gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Routing Networks: Adaptive Selection of Non-linear Functions for Multi-Task Learning (2017)

Multi-task learning (MTL) with neural networks leverages commonalities in tasks to improve performance, but often suffers from task interference which reduces the benefits of transfer. To address this issue we introduce the routing network paradigm, a novel neural network and training algorithm. A routing network is a kind of self-organizing neural network consisting of two components: a router and a set of one or more function blocks. A function block may be any neural network - for example a fully-connected or a convolutional layer. Given an input the router makes a routing decision, choosing a function block to apply and passing the output back to the router recursively, terminating when a fixed recursion depth is reached. In this way the routing network dynamically composes different function blocks for each input. We employ a collaborative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) approach to jointly train the router and function blocks. We evaluate our model against cross-stitch networks and shared-layer baselines on multi-task settings of the MNIST, mini-imagenet, and CIFAR-100 datasets. Our experiments demonstrate a significant improvement in accuracy, with sharper convergence. In addition, routing networks have nearly constant per-task training cost while cross-stitch networks scale linearly with the number of tasks. On CIFAR-100 (20 tasks) we obtain cross-stitch performance levels with an 85% reduction in training time.
Sub-100ppb/&amp;#x00B0;C temperature stability in thermally actuated high frequency silicon resonators via degenerate phosphorous doping and bias current optimization (2010)

In this work, we study temperature drift behavior of thermally actuated high frequency single crystalline silicon resonators and demonstrate temperature compensation of such via a combination of N-type degenerate doping and adjustment of the operating bias current. Significant suppression of the large negative temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) for the resonators (-40ppm/°C) has been demonstrated using phosphorous degenerate doping resulting in even slightly positive TCF for some of the devices. Furthermore, it is shown that the TCF for such resonators can be fine tuned by changing the operating bias current enabling very close to zero TCF to be realized. Temperature compensation results for several resonators with different frequencies ranging from 3MHz to 60MHz are presented. TCF as low as -0.05ppm/°C (-50ppb/°C) has been demonstrated for an 8.2MHz resonator, which to the best of our knowledge is the lowest reported value for silicon-based micromechanical resonators.
Effect of Doxycycline‐Regulated ERp57 Expression on Specific Thrombopoietin Productivity of Recombinant CHO Cells (2003)

In an attempt to increase the specific thrombopoietin (TPO) productivity (q(TPO)) of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cells (TPO-33), the effect of expression level of ERp57, an isoform of protein disulfide isomerase, on q(TPO) was investigated. To regulate ERp57 expression level, the Tet-Off system was first introduced in TPO-33 cells and stable Tet-Off cells (TPO-33-Tet-Off) were screened by the luciferase assay. The rCHO cells with a doxycycline-regulated ERp57 expression system (TPO-33-ERp57) were obtained by cotransfection of pTRE-ERp57 and pTK-Hyg expression vectors into TPO-33-Tet-Off cells and subsequent screening by Western blot analysis of ERp57 and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of secreted TPO. Western blot analysis showed that ERp57 expression level in TPO-33-ERp57 cells could be regulated tightly by the addition of different concentrations of doxycycline to a culture medium. A doxycycline concentration of 1 microg/mL, which did not influence cell growth and TPO production of TPO-33-Tet-Off cells, was high enough to suppress the ERp57 expression to a basal level. Compared with the basal level, a 1.7-fold increase in ERp57 expression level was obtained in the absence of doxycycline. This increased expression level of ERp57 resulted in a 2.1-fold increase in q(TPO) without growth inhibition, probably as a result of the chaperone-like activity of ERp57 in CHO cells. Taken together, the results obtained here demonstrate that q(TPO) of rCHO cells can be increased by elevating the expression level of ERp57.
Powder-blasting technology as an alternative tool for microfabrication of capillary electrophoresis chips with integrated conductivity sensors (2001)

The fabrication and characterization of a microfluidic device for capillary electrophoresis applications is presented. The device consists of a glass chip which contains a single separation channel as well as an integrated conductivity detection cell. In contrast to most microfluidic glass devices the channels are not wet etched in HF but machined by the newly developed micro powder-blasting technique which allows the creation of microstructures below 100 μm, and additionally makes parallel hole machining at very low costs outside the cleanroom environment possible [1, 2]. The integration of the conductivity detector was achieved by leading two thin-film metal electrodes inside the separation channel. For rapid sample injection the chip is mounted inside an autosampler-based capillary electrophoresis platform. The detection electrodes for conductivity detection are read out by lock-in amplifier electronics. First measurements show the successful separation of various ions in the sub-millimeter range.
Chimeric Dengue 2 PDK-53/West Nile NY99 Viruses Retain the Phenotypic Attenuation Markers of the Candidate PDK-53 Vaccine Virus and Protect Mice against Lethal Challenge with West Nile Virus (2005)

Chimeric dengue serotype 2/West Nile (D2/WN) viruses expressing prM-E of WN NY99 virus in the genetic background of wild-type D2 16681 virus and two candidate D2 PDK-53 vaccine variants (PDK53-E and PDK53-V) were engineered. The viability of the D2/WN viruses required incorporation of the WN virus-specific signal sequence for prM. Introduction of two mutations at M-58 and E-191 in the chimeric cDNA clones further improved the viability of the chimeras constructed in all three D2 carriers. Two D2/WN chimeras (D2/WN-E2 and -V2) engineered in the backbone of the PDK53-E and -V viruses retained all of the PDK-53 vaccine characteristic phenotypic markers of attenuation and were immunogenic in mice and protected mice from a high-dose 10(7) PFU challenge with wild-type WN NY99 virus. This report further supports application of the genetic background of the D2 PDK-53 virus as a carrier for development of live-attenuated, chimeric flavivirus vaccines in general and the development of a chimeric D2/WN vaccine virus against WN disease in particular.
Maximum likelihood estimation of SNR using digitally modulated signals (2007)

The problem of estimating two measures of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is investigated, both for static and slowly fading channels without memory. Maximum likelihood SNR estimators that use digitally modulated signals are derived for sampled signal processing receivers as well as continuous time signal processing receivers. The performances of the estimators are examined analytically in terms of biases and root-mean-squared errors. Numerical results are presented to show their good performances
Nonlinear frequency conversion with passively Q-switched microchip lasers (1996)

Summary form only given. To generate the UV harmonics of the microchip laser output, we used antireflection-coated pieces of BaB/sub 2/O/sub 4/ oriented for type-I phase matching. In all cases, the crystals were 5-mm long, had flat faces, and were placed in the output path of the Nd:YAG laser with nointervening optics. The 532-nm green radiation was doubled to produce 266-nm UV radiation with 20% energy efficiency.
Fixed Bed Adsorption of Acetone and Ammonia onto Oxidized Activated Carbon Fibers (1999)

The tailoring of the pore surface chemistry of activated carbon fibers is shown to be an effective method for increasing the removal efficiencies of various contaminants under a fixed bed configuration. An oxidation treatment with nitric and sulfuric acids resulted in a significant increase in the adsorption capacities and breakthrough times. The adsorption kinetics were described by a homogeneous surface diffusion model. Although the effective diffusion coefficients were actually reduced by the oxidation process, the improvement in equilibrium adsorption capacities more than compensated, to result in the overall improved breakthrough times.
An expression profile analysis of ES cell-derived definitive endodermal cells and Pdx1-expressing cells (2011)

We identified 27 genes, including 4 novel genes expressed in DE and pancreatic progenitor cells during normal development using an ES cell in vitro differentiation system. These results showed that DE cells and Pdx1/GFP-expressing cells obtained from our M15 based differentiation method mimic cells during the normal developmental processes. Additionally, ES cells are an excellent model for studies of early developmental processes.
LXR/RXR activation enhances basolateral efflux of cholesterol in CaCo-2 cells (2002)

Regulation of gene expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC)A1 and ABCG1 by liver X receptor/retinoid X receptor (LXR/RXR) ligands was investigated in the human intestinal cell line CaCo-2. Neither the RXR ligand, 9-cis retinoic acid, nor the natural LXR ligand 22-hydroxycholesterol alone altered ABCA1 mRNA levels. When added together, ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNA levels were increased 3- and 7-fold, respectively. T0901317, a synthetic non-sterol LXR agonist, increased ABCA1 and ABCG1 gene expression 11- and 6-fold, respectively. ABCA1 mass was increased by LXR/RXR activation. T0901317 or 9-cis retinoic acid and 22-hydroxycholesterol increased cholesterol efflux from basolateral but not apical membranes. Cholesterol efflux was increased by the LXR/RXR ligands to apolipoprotein (apo)A-I or HDL but not to taurocholate/phosphatidylcholine micelles. Actinomycin D prevented the increase in ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNA levels and the increase in cholesterol efflux induced by the ligands. Glyburide, an inhibitor of ABCA1 activity, attenuated the increase in basolateral cholesterol efflux induced by T0901317. LXR/RXR activation decreased the esterification and secretion of cholesterol esters derived from plasma membranes. Thus, in CaCo-2 cells, LXR/RXR activation increases gene expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 and the basolateral efflux of cholesterol, suggesting that ABCA1 plays an important role in intestinal HDL production and cholesterol absorption.
High‐quality nonpolar <i>m</i> ‐plane GaN substrates grown by HVPE (2008)

Abstract Relatively large size (about 10 mm × 10 mm) m ‐plane GaN substrates are grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). The high crystalline quality of the substrates was observed by X‐ray diffraction analysis. Typical full widths at half maximum values of X‐ray rocking curves measured for the (10 $ \bar 1 $ 0) and (10 $ \bar 1 $ 2) reflections were 25–35 arcsec and 30–40 arcsec, respectively. The defect density distribution was analyzed from the [10 $ \bar 1 $ 0] direction by the cathodeluminescence method. The dark spot density decreased in the growth direction and could be as low as 2.5 × 10 5 cm –2 . No stacking faults could be seen. The surface roughness after the lapping, polishing and cleaning was measured by atomic force microscopy and the RMS roughness was 0.072 nm. All of the phonon modes that the selection rules allow have been observed in polarized Raman measurements. High‐quality large‐size m ‐plane GaN substrates will enable the realization of commercial production of nonpolar devices. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dynamic template generation for resource sharing in control and data flow graphs (2006)

High-level synthesis compilers often produce reoccurring patterns in intermediate CDFGs during translation. By identifying large reoccurring patterns, one may reduce area and communication overhead by efficiently reusing hardware for multiple operations. This paper presents an algorithm for dynamically generating templates of reoccurring patterns for resource sharing in CDFGs. Results show 40-80% resource reduction using small, incremental template growth, and variations within a 5% margin among varying look-ahead depths.
Influence of Enteric‐Coated Lactose on the Release Profile of 4‐Aminopyridine from HPMC Matrix Tablets (2004)

A weakly basic experimental drug, 4-aminopyridine, was taken as a model to study the influence of enteric-coated lactose (EL) on the release profile from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose matrices. Powder mixtures were wet-granulated with water. The dried granulation was compressed with a hydraulic press at 85 MPa. Dissolution studies were made using HCl 0.1 N and then phosphate buffer pH 7.4. Dissolution curves were described by M(t)/M(inf) = k*t(N). A trend toward increasing exponent (n) and decreasing release constant (k) values is observed with increasing EL concentrations up to 9%; this is attributed to an increasing obstruction of the diffusion path by isolated EL particles that are insoluble in HCl and are surrounded by a water-filled space. After a critical EL concentration, the water-filled spaces surrounding EL particles percolate, producing the opposite effect, increasing the release constant and decreasing the exponent (n) values as the EL proportion increases from 10% to 50%. EL particles (2% to 9%) decrease the drug and water transport in matrices dissolving in HCl. Thereafter, at pH 7.4, the pores formed by dissolution of EL particles produce the opposite. Both processes contribute to flattening the release profile. Release profiles with decreasing release constant values show a logarithmic trend toward increasing values of the exponent (n), changing from diffusion toward relaxation-erosion-controlled processes.
Quantitative trait loci disposing for both experimental arthritis and encephalomyelitis in the DA rat; impact on severity of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and antibody isotype pattern (1998)

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling inflammatory diseases with different organ specificity may hypothetically either be unique for one disease or shared among different diseases. We have investigated whether five non-MHC QTL controlling susceptibility to experimental arthritis in the DA rat also influence myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in an F2 intercross between inbred DA and PVG.RT1a rats. Two of the five chromosome regions affecting arthritis in the DA rat also regulate phenotypes of EAE. The DA allele at markers in Cia3 (collagen-induced arthritis QTL) on chromosome 4 is associated with more severe EAE and high levels of anti-MOG antibodies of the IgG2c subclass. Since production of antibodies of the IgG2c subclass may be stimulated by Th1 cells, and there is previous evidence that such cells promote EAE, it is possible that both of the studied phenotypes are controlled by the same gene or genes regulating Th1/Th2 cell differentiation. Furthermore, we show that Oia2 (oil-induced arthritis QTL) on chromosome 4 regulates levels of anti-MOG antibodies of the IgG1 subclass and of anti-MOG IgE, but that this gene region does not affect clinical disease severity in our study. Since production of IgE and IgG1 may be stimulated by Th2 cells, this QTL may also control Th1/Th2 bias. We conclude that Cia3 and Oia2 regulate MOG-induced EAE in rats. Furthermore, since both EAE and arthritis phenotypes co-localize to these gene regions, they may harbor genes which are key regulators of pathogenic immune responses.
Adaptive vs. Hybrid Iterative MIMO Receivers Based on MMSE Linear and Soft-SIC Detection (2006)

In this paper, we propose the use of a combination of linear MMSE and soft successive interference cancellation based detectors for the application in (turbo-)MIMO receivers. In an adaptive setup we switch between the two detector types based on the quality of the received signal, while in a hybrid setup, we use a linear MMSE in the first and a SoftSIC in all subsequent iterations. We show that for a number of scenarios, both techniques show performance close to that of more sophisticated detection techniques, at a fraction of the complexity
Polyethers, Aromatic (2004)

Abstract The aromatic polyethers described in this article are engineering thermoplastics which have excellent physical properties and desirable high temperature properties. Two general classes of materials are described. One class of polyethers comprises polymers with only arylene ether linkages in the backbone, ie, the 1,4‐polyphenylene oxides. The principal commercial material, poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) is prepared by oxidative coupling polymerization of 2,6-dimethylphenol. Its synthesis, reaction mechanism, and properties are described. In addition, compatible blends of poly(phenylene oxides) with polymers such as polystyrene, as well as other types of blends, are mentioned. A second general class of aromatic polyethers that is covered consists of materials containing alternating sequences of polyarylene ethers and other arylene units which are linked by functional groups other than ethers. The latter group includes the commercial materials: polyethersulfones, polyetherketones, and polyetherimides. Syntheses and properties of these are presented.
Understanding the effects of phase noise in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) (2001)

Phase noise must be carefully considered when designing an OFDM-based communication system since an accurate prediction of the tolerable phase noise can allow the system and RF engineers to relax specifications. This paper analyzes the performance of OFDM systems under phase noise and its dependence on the number of sub-carriers both in the presence and absence of a phase correction mechanism. Besides some practical results are provided so as to give some insight into the phase noise spectral specifications that should be required of the local oscillator.
Biologic Remodeling after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using a Collagen Matrix Derived from Demineralized Bone (1996)

A matrix of demineralized cortical bone was used to reconstruct the anterior cruciate ligament in the goat model. This graft underwent considerable site-specific remodeling and transformation from a Haversian system at time zero into a ligament-like structure at 1 year. This transformation included new bone formation filling the osseous tunnels and replacing the demineralized matrix, development of a ligament-like transition zone within the graft, and ligamentous collagen orientation with crimp in the intraarticular portion of the graft. One year after surgery, the mean anterior-posterior translation in the reconstructed stifle joints at 30 N of tibial loading was 2.1 +/- 0.4 (+/- SEM). The mean ultimate force to failure for the reconstructed ligament at 1 year was 474 +/- 146 N compared with the time-zero (initial) strength of the matrix of 73 +/- 9 N. The cellular repopulation of the graft had no associated inflammatory cells. The potential clinical significance of these findings includes 1) replacement of a collagen matrix with bone within the osseous tunnels, 2) establishment of a more physiologic fibrocartilage transition at the graft insertion site, 3) the time-zero structural properties of a collagen matrix increasing to more desired values with biologic remodeling, and 4) a sterile biologic allograft with essentially no long-term inflammatory response.
Channel Segmentation using Confidence and Curvature-Guided Level Sets on Noisy Seismic Images (2008)

This paper presents a new method for segmenting channel features from commonly noisy 3D seismic images. Anisotropic diffusion using Gaussian-smoothed first order structure tensors is conducted along the strata of seismic images in a way that filters across discontinuous regions from noise or faulting, while preserving channel edges. The eigenstructure of the second order structure tensor is used to generate an estimation of orientation and channel curvature. Gaussian smoothing of second order tensor orientations accounts for noisy vectors from imprecise finite difference calculations and generates a stable tensor across the image. Analysis of the confidence and direction of second order eigenvectors is used to enhance depositional curvature in channel features by generating a confidence and curvature attribute. The tensor-derived attribute forms the terms of a PDE, which is iteratively updated as an implicit surface using the level set process. This technique is tested on two 3D seismic images with results that demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.
Notes. Organic Fluorine Compounds. XXVII. Preparation of Acyl Fluorides with Anhydrous Hydrogen Fluoride. The General Use of the Method of Colson and Fredenhagen. (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNotes. Organic Fluorine Compounds. XXVII. Preparation of Acyl Fluorides with Anhydrous Hydrogen Fluoride. The General Use of the Method of Colson and Fredenhagen.G Olah and S KuhnCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1961, 26, 1, 237–238Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1961Publication History Published online14 February 2003Published inissue 1 January 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01060a600https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01060a600research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views376Altmetric-Citations34LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Correction: Efficient <i>in situ</i> N-heterocyclic carbene palladium(<scp>ii</scp>) generated from Pd(OAc)<sub>2</sub> catalysts for carbonylative Suzuki coupling reactions of arylboronic acids with 2-bromopyridine under inert conditions leading to unsymmetrical arylpyridine ketones: synthesis, characterization and cytotoxic activities (2018)

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1039/C8RA08897G.].
Automatic design of domain-specific instructions for low-power processors (2015)

This paper explores hardware specialization of low-power processors to improve performance and energy efficiency. Our main contribution is an automated framework that analyzes instruction sequences of applications within a domain at the loop body level and identifies exactly and partially-matching sequences across applications that can become custom instructions. Our framework transforms sequences to a new code abstraction, a Merging Diagram, that improves similarity identification, clusters alike groups of potential custom instructions to effectively reduce the search space, and selects merged custom instructions to efficiently exploit the available customizable area. For a set of 11 media applications, our fast framework generates instructions that significantly improve the energy-delay product and speed-up, achieving more than double the savings as compared to a technique analyzing sequences within basic blocks. This paper shows that partially-matched custom instructions, which do not significantly increase design time, are crucial to achieving higher energy efficiency at limited hardware areas.