gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Probing Interfacial Chemistry of Single Droplets with Field-Induced Droplet Ionization Mass Spectrometry:  Physical Adsorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Ozonolysis of Oleic Acid and Related Compounds (2006)

The recently developed technique of field-induced droplet ionization (FIDI) is applied to study interfacial chemistry of a single droplet. In a new variation of the FIDI method, 1-2-mm-diameter droplets hang from a capillary and undergo heterogeneous reactions between solution-phase analytes and gas-phase species. Following a specified reaction time, the application of a high electric field induces FIDI in the droplet, generating fine jets of highly charged progeny droplets that are characterized by mass spectrometry. Sampling over a range of delay times following exposure of the droplet to gas-phase reactants, the spectra yield the temporal variation of reactant and product concentrations. We illustrate the technique with three examples: the adsorption of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon naphthalene into a water-methanol droplet, the ozonolysis of oleic acid, and localization of the carbon-carbon double bond within a lysophosphatidic acid. Gas-phase naphthalene reacts with 80% methanol-20% water droplets containing 100 microM silver nitrate. Positive ion mass spectra show increasing concentrations of silver ion-naphthalene adducts as exposure times increase. To examine the ozonolysis of organic molecules, gas-phase ozone generated by a mercury pencil-style lamp reacts with either 10 microM oleic acid or 100 microM oleoyl-L-alpha-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA; 18:1). Negative ion spectra from the ozonolysis of oleic acid show azelaic acid and 9-oxononanoic acid as the principle reaction products. Ozonolysis products from LPA (18:1) unambiguously demonstrate the double bond position in the original phospholipid.
The Natural Osmolyte Trehalose Is a Positive Regulator of the Heat-Induced Activity of Yeast Heat Shock Transcription Factor (2006)

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the intracellular concentration of trehalose increases rapidly in response to many environmental stresses, including heat shock. These high trehalose levels have been correlated with tolerance to adverse conditions and led to the model that trehalose functions as a chemical cochaperone. Here, we show that the transcriptional activity of Hsf1 during the heat shock response depends on trehalose. Strains with low levels of trehalose have a diminished transcriptional response to heat shock, while strains with high levels of trehalose have an enhanced transcriptional response to heat shock. The enhanced transcriptional response does not require the other heat-responsive transcription factors Msn2/4 but is dependent upon heat and Hsf1. In addition, the phosphorylation levels of Hsf1 correlate with both transcriptional activity and the presence of trehalose. These in vivo results support a new role for trehalose, where trehalose directly modifies the dynamic range of Hsf1 activity and therefore influences heat shock protein mRNA levels in response to stress.
4H-SiC Trench Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors with Low On-Resistance (2009)

The fabrication and characteristics of high-performance 4H-SiC trench metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) are presented. Vertical trench etching of SiC without sub trenches was performed by inductive coupled plasma-reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE) with SF6, O2, and HBr. It was found that the drain–source current (Ids) of a single channel plane was strongly dependent on the crystallographic planes, but that of unit cells was almost independent of the crystallographic planes. Specific on-resistance (Ron,sp) at gate–source voltage (Vgs)=20 V, drain–source voltage (Vds)=1 V is estimated to be 2.9 mΩ cm2, and the blocking voltage is 900 V. Moreover, Ids at Vds=5 V is over 100 A. The chip is 3.0×3.0 mm2. The lowest on-resistance in the fabricated trench MOSFETs is 1.7 mΩ cm2 and the blocking voltage is 790 V. The chip is 0.5×0.5 mm2.
Cadherin-11 Increases Migration and Invasion of Prostate Cancer Cells and Enhances their Interaction with Osteoblasts (2010)

Cell adhesion molecules have been implicated in the colonization of cancer cells to distant organs. Prostate cancer (PCa) has a propensity to metastasize to bone, and cadherin-11, which is an osteoblast cadherin aberrantly expressed in PCa cells derived from bone metastases, has been shown to play a role in the metastasis of PCa cells to bone. However, the mechanism by which cadherin-11 is involved in this process is not known. Here, we show that expression of cadherin-11 in cadherin-11-negative C4-2B4 cells increases their spreading and intercalation into an osteoblast layer and also stimulates C4-2B4 cell migration and invasiveness. The downregulation of cadherin-11 in cadherin-11-expressing metastatic PC3 cells decreases cell motility and invasiveness. Further, both the juxtamembrane (JMD) and beta-catenin binding domains (CBS) in the cytoplasmic tail of cadherin-11 are required for cell migration and invasion, but not spreading. Gene array analyses showed that several invasion-related genes, including MMP-7 and MMP-15, are upregulated in cadherin-11-expressing, but not in cad11-DeltaJMD-expressing or cad11-DeltaCBS-expressing, C4-2B4 cells. These observations suggest that cadherin-11 not only provides a physical link between PCa cells and osteoblasts but also increases PCa cell motility and invasiveness that may facilitate the metastatic colonization of PCa cells in bone.
Efficient partitioning of fragment shaders for multiple-output hardware (2004)

Partitioning fragment shaders into multiple rendering passes is an effective technique for virtualizing shading resource limits in graphics hardware. The Recursive Dominator Split (RDS) algorithm is a polynomial-time algorithm for partitioning fragment shaders for real-time rendering that has been shown to generate efficient partitions. RDS does not, however, work for shaders with multiple outputs, and does not optimize for hardware with support for multiple render targets.We present Merging Recursive Dominator Split (MRDS), an extension of the RDS algorithm to shaders with arbitrary numbers of outputs which can efficiently utilize hardware support for multiple render targets, as well as a new cost metric for evaluating the quality of multipass partitions on modern consumer graphics hardware. We demonstrate that partitions generated by our algorithm execute more efficiently than those generated by RDS alone, and that our cost model is effective in predicting the relative performance of multipass partitions.
Turbo coding (1998)

From the Publisher:
Turbo Coding presents a unified view of the revolutionary field of turbo error control coding, summarizing recent results in the areas of encoder structure and performance analysis. The book also introduces new material, including a general theory for the analysis and design of interleavers and a unified framework for the analysis and design of decoding algorithms. Turbo Coding is a primary resource for both researchers and teachers in the field of error control coding.
Materials aspects of GaAs and InP based structures (1991)

Presents a comprehensive treatment of materials aspects of GaAs, InP and related alloys used in the fabricating of photonic and electronic devices. It includes discussions on point defects and dislocations in III-V compounds. Coverage focuses on state-of-the-art materials growth and characterization; physics and chemistry of point defects; and dislocations and the connection between defects and device reliability.
Tactile Display of Vibratory Information in Teleoperation and Virtual Environments (1995)

This paper investigates the use of tactile displays for conveying task-related vibrations in teleoperation and virtual environments. Vibration displays can be implemented with inexpensive, open loop devices that can be added to many existing systems to improve performance. We describe the design of our prototype vibration sensing and display system, and experimentally demonstrate the utility of this type of tactile feedback. We also delineate the kinds of tasks where high-frequency vibratory feedback is important. In inspection and exploration tasks the detection of vibrations can be the fundamental goal of the task, while in some manipulation tasks vibrations can enhance performance by reducing reaction times or permitting minimization of ferees. Design guidelines for implementation of vibration displays, based on simple mechanical models, are also presented.
Quinazolinone and quinazoline derivatives: recent structures with potent antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. (2016)

The heterocyclic compounds have a great importance in medicinal chemistry. One of the most important heterocycles in medicinal chemistry are quinazolines possessing wide spectrum of biological properties like antibacterial, antifungal, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, anticancer and analgesic activities. This skeleton is an important pharmacophore considered as a privileged structure. This review highlights the recent advances in the synthesis of quinazolines and quinazolinone derivatives with potent antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities.
Management of diabetic macular edema with antiangiogenic therapy (2007)

Evaluation of: Chun DW, Heier JS, Topping TM, Duker JS, Bankert JM. A pilot study of multiple intravitreal injections of ranibizumab in patients with center-involving clinically significant diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 113, 1706–1712 (2006).Macular edema is the leading cause of blindness in diabetic patients. Laser photocoagulation has been the standard therapy for several decades. Recently, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been implicated as an important factor in the occurrence of vascular permeability in this disease. Thus, anti-VEGF therapy has been used to treat this condition. The paper under evaluation offers the preliminary results of a pilot study assessing the role of intravitreal injections of ranibizumab to treat center-involving clinically significant diabetic macular edema. This study demonstrates that ranibizumab therapy has the potential to maintain or improve visual acuity and reduce retinal thickness in patients with this disorder.
A two-step induction of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) activity during dendritic-cell maturation (2005)

Prostaglandins, a family of lipidic molecules released during inflammation, display immunomodulatory properties in several models. One use includes exposure of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) to a cocktail of cytokines that contains prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) for purposes of maturation; such cells are currently being used for cancer immunotherapy trials. Our analysis of the transcription profile of DCs matured in the presence of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and PGE2 revealed a strong up-regulation of indoleamine 2-3 dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme involved in tryptophan catabolism and implicated in both maternal and T-cell tolerance. Using quantitative assays to monitor levels of IDO mRNA, protein expression, and enzyme activity, we report that PGE2 induces mRNA expression of IDO; however, a second signal through TNF receptor (TNF-R) or a Toll-like receptor (TLR) is necessary to activate the enzyme. Interestingly, use of TNFalpha, lipopolysaccharide, or Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I strain (SAC) alone does not induce IDO. The effect of PGE2 is mediated by activation of adenylate cyclase via the Gs-protein-coupled receptor E prostanoid-2 (EP2). A better understanding of these regulatory mechanisms and the crosstalk between TNF-R/TLR and EP2 signaling pathways will provide insight into the regulation of T-cell activation by DCs and may help to improve existing immunotherapy protocols.
RNA Binding Protein-Mediated Post-Transcriptional Gene Regulation in Medulloblastoma (2014)

Medulloblastoma, the most common malignant brain tumor in children, is a disease whose mechanisms are now beginning to be uncovered by high-throughput studies of somatic mutations, mRNA expression patterns, and epigenetic profiles of patient tumors. One emerging theme from studies that sequenced the tumor genomes of large cohorts of medulloblastoma patients is frequent mutation of RNA binding proteins. Proteins which bind multiple RNA targets can act as master regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level to co-ordinate cellular processes and alter the phenotype of the cell. Identification of the target genes of RNA binding proteins may highlight essential pathways of medulloblastomagenesis that cannot be detected by study of transcriptomics alone. Furthermore, a subset of RNA binding proteins are attractive drug targets. For example, compounds that are under development as anti-viral targets due to their ability to inhibit RNA helicases could also be tested in novel approaches to medulloblastoma therapy by targeting key RNA binding proteins. In this review, we discuss a number of RNA binding proteins, including Musashi1 (MSI1), DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box helicase 3 X-linked (DDX3X), DDX31, and cell division cycle and apoptosis regulator 1 (CCAR1), which play potentially critical roles in the growth and/or maintenance of medulloblastoma.
Characterization of insertion mutations in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSH1 and MSH2 genes: evidence for separate mitochondrial and nuclear functions. (1992)

The MSH1 and MSH2 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are predicted to encode proteins that are homologous to the Escherichia coli MutS and Streptococcus pneumoniae HexA proteins and their homologs. Disruption of the MSH1 gene caused a petite phenotype which was established rapidly. A functional MSH1 gene present on a single-copy centromere plasmid was incapable of rescuing the established msh1 petite phenotype. Analysis of msh1 strains demonstrated that mutagenesis and large-scale rearrangement of mitochondrial DNA had occurred. 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining of msh1 yeast revealed an aberrant distribution of mtDNA. Haploid msh2 mutants displayed an increase of 85-fold in the rate of spontaneous mutation to canavanine resistance. Sporulation of homozygous msh2/msh2 diploids gave rise to a high level of lethality which was compounded during increased vegetative growth prior to sporulation. msh2 mutations also affected gene conversion of two HIS4 alleles. The his4x mutation, lying near the 5' end of the gene, was converted with equal frequency in both wild-type and msh2 strains. However, many of the events in the msh2 background were post-meiotic segregation (PMS) events (46.4%) while none (< 0.25%) of the aberrant segregations in wild type were PMS events. The his4b allele, lying 1.6 kb downstream of his4x, was converted at a 10-fold higher frequency in the msh2 background than in the corresponding wild-type strain. Like the his4x allele, his4b showed a high level of PMS (30%) in the msh2 background compared to the corresponding wild-type strain where no (< 0.26%) PMS events were observed. These results indicate that MSH1 plays a role in repair or stability of mtDNA and MSH2 plays a role in repair of 4-bp insertion/deletion mispairs in the nucleus.
Moesin orchestrates cortical polarity of melanoma tumour cells to initiate 3D invasion (2009)

Tumour cell dissemination through corporal fluids (blood, lymph and body cavity fluids) is a distinctive feature of the metastatic process. Tumour cell transition from fluid to adhesive conditions involves an early polarization event and major rearrangements of the submembrane cytoskeleton that remain poorly understood. As regulation of cortical actin-membrane binding might be important in this process, we investigated the role of ezrin and moesin, which are key crosslinking proteins of the ERM (ezrin, radixin, moesin) family. We used short interfering RNA (siRNA) to show that moesin is crucial for invasion by melanoma cells in 3D matrices and in early lung colonization. Using live imaging, we show that following initial adhesion to the endothelium or 3D matrices, moesin is redistributed away from the region of adhesion, thereby generating a polarized cortex: a stable cortical actin dome enriched in moesin and an invasive membrane domain full of blebs. Using Lifeact-GFP, a 17-amino-acid peptide that binds F-actin, we show the initial symmetry breaking of cortical actin cytoskeleton during early attachment of round cells. We also demonstrated that ezrin and moesin are differentially distributed during initial invasion of 3D matrices, and, specifically, that moesin controls adhesion-dependent activation of Rho and subsequent myosin II contractility. Our results reveal that polarized moesin plays a role in orienting Rho activation, myosin II contractility, and cortical actin stability, which is crucial for driving directional vertical migration instead of superficial spreading on the fluid-to-solid tissue interface. We propose that this mechanism of cortical polarization could sustain extravasation of fluid-borne tumour cells during the process of metastasis.
Increased expression of a eukaryotic gene in Escherichia coli through stabilization of its messenger RNA. (1979)

The expression of a cloned eukaryotic gene [catabolic dehydroquinase (3-dehydroquinate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.10) (qa-2+) from Neurospora crassa] is dramatically increased (as much as 100-fold) in Escherichia coli strains deficient in polynucleotide phosphorylase (pnp) (polynucleotide: orthophosphate nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.8) and RNase I (rna). The increased expression is controlled primarily by the absence of polynucleotide phosphorylase and appears to be specific for the eukaryotic gene. No increase in the specific activity of either chromosomal or plasmid-borne prokaryotic genes has been observed. In polynucleotide phosphorylase-deficient strains of E. coli the half-life of plasmid (pVK88, ampr qa-2+)-encoded mRNAs increases from 1.0 to 2.8 min. This increase must be due primarily to stabilization of the aq-2 mRNA because no increase in the half-lives of pBR322 vehicle mRNAs was observed in polynucleotide phosphorylase-deficient strains. These results suggest that there are inherent structural differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic mRNAs.
Monitoring and Attestation of Virtual Machine Security Health in Cloud Computing (2016)

Cloud customers need assurances regarding the security of their virtual machines (VMs) operating within an infrastructure-as-a-service cloud system. This is complicated by the customer not knowing where the VM is executing and by the semantic gap between what the customer wants to know versus what can be measured in the cloud. In this article, the authors present an architecture for monitoring a VM's security health. Their architecture can communicate this to the customer in an unforgeable manner. The authors show a concrete implementation of property-based attestation and a full prototype based on the OpenStack open source cloud software.
CCAAT/enhancer binding protein ɛ is preferentially up-regulated during granulocytic differentiation and its functional versatility is determined by alternative use of promoters and differential splicing (1997)

CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) epsilon is a recently cloned member of the C/EBP family of transcription factors and is expressed exclusively in cells of hematopoietic origin. The human C/EBPepsilon gene is transcribed by two alternative promoters, Palpha and Pbeta. A combination of differential splicing and alternative use of promoters generates four mRNA isoforms, of 2.6 kb and 1.3-1.5 kb in size. These transcripts can encode three proteins of calculated molecular mass 32.2 kDa, 27.8 kDa, and 14.3 kDa. Accordingly, Western blots with antibodies specific for the DNA-binding domain, that is common to all forms, identify multiple proteins. C/EBPepsilon mRNA was greatly induced during in vitro granulocytic differentiation of human primary CD34(+) cells. Retinoic acid treatment of HL60 promyelocytic leukemia cells for 24 hr induced C/EBPepsilon mRNA levels by 4-fold, while prolonged treatment gradually reduced mRNA expression to pretreatment levels. Transient transfection experiments with expression vectors for two of the isoforms demonstrated that the 32.2-kDa protein is an activator of transcription of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor promoter, while the 14.3-kDa protein is not. Thus, C/EBPepsilon is regulated in a complex fashion and may play a role in the regulation of genes involved in myeloid differentiation.
Improvement of Neck and Cheek Laxity With a Nonablative Radiofrequency Device (2004)

OBJECTIVE Laxity of cheek and neck skin is a common cosmetic complaint of patients as they age. Improvement of skin laxity can be difficult to achieve without invasive surgical lifting procedures. The object of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel nonablative radiofrequency device in the treatment of cheek and neck laxity. METHODS Fifty patients (skin phototypes I to IV) with mild-to-moderate cheek laxity (n=30) or neck laxity (n=20) received one treatment with a radiofrequency device (ThermaCool; Thermage Corp., Hayward, CA). Topical anesthetic cream was applied under occlusion for 60 minutes before treatment of the skin extending laterally and inferiorly from the nasolabial folds to the preauricular regions and mandibular ridge for treatment of the cheeks and from the mandible to mid neck for treatment of the neck. Clinical improvement of treatment areas was independently determined by three masked assessors' evaluations of comparative photographs at baseline, immediately after treatment, at 1 week, and at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment using a quartile grading scale (0=less than 25%, 1=25% to 50%, 2=51% to 75%, 3=more than 75% improvement). Patient satisfaction surveys were also obtained at each follow-up visit. RESULTS Significant improvement in cheek and neck skin laxity was observed in the majority of patients. Patient satisfaction scores paralleled the clinical improvements observed. Side effects were mild and limited to transient erythema, edema, and rare dysesthesia. No scarring or pigmentary alteration was seen. CONCLUSIONS Noninvasive radiofrequency bulk dermal heating of skin can achieve safe and effective tissue tightening of the cheeks and neck. Although tightening continued to be evident 6 months after a single treatment, the longevity of clinical results has yet to be determined.
Video Analytics in Urban Environments (2009)

Urban environments present unique challenges from the perspective of surveillance and security. Threat activity in urban environments tends to be very similar to background activity, while the volume of activity is often very high. The widespread geographical area presents issues from the perspective of response. These characteristics of urban environments create challenges to traditional applications of video analytics technologies and opens up opportunities for novel approaches. This paper explores the applicability of video analytics in various scenarios presented in urban surveillance situations. We also describe novel technical solutions to some of the challenges of urban surveillance.