gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimizing 802.11 Wireless Mesh Networks Based on Physical Carrier Sensing (2009)

Multi-hop ad hoc networks suffer from the "hidden" and "exposed" node problems which diminish aggregate network throughput. While there are various approaches to mitigating these problems, in this work we focus exclusively on the role of physical carrier sensing (PCS). Specifically, tuning the PCS threshold leads to a trade-off between the hidden and exposed cases; reducing one typically increases the other, implying the existence of an optimal PCS threshold setting maximizes the aggregate network throughput. The contributions of this work are two-fold: i. We develop an analytical model to determine the optimal PCS threshold for a homogeneous network with constant link distances and show that setting the carrier sensing range close to the interference range is a robust close-to-optimal setting for network optimization in many scenarios. As an extension to more pragmatic network topologies with non-uniform link distances, a rate-to-link allocation scheme is proposed based on rendering the interference range equal for all links that allows a single carrier sense range to be used for the whole network, ii. The above suggests the need for on-line adaptation of tunable PCS threshold in general. The proposed algorithm is based on the key concept of loss differentiation (LD), which disambiguates the cause of packet loss event due to link layer interference (hidden terminals) and collisions respectively. Extensive simulation results show that the proposed PCS adaptations make the PCS threshold converge to its optimal value and thus outperform schemes without PCS adaptation.
ChemInform Abstract: (Mo154(NO)14O420(OH)28(H2O)70)(25.+‐.5)‐: A Water‐Soluble Giant Wheel with More than 700 Atoms and a Relative Molecular Mass of 24000. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Initial experience with the Europass™: A new ultra‐low profile monorail balloon catheter (1994)

Abstract One of the causes for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) failure is the inability to cross the lesion with the balloon catheter after guidewire positioning. The Europass™ coronary angioplasty catheter is a monorail Duralyn™ balloon catheter developed to enhance lesion crossability and to overcome this limitation. This system was evaluated in 50 patients in which target lesions were chronic total coronary occlusions (12 cases) or stenoses that could not be reached or crossed by other new monorail balloon catheters. Overall procedural success was obtained in 49/50 patients (98%), using a single Europass™ balloon catheter in 46/50 patients (92%), with no in‐hospital complications. Its low profile, small distal shaft, and excellent trackability allowed successful angioplasty in cases where other catheters failed. This balloon catheter represents a significant advance in angioplasty technology and can be considered as a first‐choice device for a safe and expeditious single‐operator procedure. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcervical recovery of fetal cells from the lower uterine pole: reliability of recovery and histological/immunocytochemical analysis of recovered cell populations (1999)

The aim of this work was to isolate, enumerate and attempt the identification of fetal cells recovered from the lower uterine pole. Immediately before elective termination of pregnancy at 7-17 weeks gestation, samples were recovered by transcervical flushing of the lower uterine pole (n = 108) or transcervical aspiration of mucus from just above the internal os (n = 187), and their contents examined using histological, immunohistochemical and molecular techniques. Syncytiotrophoblasts were identified morphologically in 28 out of 89 (31%) and 50 out of 180 (28%) flushings and aspirates respectively (mean 29%). Immunocytochemistry with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) recognizing trophoblast or epithelial cell antigens on a smaller number of samples (n = 69) identified putative placental cells in 13 out of 19 (68%) and 25 out of 50 (50%) flushings and aspirates respectively (mean 55%). These included groups of distinctive cells with a small, round, hyperchromatic nucleus, strongly reactive with mAbs PLAP, NDOG1 and FT1.41.1. Smaller groups of larger, amorphous cells, usually containing multiple large, pale staining nuclei, reactive with mAb 340 and to a lesser degree with mAb NDOG5 were also observed. Taking cellular morphology and immunophenotype into consideration, the smaller uninucleate cells were likely to be villous mesenchymal cells, while the larger cells were possibly degrading villous syncytiotrophoblast. There was no significant difference in the frequency of fetal cells obtained by the two recovery methods. Squamous or columnar epithelial cells, labelled strongly with antibodies to cytokeratins or human milk fat globule protein, were observed in 97% (29 out of 30) of aspirates. The use of cervagem in a small number of patients prior to termination of pregnancy did not appear to influence the subsequent recovery of placental cells. Y-specific DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 13 out of 26 (50%) flushings and (99 out of 154) 64% aspirates analysed (mean 62%). In-situ hybridization (ISH) revealed Y-specific targets in 40 out of 69 (60%) of aspirates analysed. A comparison of PCR data obtained from transcervical recovered samples and placental tissues showed a concordance of 80% (76 out of 95), with 10 false positives. Comparing the PCR data from tissues with data derived by ISH from 41 aspirates gave a concordance of 90% with two false positives. Although syncytiotrophoblasts were much more likely to be present in samples containing immunoreactive placental cells, the detection rates of fetal-derived DNA were similar regardless of the morphological and/or immunological presence of placental cells. We conclude that the transcervical recovery of fetal cells, while promising, requires considerable additional effort being expended in further research and development, particular in the sampling procedure.
Placental growth factor is a survival factor for tumor endothelial cells and macrophages. (2002)

The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-related factor, placental growth factor (PlGF),has been shown recently to play an important role in pathological VEGF-driven angiogenesis. In this study, we examine the effects of mPlGF/PlGF-2 overexpression in tumors grown from glioma cells containing a tetracycline-regulated mPlGF cDNA. Overexpression of mPlGF leads to increased tumor growth and vascular survival. When tetracycline is used to abruptly withdraw mPlGF overexpression, we see increased apoptosis in both vascular cells and macrophages. In addition, PlGF-2 induces survival gene expression and inhibits apoptosis in vitro. Thus, we propose that PlGF-2 contributes to tumor angiogenesis by providing increased survival function to endothelial cells and macrophages.
Steps Involved in Immortalization and Tumorigenesis in Human B-Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines Transformed by Epstein-Barr Virus (2004)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is closely associated with the generation of various tumors, including Burkitt's lymphoma. Human resting B cells from peripheral blood are easily transformed by EBV to actively proliferating B-lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). These LCLs with normal diploid karyotypes have been believed to be "immortal", without becoming tumorigenic. A series of recent studies, however, indicate that this initial, simple concept needs extensive reconsideration. Most LCLs from normal individuals are mortal because their telomeres shorten. Some LCLs are truly immortalized by developing strong telomerase activity and aneuploidy, accompanied by various other changes: down-regulation of p16/Rb; mutation of the p53 gene; modulation of apoptosis; and sensitivity to various chemical agents. Some post-immortal LCLs additionally develop the ability to form colonies in agarose and even become tumorigenic by developing the ability to grow in nude mice. The genetic background of LCLs markedly affects the frequency of immortalization. In summary, changes of B cells after infection by EBV are roughly divided into two steps: (a) transformation of B cells into LCLs caused by EBV proteins; and (b) immortalization and tumorigenesis of LCLs mainly regulated by the factors of host cells in cooperation with EBV proteins. The new concept as reviewed here is essential for the future study of tumorigenesis by EBV.
Carboxymethyl-Dextran-Gadolinium-DTPA as a Blood-Pool Contrast Agent for Magnetic Resonance Angiography (1996)

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The authors evaluate the efficiency of various doses of a paramagnetic macromolecular contrast agent, a gadolinium (Gd)-DTPA-dextran conjugate, as a blood-pool contrast media, in a transverse three-dimensional time-of-flight (TOF) magnetic resonance (MR) angiography sequence of the abdominal aorta in rabbits. METHODS Imaging experiments were performed on a 1.5-T magnet, using a transverse three-dimensional TOF tilted optimized nonsaturating excitation (TONE) sequence. The macromolecular contrast media used was a carboxymethyl-dextran-Gd-DTPA (CMD-Gd-DTPA). Different concentrations of CMD-Gd-DTPA (0.005, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05 mmol Gd/kg) were evaluated. A comparative study using Gd-DOTA (0.01 and 0.1 mmol/kg) was performed. A visual analysis based on the gain in the visualized length of small arteries (renal arteries), and a quantitative analysis based on the percent contrast enhancement of the aorta plotted against distance in the slab from the top edge of the acquisition volume were obtained. RESULTS A signal-to-noise ratio enhancement of the distal part of the aorta and an improvement in the visualized length of the renal arteries were noted for concentrations of CMD-Gd-DTPA ranging from 0.01 to 0.05 mmol Gd/kg. Venous enhancement was noted for concentrations greater than 0.01 mmol Gd/kg when using CMD-Gd-DTPA or Gd-DOTA. CONCLUSION Carboxymethy-dextran-Gd-DTPA reduced, in part, the saturation effect in a three-dimensional transverse TOF TONE MR angiography in rabbits. To prevent venous enhancement, observed with the higher concentrations used in this study, a decrease in the polydispersity of the polymer should be a goal in the future. Rapid extravasation of the low-molecular weight fraction of the polymer could explain the venous enhancement.
BRAF-mutant melanoma: treatment approaches, resistance mechanisms, and diagnostic strategies (2015)

BRAF inhibitors vemurafenib and dabrafenib achieved improved overall survival over chemotherapy and have been approved for the treatment of BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma. More recently, the combination of BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib with MEK inhibitor trametinib has shown improved progression-free survival, compared to dabrafenib monotherapy, in a Phase II study and has received approval by the US Food and Drug Administration. However, even when treated with the combination, most patients develop mechanisms of acquired resistance, and some of them do not achieve tumor regression at all, because of intrinsic resistance to therapy. Along with the development of BRAF inhibitors, immunotherapy made an important step forward: ipilimumab, an anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody, was approved for the treatment of metastatic melanoma; anti-PD-1 agents achieved promising results in Phase I/II trials, and data from Phase III studies will be ready soon. The availability of such drugs, which are effective regardless of BRAF status, has made the therapeutic approach more complex, as first-line treatment with BRAF inhibitors may not be the best choice for all BRAF-mutated patients. The aim of this paper is to review the systemic therapeutic options available today for patients affected by BRAF V600-mutated metastatic melanoma, as well as to summarize the mechanisms of resistance to BRAF inhibitors and discuss the possible strategies to overcome them. Moreover, since the molecular analysis of tumor specimens is now a pivotal and decisional factor in the treatment strategy of metastatic melanoma patients, the advances in the molecular detection techniques for the BRAF V600 mutation will be reported.
Optimizing recognition and rejection performance in wordspotting systems (2002)

Compares the performance which can be achieved by different hidden Markov model (HMM) based wordspotting techniques when their parameters are tuned to optimize recognition and rejection rates. An alternative approach which does not attempt to explicitly model extraneous speech or non-speech noise is also proposed. After optimization of each of these approaches, it appears that the proposed version performs at least as well as the other methods with the advantage of simplicity and possibility to be used in hybrid models using HMMs with a multilayer perceptron (MLP). Test results are reported on a speaker independent telephone database containing 10 keywords as well as on the speaker independent ARPA resource management database in which between 10 and 250 keywords were defined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A novel, orally administered nucleoside analogue, OGT 719, inhibits the liver invasive growth of a human colorectal tumor, C170HM2. (1999)

OGT 719 is a novel p.o. bioavailable nucleoside analogue in which galactose is incorporated onto the fluoropyrimidine moiety of the cytotoxic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). OGT 719 has been designed to reduce the systemic toxicity normally associated with 5-FU while retaining activity against disease localized in the liver, in which it may be preferentially localized through the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R). We report studies confirming the activity of OGT 719 in inhibiting growth of metastatic human colorectal tumors in the liver of nude mice. The human colorectal cancer cell line C170HM2 readily forms liver metastases in vivo. Oral administration of 1500 mg/kg/day OGT 719 inhibited liver tumor burden by 95% compared with vehicle control, without any observable signs of toxicity. When the tumor burden was increased and the same OGT 719 treatment was compared with a standard clinical dose regimen of 25 mg/kg/day 5-FU/leucovorin given i.v., both treatments were equally efficacious, although 5-FU/leucovorin treatment started 7 days earlier. In contrast to 5-FU, OGT 719 is p.o. bioavailable and has a plasma half-life between 1.5 and 3 h. Several colorectal cancer cell lines express the asialoglycoprotein receptor, although no significant levels can be detected in C170HM2 cells, consistent with the observation that OGT 719 is approximately 3 log orders of magnitude less potent in vitro than 5-FU. Flux through thymidylate synthase, as measured by 3H release from [3H]dUrd, was inhibited by OGT 719 at 4 h. The notable difference in the potency of OGT 719 efficacy on C170HM2 cells in vitro and in vivo supports our model of liver-specific activation of OGT 719. As our data suggest, OGT 719 may significantly inhibit growth of metastatic colorectal tumors in the liver in vivo. This hypothesis is presently being explored in clinical trials for primary hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal liver metastases.
Hypocalciuria of preeclampsia is independent of parathyroid hormone level. (1991)

Hypocalciuria is a feature of preeclampsia. The roles of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D 1,25(OH)2D3 (calcitriol) in its pathogenesis have not yet been determined. Fourteen preeclamptic women were compared with 12 women with chronic hypertension and 11 normotensives, all in the third trimester. Preeclamptics had the lowest urinary calcium excretion rate (62.1 +/- 32.8 mg/24 hours) compared with chronic hypertensive women (162.6 +/- 97.8 mg/24 hours) and normotensive controls (225.6 = 146.9 mg/24 hours) (P less than .05). Serum PTH was lowest in preeclamptics (9.8 +/- 5.5 pg/mL), in contrast to the chronic hypertensives (18.5 +/- 2.7 pg/mL) and normotensives (16.4 +/- 3.2 pg/mL) (P less than .005). Similarly, urinary cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) excretion was 2.9 +/- 1.4 mumol/24 hours in the preeclamptics, 5.1 +/- 1.7 mumol/24 hours in the chronic hypertensives, and 4.6 +/- 1.3 mumol/24 hours in the normotensive group (P less than .05). These data suggest that the mechanism of hypocalciuria in preeclampsia is independent of the PTH-calcitriol axis. Therefore, it is suggested that the hypocalciuria of preeclampsia is due to intrinsic renal tubular dysfunction.
Numbering system for the hammerhead (1992)

Journal Article Numbering system for the hammerhead Get access K.J. Hertel, K.J. Hertel Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar A. Pardi, A. Pardi Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar O.C. Uhlenbeck, O.C. Uhlenbeck Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar M. Koizumi, M. Koizumi 1Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido UniversitySapporo 060, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar E. Ohtsuka, E. Ohtsuka 1Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido UniversitySapporo 060, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar S. Uesugi, S. Uesugi 2Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University156 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-Ku, Yokohama 240, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar R. Cedergren, R. Cedergren 3Dépt de Biochimie, Université de MontréalMontréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar F. Eckstein, F. Eckstein 4Max-Planck-Institut für Experimentelle Medizin, Abteilung ChemieD-3400 Göttingen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar W.L. Gerlach, W.L. Gerlach 5CSIRO Division of Plant Industry, Institute of Plant production and ProcessingGPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar R. Hodgson, R. Hodgson 6Dept of Biochemistry, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA 5000, Australia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar ... Show more R.H. Symons R.H. Symons 6Dept of Biochemistry, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA 5000, Australia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 20, Issue 12, 25 June 1992, Page 3252, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/20.12.3252 Published: 25 June 1992 Article history Accepted: 04 May 1992 Published: 25 June 1992
[Anti-tumor effect of hyperthermia plus hematoporphyrin derivative on malignant brain tumor]. (1988)

Photoradiation therapy using the photosensitizing agent, hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD), and laser light has been currently employed as a new modality for the treatment of cancer. At present, however, the application of this therapy is limited to superficial tumors because of difficulties in achieving light penetration, whereas 13.56 MHz radiofrequency (RF) used in hyperthermia is capable to penetrate into deeper regions and elevate the temperature of brain tumors. In the present studies, the author evaluated an anti-tumor effect of hyperthermic treatment with HpD administration on experimental malignant brain tumors both in vitro and in vivo and, moreover, investigated the histological changes of subcutaneous tumors following water bath heating and the uptake of HpD into the brain and subcutaneous tumors. In vitro, C-6 and Rous sarcoma virus-induced mouse glioma cells (RSV glioma cells) were incubated in the medium containing HpD (0-125 micrograms/ml) for 24 hours. Hyperthermia was performed either in a water bath or by 13.56 MHz RF heating in the range of 37-43 degrees C. All procedures were carried out in the dark. The anti-tumor effect was evaluated by counting the viable glioma cells. HpD itself showed a growth inhibitory effect on C-6 and RSV glioma cells dose-dependently, while synergistic effect was observed in combination with hyperthermia. C-6 cells were more sensitive to this treatment than RSV glioma cells. The degree of response depended on the heating time and the temperature. In both cells, the effect of heating by water bath and 13.56 MHz RF was similar at each temperature.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A parallel, real-time garbage collector (2001)

We describe a parallel, real-time garbage collector and present experimental results that demonstrate good scalability and good real-time bounds. The collector is designed for shared-memory multiprocessors and is based on an earlier collector algorithm [2], which provided fixed bounds on the time any thread must pause for collection. However, since our earlier algorithm was designed for simple analysis, it had some impractical features. This paper presents the extensions necessary for a practical implementation: reducing excessive interleaving, handling stacks and global variables, reducing double allocation, and special treatment of large and small objects. An implementation based on the modified algorithm is evaluated on a set of 15 SML benchmarks on a Sun Enterprise 10000, a 64-way UltraSparc-II multiprocessor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first implementation of a parallel, real-time garbage collector.The average collector speedup is 7.5 at 8 processors and 17.7 at 32 processors. Maximum pause times range from 3 ms to 5 ms. In contrast, a non-incremental collector (whether generational or not) has maximum pause times from 10 ms to 650 ms. Compared to a non-parallel, stop-copy collector, parallelism has a 39% overhead, while real-time behavior adds an additional 12% overhead. Since the collector takes about 15% of total execution time, these features have an overall time costs of 6% and 2%.
Real and pseudo oxygen gradients in Ca‐alginate beads monitored during polarographic Po<sub>2</sub>‐measurements using Pt‐needle microelectrodes (1994)

Polarographic microcoaxial needle electrodes were used to measure internal profiles of dissolved oxygen tension (Po(2)) within single Ca-alginate beads of different diameter containing entrapped cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. For the investigations, single beads coming from variable growing conditions and distinct cultivation stages were fixed in a special holding device. In dependence on microbial growth steep oxygen gradients were observed. The Oxygen penetration depth at steady state lay between 50 and 100 microm. After 8 h of cultivation time, the anaerobic space within the beads (phi 2 mm; cultivation in a packed bed reactor) is beginning at approximately 130 microm, whereas the anaerobic space within the beads (phi 2 mm) coming from the shaker flask culture is located approximately 440 microm below the bead surface. Surprisingly, steep gradients were also observed, when recording profiles from cell-free Ca-alginate beads of different diameter and alginate concentrations. The steep oxygen gradients apparently had to be interpreted as pseudo-Po(2)-gradients. These results were borne by several effects, such as formation of artifacts and diffusion barriers in front of the electrode tip or oxygen "availability" at the tip and consumption of oxygen by the electrode itself. These phenomena could be documented by microscopic observation and photography. Thus, to obtain real Po(2)-profiles it is important to be exactly informed about the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the material to be investigated. Furthermore, it is necessary to apply a special stepwise puncture technique with distinct step-in/step-out movements of the electrode: e.g., unidirectional or contradirectional puncture techniques.