gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Subclasses of external adenosine receptors. (1980)

Cell surface adenosine receptors mediate either stimulation or inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1], and the receptors that mediate these different responses can be discriminated with selected adenosine analogs. 5'-N-Ethylcarboxamide-adenosine is a more potent agonist at stimulatory receptors (Ra) than is N6-phenylisopropyladenosine, whereas the reverse potency order is seen with inhibitory receptors (Ri). The potency of adenosine is intermediate between the potencies of these two analogs. The relative potencies of adenosine receptor agonists are maintained in physiological responses in intact cells, such as steroidogenesis and inhibition of lipolysis. As with adrenergic receptors, subclasses of adenosine receptors differ functionally and pharmacologically.
Childhood leukemia: electric and magnetic fields as possible risk factors. (2003)

Numerous epidemiologic studies have reported associations between measures of power-line electric or magnetic fields (EMFs) and childhood leukemia. The basis for such associations remains unexplained. In children, acute lymphoblastic leukemia represents approximately three-quarters of all U.S. leukemia types. Some risk factors for childhood leukemia have been established, and others are suspected. Pathogenesis, as investigated in animal models, is consistent with the multistep model of acute leukemia development. Studies of carcinogenicity in animals, however, are overwhelmingly negative and do not support the hypothesis that EMF exposure is a significant risk factor for hematopoietic neoplasia. We may fail to observe effects from EMFs because, from a mechanistic perspective, the effects of EMFs on biology are very weak. Cells and organs function despite many sources of chemical "noise" (e.g., stochastic, temperature, concentration, mechanical, and electrical noise), which exceed the induced EMF "signal" by a large factor. However, the inability to detect EMF effects in bioassay systems may be caused by the choice made for "EMF exposure." "Contact currents" or "contact voltages" have been proposed as a novel exposure metric, because their magnitude is related to measured power-line magnetic fields. A contact current occurs when a person touches two conductive surfaces at different voltages. Modeled analyses support contact currents as a plausible metric because of correlations with residential magnetic fields and opportunity for exposure. The possible role of contact currents as an explanatory variable in the reported associations between EMFs and childhood leukemia will need to be clarified by further measurements, biophysical analyses, bioassay studies, and epidemiology.
Nevoid Basal-Cell Carcinoma Syndrome (1987)

The nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome is characterized by major manifestations, such as multiple basal-cell carcinomata, cysts of the jaws, and skeletal--specifically, rib--abnormalities. Findings in 53 patients and a review of the literature document both major and lesser-known manifestations of the disorder. The odontogenic keratocyst, which usually appears during adolescence, has a marked tendency to recur. In addition to the skin tumors, milia, epidermoid cysts, chalazia, comedones, and palmar and plantar pits are frequent. The skin tumors, originally thought to be independent of sun exposure, are more common in sun-exposed areas and are far less frequent and occur at a much later age in blacks than in whites. There is some evidence that radiation of the skin promotes the appearance of skin cancers in this disorder. Unilateral linear nevoid basal-cell carcinomas with comedones may represent postzygotic somatic mutation. A proclivity to other forms of neoplasia exists. Patients with this syndrome have had medulloblastoma, meningioma, ovarian fibroma, ovarian fibrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma of the jaws, cardiac fibroma, fetal rhabdomyoma, and lymphatic or chylous cysts of the mesentery. In addition to the usual modalities of treatment, topical immunotherapy and topical 5-fluorouracil have been used with success. Oral synthetic retinoids, such as 13-cis-retinoic acid, have been used to prevent new lesions from appearing and to arrest the growth of older lesions by inducing differentiation. The independent observations of increased prostaglandin levels associated both with odontogenic keratocyst expansion and aggression of basal cell cancers merit further investigation both as a fundamental cellular mechanism and as a possible basis for treatment (e.g., with antiprostaglandins). The key to pre- and early postnatal diagnosis of the disorder--as well as to an understanding of the basic abnormality--lies in molecular genetics. Prime attention should be given to finding the site of the gene through the use of DNA and other markers.
Dual organisational capabilities: from theory to practice &amp;ndash; the next challenge for continuous innovation (2008)

Today's business environment poses a significant challenge to many firms, namely to continuously innovate, combining operational excellence with both steady-state and discontinuous innovation. At a closer look, it can also be seen that a number of leading firms today seem to be able to handle the resulting situation quite well, revealing good operational and innovation performance over time. At the same time, the bulk of management theory still approaches this problem with a trade-off perspective, implying that these aspects of business are analysed separately, and that efficiency and innovation have to be regarded as mutually excluding things to strive for – suggesting that firms can be good in one of the two abilities but not in both simultaneously. This points to a gap in existing research that scholars need to fill. Building on management literature about paradoxes and dualities, and using some examples from practice, this contribution stresses the 'practicability' of the duality perspective for Continuous Innovation research and practice.
How Good Must Single Photon Sources and Detectors Be for Efficient Linear Optical Quantum Computation? (2008)

We present a scheme for linear optical quantum computation that is highly robust to imperfect single photon sources and inefficient detectors. In particular we show that if the product of the detector efficiency with the source efficiency is greater than 2/3, then efficient linear optical quantum computation is possible. This high threshold is achieved within the cluster state paradigm for quantum computation.
Nitazoxanide for the Treatment of Clostridium difficile Colitis (2006)

Nitazoxanide is at least as effective as metronidazole in treating C. difficile colitis.
Bicyclic Peptide Ligands Pulled out of Cysteine-Rich Peptide Libraries (2013)

Bicyclic peptide ligands were found to have good binding affinity and target specificity. However, the method applied to generate bicyclic ligands based on phage-peptide alkylation is technically complex and limits its application to specialized laboratories. Herein, we report a method that involves a simpler and more robust procedure that additionally allows screening of structurally more diverse bicyclic peptide libraries. In brief, phage-encoded combinatorial peptide libraries of the format X(m)CX(n)CX(o)CX(p) are oxidized to connect two pairs of cysteines (C). This allows the generation of 3 × (m + n + o + p) different peptide topologies because the fourth cysteine can appear in any of the (m + n + o + p) randomized amino acid positions (X). Panning of such libraries enriched strongly peptides with four cysteines and yielded tight binders to protein targets. X-ray structure analysis revealed an important structural role of the disulfide bridges. In summary, the presented approach offers facile access to bicyclic peptide ligands with good binding affinities.
A micromachined piezoelectric tactile sensor for an endoscopic grasper-theory, fabrication and experiments (2000)

Present-day commercial endoscopic graspers do not have any built-in sensors, thus, the surgeon does not have the necessary tactile feedback to manipulate the tissue safely. This paper presents the design, fabrication, testing, and experimental results of a micromachined tactile sensor, which can be integrated with the tips of commercial endoscopic graspers. The prototype sensor consists of three layers. The top layer is made of micromachined silicon with a rigid tooth-like structure similar to the present-day endoscopic grasper. The bottom layer is made of flat Plexiglass serving as a substrate. Packaged between the Plexiglass and the silicon is a patterned Polyvinglidene Fluoride (PVDF) film. The proposed sensor exhibits high sensitivity, a large dynamic range, and a high signal-to-noise ratio. Through experimental results, it is shown that the magnitude and position of an applied force can be determined from the magnitude and slope of the output signals from the PVDF sensing elements. Structural analysis is also performed using the finite-element method, and the results are compared with the experimental analysis. The advantages and limitations of this sensor are also reported. A discussion of how the design of the sensor can be integrated with the design of an endoscopic grasper is also presented.
An Input–Output Measurable Design for the Security Meter Model to Quantify and Manage Software Security Risk (2008)

The need for information security is self-evident. The pervasiveness of this critical topic requires primarily risk assessment and management through quantitative means. To do an assessment, repeated security probes, surveys, and input data measurements must be taken and verified toward the goal of risk mitigation. One can evaluate risk using a probabilistically accurate statistical estimation scheme in a quantitative security meter (SM) model that mimics the events of the breach of security. An empirical study is presented and verified by discrete-event and Monte Carlo simulations. The design improves as more data are collected and updated. Practical aspects of the SM are presented with a real-world example and a risk-management scenario.
Calicheamicin γ <sub>1</sub> <sup>I</sup> : an Antitumor Antibiotic That Cleaves Double-Stranded DNA Site Specifically (1988)

Calicheamicin gamma 1I is a recently discovered diyne-ene--containing antitumor antibiotic with considerable potency against murine tumors. In vitro, this drug interacts with double-helical DNA in the minor groove and causes site-specific double-stranded cleavage. It is proposed that the observed cleavage specificity is a result of a unique fit of the drug and DNA followed by the generation of a nondiffusible 1,4-dehydrobenzene--diradical species that initiates oxidative strand scission by hydrogen abstraction on the deoxyribose ring. The ability of calicheamicin gamma 1I to cause double-strand cuts at very low concentrations may account for its potent antitumor activity.
Introduction and Overview (1987)

Over the last decade agriculture in the United Kingdom has experienced a traumatic change, almost a reversal, in the public esteem it for long had enjoyed. Until the late 1970s farmers were generally regarded favourably by the public, given the occasional carp about feather-bedding, and their activities were assumed to be contributing to the general welfare of the country. Agriculture was admired for its efficiency, and the way that its productivity had increased was held up as an example for other sectors of the economy. It was seen as a triumph for the virtues of the small family business. Farming was an industry which had moved with the times; compared with the agricultures of other countries it was widely thought the most efficient. In the countryside farming was perceived as the most important user of land and, if there was a conflict with other users such as road builders or housing developers, there was an in-built feeling that the agricultural use should be heavily weighted in the deliberation of planning committees or public enquiries. Spending on support for farmers was accepted as necessary and desirable. Few questioned that the best way of assisting prosperity in the countryside was to channel public funds into farming; higher farming incomes would lead to higher rural incomes and by a multiplier process more business activity in rural areas.
The Use of a Fine-Gauge Needle to Reduce Pain in Open Carpal Tunnel Decompression: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2005)

This randomized controlled study on 86 patients compared the level of pain experienced by patients on instillation of local anaesthetic into the palm with a 23-gauge and a 27-gauge (dental) needle in open carpal tunnel decompression. Patients were asked to score the amount of pain they experienced during the injection of the local anaesthetic and their level of anxiety about future injections using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and a four-point verbal response scale (VRS). The mean pain and anxiety scores on the VAS were significantly lower in the dental needle group. There was significant correlation between the pain and anxiety VAS scores. When infiltrating local anaesthetic into the palm for open carpal tunnel decompression, the use of a fine (dental) needle can reduce the pain on that occasion and the anxiety concerning future injections likely to be experienced by the patient.
Stability of Cuspidine (3CaO 2SiO2 CaF2) and Phase Relations in the CaO-SiO2-CaF2 System. (2002)

Primary crystallization field of cuspidine (3CaO · 2SiO2 · CaF2 ) has been experimentally determined in the 2CaO · SiO2–SiO2–CaF2 system by quenching method and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Hermetically closed platinum capsules were used as a sample container to prevent fluorine loss in the form of HF and SiF4 by reaction of CaF2 with moisture or SiO2 for quenching experiments. Combining the present study with the partial phase diagrams previously reported, the whole phase diagram of the CaO–SiO2–CaF2 system has been developed. Cuspidine equilibrates with (2CaO · SiO2)2CaF2, CaO · SiO2, 3CaO · 2SiO2, 2CaO · SiO2 and CaF2 in solid state. Cuspidine coexists with liquid phases at temperatures between 1 387 K and 1 680 K.
Identification of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Target Gene TiPARP as a Mediator of Suppression of Hepatic Gluconeogenesis by 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and of Nicotinamide as a Corrective Agent for This Effect (2010)

The environmental toxin TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, dioxin) produces diverse toxic effects including a lethal wasting syndrome whose hallmark is suppressed hepatic gluconeogenesis. All TCDD toxicities require activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor. Whereas the mechanism for AHR induction of target genes is well understood, it is not known how AHR activation produces any TCDD toxicity. This report identifies for the first time an AHR target gene, TiPARP (TCDD-inducible poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, PARP7) that can mediate a TCDD toxicity, i.e. suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis. TCDD suppressed hepatic glucose production, expression of key gluconeogenic genes, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), and NAD(+) levels, and increased PARP activity and TiPARP expression. TCDD also increased acetylation and ubiquitin-dependent proteosomal degradation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 α (PGC1α), a coactivator of PEPCK and G6Pase transcription. TiPARP overexpression reproduced TCDD effects on glucose output and NAD(+) levels whereas TiPARP silencing diminished them. TiPARP overexpression also increased PGC1α acetylation and decreased PGC1α levels. In contrast, silencing of cytochromes P450 (CYP) 1A, main AHR-induced genes, did not alter TCDD suppression of gluconeogenesis. The vitamin B3 constituent, nicotinamide (NAM), prevented TCDD suppression of glucose output, NAD(+), and gluconeogenic genes and stabilized PGC1α. The corrective effects of NAM could be attributed to increased NAD(+) levels and suppression of AHR target gene induction. The results reveal that TiPARP can mediate a TCDD effect, that the AHR is linked to PGC1α function and stability and that NAM has novel AHR antagonist activity.
Revised NIOSH equation for the design and evaluation of manual lifting tasks (1993)

In 1985, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) convened an ad hoc committee of experts who reviewed the current literature on lifting, recommend criteria for defining lifting capacity, and in 1991 developed a revised lifting equation. Subsequently, NIOSH developed the documentation for the equation and played a prominent role in recommending methods for interpreting the results of the equation. The 1991 equation reflects new findings and provides methods for evaluating asymmetrical lifting tasks, lifts of objects with less than optimal hand-container couplings, and also provides guidelines for a larger range of work durations and lifting frequencies than the 1981 equation. This paper provides the basis for selecting the three criteria (biomechanical, physiological, and psychophysical) that were used to define the 1991 equation, and describes the derivation of the individual components (Putz-Anderson and Waters 1991). The paper also describes the lifting index (LI), an index of relative physical stress, that can be used to identify hazardous lifting tasks. Although the 1991 equation has not been fully validated, the recommended weight limits derived from the revised equation are consistent with or lower than those generally reported in the literature. NIOSH believes that the revised 1991 lifting equation is more likely than the 1981 equation to protect most workers.
UPPER JURASSIC PANTANELLIIDAE (PANTANELLIINAE PESSAGNO, 1977 AND VALLUPINAE PESSAGNO & MACLEOD, 1987) FROM THE BUSUANGA ISLANDS, PHILIPPINES (1992)

採自菲律賓北巴拉灣地塊，布西安哥群島硅質岩層(Liminangcong Chert)中之放射蟲族群經詳細分析涵蓋上部古生代與中生代(Upper Permian－Upper Jurassic)。初步可分析出九個放射蟲族群，它們是：(1)上部二疊紀(Guadalupian／Kazanian)的；Albaillella levis - Latentifustula similitus群；(2)下部(?)至上部二疊紀(Leonardian? - Guadalupian)的Follicucullus scholasticus - Triplanospongos musashiensis群；(3)上部二疊紀(Guadalupian／Kazanian)的Neoalbaillella optima - Deflandrella manica群；(4)中部三疊紀(Ladinian／Anisian)的Spongoserrula - Plafkerium群；(5)中部三疊紀(Ladinian)的Busuanga chengi群；(6)上部三疊紀(Carnian)的Trialatus megacornutus群；(7)上部三疊紀(Norian)的Livarella sp. A群；(8)下部侏羅紀(Hettangian)的Bipedis sp. A群；及(9)上部侏羅紀(Tithonian)的Mirifusus - Protovallupus群。本論文主要分析在科隆附近最上部侏羅紀剖面中，分歧度極大的PANTANELLIIDAE科的種屬。其中包括二個亞科：(a)PANTANELLIINAE Pessagno(1977)亞科與(b)VALLUPINAE Pessagno & MacLeod(1987)亞科。前者描述了一屬16新種的放射蟲；後者描述了三屬16新種的放射蟲。經與約略同一時期不同古地理環境的族群比較，如：墨西哥、北美西岸等地區，菲律賓族群顯然其分歧度(diversity)頗高，指示其古地理環境爲低緯度、古地中海(Tethyan Province)生物相；而相近種屬間普遍個體較小的特徵或許與推測古沉積環境(水域)極深的遠洋性古海盆中央地區有關。同一剖面上部侏羅紀放射蟲族群的全貌包括Spumellaria與Nassellaria將於近期另行發表。
Reliable multicast service with IPv6 support: synchronous collaborative applications (2003)

The world wide web (WWW) already accounts for more Internet network traffic than any other application, including email and simple file transfer. It is also a collaborative technology in a weak sense of the word - it allows people to share information. Synchronous collaboration is where an interactive activity is simultaneous and in real-time. Computer based synchronous collaborative systems like shared whiteboards, collaborative editor etc. are only beginning to emerge recently. These applications involving more than two users exchanging information, require multicast communication. Multicast communication is a transmission mode that is now supported by a variety of local and wide area networks. Multicasting enables multiparty communication across a wide area to sparsely distributed groups by minimizing the network load. Multicasting itself is one of the key technologies in the next generation of the Internet. This paper describes the technical issues from the aspect of multicast communication and its reliability in synchronous collaborative application.
Detection of Toxigenic Clostridium difficile in Stool Samples by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Diagnosis of C. difficile-Associated Diarrhea (2007)

With an assay turnaround time of <4 h, real-time PCR is a more sensitive and equally rapid test, compared with enzyme immunoassay, and is a feasible laboratory option to replace enzyme immunoassay for toxigenic C. difficile detection in clinical practice, as well as for use during the development of new therapeutic agents.
Evaluation of the neurotoxicity of the polyethylene glycol hydrogel dural sealant (2012)

Although this study did not present the detailed histopathological and biochemical evaluation results, it indicated that the application of the PEG-based hydrogel sealant was not associated with neurotoxicity, delayed healing, or degenerative changes.
Shell buckling of individual multiwalled carbon nanotubes using nanoindentation (2005)

Although the mechanical behavior of carbon nanotubes has been studied extensively in recent years, very few experimental results exist on the shell buckling of nanotubes, despite its fundamental importance in nanotube mechanics and applications. Here we report an experimental technique in which individual multiwalled carbon nanotubes were axially compressed using a nanoindenter and the critical shell-buckling load was measured. The results are compared with predictions of existing continuum theories, which model multiwalled carbon nanotubes as a collection of single-walled shells, interacting through van der Waals forces. The theoretical models significantly underpredict the experimental buckling load.
Targeted Construction of Phosphorylation-independent β-Arrestin Mutants with Constitutive Activity in Cells (1999)

Arrestin proteins play a key role in the desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Recently we proposed a molecular mechanism whereby arrestin preferentially binds to the activated and phosphorylated form of its cognate GPCR. To test the model, we introduced two different types of mutations into beta-arrestin that were expected to disrupt two crucial elements that make beta-arrestin binding to receptors phosphorylation-dependent. We found that two beta-arrestin mutants (Arg169 --> Glu and Asp383 --> Ter) (Ter, stop codon) are indeed "constitutively active." In vitro these mutants bind to the agonist-activated beta2-adrenergic receptor (beta2AR) regardless of its phosphorylation status. When expressed in Xenopus oocytes these beta-arrestin mutants effectively desensitize beta2AR in a phosphorylation-independent manner. Constitutively active beta-arrestin mutants also effectively desensitize delta opioid receptor (DOR) and restore the agonist-induced desensitization of a truncated DOR lacking the critical G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) phosphorylation sites. The kinetics of the desensitization induced by phosphorylation-independent mutants in the absence of receptor phosphorylation appears identical to that induced by wild type beta-arrestin + GRK3. Either of the mutations could have occurred naturally and made receptor kinases redundant, raising the question of why a more complex two-step mechanism (receptor phosphorylation followed by arrestin binding) is universally used.
Nuclei of Embryonic Stem Cells Reprogram Somatic Cells (2004)

The restricted potential of a differentiated cell can be reverted back to a pluripotent state by cell fusion; totipotency can even be regained after somatic cell nuclear transfer. To identify factors involved in resetting the genetic program of a differentiated cell, we fused embryonic stem cells (ESCs) with neurosphere cells (NSCs). The fusion activated Oct4, a gene essential for pluripotency, in NSCs. To further identify whether cytoplasmic or nuclear factors are responsible for its reactivation, we fused either karyoplasts or cytoplasts of ESCs with NSCs. Our results show that ESC karyoplasts could induce Oct4 expression in the somatic genome, but cytoplasts lacked this ability. In addition, mitomycin C-treated ESCs, although incapable of DNA replication and cell division, could reprogram 5-azacytidine-treated NSCs. We therefore conclude that the Oct4 reprogramming capacity resides in the ESC karyoplast and that gene reactivation is independent of DNA replication and cell division.