gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultrawideband Low-Profile Arrays of Tightly Coupled Antenna Elements: Excitation, Termination and Feeding Methods (2011)

The need for high resolution imaging radars and high data rate telecommunications has direct implications for the employed antennas.Specifically, modern RF front-ends require ultra-wideband (UWB) performance using low profile antennas for inconspicuous installation.Other functionalities such as beam steering and multiple input multiple output (MIMO) are highly desired in an effort to create diverse, multi-functioning antenna systems.To this end, antenna arrays have been successfully used for beam steering and MIMO applications.However, a key limitation is narrow bandwidth and often bulky size (i.e.non-conformal).Also, in the past, arrays were designed to have minimum mutual coupling.This itself limited their bandwidth to that of their individual antenna elements.More recently, a novel class of antennas referred to as "tightly coupled phased arrays" (TCPAs) were shown to exhibit UWB performance while residing on a thin substrate.In contrast to traditional arrays, TCPAs utilize the mutual capacitance between array elements to counteract the ground plane inductance.Typically, TCPAs provide very large bandwidths (up to 5 : 1) while maintaining small thickness (/10 at the lowest operational frequency).It has been shown that TCPAs are a class of metamaterial antennas, and thus inherently provide significant wave slow-down that can be harnessed for miniaturization.This miniaturization can be exploited for bandwidth increase.Specifically, utilization of the wave slow-down resulted in a novel UWB interwoven spiral array (ISPA) that achieved 10 : 1 bandwidth using /23 thickness.
Novel Mechanism of Glass Delamination in Type 1A Borosilicate Vials Containing Frozen Protein Formulations (2013)

In recent years, glass flakes have been observed in parenteral liquid formulations due to chemical delamination during long-term storage, resulting in a number of product recalls. In our study, we discovered a novel mechanism of glass delamination in vials containing frozen protein formulations. This glass delamination mechanism has never been reported before, and we believe this work will benefit the pharmaceutical scientific community, especially the biotechnology and parenteral drug industries. Storing protein formulations in the frozen state typically improves stability during long-term storage as a drug substance or as a drug product. The frozen state minimizes chemical degradation and physical instability. However, the frozen state is not an optimal storage condition for the glass vial itself. In this study, we observed that after thawing, small, flake-like pieces of glass particles (i.e., lamellae) appeared in vials containing frozen protein formulation. To investigate the root cause, we performed a series of freeze-thaw experiments and characterized the lamellae particles, the vial inner surface, and the elemental composition of the solution. The root cause was determined to be mechanical stress caused by thermal contraction of frozen protein formulations below -30 °C. This contraction caused an inward glass deformation on the vial sidewall and, subsequently, the glass vial surface abruptly separated from frozen protein formulation. Under this mechanical stress, small, thin glass pieces were peeled from the vial inner surface by the frozen formulation, causing lamellae formation. The experimental design and results leading to the discovery of the novel glass delamination mechanism are presented in detail in this article.
Deacetylation of Chitosan: Material Characterization and in vitro Evaluation via Albumin Adsorption and Pre-Osteoblastic Cell Cultures (2011)

Degree of deacetylation (DDA) and molecular weight (MW) of chitosans are important to their physical and biological properties. In this study, two chitosans, HS (DDA = 73.3%) and AT (DDA = 76.8%), were deacetylated with 45% sodium hydroxide under nitrogen atmosphere at 80 °C or 90 °C for up to 120 min, to obtain two series of chitosans. The polymers produced were characterized for MW by gel permeation chromatography, DDA by titration and UV-vis methods, and crystallinity, hydrophilicity and thermal stability by X-ray diffraction, water contact angle and differential scanning calorimetry respectively. Films, made by solution casting in dilute acetic acid at ambient conditions, were evaluated for biological activity by albumin adsorption and the attachment and growth of a pre-osteoblast cell line. Chitosans with between 80-93% DDA's (based on titration) were reproducibly obtained. Even though deacetylation under nitrogen was supposed to limit chain degradation during decetylation, MW decreased (by maximum of 37.4% of HS and 63.0% for AT) with increasing deacetylation reaction time and temperature. Crystallinity and decomposition temperature increased and water contact angles decreased with processing to increase DDA. Significantly less albumin was absorbed on films made with 93% DDA chitosans as compared with the original materials and the AT chitosans absorbed less than the HS chitosans. The cells on higher DDA chitosan films grew faster than those on lower DDA films. In conclusion, processing conditions increased DDA and influenced physicochemical and biological properties. However, additional studies are needed to unambiguously determine the influence of DDA or MW on in vitro and in vivo performance of chitosan materials for bone/implant applications.
Discovering the Local Location Information Server (LIS) (2010)

A method is described for the discovery of a Location Information
Server. The method uses a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
option. DHCP options are defined for both IPv4 and IPv6 DHCP. A URI-
enabled NAPTR (U-NAPTR) method is described for use where the DHCP
option is unsuccessful. This document defines a U-NAPTR Application
Service for a LIS, with a specific Application Protocol for the HTTP
Enabled Location Delivery (HELD) protocol.
Immunobiological studies on the alopecic (DEBR) rat (1990)

The Dundee experimental bald rat (DEBR) has been proposed as an animal model of human alopecia areata, which is suspected of being an autoimmune disease. This study was carried out to establish whether the immunological changes observed in the lesional DEBR rat correlated with studies of human alopecia areata. The immune infiltrate was characterized using immunoperoxidase techniques on cryostat sections of vibrissa follicles. Indirect immunofluorescence was used to quantify the peripheral blood leucocytes. Some parallels were observed in the infiltration of human and DEBR rat follicles by T lymphocytes. In contrast, pre-lesional DEBR rat follicles, which are not available for investigation in human alopecia areata, were not penetrated by leucocytes and MHC class II antigens were expressed in the precortical region of the epidermal component of these follicles. Quantification of peripheral blood leucocytes showed significant increases in both T-lymphocyte subsets during lesional expression. We consider that the pre-lesional form of the rat may provide important information as a model for the pre-lesional and uninvestigated form of alopecia areata in man.
The Effect of Argon Cold Plasma on Water Absorption of Cotton (1977)

Cotton printcloth was treated with low-temperature, low-pressure argon plasma created by passing argon gas through a radiofrequency electric field of 13.56 MHz. Fabrics were exposed to plasma for 0–90 min. Pressure was maintained at 100 millitorrs and RF power at 40 watts. Plasma-treated cottons wetted readily and uniformly with water and aqueous dye solutions. Loss of weight on relatively long plasma treatment was greater than that due to usual removal of moisture under reduced pressure. Spectral changes observed by x-ray photoelectron-emission spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy indicated surface oxidation of the cotton, and electron-spin-resonance spectra showed presence of free radicals. Although surface oxidation occurred, gross topographical changes of the cotton surface were not evident, even when viewed under the scanning electron microscope. The rate of wetting of argon-activated cotton was significantly greater than it was prior to plasma treatment. At comparable immersion times the amount of water wicked into an argon-activated cotton fabric was about twice that taken up by untreated material. The rate of drying was also faster after plasma treatment.
Organization and expression of the rat kallikrein gene family (1989)

We have cloned and characterized eight members of the kallikrein gene family from rat genomic DNA. Three of the cloned genes correspond to the previously characterized kallikrein family mRNAs PS, S2, and P1, which encode true kallikrein, tonin, and a novel kallikrein-like enzyme, respectively. In two cases, two kallikrein family genes are located on single genomic clones, suggesting close linkage of this family in the rat genome. Based on the total number of cloned genes and mRNAs, the minimum size of the rat family is 11 genes. Comparisons between the rat genes demonstrate a high degree of nucleotide sequence identity (greater than 80%) in exonic, intronic, and nearby flanking regions. This extensive sequence conservation not limited to clearly functional domains suggests that concerted evolution of this gene family has occurred. Despite the high overall sequence conservation among the rat family members, several discrete regions of high variability exist in the coding regions. We have defined the tissue-specific expression of the PS (true kallikrein), S2 (tonin), and S3 mRNAs with gene-specific oligonucleotide probes derived from these variant regions. PS is expressed in a wide range of tissues, while S2 mRNA is restricted to the submaxillary gland and S3 mRNA to the submaxillary and prostate glands. The high sequence conservation within the upstream flanking regions of these genes suggests that a small number of nucleotide differences determines the disparate transcriptional specificity of individual family members.
Detection of Viable <i>Cryptosporidium </i><i>p</i><i>arvum</i> Using DNA-Modified Liposomes in a Microfluidic Chip (2001)

This paper describes a microfluidic chip that enables the detection of viable Cryptosporidium parvum by detecting RNA amplified by nucleic-acid-sequence-based amplification (NASBA). The mRNA serving as the template for NASBA is produced by viable C. parvum as a response to heat shock. The chip utilizes sandwich hybridization by hybridizing the NASBA-generated amplicon between capture probes and reporter probes in a microfluidic channel. The reporter probes are tagged with carboxyfluorescein-filled liposomes. These liposomes, which generate fluorescence intensities not obtainable from single fluorophores, allow the detection of very low concentrations of targets. The limit of detection of the chip is 5 fmol of amplicon in 12.5 microL of sample solution. Samples of C. parvum that underwent heat shock, extraction, and amplification by NASBA were successfully detected and clearly distinguishable from controls. This was accomplished without having to separate the amplified RNA from the NASBA mixture. The microfluidic chip can easily be modified to detect other pathogens. We envision its use in mu-total analysis systems (mu-TAS) and in DNA-array chips utilized for environmental monitoring of pathogens.
Connective Tissue Growth Factor Is Overexpressed in Complicated Atherosclerotic Plaques and Induces Mononuclear Cell Chemotaxis In Vitro (2005)

Objective— Atherosclerotic blood vessels overexpress connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) mRNA, but the role of CTGF in atherosclerosis remains controversial. To assess the hypothesis that CTGF is involved in atherosclerotic plaque progression, we investigated CTGF protein expression and distribution in the different types of plaque morphology. Methods and Results— Serial cross-sections of 45 human carotid plaques were immunohistochemically analyzed for the presence of CTGF protein, neovascularization (von Willebrand factor), macrophages (CD68), and T cells (CD3). The lesions were categorized according to American Heart Association (AHA) classification as fibrous (type IV and V) or complicated plaques (type VI). The levels of CTGF were significantly higher in complicated compared with fibrous plaques ( P =0.002). CTGF accumulated particularly in the rupture-prone plaque shoulder and in the areas of neovascularization or infiltration with inflammatory cells. Macrophage-like cells stained positive for CTGF protein in plaques. Subsequent in vitro studies showed that although monocyte-derived macrophages do not produce CTGF on stimulation with transforming growth factor-β, lipopolysaccharide, or thrombin, they take it up from culture medium. Furthermore, CTGF induces mononuclear cell chemotaxis in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion— CTGF protein is significantly increased in complicated compared with fibrous plaques and may enhance monocyte migration into atherosclerotic lesions, thus contributing to atherogenesis.
Optimized differential display and reamplification parameters for silver staining. (1997)

Differential display (DD) is a powerful instrument to detect differences in gene expression of malignant and normal cells. An optimized silver staining protocol was used to compare mRNA expression of keratinocytes and squamous cell carcinoma cells of the head and neck. Optimal concentration for upstream and downstream primer was 0.2 microM. Best primer concentrations for reamplification were between 40 and 60 pM. With this optimized protocol nearly 50 differentially expressed transcripts have been identified and differential display can be applied safer, easier, and faster, than by radioactive labeling.
Characterization and Clinical Evaluation of CD10+ Stroma Cells in the Breast Cancer Microenvironment (2012)

Our results highlight the importance of CD10(+) cells in breast cancer prognosis and efficacy of chemotherapy, particularly within the HER2(+) breast cancer disease.
Efficient end-to-end authentication protocols for mobile networks (2002)

For conventional authentication protocols, distribution of session keys and maintenance of large databases are serious problems especially for large-scale wireless networks. ID-based authentication protocol eliminates the problem while it contributes the heavy computation load. We propose a hybrid end-to-end authentication and key agreement (AKA) protocol which provides authentication and key exchange between both end entities. It not only eliminates the drawbacks of conventional protocols but also reduces the computation load. Services of message confidentiality, caller ID confidentiality, service request intractability, and fraud control are provided. Roaming and handover, are also taken into consideration here.
Recombinant core particles of hepatitis B virus exposing foreign antigenic determinants on their surface (1989)

Insertion of foreign oligopeptide sequences (40-50 amino acids in length) into the Pro144 position of hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) leads to the formation of chimeric capsids in Escherichia coli cells. These capsids are morphologically and immunologically similar to native HBcAg, but expose the inserted oligopeptides on their outer surface and exhibit antigenic and immunogenic characteristics of the latter. As a source of model antigenic determinants, the appropriate DNA copies excised from cloned viral genes such as the pre-S region of hepatitis B virus, the transmembrane protein gp41 of human immunodeficiency virus 1 and the envelope protein gp51 of bovine leukemia virus have been used. The localization of the inserted antigenic determinants on the surface of chimeric capsids does not depend on the presence or absence of the arginine-rich, 39 amino acid-long C terminus of HBcAg.
Floor Control Alternatives for Distributed Videoconferencing over IP Networks (2006)

Applications that require the communication of multiple video streams can consume considerable bandwidth and computing resources, which poses a challenge for the widespread use of videoconferencing over the IP Internet. On the one hand, the bandwidth of the link connecting a given participant to a videoconferencing session may not be enough to support many video streams at bit rates of 500 kbps or more, especially when the participant is connecting to the rest of the Internet through a wireless link. On the other hand, the processing capacity of a participating site may not be enough to decode several video streams in real time. This paper explores the use of floor control over videoconferencing applications as a means to support videoconferences with many participating sites, but with a processing and communication overhead per site that is equivalent to a two-party videoconference. The main tradeoff we explore is the scalability attained with floor control versus the latencies incurred with floor transitions, which can be much too disruptive to the videoconference participants. We present a viable compromise in which only the video stream of the "floor holder" is sent to all sites, but the floor-passing protocol is such that it supports a brief overlap of the transmissions from the old and the new floor holder, such that the participants in the videoconference can instantaneously switch over to the media streams of the next speaker in an apparently seamless transition. Experimental results and implementation in a research video-conferencing system show that the proposed protocol can run effectively, eliminating race conditions, while maintaining scalability and reliability
Real time visual traffic lights recognition based on Spot Light Detection and adaptive traffic lights templates (2009)

This paper introduces a new real-time traffic light recognition system for on-vehicle camera applications. This approach has been tested with good results in urban scenes. Thanks to the use of our generic "adaptive templates" it would be possible to recognize different kinds of traffic lights from various countries. Our approach is mainly based on a spot detection algorithm therefore able to detect lights from a high distance with the main advantage of being not so sensitive to motion blur and illumination variations. The detected spots together with other shape analysis form strong hypothesis we feed our adaptive templates matcher with. Even though it is still in progress, our system was validated in real conditions in our prototype vehicle and also using registered video sequences. We noticed a high rate of correctly recognized traffic lights and very few false alarms. Processing is performed in real-time on 640 times 480 images using a 2.9 GHz single core desktop computer.
Spontaneous Transfer of <i>Para</i>hydrogen Derived Spin Order to Pyridine at Low Magnetic Field (2009)

The cationic iridium complex [Ir(COD)(PCy(3))(py)]BF(4) (1) is shown to react with dihydrogen in the presence of pyridine (py) to form the dihydride complex fac,cis-[Ir(PCy(3))(py)(3)(H)(2)]BF(4) (2). Complex 2 undergoes rapid exchange of the two bound pyridine ligands which are trans to hydride with free pyridine; the activation parameters for this process in methanol are DeltaH(double dagger) = 97.4 +/- 9 kJ mol(-1) and DeltaS(double dagger) = 84 +/- 31 J K(-1) mol(-1). When parahydrogen is employed as a source of nuclear spin polarization, spontaneous magnetization transfer proceeds in low magnetic field from the two nascent hydride ligands of 2 to its other NMR active nuclei. Upon interrogation by NMR spectroscopy in a second step, signal enhancements in excess of 100 fold are observed for the (1)H, (13)C and (15)N resonances of free pyridine after ligand exchange. The degree of signal enhancement in the free substrate is increased by employing electronically rich and sterically encumbered phosphine ligands such as PCy(3), PCy(2)Ph, or P(i)Pr(3) and by optimizing the strength of the magnetic field in which polarization transfer occurs.
Optical numeral recognition algorithm for seven segment display (2016)

The paper discusses an algorithm for the recognition of seven segment numbers on a display, so that the algorithm can be utilized for applications such as automated reading of LCD-based meters. The algorithm outlines a 7-step process consisting of four types of operations-Object Detection, Noise Removal, Image Segmentation and Numeral Recognition based on pixel density feature extraction. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated, by simulation and field tests, for robustness to variations of digit positions, brightness, contrast, tilt and noise. The recognition rate of the algorithm is 79% when tested over a wide range of variation in illumination and angular tilt conditions.
Acute reoxygenation injury in the isolated rat heart: role of resident cardiac mast cells. (1988)

Leukocyte-mediated myocardial reperfusion injury is characterized by the progressive migration and accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes within the myocardium. In this study, we hypothesized that leukocytes normally resident to the myocardium also contribute to myocardial injury in the absence of migration and accumulation of peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In isolated crystalloid-perfused rat hearts, we found numerous resident cardiac leukocytes that were identified primarily as macrophages and mast cells, the latter staining avidly for peroxidase. When hypoxic perfused hearts (60 minutes, n = 16) were reoxygenated there was a prompt release of this peroxidase activity, the extent of which correlated closely with the degree of myocardial injury (total creatine kinase release, r = 0.96). When reoxygenation associated mast cell degranulation was prevented in six additional hypoxic hearts using 10 microM Lodoxamide Tromethamine, peroxidase release was reduced 7.8-fold (p less than 0.001) and creatine kinase release (injury) was reduced 5.9-fold (p less than 0.001). These results demonstrate that the isolated crystalloid-perfused rat heart is not a leukocyte-free preparation and suggest that mast cells resident to the heart play an important role in acute reoxygenation injury.
Lumbar Disc Disorders and Low-Back Pain: Socioeconomic Factors and Consequences (2006)

Socioeconomic factors are important risk factors for lumbar pain and disability. The total costs of low-back pain in the United States exceed $100 billion per year. Two-thirds of these costs are indirect, due to lost wages and reduced productivity. Each year, the fewer than 5% of the patients who have an episode of low-back pain account for 75% of the total costs. Because indirect costs rely heavily on changes in work status, total costs are difficult to calculate for many women and students as well as elderly and disabled patients. These methodologic challenges notwithstanding, the toll of lumbar disc disorders is enormous, underscoring the critical importance of identifying strategies to prevent these disorders and their consequences.
Manufacture of Nonfat Yogurt from a High Milk Protein Powder (1992)

Nonfat yogurts were manufactured from skim milk fortified with a new high milk protein powder. The powder, containing approximately 84% milk protein, was added to skim milk to obtain 5.2 to 11.3% total protein, 11.1 to 15% total solids, and 1.6 to 7.9% lactose in the yogurt mix. Mixes were homogenized, pasteurized at 90 degrees C for 10 min, and fermented with a yogurt culture at 42 degrees C to pH 4.6. Controls were made from the same skim milk fortified with NDM to approximately 14% total solids. Yogurts made with the protein powder and containing 5.6% protein were similar in firmness to the control and had good flavor when fresh and after 2 wk of storage. Yogurts with more than 5.6% protein were too firm and had an astringent flavor. Acetaldehyde content of all yogurts was comparable with that of the control, and fat content ranged from .18 to .33%. As the protein content of yogurts increased, the porosity of yogurts, as seen by scanning electron microscopy, decreased. Good quality nonfat yogurts can be produced by supplementing skim milk with a high milk protein powder up to 5.6% protein. The added protein assists in providing a firm body and minimal whey separation without the use of stabilizers.