gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient Analysis of Experimental Observations (1980)

The prime goal of this chapter is to encourage researchers in pharmacology to make use of some of the statistical techniques developed in recent years that could increase the efficiency of their analyses. The topics we have chosen to illustrate are fractional replicates of fac­ torial experiments, single degrees of freedom and half-normal plots in the analysis of variance, robust estimation, and up-and-down method for quan­ tal responses. Briefly, the advantages of the techniques illustrated here are the follow­ ing.
Model Based Inference for Wire Chafe Diagnostics (2009)

Presentation for Aging Aircraft conference covering chafing fault diagnostics using Time Domain Reflectometry. Laboratory setup and experimental methods are presented, along with initial results that summarize fault modeling and detection capabilities.
Rapamycin selectively represses translation of the "polypyrimidine tract" mRNA family. (1994)

The immunosuppressant rapamycin blocks p70s6k/p85s6k activation and phosphorylation of 40S ribosomal protein S6 in Swiss 3T3 cells. The same net result is obtained when the macrolide is added 3 hr after serum stimulation. In stimulated cells p70s6k/p85s6k inactivation is achieved within minutes, whereas S6 dephosphorylation requires 1-2 hr, supporting the concept that S6 dephosphorylation results from kinase inactivation. In parallel, rapamycin treatment causes a small, but significant, reduction in the initiation rate of protein synthesis, as measured both by [35S]methionine incorporation into protein and by recruitment of 80S ribosomes into polysomes. More striking, analysis of individual mRNA transcripts revealed that rapamycin selectively suppresses the translation of a family of mRNAs that is characterized by a polypyrimidine tract immediately after their N7-methylguanosine cap, a motif that can act as a translational modulator. This family includes transcripts for ribosomal proteins, elongation factors of protein synthesis, and proteins of as-yet-unknown function. The results imply that (i) 40S ribosomes containing phosphorylated S6 may selectively recognize this motif or proteins which bind to it and (ii) rapamycin may inhibit cell growth by blocking S6 phosphorylation and, thus, translation of these mRNAs.
Sulfur polymer cement as a low-level waste glass matrix encapsulant (1996)

Sulfur polymer cement (SPC) is being considered as a matrix encapsulant for the Hanford low-level (activity) waste glass. SPC is an elemental sulfur polymer-stabilized thermoplastic that is fluid at 120 {degrees}C to 140{degrees}C. The candidate process would encapsulate the waste glass by mixing the glass cullet with the SPC and casting it into the container. As the primary barrier to groundwater and a key factor in controlling the local environment of the disposal system after it has been compromised, SPC plays a key role in the waste form`s long-term performance assessment. Work in fiscal year 1995 targeted several technical areas of matrix encapsulation involving SPC. A literature review was performed to evaluate potential matrix-encapsulant materials. The dissolution and corrosion behavior of SPC under static conditions was determined as a function of temperature, pH, and sample surface area/solution volume. Preliminary dynamic flow-through testing was performed. SPC formulation and properties were investigated, including controlled crystallization, phase formation, modifying polymer effects on crystallization, and SPC processibility. The interface between SPC and simulated LLW glass was examined. Interfacial chemistry and stability, the effect of water on the glass/SPC interface, and the effect of molten sulfur on the glass surface chemistry were established. Preliminary scoping experiments, involving SPC`s Tc gettering capabilities were performed. Compressive strengths of SPC and SPC/glass composites, both before and after lifetime radiation dose exposure, were determined.
Soluble CD44: quantification and molecular repartition in plasma of patients with colorectal cancer (1999)

Based on the important role of CD44 in tumour progression and metastasis, we evaluated, in a prospective study, plasma-soluble CD44 (sCD44) as a serum marker in colorectal cancer. Blood plasma specimens from 89 patients with colorectal neoplasm, 22 patients with a gastrointestinal disease and 23 healthy donors were analysed for quantitation (ELISA assay) and purification of sCD44. The concentration of sCD44, indicating the concentration of all isoforms, was significantly higher in patients with colorectal cancer and intestinal disease than in normal individuals, but no significant differences were found between the two groups. We found no association between plasma levels and staging of the colorectal cancer patients according to Astler and Coller. A two-step batch purification combining ion exchange and immunoaffinity chromatography, followed by Western blot analysis, revealed a complex pattern with a major band corresponding to the standard form of CD44 and minor bands that may correspond to larger variant forms. No particular sCD44 isoform was clearly associated with anatomopathological or biological information.
The Johns Hopkins Radiology Reporting System (1976)

Radiologists can comprehensively report diagnostic radiographs by computer with a speed approaching that of dictation. This is the main mode of radiographic reporting used at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Support functions include information storage, retrieval, statistics, and billing. Costs are comparable to stenography. The system can be run from a large time-sharing computer or dedicated minicomputer. A commercial standalone version will soon be available.
Absorption and Excretion of Drugs. XL. Enhancement of the Rectal Absorption of Pharmaceutical Amines with Lauryl Sulfate and Saccharinate Anions (1969)

The absorption of ion pair complexes was studied in rats by means of in situ rectal perfusion technique. Two combinations, sodium lauryl sulfate-basic drugs and saccharin sodium-basic drugs were examined in detail. The disappearance from the perfusate of both components were determined in order to elucidate the mechanism of ion pair absorption. Basic drugs except some quaternaries tested were absorbed much faster in the presence of lauryl sulfate and saccharinate anions but the converse could not be applied for the anionic components. Blood level analyses of basic drugs also demonstrated such absorption enhancement effect. Enhancement of the absorption of cationic drugs could better be related to the binding behavior of those drugs to the rectal mucosal preparations than their apparent chloroform or benzene/water partition coefficients.
Neurotrophic‐4/5 is a survival factor for embryonic midbrain dopaminergic neurons in enriched cultures (1994)

Parkinson's disease is a prevalent neurological disease characterized by profound and incapacitating movement disorders. A common pathology in Parkinson's patients is degeneration of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons that innervate the striatum and a corresponding decrease in striatal dopamine content. We now report that NT-4/5 can prevent the death of rat embryonic substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in low density, enriched, primary cultures. Furthermore, these neurons express messenger RNA encoding the trkB receptor for NT-4/5 and transcripts for NT-4/5 are present in their environment. In addition, we demonstrate that NT-4/5 protects embryonic dopaminergic neurons from the toxic effects of the neurotoxin MPP+. Thus, NT-4/5 could be a physiological survival factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons and may be useful as a therapeutic agent for Parkinson's disease.
The Use of Epstein-Barr Virus-Transformed B Lymphocyte Cell Lines in a Peptide-Reconstitution Assay (1995)

Summary: In the development of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)–mediated immunotherapy, the identification of CTL epitopes is of crucial importance. Binding of a peptide to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules is one of the prerequisites for its function as a CTL epitope. We describe the technique, validation, and application of a simple cellular assay, intended for the screening of peptides for binding, that can be applied to any human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele. Reconstitution of peptides in MHC class I molecules after elution by acid treatment was previously shown to be possible in specially engineered cell lines expressing only one type of MHC class I, and was applied for the HLA-A*0201 allele. We now report the optimal conditions for application of this type of binding assay to the HLA-A*0301 allele. The adaptations that were necessary to make the technique operational for HLA-A*0301 are shown in detail. These consisted of lowering the pH during acid treatment to 2.9 and lengthening the duration of elution to 90 s. Furthermore, immediate aspiration of eluted peptides appeared to be essential for this allele. We found also that the use of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)–transformed B cell lines (B-LCL) yields results similar to those of the use of cell lines expressing only one specific MHC class I allele. Homozygosity for the desired HLA allele improves the sensitivity of the assay, but heterozygous cells can also be employed. Finally, we applied this technique to a search for HLA-A*0301 binding peptides derived from carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Of a set of 34 CEA-specific peptides that fit with a specified HLA-A*0301-binding motif, we identified a set of six peptides with high binding affinity to this allele. These peptides can be regarded as potential CTL epitopes.
Partial Characterization of Endothelial FGF Receptor Functional Domain by Monoclonal Antibody VBS-1 (2002)

Polypeptide growth factors mediate their cellular responses by binding to and activating specific cell surface receptors. Monoclonal antibody (MAb) VBS-1, produced against native fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR-1), inhibited the binding of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) to its receptor on coronary venular endothelial cells (CVECs) as determined by 125I-FGF-2 Scatchard analysis and [3H]thymidine uptake assays (ED50 = 80 ng/mL). Enzyme studies demonstrated that MAb VBS-1 binds to a protein epitope. Proteolytic mapping of the CVEC-FGFR established that a 52 kDa doublet contained the FGF binding site and the MAb VBS-1 antigenic epitope. N-glycanase digestion suggested the presence of a 50 kDa core protein for the CVEC-FGFR. Tunicamycin treatment resulted in the loss of expression of the core protein and the mature receptor, indicating the importance of CVEC-FGFR n-linked glycosylation. By Northern blot analysis, it was determined that CVECs express fgfr-1 and not fgfr-2. VBS-1 recognized FGFR-1 (140 kDa) and crossreacted weakly with FGFR-2 (135 kDa). Using a combination of affinity crosslinking, proteolytic mapping and Mab VBS-1 binding studies, we have located the FGF binding site near the NH2-terminal domain of the receptor close to the highly acidic box.
Influence of Environmental Conditions on the Stability of Oil in Water Emulsions Containing Droplets Stabilized by Lecithin−Chitosan Membranes (2003)

Oil-in-water emulsions containing cationic droplets stabilized by lecithin-chitosan membranes were produced using a two-stage process. A primary emulsion containing anionic lecithin-coated droplets was prepared by homogenizing oil and emulsifier solution using a high-pressure valve homogenizer (5 wt % corn oil, 1 wt % lecithin, 100 mM acetic acid, pH 3.0). A secondary emulsion containing cationic lecithin-chitosan-coated droplets was formed by diluting the primary emulsion with an aqueous chitosan solution (1 wt % corn oil, 0.2 wt % lecithin, 100 mM acetic acid, and 0.036 wt % chitosan). The stabilities of the primary and secondary emulsions with the same oil concentration to thermal processing, freeze-thaw cycling, high calcium chloride concentrations, and lipid oxidation were determined. The results showed that the secondary emulsions had better stability to droplet aggregation during thermal processing (30-90 degrees C for 30 min), freeze-thaw cycling (-10 degrees C for 22 h/30 degrees C for 2 h), and high calcium chloride contents (</=500 mM CaCl(2)) and exhibited less lipid oxidation (peroxide formation) than primary emulsions. The interfacial engineering technology used in this study could lead to the creation of food emulsions with improved stability to environmental stresses.
Kinetics of cocaine distribution, elimination, and chronotropic effects (1985)

The pharmacokinetics of cocaine were studied in five subjects with histories of drug abuse who were otherwise healthy. A two-compartment system was used to model the distribution kinetics of the drug. The steady-state volume of distribution averaged 131.8 L or 1.96 L/kg, elimination clearance was 2.10 L/min, and the t 1/2 was 48 minutes. Cocaine concentrations in a hypothetic biophase were estimated to correlate the chronotropic effects of this drug with its pharmacokinetics. The experimentally determined kinetic parameters indicate that the peak chronotropic effect would occur 7.3 minutes after intravenous bolus injection of cocaine, and that biophase cocaine concentrations would initially accelerate the heart rate by 0.3 bpm for each 1 ng/ml. The kinetic analysis also demonstrated that the chronotropic effects of cocaine decline more rapidly than either plasma levels or biophase concentrations. This progressive attenuation in intensity of the chronotropic effect of a given biophase cocaine concentration could be modeled as a first-order process and is compatible with either the intervention of homeostatic reflex mechanisms or the phenomenon of acute tolerance.
Arylsulfonamidothiazoles as a New Class of Potential Antidiabetic Drugs. Discovery of Potent and Selective Inhibitors of the 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 (2002)

Novel antidiabetic arylsulfonamidothiazoles are presented that exert action through selective inhibition of the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) enzyme, thereby attenuating hepatic gluconeogenesis. The diethylamide derivative 2a was shown to potently inhibit human 11beta-HSD1 (IC(50) = 52 nM), whereas the N-methylpiperazinamide analogue 2b only inhibited murine 11beta-HSD1 (IC(50) = 96 nM). Both compounds showed >200-fold selectivity over human and murine 11beta-HSD2. 2b was subsequently shown to reduce glucose levels in diabetic KKA(y) mice, substantiating the 11beta-HSD1 enzyme as a target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Synthesis Strategies for Ultrastable Zeolite GIS Polymorphs as Sorbents for Selective Separations (2016)

Designing zeolites with tunable physicochemical properties can substantially impact their performance in commercial applications, such as adsorption, separations, catalysis, and drug delivery. Zeolite synthesis typically requires an organic structure-directing agent to produce crystals with specific pore topology. Attempts to remove organics from syntheses to achieve commercially viable methods of preparing zeolites often lead to the formation of impurities. Herein, we present organic-free syntheses of two polymorphs of the small-pore zeolite P (GIS), P1 and P2. Using a combination of adsorption measurements and density functional theory calculations, we show that GIS polymorphs are selective adsorbents for H<sub>2</sub> O relative to other light gases (e.g., H<sub>2</sub> , N<sub>2</sub> , CO<sub>2</sub> ). Our findings refute prior theoretical studies postulating that GIS-type zeolites are excellent materials for CO<sub>2</sub> separation/sequestration. We also show that P2 is significantly more thermally stable than P1, which broadens the operating conditions for GIS-type zeolites in commercial applications and opens new avenues for exploring their potential use in processes such as catalysis.
Electrostrictive Effect in Barium Titanate Ceramics (1948)

When a direct current bias is applied to a multicrystalline barium titanate ceramic, an alternating voltage can excite resonances in the ceramic. Four modes of motion have been excited---a longitudinal mode at right angles to the applied field, a radial mode of a circular plate at right angles to the applied field, a thickness longitudinal mode, and a thickness shear mode. The first three are excited when the a.c. field is applied in the same direction as the d.c. polarization, but the fourth is excited when the a.c. field is at right angles to the d.c. polarization. The amount of motion is larger than in magnetostrictive materials, and it appears that barium titanate may be an important electromechanical transducing element.All of these modes can be accounted for on the basis of a second-order electrostrictive effect. Two electrostrictive constants are involved and these have been evaluated as ${{Q}_{12},=\ensuremath{-}2.15\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}(\frac{{\mathrm{cm}}^{4}}{{(\mathrm{statcoulombs})}^{2}})}{{Q}_{11},=+6.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}(\frac{{\mathrm{cm}}^{4}}{{(\mathrm{statcoulombs})}^{2}}).}$Using these constants, the measured electromechanical coupling factors for the four modes are evaluated, and these compare well with the calculated values.A theoretical explanation of this effect is given which depends on the fact that when a given domain becomes ferro-electric it loses its cubic structure and becomes tetragonal. In this process it expands one percent along the tetragonal axis and contracts one-half percent along the other two axes. In the ceramic piece all directions for the tetragonal axis are equally probable, but an applied field can cause the domains in the direction of the field to grow at the expense of domains perpendicular to the field. This growth is accompanied by an increase in the thickness of the crystal and a decrease in radial dimensions. The measured ratio of 3 to 1, compared to the 2 to 1 ratio observed by x-rays for a single crystal, is accounted for by the nature of the ceramic material which does not join up for all grains. This does not prevent the ceramic from increasing in thickness but does cut down the radial contraction.Experimental measurements of the electrostrictive effect are given, and it is shown that the displacement is proportional to the square or products of the electric displacements in the ceramic.
Manifold Regularization: A Geometric Framework for Learning from Labeled and Unlabeled Examples (2006)

We propose a family of learning algorithms based on a new form of regularization that allows us to exploit the geometry of the marginal distribution. We focus on a semi-supervised framework that incorporates labeled and unlabeled data in a general-purpose learner. Some transductive graph learning algorithms and standard methods including Support Vector Machines and Regularized Least Squares can be obtained as special cases. We utilize properties of Reproducing Kernel Hilbert spaces to prove new Representer theorems that provide theoretical basis for the algorithms. As a result (in contrast to purely graph-based approaches) we obtain a natural out-of-sample extension to novel examples and so are able to handle both transductive and truly semi-supervised settings. We present experimental evidence suggesting that our semi-supervised algorithms are able to use unlabeled data effectively. Finally we have a brief discussion of unsupervised and fully supervised learning within our general framework.
Investigation of Centreline Segregation and Centreline Porosity in CC - Slabs (2003)

Improvements of solidification processing in conventional or near net shape casting depend on sophisticated methods of macroscopic examination of central unsoundness and inhomogeneity of the cast material. As long as remarkable deviations referring to the quality features exist between the slab centre and the bulk material such methods should be looked after. Two semi-macroscopic methods of segregation analysis are discussed in this paper: firstly, the potential of the emission spectral analysis combined with sectioning of a sample and secondly, the computer aided micro-probe analysis. Both methods are restricted to small local areas. The proneness of elements and steel grades with respect to micro- and macrosegregation as well as distribution- and segregation coefficients are determined. The effect of a diffusion anneal on homogenisation of segregation is studied. Last not least the precipitation of sulphides, phosphides or carbonitrides is estimated. Ultrasonic detection of the central unsoundness of conventional slabs or thin slabs is a new approach towards a quantitative macroscopic examination. The sample size is 400 mm x 300 mm x 30 mm. To achieve a low ultrasonic noise using a 5 MHz-transducer the samples are heat treated for grain refinement. “Dog bone porosity”, macroscopic topographical misfit between the upper and lower solidifying shells, periodical corner cracks or systematic transverse centre cracks are detected. Obviously, segregations do not reflect the ultrasonic beam. However, it can be presumed that an interrelation exists between porosity and segregation, although these might be locally apart from each other. This new ultrasonic test of the central unsoundness of continuous cast (c.c.) slabs gives valuable arguments to machine builders and maintenance people to decide on the right concepts for strand guidance, support rollers and secondary cooling. Soft reduction can be optimized and variations in casting speed counteracted by dynamic means. R&D service of this kind can help steelmakers when decisions are impending to build new casting machines or revamp old ones.
Characterization of Novel Sesquiterpenoid Biosynthesis in Tobacco Expressing a Fungal Sesquiterpene Synthase (1996)

The gene encoding trichodiene synthase (Tri5), a sesquiterpene synthase from the fungus Fusarium sporotrichioides, was used to transform tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Trichodiene was the sole sesquiterpene synthase product in enzyme reaction mixtures derived from unelicited transformant cell-suspension cultures, and both trichodiene and 5-epi-aristolochene were observed as reaction products following elicitor treatment. Immunoblot analysis of protein extracts revealed the presence of trichodiene synthase only in transformant cell lines producing trichodiene. In vivo labeling with [3H]mevalonate revealed the presence of a novel trichodiene metabolite, 15-hydroxytrichodiene, that accumulated in the transformant cell-suspension cultures. In a trichodiene-producing transformant, the level of 15-hydroxytrichodiene accumulation increased after elicitor treatment. In vivo labeling with [14C]acetate showed that the biosynthetic rate of trichodiene and 15-hydroxytrichodiene also increased after elicitor treatment. Incorporation of radioactivity from [14C]acetate into capsidiol was reduced following elicitor treatment of a trichodiene-producing transformant as compared with wild type. These results demonstrate that sesquiterpenoid accumulation resulting from the constitutive expression of a foreign sesquiterpene synthase is responsive to elicitation and that the farnesyl pyrophosphate present in elicited cells can be utilized by a foreign sesquiterpene synthase to produce high levels of novel sesquiterpenoids.
국제형사재판소의 전쟁범죄 규정과 그 의의 (2012)

전쟁을 비롯한 군사적 갈등의 지속은 국제사회가 전쟁을 주요한 국제범죄로 규정하고 법적으로 처벌하는 규범들을 만들도록 하였으며 마침내 국제형사재판소의 설립으로 이어졌다. 국제형사재판소는 크게 '집단학살'(genocide), '반인도적 범죄'(crimes against humanity), '전쟁범죄'(war crimes)를 세계 공동체에 가장 위협이 되는 중요범죄로 규정하고 그것들을 다루는 것으로 국제형사재판소의 역할을 규정하였다. 특히 국제형사재판소의 설립 근거가 되는 로마규정 8장을 중심으로 전쟁범죄를 구체적으로 열거․규정하고 있다. 역사적으로 첫 번째 국제 상설재판소인 국제형사재판소는 이러한 규정을 통하여 법의 지배라는 원칙하에서 전쟁 범죄자에 대한 처벌을 엄정하게 하여, 전쟁을 억지하고 방지함으로써 세계 평화에 기여하는 것을 그 목적으로 하고 있다.