gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of Molded Interconnection Devices by Ultrasonic Hot Embossing on Thin Polymer Films (2009)

Ultrasonic hot embossing allows fabrication of metal patterns onto a polymer film with a low cost and rapid process. A polymer layer with a thin metal film on top is welded onto the polymer substrate where there are protruding micro structures on the tool. Edges around the protruding structures cut the metal layer and ensure electrical insulation. The entire process performs in a few seconds. The non-welded areas are mechanically removed after this process. An antenna of a radio frequency identification device (RFID) and a flexible membrane keyboard were fabricated by embossing 10- mum-thick conductive paths from an aluminum foil onto polypropylene films, 150 and 250 mum in thickness. Antenna circuits have been proven to show the expected resonance frequencies and the keyboard was successfully employed as an input device for a PC.
Focus-distance-controlled 3D TV (1997)

There is a phenomenon that a 3D image appears in proportion to a focus distance when something is watched through a convex lens. An adjustable focus lens which can control the focus distance of the convex lens is contrived and applied to 3D TV. We can watch 3D TV without eyeglasses. The 3D TV image meets the NTSC standard. A parallax data and a focus data about the image can be accommodated at the same time. A continuous image method realizes much wider views. An anti 3D image effect can be avoided by using this method. At present, an analysis of proto-type lens and experiment are being carried out. As a result, a phantom effect and a viewing area can be improved. It is possible to watch the 3D TV at any distance. Distance data are triangulated by two cameras. A plan of AVI proto type using ten thousands lenses is discussed. This method is compared with four major conventional methods. As a result, it is revealed that this method can make the efficient use of integral photography and varifocal type method. In the case of integral photography, a miniaturization of this system is possible. But it is difficult to get actual focus. In the case of varifocal type method, there is no problem with focusing, but the miniaturization is impossible. The theory investigated in this paper makes it possible to solve these problems.
Iron acquisition by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: isolation and characterization of a family of iron-binding exochelins. (1995)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the primary agent of tuberculosis, must acquire iron from the host to cause infection. To do so, it releases high-affinity iron-binding siderophores called exochelins. Exochelins are thought to transfer iron to another type of high-affinity iron-binding molecule in the bacterial cell wall, mycobactins, for subsequent utilization by the bacterium. In this paper, we describe the purification of exochelins of M. tuberculosis and their characterization by mass spectrometry. Exochelins comprise a family of molecules whose most abundant species range in mass from 744 to 800 Da in the neutral Fe(3+)-loaded state. The molecules form two 14-Da-increment series, one saturated and the other unsaturated, with the increments reflecting different numbers of CH2 groups on a side chain. These series further subdivide into serine- or threonine-containing species. The virulent M. tuberculosis Erdman strain and the avirulent M. tuberculosis H37Ra strain produce a similar set of exochelins. Based on a comparison of their tandem mass spectra, exochelins share a common core structure with mycobactins. However, exochelins are smaller than mycobactins due to a shorter alkyl side chain, and the side chain of exochelins terminates in a methyl ester. These differences render exochelins more polar than the lipophilic mycobactins and hence soluble in the aqueous extracellular milieu of the bacterium in which they bind iron in the host.
Closing the Organosilicon Synthetic Cycle: Efficient Heterogeneous Hydrosilylation of Alkenes over Silia<i>Cat</i>Pt(0) (2012)

A modest 0.5–1 mol % amount of the sol–gel entrapped hybrid catalyst SiliaCat Pt(0) selectively mediates the hydrosilylation of different olefins under Ar atmosphere at room temperature or at 65 °C, depending on the substrate. Low levels of Pt leaching ensure minimal amounts of platinum residues in crude product and no plant contamination. Valued platinum nanoparticles remain entrapped within the organosilica xerogel that can thus be reused.
Rotator cuff repair with periosteum for enhancing tendon–bone healing: a biomechanical and histological study in rabbits (2009)

During rotator cuff repair surgery, fixation and incorporation of ruptured rotator cuff tendon into the bone is a major concern. The repair usually fails at the tendon-bone interface, especially in cases where the tear is massive. The periosteum contains multipotent stem cells that have the potential to differentiate into osteogenic and chondrogenic tissues, which may restore the original structure at the tendon-bone interface, fibrocartilage. In this study, we investigated the effect of periosteum on the healing of the infraspinatus tendon and bone using a clinically relevant rabbit model of rotator cuff tear. We used 36 skeletally mature New Zealand white rabbits in the study. The infraspinatus tendon at right limb was detached from greater tuberosity, and a periosteal flap taken from the proximal tibia was sutured onto the torn end of tendon. The contralateral limb, which was used as a control, received the same treatment without a periosteum. The rabbits were sacrificed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks, and the tendon-bone interface was put to histological exam and the biomechanical testing to assess strength of tendon-bone interface. Histological analysis of the tendon-bone interface revealed that the periosteum formed a fibrous layer over the interface between tendon and bone. At 4 weeks, fibrotic tissue showed progressive integration over the interface between cuff tendon and bone. At 8 weeks, progressive formation of fibrovascular tissue and fibrocartilage was observed between tendon and bone. At 12 weeks, extensive formation of fibrocartilage and bone was noted in the interface. The significant increase of failure load with time indicated a progressive increase in the tendon-bone incorporation strength. At 4 weeks after operation, the attachment strength of the limbs with the periosteum treated was higher than that of the control limbs; however, this difference was not statistically significant. At 8 and 12 weeks, a statistically significant increase was noted in the attachment strength of the limb treated with the periosteum. Most specimens failed at the tendon-bone interface (18/20). In the treatment of a torn rotator cuff in rabbit model, improved healing process with greater attachment strength could be achieved by suturing the periosteum between the end of tendon and the bone trough. Histological examination revealed that the cambium layer of the periosteum could serve as a potent interface layer and become progressively mature and organized during the healing process, resulting in fibrocartilage formation and the subsequent integration of the disrupted tendon into the bone. Biomechanical testing revealed a progressive increase in the attachment strength with time indicating the progressive tendon-bone incorporation. When performing rotator cuff repair in a large or massive tear, a periosteal flap can be sutured onto the torn end of tendon to enhance tendon-bone healing.
Rapid, Simple, and Versatile Manufacturing of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors at Scale (2010)

Adeno-associated viral (AAV) manufacturing at scale continues to hinder the application of AAV technology to gene therapy studies. Although scalable systems based on AAV-adenovirus, AAV-herpesvirus, and AAV-baculovirus hybrids hold promise for clinical applications, they require time-consuming generation of reagents and are not highly suited to intermediate-scale preclinical studies in large animals, in which several combinations of serotype and genome may need to be tested. We observed that during production of many AAV serotypes, large amounts of vector are found in the culture supernatant, a relatively pure source of vector in comparison with cell-derived material. Here we describe a high-yielding, recombinant AAV production process based on polyethylenimine (PEI)-mediated transfection of HEK293 cells and iodixanol gradient centrifugation of concentrated culture supernatant. The entire process can be completed in 1 week and the steps involved are universal for a number of different AAV serotypes. Process conditions have been optimized such that final purified yields are routinely greater than 1 x 10(14) genome copies per run, with capsid protein purity exceeding 90%. Initial experiments with vectors produced by the new process demonstrate equivalent or better transduction both in vitro and in vivo when compared with small-scale, CsCl gradient-purified vectors. In addition, the iodixanol gradient purification process described effectively separates infectious particles from empty capsids, a desirable property for reducing toxicity and unwanted immune responses during preclinical studies.
An Enhanced Methodology for Antiferromagnetic Structure and Form-factor Determinations (1991)

Abstract It seems that it might be due to a combination of practical and historical circumstances that the unpolarised neutron diffraction method, applied usually to powder samples, still dominates structure determinations of antiferromagnets. Polarised-beam methods are used for ferromagnets. There is also a more advanced polarised-neutron single-crystal method for antiferromagnets, which is at last beginning to emerge, and this paper outlines the conceptual changes that are involved in adapting to this little-known revision of methodology, for multidomain antiferromagnetic structures. Further analyses are presented of initial UND-FFI-NPA(A) results, for a tP3z antiferromagnet t 1, AuMn for example, and the discussion is extended to the possibilities for further study, such as with a different UND-FFI-NPA(D) experimental arrangement. By introducing additional techniques to determine the moment directions in individual coherent domains, the studies can proceed to more rigorous and detailed investigations of the form-factors in antiferromagnets of various symmetries. Some appropriate form-factor expressions are presented.
Platelet concentrates stored for 5 days in a reduced volume of plasma maintain hemostatic function and viability (1994)

The in vivo viability, recovery, and hemostatic function of platelets collected in polyvinylchloride plastic containers and stored in 30 to 35 mL of plasma for 5 days are maintained as well as those of platelets stored in 50 to 60 mL of plasma.
Recombinant Proteins From Plants (2009)

Altogether, the biochemical, technical and economic limitations on existing proka- otic and eukaryotic expression systems and the growing clinical demand for complex therapeutic proteins have created
Chemical Mechanisms for Mobilizing DNA (2007)

Different types of elements, and their associated recombinases, continue to be discovered and characterized. Studies of two major classes of these recombinases have advanced to the point that detailed molecular mechanisms can be discussed. This chapter focuses on the mechanisms of protein-catalyzed recombination by these two classes to provide examples of how the chemistry of DNA mobility is catalyzed and controlled. Central to both types of DNA rearrangements are protein-catalyzed polynucleotidyl transfer steps. The chapter focuses on the likely catalytic functions of several active-site residues. The key to understanding the catalytic mechanisms used by transposases is knowledge of how the different DNA segments are positioned and repositioned within the active sites as recombination progresses. The characteristic of recombinases is related to two important biological features that distinguish the proteins from traditional enzymes. First, the physiological demand on the reaction rate for phosphoryl transfer in recombination is usually very low, with many reactions occurring less than once every cell cycle. Second, the physiology also frequently demands that essentially all substrate molecules are converted to product, even when the “substrate” and the “product” are nearly isoenergetic. The structural organization of recombination complexes is intimately related to the mechanisms used for biological control. Perhaps one of the most satisfying aspects of the continued understanding of site-specific recombination and transposition is that, as the details of the protein-DNA complex structures and catalytic strategies are elucidated, they provide insight into the molecular basis of regulation.
Advances in Cryptology -- EUROCRYPT 2015 (2015)

The two-volume proceedings LNCS 9056 + 9057 constitutes the proceedings of the 34th Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques, EUROCRYPT 2015, held in
Joining of non-oxide ceramics for high-temperature applications (1990)

In this study, joining methods have been developed that will be used to generate complex shapes. The objective of this research is to develop reliable techniques to join Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} to Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} and SiC to SiC without affecting the attractive material properties inherent in these non-oxide ceramics.
Observed Impact of Atmospheric Aerosols on the Surface Energy Budget (2013)

Abstract Atmospheric aerosols scatter and potentially absorb incoming solar radiation, thereby reducing the total amount of radiation reaching the surface and increasing the fraction that is diffuse. The partitioning of incoming energy at the surface into sensible heat flux and latent heat flux is postulated to change with increasing aerosol concentrations, as an increase in diffuse light can reach greater portions of vegetated canopies. This can increase photosynthesis and transpiration rates in the lower canopy and potentially decrease the ratio of sensible to latent heat for the entire canopy. Here, half-hourly and hourly surface fluxes from six Flux Network (FLUXNET) sites in the coterminous United States are evaluated over the past decade (2000–08) in conjunction with satellite-derived aerosol optical depth (AOD) to determine if atmospheric aerosols systematically influence sensible and latent heat fluxes. Satellite-derived AOD is used to classify days as high or low AOD and establish the relationship between aerosol concentrations and the surface energy fluxes. High AOD reduces midday net radiation by 6%–65% coupled with a 9%–30% decrease in sensible and latent heat fluxes, although not all sites exhibit statistically significant changes. The partitioning between sensible and latent heat varies between ecosystems, with two sites showing a greater decrease in latent heat than sensible heat (Duke Forest and Walker Branch), two sites showing equivalent reductions (Harvard Forest and Bondville), and one site showing a greater decrease in sensible heat than latent heat (Morgan–Monroe). These results suggest that aerosols trigger an ecosystem-dependent response to surface flux partitioning, yet the environmental drivers for this response require further exploration.
Line focus solar thermal central receiver research study. Final report, April 30, 1977-March 30, 1979 (1979)

The results of a study to examine the line focus central receiver alternative for solar thermal generation of electric power on a commercial scale are presented. The baseline concept consists of the following elements: (1) a solar collector (heliostat) whose geometry is the equivalent of a focused parabolic cylinder. The heliostat reflecting surface is composed of an array of flexible rectangular mirror panels supported along their long edges by a framework which rotates about an axis parallel to the ground plane. The mirror panels in one section (18.3 meters by 3.05 meters (60 feet by 10 feet)) are defocused in unison by a simple mechanism under computer control to achieve the required curvature. Two sections (110 meters/sup 2/(591 feet/sup 2/)) are controlled and driven in elevation by one control/drive unit. (2) A linear cavity receiver, composed of 61-meter (200-foot) sections supported by towers at an elevation of 61 meters (200 feet). Each section receives feedwater and produces turbine-rated steam. The cavity is an open cylinder 1.83 meters (6 feet) in inside diameter, with a 1.22 meter (4 foot) aperture oriented at 45 degrees to the collector field. (3) Heliostat control, consisting of a local controller at each heliostat module which communicates with a master control computer to perform elevation tracking and focal length adjustment. The control logic is open-loop, with sun position computer by the master computer with an algorithm. Image sensors, mounted above and below the receiver aperture, are used to monitor the collector field and provide feedback to the master computer for detection of misaligned heliostats. (WHK)
Recent developments in oligonucleotide conjugation (2010)

Synthetic oligonucleotides (ONs) are being investigated for various therapeutic and diagnostic applications. The interest in ONs arises because of their capability to cause selective inhibition of gene expression by binding to the target DNA/RNA sequences through mechanisms such as antigene, antisense, and RNA interference. ONs with catalytic activity (ribozymes and DNAzymes) against the target sequences, and ability to bind to the target molecules (aptamers), ranging from small molecules to proteins, are also known. Therefore ONs are considered potentially useful for the treatment of viral diseases and cancer. ONs also find use in the design of DNA microchips (a powerful bio-analytical tool) and novel materials in nanotechnology. However, the clinical success achieved so far with ONs has not been satisfactory, and the major impediments have been recognised as their instability against nucleases, lack of target specificity, and poor uptake and targeted delivery. Tremendous efforts have been made to improve the ON properties by either incorporating chemical modifications in the ON structure or covalently linking (conjugation) reporter groups, with biologically relevant properties, to ONs. Conjugation is of great interest because it can be used not only to improve the existing ON properties but also to impart entirely new properties. This tutorial review focuses on the recent developments in ON conjugation, and describes the key challenges in efficient ON conjugation and major synthetic approaches available for successful ON conjugate syntheses. In addition, an overview on major classes of ON conjugates along with their use in therapeutics, diagnostics and nanotechnology is provided.
Signal Recovery From Noise in Electronic Instrumentation (1989)

Low-pass filtering and visual averaging multiple time averaging and drift phase-sensitive detector methods spectral view of signal recovery 1/F noise frequency response calculations frequency-domain view of the phase-sensitive detector digitation and noise magnitude determination for transient signals of known shape and timing measurement of the time of occurrence of a signal transient.
My Life in the Headlines (2000)

I frequently talk to reporters when i am at work. My name has appeared in my publications, including the Washington Post, the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, Newsweek, U.S. News and World Report, and even People Magazine. I used to enjoy being quoted, but now I would prefer that "William Young" never be used as a source for information. The possibilities of misquotations and lots of follow-up calls far outweigh any pleasure I feel upon seeing my name. I now do not even bother to save most of the newsclips that quote me.
Modification of Parkinsonism — Chronic Treatment with L-Dopa (1969)

Slowly increasing oral doses of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) induced at least partial improvement of some manifestations in a series of 28 patients with Parkinsonism. Improvement of performance was graded as modest in four, moderate in four, marked in 10 and dramatic in 10. This was usually sustained for periods up to two years. Evidence of toxicity was signaled by few of the variables monitored. Mental effects included enhanced interest, improved memory, transitory sleeplessness and nervousness. Nausea and vomiting were largely circumvented by slowing of the increases of the daily dose. A peripheral dopadecarboxylase inhibitor diminished the therapeutic dose of L-dopa required and eliminated anorexia and nausea in one case. Neurologic side effects consisted of involuntary movements ranging from fleeting to severe.
Histological quantitation of tumour angiogenesis (2004)

Tumours establish their blood supply via a number of processes in addition to angiogenesis. These include vasculogenesis, vascular remodelling, intussusception and possibly vascular mimicry in certain tumours. The mainstay of the assessment of tumour vascularity has been counting the number of immunohistochemically identified microvessels in vascular hot spots. Nevertheless, several other techniques are available, including Chalkley counting, vascular grade and the use of image analysis systems. Angiogenic activity can furthermore be assessed in histological samples by measuring the molecules involved in the establishment of the tumour vasculature, including angiogenic growth factors and their receptors, cell adhesion molecules, proteases and markers of activated, proliferating, cytokine stimulated or angiogenic vessels, such as CD105. Measuring the maturity of vessels may give an indication of the proportion of the tumour vasculature that is functional. Other reagents that can identify hypoxia-activated pathways are also being developed. The histological assessment of tumour vascularity is mainly used in the research setting but may also have applications in the clinic if appropriate methodology and trained observers perform the studies. Gene arrays may be able to provide an angiogenesis profile. Continued study into the processes involved in generating a tumour blood supply is likely to identify new markers that may be more accurate measures.
Fractal antenna applications in wireless telecommunications (2002)

Applying fractals to antenna elements allows for smaller, resonant antennas which are multiband/broadband and may be optimized for gain. They do not use additional loading components and are simple and cost-effective to fabricate. They can be mounted to constraining form factors, such as the casing of hand-held transceivers. Fractal antennas prove worthwhile, high performance, resonant antennas for many practical applications. Usually fabricated as or on small circuit boards, they allow new versatility in their use with wireless devices.
Disease-Specific Extraction of Text from Cardiac Echo Videos for Decision Support (2009)

Echo videos are an important modality for cardiac decision support. In addition to describing the shape and motion of the heart, they capture important diagnostic measurements as textual feature-value pairs that are good indicators of the underlying disease. In this paper, we describe reliable extraction of such textual information through selective image processing and region extraction prior to using an OCR engine. We then use tabular layout analysis rules to recover measurement attribute value pairs from the recognized text in videos. The measurement feature-value pairs are used to retrieve matching videos from a database. A ranked list of matching diseases is then obtained through collaborative filtering. Results are demonstrated on a large echo video database of patients with various diseases.