gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemistry and Biology of the Immunophilins and Their Immunosuppressive Ligands (1991)

Cyclosporin A, FK506, and rapamycin are inhibitors of specific signal transduction pathways that lead to T lymphocyte activation. These immunosuppressive agents bind with high affinity to cytoplasmic receptors termed immunophilins (immunosuppressant binding proteins). Studies in this area have focused on the structural basis for the molecular recognition of immunosuppressants by immunophilins and the biological consequences of their interactions. Defining the biological roles of this emerging family of receptors and their ligands may illuminate the process of protein trafficking in cells and the mechanisms of signal transmission through the cytoplasm.
Robust Adaptive Controller for a Tractor–Trailer Mobile Robot (2013)

A tractor-trailer wheeled robot (TTWR) is a kind of modular robotic system that consists of a tractor template attached with a single or multiple trailers, and hence it is a nonlinear and underactuated system subjected to nonholonomic constraints. Tracking control of such a complicated system is a challenging problem, and that is the focus of this paper. To this end, first dynamics model of a TTWR is developed. Next, feasible reference trajectories are generated to define a trajectory tracking problem. Then, a Lyapunov kinematic control law is elaborated to stabilize tracking errors. Subsequently, a feedback linearizing dynamic controller (FLDC) is designed to generate actuator torques. In a wheeled mobile robot (WMR), like most of real engineering applications, it is impossible to obtain an exact dynamics model due to various unknown, or unpredictable and irregular features. Therefore, the robustness of controllers to overcome uncertainties and external disturbances is necessary. So, a robust adaptive feedback linearizing dynamic controller (RAFLDC) is proposed to control the system using estimated upper-bounds of uncertainties. The stability of the control algorithm is verified using the Lyapunov method. Robustness and effectiveness of the proposed controller, and comparison of results for RAFLDC and FLDC algorithms, is investigated using both simulation studies and experimental implementations, and obtained results will be discussed.
Intranasally and Oraliy Administered Antihistamine Treatment of Experimental Rhinovirus Colds (1987)

Although antihistamines are widely used for symptomatic treatment of seasonal (allergic) rhinitis, the role of histamines in the pathogenesis of infectious rhinitis is not clear. Two antihistamines, orally administered chlorpheniramine maleate (CM) and diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DH) administered by intranasal spray, were used under double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled conditions to assess both tolerance and efficacy in volunteers with experimental rhinovirus (RV) colds. In the initial trial, CM (4.0 mg per treatment) was ingested 4 times daily for 4 days beginning 24 h after intranasal inoculation of RV type 29 in susceptible volunteers. In the second trial, DH was sprayed intranasally 4 times daily (2 mg per treatment) for 5 days beginning 24 h after inoculation of RV type 39. Clinical colds occurred in 60% of the CM group (n = 13) and 73% of the placebo (n = 15) in the first study, and in 66% of the DH group (n = 12) compared with 81% in the placebo group (n = 11) in the second. Both CM and DH were well tolerated but had no significant effects on nasal symptoms or nasal mucus production. The findings provide additional evidence against an important role for histamine in the pathogenesis of nasal symptomatology in rhinovirus colds.
In Situ Investigation of the Electrochemical Reduction of Carbonate Electrolyte Solutions at Graphite Electrodes (1998)

The reductive decomposition of carbonate electrolyte solutions containing lithium ions was studied by differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) and subtractively normalized interfacial Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (SNIFTIRS). The influence of the composition of the negative electrode on its electrochemical behavior was investigated by varying the graphite/binder ratio and using nongraphitic materials. The effect of different electrolyte salts was studied in a 1:1 ethylene carbonate (EC)/dimethyl carbonate (DMC) mixture. In addition, EC/DMC-based electrolyte solutions containing different amounts of water were used to investigate the influence of H<sub>2</sub>O on the performance of graphite electrodes. Ethylene and hydrogen were the volatile decomposition products monitored by DEMS. Ethylene evolution is restricted to a potential region between about 0.8 and 0.3 V vs Li/Li<sup>+</sup> and occurs only during the first cycle. Hydrogen begins to evolve at about 1.3 V vs Li/Li<sup>+</sup> in the first cycle and the amount of gas decreases with increasing cycle number. The experimental results are discussed in terms of proposed reaction mechanisms.
Recognition of tyrosinase by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from a patient responding to immunotherapy. (1994)

The observation that allogeneic melanoma cells matched for particular HLA class I alleles stimulate T-cells isolated from patients suggests that widely shared antigens exist on these tumors. A transient expression system was developed for screening a melanoma complementary DNA library using the highly transfectable human kidney cell line 293. Using this system, large numbers of complementary DNA clones can be rapidly screened for the expression of antigens which stimulate T-cells. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from patient 888, which recognized melanoma in the context of HLA-A24, were used to screen a complementary DNA library made from the autologous melanoma. Our results demonstrate that these tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes recognize tyrosinase, a gene previously shown to be recognized by T-cells only in the context of HLA-A2. These data demonstrate that a single antigen can be recognized in the context of two different class I HLA alleles. In addition, this study suggests that recognition of tyrosinase by antigen-specific T-cells may be involved in tumor rejection.
Determination of recognition-sequences for DNA-binding proteins by a polymerase chain reaction assisted binding site selection method (BSS) using nitrocellulose immobilized DNA binding protein (1992)

We have developed a simple procedure for rapid determination of a DNA sequence recognized by a DNA binding protein based on immobilization of the protein on nitrocellulose filters. The procedure consists of the following steps: A recombinant protein with a functional DNA binding domain is expressed in E. coli. The protein is purified to homogeneity, immobilized on nitrocellulose paper, and exposed to a pool of double stranded oligonucleotides carrying in the central part a 20 bp random sequence, which is flanked by conserved sequences with restriction endonuclease recognition sites for analytical and subcloning purposes and sequences complementary to polymerase chain reaction primers. Oligonucleotides retained by the DNA-binding protein are liberated by increasing the ionic strength and used in a new binding process after amplification by the polymerase chain reaction technique. Finally the amplified product is cloned for determination of the DNA sequence selected by the DNA-binding protein. Murine Zn-finger and basic helix-loop-helix DNA binding proteins were used to demonstrate the efficiency of the method. We show that the yield of oligonucleotides binding to the protein was increased by several consecutive rounds of filter binding and amplification, and that the protein extracted a specific sequence from the pool of random oligonucleotides.
The Age-Layered Population Structure (ALPS) Evolutionary Algorithm (2009)

To reduce the problem of premature convergence we define a new method for measuring an individual’s age and propose the Age-Layered Population Structure (ALPS). This measure of age measures how long the genetic material has been evolving in the population: offspring start with an age of 1 plus the age of their oldest parent instead of starting with an age of 0 as with traditional measures of age. ALPS differs from a typical Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) by segregating individuals into different age-layers by their age and by regularly introducing new, randomly generated individuals in the youngest layer. The introduction of randomly generated individuals at regular intervals results in an EA that is never completely converged and is always exploring new parts of the fitness landscape and by using age to restrict competition and breeding, younger individuals are able to develop without being dominated by older ones. In effect, ALPS is a novel way to run multiple EAs simultaneously.
User friendly digital image processing system for low energy electron diffraction applications (1993)

The use of the LEED (low energy electron diffraction) methodology for the study of solid-state surfaces is discussed. An image processing system and associated computerization mechanisms have been devised for conducting LEED research activity. The LEED digital image processing system performs the following functions: set electron energy to the minimum energy; grab an LEED image; save the data onto the hard disk; change the electron energy by the step; take the next snapshot; and repeat the procedure up to the maximum electron energy. This system has been used to get hundreds of LEED images of a GaAs crystal. The authors present the technical, hardware, and software details of the image processing system and discuss the performance factors of the system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Types and persistence in database programming languages (1987)

Traditionally, the interface between a programming language and a database has either been through a set of relatively low-level subroutine calls, or it has required some form of embedding of one language in another. Recently, the necessity of integrating database and programming language techniques has received some long-overdue recognition. In response, a number of attempts have been made to construct programming languages with completely integrated database management systems. These languages, which we term database programming languages , are the subject of this review. The design of these languages is still in its infancy, and the purpose of writing this review is to identify the areas in which further research is required. In particular, we focus on the problems of providing a uniform type system and mechanisms for data to persist. Of particular importance in solving these problems are issues of polymorphism, type inheritance, object identity, and the choice of structures to represent sets of similar values. Our conclusion is that there are areas of programming language research—modules, polymorphism, persistence, and inheritance—that must be developed and applied to achieve the goal of a useful and consistent database programming language. Other research areas of equal importance, such as implementation, transaction handling, and concurrency, are not examined here in any detail.
Artificial extracellular matrix for embryonic stem cell cultures: a new frontier of nanobiomaterials (2010)

Nanobiomaterials can play a central role in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering by facilitating cellular behavior and function, such as those where extracellular matrices (ECMs) direct embryonic stem (ES) cell morphogenesis, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. However, controlling ES cell proliferation and differentiation using matrices from natural sources is still challenging due to complex and heterogeneous culture conditions. Moreover, the systemic investigation of the regulation of self-renewal and differentiation to lineage specific cells depends on the use of defined and stress-free culture conditions. Both goals can be achieved by the development of biomaterial design targeting ECM or growth factors for ES cell culture. This targeted application will benefit from expansion of ES cells for transplantation, as well as the production of a specific differentiated cell type either by controlling the differentiation in a very specific pathway or by elimination of undesirable cell types.
Using an Evaluative Criteria Software of Optimal Solution for Product Design Values (2014)

This study investigates an evaluative criteria model approach for digital product design values based on optimal solution. This study focuses on (1) how to using a evaluative criteria model  imprecise market information by evaluative criteria design software; (2) product mapping relationships between design parameters and customer requirements using Product predicted value method; (3) synthesizing design alternative by morphological analysis and plan; (4)  realizing the synthesis in multi-criterion decision-making (MCDM), using its searching software capacity to obtain the optimal solution, Case studies illustrate  the practical  value of the proposed methodology.
Upregulation of bax protein levels in neurons following cerebral ischemia (1995)

The patterns of expression of the bcl-2, bax, and bci-X genes were examined immunohistochemically in neurons of the adult rat brain before and after 10 min of global ischemia induced by transient cardiac arrest. High levels of the cell death promoting protein Bax and concomitant low levels of the apoptosis-blocking protein Bcl-2 were found in some populations of neurons that are particularly sensitive to cell death induced by transient global ischemia, such as the CA1 sector of the hippocampus and the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. Moreover, within 0.5 to 3 hr after an ischemic episode, immunostaining for Bax was markedly increased within neurons with morphological features of degeneration in many regions of the brain. Use of a two-color staining method for simultaneous analysis of Bax protein and in situ detection of DNA-strand breaks revealed high levels of Bax immunoreactivity in many neurons undergoing apoptosis. Postischemic elevations in Bax protein levels in the hippocampus, cortex, and cerebellum were also demonstrated by immunoblotting. At early times after transient ischemia, regulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-x protein levels varied among neuronal subpopulations, but from 3 hr on, those neurons with morphological evidence of degeneration uniformly contained reduced levels of Bci-2 and particularly Bci-X immunoreactivity. The findings suggest that differential expression of some members of the bcl-2 gene family may play an important role in determining the relative sensitivity of neuronal subpopulations to ischemia and that postischemic alterations in the expression of bax, bcl-2, and bcl-x may contribute to the delayed neuronal cell death that occurs during the repurfusion phase after a transient ischemic episode.
Design techniques for high performance CMOS flash analog-to-digital converters (2006)

This paper reviews the limitations in the performance of CMOS flash ADCs. Methods to enhance sampling rate, such as interleaving and latch cascading, are discussed, and a method that employs inductors to improve comparator performance is presented. We also consider the benefits and trade-offs of implementing a flash ADC without a track-and-hold.
Novel horn designs for power ultrasonics (2005)

Ultrasonic horns are used in a variety of industrial and medical applications. At JPL, a rock-sampling tool based on an ultrasonic horn was developed to drill, abrade and core rock samples, including hard basalts. This device is an impact device, which uses ultrasonic vibrations that occur at the horn tip to produce a sonic resonance with the aid of a loosely connected mass. Although standard horns are found in many current industrial designs, they suffer from a few key limitations when used for USDC (ultrasonic/sonic driller/corer) applications. Manufacturing a horn requires turning down stock material (e.g., titanium) from the larger outer diameter to the horn tip diameter, and this process is both time consuming and wasteful. We present novel horn designs that are specifically designed for impact applications such as USDC. One such design addresses the excessive length that is involved with the use of the horn, limiting its applications when system dimensions are constrained. For this purpose, a folded horn design was conceived that reduces the overall length of the resonator (physical length) but maintains or increases the acoustic length. Initial experiments with horns having such a design indicate that the tip displacement can be further adjusted by phasing the bending displacements and the extensional displacements. Another conceived horn design is the "dog-bone" horn that uses an end mass on the horn tip to increase the impact efficiency of the horn. Experimental results for these novel horn designs are presented and compared to the results predicted by theory.
Importance of the Carbohydrate-Binding Module of Clostridium stercorarium Xyn10B to Xylan Hydrolysis (2001)

The Clostridium stercorarium xylanase Xyn10B is a modular enzyme comprising two thermostabilizing domains, a family 10 catalytic domain of glycosyl hydrolases, a family 9 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM), and two S-layer homologous (SLH) domains [Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 63, 1596-1604 (1999)]. To investigate the role of this CBM, we constructed two derivatives of Xyn10B and compared their hydrolytic activity toward xylan and some preparations of plant cell walls; Xyn10BdeltaCBM consists of a catalytic domain only, and Xyn10B-CBM comprises a catalytic domain and a CBM. Xyn10B-CBM bound to various insoluble polysaccharides including Avicel, acid-swollen cellulose, ball-milled chitin, Sephadex G-25, and amylose-resin. A cellulose binding assay in the presence of soluble saccharides suggested that the CBM of Xyn10B had an affinity for even monosaccharides such as glucose, galactose, xylose, mannose and ribose. Removal of the CBM from the enzyme negated its cellulose- and xylan-binding abilities and severely reduced its enzyme activity toward insoluble xylan and plant cell walls but not soluble xylan. These findings clearly indicated that the CBM of Xyn10B is important in the hydrolysis of insoluble xylan. This is the first report of a family 9 CBM with an affinity for insoluble xylan in addition to crystalline cellulose and the ability to increase hydrolytic activity toward insoluble xylan.
Role of a Cytotoxic-T-Lymphocyte Epitope-Defined, Alternative<i>gag</i>Open Reading Frame in the Pathogenesis of a Murine Retrovirus-Induced Immunodeficiency Syndrome (2005)

LP-BM5 murine leukemia virus-infected C57BL/6 mice develop profound immunodeficiency and B-cell lymphomas. The LP-BM5 complex contains a mixture of defective (BM5def) and replication-competent helper viruses among which BM5def is the primary causative agent of disease. The BM5def primary open reading frame (ORF1) encodes the single gag precursor protein (Pr60gag). Our lab has recently demonstrated that a novel immunodominant cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitope (SYNTGRFPPL) is expressed from a +1-nucleotide translational open reading frame of BM5def during the course of normal retrovirus expression. The SYNTGRFPPL CTL epitope may be generated from either of two initiation methionines present, ORF2a or ORF2b, located downstream of the ORF1 initiation site. This study investigates the role(s) of the alternative ORF2-derived gag protein(s) of BM5def in viral pathogenesis. We have examined the disease-inducing capabilities of mutant viruses in which the translational potential of either the initiating ORF2a or ORF2b AUG has been disrupted. Although these mutated viruses are capable of wild-type ORF1 expression, they are unable to induce disease. Our data strongly suggest the existence of a novel ORF2 product(s) that is required for LP-BM5-induced pathogenesis and have potentially broad implications for other retroviral diseases.
Hydraulic Fracture Design and Well Production Results in the Eagle Ford Shale: One Operator's Perspective (2012)

Abstract Multiple stage hydraulic fracturing is a key technology driving the development of unconventional resources in North America. This technique began in the Barnett shale and its application has opened the door for the successful development of nearly every shale play in the world, including the Eagle Ford shale. Given the relatively new application of this technique, and the number of fracture treatments completed, initial fracture treatment designs in a given play are often transferred from other North American shale plays to serve as baseline treatments. Given the rapid pace of development in a new play, as well as the desire to get to a standardized completion program, many operators continue to use these baseline designs and fail to evaluate current designs to develop more optimal treatments. This paper will discuss the successful evolution of hydraulic fracture designs in the Eagle Ford shale from one operator's perspective. It will detail the development from the traditional low conductivity slick water fracture treatments used initially in the play, to the use of higher conductivity hybrid fracture designs. In addition to detailing the theory and workflow of these design changes, this paper will also evaluate production data from multiple wells and evaluate production results for the hydraulic fracture designs. Discussion of enhanced conductivity will be presented along with the economic benefit of these changes. Those working the Eagle Ford shale can directly apply the principles presented in this paper to enhance the productivity and economics of their completions. In addition, engineers working other resource developments can use the principles from this paper to compare their current fracture design methodology and develop best practice approaches for hydraulic fracture design optimization in their respective plays.
Single stage ballast for high pressure sodium lamps (2005)

In this paper will be reported the study and implementation of a single stage high power factor (HPF) electronic ballast for high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps using a LCC filter. In the recent years many authors are working to obtain single stage HPF electronic ballast for fluorescent lamps. Normally to obtain HPF in electronic ballast for high pressure sodium lamps a power factor preregulator (PFP) is used between the mains and the electronic ballast. The main idea in this work is to present a simple and cheap electronic ballast with HPF for HPS lamps. This solution has the advantage of avoiding the acoustic resonance phenomena, but, in the other hand, it has a high crest factor. Design criteria and simulation results will be also presented in this paper.
Soliton fiber ring laser (1992)

A fiber ring laser that can produce nearly transform-limited soliton pulses is simulated. This laser has an erbium-doped optical-fiber amplifier and allows wavelength tuning through the interplay of fiber chromatic dispersion and the round-trip delay time of the laser. We show that a saturable absorber and a frequency limiter are required for the ring laser to self-start, i.e., to mode lock from initial noise and to operate stably. We also show that nonlinear polarization rotation with polarization selectivity inside the ring can act as a saturable absorber.