gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Convolutional networks for fast, energy-efficient neuromorphic computing (2016)

Deep networks are now able to achieve human-level performance on a broad spectrum of recognition tasks. Independently, neuromorphic computing has now demonstrated unprecedented energy-efficiency through a new chip architecture based on spiking neurons, low precision synapses, and a scalable communication network. Here, we demonstrate that neuromorphic computing, despite its novel architectural primitives, can implement deep convolution networks that (i) approach state-of-the-art classification accuracy across eight standard datasets encompassing vision and speech, (ii) perform inference while preserving the hardware's underlying energy-efficiency and high throughput, running on the aforementioned datasets at between 1,200 and 2,600 frames/s and using between 25 and 275 mW (effectively >6,000 frames/s per Watt), and (iii) can be specified and trained using backpropagation with the same ease-of-use as contemporary deep learning. This approach allows the algorithmic power of deep learning to be merged with the efficiency of neuromorphic processors, bringing the promise of embedded, intelligent, brain-inspired computing one step closer.
Fluorescent Molecular Thermometers Based on Polymers Showing Temperature-Induced Phase Transitions and Labeled with Polarity-Responsive Benzofurazans (2003)

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) in aqueous solution undergoes a phase transition at approximately 32 degrees C. The fluorescence properties of benzofurazans are affected by solvent polarity. We combine these two characteristics for the first time to develop sensitive fluorescent molecular thermometers. Five fluorescent monomers having a benzofurazan skeleton were synthesized, and the copolymers of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and a small quantity of the fluorescent monomer were obtained to investigate their fluorescence properties. With increase in temperature, the copolymers in water showed the temperature-induced phase transition at approximately 32 degrees C and the fluorescence intensities of the copolymers concurrently increased. Especially, for the copolymer of 4-N-(2-acryloyloxyethyl)-N-methylamino-7-N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole and NIPAM, the fluorescence intensity at 37 degrees C was 13.3-fold that seen at 29 degrees C. The sensitive range of temperature of these fluorescent molecular thermometers is changed by the replacement of the NIPAM units by N-isopropylmethacrylamide or N-n-propylacrylamide units in the copolymers. The basis of these fluorescent molecular thermometers is the decrease in the microenvironmental polarities near the main chains of the copolymers with increasing temperature, as confirmed from the maximum emission wavelengths of the benzofurazan units in the copolymers. The responses from the copolymers to the change in temperature are reversible and exactly repeatable during at least 10 cycles of heating and cooling.
Progress in Low-Power Switched Optical Interconnects (2010)

Optical links have successfully displaced electrical links when their aggregated bandwidth-distance product exceeds ~100 Gb/s-m because their link energy per bit per unit distance is lower. Optical links will continue to be adopted at distances of 1 m and below if link power falls below 1 pJ/bit/m. Providing optical links directly to a switching/routing chip can significantly improve the switched energy/bit. We present an early experimental switched CMOS-vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) system operating at Gigabit Ethernet line rates that achieves a switched interconnect energy of less than 19 pJ/bit for a fully nonblocking network with 16 ports and an aggregate capacity of 20 Gb/s/port. The CMOS-VCSEL switch achieves an optical bandwidth density of 37 Gb/s/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> even when operating at a modest line rate of 1.25 Gb/s and is capable of scaling to much higher peak bandwidth densities (~350 Gb/s/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) with 5-10 pJ/switched bit. We also review a silicon photonic system design that will lower link energies to 300 fJ/bit, while providing multiterabits per second per square millimeter bandwidth densities. This system will ultimately provide switched optical interconnect at less than a picojoule per switched bit and computer/router system energies of tens of picojoule per bit. We review progress made to date on the silicon photonic components and analyze an energy and bandwidth-density roadmap for future advances toward these goals.
Fundamental Approach to Investigate Pre-Ignition in Boosted SI Engines (2011)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A comprehensive experimental and theoretical approach was undertaken to understand the phenomenon of pre-ignition and to assess parameters to improve or even eliminate it completely. Oil mixing with fuel was identified as the leading theory of self ignition of the fuel. End of compression temperature has to meet a minimum level for pre-ignition to take place. In this work a comprehensive list of parameters were identified that have a direct and crucial role in the onset of pre-ignition including liner wetting, injection targeting, stratification, mixture motion and oil formulation. Many secondary effects were identified including ring dynamics, ring tension, spark plug electrode temperature and coolant temperature. CFD has been extensively used to understand test results including wall film, A/F ratio distribution and temperature at the end of compression when looked at in the context of fuel evaporation and mixing. Consecutive high speed imaging and other optical measurements were implemented to capture and understand pre-ignition. Quantitative post-processing techniques have been used to convert video to quantifiable parameters. A 3-D comprehensive model of ring dynamics was created to understand the stochastic nature of oil intrusion into the combustion chamber.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Metabolic and Pharmacokinetic Differentiation of STX209 and Racemic Baclofen in Humans (2012)

STX209 is an exploratory drug comprising the single, active R-enantiomer of baclofen which is in later stage clinical trials for the treatment of fragile x syndrome (FXS) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). New clinical data in this article on the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of the R- and S-enantiomers of baclofen presents scientific evidence for stereoselective metabolism of only S-baclofen to an abundant oxidative deamination metabolite that is sterically resolved as the S-enantiomeric configuration. This metabolite undergoes some further metabolism by glucuronide conjugation. Consequences of this metabolic difference are a lower Cmax and lower early plasma exposure of S-baclofen compared to R-baclofen and marginally lower urinary excretion of S-baclofen after racemic baclofen administration. These differences introduce compound-related exposure variances in humans in which subjects dosed with racemic baclofen are exposed to a prominent metabolite of baclofen whilst subjects dosed with STX209 are not. For potential clinical use, our findings suggest that STX209 has the advantage of being a biologically defined and active enantiomer.
A wheat cDNA clone which is homologous to the 17 kd heat-shock protein gene family of soybean (1989)

Journal Article A wheat cDNA clone which is homologous to the 17 kd heat-shock protein gene family of soybean Get access Elizabeth F. McElwain, Elizabeth F. McElwain Department of Genetics, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC 27695, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Steven Spiker Steven Spiker Department of Genetics, North Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC 27695, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 17, Issue 4, 25 February 1989, Page 1764, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/17.4.1764 Published: 25 February 1989 Article history Received: 18 January 1989 Published: 25 February 1989
New anti-epileptic drugs for the 21st century (2000)

Prior to 1993, there were only six major drugs available in the US for the treatment of patients with epilepsy. These included phenobarbital (PB), phenytoin (PHT), carbamazepine (CBZ), primidone (PRIM), valproic acid/sodium valproate (VPA) and ethosuximide (ESX). Of these drugs, VPA has the broadest spectrum of activity and ESX the most limited. Despite these six agents, as well as several secondary drugs, it is estimated that over 30% of patients have inadequate seizure control, while others, whose disease is adequately controlled, suffer from bothersome adverse events (AEs). Since 1993, ten new drugs have entered the worldwide market (not all in the US). Those released include felbamate (FBM), gabapentin (GBP), lamotrigine (LTG), topiramate (TPM), tiagabine (TGB), oxcarbazepine (OXC), levetiracetam (LVT), zonisamide (ZNS), clobazam (CLB) and vigabatrin (VGB). The purpose of this article is to review each of the above drugs, looking at efficacy, safety, tolerability and where they may play a role in the current treatment of epilepsy.
Subdermal progestin implant contraception (1991)

Sustained-release progestin contraceptives are a new approach to meeting a worldwide need for more effective and acceptable birth control. These contraceptive systems provide low, stable levels of synthetic progestins for periods of months to several years. Unlike earlier injectable and oral contraceptives, they do not cause peaks in progestin levels beyond those required for effective contraception, nor do they employ estrogens. For these reasons, sustained-release progestin systems are without some of the health risks attributed to birth control pills, and they are more effective, as well as easy to use, and completely reversible. They share common side effects, the most frequent of which is irregular menstrual bleeding caused by the erratic shedding of hypotrophic endometrium. Despite this and other minor side effects, most users find the sustained-release systems acceptable alternatives to other methods of contraception. Permanent or biodegradable subdermal implants, injections, intrauterine and intracervical devices, and vaginal rings are all employed as delivery systems for contraceptive progestins. The Norplant (Wyeth Ayerst, Radnor, PA) system, consisting of six silastic tubes filled with levonorgestrel and implanted under the skin, was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and is already used by more than a half million women worldwide. The other sustained-release systems are in various stages of development, at least several years away from general use. When these new methods complete clinical trials, women will be able to choose from among implants, injections, or pellets with various durations of action, all providing convenient, highly effective contraception with low risk to health.
Heat shock pretreatment protects pulmonary isografts from subsequent ischemia-reperfusion injury. (1998)

Heat pretreatment of the donor 6 hours before harvest results in increased synthesis of HSP70, which offers a dramatic protective effect against subsequent ischemia-reperfusion injury in the lung isograft.
The Gradient-Sensing Mechanism in Bacterial Chemotaxis (1972)

A "temporal gradient apparatus" has been developed that allows the motility of bacteria to be studied after they have been subjected to a sudden change from one uniform concentration of attractant to another. A sudden decrease elicits the tumbling response observed with spatial gradients; it was found, however, that a sudden increase also elicits a response, namely supercoordinated swimming. This demonstrates that chemotaxis is achieved by modulation of the incidence of tumbling both above and below its steady-state value. The initial responses gradually revert to the steady-state motility pattern characteristic of a uniform distribution of attractant. The apparent detection of a spatial gradient by the bacteria therefore involves an actual detection of a temporal gradient experienced as a result of movement through space. Potential models for the chemotactic response based on some "memory" mechanism are discussed.
Generalized mutual interdependence analysis (2009)

The mean of a data set is one trivial representation of data from one class. Recently, mutual interdependence analysis (MIA) has been successfully used to extract more involved representations, or ldquomutual featuresrdquo, accounting for samples in the class. For example a mutual feature is a speaker signature under varying channel conditions or a face signature under varying illumination conditions. A mutual representation is a linear regression that is equally correlated with all samples of the input class. We present the MIA optimization criterion from the perspectives of regression, canonical correlation analysis and Bayesian estimation. This allows us to state and solve the above criterion concisely, to contrast the MIA solution to the sample mean, and to infer other properties of its closed form, unique solution under various statistical assumptions. We define a generalized MIA solution (GMIA) and apply MIA and GMIA in a text-independent speaker verification task using the NTIMIT database. Both methods show competitive performance with equal-error-rates of 7.5 % and 6.5 % respectively over 630 speakers.
Frequent associations between CTL and T-Helper epitopes in HIV-1 genomes and implications for multi-epitope vaccine designs (2010)

Our results provide a comprehensive systematic survey of CTL, Th and Ab epitopes that are both highly conserved and co-occur together among all subtypes of HIV-1, including circulating recombinant forms. Several co-occurring epitope combinations were identified as potent candidates for inclusion in multi-epitope vaccines, including epitopes that are immuno-responsive to different arms of the host immune machinery and can enable stronger and more efficient immune responses, similar to responses achieved with adjuvant therapies. Signature of strong purifying selection acting at the nucleotide level of the associated epitopes indicates that these regions are functionally critical, although the exact reasons behind such sequence conservation remain to be elucidated.
Enhancement in the reducibility of cobalt oxides on a mesoporous silica supported cobalt catalyst (2005)

The silylation of SBA-15 enhances the reducibility of cobalt oxides on a SBA-15 supported cobalt catalyst, and consequently increases the catalytic activity for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of hydrocarbons from syngas and selectivity for longer chain products.
Carbon Nanotube Microwell Array for Sensitive Electrochemiluminescent Detection of Cancer Biomarker Proteins (2011)

This paper describes fabrication of a novel electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor array featuring capture-antibody-decorated single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) forests residing in the bottoms of 10-μL wells with hydrophobic polymer walls. Silica nanoparticles containing [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) and secondary antibodies (RuBPY-silica-Ab(2)) are employed in this system for highly sensitive two-analyte detection. Antibodies to prostate specific antigen (PSA) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were attached to the same RuBPY-silica-Ab(2) particle. The array was fabricated by forming the wells on a conductive pyrolytic graphite chip (1 in. × 1 in.) with a single connection to a potentiostat to achieve ECL. The sandwich immunoassay protocol employs antibodies attached to SWCNTs in the wells to capture analyte proteins. Then RuBPY-silica-Ab(2) is added to bind to the captured proteins. ECL is initiated in the microwells by electrochemical oxidation of tripropyl amine (TprA), which generates excited state [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) in the 100-nm particles, and is measured with a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. Separation of the analytical spots by the hydrophobic wall barriers enabled simultaneous immunoassays for two proteins in a single sample without cross-contamination. The detection limit (DL) for PSA was 1 pg mL(-1) and for IL-6 was 0.25 pg mL(-1) (IL-6) in serum. Array determinations of PSA and IL-6 in patient serum were well-correlated with single-protein ELISAs. These microwell SWCNT immunoarrays provide a simple, sensitive approach to the detection of two or more proteins.
A Guide to the Polyamines (1998)

Preface. 1: Historical Introduction, with Time Line. 2: Structures and Synthesis of the Polyamines. 3: Some Properties of the Polyamines and Their Analysis. 4: Macrocyclic Polyamines - A Digression?. 5: The Free Polyamines and Their Distribution. 6: Polyamine Oxidases and Dehydrogenases. 7: Bacterial Metabolism and the Pollyamines. 8: The Biosynthesis and Metabolism of the Diamines in Bacteria. 9: Spermidine and Other Bacterial Polyamines. 10: Model Eukaryotic Systems: Some Fungi, Slime Molds. 11: Polyamines and the Animal Cell. 12: The Pathways of Polyamine Metabolism in Animal Cells. 13: Biosynthetic Enzymes of Animal Tissue and Cells: The Properties and Regulation of Ornithine Decarboxylase. 14: The Mammalian Biosynthetic Enzymes (Part II). 15: Cancer: On the Biochemistry of Carcinogenesis Initiation. 16: Polyamine Metabolism and the Promotion of Tumor Growth. 17: Cancers - Controlling the Disease. 18: Mostly Protozoans - Some Third World Parasites. 19: The Viruses. 20: Plant Metabolism. 21: Molecular Reactions at Cell Surfaces. 22: Molecular Reactions with Intracellular Polymers A. 23: Molecular Reactions with Intracellular Polymers B: Transfer RNA and DNA
Managed Care in Transition (2001)

Managed care now dominates health care in the United States. By 1999, only 8 percent of persons with employer-sponsored health insurance coverage had traditional indemnity insurance.1 This reflects a sea change in the past two decades — not just in the financing of health insurance but also in the way medicine is practiced.The rapid growth of managed care is not primarily due to enthusiasm for this approach on the part of patients or providers. Patients have had mixed reactions to managed care; they like the low copayments and reduced paperwork but view some managed-care practices as emphasizing cost control . . .
The Synthesis of Two Phenacetin Metabolites (1972)

A new metabolite of phenacetin was identified as 4-hydroxy-3-methylthioacetanilide (11). The synthesis of 11 and the isomeric 4-hydroxy-2-methylthioacetanilide (4) as well as that of the previously reported phenacetin metabolite 3-[(5-acetamido-2-hydroxyphenyl)thio]alanine (18) is described.
Risks for All-Cause Mortality, Cardiovascular Disease, and Diabetes Associated With the Metabolic Syndrome (2005)

These estimates suggest that the population-attributable fraction for the metabolic syndrome, as it is currently conceived, is approximately 6-7% for all-cause mortality, 12-17% for cardiovascular disease, and 30-52% for diabetes. Further research is needed to establish the use of the metabolic syndrome in predicting risk for death, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes in various population subgroups.
Development of methodology for the synthesis of stereochemically pure Phe.psi.[CH2N]Pro linkages in HIV protease inhibitors (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDevelopment of methodology for the synthesis of stereochemically pure Phe.psi.[CH2N]Pro linkages in HIV protease inhibitorsMark Cushman, Young Im Oh, Terry D. Copeland, Stephen Oroszlan, and Stuart W. SnyderCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 13, 4161–4167Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00013a017https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00013a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views281Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Novel Method to Measure Access Flow During Hemodialysis by Ultrasound Velocity Dilution Technique (1995)

This article presents the theory and bench validation of access flow measurement by ultrasound velocity dilution. Reversal of dialysis lines creates a zone of mixing in the vascular access, allowing the use of dilution technique for access flow measurement. The method of sound velocity dilution sensor calibration was analyzed. A single sensor system was investigated for blood circulation and isothermal injections. A dual sensor system was investigated with heated hypertonic saline circulation for both body temperature (isothermal) and room temperature (cold) injections. The accuracy of in vitro access flow measurement was studied on a two pump bench model, dialysis line flow was varied from 200 to 400 ml/min, access flow was varied from 300 to 2500 ml/min. For the dual sensor system, dilution access measurements tracked a gravimetrically calibrated in-line flow sensor within 3.25 +/- 0.34% for isothermal injections, and within 5.81 +/- 0.43% for cold injections. Measurements were repeatable within 3% independent of the temperature of the injected saline. For the single sensor system, results tracked the in-line flow sensor within 3.83 +/- 0.79%. These data show that access flow can be accurately measured by sound velocity dilution technique.
Integrated Lithographic Molding for Microneedle-Based Devices (2007)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> This paper presents a new fabrication method consisting of lithographically defining multiple layers of high aspect-ratio photoresist onto preprocessed silicon substrates and release of the polymer by the lost mold or sacrificial layer technique, coined by us as lithographic molding. The process methodology was demonstrated fabricating out-of-plane polymeric hollow microneedles. First, the fabrication of needle tips was demonstrated for polymeric microneedles with an outer diameter of 250 <formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$\mu\hbox{m}$</tex></formula> , through-hole capillaries of 75-<formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$\mu\hbox{m}$</tex></formula> diameter and a needle shaft length of 430 <formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$\mu\hbox{m}$</tex></formula> by lithographic processing of SU-8 onto simple v-grooves. Second, the technique was extended to gain more freedom in tip shape design, needle shaft length and use of filling materials. A novel combination of silicon dry and wet etching is introduced that allows highly accurate and repetitive lithographic molding of a complex shape. Both techniques consent to the lithographic integration of microfluidic back plates forming a patch-type device. These microneedle-integrated patches offer a feasible solution for medical applications that demand an easy to use Point-of-Care sample collector, for example, in blood diagnostics for lithium therapy. Although microchip capillary electrophoresis glass devices were addressed earlier, here, we show for the first time the complete diagnostic method based on microneedles made from SU-8.<formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$\hfill$</tex></formula>[2006-0110] </para>