gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Single Image Dehazing with White Balance Correction and Image Decomposition (2012)

Single image dehazing has been a challenging problem due to its ill-posed nature. While most of the existing single image based dehazing algorithms address this issue by introducing certain assumptions and priors into the haze imaging model, the imaging process of imaging devices has been seldom taken into account, such as white balance and metering. In general, consumer photos are taken with AWB (Auto White Balance). Hence, color temperature in a foggy scenario may not be correctly detected, which results in color distortion; and the whole scene looks brighter, which leads to under-exposure during the imaging process. In this paper, we propose to handle these two issues by applying white balance correction and decomposing an image into two component images, reflex lightness image and ambience illumination image. We devise an improved dark channel prior based algorithm to dehaze the reflex lightness image and the exposure adjustment is estimated from the ambience illumination image. Finally, a high quality haze- free image is produced by refining the brightness of the preliminarily dehazed image with the estimated exposure adjustment. Experimental results with a benchmark dataset demonstrate that our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art, in terms of contrast and color fidelity.
Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I therapy improves glycemic control and insulin action in the type A syndrome of severe insulin resistance. (1994)

Recombinant human (rh) insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a potential therapy for individuals with severe insulin resistance, but its efficacy, mechanism of action, or duration of effect for these patients have not been explored fully. Two subjects with the type A phenotype of severe insulin resistance without insulin receptor mutations were investigated to assess insulin secretion, insulin action, and carbohydrate tolerance before and after 3-4 weeks of rhIGF-I treatment (100 micrograms/kg, sc, twice daily). Tests included 24-h glucose and insulin profile (modal day), standardized liquid meal with Sustacal, insulin tolerance test, insulin suppression test, and iv glucose tolerance test. In subject 1, the 24-h mean blood glucose level was 8.1 +/- 2.7 mmol/L before rhIGF-I treatment and fell to 4.2 +/- 0.9 mmol/L during rhIGF-I treatment. The pretreatment 24-h mean serum insulin level was 10,251 +/- 8,849 pmol/L and fell to 1533 +/- 1198 pmol/L. Fasting blood glucose fell from 4.4 to 3.4 mmol/L, and 2-h blood glucose after Sustacal administration fell from 10.3 to 5.3 mmol/L. Fasting serum insulin declined from 808 to 246 pmol/L, and the 2-h serum insulin level fell from 5,491 to 3,443 pmol/L. After bolus iv insulin injection (0.15 U/kg), glucose fell by 20% before rhIGF-I treatment and by 67% during rhIGF-I treatment. The steady state plasma glucose level was 18.2 +/- 0.7 before rhIGF-I and 10.8 +/- 0.1 mmol/L during rhIGF-I. In subject 2, fasting blood glucose fell from 12.0 to 7.4 mmol/L and 24-h mean blood glucose fell from 12.7 +/- 1.9 to 6.6 +/- 1.3 mmol/L. Twenty-four-hour mean serum insulin fell from 892 +/- 635 to 521 +/- 293 pmol/L, and first phase insulin secretion was restored during the iv glucose tolerance test. We conclude that sc rhIGF-I can reduce blood glucose effectively in selected patients with the type A phenotype of severe insulin resistance who have diabetes mellitus. rhIGF-I also can enhance insulin sensitivity, as assessed by a decrease in endogenous insulin levels, normalization of response to iv insulin, and a reduced steady state plasma glucose. The cellular mechanisms for these effects remain undefined.
Current developments in removal of mycotoxins by biological methods and chemical adsorbents. (2013)

Mycotoxins are one of the greatest and significant problems that must be taken under control in order to provide food and feed safety. One of the methods to be followed in controlling mycotoxins by microorganism is to provide mould strain, not a toxin producer, to replace with mould, natural toxin producer. Other method is to remove mycotoxins adding some specific microorganisms or chemicals such as in the last few years, most studies related to the alleviation of mycotoxicosis by the use of adsorbents are focused on aluminosilicates (mainly zeolites, hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicates (HSCAS), and aluminosilicate-containing clays), and esterified glucomannan (EGM) derived from cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and calcium montmorillonite into product. Biotransformation of mycotoxins by live microbes and their enzymes and bioprotection are two new strategies for mycotoxins removal.
Phthalocyanine−Polyamine Conjugates as Highly Efficient Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy (2010)

A series of silicon(IV) phthalocyanines substituted axially with different polyamine moieties have been prepared. Their fluorescence quantum yields (Φ(F) = 0.03-0.08) in N,N-dimethylformamide are low because of reductive quenching by the amino moieties. The values are significantly increased in aqueous media (Φ(F) = 0.12-0.21) as a result of protonation of the amino substituents. All the compounds are highly photocytotoxic against human colon adenocarcinoma HT29 cells and Chinese hamster ovary cells with IC(50) values as low as 1.1 nM. Flow cytometric studies of two selected compounds (2 and 5) against HT29 cells have shown that they induce apoptosis extensively. As shown by confocal microscopy, these two compounds also show high affinity toward the lysosomes, but not the mitochondria, of the cells. Their in vivo photodynamic activity has also been investigated using HT29 tumor bearing nude mice. Both of them can effectively inhibit the growth of the tumor without causing apparent injury to the liver of the mice.
Post-Packaging Release a New Concept for Surface-Micromachined Devices (1998)

A novel procedure of post-packaging release, i.e .. releasing su,face-micromachined elements "after" packaging has been performed, is presented in this paper. This new concept of "post packaging release" makes MEMS packaging considerably less demanding and thus much cheaper by completing most of the packaging steps "before" the delicate microstructures are released (freed). The concept has been successfully demonstrated with tH"o l)pes of test chips (MCNC MUMPs processed) by sublimation release after packaging. The concept of post packaging release is even more attractive if the sacrificial layer can be removed by vapor-phase etchants such as HF vapor (for oxide) or XeF 2 or BrF 3 (for silicon), since a full spectrum of bonding methods are compatible.
A hardware implementation of MD4-family hash algorithms (2003)

This article presents the design of an integrated circuit which is able to perform various different hash algorithms of the MD4 family. Hash algorithms are used for digital signature schemes, data integrity, message authentication, and other cryptographic purposes (password protection, electronic bidding, confirmation of knowledge). The MD4 family is a group of hash algorithms which have similar properties. These properties can be exploited to build a universal hardware module for an efficient calculation of these hash algorithms. Special attention was turned to a well-structured hardware design.
Microarray gene expression and immunohistochemistry analyses of adrenocortical tumors identify IGF2 and Ki-67 as useful in differentiating carcinomas from adenomas (2009)

The management of adrenocortical tumors (ACTs) is complex. The Weiss score is the present most widely used system for ACT diagnosis. An ACT is scored from 0 to 9, with a higher score correlating with increased malignancy. However, ACTs with a score of 3 can be phenotypically benign or malignant. Our objective is to use microarray profiling of a cohort of adrenocortical carcinomas (ACCs) and adrenocortical adenomas (ACAs) to identify discriminatory genes that could be used as an adjunct to the Weiss score. A cohort of Weiss score defined ACCs and ACAs were profiled using Affymetrix HGU133plus2.0 genechips. Genes with high-discriminatory power were identified by univariate and multivariate analyses and confirmed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The expression of IGF2, MAD2L1, and CCNB1 were significantly higher in ACCs compared with ACAs while ABLIM1, NAV3, SEPT4, and RPRM were significantly lower. Several proteins, including IGF2, MAD2L1, CCNB1, and Ki-67 had high-diagnostic accuracy in differentiating ACCs from ACAs. The best results, however, were obtained with a combination of IGF2 and Ki-67, with 96% sensitivity and 100% specificity in diagnosing ACCs. Microarray gene expression profiling accurately differentiates ACCs from ACAs. The combination of IGF2 and Ki-67 IHC is also highly accurate in distinguishing between the two groups and is particularly helpful in ACTs with Weiss score of 3.
Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia, Hyposmia, and Dysosmia following Influenza-Like Infection (1975)

Hypogeusia, with or without dysgenusia, and hyposmia, with or without dysosmia, followed an influenzal-like infection in 87 of 143 consecutive patients who presented at the Taste and Smell Clinic at the NIH with taste and smell abnormalities. Findings in this disease included pale nasal mucous membranes with marked patency of the nasal airway, a postive Rudolph sign, elevated detection and recognition thresholds for several tastants and odorants, disruption of the pore region of the tast dub observed on electron microscopy and infiltration of the upper lamina propria of the nasal mucous membrane wih chronic inflammatory cells observed on light microscopy. These findings, taken together, are relatively specific for the diagnosis of this surprisingly common disorder.
Investigations into the Mechanism of Activation and Initiation of Ethylene Polymerization by Bis(imino)pyridine Cobalt Catalysts:  Synthesis, Structures, and Deuterium Labeling Studies (2005)

The activation of bis(imino)pyridine cobalt(II) precatalysts by MAO leads initially to a bis(imino)pyridine cobalt(I) cationic species with no cobalt−C(alkyl) bond into which insertion can occur. Mechanistic studies have shown that the initiation of polymerization from this species involves incorporation of alkyl groups from the cocatalyst, most likely involving attack of methide anion (from the counteranion) on a cobalt-ethylene species.
Silicon-Embedding Approaches to 3-D Toroidal Inductor Fabrication (2013)

This paper presents complementary-metal–oxide–semiconductor-compatible silicon-embedding techniques for on-chip integration of microelectromechanical-system devices with 3-D complex structures. By taking advantage of the “dead volume” within the bulk of the silicon wafer, functional devices with large profile can be embedded into the substrate without consuming valuable die area on the wafer surface or increasing the packaging complexity. Furthermore, through-wafer interconnects can be implemented to connect the device to the circuitry on the wafer surface. The key challenge of embedding structures within the wafer volume is processing inside deep trenches. To achieve this goal in an area-efficient manner, straight-sidewall trenches are desired, adding additional difficulty to the embedding process. Two approaches to achieve this goal are presented in this paper, i.e., a lithography-based process and a shadow-mask-based process. The lithography-based process utilizes a spray-coating technique and proximity lithography in combination with thick epoxy processing and laminated dry-film lithography. The shadow-mask-based process employs a specially designed 3-D silicon shadow mask to enable simultaneous metal patterning on both the vertical sidewall and the bottom surface of the trench during deposition, eliminating multiple lithography steps and reducing the process time. Both techniques have been demonstrated through the embedding of the topologically complex 3-D toroidal inductors into the silicon substrate for power supply on-chip (PwrSoC) applications. Embedded 3-D inductors that possess 25 turns and a diameter of 6 mm in a silicon trench of 300- <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu \hbox{m}$</tex></formula> depth achieve overall inductances of 45–60 nH, dc resistances of 290–400 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{m}\Omega$</tex></formula> , and quality factors of 16–17.5 at 40–70 MHz. <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hfill$</tex></formula> [2012-0187]
Direct plasma radioimmunoassay for rat amylin-(1-37): concentrations with acquired and genetic obesity (1994)

Amylin (islet-associated polypeptide) is a 37-amino acid peptide that is cosecreted with insulin from the pancreatic beta-cell. Accurate measurement of its plasma levels is important for delineating the physiological range over which amylin acts. We describe a reproducible, highly specific, and sensitive radioimmunoassay for direct measurement of plasma amylin-(1-37). We measured changes in portal and systemic plasma amylin and insulin in three groups of anesthetized rats: lean young adult and old adult Wistar rats with acquired obesity, and Wistar fatty [WDF/TaFa (fa/fa)] rats, a model of genetic obesity and insulin resistance derived from the Wistar strain. Changes in response to fasting, feeding, and intravenous stimulation with glucose plus arginine were assessed. We find that the amylin-to-insulin ratio is constant in fasted or fed young and old rats because of proportionate increases in both entities with aging. In genetically obese Wistar rats, amylin and insulin levels are three- to tenfold higher than in lean young or obese old normal controls. Islet stimulation by feeding or intravenous glucose plus arginine resulted in a decreased amylin-to-insulin molar ratio in all groups. When normalized for the degree of islet stimulation, amylin-to-insulin ratios were significantly elevated in genetically obese vs. normal rats, both in the portal and systemic circulation. These results demonstrate that aging-related weight gain in normal rats is associated with moderate and proportional increases in amylin and insulin, whereas genetic obesity is characterized by elevated amylin and an increased amylin-to-insulin ratio. Implications for the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and obesity are discussed.
Evidence for male‐ and juvenile‐specific contact pheromones of the common bed bug <i>Cimex lectularius</i> (2007)

Abstract Males and females of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Heteroptera: Cimicidae), have been shown to produce and respond to an aggregation pheromone. We tested whether juvenile C. lectularius also produce and respond to aggregation pheromone, and whether the pheromone is perceived by contact chemoreception. In dual‐choice laboratory experiments, juveniles, but not males or females, preferred juvenile‐exposed paper discs to control discs. Unlike juveniles, males and females preferred male‐exposed paper discs to control discs. Neither juveniles, males, nor females preferred female‐exposed discs to control discs. When test stimuli were inaccessible, C. lectularius failed to show any preference. Male‐ and juvenile‐specific contact pheromones may have contrasting functions of marking shelters as safe refugia for development and growth (juveniles) or mate encounter (adults), but result in the same phenomenon, the aggregation of conspecifics.
PD-1 pathway inhibitors: The next generation of immunotherapy for advanced melanoma (2015)

Checkpoint inhibitors are revolutionizing treatment options and expectations for patients with melanoma. Ipilimumab, a monoclonal antibody against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), was the first approved checkpoint inhibitor. Emerging long-term data indicate that approximately 20% of ipilimumab-treated patients achieve long-term survival. The first programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibitor, pembrolizumab, was recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of melanoma; nivolumab was previously approved in Japan. PD-1 inhibitors are also poised to become standard of care treatment for other cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma. Immunotherapy using checkpoint inhibition is a different treatment approach to chemotherapy and targeted agents: instead of directly acting on the tumor to induce tumor cell death, checkpoint inhibitors enhance or de novo stimulate antitumor immune responses to eliminate cancer cells. Initial data suggest that objective anti-tumor response rates may be higher with anti-PD-1 agents compared with ipilimumab and the safety profile may be more tolerable. This review explores the development and next steps for PD-1 pathway inhibitors, including discussion of their novel mechanism of action and clinical data to-date, with a focus on melanoma.
Production of odd chain polyunsaturated fatty acids by<i>Mortierella</i> fungi (1991)

A soil isolate, Mortierella alpina 1S‐4, was found to show high production of odd chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) among various arachidonic acid‐producing Mortierella strains tested. The fungus mainly accumulated 5,8,11,M‐cis‐nonadecatetraenoic acid. With 5% n ‐hepta‐decane and 1% yeast extract as growth substrates, the amount of C 19:4 :4 acid accumulated reached 44.4 mg/g dry mycelia (0.68 mg/mL of culture broth). This value accounted for 11.2% of the total fatty acids in the extracted lipids from mycelia, and odd chain fatty acids comprised over 95% of the total mycelial fatty acids. The addition of sesamin, a specific inhibitor of A5 desaturation, caused an increase in C 19:3 acid and an accompanying decrease in C 19:4 acid. On the other hand, species of Mortierella that could not produce C‐20 PUFAs accumulated C‐17 acids, but no C‐19 PUFAs, when grown with fatty substrates with an odd chain skeleton. The odd chain PUFAs were distributed in both neutral and polar lipids. The biosynthetic route to C 19:4 acid was presumed to mimic the n‐6 route to arachidonic acid as follows: C 17:0 → C 17:1 → C 17:2 → C 17:3 → C 19:3 → C 19:4 acids.
Transcript Heterogeneity of the <i>p44</i> Multigene Family in a Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis Agent Transmitted by Ticks (2002)

Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) is an emerging tick-borne zoonosis caused by a strain of Anaplasma phagocytophila called the HGE agent, an obligatory intracellular bacterium. The agent expresses immunodominant 44-kDa outer membrane proteins (P44s) encoded by a multigene family. The present study established an experimental process for transmission of the HGE agent from infected mice (a reservoir model) to nymphal Ixodes scapularis ticks (a biological vector) and subsequently to horses (a patient model) by the adult infected ticks. Overall, a total of 20 different p44 transcripts were detected in the mammals, ticks, and cell cultures. Among them, a transcript from a p44-18 gene was major at acute stage in mice and horses but minor in ticks. Both mRNA and protein produced from the p44-18 gene were detected in the HGE agent cultivated in HL-60 cells at 37 degrees C, but their expression levels decreased in the organisms cultivated at 24 degrees C, suggesting that temperature is one of the factors that influence the expression of members of the p44 multigene family. Several additional p44 transcripts that were not detected in the mammals at the acute stage of infection were detected in ticks. Phylogenetic analysis of the 20 different p44 transcripts revealed that the major transcripts found in mammals and ticks were distinct, suggesting a difference in surface properties between populations of the HGE agent in different host environments. The present study provides new information for understanding the role of the p44 multigene family in transmission of the HGE agent between mammals and ticks.
The pH-Induced Emission Switching and Interesting DNA-Binding Properties of a Novel Dinuclear Ruthenium(II) Complex (2004)

A novel dinuclear Ru(II) complex, [(bpy)(2)Ru(ebipcH(2))Ru(bpy)(2)](ClO(4))(4), where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine and ebipcH(2) = N-ethyl-4,7-bis([1,10]-phenanthroline[5,6-f]imidazol-2-yl)carbazole, has been newly synthesized. The pH effects on UV-vis absorption and emission spectra of the complex are studied, and ground- and excited-state ionization constants of the complex are derived. The binding of the complex to calf thymus (ct) DNA is investigated with absorption and luminescence titrations, steady-state emission quenching, and viscosity measurements. The complex acts as a pH-induced "on-off" emission switch between pH 8.0 and pH 10.0 with a maximum on-off ratio of approximately 100 which is favorably compared with the other imidazole-containing Ru(II) complex congeners, and a strong ct-DNA intercalator with an intrinsic binding constant of 1.31(+/-0.08) x 10(6) M(-)(1) in buffered 50 mM NaCl.
Neighborliness of randomly projected simplices in high dimensions (2005)

Let A be a d x n matrix and T = T(n-1) be the standard simplex in Rn. Suppose that d and n are both large and comparable: d approximately deltan, delta in (0, 1). We count the faces of the projected simplex AT when the projector A is chosen uniformly at random from the Grassmann manifold of d-dimensional orthoprojectors of Rn. We derive rhoN(delta) > 0 with the property that, for any rho < rhoN(delta), with overwhelming probability for large d, the number of k-dimensional faces of P = AT is exactly the same as for T, for 0 < or = k < or = rhod. This implies that P is left floor rhod right floor-neighborly, and its skeleton Skel(left floor rhod right floor)(P) is combinatorially equivalent to Skel( left floor rhod right floor)(T). We also study a weaker notion of neighborliness where the numbers of k-dimensional faces f(k)(P) > or = f(k)(T)(1-epsilon). Vershik and Sporyshev previously showed existence of a threshold rhoVS(delta) > 0 at which phase transition occurs in k/d. We compute and display rhoVS and compare with rhoN. Corollaries are as follows. (1) The convex hull of n Gaussian samples in Rd, with n large and proportional to d, has the same k-skeleton as the (n-1) simplex, for k < rhoN (d/n)d(1 + oP(1)). (2) There is a "phase transition" in the ability of linear programming to find the sparsest nonnegative solution to systems of underdetermined linear equations. For most systems having a solution with fewer than rhoVS(d/n)d(1 + o(1)) nonzeros, linear programming will find that solution.