gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reversal of Persistent Fibrosis in Aging by Targeting Nox4-Nrf2 Redox Imbalance (2014)

The incidence and prevalence of pathological fibrosis increase with advancing age, although mechanisms for this association are unclear. We assessed the capacity for repair of lung injury in young (2 months) and aged (18 months) mice. Whereas the severity of fibrosis was not different between these groups, aged mice demonstrated an impaired capacity for fibrosis resolution. Persistent fibrosis in lungs of aged mice was characterized by the accumulation of senescent and apoptosis-resistant myofibroblasts. These cellular phenotypes were sustained by alterations in cellular redox homeostasis resulting from elevated expression of the reactive oxygen species-generating enzyme Nox4 [NADPH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase-4] and an impaired capacity to induce the Nrf2 (NFE2-related factor 2) antioxidant response. Lung tissues from human subjects with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a progressive and fatal lung disease, also demonstrated this Nox4-Nrf2 imbalance. Nox4 mediated senescence and apoptosis resistance in IPF fibroblasts. Genetic and pharmacological targeting of Nox4 in aged mice with established fibrosis attenuated the senescent, antiapoptotic myofibroblast phenotype and led to a reversal of persistent fibrosis. These studies suggest that loss of cellular redox homeostasis promotes profibrotic myofibroblast phenotypes that result in persistent fibrosis associated with aging. Our studies suggest that restoration of Nox4-Nrf2 redox balance in myofibroblasts may be a therapeutic strategy in age-associated fibrotic disorders, potentially able to resolve persistent fibrosis or even reverse its progression.
Assigning Program and Data Objects to Scratchpad for Energy Reduction (2002)

The number of embedded systems is increasing and a remarkable percentage is designed as mobile applications. For the latter, energy consumption is a limiting factor because of today's battery capacities. Besides the processor, memory accesses consume a high amount of energy. The use of additional less power hungry memories like caches or scratchpads is thus common. Caches incorporate the hardware control logic for moving data in and out automatically. On the other hand, this logic requires chip area and energy. A scratchpad memory is much more energy efficient, but there is a need for software control of its content. In this paper, an algorithm integrated into a compiler is presented which analyses the application and selects program and data parts which are placed into the scratchpad. Comparisons against a cache solution show remarkable advantages between 12% and 43% in energy consumption for designs of the same memory size.
Substantial urinary concentrations of material resembling beta-core fragment of chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit in mid-menstrual cycle. (1993)

We measured the day-to-day variations in concentrations of beta-core, luteinizing hormone (LH), and alpha-subunit in urine during the menstrual cycle. The alpha-subunit concentrations showed a pattern similar to that of the LH concentrations. beta-Core-like material was increased during and up to 3 to 4 days after the surge in urine LH. The urine LH concentration was associated with the presence of beta-core immunoreactivity during the urine LH peak. Chromatography showed that, at the peak LH concentration and at 2 days after the LH peak, beta-core immunoreactivity could be accounted for by the presence of a peptide of low molecular mass similar to the beta-core molecule of hCG, but probably originating from the degradation of LH. The prolonged excretion of gonadotropin metabolites in the midcycle must be considered when beta-core is being assessed as a tumor marker.
An RNA Pseudoknot in the 3′ End of the Arterivirus Genome Has a Critical Role in Regulating Viral RNA Synthesis (2007)

In the life cycle of plus-strand RNA viruses, the genome initially serves as the template for both translation of the viral replicase gene and synthesis of minus-strand RNA and is ultimately packaged into progeny virions. These various processes must be properly balanced to ensure efficient viral proliferation. To achieve this, higher-order RNA structures near the termini of a variety of RNA virus genomes are thought to play a key role in regulating the specificity and efficiency of viral RNA synthesis. In this study, we have analyzed the signals for minus-strand RNA synthesis in the prototype of the arterivirus family, equine arteritis virus (EAV). Using site-directed mutagenesis and an EAV reverse genetics system, we have demonstrated that a stem-loop structure near the 3' terminus of the EAV genome is required for RNA synthesis. We have also obtained evidence for an essential pseudoknot interaction between the loop region of this stem-loop structure and an upstream hairpin residing in the gene encoding the nucleocapsid protein. We propose that the formation of this pseudoknot interaction may constitute a molecular switch that could regulate the specificity or timing of viral RNA synthesis. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that phylogenetic analysis predicted the formation of similar pseudoknot interactions near the 3' end of all known arterivirus genomes, suggesting that this interaction has been conserved in evolution.
The macrolide immunosuppressants in dermatology: mechanisms of action. (2003)

Macrolides are xenobiotics, produced by soil fungi, which have immunosuppressant properties. They will probably revolutionise the treatment of inflammatory dermatoses. This article outlines the context and putative mechanisms of action of this novel class of drugs. Cyclosporin, and the structurally distinct macrolides tacrolimus and pimecrolimus (an ascomycin derivative), modulate immune-cell function by inhibiting calcineurin-dependent dephosphorylation-activation of specific nuclear factors, thus preventing transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The macrolide rapamycin (sirolimus) acts by abrogating Target of Rapamycin, a key signalling protein that controls activation of a number of proteins which direct progression of the cell cycle in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines. Tacrolimus and pimecrolimus are small enough molecules to penetrate skin and are available in topical formulations. "Skin-specific" pimecrolimus seems not to cause systemic immunosuppression when given orally. Neither topical tacrolimus nor pimecrolimus are capable of producing skin atrophy. Sirolimus has anti-angiogenic properties that may be beneficial to the treatment of psoriasis and perhaps skin cancer.
Profiling antibody responses by multiparametric analysis of primary B cells (2008)

Determining the efficacy of a vaccine generally relies on measuring neutralizing antibodies in sera. This measure cannot elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the development of immunological memory at the cellular level, however. Quantitative profiles that detail the cellular origin, extent, and diversity of the humoral (antibody-based) immune response would improve both the assessment and development of vaccines. Here, we describe a novel approach to collect multiparametric datasets that describe the specificity, isotype, and apparent affinity of the antibodies secreted from large numbers of individual primary B cells (approximately 10(3)-10(4)). The antibody/antigen binding curves obtained by this approach can be used to classify closely related populations of cells using algorithms for data clustering, and the relationships among populations can be visualized graphically using affinity heatmaps. The technique described was used to evaluate the diversity of antigen-specific antibody-secreting cells generated during an in vivo humoral response to a series of immunizations designed to mimic a multipart vaccination. Profiles correlating primary antibody-producing cells with the molecular characteristics of their secreted antibodies should facilitate both the evaluation of candidate vaccines and, broadly, studies on the repertoires of antibodies generated in response to infectious or autoimmune diseases.
Real-time control of walking using recordings from dorsal root ganglia (2013)

Sensory feedback from moving limbs would be a desirable component of any neuroprosthetic device designed to restore walking in people after a spinal cord injury. This study provides a proof-of-principle that real-time feedback from the DRG is possible and could form part of a fully implantable neuroprosthetic device with further development.
Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for Obesity (2006)

The rising tide of obesity is one of the most pressing health issues of our time, yet existing medicines to combat the problem are disappointingly limited in number and effectiveness. Fortunately, a recent burgeoning of mechanistic insights into the neuroendocrine regulation of body weight provides an expanding list of molecular targets for novel, rationally designed antiobesity pharmaceuticals. In this review, we articulate a set of conceptual principles that we feel could help prioritize among these molecules in the development of obesity therapeutics, based on an understanding of energy homeostasis. We focus primarily on central targets, highlighting selected strategies to stimulate endogenous catabolic signals or inhibit anabolic signals. Examples of the former approach include methods to enhance central leptin signaling through intranasal leptin delivery, use of superpotent leptin-receptor agonists, and mechanisms to increase leptin sensitivity by manipulating SOCS-3, PTP-1B, ciliary neurotrophic factor, or simply by first losing weight with traditional interventions. Techniques to augment signaling by neurochemical mediators of leptin action that lie downstream of at least some levels of obesity-associated leptin resistance include activation of melanocortin receptors or 5-HT2C and 5-HT1B receptors. We also describe strategies to inhibit anabolic molecules, such as neuropeptide Y, melanin-concentrating hormone, ghrelin, and endocannabinoids. Modulation of gastrointestinal satiation and hunger signals is discussed as well. As scientists continue to provide fundamental insights into the mechanisms governing body weight, the future looks bright for development of new and better antiobesity medications to be used with diet and exercise to facilitate substantial weight loss.
A Crash Risk Assessment Model for Road Curves (2007)

A comprehensive model to assess crash risks and reduce driver’s exposure to risks on road curves is still unavailable. We aim to create a model that can assist a driver to negotiate road curves safely. The overall model uses situation awareness, ubiquitous data mining and driver behaviour modelling concepts to assess crash risks on road curves. However, only the risk assessment model, which is part of the overall model, is presented in the paper. Crash risks are assessed using the predictions and a risk assessment scale that is created based on driver behaviours on road curves. This paper identifies the contributing factors from which we assess crash risk level. Five risk levels are defined and the contributing factors for each crash risk level are used to determine risk. The contributing factors are identified from a set of insurance crash records using link analysis. The factors will be compared with the actual factors of the driving context in order to determine the risk level.
Activation of angiotensin converting enzyme by monovalent anions (1983)

The angiotensin converting enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis of furanacryloyl-Phe-Gly-Gly is activated by monovalent anions in the order C1- greater than Br- greater than F- greater than NO3- greater than CH3COO-. In the alkaline pH region, increasing anion concentrations decrease the KM but do not change the kcat. This behavior is characteristic of an ordered bireactant mechanism in which the anion binds to the enzyme prior to the substrate. At acidic pH values, however, the anion activation is a result of both a decrease in KM and an increase in kcat, implying a bireactant mechanism in which anion and substrate bind randomly. For both the ordered and the bireactant mechanisms the anion serves as an essential activator. The effect of chloride on enzyme activity was studied over the pH range 5-10 under kcat/KM conditions and demonstrates that the apparent chloride binding constant increases from 3.3 mM at pH 6.0 to 190 mM at pH 9.0. The kcat vs. pH profile exhibits two pK values of 5.6 and 9.6, while the variation of KM with pH is characterized by a pK of 8.9 and a 2-fold increase between pH 6.5 and 7.5. The chloride activation of the hydrolysis of furanacryloyl-Phe-Gly-Gly is compared with that of the physiological substrates angiotensin I and bradykinin.
p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Downregulates Endothelial Progenitor Cells (2005)

These results demonstrate that p38 MAP kinase plays a pivotal role in the signal transduction pathways regulating the number of EPCs ex vivo. SB203580 can prevent the negative effects of TNF-alpha and glucose on the number of EPCs and may be useful to improve the number of EPCs for potential cell therapy.
How far can client-only solutions go for mobile browser speed? (2012)

Mobile browser is known to be slow because of the bottleneck in resource loading. Client-only solutions to improve resource loading are attractive because they are immediately deployable, scalable, and secure. We present the first publicly known treatment of client-only solutions to understand how much they can improve mobile browser speed without infrastructure support. Leveraging an unprecedented set of web usage data collected from 24 iPhone users continuously over one year, we examine the three fundamental, orthogonal approaches a client-only solution can take: caching, prefetching, and speculative loading. Speculative loading, as is firstly proposed and studied in this work, predicts and speculatively loads the subresources needed to open a webpage once its URL is given. We show that while caching and prefetching are highly limited for mobile browsing, speculative loading can be significantly more effective. Empirically, we show that client-only solutions can improve the browser speed by about 1.4 second on average for websites visited by the 24 iPhone users. We also report the design, realization, and evaluation of speculative loading in a WebKit-based browser called Tempo. On average, Tempo can reduce browser delay by 1 second (~20%).
Robust and Objective Decomposition and Mapping of Bifurcating Vessels (2004)

Computational modeling of human arteries has been broadly employed to investigate the relationships between geometry, hemodynamics and vascular disease. Recent developments in modeling techniques have made it possible to perform such analyses on realistic geometries acquired noninvasively and, thus, have opened up the possibility to extend the investigation to populations of subjects. However, for this to be feasible, novel methods for the comparison of the data obtained from large numbers of realistic models in the presence of anatomic variability must be developed. In this paper, we present an automatic technique for the objective comparison of distributions of geometric and hemodynamic quantities over the surface of bifurcating vessels. The method is based on centerlines and consists of robustly decomposing the surface into its constituent branches and mapping each branch onto a template parametric plane. The application of the technique to realistic data demonstrates how similar results are obtained over similar geometries, allowing for proper model-to-model comparison. Thanks to the computational and differential geometry criteria adopted, the method does not depend on user-defined parameters or user interaction, it is flexible with respect to the bifurcation geometry and it is readily extendible to more complex configurations of interconnecting vessels.
Interactive Learning with Convolutional Neural Networks for Image Labeling (2016)

Recently, deep learning models, such as Convolutional Neural Networks, have shown to give good performance for various computer vision tasks. A pre-requisite for such models is to have access to lots of labeled data since the most successful ones are trained with supervised learning. The process of labeling data is expensive, time-consuming, tedious, and sometimes subjective, which can result in falsely labeled data, which has a negative effect on both the training and the validation. In this work, we propose a human-in-the-loop intelligent system that allows the agent and the human to collabo- rate to simultaneously solve the problem of labeling data and at the same time perform scene labeling of an unlabeled image data set with minimal guidance by a human teacher. We evaluate the proposed in- teractive learning system by comparing the labeled data set from the system to the human-provided labels. The results show that the learning system is capable of almost completely label an entire image data set starting from a few labeled examples provided by the human teacher.
Violence Detection in Surveillance Videos with Deep Network Using Transfer Learning (2018)

Violent action recognition has significant importance in developing automated video surveillance systems. Over last few years, violence detection such as fight activity recognition is mostly achieved through hand-crafted features detectors. Some researchers also inquired learning based representation models. These approaches achieved high accuracies on Hockey and Movies benchmark datasets specifically designed for detection of violent sequences. However, these techniques have limitations in learning discriminating features for videos with abrupt camera motion of Hockey dataset. Deep representation based approaches have been successfully used in image recognition and human action detection tasks. This paper proposed deep representation based model using concept of transfer learning for violent scenes detection to identify aggressive human behaviors. The result reports that proposed approach is outperforming state-of-the-art accuracies by learning most discriminating features achieving 99.28% and 99.97% accuracies on Hockey and Movies datasets respectively, by learning finest features for the task of violent action recognition in videos.
Formation of nanoparticle rings on heterogeneous soft surfaces (2004)

Many soft materials, such as block copolymers and micelles, are characterized by a tunable organization that can be exploited for formation of nanostructures. In this work, drying patterns, formed when nanoparticle solutions are spin coated on ultrathin films of the block copolymer poly[styrene-b-ethylenepropylene] (PS-PEP), are investigated as a function of the film's organization. Prior to particle deposition, thermal annealing was used to adjust the polymer film organization between a layer of PS-PEP micelles (no annealing) and a bilayer with a uniform PEP 'polymer brush' layer on top of an underlying layer of PS (extensive annealing). For intermediately annealed films, ring-shaped drying patterns consisting of as few as 5 or as many as 30 nanoparticles are observed. The nanorings are polydisperse with a diameter between 15 and 50 nm, and cover macroscopic surface areas of the film. It is suggested that these rings form as a consequence of inhomogeneous drying of particle solutions due to heterogeneities in the film structure, as deposition of nanoparticles on extensively annealed, uniform films did not produce rings.
Nanomaterials for Sensing and Destroying Pesticides (2012)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTNanomaterials for Sensing and Destroying PesticidesGemma Aragay†, Flavio Pino†, and Arben Merkoçi*†‡View Author Information† Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanotechnology, UAB Campus, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain‡ ICREA, Barcelona, Spain*Fax: (+)34935868020. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.icn.cat; www.nanobiosensors.org/.Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2012, 112, 10, 5317–5338Publication Date (Web):August 16, 2012Publication History Received18 January 2012Published online16 August 2012Published inissue 10 October 2012https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr300020chttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr300020creview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2012 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views14940Altmetric-Citations462LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Metal nanoparticles,Nanoparticles,Peptides and proteins,Pest control,Quantum dots Get e-Alerts
Sources of Bias in Specimens for Research About Molecular Markers for Cancer (2009)

Claims about the diagnostic or prognostic accuracy of markers often prove disappointing when "discrimination" found between cancers versus normals is due to bias, a systematic difference between compared groups. This article describes a framework to help simplify and organize current problems in marker research by focusing on the role of specimens as a source of bias in observational research and using that focus to address problems and improve reliability. The central idea is that the "fundamental comparison" in research about markers (ie, the comparison done to assess whether a marker discriminates) involves two distinct processes that are "connected" by specimens. If subject selection (first process) creates baseline inequality between groups being compared, then laboratory analysis of specimens (second process) may erroneously find positive results. Although both processes are important, subject selection more fundamentally influences the quality of marker research, because it can hardwire bias into all comparisons in a way that cannot be corrected by any refinement in laboratory analysis. An appreciation of the separateness of these two processes-and placing investigators with appropriate expertise in charge of each-may increase the reliability of research about cancer biomarkers.
Influence of misfit dislocation interactions on photoluminescence spectra of SiGe on patterned Si (1998)

The Si substrates were patterned and etched to create arrays of squares separated by 10 μm trenches. Some edges of these squares were ion implanted with a large dose of Ge to create damaged regions that act as misfit dislocation nucleation centers during molecular beam epitaxy of a 700 nm Si0.90Ge0.10 lattice mismatched layer. Low temperature photoluminescence spectra of the material were obtained with an illuminated area selected so that only one type of edge implant was studied at a time. Sub-band gap luminescence peaks associated with dislocations, D lines, were found only in the squares with implants, consistent with electron microscopy results that showed that the control squares had few misfit dislocations. A large D1 luminescence peak was observed in samples that consisted of intersecting arrays of misfit dislocations, while only a small peak was present in specimens implanted such that dislocations lay in only one in-plane direction. These results are interpreted to mean that the D1 peak is intrinsic to the dislocations themselves and not to impurity gettering. These observations further infer that D1 luminescence is related to dislocation kinks.