tumor.
Smooth muscle cell migration induced by shear-loaded platelets and endothelial cells. Enhanced platelet-derived growth factor production by shear-loaded platelets. (2000)

Our results demonstrate that platelet-derived growth factor is produced by shear-loaded platelets and endothelial cells, and local mechanical forces may play an important role in cardiovascular disease.
Design of waveguide finline arrays for spatial power combining (2001)

Dense arrays of tapered-slot or finline transitions have proven useful in the design of compact spatial power combiners. In this paper, a design procedure is established for tapered finline arrays, providing a broad-band impedance match to a target load over the waveguide band. The procedure is based on an extension of the Klopfenstein optimal taper design to non-TEM waveguiding structures, and employs the spectral-domain method for the computation of propagation constants in the array structure. The method has been experimentally verified for a small X-band array. Data are also presented, which show that insertion loss in the finline arrays is independent of the number of array elements, assuming the designs are optimized for the desired return-loss characteristics in each case.