gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Functional Model of a Nanoparticle Organic Memory Transistor for Use as a Spiking Synapse (2010)

Emerging synapse-like nanoscale devices such as memristive devices and synaptic transistors are of great interest to provide adaptability, high density, and robustness for the development of new bio-inspired circuits or systems. We have recently reported the nanoparticle organic memory field-effect transistor (NOMFET), which exhibits behaviors similar to a biological spiking synapse in neural network. It is considered as a promising nanocomponent to design neuromorphic adaptive computing circuits and systems. A functional model of NOMFET is presented in this paper, which allows the reliable conception and simulation of hybrid nano/complimentary metal-oxide-semiconductor circuits and architectures. Spice simulations of the model have demonstrated good agreement with the experimental results. By using the model, some complex neuromorphic functions such as synaptic gain control have been simulated. The model is developed in Verilog-A language and implemented on Cadence Virtuoso platform with Spectre 5.1.41 simulator. An iterative physical model and a number of experimental parameters have been integrated to improve the simulation accuracy. Special techniques and methods for dynamic behavior modeling have been developed, which could be extended to other nanodevices.
Assignment decision diagram for high-level synthesis (1992)

In the past, the research on representation for synthesis systems had been focusing on two main issues, the completeness and the efficiency. There is, however, another important issue that is not addressed by most of traditional representation, the uniqueness. This report proposes a representation for synthesis called the Assignment Decision Diagram (ADD) that is complete, efficient and partially unique. In addition, the ADD can enrich the results of the synthesis. Discussion of ADD's properties and its uses in synthesis is provided in this report.
Correct protein folding in glycerol (1997)

Water is the natural medium for protein folding, which is also used in all in vitro studies. In the present work, we posed, and answered affirmatively, a question of whether it is possible to fold correctly a typical protein in a nonaqueous solvent. To this end, unfolded and reduced hen egg-white lysozyme was refolded and reoxidized in glycerol containing varying amounts of water. The unfolded/reduced enzyme was found to regain spontaneously substantial catalytic activity even in the nearly anhydrous solvent; for example, the refolding yield in 99% glycerol was still some one-third of that in pure water, and one-half of that was regained even in 99.8% glycerol. The less than full recovery of the enzymatic activity in glycerol is, as in water, because of competing protein aggregation during the refolding. Lysozyme reoxidation in glycerol was successfully mediated by two dissimilar oxidizing systems, and the refolding yield was markedly affected by the pH of the last aqueous solution before the transfer into glycerol. No recovery of the lysozyme activity was observed when the refolding/reoxidation reaction was carried out in the denaturing solvent dimethyl sulfoxide. This study paves the way for a systematic investigation of the solvent effect on protein folding and demonstrates that water is not a unique milieu for this process.
Human cystathionine <i>β</i>-synthase cDNA: sequence, alternative splicing and expression in cultured cells (1993)

Cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) deficiency is the major cause of homocystinuria in humans. The most frequent symptoms of homocystinuria include: dislocated optic lenses, vascular disorders, skeletal abnormalities and mental retardation. Patients with this deficiency have elevated levels of homocyst(e)ine, methionine and low cysteine in their body fluids. These abnormal levels often partially or fully normalize upon treatment with pharmacological doses of vitamin B6. To investigate the molecular and biochemical basis for these conditions, it was necessary to determine the nucleotide and polypeptide sequence of CBS. We report here the human CBS cDNA sequence of 2,554 nucleotides encoding the CBS subunit of 551 amino acids. An intron of 214 bp appears to be retained in the 3'-untranslated region of most of the fibroblast and liver mRNA. We also report a frequent Mspl polymorphism in the 3'-untranslated sequence and two synonymous mutations in the coding region: 699C/T (Y233Y) and 1080C/T (A360A). The amino acid sequence similarity of human and rat CBS is greater than 90%; the enzyme also exhibits 52% similarity to O-acetylserine(thiol)-lyase from bacteria and plants. Lastly, we demonstrate that expression of the human enzyme in CHO cells yields enzymatically active protein of the expected size with a half-life of approximately 14 hrs.
Optical-Fiber Measurement Systems for Medical Applications (2011)

After telecommunications, also medicine has been revolutionized by optical fibers. They were firstly used, in the early sixties, to visualize internal anatomical sites by illuminating endoscopes. The essential technological solution to obtain good quality images was the introduction of "cladding" during the fifties. The result was the development of minimally invasive tools that have become essential for medical diagnosis and surgery. But optical fibers offer the potential for much more than illumination or imaging tasks. For example, they can also be utilized to sense physiological parameters. The subject of present chapter is, therefore, a description of the design and measurement principles utilized in fiber optic sensors (FOSs) with a particular reference to biomedical applications. FOSs development started in the sixties, but the high component costs and the poor interest of the medical community delayed the industrial expansion. The cost reduction of key optical components allowing to realize even disposable or mono-patient FOSs, the increase of components quality, the development of miniaturization, and the availability of plug and play and easy-to-use devices are the main reasons of the growth that is taking place in the use of FOSs. Moreover, FOSs are characterized by some crucial advantages respect on the conventional transducers that allow to satisfy requirements for use in medical applications: they are robust, may have good accuracy and sensitivity, low zero-and sensitivity-drift, small size and light weight, are intrinsically safer than conventional sensors by not having electrical connection to the patient, large bandwidth, and show immunity from electromagnetic interference. This last feature allows to monitor parameters of physiological interest also during the use of electrical cauterization tools or in magnetic resonance imaging. At present, FOSs are used to measure physical variables (e.g., pressure, force, strain, and fluid flow) and also chemical variables (oxygen concentration in blood, pH, pO 2 , and pCO 2 ). The simplest FOSs classification is based on the subdivision in intrinsic and extrinsic sensors. In an intrinsic sensor the sensing element is the optical fiber itself, whereas an extrinsic sensor utilizes the optical fiber as a medium for conveying the light, whose physical parameters are, in turn, related to the measurand. Due to different requirements for miniaturization and safety, in medical applications, these sensors are usually further divided in: invasive sensors, which are inserted into the body, www.intechopen.com
Context attributes: an approach to enable context-awareness for service discovery (2003)

The service discovery problem has attracted a lot of attention from researchers and practitioners. Jini, SLP, and UPnP are among the few emerging service discovery protocols. Although they seem to provide a good solution to the problem, there is an unaddressed need of more sophisticated location and context-aware service selection support. In this paper, we introduce the concept of context attribute as an effective, flexible means to exploit relevant context information during the service discovery process. Context attributes can express context information including service-specific selection logic, client, and network condition. We describe our approach and implementation, and present experimental results of our context-aware service discovery implementation.
Single-Cylinder Engine Evaluation of Methanol - Improved Energy Economy and Reduced NOx (1975)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Comparative testing of pure methanol, methanol/water blends and isooctane in single-cylinder engines has demonstrated that through proper utilization of methanol's fuel-lean combustion characteristics it may be possible to reach CO emissions of the order of 0.1 percent and NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; emission levels of less than 100 ppm in the raw (undiluted) exhaust. Exhaust treatment to remove unburned methanol and partial oxidation products might be required. Concomitant with decreased emissions are specific energy consumption improvements estimated to be in the range of 26 to 45 percent better than achievable with current gasolines and the associated low compression ratio engines and emission control systems. These energy consumption improvements are obtained by virtue of efficient lean operation and by utilizing the high octane values of methanol/water blends at high compression ratios. Despite these potential end-use technical advantages for methanol, its large scale use as an automotive fuel is precluded for at least one to two decades because of inadequate supply, the need for immense capital expenditures to increase supply and the need for special engine and fuel control designs.&lt;/div&gt;
SemFix: program repair via semantic analysis (2013)

Debugging consumes significant time and effort in any major software development project. Moreover, even after the root cause of a bug is identified, fixing the bug is non-trivial. Given this situation, automated program repair methods are of value. In this paper, we present an automated repair method based on symbolic execution, constraint solving and program synthesis. In our approach, the requirement on the repaired code to pass a given set of tests is formulated as a constraint. Such a constraint is then solved by iterating over a layered space of repair expressions, layered by the complexity of the repair code. We compare our method with recently proposed genetic programming based repair on SIR programs with seeded bugs, as well as fragments of GNU Coreutils with real bugs. On these subjects, our approach reports a higher success-rate than genetic programming based repair, and produces a repair faster.
Hetero-Diels-Alder Reaction with Indoloquinones. (1998)

The hetero Diels-Alder reaction of 4, 7-indoloquinones with crotonaldehyde dimethylhydrazone afforded 5-methyl-5, 6-dihydropyrido[6, 5-b]indole-4, 9-dione ([1, 8] isomer) and 5-methyl-5, 6-dihydropyrido[5, 6-b]indole-4, 9-diones ([1, 5] isomer). The 6, 7, 8, 9-tetrahydrocarbazole-2, 5-dione region-selectively afforded 4-methyl-1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9-hexahydropyrido[2, 3-b]carbazole-5, 11-dione. The regiochemistry of these reactions was controlled by the substitution of the nitrogen and the 2-C atom of the indole moiety : the unsubstituted quinones afforded the [1, 8] regioisomer, whereas the [1, 5] compounds were obtained with the quinones bearing an electron-withdrawing substituent on the nitrogen or the 2-C atom.
Compact circular sector and annular sector dielectric resonator antennas (1999)

We investigate circular sector and annular sector dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) geometries. The advantage these geometries offer, compared to conventional circular cylindrical DRAs are significant reductions in volume, making them potential candidates for use in compact applications such as mobile communication handsets. Approximate theory, simulation, and experimental results are provided to support the findings. In particular, a sector DRA is demonstrated to have 75% less volume than a conventional cylindrical DRA, with the same resonant frequency. The DRA volume minimization for compact antenna design is also discussed and a design is proposed and tested for a mobile telephone handset suitable for the DCS1800 system.
The potential for Toll‐like receptors to collaborate with other innate immune receptors (2004)

Cells of the innate immune system express a large repertoire of germ-line encoded cell-surface glycoprotein receptors including Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs recognize conserved motifs on microbes and induce inflammatory signals. Evidence suggests that individual members of the TLR family or other non-TLR surface antigens either physically or functionally interact with each other and cumulative effects of these interactions instruct the nature and outcome of the immune response to a particular pathogen.
CoSaMP (2010)

Compressive sampling (CoSa) is a new paradigm for developing data sampling technologies. It is based on the principle that many types of vector-space data are compressible , which is a term of art in mathematical signal processing. The key ideas are that randomized dimension reduction preserves the information in a compressible signal and that it is possible to develop hardware devices that implement this dimension reduction efficiently. The main computational challenge in CoSa is to reconstruct a compressible signal from the reduced representation acquired by the sampling device. This extended abstract describes a recent algorithm, called, &lt;code&gt;CoSaMP&lt;/code&gt;, that accomplishes the data recovery task. It was the first known method to offer near-optimal guarantees on resource usage.
Erk pathway inhibitor U0126 induces gamma-globin expression in erythroid cells. (2005)

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) induction is an effective approach to improve clinical symptoms in sickle cell disease. Understanding molecular mechanisms for gamma-gene re-activation will aid efforts to design lead compounds. A potential inhibitory role for the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in gamma-gene expression has been suggested recently. Therefore, we determined the ability of U0126, a selective inhibitor of MEK1/2 the upstream activators of ERK, to re-activate gamma-globin expression. K562 stable lines over-expressing constitutively active MEK1 were established. A significant increase in ERK phosphorylation was observed and gamma-gene expression was silenced concomitantly, however U0126 attenuated this effect. Studies in human erythroid progenitors confirmed the ability of U0126 to induce HbF. Cellular mechanisms for the inhibitory role of ERK signaling in drug-mediated HbF induction will be discussed.
Topical Hyperbaric Therapy for Problem Skin Wounds (1993)

Topical hyperbaric oxygen therapy is useful only for open wounds. The advantages of topical hyperbaric oxygen therapy include low cost, the lack of systemic oxygen toxicity, and effectiveness, allowing this treatment to be prescribed for many patients early in the course of their disease rather than as a last resort.
Pasteurization of Eggs in the Shell (1996)

A small percentage of all eggs may be contaminated with Salmonella enteritidis (SE). To eliminate this hazard from the food supply, procedures for pasteurizing eggs in the shell have been developed. At least four research groups are attempting to devise a process to achieve a pasteurized shell egg. Only one of the groups has reported procedures and results. Sound shell eggs were washed to remove surface contaminants. The clean eggs were then inoculated with high levels of SE cells. The inoculated eggs were then heated by one of several means to a yolk temperature of about 55 C and held at that temperature for varying periods of time. The number of surviving cells was determined. It is possible to obtain a 7 log cycle reduction of SE in inoculated eggs without a significant change in functional or visual quality of the eggs.
Regulation of Proto-Dbl by Intracellular Membrane Targeting and Protein Stability (2002)

The pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of onco-Dbl, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Cdc42 and RhoA GTPases, interacts with phosphoinositides (PIPs). This interaction modulates both the GEF activity and the targeting to the plasma membrane of onco-Dbl. Conversely, we have previously shown that in proto-Dbl an intramolecular interaction between the N-terminal domain and the PH domain imposes a negative regulation on both the DH and PH functions, suppressing its transforming activity. Here we have further investigated the mode of regulation of proto-Dbl by generating proto-Dbl mutants deleted of the last C-terminal 50 amino acids, which contain a PEST motif, and/or unable to bind to PIPs due to substitutions of the positively charged residues of the PH domain. The PH mutants of proto-Dbl retained a relative weak GEF activity toward Cdc42 and RhoA in vitro, but their RhoA activating potential was impaired in vivo. Further, these mutants lost both the plasma membrane targeting and the transforming activities, contrary to the PH mutants of onco-Dbl that retained the exchange activity both in vitro and in vivo and showed significant, but partially, reduced transforming activity. Deletion of the C-terminal sequences from onco-Dbl did not affect its function, whereas similar deletion of proto-Dbl led to an increase of transforming activity. Analysis of the half-life of the proto-Dbl mutants revealed that deletion of the C-terminal sequences increases the stability of the protein. Overall, the transformation potential of proto-Dbl mutants was associated with an augmented localization of the protein to the plasma membrane and a strong activation of Jun N-terminal kinase activity and transcription of cyclin D1. Together with previous observations, these data suggest that the biological activity of proto-Dbl is tightly regulated by a combination of mechanisms that involve intramolecular interaction, PH binding to PIPs, and the N- and C-terminal domain-dependent turnover of the protein.
β-Glucosylceramide: a novel method for enhancement of natural killer T lymphoycte plasticity in murine models of immune-mediated disorders (2006)

beta-glucosylceramide alleviates immunologically incongruous disorders and may be associated with "fine tuning" of immune responses, by changes in plasticity of NKT lymphocytes.
Spatiotemporal Imaging with Partially Separable Functions (2007)

Spatiotemporal imaging has a wide range of applications from functional neuroimaging, cardiac imaging to metabolic cancer imaging. A long-standing practical problem lies in obtaining high spatiotemporal resolution because the amount of data required increases exponentially as the physical dimension increases. This paper describes a new way for spatiotemporal imaging using partially separable functions. This model admits highly sparse sampling of the data space, providing a novel, effective way to achieve high spatiotemporal resolution. Practical imaging data will also be presented to demonstrate the performance of the new method.
Effect of nozzle geometry on critical-subcritical flow transitions (2019)

The geometry of converging-diverging nozzles affects the conditions at which critical-subcritical flow transition occurs. The objective of this work is to develop guidelines to identify the optimum nozzle geometry that maximizes critical pressure ratio while minimizing pressure drop across the nozzle. Experiments were conducted in a facility with 1.5 in. ID PVC pipelines and a 30 ft. long lateral pipeline section. In total, 27 different nozzle geometries were tested, divided into two groups - conical and parabolic nozzles. Nozzles from the ASTAR, Deich, LJ and Moby Dick nozzle groups showed improved performance compared to other nozzle groups. It was determined that a smaller diverging angle and absence of an elongated throat resulted in a higher critical pressure ratio. Length of converging and diverging sections of nozzles did not have as much of an impact on nozzle performance as the throat diameter and shape of converging and diverging sections.
A simple channel plan to reduce effects of nonlinearities in dense WDM systems (2003)

Summary form only given. Nonlinear effects in transmission fibers are in general detrimental to the operation of high data rate dense WDM systems. In systems employing NZDSF fiber the small local dispersion of the transmission fiber increases four wave mixing (FWM) and cross phase modulation (XPM) limiting transmission distance and system capacity. Several choices are available to reduce these nonlinear effects, including, operating the system at lower average powers to reduce FWM and XPM, employing an unequally spaced channel plan (USCP) to reduce FWM, using dispersion management to reduce XPM, and using larger channel spacing to reduce XPM and FWM. In this paper a simple channel plan scheme is presented which is based on selective removal of certain channels in an equally spaced channel plan (ESCP) grid to reduce nonlinear effects. This scheme has a low BEF of 1.4, where the BEF is defined as the bandwidth ratio between USCP and ESCP for a given number of channels.
Effective phrase prediction (2007)

Autocompletion is a widely deployed facility in systems that require user input. Having the system complete a partially typed word can save user time and effort.

In this paper, we study the problem of autocompletion not just at the level of a single word, but at the level of a multi-word phrase. There are two main challenges: one is that the number of phrases (both the number possible and the number actually observed in a corpus) is combinatorially larger than the number of words; the second is that a phrase, unlike a word, does not have a well-defined boundary, so that the autocompletion system has to decide not just what to predict, but also how far.

We introduce a FussyTree structure to address the first challenge and the concept of a significant phrase to address the second. We develop a probabilistically driven multiple completion choice model, and exploit features such as frequency distributions to improve the quality of our suffix completions. We experimentally demonstrate the practicability and value of our technique for an email composition application and show that we can save approximately a fifth of the keystrokes typed.
Human invariant Vα24<sup>+</sup> natural killer T cells activated by α‐galactosylceramide (KRN7000) have cytotoxic anti‐tumour activity through mechanisms distinct from T cells and natural killer cells (2000)

Human Valpha24 + NKT cells, a subpopulation of natural killer cell receptor (NKR-P1A) expressing T cells with an invariant T-cell receptor (TCR; Valpha24JalphaQ) are stimulated by the glycolipid, alpha-galactosylceramide (KRN7000), in a CD1d-dependent, TCR-mediated fashion. Little is known about Valpha24 + NKT-cell function. The murine counterpart, Valpha14 + NKT cells, appear to have an important role in controlling malignancy. There are no human data examining the role of Valpha24 + NKT cells in controlling human malignancy. We report that Valpha24 + NKT cells have perforin-mediated cytotoxicity against haemopoietic malignancies. Valpha24 TCR, CD1d and alpha-galactosylceramide may all play a role in cytotoxicity but are not absolute requirements. The greatest cytotoxicity was observed against the U937 tumour cell line (95 +/- 5% lysis). THP-1, Molt4, C1R cells and allogeneic mismatched dendritic cells were also sensitive to Valpha24 + NKT cytotoxicity but neither the NK target, K562, nor lymphokine-activated killer-sensitive Daudi cells, were sensitive. These results indicate a killing pattern distinct from conventional major histocompatibility complex-restricted T cells, NK cells and other cytotoxic lymphoid cells previously described. We conclude that human Valpha24 + NKT cells have cytotoxic anti-tumour activity against haemopoietic malignancies through effector mechanisms distinct from conventional T cells and NK cells and that their specific stimulator KRN7000 may have therapeutic potential.