gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
POTENTIAL APPLICATION OF DENDRIMERS IN DRUG DELIVERY: A CONCISE REVIEW AND UPDATE (2016)

This review gives concise information about the application of dendrimers in the field of drug delivery. Due to their unique architecture these have improved physical and chemical properties. Due to their terminal groups these show high solubility, miscibility and reactivity. Dendrimers have well defined size, shape, molecular weight and monodispersity. These properties make the dendrimers a suitable carrier in drug delivery application. Dendrimers are unimolecular miceller in nature and due to this enhances the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. Their compatibility with DNA, heparin and polyanions make them more versatile. Dendrimers, also referred as modern day polymers, they offer much more good properties than the conventional polymers. Due to their multivalent and mono disperse character dendrimers have stimulated wide interest in the field of chemistry biology, especially in applications like drug delivery, gene therapy and chemotherapy. Self assembly produces a faster means of generating nanoscopic functional and structural systems. But their actual utility in drug delivery can be assessed only after deep understanding of factors affecting their properties and their behavior in vivo. Key words: Dendrimers, Drug targeting, nanoscale carriers.
Making processing fail-safe (1982)

The author describes the Stratus/32 multiprocessor, a fault-tolerant system for commercial applications which supports on-line transaction processing, batch processing, word processing and interactive program development. It uses a combination of hardware and software that provides continuous processing of user programs during computer failure without checkpoint/restart programming at the user or system level. Central to the system's fail-safe operation are processing modules, each of which has redundant logic and communication paths, logic and CPU boards and main and disk memory. Twin components operate in parallel with each other; when one fails, its partner carries on.
Increasing the Antigenicity of Synthetic Tumor‐Associated Carbohydrate Antigens by Targeting Toll‐Like Receptors (2009)

SYNTHETIC CANCER VACCINES: A number of fully synthetic vaccine candidates have been designed, chemically synthesized, and immunologically evaluated to establish a strategy to overcome the poor immunogenicity of tumor-associated carbohydrates and glycopeptides and to determine the importance of Toll-like receptor (TLR) engagement for antigenic responses against these compounds.Epithelial cancer cells often overexpress mucins that are aberrantly glycosylated. Although it has been realized that these compounds offer exciting opportunities for the development of immunotherapy for cancer, their use is hampered by the low antigenicity of classical immunogens composed of a glycopeptide derived from a mucin conjugated to a foreign carrier protein. We have designed, chemically synthesized, and immunologically evaluated a number of fully synthetic vaccine candidates to establish a strategy to overcome the poor immunogenicity of tumor-associated carbohydrates and glycopeptides. The compounds were also designed to allow study of the importance of Toll-like receptor (TLR) engagement for these antigenic responses in detail. We have found that covalent attachment of a TLR2 agonist, a promiscuous peptide T-helper epitope, and a tumor-associated glycopeptide gives a compound (1) that elicits in mice exceptionally high titers of IgG antibodies that recognize MCF7 cancer cells expressing the tumor-associated carbohydrate. Immunizations with glycolipopeptide 2, which contains lipidated amino acids instead of a TLR2 ligand, gave significantly lower titers of IgG antibodies; this demonstrates that TLR engagement is critical for optimum antigenic responses. Although mixtures of compound 2 with Pam(3)CysSK(4) (3) or monophosphoryl lipid A (4) elicited titers of IgG antibodies similar to those seen with 1, the resulting antisera had impaired ability to recognize cancer cells. It was also found that covalent linkage of the helper T-epitope to the B-epitope is essential, probably because internalization of the helper T-epitope by B-cells requires assistance of the B-epitope. The results presented here show that synthetic vaccine development is amenable to structure-activity relationship studies for successful optimization of carbohydrate-based cancer vaccines.
Protein Splicing-Based Reconstitution of Split Green Fluorescent Protein for Monitoring Protein−Protein Interactions in Bacteria:  Improved Sensitivity and Reduced Screening Time (2001)

In this research, an improved detection system is described that allows an easy in vivo screening and selection of functional interactions between two interacting proteins in bacteria. We earlier reported a new concept for detecting protein-protein interactions based on reconstitution of split-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) by protein splicing (Ozawa, T.; et al. Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 5151-5157.): Two putative interacting proteins are genetically fused to the split VDE inteins, which are linked directly to the N- and C-terminal halves of the split EGFP. Association of the interacting proteins results in functional complementation of VDE and protein-splicing reaction that leads to formation of an EGFP fluorophore. This technique simplified detection of protein interactions, but because of the low splicing efficiency of VDE intein, its sensitivity and screening time were not enough for detecting the protein interactions directly in living cells. In this paper, we have explored the use of the DnaE split intein from Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 for intracellular reconstitution of the split EGFP. We examined efficiency of the fluorophore formation by preparing four different split-EGFP types, among which EGFP dissected at the position between 157 and 158 was found to show the strongest fluorescence intensity upon protein interactions. A time required for the formation of EGFP after protein interactions was only 4 h, as compared to 3 days with the VDE intein. The protein interactions were thereby detected by an in vivo selection and screening assay in Escherichia coli on Luria broth agar plates. This improvement permits versatile designs of screening procedures either for ligands that bind to particular proteins or for molecules or mutations that block particular interactions between two proteins of interest.
Handling Missing Values when Applying Classification Models (2007)

Much work has studied the effect of different treatments of missing values on model induction, but little work has analyzed treatments for the common case of missing values at prediction time. This paper first compares several different methods—predictive value imputation, the distributionbased imputation used by C4.5, and using reduced models—for applying classification trees to instances with missing values (and also shows evidence that the results generalize to bagged trees and to logistic regression). The results show that for the two most popular treatments, each is preferable under different conditions. Strikingly the reduced-models approach, seldom mentioned or used, consistently outperforms the other two methods, sometimes by a large margin. The lack of attention to reduced modeling may be due in part to its (perceived) expense in terms of computation or storage. Therefore, we then introduce and evaluate alternative, hybrid approaches that allow users to balance between more accurate but computationally expensive reduced modeling and the other, less accurate but less computationally expensive treatments. The results show that the hybrid methods can scale gracefully to the amount of investment in computation/storage, and that they outperform imputation even for small investments.
Cell-based cardiac repair (2009)

Myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of death in the western world. After occlusion of a coronary artery, many cardiomyocytes are damaged and replaced by a thick fibrous scar. This leads to a decline in cardiac function, and will inevitably cause death due to heart failure. Although the treatment of MI has improved dramatically over the last decades, none of the current therapies deal with the underlying cause, which is the loss of cardiomyocytes. Since the surviving cardiomyocytes cannot divide, the heart is unable to restore itself. Therefore attention turned to the possibility of cell-based cardiac repair. In this thesis several aspects of cell-based therapy are investigated. The idea behind cell-therapy is that stem or progenitor cells will be delivered to the damaged tissue, where they locally form new heart tissue. We have recently identified a population of cardiomyocyte progenitor cells (CMPCs) that is present in the fetal and adult heart. These CMPCs can form both spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes and vessel-like structures in vitro. Therefore they represent a very interesting candidate for cell-based therapy. The ability of CMPCs to repair the infarcted heart was investigated. In a mouse model for MI, CMPCs were injected into the borderzone of the infarct. During three months, heart function was measured by MRI. This analysis showed that injection of these cells prevented the deterioration of cardiac function. Interestingly, the CMPCs differentiated in vivo into new cardiomyocytes, as well as vessel-like structures. Although CMPCs were able to partially repair the heart, only small foci of new tissue were formed. In an attempt to increase the number of transplanted cells that remain in the heart, another delivery method was tested. While previously cells were directly transplanted into the infarcted heart, we chose to inject the cells into the bloodstream of the MI-mouse. CMPCs now have to home from the blood to the damaged area. As a result of the infarct, the heart produces cytokines that serve as homing signals to attract cells from the bloodstream. We showed that CMPCs carry the right tools to respond to the homing signals from the injured heart, but they cannot react adequately due to high surface levels of CD26, a migration inhibiting peptidase. We hypothesize that removing this peptidase from CMPCs may enhance their homing from the circulation to the damaged heart. This can lead to more cells in the infarcted area which may further improve cardiac function. This approach needs to be investigated further. Another option for cardiac therapy is to increase the number of progenitor cells that is present in the heart. At the moment it remains unclear what the biological function of endogenous CMPCs in the heart is. Apparently, they are unable to efficiently participate in the restoration of the damaged myocardium. To investigate the progenitor cells locally, we have generated new transgenic mouse models. Understanding the behavior of the progenitor cells after MI may lead to new methods to stimulate this population which may ultimately lead to regeneration from the inside out.
Effects of irradiation on red cells stored in CPDA-1 and CPD-ADSOL (AS-1). (1991)

Red blood cells (pRBC) collected in citrate, phosphate, dextrose, adenine-formula 1 (CPDA-1) and citrate, phosphate, dextrose-adenine, manitol saline solution (CPD-ADSOL [AS-1]) anticoagulants are increasingly being stored for variable periods in transfusion service inventories following irradiation. While anecdotal reports of increased K+ following irradiation and storage have recently appeared in the literature, concomitant in vitro biochemical changes resulting from differences in anticoagulants have not been reported. Utilizing two venipunctures, two units each of 225 mL of blood from five volunteers were collected in anticoagulant-adjusted CPDA-1 and AS-1 bags. Within two hours of collection, each unit was equally divided. One of each pair was irradiated (2000 rads). Samples were analyzed on Days 0, 1, 3, 7, and every seven days to expiration. Irradiation resulted in a 2.3 fold increase in K+ during the first seven days of storage for both anticoagulants, although significantly greater K+ levels were observed in the CPDA-1 pairs compared to the AS-1 pairs. Comparison of glucose utilization, plasma free hemoglobin, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and lactate dehydrogenase between control and irradiated CPDA-1 and AS-1 pairs and between anticoagulants were documented.
Golgi alkaline ceramidase regulates cell proliferation and survival by controlling levels of sphingosine and S1P (2006)

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a sphingolipid metabolite, promotes cell proliferation and survival whereas its precursor, sphingosine, has the opposite effects. However, much remains unknown about their regulation. Here we identify a novel human ceramidase (haCER2) that regulates the levels of both sphingosine and S1P by controlling the hydrolysis of ceramides. haCER2 is localized to the Golgi complex and is highly expressed in the placenta. High ectopic expression of haCER2 caused fragmentation of the Golgi complex and growth arrest in HeLa cells due to sphingosine accumulation. Low ectopic expression of haCER2 increased S1P without sphingosine accumulation, promoting cell proliferation in serum-free medium. This proliferative effect was suppressed by dimethylsphingosine, an inhibitor of the S1P formation, or by the RNA interference (RNAi) -mediated inhibition of S1P(1,) a G-protein-coupled receptor for S1P. The RNAi-mediated down-regulation of haCER2 enhanced the serum deprivation-induced growth arrest and apoptosis of HeLa cells, which was inhibited by addition of exogenous S1P. Serum deprivation up-regulated both haCER2 mRNA and activity in HeLa cells. haCER2 mRNA is also up-regulated in some tumors. Taken together, these results suggest that haCER2 is important for the generation of S1P and S1P-mediated cell proliferation and survival, but that its overexpression may cause cell growth arrest due to an accumulation of sphingosine.
KTN Optical Waveguide Technologies with a Large Electro-Optic Effect (2006)

KTa <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</inf> Nb <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> crystal (KTN) exhibits an extremely large quadratic electro-optic effect, which makes this material attractive for waveguide device applications. This paper reviews waveguide fabrication, and polarization independent optical switch operation.
Novel therapy for renal protection (2015)

Early identification of patients at risk for AKI is crucial to apply any protective intervention. An improved perioperative management is required to prevent AKI. Although pharmacological therapies aiming to protect AKI are under evaluation, hemodynamic optimization and avoidance of nephrotoxic drugs are critical for perioperative patient.
Hole traps in silicon dioxide (1976)

We have measured the properties of holes trapped in an SiO2 layer by application of a large electric field. The high field (1.4×107 V/cm) was obtained by applying a negative corona charge to the outer SiO2 surface of a Si-SiO2 structure. The maximum number of trapped holes was 4×1012 cm−2 and the centroid of their distribution was 130 Å from the Si interface. All holes were trapped within 320 Å of the Si interface. Photodischarge experiments show the level of the trapped holes to be at least 4–5 eV above the valence band edge. We were unable to trap holes in the SiO2 by internal photoemission of holes from the Si. A consistent picture is developed with results that are comparable to those found for trapping holes by irradiation of the SiO2 by a vacuum ultraviolet source.
Chemical Examination of Corn Bran (1942)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemical Examination of Corn BranFlorence E. HooperCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1942, 34, 6, 728–729Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1942Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1942https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50390a019https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50390a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views92Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Design, Self‐Assembly, and Molecular Structures of 3D Copper(II) Capsules Templated by BF<sub>4</sub><sup>–</sup> Guest Anions (2009)

Abstract The synthesis of two 3D M 2 L 4 copper(II) capsules, {[BF 4 ⊂(CH 3 CN) 2 Cu 2 (L 1 ) 4 ][BF 4 ] 3 } ( 1 ) and {[BF 4 ⊂(BF 4 ) 2 Cu 2 (L 1 ) 4 ][BF 4 ]} ( 2 ), by using 1,3‐(benzimidazol‐1‐ylmethyl)‐2,5‐dimethoxy‐4,6‐dimethylbenzene (L 1 ) as a semirigid exobidentate ligand and [Cu(CH 3 CN) 4 ][BF 4 ] 2 as a metallobrick is reported. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies show the encapsulation of a BF 4 – anion in 1 and 2 . Moreover, 2 displayed three coordinated BF 4 – anions, which is rare in supramolecular coordination host–guest chemistry. Remarkably, in both metallocages the weakly coordinated BF 4 – anion acts as a template and interacts with the metal center through a weak Cu ··· F contact. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Synthesen und Eigenschaften von Pyrrolindigo‐Verbindungen (1980)

Abstract 4,4′,5,5′,6,6′,7,7′‐Octahydroindigo ( 9c ), 4,4′‐Dibutyl‐5,5′‐dimethylpyrrolindigo ( 9a ) und Di(cyclo penta)pyrrolindigo ( 9d ) sowie die Kondensationsprodukte von 2‐Pyrrolin‐4‐onen mit Benzaldehyd, Isatin, Glyoxal und 2‐Methoxy‐3‐indolon, weiterhin N ‐Methyl‐ und N,N ′‐Dimethylderivate von 9c sowie Tetrahydroindigo 31 wurden synthetisiert und mit anderen Indigoiden, insbesondere den entsprechenden Benzo‐anellierten Verbindungen, verglichen. Das ungewöhnliche Verhalten von N ‐Methylindigoiden wird diskutiert. Im Borchelat 39 von 1‐Methyl‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydroindigo ist die Struktur eines fixierten, tautomeren Indigos annähernd verwirklicht.
A complexity-scalable transcoder from H.264/AVC to the new HEVC codec (2012)

The emerging video coding standard, HEVC, is currently approaching the final stage of development prior to standardization. However, the current H.264/AVC standard is very successful, and it has been widely adopted for many applications. Thus, transcoding between these codecs will be highly needed once the HEVC codec is finalised. This paper studies the performance of one of the most common techniques for heterogeneous transcoding, motion vector (MV) reuse, in a H.264/AVC to HEVC transcoder. Furthermore, it proposes a new transcoder that is capable of complexity scalability, trading off rate-distortion performance for complexity reduction. The proposed transcoder is based on a new metric to compute the similarity of the H.264/AVC MVs, which is used to decide which HEVC partitions are tested on the transcoder.
Home refinishing, lead paint, and infant blood lead levels. (1985)

We measured the blood lead levels of 249 infants semi-annually from birth to two years of age; we sampled the home paint and recorded any recent home refinishing activity. Mean blood lead from birth to age 2 years did not vary systematically with age but did correlate significantly with the amount of lead in the indoor paint (p less than .01). Refinishing activity in homes with high lead paint was associated with elevations of blood lead averaging 69 per cent.
The genetics of asthma and allergic disease: a 21st century perspective (2011)

Asthma and allergy are common conditions with complex etiologies involving both genetic and environmental contributions. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and meta-analyses of GWAS have begun to shed light on both common and distinct pathways that contribute to asthma and allergic diseases. Associations with variation in genes encoding the epithelial cell-derived cytokines, interleukin-33 (IL-33) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and the IL1RL1 gene encoding the IL-33 receptor, ST2, highlight the central roles for innate immune response pathways that promote the activation and differentiation of T-helper 2 cells in the pathogenesis of both asthma and allergic diseases. In contrast, variation at the 17q21 asthma locus, encoding the ORMDL3 and GSDML genes, is specifically associated with risk for childhood onset asthma. These and other genetic findings are providing a list of well-validated asthma and allergy susceptibility genes that are expanding our understanding of the common and unique biological pathways that are dysregulated in these related conditions. Ongoing studies will continue to broaden our understanding of asthma and allergy and unravel the mechanisms for the development of these complex traits.
Friedreich ataxia: an overview (2000)

Friedreich ataxia, an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease, is the most common of the inherited ataxias. The recent discovery of the gene that is mutated in this condition, FRDA, has led to rapid advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of Friedreich ataxia. About 98% of mutant alleles have an expansion of a GAA trinucleotide repeat in intron 1 of the gene. This leads to reduced levels of the protein, frataxin. There is mounting evidence to suggest that Friedreich ataxia is the result of accumulation of iron in mitochondria leading to excess production of free radicals, which then results in cellular damage and death. Currently there is no known treatment that alters the natural course of the disease. The discovery of the FRDA gene and its possible function has raised hope that rational therapeutic strategies will be developed.
The Examination of Gelatin Extracts and Polythionates by means of Paper Electrophoresis (1954)

The thiosulphate, tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexa-thionate ions have been shown to have decreasing mobilities during paper electrophoresis. Four polythionate ions higher than S6O6 have been found in a hydrophilic sulphur sol. The movement of anions is much retarded and made erratic by the presence of relatively large amounts of inorganic salts in the solution applied to the paper. Protein in the applied solution does not interfere with the movement of anions if the paper is buffered to an appropriate pH. The earlier conclusion that the “natural” sensitizers of gelatin are inorganic ions has been confirmed. Thiosulphate and tetrathionate have been found in the extract of a particular bone gelatin. Two anionic sensitizers have been found in the extract of a hide gelatin; one is probably tetrathionate and the other less certainly, a higher polythionate. It is suggested that sensitizers may be produced in photographic gelatins by autoxidation or oxidation of SO2. Suitable preparative methods and sensitizing and chromatographic data are indicated for the polythionates.