gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In Situ Forming Chitosan Hydrogels Prepared via Ionic/Covalent Co-Cross-Linking (2011)

In situ forming chitosan hydrogels have been prepared via coupled ionic and covalent cross-linking. Thus, different amounts of genipin (0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20% (w/w)), used as a chemical cross-linker, were added to a solution of chitosan that was previously neutralized with a glycerol-phosphate complex (ionic cross-linker). In this way, it was possible to overcome the pH barrier of the chitosan solution, to preserve its thermosensitive character, and to enhance the extent of cross-linking in the matrix simultaneously. To investigate the contributions of the ionic cross-linking and the chemical cross-linking, separately, we prepared the hydrogels without the addition of either genipin or the glycerol-phosphate complex. The addition of genipin to the neutralized solution disturbs the ionic cross-linking process and the chemical cross-linking becomes the dominant process. Moreover, the genipin concentration was used to modulate the network structure and performance. The more promising formulations were fully characterized, in a hydrated state, with respect to any equilibrium swelling, the development of internal structure, the occurrence of in vitro degradability and cytotoxicity, and the creation of in vivo injectability. Each of the hydrogel systems exhibited a notably high equilibrium water content, arising from the fact that their internal structure (examined by conventional SEM, and environmental SEM) was highly porous with interconnecting pores. The porosity and the pore size distribution were quantified by mercury intrusion porosimetry. Although all gels became degraded in the presence of lysozyme, their degradation rate greatly depended on the genipin load. Through in vitro viability tests, the hydrogel-based formulations were shown to be nontoxic. The in vivo injection of a co-cross-linking formulation revealed that the gel was rapidly formed and localized at the injection site, remaining in position for at least 1 week.
Surface impact on nanoparticle-based magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents (2018)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most widely used diagnostic tools in the clinic. To improve imaging quality, MRI contrast agents, which can modulate local T<sub>1</sub> and T<sub>2</sub> relaxation times, are often injected prior to or during MRI scans. However, clinically used contrast agents, including Gd<sup>3+</sup>-based chelates and iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), afford mediocre contrast abilities. To address this issue, there has been extensive research on developing alternative MRI contrast agents with superior r<sub>1</sub> and r<sub>2</sub> relaxivities. These efforts are facilitated by the fast progress in nanotechnology, which allows for preparation of magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) with varied size, shape, crystallinity, and composition. Studies suggest that surface coatings can also largely affect T<sub>1</sub> and T<sub>2</sub> relaxations and can be tailored in favor of a high r<sub>1</sub> or r<sub>2</sub>. However, the surface impact of NPs has been less emphasized. Herein, we review recent progress on developing NP-based T<sub>1</sub> and T<sub>2</sub> contrast agents, with a focus on the surface impact.
Developments in EELS instrumentation for spectroscopy and imaging (1991)

Recent developments in instrumentation for electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) at Gatan R&#x26;D are reviewed. A 10-channel intrinsic Si detector with single-electron detection capa- bility is being developed for fast energy-filtered imaging and elemental mapping in the STEM mode. A new type of an imaging filter suitable for attachment at the end of the electron-optical column of a transmission electron microscope has been designed and built. The design of the filter is described, and its electron-optical properties are compared with the properties of an optimized 03A9-filter. Finally, an unconventional design of an ultra-high resolution electron spectrometer which does not use any retardation and yet should be able to attain an energy resolution of a few meV at primary energies around 200 keV is proposed.
Immunoscintigraphy and Pharmacokinetics of Indium‐111‐labeled ZME‐018 Monoclonal Antibody in Patients with Malignant Melanoma (1988)

Immunoscintigraphic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of 111In-labeled ZME-018 monoclonal antibody were examined in 8 patients with malignant melanoma. Each patient received a single intravenous infusion of 20 mg of ZME-018, coupled to 3 mCi of 111In without any acute toxicity. Scintigrams were taken 1, 3, and 6 days after the administration, and blood and urine samples were also taken frequently. Rapid clearance of some radioactivity was seen in early urine samples in the form of 111In DTPA, but after 1 day, urinary excretion of radioactivity was slow and steady, with an average of 2.5% of the injected dose excreted per day. The scans demonstrated that there was blood retention of radioactivity in the heart and great vessels 1 day after infusion and considerable clearance from the blood pool occurred by 3 days. However, 111In was deposited in the liver, spleen and bone for up to 6 days. The optimal time for imaging appeared to be at 3 days. Nineteen out of 26 known lesions or 6 out of 8 patients were positive. There were 21 lesions detected that were not suspected during the work-up the patient. Five patients developed human anti-mouse antibody in the serum by 3 weeks. These results suggest that immunoscintigraphy with 111In-labeled ZME-018 antibody is safe and useful for the detection of metastatic lesions in a selected group of patients with malignant melanoma.
Preparation and properties of soluble–insoluble immobilized proteases (1987)

In order to carry out an effective enzyme reaction, the preparation of soluble-insoluble immobilized enzyme was investigated. Proteases were selected as model enzymes, and their immobilization was carried out by using an enteric coating polymer as a carrier. Among the polymers tested, methacrylic acid-methylacrylate-methylmethacrylate copolymer (MPM-06) gave the most active soluble-insoluble immobilized papain. This immobilized papain showed insoluble from below pH 4.8 and soluble form above pH 5.8; it was also soluble in water-miscible organic solvent. It was reusable and more stable with heat and water-miscible organic solvents than native proteases. Furthermore, various proteases could be immobilized by using MPM-06 with high activity. Chymotrypsin immobilized by this method catalyzed the effective peptide synthesis in a heterogeneous reaction system containing water-miscible organic solvent.
Cyclically permutable codes for rapid acquisition in DS-CDMA systems with asynchronous base stations (2001)

There has been significant interest in cellular systems employing direct sequence (DS) code division multiple access (CDMA), with no synchronization requirement between base stations (BS), especially in the context of the so-called third-generation (3G) wireless systems. In this case, since neighboring BSs use different spreading sequences, the mobile must first determine the spreading sequence being used by the BS(s) from which the mobile receives sufficiently strong signals. To facilitate acquisition, the total set of spreading sequences is divided into groups, and the group identification is transmitted over a synchronization channel. This paper describes a novel mechanism for transmitting the group identification (ID) using cyclically permutable (CP) codes; this scheme results in significant reduction in the search space, allowing for rapid acquisition. The technique described is currently a component of the radio access technology in the 3G partnership project (3GPP) proposal to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) for 3G wireless systems (IMT-2000). An analysis of the three-stage search process required for acquisition and cell search is also presented, and simulation results are shown to demonstrate the efficacy of this approach.
Angular Specificity and Test Mode Specificity of Isometric and Isokinetic Strength Training (1983)

This study examined the angular specificity and test mode specificity of strength training. Six males and six females (X = 22.6 years) were assigned to groups which trained either isometrically (90 degrees ) or isokinetically (30 degrees /second). They trained their left elbow extensors at 80% of their maximum voluntary contraction on a modified Cybex(R) apparatus for 10 weeks, three sessions per week, with 50 contractions per session. Before and after training, both groups were tested isometrically (70, 90, 110 degrees ) and isokinetically (30 degrees /second). When tested isometrically, both groups improved equally, and strength was increased at all three test angles to about the same extent. When tested isokinetically, both groups improved, but the isokinetic group improved to a greater extent. In conclusion, no angular specificity of training was demonstrated within 20 degrees of the training angle, and no test mode specificity was seen for isometric testing. However, isometric training showed less transfer to an isokinetic test. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1983;5(2):58-65.
Reasoning over Ontologies of On Demand Service (2005)

At the heart of autonomic computing (AC) and on demand services (ODS), business rules play a vital role because they can help 'gluing' managed resources, software components, and e-services together in accordance with business goals. Logic programming, the theoretic basis of rule engines, has gradually gained maturity in academia during past decades. From the practical point of view, however, existing rule engines are not useable enough in business applications, which in turn stalls further development of both logic programming and information technologies in industry. We need a straightforward way to utilize rules in a variety of domains. This paper presents a new paradigm in integrating rule engine technologies into on demand services and their management. We propose a Java semantic mapping schema and are implementing a dynamic knowledge-base builder based on well-defined ODS ontologies.
Recognition determinants for proteins and antibiotics within 23S rRNA (1995)

Ribosomal RNAs fold into phylogenetically conserved secondary and tertiary structures that determine their function in protein synthesis. We have investigated Escherichia coli 23S rRNA to identify structural elements that interact with antibiotic and protein ligands. Using a combination of molecular genetic and biochemical probing techniques, we have concentrated on regions of the rRNA that are connected with specific functions. These are located in different domains within the 23S rRNA and include the ribosomal GTPase-associated center in domain II, which contains the binding sites for r-proteins L10.(L12)4 and L11 and is inhibited by interaction with the antibiotic thiostrepton. The peptidyltransferase center within domain V is inhibited by macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B antibiotics, which interact with the rRNA around nucleotide A2058. Drug resistance is conferred by mutations here and by modification of A2058 by ErmE methyltransferase. ErmE recognizes a conserved motif displayed in the primary and secondary structure of the peptidyl transferase loop. Within domain VI of rRNA, the alpha-sarcin stem-loop is associated with elongation factor binding and is the target site for ribotoxins including the N-glycosidase ribosome-inactivating proteins ricin and pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP). The orientations of the 23S rRNA domains are constrained by tetiary interactions, including a pseudoknot in domain II and long-range base pairings in the center of the molecule that bring domains II and V closer together. The phenotypic effects of mutations in these regions have been investigated by expressing 23S rRNA from plasmids. Allele-specific priming sites have been introduced close to these structures in the rRNA to enable us to study the molecular events there.
Towards automation of palynology 1: analysis of pollen shape and ornamentation using simple geometric measures, derived from scanning electron microscope images (2004)

Abstract This is the first of a series of papers on the theme of automated pollen analysis. The automation of pollen analysis could result in numerous advantages for the reconstruction of past environments, with larger data sets made practical, objectivity and fine resolution sampling. There are also applications in apiculture and medicine. Previous work on the classification of pollen using texture measures has been successful with small numbers of pollen taxa. However, as the number of pollen taxa to be identified increases, more features may be required to achieve a successful classification. This paper describes the use of simple geometric measures to augment the texture measures. The feasibility of this new approach is tested using scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of 12 taxa of fresh pollen taken from reference material collected on Henderson Island, Polynesia. Pollen images were captured directly from a SEM connected to a PC. A threshold grey‐level was set and binary images were then generated. Pollen edges were then located and the boundaries were traced using a chain coding system. A number of simple geometric variables were calculated directly from the chain code of the pollen and a variable selection procedure was used to choose the optimal subset to be used for classification. The efficiency of these variables was tested using a leave‐one‐out classification procedure. The system successfully split the original 12 taxa sample into five sub‐samples containing no more than six pollen taxa each. The further subdivision of echinate pollen types was then attempted with a subset of four pollen taxa. A set of difference codes was constructed for a range of displacements along the chain code. From these difference codes probability variables were calculated. A variable selection procedure was again used to choose the optimal subset of probabilities that may be used for classification. The efficiency of these variables was again tested using a leave‐one‐out classification procedure. The proportion of correctly classified pollen ranged from 81% to 100% depending on the subset of variables used. The best set of variables had an overall classification rate averaging at about 95%. This is comparable with the classification rates from the earlier texture analysis work for other types of pollen. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
A Mechanistic Proof-of-concept Clinical Trial With JX-594, a Targeted Multi-mechanistic Oncolytic Poxvirus, in Patients With Metastatic Melanoma (2011)

JX-594 is a targeted and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-expressing oncolytic poxvirus designed to selectively replicate in and destroy cancer cells through viral oncolysis and tumor-specific immunity. In order to study the mechanisms-of-action (MOA) of JX-594 in humans, a mechanistic proof-of-concept clinical trial was performed at a low dose equivalent to ≤10% of the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) in other clinical trials. Ten patients with previously treated stage IV melanoma were enrolled. Tumors were injected weekly for up to nine total treatments. Blood samples and tumor biopsies were analyzed for evidence of transgene activity, virus replication, and immune stimulation. The β-galactosidase (β-gal) transgene was expressed in all patients as evidenced by antibody induction. Six patients had significant induction of GM-CSF-responsive white blood cell (WBC) subsets such as neutrophils (25-300% increase). JX-594 replication and subsequent shedding into blood was detectable in five patients after cycles 1-9. Tumor biopsies demonstrated JX-594 replication, perivascular lymphocytic infiltration, and diffuse tumor necrosis. Mild flu-like symptoms were the most common adverse events. In sum, JX-594 replication, oncolysis, and expression of both transgenes were demonstrated; replication was still evident after multiple cycles. These findings have implications for further clinical development of JX-594 and other transgene-armed oncolytic viruses.
Architecture of field-programmable gate arrays: the effect of logic block functionality on area efficiency (1990)

The relationship between the functionality of a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) logic block and the area required to implement digital circuits using that logic block is examined. The investigation is done experimentally by implementing a set of industrial circuits as FPGAs using CAD (computer-aided design) tools for technology mapping, placement, and routing. A range of programming technologies (the method of FPGA customization) is explored using a simple model of the interconnection and logic block area. The experiments are based on logic blocks that use lookup tables for implementing combinational logic. Results indicate that the best number of inputs to use (a measure of the block's functionality) is between three and four, and that a D flip-flop should be included in the logic block. The results are largely independent of the programming technology. More generally, it was observed that the area efficiency of a logic block depends not only on its functionality but also on the average number of pins connected per logic block.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Zinc depletion efficiently inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth by increasing the ratio of antiproliferative/proliferative genes (2007)

We investigated the ability of the zinc chelator N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN) to reduce pancreatic cancer cell viability. TPEN was much more efficient to inhibit pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell growth than a panel of anti-cancer drugs, including 5-fluorouracil, irinotecan, cisplatin, edelfosine, trichostatin A, mitomycin C, and gemcitabine, the gold standard chemotherapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer. Moreover, TPEN showed a dose- and time-dependent anti-proliferative effect significantly higher on pancreatic cancer cells than on normal primary fibroblasts. This effect may be explained by a significantly higher zinc depletion by TPEN in pancreatic cancer cells as compared to fibroblasts. Cell viability reduction by TPEN was associated to both G1-phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and to the increased ratio of the expression level of cyclin-Cdk inhibitor versus cyclin genes and apoptotic versus anti-apoptotic genes. Finally, we show that apoptotic cell death induced by TPEN involved mitochondrial injury and caspase 3 and caspase 8 activation. In this study, we suggest that zinc depletion may be an efficient strategy in the treatment of pancreatic cancer because of its reduced antiproliferative effect on normal cells.
Dual Polarized Wide-Band Aperture Stacked Patch Antennas (2004)

A wide-band, dual polarized printed antenna is designed and developed in this paper. The antenna is based upon an aperture stacked patch layout and incorporates a simple dual-layered feeding technique to achieve dual-polarized radiation. The printed antenna has a measured 10 dB return loss bandwidth of 52% and an isolation between the excitation ports of greater than 39 dB over this frequency range. The gain of the antenna is 7.4 dBi /spl plusmn/ 0.4 dB and the typical issues associated with incorporating an aperture excited solution are resolved by using a cross-shaped reflector patch to ensure the front-to-back ratio is greater than 20 dB.
Treatment of gastrointestinal infections (2000)

Treatment of gastrointestinal infections continues to be complicated by expanding resistance to antibiotics. This has led to both new antibiotic treatments and to research on alternative therapies. In the case of Clostridium difficile colitis, interesting preliminary results have been obtained with both probiotic therapy and passive immunization strategies. The newer macrolides were found to be effective for multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhi and safe in the pediatric population. The efficacy of rifaximin, a nonabsorbed antimicrobial agent, was demonstrated in the treatment of travelers diarrhea in Mexico. The benefit of the proteolytic agent bromelain, which degrades enterocyte receptors for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, was shown in an experimental model of piglets challenged with this infection after bromelain prophylaxis. The potential value of zinc supplementation in infant diarrhea was shown in a study in India. The recently approved rotavirus vaccine is being withheld because of multiple reported cases of intussusception. Cryptosporidiosis continues to challenge old and new chemotherapeutic agents. The usefulness of paromomycin in Cryptosporidium infection was shown in both murine and piglet models. The cost effectiveness of prophylaxis for parasitosis in immigrants has been an area of investigation.
Replication-competent retrovirus vectors for the transfer and expression of gene cassettes in avian cells (1991)

We have constructed a series of replication-competent retrovirus vectors to introduce and express gene cassettes in avian cells. To characterize these vectors, we inserted the coding sequences for the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene linked to the chicken beta-actin gene promoter or the mouse metallothionein 1 gene promoter. In all cases, we found the structure of integrated proviruses to be stable during serial cell passage in vitro. Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity was detected biochemically and immunocytochemically in infected cells. Cassettes were inserted in the vectors in the same or in the opposite orientation with respect to viral transcription. Although both orientations were functional, the cassettes inserted in the forward orientation were usually expressed at higher levels than the corresponding backward constructions. The level of expression was strongly influenced by surrounding proviral sequences, particularly by the transcriptional enhancer elements within the retrovirus long terminal repeat sequences. Expression was higher with vectors that contained the polymerase (pol) region of the Bryan high-titer strain of Rous sarcoma virus. Inclusion of the Bryan pol region also improved vector replication in the chemically transformed quail fibroblast line QT6.
OCT-based elastography for large and small deformations (2006)

We present two approaches to speckle tracking for optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based elastography, one appropriate for small speckle motions and the other for large, rapid speckle motions. Both approaches have certain advantages over traditional cross-correlation based motion algorithms. We apply our algorithms to quantifying the strain response of a mechanically inhomogeneous, bi-layered polyvinyl alcohol tissue phantom that is subjected to either small or large dynamic compressive forces while being imaged with a spectral domain OCT system. In both the small and large deformation scenarios, the algorithms performed well, clearly identifying the two mechanically disparate regions of the phantom. The stiffness ratio between the two regions was estimated to be the same for the two scenarios and both estimates agreed with the expected stiffness ratio based on earlier mechanical testing. No single numerical approach is appropriate for all cases and the experimental conditions dictate the proper choice of speckle shift algorithm for OCT-based elastography studies.
DNA Sequence of a Gene Encoding a BALB/c Mouse L <sup>d</sup> Transplantation Antigen (1982)

The sequence of a gene, denoted 27.5, encoding a transplantation antigen for the BALB/c mouse has been determined. Gene transfer studies and comparison of the translated sequence with the partial amino acid sequence of the Ld transplantation antigen establish that gene 27.5 encodes an Ld polypeptide. A comparison of the gene 27.5 sequence with several complementary DNA sequences suggests that the BALB/c mouse may contain a number of closely related L-like genes. Gene 27.5 has eight exons that correlate with the structural domains of the transplantation antigen.