gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Member of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor family of transcription factors is differentially expressed by oligodendrocytes (1998)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that form a subfamily within the steroid hormone receptor group. Recent work has shown that one member of this group, PPARgamma, plays a central role in adipocyte differentiation. As oligodendrocytes are major lipid-producing cells, we investigated whether members of the PPAR family were present in oligodendrocytes and whether known PPAR activators affect oligodendrocyte differentiation. Polymerase chain reaction and nuclease protection analyses demonstrated that the principal PPAR present in optic nerve and sciatic nerve is PPARdelta, whereas adipose tissue expresses mainly PPARgamma. In situ hybridization of primary glial cultures revealed PPARdelta message in oligodendrocytes but not in astrocytes. PPARdelta message was strongly expressed in immature oligodendrocytes, suggesting a role in oligodendrocyte differentiation. Glial cultures containing immature oligodendrocytes were treated with CP 68,722 and bromopalmitate, compounds known to activate PPARs in adipocytes. These agents increased the number of oligodendrocytes with membrane sheets three- to fourfold, accelerated the rate of formation of membrane sheets, and increased the size of the membrane sheets. The abundant expression of PPARdelta in oligodendrocytes in vivo and in vitro suggests that this PPAR plays a critical role in oligodendrocyte development and that PPAR activators can be used to manipulate oligodendrocyte maturation in tissue culture.
Substituted 2-Phenylimidazopyridines: A New Class of Drug Leads for Human African Trypanosomiasis (2013)

A phenotypic screen of a compound library for antiparasitic activity on Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of human African trypanosomiasis, led to the identification of substituted 2-(3-aminophenyl)oxazolopyridines as a starting point for hit-to-lead medicinal chemistry. A total of 110 analogues were prepared, which led to the identification of 64, a substituted 2-(3-aminophenyl)imidazopyridine. This compound showed antiparasitic activity in vitro with an EC50 of 2 nM and displayed reasonable druglike properties when tested in a number of in vitro assays. The compound was orally bioavailable and displayed good plasma and brain exposure in mice. Compound 64 cured mice infected with Trypanosoma brucei when dosed orally down to 2.5 mg/kg. Given its potent antiparasitic properties and its ease of synthesis, compound 64 represents a new lead for the development of drugs to treat human African trypanosomiasis.
Challenges toward gigabit-scale spin-transfer torque random access memory and beyond for normally off, green information technology infrastructure (Invited) (2011)

If spin-transfer torque RAM (SPRAM) technology is used as a true nonvolatile RAM, it will be able to provide normally “off” and instant “on” functions. This would drastically reduce the power consumption of information technology (IT) equipment and its infrastructure while preserving high performance, thus leading to a green IT infrastructure. This paper describes the design issues and solutions for creating a Gb-scale SPRAM; scaling in memory cell current (∝F, F: feature size) and the tunneling magnetoresistive (TMR) device’s write current (∝F2), the maximum voltage applicable to a TMR device (TMR ratio and resistance area product are considered); and the thermal stability of the TMR device (depending on the operation mode and density). Moreover, the cell and array configurations and an indispensable disruptive reading operation are shown for 4F2DDRx compatible operations. SPRAM can cover a system composed of a DRAM region. Finally, the potential of a multibit memory structure that covers the area of a not-and flash memory is discussed.
Constructing the Parental Linkage Phase and the Genetic Map Over Distances &amp;lt;1 cM Using Pooled Haploid DNA (2005)

A new statistical approach for construction of the genetic linkage map and estimation of the parental linkage phase based on allele frequency data from pooled gametic (sperm or egg) samples is introduced. This method can be applied for estimation of recombination fractions (over distances <1 cM) and ordering of large numbers (even hundreds) of closely linked markers. This method should be extremely useful in species with a long generation interval and a large genome size such as in dairy cattle or in forest trees; the conifer species have haploid tissues available in megagametophytes. According to Mendelian expectation, two parental alleles should occur in gametes in 1:1 proportions, if segregation distortion does not occur. However, due to mere sampling variation, the observed proportions may deviate from their expected value in practice. These deviations and their dependence along the chromosome can provide information on the parental linkage phase and on the genetic linkage map. Usefulness of the method is illustrated with simulations. The role of segregation distortion as a source of these deviations is also discussed. The software implementing this method is freely available for research purposes from the authors.
Anemia: when is it not iron deficiency? (2003)

Anemia presents a challenge both in determination of cause and appropriate management. Careful history taking and appropriate screening in keeping with AAP recommendations will aid in identifying cases of anemia. Judicious use of laboratory testing will assist in achieving accurate diagnosis. Finally, appropriately timed and monitored treatment strategies will offer the most optimal outcome.
Hyaluronidase For Treating Intravenous Extravasations (1987)

BARBARA J. FEW, P.N.P., M.S.N., is a staff nurse in the pediatric intensive care unit at Yale-New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut.
Polymer-on-glass waveguide structure for efficient fluorescence-based optical biosensors (2005)

A novel waveguide geometry for an integrated optics bio-sensor suitable for fluorescence detection is presented. In particular, we propose a polymeric waveguide realized on a glass substrate. This new geometry is aimed to an efficient evanescent-wave excitation of the fluorophores and subsequent collection of the fluorescence emission with no need of optical filters. The absence of any optical filters simplifies the device operation and permits to avoid the losses resulting from the use of the filter itself.
New MOVPE process for InP based HBT's using CBr/sub 4/, TBA and TBP in N/sub 2/ ambient (2003)

Carbon doped InGaAs/InP was grown utilising TBA, CBr/sub 4/ in N/sub 2/. The n-doping uniformity for InGaAs shows a standard deviation of less than 1%, utilising SiH/sub 4/. Maximum carbon doping levels of 10/sup 20/ cm/sup -3/ were achieved, comparable to MBE techniques. HBTs with 6.5/spl times/10/sup 18/ cm/sup 3/ doped base layers, grown at 550/spl deg/C, show current amplifications of 130.
Steroidogenic Factor 1: A Key Determinant of Endocrine Development and Function (1997)

I. Introduction II. The Initial Identification of SF-1 as a Key Determinant of Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis A. Overview of steroidogenesis B. SF-1 and the regulation of steroidogenesis C. Cloning and structural characterization of SF-1 1. Structural features of SF-1 2. Multiple transcripts are encoded by the gene encoding SF-1 3. The gene encoding SF-1 is evolutionarily conserved in vertebrates and invertebrates III. Characterization of Sites of SF-1 Expression and Identification of Its Target Genes A. Profiles of SF-1 expression 1. Adult steroidogenic tissues 2. Embryonic steroidogenic tissues 3. Other sites of SF-1 expression B. Target genes regulated by SF-1 1. Steroidogenic cells 2. Sertoli cells 3. Gonadotropes 4. VMH IV. The Roles Of SF-1 in Vivo: Targeted Gene Disruption to Create SF-1 Knockout Mice A. General features of the SF-1 knockout mice B. Primary steroidogenic tissues in SF-1 knockout mice C. Pituitary and hypothalamic defects in SF-1 knockout mice V. Perspectives and Future Directions A. ...
<i>In vivo</i> SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC EVALUATION OF NEOPLASTIC AND NON‐NEOPLASTIC SKIN PIGMENTED LESIONS–I. REFLECTANCE MEASUREMENTS (1991)

Reflectance spectrophotometry from 400 to 800 nm on different cutaneous pigmented lesions, including primary and metastatic malignant melanoma, pigmented nevi, lentigo and seborrhoeic keratosis, has been performed by using an external integrating sphere coupled to a spectrophotometer. Measurements show that reflectance spectra of the different lesions manifest dissimilar patterns, particularly in the near IR region. Comparison of reflectance of nevi with that of malignant melanomas results in a highly significant difference (P less than 10(-6)) between the two samples. Though interpretation of the spectra remains difficult as a result of the complexity of the optical processes of scattering and absorption, our results suggest that a detailed analysis of the reflectance spectrum may give clinically useful information, and could be utilized as an aid in clinical diagnosis of cutaneous pigmented lesions, especially where malignant melanoma is concerned.
Displaying mobile feedback during a presentation (2012)

Smartphone use in presentations is often seen as distracting to the audience and speaker. However, phones can encourage people participate more fully in what is going on around them and build stronger ties with their companions. In this paper, we describe a smartphone interface designed to help audience members engage fully in a presentation by providing real time mobile feedback. This feedback is then aggregated and reflected back to the group via a projected visualization, with notifications provided to the presenter and the audience on interesting feedback events. We deployed this system in a large enterprise meeting, and collected information about the attendees' experiences with it via surveys and interaction logs. Participants report that providing mobile feedback was convenient, helped them pay close attention to the presentation, and enabled them to feel connected with other audience members.
Multi-channel silicon photonic receiver based on ring-resonators (2010)

We demonstrated a high performance monolithically integrated multi-channel receiver fabricated on the SOI platform. This receiver is composed of a 1 x 8 Si-based ring-resonators filter and an array of high speed waveguided Ge-on-Si photodetectors. The optical channel spacing is about 1.5 nm. The responsivity of Ge-on-Si photodetector is about 1.0 A/W at the wavelength range of 1554 nm to 1564 nm. Each channel is capable of operating at a data rate of 20 Gbps, resulting in an aggregate data rate of 160 Gbps. At a BER of 1 x 10(-11), the receiver showed an optical input sensitivity of between -20 dBm and -21 dBm for each channel at 10 Gbps data rate.
Improving pandemic H5N1 influenza vaccines by combining different vaccine platforms (2014)

A variety of platforms are being explored for the development of vaccines for pandemic influenza. Observations that traditional inactivated subvirion vaccines and live-attenuated vaccines against H5 and some H7 influenza viruses were poorly immunogenic spurred efforts to evaluate new approaches, including whole virus vaccines, higher doses of antigen, addition of adjuvants and combinations of different vaccine modalities in heterologous prime-boost regimens to potentiate immune responses. Results from clinical trials of prime-boost regimens have been very promising. Further studies are needed to determine optimal combinations of platforms, intervals between doses of vaccines and the logistics of deployment in pre-pandemic and early pandemic settings.
In situ tissue regeneration through host stem cell recruitment (2013)

The field of tissue engineering has made steady progress in translating various tissue applications. Although the classical tissue engineering strategy, which involves the use of culture-expanded cells and scaffolds to produce a tissue construct for implantation, has been validated, this approach involves extensive cell expansion steps, requiring a lot of time and laborious effort before implantation. To bypass this ex vivo process, a new approach has been introduced. In situ tissue regeneration utilizes the body's own regenerating capacity by mobilizing host endogenous stem cells or tissue-specific progenitor cells to the site of injury. This approach relies on development of a target-specific biomaterial scaffolding system that can effectively control the host microenvironment and mobilize host stem/progenitor cells to target tissues. An appropriate microenvironment provided by implanted scaffolds would facilitate recruitment of host cells that can be guided to regenerating structural and functional tissues.
Design and Synthesis of Novel RXR‐Selective Modulators with Improved Pharmacological Profile. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Vascular smooth muscle cell senescence in atherosclerosis (2006)

Markers of cell senescence have been identified in both the blood and vessel wall of patients with atherosclerosis. In particular, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) derived from human plaques show numerous features of senescence both in culture and in vivo. This review summarises the evidence for VSMC senescence in atherosclerosis, and outlines the mechanisms and triggers leading to their senescence.
Key ligand interface residues in tissue factor contribute independently to factor VIIa binding. (1994)

Scanning alanine mutagenesis of the cell surface protease receptor tissue factor suggested importance of residues Lys20, Ile22, Asp58, Arg135, and Phe140 for binding of ligand, the serine protease coagulation factor VIIa. Ligand binding by single alanine replacement mutants was characterized by functional assays which concordantly demonstrated a calculated 1-2.5 kcal/mol reduction in free energy of binding as a result of each of the mutations. Catalytic and proteolytic function appeared to be not impaired by the residue replacements, indicating that these residues are not specifically required for the catalytic enhancement of VIIa produced by the assembly with tissue factor. Multiple mutations were further combined in one mutant protein to assess whether these residues provide independent contacts with the ligand VIIa. The Lys20/Asp58 and the Arg135/Phe140 residue pairs did not independently contribute to the binding of ligand. In contrast, the combination with Ile22 consistently produced a further decrease in affinity for VIIa, demonstrating that this residue acts as an independent contact site for the ligand VIIa. The total contribution of the five residues to the free energy of binding of VIIa at 37 degrees C was calculated to be 5.4 kcal/mol representing approximately one-third of the total binding energy.
Nanosprings (2001)

The transition from linear to helical growth of amorphous boron carbide nanowires has been examined with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Based on the observed changes of the iron catalyst at the transition point from linear to helical growth, a model of helical growth of solid nanowires has been developed based on the work of adhesion of the metallic catalyst to the tip of the nanowire. This model demonstrates that contact angle anisotropy at the catalyst/wire interface drives helical growth. The anisotropy is introduced when the radius of the droplet (R) exceeds the radius of the nanowire (ρ), and the center of mass of the metal droplet is displaced laterally from the central axis of the nanowire.
Automatic Pectoral Muscle Segmentation on Mediolateral Oblique View Mammograms (2004)

Mammograms are X-ray images of the breast which are used to detect breast cancer. When mammograms are analyzed by computer, the pectoral muscle should preferably be excluded from processing intended for the breast tissue. For this and other reasons, it is important to identify and segment out the pectoral muscle. In this paper, a new, adaptive algorithm is proposed to automatically extract the pectoral muscle on digitized mammograms; it uses knowledge about the position and shape of the pectoral muscle on mediolateral oblique views. The pectoral edge is first estimated by a straight line which is validated for correctness of location and orientation. This estimate is then refined using iterative "cliff detection" to delineate the pectoral margin more accurately. Finally, an enclosed region, representing the pectoral muscle, is generated as a segmentation mask. The algorithm was found to be robust to the large variations in appearance of pectoral edges, to dense overlapping glandular tissue, and to artifacts like sticky tape. The algorithm has been applied to the entire Mammographic Image Analysis Society (MIAS) database of 322 images. The segmentation results were evaluated by two expert mammographic radiologists, who rated 83.9% of the curve segmentations to be adequate or better.
Dibutyryl cyclic AMP stimulation of a monocyte-like cell line, U937: a model for monocyte chemotaxis and Fc receptor-related functions. (1988)

Treatment of the U937 cell line with 1 mM dibutyryl cyclic AMP (Bt2cAMP) resulted in a reduction in cell size and inhibition of DNA synthesis, and morphologically the cells appeared similar to macrophages. Electron micrographs indicated an increase in intracellular apparatus, whilst histochemical studies revealed smaller, denser nuclei and a greater intensity of non-specific esterase staining. Ia-like antigens (HLA-DR and HLA-DC) and complement receptor CR1 were not detected on U937 cells by monoclonal antibodies, nor were they induced by Bt2cAMP. CR3 was present in small amounts on U937 cells, and stimulation with Bt2cAMP increased the expression of this molecule in the cytoplasm and on the cell surface. Leu M3, a monocyte-specific antibody, was weakly reactive on both unstimulated and stimulated cells, whereas transferrin receptors, present on 90% of U937 cells, were lost after 48-hr stimulation with Bt2cAMP. JW6 and NH6, two monoclonal antibodies raised in our laboratory and found to be against immature monocytic antigens, showed decreased expression on stimulation. Monomer IgG binding via Fc receptors decreased on stimulated cells, and a monoclonal antibody (32.2) specific for FcRI confirmed this to be due to a decrease in the number of high-affinity receptors, rather than a decrease in IgG-binding affinity. In contrast, expression of the low-affinity FcRII, monitored by monoclonal antibody IV3, increased dramatically after stimulation. Other functional changes included the production of superoxide anions and the induction of non-specific phagocytosis. Two dimensional gel analysis, of detergent soluble proteins from unstimulated and 48-hr stimulated U937 cells, showed many differences in protein expression. A detailed investigation of these changes will facilitate a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the differentiation of U937 cells.
A three-phase inverter IC for AC220 V with a drastically small chip size and highly intelligent functions (2002)

A three-phase inverter IC for a 220-V AC line with highly intelligent functions has been fabricated using new high-voltage devices and a process which is compatible with a conventional 3- mu m CMOS process. This process can greatly reduce the chip size of the IC. Components developed for this inverter IC include a lateral insulated-gate bipolar transistor (LIGBT) with a low on-state voltage, a high-speed and large SOA, and a soft and fast recovery diode (SFD) with a low forward voltage drop and good recovery characteristics. The inverter is a high-voltage power IC of the 550V/1-A class and, when supplied from the 220-V line, can control a brushless motor, using a 20-kHz PWM (pulsewidth modulation) frequency over a wide range of motor rotating speeds.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Practical repeater insertion for low power: what repeater library do we need? (2006)

This paper investigates the problem of repeater insertion for low power under a given timing budget. A novel repeater insertion algorithm is proposed to compute the optimal repeater number and width in the discrete solution space, as defined by a given repeater library. Using the proposed algorithm, two practical and highly important questions are addressed. Given a certain tolerance to the degradation of repeater power dissipation: 1) how coarse could the repeater size granularity be? 2) What range should repeater widths be in? The experimental results provide valuable insights into repeater library design. Specifically, the investigation reveals that coarse repeater size granularities can be used to reduce the library size by more than 87% with merely a 4% power degradation. Moreover, for two-pin interconnects with various wire lengths and timing targets, the range of optimal repeater sizes for low power is limited, indicating that a low-cost small-size repeater library, if well designed, is adequate to provide high-quality repeater insertion solutions. The proposed scheme can be used in early design stages to generate a compact repeater library that is passed on to other repeater insertion algorithms.
Nucleolin Targeting AS1411 Modified Protein Nanoparticle for Antitumor Drugs Delivery (2013)

Over recent years, cell surface nucleolin as an anticancer target has attracted many researchers' attentions. To improve the antitumor efficacy, we developed a nucleolin targeted protein nanoparticle (NTPN) delivery system in which human serum albumin (HSA) was used as drug carrier and a DNA aptamer named AS1411, which had high affinity to nucleolin, was used as a bullet. The HSA nanoparticles (NPs-PTX) were fabricated by a novel self-assembly method and then modified with AS1411 (Apt-NPs-PTX). The resulted Apt-NPs-PTX were spherical. Compared with NPs-PTX, the uptake of Apt-NPs-PTX displayed a significant increase in MCF-7 cells while there was a decrease in nontumor cell lines such as MCF-10A and 3T3 cells. In a cytotoxic study, Apt-NPs-PTX displayed an enhanced cytotoxicity in MCF-7 tumor cells while there was almost no cytotoxicity in MCF-10A cells. Endostatin, a nucleolin inhibitor, could significantly decrease the internalization of Apt-NPs-PTX, suggesting nucleolin mediates the transmembrane process of Apt-NPs-PTX. Therefore, the AS1411 modified NTPN delivery system might be a promising targeted drug delivery system.
Applying patterns to develop a pluggable protocols framework for ORB middleware (2001)

To be an effective platform for performance-sensitive applications, off-the-shelf CORBA middleware must preserve the communication-layer quality of service (QoS) properties of applications end-to-end. However, the standard CORBA GIOP/IIOP interoperability protocols are not well-suited for applications with stringent message footprint size, latency, and jitter requirements. It is essential, therefore, to develop standard pluggable protocols frameworks that allow custom messaging and transport protocols to be configured flexibly and used transparently by applications. This paper provides three contributions to the study of pluggable protocols frameworks for performance-sensitive CORBA middleware. First, we outline the key design challenges faced by pluggable protocols developers. Second, we describe how we resolved these challenges by developing a pluggable protocols framework for TAO, which is our highperformance, real-time CORBA-compliant ORB. Third, we present the results of benchmar...