gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transport of airborne particles in straight and curved microchannels (2012)

The measurement of airborne particles is important for environmental and exposure monitoring. Microfluidic technologies present potential advantages for aerosol monitoring but have been applied very little to the handling of airborne particles. In this paper, we examine the flow focusing and cross-streamline diffusion of aerosols in straight microchannels, and the size-based lateral displacement of aerosols caused by centrifugal forces in a curved channel. We present calculations, simulations, and experimental results verifying the models: measurements of the focusing and diffusion of 0.2 μm and 0.75 μm particles in straight channels and of the size-dependent lateral displacement of particles between 0.2 μm and 2 μm in curved channels are demonstrated and shown to match well with the simulations. We observe lateral dispersion of the particles: particles closer to the top and bottom wall of the channel experience less lateral displacement than particles near the center due to the flow velocity distribution across the channel cross section. These results confirm that the microchannel techniques presented are a viable method for the size-based manipulation of airborne particles.
Scaling of tunnel oxide thickness for flash EEPROMs realizing stress-induced leakage current reduction (2002)

It has been reported that the tunnel oxide of flash E/sup 2/PROM is spoiled by the write/erase sequence of high-field stress and that leakage current (J/sub leak/)is induced at lower voltage, which deteriorates retention time and limits the tunnel oxide thickness of E/sup 2/PROM/sup ./ In order to scale down the tunnel oxide thickness, this paper proposes two new approaches to decrease the leakage current. One is the decreasing impurity concentration in the floating gate poly-Si. The other is to lower annealing process temperature after the floating gate formation. These reduction of J/sub leak/ is more remarkable as the tunnel oxide thickness is thinner. As a result, the tunnel oxide can be scaled down to 6 nm by decreasing gate poly-Si concentration to about 5/spl times/10/sup 19/cm/sup -3/ and lowering annealing temperature to less than 900/spl deg/C. These process will become the key technology to realize 64 Mb E/sup 2/PROM and beyond.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Evaluation of Properties of Apigenin and [G-3H]Apigenin and Analytic Method Development (1997)

This study provides baseline data and analytical methods to assist in the evaluation of apigenin, a plant flavonoid with promising chemopreventive activity against skin cancer. Apigenin was freely soluble in dimethylsulfoxide (> 100 mg/mL), but it had low solubility (0.00135-1.63 mg/mL) in all the other solvents and surfactants tested, especially in highly hydrophilic or nonpolar solvents. The partition coefficient (log K) calculated from the solubility ratio of apigenin in n-octanol and water was 2.87. Apigenin strongly absorbed UV light, with three maximum absorption wavelengths at 212, 269, and 337 nm (epsilon = 29,800, 19,020, and 18,930 M-1 cm-1, respectively). Using quercetin as the internal standard, a reversed-phase HPLC method was developed to quantitatively analyze apigenin in epidermal cells obtained from SENCAR mice. Apigenin was labeled at position 6, 8, 3', and 5' with tritium by a platinum-catalyzed proton-tritium exchange as confirmed indirectly by 1H NMR analysis of the deuterated apigenin. The tritium label was stable in aqueous environments, especially under acidic and neutral conditions, so [G-3H]apigenin was considered suitable for subsequent absorption and metabolic studies.
Solubilization and Adsolubilization of Polar and Nonpolar Organic Solutes by Linker Molecules and Extended Surfactants (2009)

Abstract Adsolubilization reaches its maximum when a surfactant adsorbed onto the solid–liquid interface achieves complete bilayer or maximum adsorption. The attempt to enhance the adsolubilization of organic solute is accomplished by increasing interaction between the hydrophobic core of adsorbed admicelles and the organic solute. Solubilization and adsolubilization were studied with linker‐based and extended‐surfactant‐based systems. Extended surfactants have propylene oxide (PO) groups of intermediate polarity inserted between hydrophobic and lipophilic moieties in the surfactant molecule. This study evaluated the adsolubilization of polar (phenylethanol) and nonpolar (ethylcyclohexane) solutes into conventional linker‐based and extended‐surfactant‐based admicelles. The results demonstrated that the extended‐surfactant‐based systems showed higher solubilization capacity than the conventional sodium dodecyl sulfate alone or with linker. For the polar solute, the presence of PO group has a greater effect than the number of PO groups or the tail length, while for the nonpolar solute as the number of POs groups and the tail length increased, the adsolubilization capacity also increased. Preliminary explanations for these observations are provided.
An implementation of secure key exchange by using QR codes (2014)

This paper describes an implementation of secure RICA (Robustness, Integrity, Confidentiality and Authentication) key exchange protocol. Integrity, confidentiality and authentication are the base for secure message exchange. We propose adding robustness in order to ensure better availability of the system. Robustness of presented implementation is due to Quick Response (QR) code properties. QR codes are resistant to a certain level on errors. We used GNU <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> Privacy Guard (GnuPG or GPG), version for Windows operating system, for signing and encrypting the message, as a base for secure key exchange protocol.
Ouabain-Like Na+, K+-ATPase Inhibitory Activity of a Plasma Extract in Normal Pregnancy and Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (1991)

To estimate the participation of a Na+, K+-ATPase-inhibiting plasma foctor in pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), the inhibitory activity and the characteristics of plasma extract eluted with ethanol through a C8 column were examined in normotensive non-pregnant women (N) and women with normal pregnancy (NP) and PIH. There were no differences among the 3 groups in the Na+, K+-ATPase activity of erythrocyte ghosts. The heat- and acid-stable plasma extract dose-dependently inhibited Na+, K+-ATPase activity with a pattern similar to that of ouabain, but different from that of vanadate. The inhibitory activity of plasma extract was not influenced by polyclonal digoxin antibody which almost completely prevented digoxin-induced inhibition and slightly but significantly reduced the ouabain-induced one. The results indicate that the plasma extract has ouabain-like inhibitory activity on Na+, K+-ATPase and that it is not endogenously synthesized digoxin itself, but a substance differing in structure from digoxin. Furthermore, the ouabain-like Na+, K+-ATPase inhibitory activity in NP plasma was significantly lower than that in PIH plasma, which was similar to that in N plasma. There were significant relationships between the ouabain-like Na+, K+-ATPase inhibitory activities in plasma and the diastolic and systolic blood pressures in NP and PIH groups. The results suggest that the lower ouabain-like Na+, K+-ATPase inhibitory activity in plasma probably participates in maintaining the blood pressure within the normal range during pregnancy and its failure may be involved in the genesis of PIH.
Missing packet recovery techniques for low-bit-rate coded speech (1989)

Since missing-packet recovery techniques for conventional PCM speech are not applicable to packetized speech communication systems with low-bit-rate coding schemes, quality degradation mechanisms are presented for missing-packet recovery techniques. These mechanisms are least significant bit (LSB) dropping, waveform substitution, and odd-even sample-interpolation schemes. A comparison of these techniques in terms of signal-to-noise ratio and perceptual distortion under packet loss conditions shows that the LSB-dropping scheme with embedded coding is the most promising technique for recovering missing packets.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A radix-8 CMOS S/390 multiplier (2002)

The multiplier of a S/390 CMOS microprocessor is described. It is implemented in an aggressive static CMOS technology with a 0.20-/spl mu/m effective channel length. The multiplier has been demonstrated in a single-image shared-memory multiprocessor at frequencies up to 400 MHz. The multiplier requires three machine cycles for a total latency of 7.5 ns, though the design can support a latency of 4.0 ns if the latches are removed. The design goal was to implement a versatile S/980 multiplier with reasonable performance at a very aggressive cycle time. The multiplier implements a radix-8 Booth algorithm and is capable of supporting S/390 floating-point and fixed-point multiplications, and also divisions and square roots. Logic design and physical design issues are discussed relating to the Booth decoding and counter tree implementations.
Development of a microscopic platform for real-time monitoring of biomolecular interactions (2005)

We developed a new microscopic platform for the real-time analysis of molecular interactions by combining microbead-tagging techniques with total internal reflection fluorescent microscopy (TIRFM). The optical manipulation of probe microbeads, followed by photo immobilization on a solid surface, enabled us to generate arrays with extremely high density (>100 microbeads in a 25 microm x 25 microm area), and TIRFM made it possible to monitor the binding reactions of fluorescently labeled targets onto probe microbeads without removal of free targets. We demonstrated the high performance of this platform through analyses of interactions between antigen and antibody and between small compounds and proteins. Then, recombinant protein levels in total cellular lysates of Escherichia coli were quantified from the association kinetics using antibody-immobilized microbead arrays, which served as a model for a protein-profiling array. Furthermore, in combination with in vitro synthesis-coupled protein labeling, we could kinematically analyze the interaction of nuclear factor kappaB (p50) with DNA. These results demonstrated that this platform enabled us to: (1) monitor binding processes of fluorescently labeled targets to multiple probes in real-time without removal of free targets, (2) determine concentrations of free targets only from the association kinetics at an early phase, and (3) greatly reduce the required volume of the target solution, in principle to subnanoliter, for molecular interaction analysis. The unique features of this microbead-based microarray system open the way to explore molecular interactions with a wide range of affinities in extremely small volumes of target solutions, such as extracts from single cells.
Granule Localization of Glutaminase in Human Neutrophils and the Consequence of Glutamine Utilization for Neutrophil Activity (2004)

The provision of glutamine in vivo has been observed to reduce to normal levels the neutrophilia observed after exhaustive exercise and to decrease the neutrophil chemoattractant, interleukin-8. Thus, the role for glutamine in the regulation of inflammatory mediators of human neutrophil activation was investigated. The study sought to establish whether glutamine supplementation in vitro affects neutrophil function at rest and whether glutaminase, the major enzyme that metabolizes glutamine, is present in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). During in vitro studies, the addition of 2 mm glutamine increased the respiratory burst of human PMN stimulated with both phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. These observations were made using a highly sensitive, real time chemiluminescent probe, Pholasin. Glutamine alone did not stimulate the release of reactive oxygen species. In a novel finding using glutaminase-specific antibodies in combination with flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, glutaminase was shown to be present on the surface of human PMN. Subcellular fractionation revealed that the enzyme was enriched in the secondary granules and could be released into cell culture medium upon stimulation with PMA. In conclusion, human PMN appeared to utilize glutamine and possess the appropriate glutaminase enzyme for metabolizing glutamine. This may depress some pro-inflammatory factors that occur during prolonged, exhaustive exercise.
A berry-esseen theorem for functions of uniform spacings : (preprint) (1981)

A Berry-Esseen bound of order O(n 2 ) is established for suitably normalized sums of nonlinear functions of uniform spacings under a natural moment assumption and mild regularity conditions.Furthermore, it is shown that these regularity conditions are fulfilled for a wide class of functions.
The case for a network protocol isolation layer (2009)

Network protocols are typically designed and tested individually. In practice, however, applications use multiple protocols concurrently. This discrepancy can lead to failures from unanticipated interactions between protocols.
Detecting Human Behavior Models From Multimodal Observation in a Smart Home (2008)

This paper addresses learning and recognition of human behavior models from multimodal observation in a smart home environment. The proposed approach is part of a framework for acquiring a high-level contextual model for human behavior in an augmented environment. A 3-D video tracking system creates and tracks entities (persons) in the scene. Further, a speech activity detector analyzes audio streams coming from head set microphones and determines for each entity, whether the entity speaks or not. An ambient sound detector detects noises in the environment. An individual role detector derives basic activity like ldquowalkingrdquo or ldquointeracting with tablerdquo from the extracted entity properties of the 3-D tracker. From the derived multimodal observations, different situations like ldquoaperitifrdquo or ldquopresentationrdquo are learned and detected using statistical models (HMMs). The objective of the proposed general framework is two-fold: the automatic offline analysis of human behavior recordings and the online detection of learned human behavior models. To evaluate the proposed approach, several multimodal recordings showing different situations have been conducted. The obtained results, in particular for offline analysis, are very good, showing that multimodality as well as multiperson observation generation are beneficial for situation recognition.
Irreversibility and Generalized Noise (1951)

A relation is obtained between the generalized resistance and the fluctuations of the generalized forces in linear dissipative systems. This relation forms the extension of the Nyquist relation for the voltage fluctuations in electrical impedances. The general formalism is illustrated by applications to several particular types of systems, including Brownian motion, electric field fluctuations in the vacuum, and pressure fluctuations in a gas.
Analyzing and Detecting Malicious Flash Advertisements (2009)

The amount of dynamic content on the Web has been steadily increasing. Scripting languages such as JavaScript and browser extensions such as Adobe's Flash have been instrumental in creating Web-based interfaces that are similar to those of traditional applications. Dynamic content has also become popular in advertising, where Flash is used to create rich, interactive ads that are displayed on hundreds of millions of computers per day. Unfortunately, the success of Flash-based advertisements and applications attracted the attention of malware authors, who started to leverage Flash to deliver attacks through advertising networks. This paper presents a novel approach whose goal is to automate the analysis of Flash content to identify malicious behavior. We designed and implemented a tool based on the approach, and we tested it on a large corpus of real-world Flash advertisements. The results show that our tool is able to reliably detect malicious Flash ads with limited false positives. We made our tool available publicly and it is routinely used by thousands of users.
MetaCore: a configurable &amp; instruction-level extensible DSP core (2002)

The design of application-specific processor for DSP applications is not only driven by low-cost requirements, but also needs to fulfil constraints in terms of short development time. MetaCore, a configurable and instruction-level extensible DSP core, can effectively satisfy these requirements by providing a high degree of customization to the given application. In this paper, we present architectural concept of MetaCore and the MetaCore development platform. And we also present the first-generation MetaCore product version, MDSP16, which is a 16-by-16 fixed-point DSP processor. MDSP1.6 was implemented using 0.6 /spl mu/m TLM CMOS technology and has 50 MIPS peak performance.
Application of silver-dispersed AlN thin film to solar control glass (1998)

Solar reflective multilayered films which mainly reflect near-infrared rays in solar radiation but transmit radio waves were prepared by dispersing fine silver particles in an AlN layer of the film. The silver particle-dispersed AlN film was fabricated by heating the film consisting of three layers of AlN, Ag, and AlN. A theoretical equation regarding the reflection–wavelength relationship was derived based on the assumption that the power reflection coefficient of dielectric film, in which metal particles are randomly dispersed, is expressed by the reflection from many domains of different sizes, each domain consisting of periodic conductive square segments. Comparing the theoretical values of reflection for silver-dispersed AlN thin film with the observed ones allows us to estimate the mean size and thickness of silver particle to be 130 and 18 nm, respectively. This suggests that the frequency selective screen which reflects only near-infrared rays can be designed by controlling the size of silver particles.
A Conformationally Defined 6-s-trans-Retinoic Acid Isomer: Synthesis, Chemopreventive Activity, and Toxicity (1994)

A conformationally defined retinoic acid analog (1) which contains a dimethylene bridge to maintain the 6-s-trans orientation for two terminal double bonds in the polyene chain was synthesized. A Reformatsky reaction was utilized to extend the polyene chain of the starting enone, which provided exclusively the 9Z-configuration for the intermediate aldehyde. A Horners-Emmons condensation with this aldehyde then produced retinoic acid analogs with both 9Z- and 9Z,13Z-configurations. An I2-catalyzed isomerization of the intermediate 9Z-aldehyde yielded the all-E-aldehyde, which was olefinated as above to yield the (all-E)- and (13Z)-retinoic acid analogs of 1. Each configurational isomer of 1 was evaluated for its ability to inhibit the binding of retinoic acid to CRABP (chick skin) and to inhibit the chemical induction of ornithine decarboxylase in mouse skin. In each assay (all-E)-1 was the most active isomer, and this activity was comparable to or better than that for (all-E)-retinoic acid. (all-E)-1 and (13Z)-1 were both shown to be equally effective as (13Z)-retinoic acid in suppressing the proliferation of human sebaceous cells in vitro. (all-E)-1 was further evaluated for its ability to prevent the induction of mouse skin papillomas and to induce signs of vitamin A toxicity in mice. The cancer chemopreventive activity of (all-E)-1 was comparable to that of (all-E)-retinoic acid, and the toxicity was comparable to or slightly better than that of the natural vitamin.
Hierarchical Classifier Design Using Mutual Information (1982)

A nonparametric algorithm is presented for the hierarchical partitioning of the feature space. The algorithm is based on the concept of average mutual information, and is suitable for multifeature multicategory pattern recognition problems. The algorithm generates an efficient partitioning tree for specified probability of error by maximizing the amount of average mutual information gain at each partitioning step. A confidence bound expression is presented for the resulting classifier. Three examples, including one of handprinted numeral recognition, are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
&lt;title&gt;Use Of Fresnel Lenses In Optical Systems: Some Advantages And Limitations&lt;/title&gt; (1979)

The use of Fresnel lenses is expanding rapidly and they are now found in highly sophisticated optical systems. Their use has helped to solve many difficult optical problems but has also introduced some new design considerations. This paper will explain some of the advantages as well as some of the limitations of Fresnel lenses. &quot;Special&quot; optical design problems related to Fresnels will be discussed briefly. A description of tooling and part manufacturing methods and their related tolerances will be covered. Examples of existing Fresnel and &quot;hybrid&quot; systems will be given. On-going improvements and future developments that will make the use of Fresnels even more widespread will be described.
A controlling method for charging photovoltaic generation power obtained by a MPPT control method to series connected ultra-electric double layer capacitors (2004)

A photovoltaic (PV) generation system which can efficiently acquire the electric energy irrespective of the weather is described. The PV generation system is characterized by two controllers, namely, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller which makes it possible to take the maximum power which solar arrays can generate at any time irrespective of the weather, and a controller which quickly charges the maximum power obtained by the MPPT control to series connected ultraelectric double layer capacitors (ultraEDLCs) while maintaining the electric capacity which solar arrays can generate at that time. The MPPT controller controls the output current of the solar arrays so that the output power converges on the maximum power in the prediction line previously determined based on the linearity between the maximum output power and the optimal current. The MPPT controller is characterized by having the ability to enlarge the controllable range of the output power to lower solar radiation in comparison with the conventional hill-climbing method. The charging controller controls the current and voltage so as to be charged at around the power generated at that time while supervising the maximum voltage and allowable temperature of each series connected EDLC, The combined control method makes it possible to charge with the maximum power generation from solar arrays into ultraEDLCs. Effectiveness of the methods is verified by simulations and experiments.
Altered gene expression in myeloproliferative disorders correlates with activation of signaling by the V617F mutation of Jak2 (2005)

We identified 13 new gene expression markers that were elevated and one marker, ANKRD15, that was down-regulated in patients with polycythemia vera (PV). These 14 markers, as well as the previously described PRV1 and NF-E2, exhibited the same gene expression alterations also in patients with exogenously activated granulocytes due to sepsis or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) treatment. The recently described V617F mutation in the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) gene allows defining subclasses of patients with myeloproliferative disorders based on the JAK2 genotype. Patients with PV who were homozygous or heterozygous for JAK2-V617F exhibited higher levels of expression of the 13 new markers, PRV1, and NF-E2 than patients without JAK2-V617F, whereas ANKRD15 was down-regulated in these patients. Our results suggest that the alterations in expression of the markers studied are due to the activation of the Jak/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway through exogenous stimuli (sepsis or G-CSF treatment), or endogenously through the JAK2-V617F mutation.