gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interface Property and Apparent Strength of High-Strength Hydrophilic Fiber in Cement Matrix (1998)

This study addresses the characterization of fiber-matrix interfacial properties and the apparent strength of high-strength hydrophilic fibers. Single-fiber pullout bond tests and single-fiber pull-to-rupture strength tests were conducted by employing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers. The pullout bond tests showed that these fibers have surprisingly high chemical and frictional bond strengths. The chemical bond strength was relatively stable independent of a water-to-cement ratio of matrix and the fiber type tested, contrary to the friction bond strength. The pull-to-rupture strength tests revealed that the apparent strength of the PVA fibers in cementitious composites is considerably lower than that in standard fiber strength tests. The apparent strength was further reduced with inclining angle of fiber alignment. This effect was captured by a simple phenomenological model in this study, which introduces the apparent strength reduction factor. The combined effects of high bond strength and degraded fiber strength will likely contribute to composite performance less than would be expected from a high-performance fiber.
The role of endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide in surgically induced tumour growth in a murine model of metastatic disease (1999)

Surgical removal of a primary tumour is often followed by rapid growth of previously dormant metastases. Endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide, a cell wall constituent of Gram-negative bacteria, is ubiquitously present in air and may be introduced during surgery. BALB/c mice received a tail vein injection of 10(5) 4T1 mouse mammary carcinoma cells. Two weeks later, animals were subjected to surgical trauma or an intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin (10 microg per animal). Five days later, animals which underwent open surgery, laparoscopy with air sufflation or received an endotoxin injection displayed increased lung metastasis compared to anaesthetic controls. These increases in metastatic tumour growth were reflected in increased tumour cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis within lung metastases. Circulating levels of the angiogenic cytokine, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were also elevated in these groups and correlated with increased plasma levels of endotoxin. Endotoxin treatment for 18 h (>10 ng ml(-1)) directly up-regulated VEGF production by the 4T1 tumour cells in vitro. Metastatic tumour growth in mice undergoing carbon dioxide laparoscopy, where air is excluded, was similar to anaesthetic controls. These data indicate that endotoxin introduced during surgery is associated with the enhanced growth of metastases following surgical trauma, by altering the critical balances governing cellular growth and angiogenesis.
Galvanic detection of optical absorptions in a gas discharge (1976)

An electrical signal, resulting from discrete optical absorptions, has been observed for a variety of elements, including several for which such an effect had not been previously reported. In the present case, the effect is observed as a change in the voltage across a gas discharge tube produced by irradiation with a laser tuned to the wavelength of a transition of a species in the discharge. This signal may be used—without optical detection apparatus—for spectroscopic investigations or analytical determinations of materials in the discharge. Signals were obtained for transitions of lithium, sodium, calcium, barium, uranium, neon, and helium, in commercial hollow cathode lamps, and neon and helium in conventional discharge tubes.
Global Optimum Protein Threading with Gapped Alignment and Empirical Pair Score Functions (1996)

We describe a branch-and-bound search algorithm for finding the exact global optimum gapped sequence-structure alignment ("threading") between a protein sequence and a protein core or structural model, using an arbitrary amino acid pair score function (e.g. contact potentials, knowledge-based potentials, potentials of mean force, etc.). The search method imposes minimal conditions on how structural environments are defined or the form of the score function, and allows arbitrary sequence-specific functions for scoring loops and active site residues. Consequently the search method can be used with many different score functions and threading methodologies; this paper illustrates five from the literature. On a desktop workstation running LISP, we have found the global optimum protein sequence-structure alignment in NP-hard search spaces as large as 9.6 x 10(31), at rates ranging as high as 6.8 x 10(28) equivalent threadings per second (most of which are pruned before they ever are examined explicitly). Continuing the procedure past the global optimum enumerates successive candidate threadings in monotonically increasing score order. We give efficient algorithms for search space size, uniform random sampling, segment placement probabilities, mean, standard deviation and partition function. The method should prove useful for structure prediction, as well as for critical evaluation of new pair score functions.
Detection of elevated levels of tumour‐associated microRNAs in serum of patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (2008)

Circulating nucleic acids have been shown to have potential as non-invasive diagnostic markers in cancer. We therefore investigated whether microRNAs also have diagnostic utility by comparing levels of tumour-associated MIRN155 (miR-155), MIRN210 (miR-210) and MIRN21 (miR-21) in serum from diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients (n = 60) with healthy controls (n = 43). Levels were higher in patient than control sera (P = 0.009, 0.02 and 0.04 respectively). Moreover, high MIRN21 expression was associated with relapse-free survival (P = 0.05). This is the first description of circulating microRNAs and suggests that microRNAs have potential as non-invasive diagnostic markers for DLBCL and possibly other cancers.
Genetics of XY sex reversal (1995)

Introduction In mammals, sex is determined by the presence or absence of the Y chromosome. The first event in sexual differentiation is the differentiation of the bipotential gonad into testes or ovaries. All subsequent sexual differentiation is under hormonal control of the testes or ovaries. The genetic entity on the Y chromosome required for testis development has long been known as the testis-determining factor (TDF). For the scientist, the joy of sex determination stems from the supposition that mutations in sex determination are not early embryonic lethals but sex reversing. Sex-reversed patients facilitate the mapping and identification of the genes involved in sex determination. The cloning of the genes will allow us to extend our understanding of the biochemistry and cell biology of sex determination. Approximately 80% of XX males are sex reversed due to X-Y translocations in which TDF is transferred to the X chromosome. As for the remaining
Spectral analysis of nonlinear flows (2009)

We present a technique for describing the global behaviour of complex nonlinear flows by decomposing the flow into modes determined from spectral analysis of the Koopman operator, an infinite-dimensional linear operator associated with the full nonlinear system. These modes, referred to as Koopman modes, are associated with a particular observable, and may be determined directly from data (either numerical or experimental) using a variant of a standard Arnoldi method. They have an associated temporal frequency and growth rate and may be viewed as a nonlinear generalization of global eigenmodes of a linearized system. They provide an alternative to proper orthogonal decomposition, and in the case of periodic data the Koopman modes reduce to a discrete temporal Fourier transform. The Arnoldi method used for computations is identical to the dynamic mode decomposition recently proposed by Schmid &amp; Sesterhenn ( Sixty-First Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics , 2008), so dynamic mode decomposition can be thought of as an algorithm for finding Koopman modes. We illustrate the method on an example of a jet in crossflow, and show that the method captures the dominant frequencies and elucidates the associated spatial structures.
A small-angle X-ray scattering study of the effect of chain architecture on the shear-induced crystallization of branched and linear poly(ethylene terephthalate) (2007)

The synchrotron-based small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) technique was used to investigate the shear-induced crystallization kinetics of branched/unbranched poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). Reactive extrusion of bottle-grade PET with the branching and chain-extension agents pyromellitic dianhydride and pentaerythritol results in enhanced rheological properties, such as higher melt strength and higher viscosity. In this study, six samples of PET were investigated: linear PET [intrinsic viscosity (IV) ≃ 0.76 dm3 g−1]; four branched PETs produced from linear PET by a reactive extrusion technique (IV ≃ 0.86–1.06 dm3 g−1); and a control PET (IV ≃ 0.73 dm3 g−1) extruded under the same conditions without reactive agents. SAXS data were recorded for the PET at the melt temperature and time-resolved SAXS data were recorded following the application of a step shear (53 s−1 for 2 s). As the PET IV was increased, the extent of shear-induced orientation increased, whilst the time taken for the polymer to initiate and complete crystallization decreased.
Submicrometer aperture in a thin metal film as a probe of its microenvironment through enhanced light scattering and fluorescence (1986)

The concept of surface-enhanced spectroscopy is applied to the detection of small changes in the optical properties of the microenvironment of a single small scattering object. Apertures of a diameter of 0.18–0.48 μm in thin films of silver or gold supported by a glass slide are used as microprobes to detect the properties of an adjacent liquid. Resonant conditions for enhanced light scattering are obtained, which allow for a very sensitive measurement of refractive-index differences of the order of 10−4 in a small volume determined by the aperture size. Enhanced quenching of scattering from an aperture by dissolved dye molecules is introduced as a new type of surface-enhanced spectroscopy. Conditions were found that lead to an enhancement of fluorescence intensity of a Rhodamine solution in the probe volume by a factor of 40. It is suggested that these enhanced processes be used to detect time-dependent processes in the vicinity of the apertures such as fluctuations in the population of the small number of dye molecules within the probe volume of the apertures.
LYMPHATIC MAPPING AND DETECTION OF SENTINEL NODES IN PATIENTS WITH BLADDER CANCER (2001)

Sentinel nodes can be detected in patients with bladder cancer. The histopathological status of the identified sentinel nodes was diagnostic for all other excised lymph nodes. Sentinel nodes often seem to be located outside the obturator lymphatic field, which is normally examined during preoperative staging of bladder cancer.
Corneal innervation and sensitivity to noxious stimuli in <i>trk</i>A knockout mice (1998)

Most primary sensory neurones depend on neurotrophins for survival. Mutant mice in which TrkA, the high-affinity receptor for nerve growth factor (NGF), has been inactivated lack nociceptive neurones in sensory ganglia and do not respond to noxious stimuli. The cornea of the eye is innervated by trigeminal neurones that are activated by noxious mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli. In the human cornea, these stimuli evoke only sensations of pain. We have analysed the innervation pattern and the response to noxious stimulation of the cornea of trkA (-/-) mutant mice. Corneal nerves were stained with the gold chloride impregnation method. Corneal sensitivity to noxious stimuli was assessed by counting blinking movements evoked by von Frey hairs, topical application of saline at different temperatures and application of acetic acid and capsaicin at different concentrations. In the cornea of trkA (-/-) mutant animals, we observed a drastic reduction in the number of nerve trunks and branches in the corneal stroma. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of the number of thin nerve terminals revealed a marked decrease in the corneal epithelium of trkA (-/-) mice when compared to those present in wild type and trkA (+/-) animals. The blinking response of trkA (-/-) mice to mechanical, thermal and chemical noxious stimuli was also significantly reduced. These results indicate that the population of corneal sensory neurones is markedly depleted in trkA (-/-) mutant mice. However, a small portion of corneal sensory neurones survive in these mice suggesting that they may be NGF independent. On the basis of our results, we propose that these surviving cells are polymodal nociceptive neurones, sensitive to mechanical stimulation, noxious heat and acid.
Lesions of Spinal and Trigeminal Dorsal Root Entry Zone for Deafferentation Pain (1988)

Spinal and trigeminal dorsal root entry zone destruction (DREZ-tomy) was performed on 35 patients with deafferentation pain of various types. Overall, satisfactory pain relief was obtained in 65.5% of spinal DREZ-tomy cases in the follow-up observation. The result in the brachial plexus avulsion group was the best (82.4% improved), followed by the limb pain group without root avulsion (50.0%), but the truncal or visceral pain group showed the worst result (33.3%). Two patients with postherpetic trigeminal neuralgia were completely relieved of pain in the average follow-up period of 32 months, while in 2 patients with postrhizotomy facial pain, pain recurred 4 months after the operation in 1, and, in the other, pain in the medial part of the face remained unchanged. Complications were seen in about 60% of the patients, which were, however, all mild, except for 2 cases of death due to gastrointestinal disease.
Inhibition of the late sodium current as a potential cardioprotective principle: effects of the late sodium current inhibitor ranolazine (2006)

Pathological conditions linked to imbalances in oxygen supply and demand (for example, ischaemia, hypoxia and heart failure) are associated with disruptions in intracellular sodium ([Na(+)](i)) and calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) concentration homeostasis of myocardial cells. A decreased efflux or increased influx of sodium may cause cellular sodium overload. Sodium overload is followed by an increased influx of calcium through sodium-calcium exchange. Failure to maintain the homeostasis of [Na(+)](i) and [Ca(2+)](i) leads to electrical instability (arrhythmias), mechanical dysfunction (reduced contractility and increased diastolic tension) and mitochondrial dysfunction. These events increase ATP hydrolysis and decrease ATP formation and, if left uncorrected, they cause cell injury and death. The relative contributions of various pathways (sodium channels, exchangers and transporters) to the rise in [Na(+)](i) remain a matter of debate. Nevertheless, both the sodium-hydrogen exchanger and abnormal sodium channel conductance (that is, increased late sodium current (I(Na))) are likely to contribute to the rise in [Na(+)](i). The focus of this review is on the role of the late (sustained/persistent) I(Na) in the ionic disturbances associated with ischaemia/hypoxia and heart failure, the consequences of these ionic disturbances, and the cardioprotective effects of the antianginal and anti-ischaemic drug ranolazine. Ranolazine selectively inhibits late I(Na), reduces [Na(+)](i)-dependent calcium overload and attenuates the abnormalities of ventricular repolarisation and contractility that are associated with ischaemia/reperfusion and heart failure. Thus, inhibition of late I(Na) can reduce [Na(+)](i)-dependent calcium overload and its detrimental effects on myocardial function.
Electrochemical Aptasensor Based on Proximity‐Dependent Surface Hybridization Assay for Protein Detection (2009)

Abstract Sensitive and selective detection of proteins is of great importance in biomedical research and clinical diagnosis. Proximity‐dependent surface hybridization assay affords a promising platform for specific and ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of proteins. An improved design of proximity‐dependent surface hybridization assay is developed. A pair of aptamer probes that recognize different sites of target platelet‐derived growth factor protein (PDGF) are designed with a short complementary sequences. Simultaneous recognition of a single PDGF molecule by the aptamer pair enables the hybridization between the complementary sequences of both aptamer probes, which keeps two tail sequences of both aptamer probes in close proximity and promotes cooperative annealing of the aptamer‐protein‐aptamer sandwiched complex on capture probes immobilized on the electrode. Thus, ferrocene tag at the terminus of one aptamer probe is drawn in close contact with the electrode with strong redox signal readily obtained in voltammetric reading. The aptasensor is shown to have high sensitivity with a detection limit as low as 0.1 pg mL −1 and excellent specificity with resistance to interference from coexisting proteins.
Four and two wheel transformable dynamic mobile platform (2011)

In this paper, we developed a novel dynamic mobile platform capable of transforming between four wheel rapid driving mode with ZMP stabilization and two wheel balancing mode. Usually, the four wheel mobile platforms have low acceleration due to the high center of mass. Using the feed-forward ZMP stabilization method, we achieved high acceleration performance with maintaining stable ZMP. We use a LQR controller for two wheel balancing mode. In the two wheel balancing mode, there are two different driving modes, self-balancing mode, human-riding mode. The transformation between four wheel and two wheel mode is made possible by swing up and swing down control method. We prove the dynamic performance of mobile platform by experimental results.
Corticosteroid injections for osteoarthritis of the knee: meta-analysis (2004)

Evidence supports short term (up to two weeks) improvement in symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee after intra-articular corticosteroid injection. Significant improvement was also shown in the only methodologically sound studies addressing longer term response (16-24 weeks). A dose equivalent to 50 mg of prednisone may be needed to show benefit at 16-24 weeks.
T<sup>−786</sup>→C Mutation in the 5′-Flanking Region of the Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Is Associated With Coronary Spasm (1999)

Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that the T-786-->C mutation in the eNOS gene reduces the endothelial NO synthesis and predisposes the patients with the mutation to coronary spasm.
Exposure tool for immersion lithography (2005)

The 193 nm immersion lithography is becoming the most likely candidate to succeed 193 nm dry lithography, and may extend down to the 45 nm ITRS technology node or beyond. A 0.85 numerical aperture (NA) full field immersion exposure tool was constructed as engineering evaluation tool. With this tool, the imaging of 65 nm half pitch with the depth of focus of 750 nm was demonstrated with scanning exposures, which means imaging capability is as high as expected. Two higher NA immersion tools are planned for production use, one is 1.07 NA tool with all-refractive projection optics at the timing of the 4th quarter of 2005, and the other is 1.30 NA tool with catadioptric projection optics in 2006. For high NA imaging of immersion or dry, polarized illumination is effective. Resist imaging data with 0.92 NA dry tool with polarized illumination are obtained
Deep Reinforcement Learning: A Brief Survey (2017)

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is poised to revolutionize the field of artificial intelligence (AI) and represents a step toward building autonomous systems with a higher-level understanding of the visual world. Currently, deep learning is enabling reinforcement learning (RL) to scale to problems that were previously intractable, such as learning to play video games directly from pixels. DRL algorithms are also applied to robotics, allowing control policies for robots to be learned directly from camera inputs in the real world. In this survey, we begin with an introduction to the general field of RL, then progress to the main streams of value-based and policy-based methods. Our survey will cover central algorithms in deep RL, including the deep Q-network (DQN), trust region policy optimization (TRPO), and asynchronous advantage actor critic. In parallel, we highlight the unique advantages of deep neural networks, focusing on visual understanding via RL. To conclude, we describe several current areas of research within the field.
Epidemiology of Human Infections with Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus in China (2013)

Most persons with confirmed H7N9 virus infection had severe lower respiratory tract illness, were epidemiologically unrelated, and had a history of recent exposure to poultry. However, limited, nonsustained human-to-human H7N9 virus transmission could not be ruled out in four families.
Simple Image Description Generator via a Linear Phrase-Based Approach (2014)

Generating a novel textual description of an image is an interesting problem that connects computer vision and natural language processing. In this paper, we present a simple model that is able to generate descriptive sentences given a sample image. This model has a strong focus on the syntax of the descriptions. We train a purely bilinear model that learns a metric between an image representation (generated from a previously trained Convolutional Neural Network) and phrases that are used to described them. The system is then able to infer phrases from a given image sample. Based on caption syntax statistics, we propose a simple language model that can produce relevant descriptions for a given test image using the phrases inferred. Our approach, which is considerably simpler than state-of-the-art models, achieves comparable results on the recently release Microsoft COCO dataset.
Exposure to Oxidized Nitrogen: Lipid Peroxidation and Neonatal Health Risk (1998)

Pregnant women exposed to extensive environmental contamination by oxidized nitrogen compounds were studied at parturition, their neonatal health status was assessed and the involvement of oxidative stress in pathology was evaluated. Methemoglobin in maternal and cord blood was measured as a biomarker of individual exposure. Blood lipid peroxides and glutathione (reduced and total) were determined as oxidative stress biomarkers. Birthweight, Apgar scores, and clinical diagnosis at birth were used as neonatal health endpoints. Elevated exposure to oxidized nitrogen compounds was associated with increased lipid peroxidation in both maternal and cord blood. Poor birth outcome was associated with high blood lipid peroxides. Controlling for maternal age, parity, and smoking did not affect the relationships materially. The results showed that maternal/fetal exposure to oxidized nitrogen compounds is associated with increased risk of adverse birth outcome and suggest a role of oxidative damage in the pathogenic pathway.
Coherent Ultra Dense WDM Technology for Next Generation Optical Metro and Access Networks (2014)

Coherent optical communication has been well established as the technology of choice for long haul and high bit rate communication systems since a decade ago. Recent technology advances and ongoing price erosion further open the window of opportunity for the application of coherent optical transmission technology in other domains. This paper describes in detail the capabilities, design and implementation of a coherent ultra dense WDM technology for optical metro and access networks. Its capabilities enable a number of attractive options, such as variable downstream bit rates from 150 Mbit/s up to 10 Gbit/s per user, embedded OTDR and the coexistence with legacy systems such as GPON, EPON, XGPON or RF-Video in optical distribution networks. Due to its flexibility and capacity, it is also suitable for deployments in metropolitan networks, as well as for mobile front-haul and back-haul applications.