gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pain behaviour after castration of piglets; effect of pain relief with lidocaine and/or meloxicam (2013)

Behavioural responses and the effect of lidocaine and meloxicam on behaviour of piglets after castration were studied. A total of 144 piglets of 2 to 5 days of age were allocated to one of six treatments: castration (CAST), castration with lidocaine (LIDO), castration with meloxicam (MELO), castration with lidocaine and meloxicam (L + M), handling (SHAM) and no handling (NONE). Behaviour was observed for 5 days after the procedure, growth until weaning was recorded and characteristics of the castration wound noted. MELO piglets showed significantly (P < 0.05) more no pain-related behaviour than CAST and LIDO at the afternoon after castration, and were not significantly different from SHAM and NONE. LIDO piglets showed an increase (P < 0.001) in tail wagging, lasting for 3 days. This increase was not seen in L + M piglets. The occurrence of several behaviours changed with age, independent of treatment. A treatment effect on growth was not found. Wound healing was rapid in all treatments, but thickening of the heal was observed in several piglets, suggesting perturbation in the cicatrization process. Our study showed a pain-relieving effect of meloxicam after castration. Local anaesthesia resulted in piglets performing more tail wagging during the first few days after castration, which was prevented by administering meloxicam in combination with local anaesthesia.
KRAS Mutations in Lung Adenocarcinoma: Molecular and Epidemiological Characteristics, Methods for Detection, and Therapeutic Strategy Perspectives (2015)

KRAS mutations are detected in over one third of lung adenocarcinomas, most frequently in Caucasian and smoker patients. The impact of KRAS mutations on lung adenocarcinoma prognosis is currently subject to debate, as is their impact on the response to chemotherapy and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The different methods for KRAS status assessment, based on histological and cytological samples or biological fluids, offer varying sensitivities. Since no treatments are available in clinical routine for KRAS-mutated lung cancer patients, one of the current major challenges in thoracic oncology is developing new dedicated strategic therapies. Different molecules can be developed that act on a post-transcriptional KRAS protein level, blocking its cytoplasmic membrane recruitment. The efficacy of these molecules' targeting of the different signaling pathways activated by the KRAS mutation (such as the MEK and BRAF pathways) is related to the particular KRAS mutation subtype. New therapeutic strategies are currently focused on certain genes linked with KRAS inducing a synthetic lethal interaction. The purpose of this work is to provide an overview of i) the recent epidemiological and molecular findings concerning KRASmutated lung adenocarcinoma, ii) the prognostic impact of KRAS mutations, in particular during response to treatment, iii) the available methods for detecting this mutation, and iv) the current molecules under development for new therapeutic strategies and the clinical trials targeting this genomic alteration.
The Reaction of Hydroxylamine with Activated Acyl Groups. II. Mechanism of the Reaction (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Reaction of Hydroxylamine with Activated Acyl Groups. II. Mechanism of the ReactionWilliam P. JencksCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958, 80, 17, 4585–4588Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1958Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01550a041https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01550a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1150Altmetric-Citations63LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Bit-rate-independent SDH/SONET regenerator for optical network (1997)

A bit-rate-independent regenerator that has a 3R function (reshaping, retiming and regenerating) for 10 Gb/s, 2.4 Gb/s, and 622 Mb/s has been realized for the first time. The regenerator is composed of wideband receiver and transmitter circuits operating up to 10 Gb/s, a bit-rate detection circuit, and an automatic synchronized clock generation circuit. Good receiver sensitivities below -31.7 dBm have been confirmed for each bit-rate.
Heart Rate and Vasomotor Control during Exercise (2007)

Spontaneous baroreflex function and vascular changes were assessed in young adults during dynamical mild exercise. Windkessel time constant was assessed by two different methods: two-element windkessel model, and by an autoregressive (AR) model, while the baroreflex sensitivity (BRS, ms/mmHg) was assessed by the sequence method. Results showed a change in the baroreflex control of heart rate (HR) with the severity of exercise, as well as the resetting phenomenon. Methods used to estimate the windkessel time constant were poorly correlated. Subject by subject correlation was found between the BRS and the time constant derived from the AR model within exercise and recovery period. These results may suggest that reflex mechanisms controlling HR may also participate in controlling peripheral circulation or, viceversa, BRS is influenced by vascular tone.
Structure and bonding in boron carbide: The invincibility of imperfections (2007)

Boron carbide, usually described as B4C, has the mysterious ability to accommodate a large variation in carbon composition (to as much as B10C) without undergoing a basic structural change. We systematically explore how the bonding varies with carbon concentration in this structure and the origin of the fundamental electron deficiency of the phase. As the carbon concentration is reduced, we find that the exo-polyhedral BEq–C bonds of the icosahedra in the structure become increasingly engaged in multiple bonding, and the repulsive steric interactions between the bulky B12 units surrounding the carbon atom are reduced. The short bond lengths observed within the three-atom C–B–C chains are then due to substantial π-bonding, while the carbon deficiency weakens its σ-framework significantly. We conclude that the idealized framework of boron carbide has to expel some electrons in order to maximize its bonding; disorder in the structure is an inevitable consequence of this partial oxidation. The localization of electronic states arising from the disorder leads to the semiconducting nature of boron carbide throughout its composition range.
Efficient quantum well to quantum dot tunneling: Analytical solutions (2002)

Tunneling transfer of carriers from a quantum well (collector) into a quantum dot is investigated theoretically using the transition-probability approach of Bardeen. The approach is attractive since it allows analysis of the tunneling rate using the wave function of the initial state in the quantum well and that of the final state in the quantum dot. We derive an analytical tunneling formula for the transition rate. We show that the quantum well to quantum dot tunneling can be extremely fast when the well, barrier, and dot potentials are properly designed. These calculations show that, in the recent experiment of a quantum-dot laser using an auxiliary InGaP quantum well for carrier collection and lateral transport followed by tunneling to the quantum dot layer via a thin coupling barrier, the added requirement of tunneling does not impede the population of the dot states.
Maximum Entropy-Based Reinforcement Learning Using a Confidence Measure in Speech Recognition for Telephone Speech (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> In this paper, a novel confidence-based reinforcement learning (RL) scheme to correct observation log-likelihoods and to address the problem of unsupervised compensation with limited estimation data is proposed. A two-step Viterbi decoding is presented which estimates a correction factor for the observation log-likelihoods that makes the recognized and neighboring HMMs more or less likely by using a confidence score. If regions in the output delivered by the recognizer exhibit low confidence scores, the second Viterbi decoding will tend to focus the search on neighboring models. In contrast, if recognized regions exhibit high confidence scores, the second Viterbi decoding will tend to retain the recognition output obtained at the first step. The proposed RL mechanism is modeled as the linear combination of two metrics or information sources: the acoustic model log-likelihood and the logarithm of a confidence metric. A criterion based on incremental conditional entropy maximization to optimize a linear combination of metrics or information sources online is also presented. The method requires only one utterance, as short as 0.7 s, and can lead to significant reductions in word error rate (WER) between 3% and 18%, depending on the task, training-testing conditions, and method used to optimize the proposed RL scheme. In contrast to ordinary feature compensation and model parameter adaptation methods, the confidence-based RL method takes place in the frame log-likelihood domain. Consequently, as shown in the results presented here, it is complementary to feature compensation and to model adaptation techniques. </para>
Solid-Phase PNA Synthesis and In Situ Scintillation Proximity Assay for the Detection of PNA−DNA Hybridization (2005)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEReportNEXTSolid-Phase PNA Synthesis and In Situ Scintillation Proximity Assay for the Detection of PNA−DNA HybridizationMark C. McCairn, Marcus D. Hughes, Anna V. Hine, and Andrew J. SutherlandView Author Information Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry and School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET United Kingdom Cite this: J. Comb. Chem. 2006, 8, 1, 1–3Publication Date (Web):November 1, 2005Publication History Received22 April 2005Published online1 November 2005Published inissue 1 January 2006https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cc050051yhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cc050051ybrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 2006 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views331Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsSupporting Info (5)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Assays,Hybridization,Oligomers,Receptors,Solvents Get e-Alerts
Double induction strategy for acute myeloid leukemia: the effect of high-dose cytarabine with mitoxantrone instead of standard-dose cytarabine with daunorubicin and 6-thioguanine: a randomized trial by the German AML Cooperative Group. (1999)

Early intensification of chemotherapy with high-dose cytarabine either in the postremission or remission induction phase has recently been shown to improve long-term relapse-free survival (RFS) in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Comparable results have been produced with the double induction strategy. The present trial evaluated the contribution of high-dose versus standard-dose cytarabine to this strategy. Between March 1985 and November 1992, 725 eligible patients 16 to 60 years of age with newly diagnosed primary AML entered the trial. Before treatment started, patients were randomized between two versions of double induction: 2 courses of standard-dose cytarabine (ara-C) with daunorubicin and 6-thioguanine (TAD) were compared with 1 course of TAD followed by high-dose cytarabine (3 g/m2 every 12 hours for 6 times) with mitoxantrone (HAM). Second courses started on day 21 before remission criteria were reached, regardless of the presence or absence of blast cells in the bone marrow. Patients in remission received consolidation by TAD and monthly maintenance with reduced TAD courses for 3 years. The complete remission (CR) rate in the TAD-TAD compared with the TAD-HAM arm was 65% versus 71% (not significant [NS]), and the early and hypoplastic death rate was 18% versus 14% (NS). The corresponding RFS after 5 years was 29% versus 35% (NS). An explorative analysis identified a subgroup of 286 patients with a poor prognosis representing 39% of the entire population; they included patients with more than 40% residual blasts in the day-16 bone marrow, patients with unfavorable karyotype, and those with high levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase. Their CR rate was 65% versus 49% (p =.004) in favor of TAD-HAM and was associated with a superior event-free survival (median, 7 v 3 months; 5 years, 17% v 12%; P =.012) and overall survival (median, 13 v 8 months; 5 years, 24% v 18%; P =.009). This suggests that the incorporation of high-dose cytarabine with mitoxantrone may contribute a specific benefit to poor-risk patients that, however, requires further substantiation. Double induction, followed by consolidation and maintenance, proved a safe and effective strategy and a new way of delivering early intensification treatment for AML.
Arbiter of differentiation and death: Notch signaling meets apoptosis (1999)

Notch-ligand interactions are a highly conserved mechanism that regulates cell fate decisions. Over the past few years, numerous observations have shown that this mechanism operates to regulate cell differentiation in an enormous variety of developmental and cell maturation processes. Recent studies indicate that in addition to cell differentiation, Notch signaling has direct effects on proliferation and programmed cell death. The picture emerging from these findings suggests that, depending on cellular and developmental context, Notch signaling may function as a general "arbiter" of cell fate, regulating differentiation potential, rate of proliferation, and apoptotic cell death. In this review, we briefly summarize the current knowledge of the structure and function of Notch receptors and discuss the recent evidence that Notch signaling regulates apoptotic cell death. The possible mechanisms of this effect and its potential implications for developmental biology, immunobiology, neuropathology, and tumor biology are discussed.
16S rRNA gene-based analysis of fecal microbiota from preterm infants with and without necrotizing enterocolitis (2009)

Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an inflammatory intestinal disorder affecting preterm infants. Intestinal bacteria have an important function; however no causative pathogen has been identified. The purpose of this study was to determine if there are differences in microbial patterns that may be critical to the development of this disease. Fecal samples from 20 preterm infants, 10 with NEC and 10 matched controls (including 4 twin pairs) were obtained from patients in a single site level III neonatal intensive care unit. Bacterial DNA from individual fecal samples was PCR-amplified and subjected to terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and library sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to characterize diversity and structure of the enteric microbiota. The distribution of samples from NEC patients distinctly clustered separately from controls. Intestinal bacterial colonization in all preterm infants was notable for low diversity. Patients with NEC had even less diversity, an increase in abundance of Gammaproteobacteria, a decrease in other bacteria species, and had received a higher mean number of previous days of antibiotics. Our results suggest that NEC is associated with severe lack of microbiota diversity that may accentuate the impact of single dominant microorganisms favored by empiric and widespread use of antibiotics.
哈萨克斯坦与中国的区域经济合作：“光明之路”新经济政策和“丝绸之路经济带” (2015)

哈萨克斯坦总统纳扎尔巴耶夫提出的“光明之路”新经济政策是中国国家主席习近平倡议的“丝绸之路经济带”构想的重要补充和对接。“光明之路”的核心是加强交通基础设施建设，促进本国经济发展和创造新的就业岗位。哈萨克斯坦在“丝绸之路经济带”框架内既拥有明显的优势，也存在一定的制约因素。本文提出了哈萨克斯坦经济发展的中期任务是：建设国家交通基础设施并对外互联互通；培养本国具有国际水准的物流运输调度人员；激活国家过境运输潜力。
Spontaneous migration of cancer cells under conditions of mechanical confinement (2009)

When cancer cells spread away from the primary tumor, they often follow the trajectories of lymphatic vessels, nerves, white matter tracts, or other heterogeneous structures in tissues. To better understand this form of guided cell migration we designed a series of microfluidic devices that mechanically constrain migrating cancer cells inside microchannels with cross-section comparable to cell size. We observed unexpectedly fast and persistent movement in one direction for several hours of cancer cells of different types. The persistent motility occurs spontaneously, in the absence of external gradients, suggesting the presence of intrinsic mechanisms driving cancer cell motility that are induced in conditions of mechanical confinement. To probe the mechanisms responsible for this behavior, we exposed cancer cells inside channels to drugs targeting the microtubules, and measured a significant reduction in the average migration speed. Surprisingly, a small number of cells appeared not to be affected by the treatment and displayed fast and persistent migration, comparable to the untreated cells. The new matrix-free, 3D-confined motility assay replicates critical interactions that cancer cells would normally have inside tissues, is compatible with high-content, high-throughput analysis of cellular motility at single cell level, and could provide useful insights into the biology of cancer cell migratory phenotype.
Medicinal chemistry of imidazoquinolinone dopamine receptor agonists. (1993)

(R)-5-(Dipropylamino)-5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[4,5,1-ij]-quinolin-2( 1H)-on e (1a, U-86170), a potent high intrinsic activity dopamine (D2) agonist, has been prepared in eleven steps from quinoline. In several tests, the compound showed dopamine autoreceptor agonist activity at low doses. It showed postsynaptic agonist activity at somewhat higher doses, reversing the effects of reserpine in mice and increasing striatal acetylcholine levels. The compound showed some serotonergic (5HT1A) activity, but was inactive at other receptors. The related monopropylamine 2 (U-91356), also showed good dopaminergic agonist activity, and had improved metabolic stability and oral bioavailability in the rat and monkey when compared to 1a. Compounds 1a and 2 have been prepared in tritiated form, and [3H]1a (69 Ci/mmol) has found use as a D2 agonist radioligand in binding assays. The dopaminergic (D2) and serotonergic (5HT1A) activities of a series of compounds related to 1a have been evaluated using this ligand, [3H]raclopride, and [3H]8-OH DPAT.
Bioactive furonaphtoquinones from Tabebuia barbata (Bignoniaceae). (1997)

Tabebuia barbata (E. Mey) Sandw. (Bignoniaceae), locally known as "palo de arco", is indigenous to the upper Orinoco and Amazonas rivers. Brine shrimp lethality-directed fractionation and extensive column chromatography, normal-phase preparative TLC and normal-phase HPLC separation of the ethanol extract of the bark of this previously uninvestigated species has led to the isolation of five active compounds 1-5. The combined spectral evidence (UV, IR, 1H and 13C NMR and mass) identified these compounds as naphthoquinones. These compounds, characterized as lapachol (1), 2-acetylnaphtho-[2,3-b]-furan-4,9-dione (2), 2-acetyl-5-hydroxy-naphtho-[2,3-b]-furan-4,9-dione (3), 2-acetyl-8-hydroxy-naphtho-[2,3-b]-furan-4,9-dione (4), and (+)-8-hydroxy-2(1-hydroxy-ethyl) naphtho-[2,3-b]-furan-4,9-dione (5), were reported previously from other species of the genus Tabebuia but not from T. barbata. Compounds 2-5, reference adriamycin, were significantly cytotoxic against A-549 human lung adeno-carcinoma, MCF-7 human breast carcinoma, and HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells. The compounds isolated (1-5) were also shown to be inhibitors of electron transport in rat liver mitochondria, reference to rotenone, with IC50 values in the range of 15 microM to 82.5 microM. In addition, this study demonstrated that screening and activity-directed fractionation, using brine shrimp lethality as a simple and inexpensive bioassay, can effectively lead to potential antitumor compounds.
In vivo imaging of intracranial human glioma xenografts comparing specific with nonspecific radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (1986)

Current diagnostic and therapeutic modalities for malignant human gliomas are largely nonspecific. The development of monoclonal antibodies (MA's) with their high degree of specificity may allow precise tumor imaging and selective administration of therapeutic agents. However, the ability of these antibodies to specifically localize tumor tissue in vivo remains speculative. This study compares the localization and imaging properties of two MA's: a specific human glioma-associated extracellular matrix glycoprotein MA, 81C6, and a nonspecific control MA, 45.6, against a human glioma cell line, D-54 MG, intracranially inoculated into athymic rats. Forty-one animals received MA's labeled with iodine-131 (131I) or 125I and underwent imaging with a gamma camera. The images were independently evaluated and compared to tissue radioactivity levels. Radiolabeled antiglioma MA 81C6 specifically localized in intracranial xenografts. The percent of injected dose per gram of tissue for tumor was 1.707 +/- 0.405/gm for 81C6 and 0.118 +/- 0.056/gm for 45.6. All other organs had equivalent levels of specific and nonspecific MA's. For brain, these were 0.004 +/- 0.002/gm and 0.005 +/- 0.005/gm, respectively, and for the other organs, the range was from 0.053 to 0.284/gm. Statistically, 45.6 achieved levels in tumor that were significantly higher than normal brain (p less than 0.05) but significantly less than that achieved with 81C6 (p less than 0.005). With 81C6, the degree of localization was high enough to allow imaging of intracranial tumors at sizes as small as 20 mg. Intracranial tumors were imaged with 45.6 only when they achieved sizes greater than 300 mg. In this imaging study, radiolabeled 81C6, a specific antiglioma MA, proved to be significantly better for imaging small and intermediate-sized tumors than the control MA's. Large tumors were visualized by both MA's, although higher quality scans were obtained earlier and more frequently with specific MA's than with nonspecific immunoglobulin G. These data suggest that specific MA's have a role to play in both the diagnosis and treatment of primary intracranial human tumors.