gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adipose cell hyperplasia and enhanced glucose disposal in transgenic mice overexpressing GLUT4 selectively in adipose tissue. (1993)

To gain insight into the molecular pathogenesis of obesity and specifically the role of nutrient partitioning in the development of obesity, we overexpressed the insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4) in transgenic mice under the control of the fat-specific aP2 fatty acid-binding protein promoter/enhancer. Two lines of transgenic mice were generated, which overexpressed GLUT4 6-9-fold in white fat and 3-5-fold in brown fat with no overexpression in other tissues. In vivo glucose tolerance was enhanced in transgenic mice. In isolated epididymal, parametrial, and subcutaneous adipose cells from transgenic mice, basal glucose transport was 20-34-fold greater than in nontransgenic littermates. Insulin-stimulated glucose transport was 2-4-fold greater in cells from transgenic mice. Total body lipid was increased 2-3-fold in transgenic mice overexpressing GLUT4 in fat. Surprisingly, fat cell size was unaltered and fat cell number was increased > 2-fold. This is the first animal model in which increased fat mass results solely from adipocyte hyperplasia and it will be a valuable model for understanding the mechanisms responsible for fat cell replication and/or differentiation in vivo.
Butyrate stimulates tissue-type plasminogen-activator synthesis in cultured human endothelial cells (1987)

Incubation of cultured human endothelial cells with 5 mM-dibutyryl cyclic AMP led to an approx. 2-fold increase in tissue-type plasminogen-activator (t-PA) production over a 24 h incubation period. The stimulating effect of dibutyryl cyclic AMP could be explained by the slow liberation of butyrate, as the effect could be reproduced by addition of free butyrate to the medium, but not by addition of 8-bromo cyclic AMP or forskolin, agents known to raise intracellular cyclic AMP levels. With butyrate, an accelerated accumulation of t-PA antigen in the conditioned medium (CM) was observed after a lag period of about 6 h. Increasing amounts of butyrate caused an increasingly stimulatory effect, reaching a plateau at 5 mM-butyrate. The relative enhancement of t-PA production in the presence of 5 mM-butyrate varied among different endothelial cell cultures from 6- to 25-fold in 24 h CM. Such an increase in t-PA production was observed with both arterial and venous endothelial cells. The butyrate-induced increases in t-PA production were accompanied by increased t-PA mRNA levels. Analysis of radiolabelled CM and cell extracts by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis indicated that the potent action of butyrate is probably restricted to a small number of proteins. The accumulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) in CM from butyrate-treated cells varied only moderately. In our study of the relationship between structure and stimulatory activity, we found that a straight-chain C4 monocarboxylate structure with a methyl group at one end and a carboxy moiety at the other seems to be required for the optimal induction of t-PA in cultured endothelial cells.
Position paper (2000)

As researchers look beyond the PC there is increasing interest in developing and deploying sophisticated home networks. Such networks might allow the seamless integration of information and services produced both within the home and externally, enabling applications such as the purchase of on-line AV content, tight coupling between kitchen sensors and "Web Van" order forms, and home remote control. From a manufacturers perspective, particularly those manufacturers traditionally associated with business computing, the home market is perceived as a major new opportunity to expand sales. As a consequence, home networks have been an area of intense activity in recent years with the emergence of a range of network solutions (e.g. HomeRF, HomePNA, IEEE 1394, Bluetooth) and middleware to support device interoperability (e.g. HAVi, Jini, UPnP). This focus on networking technologies and middleware platforms suggests that the area of operating systems for home networking devices has received relatively little attention. In this paper we discuss the reasons behind this apparent omission and consider the technological landscape within which operating systems for the home must be researched, developed and deployed.
Bulk growth of gallium nitride: challenges and difficulties (2007)

Abstract The present status of the GaN bulk growth by High Pressure Solution (HPS) method and combination of HPS and Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy (HVPE) methods is reviewed. Up to now the spontaneous high pressure solution growth of GaN results in crystals having habit of hexagonal platelets of surface area of 3 cm 2 or needles with length up to 1 cm. Recently, the platelets and needles have been used as seeds for the HVPE growth. On the other hand, the LPE technique under pressure with pressure‐grown GaN (hp‐GaN), GaN/sapphire template, patterned GaN/sapphire template and free standing HVPE GaN as seeds has been examined and developed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Acceleration of apoptosis in transforming growth factor beta 1-treated M1 cells ectopically expressing B-myb. (1995)

Inappropriate expression of genes involved in cell proliferation can result in altered regulation of apoptosis, a process of programmed cell death. Since B-myb has recently been implicated in the cell cycle progression we wanted to examine its role in the apoptotic process. For this purpose we used transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1)-treated M1 myeloid leukemia cell lines that continuously express murine B-myb. It was found that in cells overexpressing B-myb, TGF-beta 1-induced apoptosis was accelerated as assessed by cell viability and DNA fragmentation into nucleosomal fragments. A DNA ladder was detected after 24 h of TGF-beta 1 treatment in these cells, whereas it was not detected until after 36 h in the parental M1 cells. It was further determined by Northern blot analysis that this higher sensitivity of B-myb overexpressing clones was not due to a change in the expression of TGF-beta receptor type I or in the kinetics of the regulation of c-myc, c-myb, bcl-2, and/or bax.
File Format for Internet Fax (1998)

This document describes the TIFF (Tag Image File Format) representation of image data specified by the ITU-T Recommendations for black-and-white and color facsimile. This file format specification is commonly known as TIFF-FX. It formally defines minimal, extended and lossless JBIG modes (Profiles S, F, J) for black-and-white fax, and base JPEG, lossless JBIG and Mixed Raster Content modes (Profiles C, L, M) for color and grayscale fax. These modes or profiles correspond to the content of the applicable ITU-T Recommendations. Files formatted according to this specification use the image/tiff MIME Content Type.
Polarisation dependence and gain tilt of Raman amplifiers for WDM systems (2002)

We investigate the polarisation dependence and gain tilt of Raman amplifiers for WDM systems. We find no polarisation dependence of the gain for backward propagating pumps. Results from experiments on commercial 32 -channel WDM system are presented, highlighting the effect of gain tilt and pump depletion.
ANALYSIS OF TRAFFIC PATTERNS AND YIELD MONITOR DATA FOR FIELD EFFICIENCY DETERMINATION (2002)

Field efficiency is an important criterion for determining the expected field capacity and, indirectly, for makingimportant machinery management decisions. The data gathered with a yield monitor during harvest and a DGPS monitorduring planting were used to provide timemotion studies of equipment and operator productivity. This study used spatial datagathered by a farmer to determine field performance of a combine and a planter. Five fields were used to compare results fromsoybean and corn production. Fields that are relatively flat with straight rows were contrasted with contoured fields withslopes up to 3 to 5%. Field efficiency, travel speeds, and unproductive time lapses were compared. When contour patternswere compared with the straight rows, field efficiency dropped on the contours by 10 and 20% for planting and harvesting,respectively. Average travel speeds were slower for contour patterns than straight rows by more than 1.6 km/h (1 mph).Although the histograms of the time lapses were very similar for contour and straight patterns, almost twice the number oftime lapses was found with the contour pattern.
Quantum computations on a topologically encoded qubit (2014)

The construction of a quantum computer remains a fundamental scientific and technological challenge because of the influence of unavoidable noise. Quantum states and operations can be protected from errors through the use of protocols for quantum computing with faulty components. We present a quantum error-correcting code in which one qubit is encoded in entangled states distributed over seven trapped-ion qubits. The code can detect one bit flip error, one phase flip error, or a combined error of both, regardless on which of the qubits they occur. We applied sequences of gate operations on the encoded qubit to explore its computational capabilities. This seven-qubit code represents a fully functional instance of a topologically encoded qubit, or color code, and opens a route toward fault-tolerant quantum computing.
LEGAL REGULATION AND LEGAL SYSTEM (2017)

В статье рассматриваются вопросы, посвященные проблемам правового регулирования.В частности, исследуются и анализируются правовые средства, являющиеся элементами правовой системы, приводится их характеристика, указывается назначение.Подробно исследуется соотношение категорий «правовая система» и «правовое регулирование».При этом указывается на то, что категория правового регулирования может быть неверно отождествлена с категорией правовой системы, так как последняя фактически объединяет в себе юридические средства, преследуя те же цели
Using doping superlattices to study transient-enhanced diffusion of boron in regrown silicon (1996)

A boron-doped silicon superlattice consisting of three boron spikes separated by 1700 Å of undoped silicon has been grown by molecular beam epitaxy and used to study the evolution of point defects following an amorphizing implant of Si+. After MBE growth, the wafer was implanted at 77 K with either 146 or 292 keV Si+ at a dose of 5×1015/cm2. These implants produced amorphous layer depths that coincided with the depths of either the middle B peak or just below the deepest B peak. The samples were then annealed at 800 °C in an Ar ambient. Secondary-ion-mass spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy were used to monitor the diffusion of the boron spikes upon annealing and the evolution of the extended defects upon annealing, respectively. For the lower-energy sample, an enhancement in the B diffusivity of over 500× was observed for both the surface B spike and the deepest B spike. The higher-energy implant shows conclusively that the back flow of interstitials into the regrown region is coming from the end-of-range damage just below the amorphous/crystalline interface. These results show that for these implant conditions the end-of-range damage does not act as a barrier to flow of interstitials to the surface. In addition it is noted that boron in the regrown silicon does not cluster whereas the boron below the amorphous crystalline interface does. Both of these features must be accounted for when modeling boron diffusion in regrown silicon.
The Landscape of Parallel Computing Research: A View from Berkeley (2006)

The recent switch to parallel microprocessors is a milestone in the history of computing. Industry has laid out a roadmap for multicore designs that preserves the programming paradigm of the past via binary compatibility and cache coherence. Conventional wisdom is now to double the number of cores on a chip with each silicon generation. A multidisciplinary group of Berkeley researchers met nearly two years to discuss this change. Our view is that this evolutionary approach to parallel hardware and software may work from 2 or 8 processor systems, but is likely to face diminishing returns as 16 and 32 processor systems are realized, just as returns fell with greater instruction-level parallelism. We believe that much can be learned by examining the success of parallelism at the extremes of the computing spectrum, namely embedded computing and high performance computing. This led us to frame the parallel landscape with seven questions, and to recommend the following: • The overarching goal should be to make it easy to write programs that execute
Tumorigenesis induced by coexpression of human hepatocyte growth factor and the human met protooncogene leads to high levels of expression of the ligand and receptor. (1993)

We have previously shown that, in mouse NIH/3T3 cells, it is necessary to coexpress the gene for human hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SFhu) with its receptor, the human met protooncogene (methu), to activate the transforming activity of the receptor (S. Rong, M. Bodescot, D. Blair, T. Nakamura, K. Mizuno, M. Park, A. Chan, S. Aaronson, and G. F. Vande Woude, Mol. Cell. Biol., 12: 5152-5158, 1992). In this study, we report that exceptionally high levels of the ligand and its receptor are expressed in tumor cell explants after several tumor passages through nude mice. Confluent tumor cells explanted after the second passage in nude mice can express 1700 units/ml/10(6) cells/72 h of scatter activity as determined in Madin-Darby canine kidney cell scatter assays. The motogenic factor produced by these cells is easily purified by heparin-Sepharose chromatography, and the purified factor efficiently induces tyrosine phosphorylation of Methu in YaOvBix2NMA human ovarian carcinoma cells. To account for the unusually high level of HGF/SFhu and Methu expression, we propose that normal levels of Methu receptor are inefficient at transducing the signal(s) required for transformation of mouse cells. Therefore, high levels of Methu receptor are required for tumorigenesis, and corresponding high levels of the ligand are required to induce the signal. Consistent with this model, endogenous mouse scatter factor is not detected in conditioned medium from cells transformed by overexpression of the Metmu receptor.
Antiplatelet Agents in Stroke Prevention (2000)

Platelets contribute to arterial thrombosis by multiple mechanisms that promote blood clotting, favor vasoconstriction, activate the procoagulant capacity of endothelium, and stimulate inflammation. These activities are augmented by turbulent blood flow. Classic antiplatelet therapy with aspirin to prevent occlusive stroke offers significant clinical benefit (20-25% risk reduction), yet is less effective than in prevention of coronary artery occlusion (up to 50% risk reduction of myocardial infarction in unstable angina). Since aspirin's antiplatelet effects are limited to blocking a single metabolic pathway - namely inhibition of thromboxane A(2) formation -, and aspirin fails to alter platelet adhesion, other antiplatelet agents that target ADP receptors, platelet surface glycoproteins (such as the GPIIb/IIIa complex), or platelet-dependent thrombin generation offer additional clinical benefits by blocking additional separate pathways or the final common pathway of platelet activation. Combinations of antiplatelet agents, such as aspirin/dipyridamole, aspirin/clopidogrel, or aspirin/GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors, have recently been tested for improved efficacy in clinical trials. Soluble recombinant CD39, an ecto-ADPase, protects against stroke in animal models by metabolizing released ADP/ATP to antiplatelet derivatives. In general, combinations of antiplatelet agents promise greater efficacy than single drugs in preventing stroke, since interactions among different antiplatelet mechanisms can be synergistic. However, such combinations may also increase the risk of bleeding, so that precise understanding of risk/benefit ratios that address the possibility of intracranial as well as gastrointestinal bleeding will require careful monitoring in large clinical trials of patients at risk of stroke, with particular attention to the elderly.
A case study of open source software development (2000)

According to its proponents, open source style software development has the capacity to compete successfully, and perhaps in many cases displace, traditional commercial development methods. In order to begin investigating such claims, we examine the development process of a major open source application, the Apache web server. By using email archives of source code change history and problem reports we quantify aspects of developer participation, core team size, code ownership, productivity, defect density, and problem resolution interval for this OSS project. This analysis reveals a unique process, which performs well on important measures. We conclude that hybrid forms of development that borrow the most effective techniques from both the OSS and commercial worlds may lead to high performance software processes.
Intracellular Glucose Concentration in Derepressed Yeast Cells Consuming Glucose Is High Enough To Reduce the Glucose Transport Rate by 50% (1998)

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells exhibiting high-affinity glucose transport, the glucose consumption rate at extracellular concentrations above 10 mM was only half of the zero trans-influx rate. To determine if this regulation of glucose transport might be a consequence of intracellular free glucose we developed a new method to measure intracellular glucose concentrations in cells metabolizing glucose, which compares glucose stereoisomers to correct for adhering glucose. The intracellular glucose concentration was 1.5 mM, much higher than in most earlier reports. We show that for the simplest model of a glucose carrier, this concentration is sufficient to reduce the glucose influx by 50%. We conclude that intracellular glucose is the most likely candidate for the observed regulation of glucose import and hence glycolysis. We discuss the possibility that intracellular glucose functions as a primary signal molecule in these cells.
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells increase the permeability of dengue virus-infected endothelial cells in association with downregulation of vascular endothelial cadherin (2008)

Plasma leakage is one of the characteristic features of dengue haemorrhagic fever. The interaction among peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), dengue virus and endothelial cells was analysed in vitro. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were infected with dengue-2 virus (DV-2) at an m.o.i. of 0.5 p.f.u. per cell. PBMCs were added to DV-2-infected HUVECs, and transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and transalbumin permeability were assessed. Dengue virus infection at an m.o.i. of 0.5 p.f.u. per cell alone did not decrease the TEER, but addition of PBMCs decreased the TEER, increased the albumin permeability and induced morphological changes of HUVECs. The extent of the decrease was more profound with adherent PBMCs than with non-adherent PBMCs. The expression of vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) was examined using real-time RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. Addition of PBMCs to DV-2-infected HUVECs decreased the levels of mRNA transcripts and cell-surface expression of VE-cadherin. The results indicate that PBMCs increased the permeability of DV-2-infected HUVECs and that the increased permeability was concomitant with morphological change and the decrease in VE-cadherin expression. The results suggest that functional impairment of the DV-2-infected HUVEC monolayer was caused by interaction with PBMCs.
Chirped grating DBR lasers using bent waveguides (2002)

Recently, a new method to generate chirped DFB gratings by bent waveguides for increasing tunability of DBR lasers was proposed. Here we apply "Chirped DBR gratings" to improve and tailor specific properties. Our method to generate chirped DBR gratings is based on bent waveguides superimposed on homogeneous DBR grating fields. The method provides continuous and arbitrary chirping functions by choosing appropriate bending functions of the optical waveguides. Bent waveguide DBR lasers can be fabricated for the same production costs as lasers with straight waveguides, since only some masks have to be replaced. The purpose of this paper is to report recent results on theoretical modeling of new design chirped DBR grating lasers.
Urological Applications of Botulinum Toxin (2007)

Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin produced by the Gram-positive, rod-shaped anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum (1). First discovered in 1897 by Professor Pierre Emile van Ermengem of Ellezelles, Belgium botulinum toxin is the most poisonous naturally occurring toxin known to man (2). Seven immunologically distinct antigenic subtypes of botulinum toxin have been isolated: A, B, C1, D, E, F, and G (1). Only types A and B are available for use clinically. Botulinum type A toxin (BTX-A), known as Botox® in the United States and Dysport® in the United Kingdom, is more potent and has a longer duration of action than type B (1,2). Type B is commercially available in the United States as MyoBloc® and in Europe as NeuroBloc® (2).
Ontology-Based Data Integration (2005)

Nowadays, different areas of large modern enterprises use different database management systems to store and search their critical data. Competition, evolving technology, geographical distribution, and the inevitable growing decentralization contribute to this diversity. All of these databases are very important to an enterprise, but the their different interfaces make their administration difficult. Therefore, recovering information through a common interface becomes crucial to realize, for instance, the full value of data contained in the databases (Hass &amp; Lin, 2002).
Asian American Experiences: A View from the Other Side (1997)

President Truman is said to have complained about his assistants for giving him advice "on the other hand" as well as the first one. He joked about his wish to find an advisor who has only one arm. As one of the two guest editors for the present special issue on Asian American Experience, I have been surprised by the fact that all manuscripts submitted discuss what I call "negative" side of the Asian American experiences.
The Arabidopsis downy mildew resistance gene RPP5 shares similarity to the toll and interleukin-1 receptors with N and L6. (1997)

Plant disease resistance genes operate at the earliest steps of pathogen perception. The Arabidopsis RPP5 gene specifying resistance to the downy mildew pathogen Peronospora parasitica was positionally cloned. It encodes a protein that possesses a putative nucleotide binding site and leucine-rich repeats, and its product exhibits striking structural similarity to the plant resistance gene products N and L6. Like N and L6, the RPP5 N-terminal domain resembles the cytoplasmic domains of the Drosophila Toll and mammalian interleukin-1 transmembrane receptors. In contrast to N and L6, which produce predicted truncated products by alternative splicing, RPP5 appears to express only a single transcript corresponding to the full-length protein. However, a truncated form structurally similar to those of N and L6 is encoded by one or more other members of the RPP5 gene family that are tightly clustered on chromosome 4. The organization of repeated units within the leucine-rich repeats encoded by the wild-type RPP5 gene and an RPP5 mutant allele provides molecular evidence for the heightened capacity of this domain to evolve novel configurations and potentially new disease resistance specificities.