gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
POST: A decentralized platform for reliable collaborative applications (2005)

Traditional collaborative applications, such as email and newsgroups, are among the most successful and widely distributed applications. However, such services are almost exclusively based on centralized servers, which inherently limits their scalability and fault tolerance. This thesis presents the design of POST, a platform for such collaborative applications which is completely decentralized and is based on the Pastry peer-to-peer overlay. To show that POST is sufficient to support even the most demanding applications, this thesis also presents ePOST, an email service built on POST. ePOST is in use as the primary email system for actual users, demonstrating an email system which is inherently more scalable and potentially more fault tolerant than existing systems. The success of POST shows that peer-to-peer technology is mature enough to support reliable applications, and that other traditionally client-server applications can be improved through the use of peer-to-peer technologies.
Static Calibration and Analysis of the Velodyne HDL-64E S2 for High Accuracy Mobile Scanning (2010)

The static calibration and analysis of the Velodyne HDL-64E S2 scanning LiDAR system is presented and analyzed. The mathematical model for measurements for the HDL-64E S2 scanner is derived and discussed. A planar feature based least squares adjustment approach is presented and utilized in a minimally constrained network in order to derive an optimal solution for the laser’s internal calibration parameters. Finally, the results of the adjustment along with a detailed examination of the adjustment residuals are given. A three-fold improvement in the planar misclosure residual RMSE over the standard factory calibration model was achieved by the proposed calibration. Results also suggest that there may still be some unmodelled distortions in the range measurements from the scanner. However, despite this, the overall precision of the adjusted laser scanner data appears to make it a viable choice for high accuracy mobile scanning applications.
Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Trigger Neuronal Survival in a Human Alzheimer Disease Model By Modulating BDNF Pathway (2009)

In engineering and materials science, nanotechnology has made significant advances in the reduction of free radical damage. Despite such advances, there has been little application to biomedical problems. Cross-disciplinary interactions and the application of this technology to biological systems has led to the elucidation of novel nanoparticle antioxidants. Oxidative stress and free radical production are associated with neurodegenerative conditions, including aging, trauma, Alzheimers and Parkinsons diseases, etc. The antioxidant properties of cerium oxide nanoparticles show promise in the treatment of such diseases. Recent reports suggest that CeO2 and other nanoparticles are potent, and probably regenerative, free radical scavengers in vitro and in vivo. In this work, the effects of CeO2 nanoparticles on an in vitro human AD model are investigated. The validation of new therapeutic agents implies the understanding of their mechanisms of action, therefore the following parameters were investigated under nanoparticles treatment: cell viability, cell death, neurite atrophy, neuronal marker localization and the expression of factors, i.e. PPARβ, BDNF, TrkB, involved in the signal transduction pathways of neuronal survival. The data obtained, demonstrate that CeO2 nanoparticles do not act as mere anti-oxidant agents, but they seems to affect, directly or indirectly, signal transduction pathways involved in neuronal death and neuroprotection, raising the possibility of their use as therapeutic tools for neurodegenerative diseases.
Cofactors in Male-Female Sexual Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (1991)

In a study of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-uninfected African prostitutes, 83 (67%) of 124 seroconverted to HIV-1. Oral contraceptive use (odds ratio [OR], 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-8.6; P less than .03), genital ulcers (mean annual episodes, 1.32 +/- 0.55 in seroconverting women vs. 0.48 +/- 0.21 in seronegative women; P less than .02) and Chlamydia trachomatis infections (OR, 3.6; CI, 1.3-11.0; P less than .02) were associated with increased risk of HIV-1 infection. Condom use reduced the risk of HIV-1 infection (OR, 0.11; CI, 0.05-0.27; P less than .0001). Stepwise logistic regression analysis confirmed independent associations between HIV-1 infection and oral contraceptive use, condom use, genital ulcers, and C. trachomatis. The presence of other sexually transmitted diseases may in part explain the heterosexual HIV-1 epidemic in Africa and may represent important targets for intervention to control HIV-1 infection.
Adversarial WiFi Sensing using a Single Smartphone (2018)

Our work demonstrates a new set of silent reconnaissance attacks, which leverages the presence of commodity WiFi devices to track users inside private homes and offices, without compromising any WiFi network, data packets, or devices. We show that just by sniffing existing WiFi signals, an adversary can accurately detect and track movements of users inside a building. This is made possible by our new signal model that links together human motion near WiFi transmitters and variance of multipath signal propagation seen by the attacker sniffer outside of the property. The resulting attacks are cheap, highly effective, and yet difficult to detect. We implement the attack using a single commodity smartphone, deploy it in 11 real-world offices and residential apartments, and show it is highly effective. Finally, we evaluate potential defenses, and propose a practical and effective defense based on AP signal obfuscation.
Plasmonic excitation of organic double heterostructure solar cells (2007)

The authors demonstrate that thin film organic photovoltaic cells are efficient detectors of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). For λ=532nm radiation in a Kretschmann configuration, the external quantum efficiency in fullerene–copper phthalocyanine photovoltaic cells is doubled at resonance to 12%. In thin heterojunction organic photovoltaics, SPP detection relies on a substantial increase in absorption when the incoming radiation is coupled to guided SPPs rather than unguided photons. SPP scattering and nonradiative losses are negligible; however, optical modeling shows that cathode metal penetration into the neighboring organic semiconductor is a major source of loss for SPP or photonic excitation.
Geotagging one hundred million Twitter accounts with total variation minimization (2014)

Geographically annotated social media is extremely valuable for modern information retrieval. However, when researchers can only access publicly-visible data, one quickly finds that social media users rarely publish location information. In this work, we provide a method which can geolocate the overwhelming majority of active Twitter users, independent of their location sharing preferences, using only publicly-visible Twitter data. Our method infers an unknown user's location by examining their friend's locations. We frame the geotagging problem as an optimization over a social network with a total variation-based objective and provide a scalable and distributed algorithm for its solution. Furthermore, we show how a robust estimate of the geographic dispersion of each user's ego network can be used as a per-user accuracy measure which is effective at removing outlying errors. Leave-many-out evaluation shows that our method is able to infer location for 101, 846, 236 Twitter users at a median error of 6.38 km, allowing us to geotag over 80% of public tweets.
A New Method for Obtaining Individual Component Spectra from Those of Complex Mixtures (1984)

In near-infrared reflectance analysis (NIRA), a computer is trained to recognize and quantitate the relationship between the near-infrared spectrum of a sample and the concentrations of one or more of the sample constituents. During this training process the computer implicitly generates the spectrum of the constituents in question, although this spectrum is ordinarily not available for operator inspection. In the present study, a method for displaying this implicit information is developed and evaluated. The resulting “reconstructed spectrum” can be of a specific chemical constituent in a sample or can be a composite spectrum of those components that collectively contribute to specific sample properties such as material strength or processing temperature, or to sensory characteristics such as the “hotness” of peppers. A comparison is made of this new spectral reconstruction technique to established methods such as spectral stripping and factor analysis.
Multiplexing Terbium- and Europium-Based TR-FRET Readouts to Increase Kinase Assay Capacity (2010)

Identification and characterization of kinase inhibitor potency and selectivity is often an iterative process in which a library of compounds is first screened against a single kinase, and hits from that screen are then profiled against other kinases to determine specificity. By developing kinase assays that employ either a terbium- or a europium-based time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) readout, one can take advantage of the distinct emission properties of these labels to develop assays for 2 kinases that can be performed simultaneously in the same well. This not only increases the information content provided per assay well but can immediately provide information on compound specificity. The authors have applied this strategy to the development of multiplexed assays for 2 examples systems: EGFR and IKKbeta, as well as lipid kinase family members mTOR and PIK3C3. They demonstrate the ability of these multiplexed assays to characterize selective kinase inhibitors in a dose-response mode, with no difference in results obtained from traditional single kinase assays performed separately.
Differential mitotic responses to microtubule-stabilizing and -destabilizing drugs. (2002)

Although microtubule interacting agents inhibit spindle dynamics, thereby leading to a block in mitosis, we report that low concentrations of these drugs result in differential mitotic effects. Microtubule-stabilizing agents including Taxol, epothilone B, and discodermolide produce aneuploid populations of A549 cells in the absence of a mitotic block. Such aneuploid populations are diminished in an epothilone B-resistant cell line. In contrast, microtubule-destabilizing agents like colchicine, nocodazole, and vinblastine are unable to initiate aneuploidy. The aneuploid cells result from aberrant mitosis as multipolar spindles are induced by the stabilizing drugs, but not by destabilizing agents. The results suggest that the mechanism underlying aberrant mitosis may not be the same as that responsible for mitotic block, and that the former determines the sensitivity of cells to Taxol-like drugs.
High-resolution focused ion beams (1993)

The technology of high-resolution focused ion beams has advanced dramatically in the past 15 years as focusing systems have evolved from laboratory instruments producing minuscule current densities to high current density tools which have sparked an important new process: direct micromachining at the micrometer level. This development has been due primarily to the exploitation of field emission ion sources and in particular the liquid-metal ion source. Originally developed in the early 1960’s as a byproduct of the development of electrostatic rocket engines, the liquid-metal ion source was adapted for focused beam work in the late 1970’s, when it was demonstrated that submicrometer focused ion beams could be produced with current densities greater than 1 A cm−2. Ions can be produced with liquid-metal ion sources from elements including Al, As, Au, B, Be, Bi, Cs, Cu, Ga, Ge, Fe, In, Li, P, Pb, Pd, Si, Sn, and Zn. In the past decade, focused ion beam systems with liquid-metal ion sources have had a significant impact on the semiconductor industry as they were applied to new and greatly improved methods of failure analysis, as well as circuit repair and modification, in situ processing, and lithographic mask repair. This article discusses field emission ion sources, high-resolution ion focusing systems, and means for analyzing their performance. A number of technologically interesting and useful applications are also discussed.
Growth–melt asymmetry in ice crystals under the influence of spruce budworm antifreeze protein (2007)

Here we describe studies of the crystallization behavior of ice in an aqueous solution of spruce budworm antifreeze protein (sbwAFP) at atmospheric pressure. SbwAFP is an ice binding protein with high thermal hysteresis activity, which helps protect Choristoneura fumiferana (spruce budworm) larvae from freezing as they overwinter in the spruce and fir forests of the north eastern United States and Canada. Different types of ice binding proteins have been found in many other species. They have a wide range of applications in cryomedicine and cryopreservation, as well as the potential to protect plants and vegetables from frost damage through genetic engineering. However, there is much to learn regarding the mechanism of action of ice binding proteins. In our experiments, a solution containing sbwAFP was rapidly frozen and then melted back, thereby allowing us to produce small single crystals. These maintained their hexagonal shapes during cooling within the thermal hysteresis gap. Melt– growth–melt sequences in low concentrations of sbwAFP reveal the same shape transitions as are found in pure ice crystals at low temperature (−22 ◦ C) and high pressure (2000 bar) (Cahoon et al 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 255502); while both growth and melt shapes display faceted hexagonal morphology, they are rotated 30 ◦ relative to one another. Moreover, the initial melt shape and orientation is recovered in the sequence. To visualize the binding of sbwAFP to ice, we labeled the antifreeze protein with enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and observed the sbwAFP–GFP molecules directly on ice crystals using confocal microscopy. When cooling the ice crystals, facets form on the six primary prism planes (slowest growing planes) that are evenly decorated with sbwAFP–GFP. During melting, apparent facets form on secondary prism planes (fastest melting planes), leaving residual sbwAFP at the six corners of the
Vector morphology and iconic neural networks (1989)

Mathematical morphology involves the geometrical analysis of shapes and textures in images. Methods of generalizing morphology are presented, and it is shown that all common image-based operators are instances of two fundamental operators where voting logic is at a pivotal point. Another generalization leads to vector operators. A sequence of vector morphology operations is similar to a multiple-layer iconic neural network. In morphology, a new operator called a weighted rank order filter becomes apparent. It is noted that massively parallel, bit serial computer architectures are the most effective way to realize the various operations discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Augustine. By J. M. Rist. Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. xix + 334. £40.00. (1997)

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Directional effects of substituents in the ozonolysis of nephthalenes. Synthesis of o-phthalaldehydes (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDirectional effects of substituents in the ozonolysis of nephthalenes. Synthesis of o-phthalaldehydesJames J. Pappas, William P. Keaveney, Melvin G. Berger, and Raymond V. RushCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 2, 787–792Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01266a063https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01266a063research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views173Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Runx1 Transcription Factor Inhibits the Differentiation of Naive CD4 <b>+</b> T Cells into the Th2 Lineage by Repressing <i>GATA3</i> Expression (2003)

Differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into helper T (Th) cells is controlled by a combination of several transcriptional factors. In this study, we examined the functional role of the Runx1 transcription factor in Th cell differentiation. Naive T cells from transgenic mice expressing a dominant interfering form of Runx1 exhibited enhanced interleukin 4 production and efficient Th2 differentiation. In contrast, transduction of Runx1 into wild-type T cells caused a complete attenuation of Th2 differentiation and was accompanied by the cessation of GATA3 expression. Furthermore, endogenous expression of Runx1 in naive T cells declined after T cell receptor stimulation, at the same time that expression of GATA3 increased. We conclude that Runx1 plays a novel role as a negative regulator of GATA3 expression, thereby inhibiting the Th2 cell differentiation.
Estela discoidea en Hondarribia (1985)

Ferroelectric materials are interesting candidates for future photovoltaic applications due to their potential to overcome the fundamental limits of conventional single bandgap semiconductor-based solar cells. Although a more efficient charge separation and above bandgap photovoltages are advantageous in these materials, tailoring their photovoltaic response using ferroelectric functionalities remains puzzling. Here we address this issue by reporting a clear hysteretic character of the photovoltaic effect as a function of electric field and its dependence on the poling history. Furthermore, we obtain insight into light induced nonequilibrium charge carrier dynamics in Bi2FeCrO6 films involving not only charge generation, but also recombination processes. At the ferroelectric remanence, light is able to electrically depolarize the films with remanent and transient effects as evidenced by electrical and piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) measurements. The hysteretic nature of the photovoltaic response and its nonlinear character at larger light intensities can be used to optimize the photovoltaic performance of future ferroelectric-based solar cells.
Dephosphorylation of endotoxin by alkaline phosphatase in vivo. (1997)

Natural substrates for alkaline phosphatase (AP) are at present not identified despite extensive investigations. Difficulties in imagining a possible physiological function involve its extremely high pH optimum for the usual exogenous substrates and its localization as an ecto-enzyme. As endotoxin is a substance that contains phosphate groups and is usually present in the extracellular space, we studied whether AP is able to dephosphorylate this bacterial product at physiological pH levels. We tested this in intestinal cryostat sections using histochemical methods with endotoxin from Escherichia coli and Salmonella minnesota R595 as substrate. Results show that dephosphorylation of both preparations occurs at pH 7.5 by AP activity. As phosphate residues in the lipid A moiety determine the toxicity of the molecule, we examined the effect of the AP inhibitor levamisole in vivo using a septicemia model in the rat. The results show that inhibition of endogenous AP by levamisole significantly reduces survival of rats intraperitoneally injected with E. coli bacteria, whereas this drug does not influence survival of rats receiving a sublethal dose of the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. In view of the endotoxin-dephosphorylating properties of AP demonstrated in vitro, we propose a crucial role for this enzyme in host defense. The effects of levamisole during gram-negative bacterial infections and the localization of AP as an ecto-enzyme in most organs as well as the induction of enzyme activity during inflammatory reactions and cholestasis is in accordance with such a protective role.
Tomatoes, Tomato-Based Products, Lycopene, and Cancer: Review of the Epidemiologic Literature (1999)

The epidemiologic literature in the English language regarding intake of tomatoes and tomato-based products and blood lycopene (a compound derived predominantly from tomatoes) level in relation to the risk of various cancers was reviewed. Among 72 studies identified, 57 reported inverse associations between tomato intake or blood lycopene level and the risk of cancer at a defined anatomic site; 35 of these inverse associations were statistically significant. No study indicated that higher tomato consumption or blood lycopene level statistically significantly increased the risk of cancer at any of the investigated sites. About half of the relative risks for comparisons of high with low intakes or levels for tomatoes or lycopene were approximately 0.6 or lower. The evidence for a benefit was strongest for cancers of the prostate, lung, and stomach. Data were also suggestive of a benefit for cancers of the pancreas, colon and rectum, esophagus, oral cavity, breast, and cervix. Because the data are from observational studies, a cause-effect relationship cannot be established definitively. However, the consistency of the results across numerous studies in diverse populations, for case-control and prospective studies, and for dietary-based and blood-based investigations argues against bias or confounding as the explanation for these findings. Lycopene may account for or contribute to these benefits, but this possibility is not yet proven and requires further study. Numerous other potentially beneficial compounds are present in tomatoes, and, conceivably, complex interactions among multiple components may contribute to the anticancer properties of tomatoes. The consistently lower risk of cancer for a variety of anatomic sites that is associated with higher consumption of tomatoes and tomato-based products adds further support for current dietary recommendations to increase fruit and vegetable consumption.