gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human synthetic sebum formulation and stability under conditions of use and storage (2009)

The human skin surface and hair are generally coated with a thin film of liquid phase sebaceous lipids. This surface lipid film contributes to the cosmetic properties of the skin. Synthetic sebum has been used for studies on properties of skin and hair. However, there has been no standardized formulation of synthetic sebum and many of the synthetic sebum formulations that have been used do not closely resemble actual sebum. In this study, a formulation for a standardized and inexpensive synthetic sebum is proposed, and the chemical stability of this lipid mixture is demonstrated under conditions of use and storage. The proposed synthetic sebum consists of 17% fatty acid, 44.7% triglyceride, 25% wax monoester (jojoba oil) and 12.4% squalene. This lipid mixture takes up approximately 6% of its weight in water when equilibrated in an atmosphere saturated with water vapour. It is stable on exposure to the atmosphere at 32 degrees C for at least 48 h, and it is also stable on storage at 4 or -20 degrees C, either dry or in chloroform : methanol solution for at least 6 months. This synthetic sebum could be useful in studies on cosmetic properties of the skin surface or hair, on penetration of chemicals into the skin or in development of standardized tests of laundry detergent performance.
Security API analysis with the spi-calculus (2008)

Abstract: API level vulnerabilities of hardware security modules represent a serious threat, thus, discovering and patching security holes in APIs are important. In this paper, we argue and illustrate that the application of formal verification methods is a promising approach for API analysis. In particular, we propose an API verification method based on process algebra. The proposed method seems to be extremely wellsuited for API analysis as it allows for the straightforward modelling of the API, the precise definition of the security requirements, and the rigorous verification of the security properties offered by the API. 1.
Evidence for mechanisms of the hypotriglyceridemic effect of n − 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (1992)

Ingestion of modest amounts of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (2.8% w/w) decreased plasma triglyceride levels in Syrian hamsters by 49%. This was associated with a 45% increase in hepatic carnitine palmitoyl transferase activity. Significantly, at this low level of n-3 PUFA intake, hepatic peroxisomal oxidation measured as CN- insensitive palmitoyl-CoA dependent NAD reduction was unaffected. Consumption of increasing amounts of dietary n-3 PUFA up to 2% (w/w) in hamster diets containing 15% fat, gradually decreased plasma triglycerides to 56% of the control levels. The diet induced changes in plasma triglyceride levels were highly correlated (r = -0.97, P less than 0.01) with changes in hepatic carnitine palmitoyl transferase activity. A gradual decrease up to 59% in hepatic phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity with n-3 fatty acid consumption was also observed. The hypotriglyceridemic effects of moderate intakes of n-3 fatty acids are, therefore, associated with changes in key enzymes in hepatic triglyceride synthesis and mitochondrial oxidation, but not peroxisomal oxidation.
The Hippocampus and Cerebellum in Adaptively Timed Learning, Recognition, and Movement (1996)

The concepts of declarative memory and procedural memory have been used to distinguish two basic types of learning. A neural network model suggests how such memory processes work together as recognition learning, reinforcement learning, and sensorimotor learning take place during adaptive behaviors. To coordinate these processes, the hippocampal formation and cerebellum each contains circuits that learn to adaptively time their outputs. Within the model, hippocampal timing helps to maintain attention on motivationally salient goal objects during variable task-related delays, and cerebellar timing controls the release of conditioned responses. This property is part of the model's description of how cognitive-emotional interactions focus attention on motivationally valued cues, and how this process breaks down due to hippocampal ablation. The model suggests that the hippocampal mechanisms that help to rapidly draw attention to salient cues could prematurely release motor commands were not the release of these commands adaptively timed by the cerebellum. The model hippocampal system modulates cortical recognition learning without actually encoding the representational information that the cortex encodes. These properties avoid the difficulties faced by several models that propose a direct hippocampal role in recognition learning. Learning within the model hippocampal system controls adaptive timing and spatial orientation. Model properties hereby clarify how hippocampal ablations cause amnesic symptoms and difficulties with tasks which combine task delays, novelty detection, and attention toward goal objects amid distractions. When these model recognition, reinforcement, sensorimotor, and timing processes work together, they suggest how the brain can accomplish conditioning of multiple sensory events to delayed rewards, as during serial compound conditioning.
The MRP2/cMOAT Transporter and Arsenic-Glutathione Complex Formation Are Required for Biliary Excretion of Arsenic (2000)

Worldwide, millions of people are exposed to arsenic in drinking water that exceeds the World Health Organization standard of 10 microg/liter by as much as 50-300-fold, yet little is known about the molecular basis for arsenic excretion. Here we show that transport of arsenic into bile depends on the MRP2/cMOAT transporter and that glutathione is obligatory for such transport. Using reversed phase liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that two arsenic-glutathione complexes not previously identified in vivo, arsenic triglutathione and methylarsenic diglutathione, account for most of the arsenic in the bile. The structure of the compounds was also confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Our findings may help explain the increased susceptibility of malnourished human populations to arsenic.
A List of the Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) in the Michigan State University Entomology Museum (2017)

Excerpt: A fairly extensive collection of Epl~emeroptera representing 35 genera, 1 12 determined species and subspecies is preserved in alcohol in the Entomology Museum at Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823. Although most of the specimens were collected in Michigan, the collection also contains representatives of many of the common species found in New England and neighboring Canada. A small portion of the collection is not Northeast in origin. This list is designed to aid those interested in the fauna of the Northeast and Great Lakes regions, especially if they need specimens for study. I have included the states or provinces in which specimens were collected, as well as the numbers of individuals; more complete collecting data may be obtained from the author or the museum. Many new state records occur in the collection, and some of these records extend the known range significantly.
Proteomic Analysis of Serum Associated Fucosylated Glycoproteins in the Development of Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2006)

Changes in N-linked glycosylation are known to occur during the development of cancer. For example, increased branching of oligosaccharides has been associated with metastasis and has been correlated to tumor progression in human cancers of the breast, colon and melanomas. Increases in core fucosylation have also been associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus is associated with more than 55% of all cases of hepatocellular carcinoma. We show here that increased levels of core fucosylation can be observed via glycan analysis of total serum and are associated with the development of HCC. In a blinded study, the serum glycoproteins derived from people diagnosed with HBV induced liver cancer were found to possess a dramatically higher level of fucosylation. This change occurs on both immunoglobulin molecules and on other serum glycoproteins. Targeted glycoproteomic analysis was used to identify those glycoproteins that are hyperfucosylated in cancer. In total, 19 proteins were found to be hyperfucosylated in cancer. The potential of these proteins as biomarkers of cancer is discussed.
RELEASE OF TROSPIUM CHLORIDE FROM EXPANDED PLGA CARRIERS AS INTRAVESICAL DRUG DELIVERY (2009)

In this prospective, nonrandomized, ongoing study we evaluated the efficacy and safety of botulinum-A toxin injections in the detrusor muscle to treat patients with idiopathic overactive bladder resistant to conventional treatment, such as anticholinergic drugs.A total of 23 men and 77 women with a mean age of 63 years (range 24 to 89) with nonneurogenic overactive bladder, including urgency-frequency syndrome, and incontinence despite the administration of maximal doses of anticholinergics were consecutively treated with injections of 100 U botulinum-A toxin in the detrusor muscle at 30 sites under cystoscopic guidance. Micturition diary, full urodynamics, neurological status and urine probes were performed in all participants before treatment. Bladder biopsies were done only in cases of suspected bladder fibrosis or unclear findings. Special attention was given to reflex volume, maximal bladder capacity, detrusor compliance, post-void residual urine, urgency and frequency/nocturia. Clinical, urodynamic and quality of life assessments were performed at baseline, and 4, 12 and 36 weeks after botulinum-A toxin treatment.Overall after 4 and 12 weeks 88% of our patients showed significant improvement in bladder function in regard to subjective symptoms, quality of life and urodynamic parameters (p <0.001). Urgency disappeared in 82% of the patients and incontinence resolved in 86% within 1 to 2 weeks after botulinum-A toxin injections. Mean frequency decreased from 14 to 7 micturitions daily (−50%) and nocturia decreased from 4 to 1.5 micturitions. Mean maximal bladder capacity increased 56% from 246 to 381 ml, mean detrusor compliance increased from 24 to 41 ml/cm H2O and pretreatment detrusor instability (mean reflex volume 169 ml) resolved in 74% of patients. Mean volume at first desire to void increased from 126 to 212 ml and mean urge volume increased from 214 to 309 ml. There were no severe side effects except temporary urine retention in 4 cases. Only in 8 patients was the clinical benefit poor and analysis revealed preoperative low detrusor compliance. Mean efficacy duration ± SD was at least approximately 6 ± 2 months and then symptoms began to increase.Our results show that intradetrusor botulinum-A toxin injections may be an efficient and safe treatment option in patients with severe overactive bladder resistant to all conventional treatments.
Characterization and performance prediction for integral resistors in low temperature co-fired ceramic technology (1999)

This paper addresses the electrical characterization of integral resistors in low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC). The resistors form part of an integral component technology that also includes capacitors and inductors. The geometry and fabrication of the integral resistors is summarized, describing a screen-printing method that places the resistors 200 /spl mu/m into the substrate. A test vehicle made to analyze the technique, 150 samples of which were characterized, is described. Three different resistor pastes are analyzed; 104 /spl Omega//sq, .66 k/spl Omega//sq, and 6.2 k/spl Omega//sq. In addition, further parameters are investigated, including the effects of lamination pressure, resistor size, and the use of trim-holes in the technology. The results of the analyzes are summarized with regard to the impact of applied frequency, temperature, and DC voltage. The paper then discusses the development of performance predictive functions for the variations in the resistors, functions which are necessary to enable designers to develop circuits for applications in a wide range of operating environments. The results of a geometric analysis of the resistors are presented, and are used to permit accurate, simple electrical models to be made using analytical methods. The models are needed by process engineers to optimize resistor performance, and by design engineers as means of defining the correct component geometries for their circuits.
Fault Detection and Isolation in Low-Voltage DC-Bus Microgrid System (2013)

A fault detection and isolation scheme for low-voltage dc-bus microgrid systems is presented in this paper. Unlike traditional ac distribution systems, protection has been challenging for dc systems. The goals of the proposed scheme are to detect the fault in the bus between devices and to isolate the faulted section so that the system keeps operating without disabling the entire system. To achieve these goals, a loop-type dc-bus-based microgrid system, which has a segment controller between connected components, is proposed. The segment controller consists of master and slave controllers that monitor currents and control the segment separation, which include solid-state bidirectional switches and snubber circuits. The proposed system can detect faults on the bus regardless of fault current amplitude or the power supply's feeding capacity. The proposed concepts have been verified by OrCAD/PSpice simulations and experiments on hardware test bed.
γ-Tubulin stands up to be counted (2012)

![Figure][1] 

γ-Tubulin (green) localizes to the minus end of a single microtubule (red) that has been detached from the spindle pole body.



Erlemann et al. count the number of γ-tubulin complexes that assemble together to nucleate microtubules in S. cerevisiae .

Budding yeast
A method for estimation and filtering of Gaussian noise in images (2003)

A new approach to the restoration of images corrupted by Gaussian noise is presented. The proposed method combines a nonlinear algorithm for detail preserving smoothing of noisy data and a technique for automatic parameter tuning based on noise estimation. As a key feature, the method does not require any a priori knowledge about the amount of noise corruption. Experimental results show that the filtering performance of the proposed approach is very satisfactory.
Self-consistent simulations of electroporation dynamics in biological cells subjected to ultrashort electrical pulses (2001)

The temporal dynamics of electroporation of cells subjected to ultrashort voltage pulses are studied based on a coupled scheme involving the Laplace, Nernst-Plank, and Smoluchowski equations. A pore radius dependent energy barrier for ionic transport, accounts for cellular variations. It is shown that a finite time delay exists in pore formation, and leads to a transient overshoot of the transmembrane potential V(mem) beyond 1.0 V. Pore resealing is shown to consist of an initial fast process, a 10(-4) s delay, followed by a much slower closing at a time constant of about 10(-1) s. This establishes a time-window during which the pores are mostly open, and hence, the system is most vulnerable to destruction by a second electric pulse. The existence of such a time window for effective killing by a second pulse is amply supported by our experimental data for E. coli cells. The time constant for the longer process also matches experiments. The study suggests that controlled manipulation of the pore "open times" can be achieved through multiple, ultrashort pulses.
BetterAuth (2012)

This paper presents "BetterAuth", an authentication protocol for Web applications. Its design is based on the experiences of two decades with the Web. BetterAuth addresses existing attacks on Web authentication, ranging from network attacks to Cross-site Request Forgery up to Phishing. Furthermore, the protocol can be realized completely in standard JavaScript. This allows Web applications an early adoption, even in a situation with limited browser support.
A highly stable polyethylene glycol-conjugated human single-chain antibody neutralizing granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor at low nanomolar concentration (2006)

GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor) plays a central role in inflammatory processes. Treatment with antibodies neutralizing murine GM-CSF showed significant therapeutic effects in mouse models of inflammatory diseases. We constructed by phage display technology a human scFv, which could potently neutralize human GM-CSF. At first, a human V(L) repertoire was combined with the V(H) domain of a parental GM-CSF-neutralizing rat antibody. One dominant rat/human scFv clone was selected, neutralizing human GM-CSF with an IC50 of 7.3 nM. The human V(L) of this clone was then combined with a human V(H) repertoire. The latter preserved the CDR 3 of the parental rat V(H) domain to retain binding specificity. Several human scFvs were selected, which neutralized human GM-CSF at low nanomolar concentrations (IC50 > or = 2.6 nM). To increase serum half-life, a branched 40 kDa PEG-polymer was coupled to the most potent GM-CSF-neutralizing scFv (3077) via an additional C-terminal cysteine. PEG conjugation had a negligible effect on the in vitro neutralizing potential of the scFv, although it caused a significant drop in binding affinity owing to a reduced on-rate. It also significantly increased the stability of the scFv at elevated temperatures. In mouse experiments, the PEGylated scFv 3077 showed a significantly prolonged elimination half-life of 59 h as compared with 2 h for the unconjugated scFv version. PEGylated scFv 3077 is a potential candidate for development of a novel antibody therapy to treat pro-inflammatory human diseases.
Fuel System Requirements for Light Aircraft Turbocharged Reciprocating Engines (1974)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Due to the desire to fly light aircraft higher and faster, the turbocharged reciprocating engine has been developed. The turbocharger supplies more air to the engine at increased manifold pressure and temperature than a naturally aspirated engine can breathe, thus producing more horsepower. When different powers are selected from a turbocharged engine, manifold pressure and temperature changes occur very rapidly. Operating a turbocharged engine also produces problems in engine cooling and detonation.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The fuel system for the turbocharged engine, while similar to those on naturally aspirated engines, must be more intricate to compensate for the above mentioned conditions.&lt;/div&gt;
ADP-ribosylation of rho p21 inhibits lysophosphatidic acid-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation in cultured Swiss 3T3 cells. (1993)

Botulinum C3 exoenzyme was used to specifically ADP-ribosylate and inactivate rho p21, and the effects of rho p21 inactivation on lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-induced tyrosine phosphorylation were examined in cultured Swiss 3T3 cells. LPA induced a rapid increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation of a number of proteins. Pretreatment of the cells with the C3 exoenzyme caused ADP-ribosylation of rho p21 in the cells and selectively attenuated the phosphorylation of several proteins, including p43 mitogen-activated protein kinase, p125 focal adhesion kinase, and two proteins of 72 and 88 kDa. C3 exoenzyme pretreatment did not block the initial phosphorylation and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase but suppressed its subsequent rise. In contrast, the enzyme treatment inhibited the induction of phosphorylation of the 72- and 88-kDa proteins and suppressed the basal and LPA-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of p125 focal adhesion kinase. In addition, immunoprecipitation of cell lysates with an antibody directed against the 85-kDa subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) co-precipitated a tyrosine-phosphorylated band of 180 kDa. C3 exoenzyme pretreatment suppressed both the phosphorylation of this band and PI 3-kinase activation associated with LPA stimulation. These findings suggest that rho p21 works as a link between the LPA receptor signal and the subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation and PI 3-kinase activation in these cells.
Electronic−Mechanical Coupling in Graphene from in situ Nanoindentation Experiments and Multiscale Atomistic Simulations (2011)

We present the in situ nanoindentation experiments performed on suspended graphene devices to introduce homogeneous tensile strain, while simultaneously carrying out electrical measurements. We find that the electrical resistance shows only a marginal change even under severe strain, and the electronic transport measurement confirms that there is no band gap opening for graphene under moderate uniform strain, which is consistent with our results from the first-principles informed molecular dynamics simulation.
<i>In vivo</i> performance of the new non‐instrumentation technology (NIT) for root canal obturation (2002)

The present investigation demonstrated the performance of the NIT-obturation method in vivo. Root canals filled by the reduced-pressure-method using sealer combined with gutta-percha cones exhibited equivalent radiographic quality compared to conventionally filled canals.
Amino Acid and Peptide Synthesis and Functionalization by the Reaction of Thioacids with 2,4-Dinitrobenzenesulfonamides (2007)

Readily prepared amino thioacids react at room temperature in DMF in the presence of cesium carbonate with 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonamides to give amides. When the sulfonamide is derived from an amino acid the method results in peptide bond formation, whereas the use of carbohydrate derived sulfonamides gives neoglycoconjugates.
Antibodies produced by clonally expanded plasma cells in multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid (2009)

The oligoclonal B-cell response in MS cerebrospinal fluid is not targeted to the well-characterized myelin antigens myelin basic protein, proteolipid protein, or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein.
Genetic studies of flavivirus resistance in inbred strains derived from wild mice: evidence for a new resistance allele at the flavivirus resistance locus (Flv) (1993)

Studies of genetic resistance to flavivirus infection in laboratory mice have led to the development of a single model in which resistance is conferred by an autosomal dominant gene designated Flvr. Because of evidence suggesting that wild mice carry virus resistance genes which are not present in laboratory mice, we compared flavivirus resistance in the inbred strains CASA/Rk, CAST/Ei, and MOLD/Rk, which are derived directly from wild mice, and the congenic strains C3H/RV (Flvr/Flvr) and C3H/HeJ (Flvs/Flvs). Resistance to the Murray Valley encephalitis virus strain OR2 and the 17D vaccine strain of yellow fever virus was assessed by determining the lethality of intracerebral infection and by measuring virus replication in the brain. The resistance of the CASA/Rk and CAST/Ei strains resembled the resistance of C3H/RV mice, whereas the resistance of the MOLD/Rk strain was intermediate between those of C3H/RV and C3H/HeJ mice. Genetic analyses showed that resistance in both the CASA/Rk and MOLD/Rk strains is conferred by single autosomal dominant alleles at the Flv locus. Our data indicate that flavivirus resistance in the CASA/Rk strain is due to a gene which is similar or identical to Flvr, whereas resistance in the MOLD/Rk strain is due to a previously undescribed gene which we designate Flvmr to indicate minor resistance to flavivirus infection. Since genetic resistance to flaviviruses is rare in laboratory mice, the CASA/Rk and MOLD/Rk strains will be valuable for further investigation of this phenomenon.