gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
LTE Rate Matching Performance with Code Block Balancing (2011)

Abstract—In this paper, we compare the performance of the LTE rate matcher for different code rates when segmentation occurs. We present that, for certain cases of segmentation where the different segments are of dissimilar size, the rate applied to each segment may be different and thus degraded overall performance may occur. We show how a simple method which balances the code rate on a per-segment basis can improve the overall block error ratio performance. The whole simulation environment together with the results of this paper are made available for download at our homepage. I.
Automatic fluorescent tag localization II: improvement in super‐resolution by relative tracking (2003)

We present an algorithm for the three-dimensional (3D) tracking of multiple fluorescent subresolution tags with super-resolution in images of living cells. Recently, we described an algorithm for the automatic detection of such tags in single frames and demonstrated its potential in a biological system. The algorithm presented here adds to the tag detector a module for relative tracking of the signals between frames. As with tag detection, the main problem in relative tracking arises when signals of multiple tags interfere. We propose a novel multitemplate matching framework that exploits knowledge of the microscope point spread function to separate the intensity contribution of each tag in image regions with signal interferences. We use this intensity splitting to reconstruct a template for each tag in the source frame and a patch in the target frame, which are both free of intensity contributions from other tag signals. Tag movements between frames are then tracked by seeking, for each template-patch pair, the displacement vector providing the best signal match in terms of the sum of squared intensity differences. Because template and patch generation of tags with overlapping signals are interdependent, the matching is carried out simultaneously for all tags, and in an iterative manner. We have examined the performance of our approach using synthetic 3D data and observed a significant increase in resolution and robustness as compared with our previously described detector. It is now possible to localize and track tags separated by a distance three times smaller than the Rayleigh limit with a relative positional accuracy of better than 50 nm. We have applied the new tracking system to extract metaphase trajectories of fluorescently tagged chromosomes relative to the spindle poles in budding yeast.
THE CONFORMATION OF THE EPHEDRINES (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleTHE CONFORMATION OF THE EPHEDRINESW. J. CLOSECite this: J. Org. Chem. 1950, 15, 5, 1131–1134Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1950https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01151a034https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01151a034research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views411Altmetric-Citations93LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Oxidative Protein Cross-linking Reactions Involvingl-Tyrosine in Transforming Growth Factor-β1-stimulated Fibroblasts (2001)

The mechanisms by which ligand-stimulated generation of reactive oxygen species in nonphagocytic cells mediate biologic effects are largely unknown. The profibrotic cytokine, transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), generates extracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in contrast to intracellular reactive oxygen species production by certain mitogenic growth factors in human lung fibroblasts. To determine whether tyrosine residues in fibroblast-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins may be targets of H2O2-mediated dityrosine-dependent cross-linking reactions in response to TGF-beta1, we utilized fluorophore-labeled tyramide, a structurally related phenolic compound that forms dimers with tyrosine, as a probe to detect such reactions under dynamic cell culture conditions. With this approach, a distinct pattern of fluorescent labeling that seems to target ECM proteins preferentially was observed in TGF-beta1-treated cells but not in control cells. This reaction required the presence of a heme peroxidase and was inhibited by catalase or diphenyliodonium (a flavoenzyme inhibitor), similar to the effect on TGF-beta1-induced dityrosine formation. Exogenous addition of H2O2 to control cells that do not release extracellular H2O2 produced a similar fluorescent labeling reaction. These results support the concept that, in the presence of heme peroxidases in vivo, TGF-beta1-induced H2O2 production by fibroblasts may mediate oxidative dityrosine-dependent cross-linking of ECM protein(s). This effect may be important in the pathogenesis of human fibrotic diseases characterized by overexpression/activation of TGF-beta1.
Modeling the excitation of fibers under surface electrodes (1988)

It was demonstrated previously by the author (see J. Theor. Biol., vol.125, p.339-49, 1987) that the electrostimulation of nerve or muscle fibers is caused by the activating function, which is the second differential quotient of the extracellular potential along with fiber. To find the activating function, a simple model is used to approximate the potential distribution produced by a surface electrode in a homogeneous medium. Data from classical space-clamped experiments allow calculation of fiber response as a function of geometry and stimulating signal shape.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Characterization of octadecaborane implantation into Si using molecular dynamics (2006)

We carried out molecular dynamics simulations of monatomic B and octadecaborane cluster implantations into Si. We obtained and analyzed the doping profiles, lateral straggling and the damage amount and morphology produced within the target, as well as its annealing behavior. Our simulation results indicate that the use of octadecaborane clusters for the fabrication of ultrashallow junctions shows several advantages with respect to monatomic B beams, mainly related to target self-amorphization which reduces channeling and the amount of residual damage at the end of range.
Anti-complement treatment in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: where we stand and where we are going (2014)

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a clonal, non-malignant, hematological disorder characterized by the expansion of hematopoietic stem cells and progeny mature blood cells which are deficient in some surface proteins, including the two complement regulators CD55 and CD59. PNH is the paradigm of diseases implying complement dysregulation as main pathogenic mechanism; in fact, PNH erythrocytes are uncapable to modulate on their surface physiologic complement activation, which eventually leads to the typical clinical hallmark of PNH - the chronic complement-mediated intravascular anemia. Indeed, due to the lack of CD55 complement is continuously activated on erythrocyte surface, which subsequently enables the terminal lytic complement because of the lack of CD59, finally resulting in erythrocyte lysis. The availability of eculizumab as the first complement inhibitor for clinical use renewed the interest for this rare hematological disease. Indeed, in the last decad the anti-C5 monoclonal antibody has proven effective for the treatment of PNH, resulting in a sustained control of complement-mediated intravascular hemolysis, with a remarkable clinical benefit. Anti-complement treatment allowed transfusion independence in at least half of PNH patients receiving eculizumab, with adequate control of all hemolysis-associated symptoms even in almost all remaining patients. In addition, the risk of thromboembolic events - an other clinical hallmark of PNH, which significantly affects prognosis and survival - seems substantially reduced on eculizumab treatment, apparently resulting in improved survival. Even with all these remarkable effects, eculizumab treatment does not result in hemoglobin normalization, and most patients remain anemic. It has been demonstrated that this is due to persistent activation of the early phases of complement activation (upstream the C5), leading to complement-mediated extravascular hemolysis. Ongoing researches are focusing on possible strategies to improve current anti-complement therapies, aiming to develop second-generation complement therapeutics. Here we review PNH and its complement-mediated pathophysiology, summarizing available data on anti-complement treatment; we'll also discuss recent pathogenic insights which drive the development of novel strategies of complement inhibition.
T Lymphocyte Prestimulation Impairs in a Time-Dependent Manner the Capacity of Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Inhibit Proliferation: Role of Interferon γ, Poly I:C, and Tryptophan Metabolism in Restoring Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cell Inhibitory Effect (2015)

The immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) make them an attractive therapeutic tool to treat chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or Crohn's disease. These indications are characterized by a chronic activation of immune cells that perpetuates the disease. In vitro, when adipose mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) are cultured with T lymphocytes at the time of stimulation, their proliferation is inhibited. However, these experimental settings do not necessarily fit with what ASCs will face in inflammatory conditions in vivo, where ASCs will likely encounter and interact with already activated immune cells which might affect their immunomodulatory capacity. In most in vitro studies, MSCs have been cultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells at the time of lymphocyte stimulation and information about the interaction between MSCs and prestimulated lymphocytes in vitro is scarce. Therefore, a better understanding of the capacity of MSCs to modulate the responses of preactivated immune cells is needed. In this study we focused on the effects of ASCs on prestimulated lymphocytes and systematically investigated the potential mechanisms involved. We report that prestimulation of T lymphocytes 48 h before the coculture with ASCs impairs the capacity of ASCs to inhibit proliferation. Preactivation of ASCs with interferon γ or the toll-like receptor ligand Poly I:C, but not other stimuli tested, enhanced the ability to inhibit the proliferation of 48 h-stimulated T lymphocytes. The inhibitory effect of ASCs was shown to be time dependent and mediated through the actual magnitude of tryptophan degradation by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase.
A Study of the Functional Memory Type Parallel Processor (1999)

This paper describes a memory-based SIMD shared-bus parallel processor architecture, which is called “Functional Memory Type Parallel Processor” abbreviated as FMPP. The FMPP architecture integrates memory and an ALU closely on a single die. All the PEs are connected with a shared bus and laid out in a two-dimensional array like memory and perform the same instructions according to the SIMD manner. The FMPP architecture enables massively parallel computing inside a memory. It has a capability to break the Von Neumann bottleneck where the system performance is limited by the bus performance between memory and CPU. We have developed four LSIs based on the bit-parallel block-parallel architecture, where a PE consists of several words and a bit-parallel ALU. The first LSI called the BPBP-FMPP with 8 PEs is designed and fabricated for general purpose. A PE consists of 32bit CAM words and a 32bit ALU for numerical and logical operations. The following three LSIs called FMPP-VQ are for a special purpose: vector quantization (VQ). A PE consists of 16 words of 8bit SRAMs and a 12bit ALU. The FMPP-VQ accelerates the nearest neighbor search where the vector nearest to an input is extracted among large number of code vectors. The FMPP-VQ4 with 4 PEs is an evaluation LSI to confirm functionalities. The second FMPP-VQ64 integrates 64 PEs. It performs over 50,000 nearest neighbor searches per second, while its power consumption is 20mW. It can be used for real-time low-rate video compression. The third FMPP-VQ64M is designed for more powerful and low-power computation. Its performance becomes almost twice, while its power consumption is half compared with the FMPP-VQ64. We have also developed a low-rate video compression system using the FMPP-VQ. The proposed multi-stage hierarchical vector quantization algorithm can transmit 10 QCIF frames per second through a 29.2kbps mobile channel.
Thematic overview (2011)

The aim of this book is to explore the availability of a criminal defence to one who acts in contravention of the letter of the law as a result of threats or circumstances, situations traditionally encompassed by the defences of duress and necessity. The defence of duress by threats, or duress per minas, is available to one who commits an act which ostensibly breaks the law of the land as a result of threats of a serious nature, while necessity and duress of circumstances operate to exculpate one who prima facie contravenes the law due to dire circumstances. The analysis contained herein aims to provide an original perspective on the approach taken in the criminal law to such defendants by embarking upon a fresh consideration in light of both ancient philosophy and more recent breakthroughs in modern psychology.
Transformation of Thermoanaerobacterium sp. strain JW/SL-YS485 with plasmid pIKM1 conferring kanamycin resistance (2006)

The industrial application of thermophilic (eu)bacteria is hampered by the lack of genetic systems for these bacteria. We report here the first unequivocal transformation of a Gram-positive, thermophilic, anaerobic microorganism, Thermoanaerobacterium, with the kanamycin resistance-mediating plasmid pIKM1. The construct pIKM1 is based on the Escherichia coli–Clostridium acetobutylicum shuttle vector pIMP1 and contains the thermostable kanamycin cassette from S. faecalis plasmid pKD102. Using electrotransformation, plasmid pIKM1 mediated kanamycin resistance in Thermoanaerobacterium sp. strain JW/SL-YS485 up to 400 μg ml−1 at 48°C and 200 μg ml−1 at 60°C.
Tissue Engineering: Applications in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontics (2007)

This new edition reflects the remarkable clinical and scientific advances in bone and soft tissue reconstruction since publication of the first edition of this award-winning book 7 years ago. Highly potent recombinant growth factors are now widely available, and numerous chapters describe and provide cases illustrating how to incorporate these protein therapeutics into clinical practice. The reader will find information about the basic principles of tissue engineering, use of growth factors in orthopedics, and potential applications of gene therapy in dentistry. The book also features chapters on periodontal regeneration and localized implant site development. A section on applications for craniofacial reconstruction describes procedures for use of growth factors in the treatment of defects. The final section addresses orthopedic indications for tissue engineering. An invaluable, up-to-date resource for practitioners wanting to integrate tissue engineering into their clinical practice, researchers seeking inspiration for new directions, and those new to this fascinating field.
High-dimensional regression with noisy and missing data: Provable guarantees with nonconvexity (2012)

Although the standard formulations of prediction problems involve fully-observed and noiseless data drawn in an i.i.d. manner, many applications involve noisy and/or missing data, possibly involving dependence, as well. We study these issues in the context of high-dimensional sparse linear regression, and propose novel estimators for the cases of noisy, missing and/or dependent data. Many standard approaches to noisy or missing data, such as those using the EM algorithm, lead to optimization problems that are inherently nonconvex, and it is difficult to establish theoretical guarantees on practical algorithms. While our approach also involves optimizing nonconvex programs, we are able to both analyze the statistical error associated with any global optimum, and more surprisingly, to prove that a simple algorithm based on projected gradient descent will converge in polynomial time to a small neighborhood of the set of all global minimizers. On the statistical side, we provide nonasymptotic bounds that hold with high probability for the cases of noisy, missing and/or dependent data. On the computational side, we prove that under the same types of conditions required for statistical consistency, the projected gradient descent algorithm is guaranteed to converge at a geometric rate to a near-global minimizer. We illustrate these theoretical predictions with simulations, showing close agreement with the predicted scalings.
Genetically Modified Plants (2003)

Methods to Establish Genetically Modified Plants Transformation Methods Agrobacterium transformation Direct gene transfer Tissue Requirements Molecular Requirements Promoter Codon usage Selectable marker and reporter genes GM Plants Already on the Market (EU, USA, Canada, Japan) Herbicide Resistance in Soybean, Maize, Oilseed rape, Sugar beet, Rice, and Cotton Insect Resistance in Maize, Potatoes, Tomatoes, and Cotton Virus-resistance, Male Sterility, Delayed Fruit Ripening, and Fatty Acid Contents in GMPs GM Plants “in the Pipeline ” Input Traits Insect resistance in rice, soybean, oilseed rape, eggplant, walnut, grape, and peanut Disease resistance in maize, potatoes, fruits, and vegetables Tolerance against abiotic stresses Improved agronomic properties Traits Affecting Food Quality for Human Nutrition Increased carotenoid content in rice and tomato Elevated iron level in rice and wheat Improved amino acid composition in potato plants Reduction in the content of antinutritive factors in cassava Production of “low-calorie sugar” in sugar beet Seedless fruits and vegetables Traits that Affect Processing Altered gluten level in wheat to change baking quality Altered grain composition in barley to improve malting quality Traits of Pharmaceutical Interest Production of vaccines Production of pharmaceuticals Outlook
Metal Nanostructures with Hollow Interiors (2003)

Abstract We have recently developed a simple and versatile route to the large‐scale synthesis of metal nanostructures with well‐defined hollow interiors. The key step of this process involves a replacement reaction between the surface of a nanoscale template and the solution of an appropriate salt precursor. The capability and feasibility of this method have been demonstrated by preparing hollow nanostructures of gold with a range of different morphologies (e.g., triangular rings, prism‐shaped boxes, cubic boxes, spherical capsules, and tubes). In addition to gold, this method also worked well for other metals such as platinum and palladium (see Figure for an SEM image of Pd nanotubes). These metal nanostructures with hollow interiors are useful as fillers for generation of ultralight composites; they are also interesting for new types of applications that include use as components for highly sensitive colorimetric sensors and as effective, recoverable catalysts.
New Material for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (2004)

A chemical method of synthesis and application of coating materials that are especially suitable for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been developed. The purpose of this development is to facilitate the utilization of the inherently high sensitivity of SERS to detect chemicals of interest (analytes) in trace amounts, without need for lengthy sample preparation. Up to now, the use of SERS has not become routine because the methods available have not been able to reproduce sampling conditions and provide quantitative measurements. In contrast, the coating materials of the present method enable analysis with minimum preparation of samples, and SERS measurements made using these materials are reproducible and reversible. Moreover, unlike in methods investigated in prior efforts to implement SERS, sampling is not restricted to such specific environments as electrolytes or specific solvents. The coating materials of this method are porous glasses, formed in sol-gel processes, that contain small particles of gold or silver metal. Materials of this type can be applied to the sample-contact surfaces of a variety of sampling and sensing devices, including glass slides, glass vials, fiber-optic probes, and glass tubes. Glass vials with their insides coated according to this method are particularly convenient for SERS to detect trace chemicals in solutions: One simply puts a sample solution containing the analyte(s) into a vial, then puts the vial into a Raman spectrometer for analysis. The chemical ingredients and the physical conditions of the sol-gel process have been selected so that the porous glass formed incorporates particles of the desired metal with size(s) to match the wavelength(s) of the SERS excitation laser in order to optimize the generation of surface plasmons. The ingredients and processing conditions have further been chosen to tailor the porosity and polarity of the glass to optimize the sample flow and the interaction between the analyte(s) and the plasmon field that generates Raman photons. The porous silica network of a sol-gel glass creates a unique environment for stabilizing SERS-active metal particles. Relative to other material structures that could be considered for SERS, the porous silica network offers higher specific surface area and thus greater interaction between analyte molecules and metal particles. Efforts to perform SERS measurements with the help of sampling devices coated by this method have been successful. In tests, numerous organic and inorganic chemicals were analyzed in several solvents, including water. The results of the tests indicate that the SERS measurements were reproducible within 10 percent and linear over five orders of magnitude. One measure of the limits of detectability of chemicals in these tests was found to be a concentration of 300 parts per billion. Further development may eventually make it possible to realize the full potential sensitivity of SERS for detecting some analytes in quantities as small as a single molecule.