gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of a mouse test for repetitive, restricted behaviors: Relevance to autism (2020)

Repetitive behavior, a core symptom of autism, encompasses stereotyped responses, restricted interests, and resistance to change. These studies investigated whether different components of the repetitive behavior domain could be modeled in the exploratory hole-board task in mice. Four inbred mouse strains, C57BL/6J, BALB/cByJ, BTBR T+tf/J, and FVB/NJ, and mice with reduced expression of Grin1, leading to NMDA receptor hypofunction (NR1neo/neo mice), were tested for exploration and preference for olfactory stimuli in an activity chamber with a 16-hole floor-board. Reduced exploration and high preference for holes located in the corners of the chamber were observed in BALB/cByJ and BTBR T+tf/J mice. All inbred strains had initial high preference for a familiar olfactory stimulus (clean cage bedding). BTBR T+tf/J was the only strain that did not demonstrate a shift in hole preference towards an appetitive olfactory stimulus (cereal or a chocolate chip), following home cage exposure to the food. The NR1neo/neo mice showed lower hole selectivity and aberrant olfactory stimulus preference, in comparison to wildtype controls. The results indicate that NR1neo/neo mice have repetitive nose poke responses that are less modified by environmental contingencies than responses in wildtype mice. 25-30% of NMDA-receptor hypomorphic mice also show self-injurious responses. Findings from the olfactory studies suggest that resistance to change and restricted interests might be modeled in mice by a failure to alter patterns of hole preference following familiarization with an appetitive stimulus, and by high preference persistently demonstrated for one particular olfactory stimulus. Further work is required to determine the characteristics of optimal mouse social stimuli in the olfactory hole-board test.
Two-step phase-shifting interferometry and its application in image encryption (2006)

Conventional phase-shifting interferometry (PSI) needs at least three interferograms. A novel algorithm of two-step PSI, with an arbitrary known phase step, by which a complex object field can be reconstructed with only two interferograms is proposed. This algorithm is then applied to an information security system based on double random-phase encoding in the Fresnel domain. The feasibility of this method and its robustness against occlusion and additional noise attacks are verified by computer simulations. This approach can considerably improve the efficiency of data transmission and is very suitable for Internet use.
Customized Benchmark Generation Using MDA (2006)

This paper describes an approach for generating customized benchmark applications from a software architecture description using a Model Driven Architecture (MDA) approach. The benchmark generation and performance data capture tool implementation is based on widely used open source MDA frameworks. The business logic of the benchmark application is modeled in UML and generated by taking advantage of the existing generation "cartridges" so that the current component technology can be exploited in the benchmark. This greatly reduces the effort and expertise needed for benchmarking with complex component technology. We have also extended the MDA framework to model and generate a load testing suite and automatic performance measurement infrastructure. The approach complements current model-based performance prediction and analysis methods by generating the benchmark application from the same application architecture that the performance models are derived from. This provides the potential for tightly integrating runtime performance measurement with model-based prediction either for model validation or improving model prediction accuracy. We illustrate the approach using a case study based on EJB component technology.
MW peak-power, mJ pulse energy, multi-kHz repetition rate pulses from Yb-doped fiber amplifiers (2006)

We report on pulsed fiber-based sources generating high peak and average powers in beams of excellent spectral/spatial quality. In the first setup, a ~10-kHz pulse repetition rate (PRR), 1ns-pulse, Q-switched microlaser seeded a dual-stage amplifier featuring a 40-&mu;m-core Yb-doped photonic-crystal fiber (PCF) as the power amplifier. From this amplifier, we obtained diffraction-limited (M<sup>2</sup> = 1.05), ~1ns pulses of 1.1mJ energy, ~1.1MW peak power, ~10.2W average-power, spectral linewidth ~9GHz, negligible nonlinearities, and slope efficiency >73%. In the second setup, we replaced the seed source with a shorter-pulse (<500ps) microchip laser of PRR ~13.4 kHz and obtained diffraction-limited (M<sup>2</sup>=1.05), ~450ps pulses of energy >0.7mJ, peak power in excess of 1.5 MW, average power ~9.5W, spectral linewidth <35 GHz. To show further power scaling, these pulses were amplified in a 140-&mu;mcore Yb-doped fiber, which yielded multimode (M<sup>2</sup> ~ 9), 2.2mJ-energy, 30-W average-power pulses of peak power in excess of 4.5MW, the highest ever obtained in a fiber source, to our knowledge. In the third setup, an Yb-doped, 70&mu;mcore, intrinsically single-mode photonic-crystal rod was used to generate diffraction-limited (M<sup>2</sup> ~ 1.1), ~10kHz PRR, ~1ns pulses of 2.05mJ energy, >2 MW peak-power (the highest ever reported in a diffraction-limited fiber source), ~20W average-power, ~13 GHz spectral linewidth, and spectral signal-to-noise ratio >50 dB. Finally, a single polarization large-core Yb-doped PCF was used to demonstrate high-peak-power harmonic generation. We obtained ~1ns pulses of peak powers >410 kW in the green (531nm) and >190kW in the UV (265.5 nm).
Conservative surgery for the management of invasive and noninvasive carcinoma of the breast: NSABP trials (1994)

In 1976 the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) initiated a randomized trial (B-06) to evaluate the worth of lumpectomy in the treatment of patients with stages I and II breast cancer. This report presents, for the first time, findings from that trial through 10 years of follow-up relative to ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR), distant disease-free survival, and survival of patients who were treated by modified radical mastectomy, lumpectomy, or lumpectomy followed by breast irradiation. The report indicates that the incidence of IBTR observed in the B-06 trial is decreased by effective systemic therapy as well. Also commented on are a number of issues regarding the use of lumpectomy that are of concern to clinicians. They relate to the need for tumor specimen margins, the size of tumors amenable to lumpectomy, treatment of breast tumor recurrence, lumpectomy in older women, and other concerns. No patient or tumor characteristics have been identified that preclude the use of lumpectomy and radiation therapy. All evidence continues to justify the use of lumpectomy and breast irradiation for the treatment of invasive breast cancer. In addition, we have noted findings that indicate the propriety of lumpectomy and breast irradiation for treatment of localized ductal carcinoma in situ.
Test Case Generation Using Combinatorial Based Coverage for Rich Web Applications (2021)

Web applications are increasingly moving business and processing logic from the server to the browser. Traditional, multiple-page request/response applications are quickly being replaced by single-page applications where complex application logic is downloaded on the initial page load and data is then subsequently fetched asynchronously via the browser's native XMLHttpRequest (XHR) object. These new generation web applications are called Rich Web Applications (RWA). Frameworks such as the Google Web Toolkit (GWT), and JavaScript model-view-controller (MVC) frameworks such as Backbone.js are facilitating this move. With this migration, testing frameworks need to follow the logic by moving analysis and test generation from the server to the client. One problem hindering the movement of testing in this domain is the adoption of semantic URLs. This paper introduces a novel approach to systematically identify variables in semantic URLs and use them as part of the test generation process. Using a sample RWA seeded with various JavaScript faults, I demonstrate in this thesis, as an empirical study, that combinatorial testing algorithms and reduction strategies also apply to new RWAs.
JNK inhibition as a potential strategy in treating Parkinson's disease (2004)

Parkinson's disease is characterized by the pathological loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The current therapy for Parkinson's disease is aimed to replace the lost transmitter. But the ultimate objective in the neurodegenerative therapy is the functional restoration and/or cessation of progression of neuronal loss. Given the critical role that the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway plays in regulating the cellular processes that are involved in Parkinson's disease, the importance of JNK in this disease's pathogenesis is being increasingly recognized. Much evidence suggests that JNK plays an important role in mediating 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)/1-methyl-4-phenylpyridnium ion (MPP(+))-induced neurotoxicity. Therefore, direct blockade of JNK may prevent or effectively slow the progression of Parkinson's disease. Studies including our own showed that the inhibition of JNK with SP-600125, a specific inhibitor of JNK, protects dopaminergic neurons both from MPP(+)-induced neuronal apoptosis in vitro and in MPTP Parkinson's disease model. These results support JNK inhibition as a potential strategy in treating Parkinson's disease.
Feasibility Study for a Vehicle-Trailer Backing Up Control (2004)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A rear-wheel steer-by-wire mechanism has been applied to assist driver on backing up a vehicle with trailer. To address the issues related to the mechanical limitation on the rear-wheel steering angle, a comprehensive feasibility study has been conducted using analysis and simulation. Four modes of steering (front-wheel only steering, rear-wheel only steering, rear-wheel angle which is slave to front-wheel angle, and four wheel steering for backing control) are compared in terms of various parameters, such as achievable path curvature and hitch angle. Four wheel steering achieves the largest curvature range. Sensitivity to the variation in trailer tongue length also has been investigated. It is concluded that a proper driver interaction mechanism is needed to further assist the driver, since the ±12 degree limitation on rear-wheel only steering may not provide full counter-steer capability.&lt;/div&gt;
Formation of Ultrathin Multilayer and Hydrated Gel from Montmorillonite and Linear Polycations (1996)

Organized ceramic/polymer nanocomposites were designed from montmorillonite clay (Mont), cationic poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) or poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and proteins. Ordered multilayers with a controllable number of layers were prepared by alternate adsorption of delaminated montmorillonite (0.03 wt % dispersion) and polycations. Quartz crystal microbalance, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy monitoring of the assembly have shown formation of ordered films with bilayer thickness of 3.3 nm for Mont/PEI and 3.6 nm for Mont /PDDA. Increased viscosity near the substrate was recognized at higher concentrations of Mont (1 wt %). At these and higher concentrations super hydrated (water content 99.4 wt %) solid gels of Mont and polycations were produced by mixing of their aqueous dispersions. Its open card-house structure was revealed with a scanning electron microscopy study.
Adder and Multiplier Design in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (2009)

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is an emerging nanotechnology, with the potential for faster speed, smaller size, and lower power consumption than transistor-based technology. Quantum-dot cellular automata has a simple cell as the basic element. The cell is used as a building block to construct gates and wires. Previously, adder designs based on conventional designs were examined for implementation with QCA technology. That work demonstrated that the design trade-offs are very different in QCA. This paper utilizes the unique QCA characteristics to design a carry flow adder that is fast and efficient. Simulations indicate very attractive performance (i.e., complexity, area, and delay). This paper also explores the design of serial parallel multipliers. A serial parallel multiplier is designed and simulated with several different operand sizes.
ChemInform Abstract: CONVENIENT METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHORUS‐CONTAINING HETEROCYCLIC SYSTEMS OF IMIDAZO(2,1‐B)THIAZOLES, IMIDAZO(1,2‐A)PYRIDINES AND ‐QUINOXALINES (1985)

Abstract Durch Umsetzung des Phosphonium‐bromids (I) mit 2‐Amino‐thiazol (II) erhält man das Imidazo[2,1‐b]thiazol (III), mit 2‐Aminopyridin (IV) entsteht das Imidazo[ 1 ,2‐a]pyridin (V).
Protection against group B meningococcal disease. III. Immunogenicity of serotype 2 vaccines and specificity of protection in a guinea pig model. (1978)

Protein vaccines were prepared from the serotype antigen of group B Neisseria meningitidis strain M986. The detergents Triton X-100, Emulphogene BC-720, and deoxycholate were used to removed the toxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) portion of the serotype antigen. The LPS was most preferentially solubilized by Emulphogene. Guinea pigs were immunized with one or two doses of vaccine given intramuscularly without adjuvants and the antibody response quantitated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. Immunization with graded doses of vaccine between 25 to 200 microgram protein indicated a wide range of effective dosage and that a two-dose immunization schedule was superior to a single immunization. The vaccines elicited peak mean serum antibody levels of approximately 30 microgram/ml with bactericidal titers of 1:1,600-1:6,400. The peak antibody levels occurred 5-6 wk after immunization and persisted above preimmune levels for several months. To evaluate the protective effects of immunization, stainless steel springs were implanted subcutaneously into the guinea pigs. The resulting chambers, in unimmunized animals, could be infected with less than 100 type 2 organisms. A single 25-50 microgram dose of vaccine protected 50% of animals from challenge by 5 X 10(5) type 2 meningococci, and as little as 1 microgram vaccine significantly reduced the severity of infection. A two-dose immunization schedule was best and provided nearly complete protection for at least 4 mo against type 2 strains of meningococcal groups B, C, and Y.
Peptide-induced T cell regulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a role for IL-10 (1999)

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a CD4(+) T cell-mediated, inflammatory disease with similarities to multiple sclerosis in humans. Intranasal (i.n.) administration of a myelin basic protein (MBP)-derived peptide can protect susceptible mice from EAE. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, however, remain unclear. To analyze the phenotypic and functional changes taking place during the induction of tolerance by peptide inhalation, we have studied the fate of CD4(+) T cells after i.n. peptide application using transgenic mice expressing a TCR specific for the N-terminal peptide (Ac1-9) of MBP. Peripheral T cell death was variably observed in TCR transgenic mice after a single i.n. administration of antigenic peptide but was transient and incomplete. Transgenic spleen cells and cervical lymph node cells responded with a cytokine burst to peptide inhalation and hyperproliferation when re-stimulated in vitro. Transfer experiments demonstrated that the duration of peptide administration required to induce tolerance depended on the precursor frequency of T cells in recipient animals. The stringency of i.n. peptide treatment was increased so as to test the efficacy of tolerance induction both in vitro and in vivo in the presence of high precursor frequencies of antigen-specific T cells. Multiple i.n. doses of peptide completely protected TCR transgenic mice from EAE induced with myelin. Such repeated peptide administration resulted in down-regulation of the capacity of antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells to proliferate or to produce IL-2, IFN-gamma and IL-4 but increased the production of IL-10. The role of IL-10 in suppression of EAE in vivo was demonstrated by neutralization of IL-10. This completely restored susceptibility to EAE in mice previously protected by i.n. peptide. Considering the immunosuppressive properties of IL-10, T cells which are resistant to apoptosis might act as regulatory cells and mediate bystander suppression.
σ<sup>B</sup>Modulates Virulence Determinant Expression and Stress Resistance: Characterization of a Functional<i>rsbU</i>Strain Derived from<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>8325-4 (2002)

The accessory sigma factor sigmaB controls a general stress response that is thought to be important for Staphylococcus aureus survival and may contribute to virulence. The strain of choice for genetic studies, 8325-4, carries a small deletion in rsbU, which encodes a positive regulator of sigmaB activity. Consequently, to enable the role of sigmaB in virulence to be addressed, we constructed an rsbU(+) derivative, SH1000, using a method that does not leave behind an antibiotic resistance marker. The phenotypic properties of SH1000 (8325-4 rsbU(+)) were characterized and compared to those of 8325-4, the rsbU mutant, parent strain. A recognition site for sigmaB was located in the promoter region of katA, the gene encoding the sole catalase of S. aureus, by primer extension analysis. However, catalase expression and activity were similar in SH1000 (8325-4 rsbU(+)), suggesting that this promoter may have a minor role in catalase expression under normal conditions. Restoration of sigmaB activity in SH1000 (8325-4 rsbU(+)) resulted in a marked decrease in the levels of the exoproteins SspA and Hla, and this is likely to be mediated by reduced expression of agr in this strain. By using Western blotting and a sarA-lacZ reporter assay, the levels of SarA were found to be similar in strains 8325-4 and SH1000 (8325-4 rsbU(+)) and sigB mutant derivatives of these strains. This finding contrasts with previous reports that suggested that SarA expression levels are altered when they are measured transcriptionally. Inactivation of sarA in each of these strains resulted in an expected decrease in agr expression; however, the relative level of agr in SH1000 (8325-4 rsbU(+)) remained less than the relative levels in 8325-4 and the sigB mutant derivatives. We suggest that SarA is not likely to be the effector in the overall sigmaB-mediated effect on agr expression.
Gender earnings differentials: The european experience (1999)

This paper is concerned with the factors that shape earnings differentials between men and women in industrialised economies, and in particular, on the impact of policies designed to promote equal opportunity and equal treatment of men and women. These issues are examined empirically for a group of European economies: a number of European Union member states, together with Hungary, a prospective EU member. &lt;br/&gt;As members of the European Union, countries share a common legislative framework relating to equal pay and equal opportunities, but in other respects, most notably in the provision of benefits and services for families, the countries display considerable diversity. Given this, we are able to identify more clearly the impact of social policies and institutions, as distinct from direct legislation, on earnings differentials between men and women. The effects of such policies are expected to vary with earnings levels, and so in this study we examine gender earnings differentials across the earnings distribution rather than focusing on a single point, e.g. the mean.
EX-SITU POST-DEPOSITION PROCESSING FOR LARGE AREA Y(1)BA(2)CU(3)O(7) FILMS AND COATED TAPES. (2000)

Ex-situ post-deposition reaction processing is considered a promising alternative to in-situ physical vapor deposition techniques for coated Y{sub 1}Ba{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7} conductor development. It was reported recently, that attempts at ex-situ processing of long Y{sub 1}Ba{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7} precursor tapes resulted in an inhomogeneous growth rate over the tape length and rather poor properties for the whole sample. We performed a set of experiments in order to clarify the mechanisms for the ex-situ processing of large area films and estimate properties of long coated conductors manufactured by the ex-situ technique. It was found that rate limiting step of ex-situ growth of Y{sub 1}Ba{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7} is removal of the reaction product, hydrofluoric acid, by both gas diffusion and convection in the reaction atmosphere. We report on a quantitative model that well describes the observed growth rates for films with various areas.
Top-down fabrication of large-area GaN micro- and nanopillars (2014)

Large-area gallium nitride (GaN) micro- and nanopillar (NP) arrays were fabricated by plasma etching of lithographically patterned GaN thin-film grown on Si substrate. Deep-ultraviolet lithography, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching, and subsequent chemical treatments were effectively utilized to fabricate GaN pillars with diameters ranging from 250 nm to 10 μm. The impact of various plasma etching process parameters and chemical etchants on the morphology, strain, and surface defects of these NPs were studied using scanning-electron microscopy, photoluminescence (PL), and Raman spectroscopy. It was found that the shape of the NPs can be controlled by the substrate temperature during the plasma etch and by using different gas chemistries. Room-temperature PL and Raman spectroscopy measurements revealed significant strain relaxation in 250 nm diameter pillars as compared to 10 μm diameter pillars. PL measurement also indicated that the surface damage from the plasma etch can be removed by etching in KOH-ethylene glycol solution. Post-ICP selective wet chemical etch enabled us to fabricate functional structures such as micro- and nanodisks of GaN, which potentially could be utilized in nitride-based resonators and lasers.
Impacts of ATC Related Maneuvers on Meeting a Required Time of Arrival (2006)

The next generation air transportation system (NGATS) as defined by the Joint Planning and Development Office includes trajectory-based operations (TBO) as part of its concept of operation. TBO are envisioned to form the basis for both more strategic planning in the NGATS and for more tactical operations including separation management. The cornerstone of this concept is the establishment of a four-dimensional trajectory. The concept also calls for the use of a controlled time of arrival (CTA) to help manage the use of a specific system resource. A flight management system (FMS) onboard the aircraft has capabilities that may prove useful when operating under TBO. Such capabilities include required time of arrival (RTA) - the capability to "self-deliver" to a specified waypoint at a specified time. The RTA capability may be employed to implement a CTA. This paper presents an investigation into the FMS capabilities to meet an RTA and looks at the impact of using a lateral offset maneuver to address a tactical situation has on a flight's ability to meet an RTA. Several PC-based models of a Smiths Aerospace FMS/Boeing 737 aircraft were used during this investigation. This study focused on an RTA at a waypoint during the cruise phase of a flight