gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Histomorphometric Analysis of a Cell-Based Model of Cartilage Repair (2002)

This study examined the morphology of chondrocytes in an established model of articular cartilage repair. Articular cartilage was harvested from young sheep and seeded onto pieces of devitalized sheep cartilage. The seeded pieces were stacked in pairs and wrapped in fibrin glue, and then implanted subcutaneously in the dorsum of athymic mice. Samples were harvested after 6 weeks and examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or by light microscopy. TEM revealed that the cells in direct apposition to the devitalized cartilage were elongated, with an enlarged cytoplasm, and a ruffled border. TEM of cells far from the interface with scaffold tissue revealed rounded cells with large nuclei that appeared similar to normal chondrocytes. Quantitative morphometry of histologic specimens revealed that cell area, relative amount of cytoplasm, cell aspect ratio, and relative nuclear displacement were all higher in cells near the interface with the scaffold tissue, and decreased with distance from the interface. These indices of cell morphology are all consistent with an active remodeling of the scaffold at the cell-scaffold interface.
Combinatorial Materials Science and Catalysis (1999)

After forever changing the drug discovery process in the pharmaceutical industry, combinatorial chemistry methodologies are increasingly being applied to the discovery and optimization of more efficient catalysts and materials (see picture). With the advent of new combinatorial synthesis and screening technologies, coupled with integrated data management systems, the application of these technologies to materials science and catalyst research holds tremendous potential and brings high expectations to this new and exciting field.
Optical switching system for MPP, LAN, or WAN systems (2002)

Whether intended for use in massively parallel processing (MPP), local-area networking (LAN), or wide-area networking (WAN) systems, optical switching technology has not yet seen significant use in commercial practice. This paper presents the design of an optical switching system suitable for all of the above uses. The data path is all optical, with electrical-to-optical signal translation taking place only at the message source and optical-to-electrical signal translation taking place only at the destination. The control path, however, makes extensive use of electrical technology, using a unique control algorithm appropriate to the mixed-technology design. We refer to this dual (optical and electrical) design as the Gemini interconnection network.
Hydrogel-Coated Glassy Nanospheres:  A Novel Method for the Synthesis of Shell Cross-Linked Knedels (1997)

A novel method was developed to prepare shell-cross-linked knedel-like structures (SCK's), which are double-layered polymer nanospheres, in a convenient three-step procedure: (1) polystyrene-b-poly(acrylic acid) ((DPn)PS = 130, (DPn)PAA = 120) copolymer was prepared by sequential anionic polymerization of styrene and tert-butyl acrylate, followed by hydrolysis; (2) the amphiphilic block copolymer was allowed to self-assemble into spherical multimolecular micelles in a water and THF solvent mixture; (3) the poly(acrylic acid), comprising the shells of micelles, was cross-linked by amidation using several di- and multiamino linkers (2,2‘-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine), hexakis(ethylene glycol)diamine, hexamethylenediamine, and triethylenetetramine). The extent of cross-linking was controlled by the relative amount of cross-link reagent used. The SCK's were spherical, core−shell structures composed of polystyrene cores and cross-linked hydrogel-like shells. The sizes, shapes, and structural differences between the polymer micelles and the SCK's were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) in aqueous solution. The non-cross-linked polymer micelles deformed substantially upon adsorption onto mica and became ellipsoidal upon drying on a carbon surface, whereas the SCK's remained as stable, spherical structures under all conditions. The polymer micelles had a number average height of 17 nm from AFM and 26 nm diameter from TEM, while the SCK's prepared from 2,2‘-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine) cross-linkers had a number average height of 24 nm from AFM and a number average diameter of 28 nm from TEM. The SCK shell thickness swelled 2−3-fold in water, as determined from comparison of the number average diameter obtained by DLS (37 nm) with that by TEM. Spectroscopic methods and thermal analysis were utilized to further characterize the SCK's.
The mechanism of the increase in mitochondrial proton permeability induced by thyroid hormones (1992)

Three possible mechanisms by which different levels of thyroid hormones in rats might cause the observed sevenfold change in the apparent proton permeability of the inner membrane of isolated liver mitochondria were investigated. (a) Cytochrome c oxidase was isolated from the livers of hypothyroid, euthyroid and hyperthyroid rats and incorporated into liposomes made with soya phospholipids. There was no difference between the proton current/voltage curves of the three types of vesicles. The hormonal effects, therefore, were not an inherent property of the enzymes, and were not due to different coupling of electron flow through the enzyme to proton transport. (b) The surface area of the mitochondrial inner membrane was shown by three different assays to be greater by a factor of between two and three in mitochondria from hyperthyroid animals than in mitochondria from hypothyroid animals; euthyroid controls were intermediate. This difference in surface area of the inner membrane explains less than half of the difference in apparent proton permeability. (c) The proton permeability of liposomes prepared from phospholipids extracted from mitochondrial inner membranes of hyperthyroid rats was three times greater than the proton permeability of those from hypothyroid rats; euthyroid controls were intermediate. This suggests, first, that the proton permeability of the phospholipid bilayer is an important component of the proton permeability in intact mitochondria and, second, thyroid hormone-induced changes in the bilayer are a major part of the mechanism of increased proton permeability. Such changes may be due to the known differences in fatty acid composition of mitochondrial phospholipids in different thyroid states. Thus we have identified two mechanisms by which thyroid hormone levels in rats change proton flux/mass protein in isolated liver mitochondria: a change in the area of the inner membrane/mass protein and a change in the intrinsic permeability of the phospholipid bilayer.
Clinical Cardiac Pacing and Defibrillation (2001)

SECTION I: BASIC CONCEPTS OF CARDIAC PACING AND DEFIBRILLATION. Artificial Electrical Cardiac Stimulation. Principles of Defibrillation: Cellular Physiology to Fields and Waveforms. Sensing of the Intracardiac Signs. Engineering and Clinical Aspects of Pacing Leads. Engineering and Clinical Aspects of Defibrillator Leads. Power Sources for Implantable Pacemakers and ICDs. Pulse Generator Circuitry for Pacemakers and ICDs. SECTION II: ARTIFICIAL SENSORS FOR PACING, DEFIBRILLATORS AND HEMODYNAMICS. Overviewof Ideal Sensor Characteristics. Activity Sensing and Accelerometer-based Pacemakers. Impedance-based Minute Ventilation Pacemakers. Evoked QT Interval and Intracardiac Impedance-based Pacemakers. Monitoring Applications of Pacemakers Sensors. SECTION III: CLINICAL CONCEPTS. Pacemaker and Defibrillator Codes. Basic Physiology of Cardiac Pacing and Pacemaker Syndrome. Survival, Quality of Life, and Clinical Trials in Pacemaker Patients. Sinus Node Disease and Pacing. Acute and Chronic AV Conduction System Disease. Carotid Sinus Hypersensitivity and Neurally Mediated Syncope. Pacing for Prevention of Tachyarrhythmias. Pacing in Patients with Heart Failure. Cardiac Chronotropic Responsiveness. Indications for ICD Survival and Clinical Trials in Patients with ICDs. ICD Implant Testing. Atrial Defibrillation Testing and Principles. Pacemaker and ICD Implantation. Generator Changes. Implant Complications: Pacemakers and ICDs. Techniques for Extraction of Pacemaker and ICD Leads. Pacemaker and ICD Radiography. SECTION IV: PACEMAKER AND DEFIBRILLATOR ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY. Timing Cycles and Operational Characteristics of Pacemakers. Evaluation of Pacemaker Malfunction and Pacemaker Diagnostics (Including Pacemaker Programmers). Evaluation of ICD Malfunction and Diagnostics (Including ICD Programmers). Follow-up of the Pacemaker Patient. Follow-up of the ICD Patient. Interference in Cardiac Pacing and Defibrillation. Pediatric Pacing.
Sentence Extraction as a Classification Task (1997)

A useful first step in document summarisation is the selection of a small number of `meaningful&amp;apos; sentences from a larger text. Kupiec et al. (1995) describe this as a classification task: on the basis of a corpus of technical papers with summaries written by professional abstractors, their system identifies those sentences in the text which also occur in the summary, and then acquires a model of the `abstract-worthiness&amp;apos; of a sentence as a combination of a limited number of properties of that sentence. We report on a replication of this experiment with different data: summaries for our documents were not written by professional abstractors, but by the authors themselves. This produced fewer alignable sentences to train on. We use alternative `meaningful&amp;apos; sentences (selected by a human judge) as training and evaluation material, because this has advantages for the subsequent automatic generation of more flexible abstracts. We quantitatively compare the two different strategies for train...
Isolation of arboviruses from mosquitoes, biting midges, sandflies and vertebrates collected in Queensland, 1969 and 1970 (1973)

30 virus strains were isolated from arthropods or vertebrates taken at 3 centres in Queensland in 1969 and 1970. They included representatives of 6 virus types distinct from any previously isolated in Australia. Prototype strains, suggested names and sources of first or repeatable isolations of the 6 viruses were: Ch9824, Charleville virus, from Phlebotomus spp. and the reptile Gehyra australis; Ch9935, Warrego virus, from Culicoides spp.; MRM10434, Mitchell River virus, from Culicoides spp.; Ch12048, Wallal virus, from Culicoides spp.; MRM13443, Wongorr virus, from Aedes lineatopennis; MRM14556, Ngaingan virus, from Culicoides brevitarsis. Mouse neutralization tests on sera from vertebrates of various species detected serum inhibitors to Warrego, Wallal and Ngaingan viruses in wallabies and kangaroos, and to Warrego, Mitchell River, Wongorr and Ngaingan viruses in cattle. These findings increase to 30 the number of viruses isolated in Australia and tentatively viewed as arboviruses, and underline the importance of biting midges and sandflies as virus vectors.
Differences between human embryonic stem cell lines (2006)

The promise of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines for treating injuries and degenerative diseases, for understanding early human development, for disease modelling and for drug discovery, has brought much excitement to scientific communities as well as to the public. Although all of the lines derived worldwide share the expression of characteristic pluripotency markers, many differences are emerging between lines that may be more associated with the wide range of culture conditions in current use than the inherent genetic variation of the embryos from which embryonic stem cells were derived. Thus, the validity of many comparisons between lines published thus far is difficult to interpret. This article reviews the evidence for differences between lines, focusing on studies of pluripotency marker molecules, transcriptional profiling, genetic stability and epigenetic stability, for which there is most evidence. Recognition and assessment of environmentally induced differences will be important to facilitate the development of culture systems that maximize stability in culture and provide lines with maximal potential for safety and success in the range of possible applications.
Determining human-centered parameters of ergonomic micro-gesture interaction for drivers using the theater approach (2011)

In this paper, we describe a technique to determine user preferences concerning in-car micro-gesture interaction. The approach is derived from the theater technique [1], and implies a collaborative adjustment of parameters with the experimenter, until the subject has decided about the final settings. We evaluated three systematically selected gestures (zooming, sweeping, and circling) for controlling four exemplary comfort functions of the car (window lifter, air condition, radio volume, and seat heating). The main result of our study is the geometry of a "sweet spot" for micro-gesture recognition close to the steering wheel, which is independent from the underlying technical recognition approach. Additionally, preferred sizes, angles, and pause times for the investigated gestures are provided. We give an indication, which of the gestures is preferred by the users (the sweeping gesture). Finally, we provide a more detailed view on the interaction between gesture preferences and function.
Leakage current in low standby power and high performance devices (2002)

IC technology is continuing to scale according to Moore's Law, with the overall chip circuit requirements driving the MOSFET device and process integration requirements and optimal choices. In the 2001 International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) [1] the driver for the high performance logic is maximizing MOSFET intrinsic speed, while the driver for low standby power logic is minimizing MOSFET leakage current. Total leakage current of a MOSFET consists of three components: off-state sub-threshold leakage current, gate direct tunneling leakage current and source/drain junction leakage current. In this paper, trends and challenges for each leakage current component in low standby power and high performance devices are discussed from the perspective of the 2001 ITRS and recently reported literatures.
Are cysteine-rich and COOH-terminal domains of dystrophin critical for sarcolemmal localization? (1992)

It has been hypothesized that the tight localization of dystrophin at the muscle membrane is carried out by its cysteine-rich and/or carboxyl domains. We report the results of biochemical and immunocytochemical investigations of dystrophin in muscle from a 1-yr-old patient with a large deletion that removes the distal part of the dystrophin gene, thus spanning the exons coding for the cysteine-rich and the carboxy-terminal domains, and extends beyond the glycerol kinase and congenital adrenal hypoplasia genes. Immunological analysis of muscle dystrophin shows that the deletion results in the production of a truncated, but stable, polypeptide correctly localized at the sarcolemma. These data indicate that neither the cysteine-rich domain, nor the carboxyl domain, are necessary for the appearance of normal dystrophin sarcolemmal localization.
The preparative synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides using RNA ligase (1982)

The synthesis of nmol quantities of defined sequences of oligodeoxyribonucleotides using T4 RNA ligase has been demonstrated. Reacting using from 18 to 200 nmol of substrates in which a single 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 3',5'-bisphosphate was added to an oligodeoxyribonucleotide resulted in yields from 13 to 95%. When two oligodeoxyribonucleotides were similarly joined using RNA ligase, the yields ranged from 10 to 50%. Although the reactions contained high concentrations of enzyme and were incubated from 5 to 21 days, there was little degradation of either substrates or products. We have also characterized an unusual product which arises when 3'-phosphate terminated oligodeoxyribonucleotides are incubated with RNA ligase and high concentrations of ATP. This product has an adenylyl group linked to the 3'-phosphate by an anhydride bond. The mechanistic and synthetic implications of forming this product are discussed.
Compact 1.8 V low-power CMOS operational amplifier cells for VLSI (2002)

The continuing down-scaling of CMOS processes has two consequences for the design of mixed-mode VLSI circuits. First, the supply voltage will go down from the present 5 V to 3 V and subsequently to 2 V, because the smaller dimensions result in a reduction of the breakdown voltage. Second, the circuit density possible increases. To meet the VLSI demands, compact topologies are needed that can operate on supply voltages between 1 and 2 V, depending on threshold voltages of the transistors. Existing CMOS opamps are compact but cannot operate at supply voltages below 2.5 V or otherwise have a complicated structure. The authors present a compact opamp which operates on supply voltage down to one gate-source voltage and two saturation voltages which amounts to 1.8 V. The opamp consists of two stages, an input stage and, a rail-to-rail output stage. An intermediate part contains current sources and a current mirror that sums the differential signals from the input stage and, cascodes that provide gain.
Penicillin-binding proteins of penicillin-susceptible and -resistant pneumococci: immunological relatedness of altered proteins and changes in peptides carrying the beta-lactam binding site (1986)

There are several major differences between the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) of highly penicillin-resistant and -susceptible strains of pneumococci. The highest-molecular-size PBP 1a (98 kilodaltons [kDa]) of susceptible pneumococci is not detectable in resistant bacteria. Instead, resistant strains contain a PBP of smaller size: 92 and 94 kDa in South African strains 8249 and A95210, respectively, and 96 kDa in New Guinea strain 2955 (S. Zighelboim and A. Tomasz, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 17:434-442, 1980). Using antibodies prepared against PBP 1a of penicillin-susceptible pneumococci, we demonstrated that these anomalous-sized proteins in the resistant strains are immunologically related to PBP 1a of penicillin-susceptible bacteria. A second difference between the PBP patterns of strain 8249 and the susceptible pneumococci is that the 78-kDa PBP 2b is not detectable by the radioactive penicillin binding assay in the resistant strain. Using antibodies prepared against PBP 2b of susceptible cells, we demonstrated the presence of PBP 2b in membrane preparations from strain 8249 cells. Thus, the poor detection of this PBP appears to be related to its greatly decreased affinity for the antibiotic molecule. We also compared the patterns of penicillin-labeled peptides derived from PBPs of resistant and susceptible cells during partial proteolysis by V8 protease. Several changes were observable in small peptides carrying the beta-lactam binding site generated from the high Mr (PBP 1a-related) binding proteins. In contrast, no differences in the pattern of penicillin-labeled peptides were seen when the pattern of PBP 2a of susceptible pneumococci was compared with the peptide pattern of PBP 2a from resistant strains. One of the resistant isolates (strain 2955) also had a PBP 3 with a higher-than-normal molecular weight. This protein gave strong positive reaction with antibodies against PBP 3 of susceptible cells. Examination of the pattern of penicilloyl peptides generated from the susceptible and resistant PBP 3s during partial proteolysis revealed only differences which seem to reside distant from the beta-lactam binding site.
Layer-by-layer electrodeposition of redox polymers and enzymes on screen-printed carbon electrodes for the preparation of reagentless biosensors (2003)

Layer-by-layer electrodeposition of redox polymer/enzyme composition films on screen-printed carbon electrodes for fabrication of reagentless enzyme biosensors has been proposed and the resulting films were found to be very stable and rigid.
Use Cases and Scenarios in the Conceptual Design of Web Applications (2000)

In this work we describe a method for gathering requirements and synthesizing the conceptual design of web applications. Our method emphasizes the importance of modeling user interaction and involving users in this process. It starts by capturing the requirements expressed in use cases and user interaction diagrams, a visual notation we propose to represent user-system interaction. These diagrams are also useful as a requirement validation tool and as input for obtaining the conceptual schema. We show how to derive user interaction diagrams from use cases and how to obtain a conceptual schema from these diagrams. Conceptual design is followed by navigation design, which is a crucial phase for the success of web application development. We finally describe how techniques used in this method can be extended specifically to support the navigational design stage.
Multiframe selective information fusion for 'looking through the woods' (2003)

A multiframe selective information fusion technique, based on a time evolution equation with anisotropic gain, is applied to the spatio-temporal processing of a video captured from behind visual obstructions, achieving as final output a synthetic frame of unobstructed field of view, as though 'looking straight through the woods' at a distant scene.
Human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals contain provirus in small numbers of peripheral mononuclear cells and at low copy numbers (1990)

In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, the proportion of circulating mononuclear cells (PBMCs) which carry HIV provirus and the number of HIV proviral sequences per infected PBMC have been matters for conjecture. Using a double polymerase chain reaction which allows the detection of single molecules of provirus and a method of quantifying the provirus molecules, we have measured provirus frequencies in infected individuals down to a level of one molecule per 10(6) PBMCs. As a general rule, only a small proportion of PBMCs contain provirus (median value of samples from 12 patients, one per 8,000 cells), and most if not all of the infected cells carry a single provirus molecule. The frequency of provirus-carrying cells correlated positively both with the progression of the disease and with the success with which virus could be isolated from the same patients by cocultivation methods. Of seven asymptomatic (Centers for Disease Control stage II) patients, all but one contained one provirus molecule per 6,000 to 80,000 cells; of five Centers for Disease Control stage IV patients, all but one contained one provirus molecule per 700 to 3,300 cells. When considered in conjunction with estimates of the frequency of PBMCs that express viral RNA, our results suggest that either (i) the majority of provirus-containing cells are monocytes or (ii) most provirus-containing lymphocytes are transcriptionally inactive. We also present nucleotide sequence data derived directly from provirus present in vivo which we show is not marred by the in vitro selection of potential virus variants or by errors introduced by Taq polymerase. We argue from these data that, of the provirus present in infected individuals, the proportion which is defective is not high in the regions sequenced.