gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Functional domains and motifs of bacterial type III effector proteins and their roles in infection (2011)

A key feature of the virulence of many bacterial pathogens is the ability to deliver effector proteins into eukaryotic cells via a dedicated type three secretion system (T3SS). Many bacterial pathogens, including species of Chlamydia, Xanthomonas, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Shigella, Salmonella, Escherichia and Yersinia, depend on the T3SS to cause disease. T3SS effectors constitute a large and diverse group of virulence proteins that mimic eukaryotic proteins in structure and function. A salient feature of bacterial effectors is their modular architecture, comprising domains or motifs that confer an array of subversive functions within the eukaryotic cell. These domains/motifs therefore represent a fascinating repertoire of molecular determinants with important roles during infection. This review provides a snapshot of our current understanding of bacterial effector domains and motifs where a defined role in infection has been demonstrated.
The rationale for recommending fixed-dose combination tablets for treatment of tuberculosis. (2001)

There is considerable exigency to take all necessary steps to cure tuberculosis cases and prevent further emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis. The most important of these steps is to ensure that the treatment, particularly of sputum smear-positive cases, is adequate and that patients adhere to their treatment by supervised, direct observation of drug-taking according to the standardized regimens. Use of fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) of tablets against tuberculosis is now being recommended by WHO and the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (IUATLD) as an additional step to ensuring proper treatment. FDCs simplify the prescription of drugs and the management of drug supply, and may also limit the risk of drug-resistant tuberculosis arising as a result of inappropriate drug selection and monotherapy. Only FDCs of proven quality and proven rifampicin bioavailability should be purchased and used. In most situations, blood levels of the drugs are inadequate because of poor drug quality rather than poor absorption. This is true irrespective of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection status of the tuberculosis patients (other than those with overt acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, with CD4 counts < 200 cells/mm3). Currently, WHO, IUATLD and their partners are developing strategies for ensuring that only quality FDCs are used in tuberculosis programmes. A simplified and effective protocol for assessment of rifampicin bioavailability has been developed, and laboratories are being recruited to form a supranational network for quality assurance of FDCs. Standardization of FDC drug formulations has been proposed, which limits rifampicin-containing preparations to nine (including a four-drug FDC and three paediatric FDCs).
Solvent effects in dye-sensitized photooxidation reactions (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSolvent effects in dye-sensitized photooxidation reactionsRobert H. Young, Kathy Wehrly, and Robert L. MartinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 22, 5774–5779Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1971https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00751a031RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views811Altmetric-Citations167LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (719 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Germline p16INK4A mutation and protein dysfunction in a family with inherited melanoma. (1995)

The gene encoding the cell cycle inhibitor p16INK4A (also known as p16, MTS1, CDKN2 and INK4) has been mapped to human chromosome band 9p21, a region that also contains a putative melanoma susceptibility gene. Although germline mutations in the coding region of the p16INK4A gene have been detected in some families with inherited melanoma, many other families show no evidence of such mutations and hence the role of p16INK4A in the development of this tumor is still unclear. In this report, we describe a family with inherited melanoma in which a novel mutation in exon 2 of the p16INK4A gene segregates with the disease. The mutant gene encodes a protein with an in-frame deletion of two amino acids (Asp96 and Leu97). We show that the mutant protein is functionally abnormal: it is unable to bind cdk4 in vitro and does not inhibit colony formation in tertiary passage rat embryo fibroblasts. Moreover, in a metastatic lesion from one patient the wild type p16INK4A allele was deleted and the mutant allele retained. We conclude that family members carrying this germline mutation in the p16INK4A gene are predisposed to melanoma. By extension, these findings implicate the p16INK4A gene in the development of some cases of familial melanoma.
Experimental application of extremum seeking on an axial-flow compressor (2000)

We show an application of the method of extremum seeking to the problem of maximizing the pressure rise in an axial-flow compressor. First we apply extremum seeking to the Moore-Greitzer model and design a feedback scheme actuated through a bleed valve which simultaneously stabilizes rotating stall and surge and steers the system towards the equilibrium with maximal pressure. Then we implement the scheme on a compressor rig in Murray's laboratory at the California Institute of Technology. We perform stabilization of rotating stall via air injection and implement extremum seeking through a slow bleed valve. The experiment demonstrates that extremum seeking ensures the maximization of the pressure rise starting on either side of the stall inception point. The experiment also resolves a concern that extremum seeking requires the use of periodic probing-the amplitude of probing needed to achieve convergence is far below the noise level of the compressor system (even outside rotating stall).
Hydrophoretic high-throughput selection of platelets in physiological shear-stress range (2010)

A gentle, but fast means for low-stress, high-throughput platelet purification is of significant clinical and biotechnological utility. Current implementations to sort platelets, however, require an external physical field, specialized buffer, or the harsh separation condition of high shear stress that tends to cause platelet stimulation. Here we report the use of hydrophoretic size separation in a wider channel and its parallelization to augment its throughput capability, maintaining physiological shear-stress range. We demonstrate a parallelized device comprising 10 stacks of the wide-channel hydrophoresis device, yielding a throughput of 2.9 million cells s(-1) and a platelet purity of 76.8%. The use of the wide channel for hydrophoresis also facilitates clogging-free separation by sorting blood clots and plaques. The wide-channel hydrophoresis offers the potential for gentle, fast, clogging-free sorting of rare blood cells with extreme throughput capabilities.
Paenibacillus lentus sp. nov., a β-mannanolytic bacterium isolated from mixed soil samples in a selective enrichment using guar gum as the sole carbon source (2014)

A novel bacterial strain, CMG1240(T), was isolated in 1988 from mixed soil samples collected from the United States and South America in a selective enrichment medium with guar gum as the sole carbon source. This microbial isolate showed β-mannanolytic activity to hydrolyse the galactomannans present in guar gum. Strain CMG1240(T) was aerobic, Gram-stain-variable, non-motile, rod-shaped and endospore-forming. It was further examined based on a combination of phenotypic, physiological and genetic characterization. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, cellular lipid profile and fatty acid composition, strain CMG1240(T) was shown to belong unequivocally to the genus Paenibacillus. Quinone analysis showed that MK-7 was the only menaquinone detected. The main cell-wall sugar was xylose with trace amounts of mannose and glucose. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and unknown glycolipids, phospholipids, phosphoglycolipids and other lipids. The peptidoglycan structure was A1γ (meso-diaminopimelic acid-direct). The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 0. The DNA G+C content was 46 mol% as determined experimentally and by analysis of the genomic sequence. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain CMG1240(T) shared highest similarity with that of Paenibacillus fonticola ZL(T) (97.6 %) while all other tested Paenibacillus strains showed lower sequence similarities (≤95.3 %). The results of DNA-DNA hybridization and chemotaxonomic tests enabled the genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain CMG1240(T) from P. fonticola. Based on these results, strain CMG1240(T) ( = ATCC BAA-2594(T) = DSM 25539(T)) should be designated the type strain of a novel species within the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus lentus sp. nov. is proposed.
Catalytic Motors for Transport of Colloidal Cargo (2008)

Autonomous micro- and nanomotors should, in principle, deliver materials in a site-directed fashion, powering the assembly of dynamic, nonequilibrium superstructures. Here we demonstrate that catalytic Pt-Au nanomotors can transport a prototypical cargo: polystyrene microspheres. In addition, motors with Ni segments can overcome both Brownian orientational fluctuations and biased rotation of the rod-sphere doublet to enable persistent steerable uniaxial motion in an external magnetic field. Assuming a cargo-independent motive force, the speeds are inversely proportional to the Stokes resistance, which we compute using a completed double-layer boundary integral equation. In addition, we demonstrate motors transporting cargo via chemotaxis toward a H2O2 fuel source.
Novel High Efficiency Multilevel DC-DC Boost Converter Topologies and Modulation Strategies (2011)

In this paper new topologies and interleaving modulation concepts for multilevel DC-DC boost converter enabling a significantly less loss and a reduced chip size of the power semiconductors are proposed. Moreover, a new soft switching concept is presented. The achievable efficiency, chip area and boost inductance reduction are compared with existing solutions for V In = 800V, V Out = 3kV and P Out = 150 kW. A 30% loss reduction and a chip area decrease by 50% is achieved.
Infrared Spectroscopy—Enabling an Evidence-Based Diagnostic Surveillance Approach to Agricultural and Environmental Management in Developing Countries (2007)

Science-based approaches to agricultural and environmental management are needed to accelerate development progress in the world's poorest countries. We present a diagnostic surveillance framework modelled on medical diagnostic approaches for evidence-based management of agriculture and environment in developing countries. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy can play a pivotal role in making the surveillance framework operational, by providing a rapid, low cost and highly reproducible diagnostic screening tool. We review the wide applicability of IR spectroscopy for setting up measurement systems for the management of soils, crops, agricultural inputs, livestock health, agricultural products and water quality. IR spectroscopy is already being used in the design of soil surveillance systems, but the principles are generally applicable. A new evidence-based interpretation approach to plant analysis, combining plant and soil IR spectroscopy measurements, is proposed. Finally, an idealised design is proposed for making IR spectroscopy-based diagnostic surveillance operational in developing countries over the next ten years. Large area surveillance frameworks for agricultural and environmental problems will deploy integrated spectral indicators of soil, crop and livestock health and water quality. Spectral indicators will help to quantify risk factors associated with problems and assess intervention impacts. Smallholder farmers will have access to IR spectroscopy-based analysis of soils, crops and inputs through a network of hand-held or mobile IR spectroscopy units. Agricultural processing industries will make extensive use of IR spectroscopy on the factory floor to add value to agricultural produce and improve food safety. Regional centres of scientific and technological excellence will be required to support (i) high quality laboratory reference analyses, (ii) development of IR spectroscopy calibration databases and interpretation systems and (iii) up-grading of scientific and technical skills through training and education. Key challenges for adoption of this design include (i) building human capacity in science- and technology-based approaches, (ii) development of rugged low cost IR spectroscopy instrumentation and (iii) development of decision support systems to interpret IR spectroscopy data into management recommendations.
Advanced optical modulation and multiplexing technologies for high-capacity OTN based on 100 Gb/s channel and beyond (2010)

Digital signal processing technologies are key enablers for realizing high-capacity Optical Transport Network based on over 100 Gb/s and above channels. Novel no-guard-interval OFDM with frequency domain equalization is proposed and shown to offer excellent long-haul transport with capacity well above 10 Tb/s.
FUS Phase Separation Is Modulated by a Molecular Chaperone and Methylation of Arginine Cation-π Interactions (2018)

Reversible phase separation underpins the role of FUS in ribonucleoprotein granules and other membrane-free organelles and is, in part, driven by the intrinsically disordered low-complexity (LC) domain of FUS. Here, we report that cooperative cation-π interactions between tyrosines in the LC domain and arginines in structured C-terminal domains also contribute to phase separation. These interactions are modulated by post-translational arginine methylation, wherein arginine hypomethylation strongly promotes phase separation and gelation. Indeed, significant hypomethylation, which occurs in FUS-associated frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), induces FUS condensation into stable intermolecular β-sheet-rich hydrogels that disrupt RNP granule function and impair new protein synthesis in neuron terminals. We show that transportin acts as a physiological molecular chaperone of FUS in neuron terminals, reducing phase separation and gelation of methylated and hypomethylated FUS and rescuing protein synthesis. These results demonstrate how FUS condensation is physiologically regulated and how perturbations in these mechanisms can lead to disease.
Recent Advances in the Heterogeneous Palladium-Catalysed Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reaction (2012)

The Suzuki cross-coupling reaction, which is commonly referred to simply as the “Suzuki reaction” and uses palladium as a catalyst, has become an efficient tool for constructing C–C bonds over the past two decades. This paper reviews recent advances in the use of this reaction with heterogeneous palladium catalysts. The heterogenization of homogeneous catalysts by incorporation into an inorganic support (silica, mainly) or an organic polymer is currently of one the hottest research topics. Although heterogeneous catalysts based on uncomplexed Pd(II) or Pd(0) deposited on an inorganic supports such as carbon, silica or a zeolite remain in wide use, new catalysts consisting of Pd(0) nanoparticles entrapped in or deposited onto an organic or inorganic support are being increasingly used in the Suzuki reaction. Keywords: Suzuki reaction, Cross-coupling reaction, Pd heterogenous catalysts
Development of high quantum efficiency flat panel detectors for portal imaging: Intrinsic spatial resolution (2002)

Recently developed flat panel detectors have been proven to have a much better image quality than conventional electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs). They are, however, not yet the ideal systems for portal imaging application due to the low x-ray absorption, i.e., low quantum efficiency (QE), which is typically on the order of 2-4% as compared to the theoretical limit of 100%. The QE of current flat panel systems can be improved by significantly increasing the thickness of the energy conversion layer (i.e., amorphous selenium or phosphor screen). This, however, will be at the expense of a decrease in spatial resolution mainly due to x-ray scatter in the conversion layer (and also the spread of optical photons in the case of phosphor screen). In this paper, we investigate theoretically the intrinsic spatial resolution of a high QE flat panel detector with a new energy conversion layer that is much denser and thicker than that of current flat panel systems. The modulation transfer function (MTF) of the system is calculated based on a theoretical model using a novel approach, which uses an analytical expression for absorbed dose. It is found that if appropriate materials are used for the conversion layer, then the intrinsic MTF of the high QE flat panel is better than that of current EPIDs, and in addition they have a high QE (e.g., approximately 60%). Some general rules for the design of the conversion layer to achieve both high QE and high resolution as well as high DQE are also discussed.
High speed speech recognition using tree-structured probability density function (2002)

This paper proposes a new speech recognition method using a tree-structured probability density function (PDF) to realize high speed HMM based speech recognition. In order to reduce the likelihood calculation for a PDF set composed of the Gaussian PDFs for all mixture components, all states and all recognition units, it is coarsely done for the element PDF whose likelihood is not likely to be large. The PDF set is expressed as a tree-structured form. In the recognition process, the likelihood set is calculated by searching the tree; by calculating the likelihood from the cluster PDF at the node and traversing the nodes with the largest likelihood from the root. Experimental results showed that the computation load was drastically reduced with little reduction in the recognition accuracy, in both speaker-independent and speaker-adaptive cases. The algorithm was applied to a personal computer speech recognition software without using special hardware.
A 1.8-V 6/9-GHz switchable dual-band quadrature LC VCO in SiGe BiCMOS technology (2003)

This paper presents a quadrature VCO that can be reconfigured between 6 and 9 GHz frequency bands. The dual-band VCO comprises a 6 GHz LC VCO, two 1/2-dividers, two mixers, and two 3 GHz notch filters. The 9 GHz output is generated based on a fractional frequency multiplication method by mixing the 6 GHz VCO output with its divide-by-two signal. The VCO, implemented in a 0.18 /spl mu/m SiGe BiCMOS technology, shows a fast switching time of 3.6 nsec. The measured VCO phase noises are -106 dBc/Hz and -104 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset for 6 and 9 GHz modes, respectively, while draining 10.8 mA from a 1.8 V supply.
Soccer injuries to the brain (1989)

Sixty-nine football players from six Norwegian First Division League Clubs underwent a neurologic and EEG examination to investigate the incidence of head injuries. A significantly increased incidence of EEG disturbances were found in the football players compared to matched controls. The disturbances were most pronounced among the youngest players. The higher incidence of EEG disturbances found in the football players is most likely due to neuronal damage caused by repeated minor head traumas.
Encyclopedia of Applied Physics, Vol. 3 Calibration &amp; Maintenance of Standards to Composite Materials (1993)

Article Encyclopedia of Applied Physics, Vol. 3 Calibration & Maintenance of Standards to Composite Materials was published on March 1, 1993 in the journal International Journal of Materials Research (volume 84, issue 3).
Study of in vitro effects of hydralazine metabolites--comparative evaluation of products of hydroxylation, hydrolysis and conjugation. (1978)

In this crosssectional internet study, the compensation principle of the Demand-Induced Strain Compensation (DISC)-model was subjected to an empirical verification among 390 employees from various economical sectors. The DISC-model assumes a positive causal relationship between work-related stressors and strains on three qualitatively different domains (cognitive, emotional and physical). According to the compensation principle, these causal relationships are moderated by the availability and use of (matching) work-related resources from the same domain. The results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses did not support the compensation principle. Moreover, a large number of cross-domain correlations were found, especially with regard to emotional resources. The results of this study show that more research on the principles of the DISC-model should is needed. Implications of the use of the internet for research on work stress are discussed.
Content of the Flavonols Quercetin, Myricetin, and Kaempferol in 25 Edible Berries (1999)

The amounts of quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol aglycons in 25 edible berries were analyzed by an optimized RP-HPLC method with UV detection and identified with diode array and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry detection. Sixteen species of cultivated berries and nine species of wild berries were collected in Finland in 1997. Quercetin was found in all berries, the contents being highest in bog whortleberry (158 mg/kg, fresh weight), lingonberry (74 and 146 mg/kg), cranberry (83 and 121 mg/kg), chokeberry (89 mg/kg), sweet rowan (85 mg/kg), rowanberry (63 mg/kg), sea buckthorn berry (62 mg/kg), and crowberry (53 and 56 mg/kg). Amounts between 14 and 142 mg/kg of myricetin were detected in cranberry, black currant, crowberry, bog whortleberry, blueberries, and bilberry. Kaempferol was detected only in gooseberries (16 and 19 mg/kg) and strawberries (5 and 8 mg/kg). Total contents of these flavonols (100-263 mg/kg) in cranberry, bog whortleberry, lingonberry, black currant, and crowberry were higher than those in the commonly consumed fruits or vegetables, except for onion, kale, and broccoli.
A Bayesian method for fitting parametric and nonparametric models to noisy data (2001)

We present a simple paradigm for fitting models, parametric and nonparametric, to noisy data, which resolves some of the problems associated with classical MSE algorithms. This is done by considering each point on the model as a possible source for each data point. The paradigm can be used to solve problems which are ill-posed in the classical MSE approach, such as fitting a segment (as opposed to a line). It is shown to be nonbiased and to achieve excellent results for general curves, even in the presence of strong discontinuities. Results are shown for a number of fitting problems, including lines, circles, elliptic arcs, segments, rectangles, and general curves, contaminated by Gaussian and uniform noise.