gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical significance of lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive fraction of serum α-fetoprotein in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (2002)

alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is an important marker for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and has been widely used in clinical settings. Recently, the importance of lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive fraction of AFP (AFP-L3) has been indicated. However, the clinical significance of the level of AFP-L3 protein in relation to the characteristics of HCC has not been fully evaluated. In the present study, both the ratio of AFP-L3 (AFP-L3%) and the absolute value of AFP-L3 (AFP-L3-AV) were examined in 80 patients with HCC, and evaluated with respect to characteristics of HCC such as grade of differentiation, size of tumor and morphological findings. Among HCC-specific tumor markers, AFP, AFP-L3% and protein induced in vitamin K absence (PIVKA-II), AFP showed the highest positive rate in patients with HCC, while AFP-L3% showed the lowest rate. AFP-L3% and AFP-L3-AV were, however, most significantly correlated with the grade of HCC differentiation, while AFP showed the least significant correlation. Furthermore, AFP-L3% was most significantly correlated with the size of HCC in patients with solitary HCC. Conversely, neither AFP-L3-AV nor PIVKA-II showed a significant correlation with the size of HCC. In relation to morphological differences of HCC, although AFP-L3%, AFP-L3-AV and PIVKA-II were significantly higher in the diffuse type of HCC than in the nodular type of HCC, AFP was most significantly correlated with the morphological differences of HCC. These results indicate that tumor markers for HCC, such as AFP, AFP-L3%, AFP-L3-AV and PIVKA-II, may play different roles in predicting the characteristics of HCC.
Homology of lubricin and superficial zone protein (SZP): Products of megakaryocyte stimulating factor (MSF) gene expression by human synovial fibroblasts and articular chondrocytes localized to chromosome 1q25 (2001)

We have previously identified megakaryocyte stimulating factor (MSF) gene expression by synovial fibroblasts as the origin of lubricin in the synovial cavity. Lubricin is a mucinous glycoprotein responsible for the boundary lubrication of articular cartilage. MSF has a significant homology to vitronectin and is composed of 12 exons. RNA was purified from human synovial fibroblasts and articular chondrocytes grown in vitro from tissue explants obtained from subjects without degenerative joint disease. RT-PCR was used with multiple complimentary primer pairs spanning the central mucin expressing exon 6 of the MSF gene and individual exons on both the N- and C-terminal sides of exon 6. Exons 2, 4 and 5 appear to be variably expressed by synovial fibroblasts and articular chondrocytes. Lubricating mucin, in the form of MSF, is expressed by both chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts in vitro. Both lubricin and superficial zone protein (SZP), a related proteoglycan, share a similar primary structure but could differ in post-translational modifications with O-linked oligosaccharides which are predominant in lubricin and with limited amounts chondroitin and keratan sulfate found in SZP. Since most of the MSF exons are involved in the expression of lubricating mucin, a strong homology to vitronectin persists. It is therefore appropriate to consider that both SZP and lubricin occupy a new class of biomolecules termed tribonectins. Screening of a human genome bacterial artificial chromsome (BAC) library with a cDNA primer pair complimentary for exon 6 identified two clones. Both clones were complimentary for chromosome 1q25 by in situ hybridization. This same locus was previously implicated in camptodactyl-arthropathy-pericarditis syndrome (CAP) by genetic mapping. It is hypothesized that CAP, a large joint arthropathy, may be associated with ineffective boundary lubrication provided by synovial fluid.
The Effect of Microsilica on the Thermal Stability of Lightweight Cement Systems (1990)

SUMMARY In various formulations, microsilica cement slurries are finding increasing utility in oilfield cementing applications. In the course of these applications, many microsilica slurries are being used in environments which subject the set cement to bottom hole static temperatures in excess of 230°F. While 35% fine silica by weight of cement (BWOC) has been extensively researched and accepted as a high temperature cement stabilizer, very little if any research has been published on the effectiveness of microsilica in this application. The results of this study reveal that microsilica displays promise as a viable alternative stabilizing material, with the added benefit of medium to low slurry density.
Shelf space assigned to store and national brands (2005)

Purpose To empirically analyse the relationship between the shelf space assigned to brands and several factors related to store management. Design/methodology/approach The data come from a study of 40 product categories in a sample of superstores in Spain. The variables are: shelf space occupied by private labels, private labels market share, number of promotions, assortment (number of brands and number of varieties) and prices gap between private labels and national brands. A neural network analysis is then applied to the data. Methodologically, this method is shown to have better predictive power than a multiple regression. Findings There is a direct relationship between the space occupied by store brands and the market share, and an indirect relationship between the space and the price differential gap, the number of national brands and the range of choice. Research limitations/implications The main limitation of this research is the time spent on collecting the data. Another limitation is that some variables have not been included in the study such as inventory. The conclusion can be used to account for behaviour of retailers in their outlets and could be used by manufacturers to determine which factors have an influence on the location of their brands on the shelves. Practical implications It has practical implications for retailers because their “over‐merchandizing” of own brands can damage the overall profitability of the category. On the other hand, national leading brands will have to invest more resources in advertising to sustain customer loyalty. Originality/value This article shows the impact that store brand shelf space has on different variables related to profitability, market share, and assortment. It has value for three agents: academic researchers, manufacturers and retailers.
Noise in Gene Expression: Origins, Consequences, and Control (2005)

Genetically identical cells and organisms exhibit remarkable diversity even when they have identical histories of environmental exposure. Noise, or variation, in the process of gene expression may contribute to this phenotypic variability. Recent studies suggest that this noise has multiple sources, including the stochastic or inherently random nature of the biochemical reactions of gene expression. In this review, we summarize noise terminology and comment on recent investigations into the sources, consequences, and control of noise in gene expression.
In vitro folding of inclusion body proteins (1996)

Insoluble, inactive inclusion bodies are frequently formed upon recombinant protein production in transformed microorganisms. These inclusion bodies, which contain the recombinant protein in an highly enriched form, can be isolated by solid/liquid separation. After solubilization, native proteins can be generated from the inactive material by using in vitro folding techniques. New folding procedures have been developed for efficient in vitro reconstitution of complex hydrophobic, multidomain, oligomeric, or highly disulfide-bonded proteins. These protocols take into account process parameters such as protein concentration, catalysis of disulfide bond formation, temperature, pH, and ionic strength, as well as specific solvent ingredients that reduce unproductive side reactions. Modification of the protein sequence has been exploited to improve in vitro folding.
Simple setup to measure electrical properties of polymeric films (2006)

A simple method to measure electrical conductivity of conducting organic films has been described. A setup, based on four-probe technique, is specifically designed and fabricated for nondestructive electrical conductivity measurements of freestanding thin films. The current-voltage and temperature dependent characteristics of thin films of polyethylenedioxythiophene and polypyrrole and thick wafers of germanium have been used to test the setup. The results obtained are highly reproducible and are in good agreement with the reported values in the literature, employing different techniques.
Gene Gun Delivered DNA-Based Immunizations Mediate Rapid Production of Murine Monoclonal Antibodies to the Flt-3 Receptor (1998)

Class-switched, affinity-matured murine monoclonal antibody (MAb)-producing cell lines were generated against the Flt-3 receptor in less than 4 weeks following polynucleotide immunizations, used in conjunction with repetitive immunizations, multiple sites (RIMMS). Plasmid DNA encoding Flt-3/Fc was coated onto gold particles, which were subsequently propelled into the epidermis of mice using biolistic particle bombardment using the Accell gene gun. Pools of immune peripheral lymph node cells were somatically fused 13 days after the onset of delivery of DNA encoding the target antigen. To determine if early responses could be augmented, DNA-encoding murine GM-CSF was delivered 3 days prior to the Flt-3/Fc DNA immunizations. The data presented demonstrates the successful identification and characterization of class-switched, affinity-matured MAbs that bind to the Flt-3 receptor. When compared to conventional methodologies or intramuscular targeted DNA-based immunization for the generation of MAbs, use of the gene gun in conjunction with RIMMS allows for a more rapid production of affinity-matured MAb-producing cell lines.
N-Bit Unsigned Division via N-Bit Multiply-Add (2005)

Integer division on modern processors is expensive compared to multiplication. Previous algorithms for performing unsigned division by an invariant divisor, via reciprocal approximation, suffer in the worst case from a common requirement for n+1 bit multiplication, which typically must be synthesized from n-bit multiplication and extra arithmetic operations. This paper presents, and proves, a hybrid of previous algorithms that replaces n+1 bit multiplication with a single fused multiply-add operation on n-bit operands, thus reducing any n-bit unsigned division to the upper n bits of a multiply-add, followed by a single right shift. An additional benefit is that the prerequisite calculations are simple and fast. On the Itanium/spl reg/ 2 processor, the technique is advantageous for as few as two quotients that share a common run-time divisor.
Extracellular matrix‐bound vascular endothelial growth factor promotes endothelial cell adhesion, migration, and survival through integrin ligation (2003)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a major factor mediating endothelial cell survival, migration, and proliferation during angiogenesis, is expressed as five splice variants (121, 145, 165, 189, and 206 aminoacids) encoded by a single gene. Although the three shorter isoforms are mainly diffusible, the two longer ones are sequestered in cell membranes after secretion. However, their potential role as true components of the extracellular matrix has not been investigated. We determined that endothelial cells could adhere and spread on VEGF189 and VEGF165, but not on VEGF121. Adhesion was mediated by the alpha3beta1 and alpha(v)beta3 integrins and other alpha(v) integrins but not by the cognate VEGF receptors. Cells migrated on VEGF165 and VEGF189 and displayed a stellate morphology with numerous lamellopodia and FAK staining but no actin stress fibers. Tumstatin, an antiangiogenic peptide that interacts with the alpha(v)beta3 integrin, could inhibit adhesion on VEGF, and this effect was potentiated by anti-alpha(v)beta3 blocking antibody. Immobilized VEGF almost totally abolished endothelial cell apoptosis through interactions with integrins. The inhibition of alpha(v)beta3 engagement with immobilized VEGF by tumstatin inhibited most of its survival activity. We have thus determined a new VEGF receptor-independent role for immobilized VEGF in supporting cell adhesion and survival through interactions with integrins.
Fungal endophytes improve wheat seed germination under heat and drought stress (2012)

Seed germination is a critical life stage for plants survival and timely seedling establishment especially in stressful environments. We hypothesized that fungal endophytes would improve wheat seed germination under heat and drought stress. The hydrothermal time (HTT) model of germination is a conceptual model useful for predicting the timing and energy of germination (EG) under a given set of conditions. The HTT and EG are applied, for the first time, to determine if one or more compatible endophytic fungi enhance heat or drought tolerance in wheat. Fungal endophytes tested dramatically increased the percent of germination, improved EG and HTT values, and diminished wheat susceptibility to heat and drought as measured by fresh weight of seedlings. When colonized by the most effective fungal endophyte, the values of the parameters tested in wheat seeds exposed to heat stress resembled those of unstressed seeds.
Advances in therapy of multiple myeloma (2008)

ASCT has resulted in a modest contribution in the treatment of multiple myeloma. Hopefully, its impact will be increased with the incorporation of novel agents in the pretransplant induction regimens. The combination of thalidomide, bortezomib or lenalidomide with melphalan-prednisone or with dexamethasone has resulted in highly effective regimens for patients not eligible for high-dose therapy/stem cell transplantation.
Convergence of telephony and television: More than a computer on your TV (2009)

The ongoing convergence of Telephony with Television, specifically cable TV and/or IPTV opens possibilities for rich social interactions between groups of people. In this paper we will illustrate some of the unique ways that these groups may utilize the various telecommunication, telephony, and television resources available to them; providing a rich social and entertainment experience.
Wavelength-selectable microarray light sources for WDM optical communications (2002)

We report on recent progress in the development of wavelength-selectable light sources based on DFB-LD array configurations.
Securely replicating authentication services (1989)

A framework for designing a type of distributed authentication protocol is given, whose security and availability are higher compared to those of centralized ones. It uses the technique of secret sharing and introduces a cross checksum scheme to achieve secure replication. Fewer than a certain number of malicious servers cannot damage security except by causing denial of service, and this only happens when too many honest servers accidentally fail at the same time. The protocol is suited to an environment where no trustworthiness of any server is permanently guaranteed. The approach is general enough not to rely on any particular authentication protocol. Existing implementations need minor modification. Only a short piece of code is needed to run the implementations as many times as required. Hence, different centralized protocols can be incorporated into one distributed protocol.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Compression of optical pulses chirped by self-phase modulation in fibers (1984)

The use of self-phase modulation in a single-mode fiber to chirp an optical pulse, which is then compressed with a grating-pair compressor, has been shown to be a practical technique for the production of optical pulses at least as short as 30 fsec. We report the results of a theoretical analysis of this process. Numerical results are presented for the achievable compression and compressed pulse quality as functions of fiber length and input pulse intensity. These results are given in normalized units such that they can be scaled to describe a wide variety of experimental situations and can be used to determine the optimum fiber length and compressor parameters for any given input pulse. Specific numerical examples are presented that suggest that the technique will generally be useful for input pulses shorter than about 100 psec. For energies of a few nanojoules per pulse, the compressed pulse widths will typically be in the femtosecond regime.
Expression and Regulation of Steroid 5α-Reductase 2 in Prostate Disease (1994)

The androgen dihydrotestosterone is synthesized by the enzyme steroid 5 alpha-reductase, and it is required for growth and development of the prostate. We used immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of the type 2 isozyme of 5 alpha-reductase in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. The type 2 isozyme is highly expressed within stromal cells in both disease states. No type 2 isozyme is detectable in a lymph node metastasis. Immunoblotting studies show that androgen ablation therapies substantially decrease isozyme expression in the epididymis but have a lesser effect on expression in the prostate. Finasteride therapy (2 weeks to 3 years) did not abolish expression of the prostatic type 2 isozyme nor did this drug treatment induce expression of the type 1 isozyme.
The Synthesis of Novel 6‐Amido‐6‐Deoxy‐<scp>L</scp>‐Galactose Derivatives as Potent Sialyl Lewis<sup>x</sup> Mimetics (1996)

Activities twice as good as those of sialyl Lewisx are displayed by sialyl Lewisx mimetics such as 1 which are made up of an amino acid, a galactose amine, and a carboxylate-bearing side chain.
Inhibition of the immunosuppressive activity of resident pulmonary alveolar macrophages by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. (1993)

Resident pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) play an important role in the maintenance of immunological homeostasis in the lung via downmodulation of local T cell responses in the steady state. The present study demonstrates that this pathway for T cell suppression is reversible via granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Thus, freshly isolated PAM strongly inhibit mitogen-induced T cell proliferation, and pretreatment of the PAM with cytokine-rich lung-conditioned medium (LCM) generated by exposure of lung to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) abrogated this suppressive activity. LCM from lungs of normal and athymic nude mice exhibited identical activity. Moreover, the PAM-modulating activity of LCM was inhibited by blocking antibody specific for GM-CSF, and the activity of LCM could be reproduced by recombinant GM-CSF. This suggests that secretion of GM-CSF by mesenchymal cells and/or macrophages under stimulation from agents such as LPS provides a potential mechanism for upregulation of local T cell responsiveness during acute inflammation. In addition, experiments with a range of cytokines indicated that interleukin 4, transforming growth factor beta 1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) exhibited weaker (but significant) modulatory effects on PAM, and (in the case of TNF-alpha) amplified the effects of GM-CSF.
New single-clock CMOS latches and flipflops with improved speed and power savings (1997)

New dynamic, semistatic, and fully static single-clock CMOS latches and flipflops are proposed. By removing the speed and power bottlenecks of the original true-single-phase clocking (TSPC) and the existing differential latches and flipflops, both delays and power consumptions are considerably reduced. For the nondifferential dynamic, the differential dynamic, the semistatic, and the fully static flipflops, the best reduction factors are 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, and 2.4 for delays and 1.9, 3.5, 3.4, and 6.5 for power-delay products with an average activity ratio (0.25), respectively. The total and the clocked transistor numbers are decreased. In the new differential flipflops, clock loads are minimized and logic-related transistors are purely n-type in both n- and p-latches, giving additional speed advantage to this kind of CMOS circuits.
Time-of-Arrival Based Localization Under NLOS Conditions (2006)

Three or more base stations (BS) making time-of-arrival measurements of a signal from a mobile station (MS) can locate the MS. However, when some of the measurements are from non-line-of-sight (NLOS) paths, the location errors can be very large. This paper proposes a residual test (RT) that can simultaneously determine the number of line-of-sight (LOS) BS and identify them. Then, localization can proceed with only those LOS BS. The RT works on the principle that when all measurements are LOS, the normalized residuals have a central Chi-Square distribution, versus a noncentral distribution when there is NLOS. The residuals are the squared differences between the estimates and the true position. Normalization by their variances gives a unity variance to the resultant random variables. In simulation studies, for the chosen geometry and NLOS and measurement noise errors, the RT can determine the correct number of LOS-BS over 90% of the time. For four or more BS, where there are at least three LOS-BS, the estimator has variances that are near the Cramer--Rao lower bound.
Facile One-Pot Synthesis of Brush Polymers through Tandem Catalysis Using Grubbs' Catalyst for Both Ring-Opening Metathesis and Atom Transfer Radical Polymerizations (2006)

Using Grubbs' catalyst Cl2(PCy3)2Ru=CHPh for tandem catalysis, poly(methyl methacrylate)-based brush polymers were prepared by one-pot sequential ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) via an inimer having both an alpha-bromoisobutyrate ATRP initiator functionality and an exo-norbornenyl ROMP monomer functionality. The surface morphologies and aggregation behaviors of these nanoscopic single molecules were studied by tapping-mode atomic force microscopy measurements on mica.
The Maltodextrin System of<i>Escherichia coli</i>: Metabolism and Transport (2005)

The maltose/maltodextrin regulon of Escherichia coli consists of 10 genes which encode a binding protein-dependent ABC transporter and four enzymes acting on maltodextrins. All mal genes are controlled by MalT, a transcriptional activator that is exclusively activated by maltotriose. By the action of amylomaltase, we prepared uniformly labeled [(14)C]maltodextrins from maltose up to maltoheptaose with identical specific radioactivities with respect to their glucosyl residues, which made it possible to quantitatively follow the rate of transport for each maltodextrin. Isogenic malQ mutants lacking maltodextrin phosphorylase (MalP) or maltodextrin glucosidase (MalZ) or both were constructed. The resulting in vivo pattern of maltodextrin metabolism was determined by analyzing accumulated [(14)C]maltodextrins. MalP(-) MalZ(+) strains degraded all dextrins to maltose, whereas MalP(+) MalZ(-) strains degraded them to maltotriose. The labeled dextrins were used to measure the rate of transport in the absence of cytoplasmic metabolism. Irrespective of the length of the dextrin, the rates of transport at a submicromolar concentration were similar for the maltodextrins when the rate was calculated per glucosyl residue, suggesting a novel mode for substrate translocation. Strains lacking MalQ and maltose transacetylase were tested for their ability to accumulate maltose. At 1.8 nM external maltose, the ratio of internal to external maltose concentration under equilibrium conditions reached 10(6) to 1 but declined at higher external maltose concentrations. The maximal internal level of maltose at increasing external maltose concentrations was around 100 mM. A strain lacking malQ, malP, and malZ as well as glycogen synthesis and in which maltodextrins are not chemically altered could be induced by external maltose as well as by all other maltodextrins, demonstrating the role of transport per se for induction.