gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of cholestyramine on synthesis of cholesterol and bile acids in germfree rats. (1978)

The present investigation describes the influence of partial, pharmacologic interruption of bile acid enterohepatic circulation on cholesterol and bile acid synthesis in germfree rats. Seven rats received a basal, semisynthetic diet and five rats received the basal diet supplemented with 5% cholestyramine. After 6 weeks, feces were collected in one 3- and one 4-day pool for analysis of bile acids and cholesterol. When the sampling period was concluded, the rats were killed and the liver microsomal fractions were isolated. The activities of HMG CoA reductase and 7alpha-hydroxylase were determined. The main fecal bile acids in the untreated rats were cholic acid and beta-muricholic acid. During cholestyramine treatment cholic acid increased from 4.4 +/- 0.7 to 39.5 +/- 5.6 mg/kg body weight/day and beta-muricholic acid from 4.5 +/- 0.6 to 7.7 +/- 0.9 mg/kg body weight/day. Chenodeoxycholic acid became a major bile acid averaging 10.4 +/- 1.6 mg/kg body weight/day. The total amount of bile acids increased about 6-7 times and the percentage of cholic acid increased from 49.4 +/- 2.0 to 68.6 +/- 1.1%. The 7alpha-hydroxylase activity increased 4-5 times. During cholestyramine treatment the fecal excretion of cholesterol was increased from 12.0 +/- 1.4 to 68.0 +/- 5.0 mg/kg body weight/day. The endogenous formation of cholesterol was increased 6 times and the HMG CoA reductase activity was increased about 20 times. In conclusion, germfree rats, like conventional rats, have the ability to increase the endogenous formation of bile acids and cholesterol during interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, which is also reflected in a stimulation of the activities of the rate-determining enzymes.
Power, delay and noise optimization of a SRAM cell using a different threshold voltages and high performance output noise reduction circuit (2009)

Nowadays there is a strong demand for higher speed, low leakage, low power and low noise SRAM cell to develop a high speed memory. In this paper conventional 6T SRAM has been replaced by a 8T SRAM circuit. The Access Transmission Gates (Access TG 1 & Access TG 2, shown in Fig 2) have been used instead of simple pass transistors to reduce leakage current. The lower power consumption, lower leakage power consumption, lower delay and lower noise has been achieved by applying dual threshold voltage technology and the advanced output noise reduction circuit. Here we have used separate read and write lines considering that their compliment is also available to make the read and write operations mutually exclusive. I have used TG to transfer data to output in read operation so that both logic low and high can be transferred well. By using output noise reducing circuit I develop the very low noise at the output of a 8T SRAM, where the noise is optimized.
Gate controlled bulk-barrier mechanism in an MOS power transistor (1987)

A double-gate thin base MOS structure with a lightly doped drain is characterised and shown to have potential for low on-resistance designs. The drain current is controlled by a novel gate-controlled barrier mechanism in the base, such that beyond threshold the whole base becomes strongly inverted. This ‘bulk’ inversion gives rise to a ‘wide’ channel which will have a much lower resistance than the corresponding conventional surface inversion layer. A simple pseudo-one-dimensional analysis of the I/V characteristics is developed and is validated by a full two-dimensional solution of the semiconductor transport equations.
Polyphenols and inflammation: basic interactions (2007)

Polyphenols are promising compounds that may help to control oxidative stress and consequently inflammatory response. To date, however, clinical studies are missing and should be carried out with specific polyphenols.
VERTAF: an application framework for the design and verification of embedded real-time software (2004)

The growing complexity of embedded real-time software requirements calls for the design of reusable software components, the synthesis and generation of software code, and the automatic guarantee of nonfunctional properties such as performance, time constraints, reliability, and security. Available application frameworks targeted at the automatic design of embedded real-time software are poor in integrating functional and nonfunctional requirements. To bridge this gap, we reveal the design flow and the internal architecture of a newly proposed framework called verifiable embedded real-time application framework (VERTAF), which integrates software component-based reuse, formal synthesis, and formal verification. A formal UML-based embedded real-time object model is proposed for component reuse. Formal synthesis employs quasistatic and quasidynamic scheduling with automatic generation of multilayer portable efficient code. Formal verification integrates a model checker kernel from SGM, by adapting it for embedded software. The proposed architecture for VERTAF is component-based and allows plug-and-play for the scheduler and the verifier. Using VERTAF to develop application examples significantly reduced design effort and illustrated how high-level reuse of software components combined with automatic synthesis and verification can increase design productivity.
Quantification of the X- and Y-Chromosome-Bearing Spermatozoa of Domestic Animals by Flow Cytometry1 (1983)

The relative content of DNA in spermatozoa presumed to be the X- and Y-chromosome-bearing gametes from bulls, boars, rams and rabbits and the amount of DNA in spermatozoa of cockerels was determined by flow cytometry. Differences in the relative content of DNA and proportions of the presumed X- and Y-sperm populations in cryopreserved semen from Holstein, Jersey, Angus, Hereford and Brahman bulls were also determined. Spermatozoa were washed by centrifugation using a series of dimethyl sulfoxide solutions made in isotonic sodium citrate, fixed in ethanol, treated with papain and dithioerythritol to loosen the chromatin structure and remove cellular organelles, and stained quantitatively for DNA with the fluorochrome 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Approximately 5000 stained sperm nuclei, which were nonviable due to the removal of other cellular organelles during the washing procedure, were measured for DNA in an epi-illumination flow cytometer. A single distinct peak for cockerel spermatozoa and two symmetrical, overlapping peaks for species with X- and Y-spermatozoa were seen. This and other evidence strongly supports the interpretation that the peaks represent the X- and Y-sperm populations. The content of DNA in sperm nuclei from cockerels, bulls, boars, rams and rabbits, as determined by fluorescence flow cytometry, corresponded to biochemical estimates of DNA per sperm cell. Analyses of the bimodal histograms by computer-fitting two Gaussian distributions to the data showed the means of the peaks differed by 3.9, 3.7, 4.1 and 3.9% for bulls, boars, rams and rabbits, respectively. In four replicate analyses of semen from 25 bulls representing 5 breeds, the average population of sperm nuclei in the Y-peaks ranged from 49.5 to 50.5% for all breeds. The X-Y peak differences did not vary within each breed, but were significantly different when the breeds were compared. Spermatozoa from Jersey bulls had larger X-Y peak differences (P less than 0.001) than spermatozoa from Holstein, Hereford, and Angus bulls; spermatozoa from Brahman bulls had smaller X-Y differences (P less than 0.004). It is suggested from the evidence obtained in these studies that flow cytometry can be used to assess the proportion of X- and Y-spermatozoa in semen of domestic animals and is thereby applicable to verification of the effectiveness of enrichment techniques for X- or Y-spermatozoa.
Standardization of medium for culturing Lyme disease spirochetes (1993)

To standardize the procedure for isolating and culturing Lyme disease spirochetes, we modified the composition of the medium generally used for this purpose (BSK-II) and developed a system for its distribution. This medium contains no gelatin or agarose, and various components are used in proportions that differ from those in BSK-II. Each of the major proteinacious components was screened by substitution in samples of the complete product. The final medium was evaluated for the capacity to grow related spirochetes including Borrelia burgdorferi N40, Guilford, and JD-1 as well as strains of Borrelia hermsii (HS-1) and of Borrelia coriaceae (CO53). Each isolate developed from inocula containing as few as one to five organisms. Doubling time of B. burgdorferi during log-phase growth at 37 degrees C was 10 to 12 h. Lyme disease spirochetes were isolated in this medium from ear punch biopsies and dermal aspirates from naturally infected mice and rabbits, from dermal biopsies from a human patient, and by sampling field-collected deer ticks (Ixodes dammini). Cultured spirochetes remained infective to mice and to ticks. The medium can be stored at -20 degrees C or lower temperatures for at least 8 months without effect on its ability to support growth of small inocula to densities exceeding 10(8) spirochetes per ml. Lyme disease spirochetes remained infective to mice after being stored at -80 degrees C in this medium for at least 8 months. We anticipate that the availability of this standardized medium (Sigma Chemical Co.), supplemented with prescreened rabbit serum, will facilitate comparison of research results between laboratories and may eventually permit definitive clinical diagnosis of Lyme disease based on demonstration of the pathogen. The standardized medium is designated BSK-H.
Economics of CO<sub>2</sub> Capture Using the Calcium Cycle with a Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustor (2007)

Flue gas CO2 capture using a Ca-based chemical looping system has been shown to be potentially more cost-effective than traditional amine-based systems in bench-scale testing. The results of these initial tests are projected, using an Excel-based economic model, to estimate the 30-year levelized cost of CO2 capture per metric ton (t) for a utility-scale power plant. An order of magnitude capital and operating estimate for a 360 MW pressurized fluidized bed combustor (PFBC) is presented, assuming a western Canadian location. Additional costs for calciners, O2 plant, and related equipment necessary to create a Ca-based CO2 chemical capture loop are presented separately. These costs are evaluated in a series of spreadsheets, and the impact of process flows, as well as capital, operating/maintenance, and feedstock costs are determined in a sensitivity analysis. The financial results for CO2 capture are found to compare favorably with amine-based capture systems.
The Involvement of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Remote Contextual Fear Memory (2004)

Although the molecular, cellular, and systems mechanisms required for initial memory processing have been intensively investigated, those underlying permanent memory storage remain elusive. We present neuroanatomical, pharmacological, and genetic results demonstrating that the anterior cingulate cortex plays a critical role in remote memory for contextual fear conditioning. Imaging of activity-dependent genes shows that the anterior cingulate is activated by remote memory and that this activation is impaired by a null alpha-CaMKII mutation that blocks remote memory. Accordingly, reversible inactivation of this structure in normal mice disrupts remote memory without affecting recent memory.
An Improved Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS) Approach Offering Increased Versatility and Efficiency of SNP Discovery and Genotyping (2013)

Highly parallel SNP genotyping platforms have been developed for some important crop species, but these platforms typically carry a high cost per sample for first-time or small-scale users. In contrast, recently developed genotyping by sequencing (GBS) approaches offer a highly cost effective alternative for simultaneous SNP discovery and genotyping. In the present investigation, we have explored the use of GBS in soybean. In addition to developing a novel analysis pipeline to call SNPs and indels from the resulting sequence reads, we have devised a modified library preparation protocol to alter the degree of complexity reduction. We used a set of eight diverse soybean genotypes to conduct a pilot scale test of the protocol and pipeline. Using ApeKI for GBS library preparation and sequencing on an Illumina GAIIx machine, we obtained 5.5 M reads and these were processed using our pipeline. A total of 10,120 high quality SNPs were obtained and the distribution of these SNPs mirrored closely the distribution of gene-rich regions in the soybean genome. A total of 39.5% of the SNPs were present in genic regions and 52.5% of these were located in the coding sequence. Validation of over 400 genotypes at a set of randomly selected SNPs using Sanger sequencing showed a 98% success rate. We then explored the use of selective primers to achieve a greater complexity reduction during GBS library preparation. The number of SNP calls could be increased by almost 40% and their depth of coverage was more than doubled, thus opening the door to an increase in the throughput and a significant decrease in the per sample cost. The approach to obtain high quality SNPs developed here will be helpful for marker assisted genomics as well as assessment of available genetic resources for effective utilisation in a wide number of species.
Storage of platelet concentrates after high‐dose ultraviolet B irradiation (1991)

Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation of platelet concentrates (PCs) may prevent the development of posttransfusion HLA alloimmunization. As irradiation performed in a blood center or a hospital will probably be associated with a variable postirradiation delay before transfusion, the ability to store PCs after UVB irradiation becomes important. The effects have been studied of a UVB dose of 10,000 mJ per cm2, the dose used in our institution for UVB clinical trials, on PCs pooled and stored for up to 96 hours after irradiation. Results showed that after 96 hours of storage, though there were no changes in pH, platelet count, white cell count, percent discharge of lactate dehydrogenase, or beta-thromboglobulin, there were significant decreases in morphology score and osmotic recovery. These changes, however, were not evident after 24 hours of storage. Similarly, there was a 60-percent decrease in immunoreactive membrane glycoprotein (GP) Ib after 96 hours of storage, but these changes were not seen after 48 hours of storage. No changes were seen in levels of GPIIb/IIIa in either group during the 96 hours of storage. On computer-analyzed two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, PCs irradiated at 10,000 mJ per cm2 and stored for 72 hours had changes in over 50 platelet proteins as compared to those proteins in nonirradiated age-matched control PCs. It can be concluded that UVB irradiation of PCs at 10,000 mJ per cm2 does not lead to significant platelet deterioration after short-term storage (24-48 hours) but is likely to be deleterious after long-term (72-96 hours) storage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Heme oxygenase‐1 in growth control and its clinical application to vascular disease (2003)

Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) catalyzes the degradation of heme to carbon monoxide (CO), iron, and biliverdin. Biliverdin is subsequently metabolized to bilirubin by the enzyme biliverdin reductase. Although interest in HO-1 originally centered on its heme-degrading function, recent findings indicate that HO-1 exerts other biologically important actions. Emerging evidence suggests that HO-1 plays a critical role in growth regulation. Deletion of the HO-1 gene or inhibition of HO-1 activity results in growth retardation and impaired fetal development, whereas HO-1 overexpression increases body size. Although the mechanisms responsible for the growth promoting properties of HO-1 are not well established, HO-1 can indirectly influence growth by regulating the synthesis of growth factors and by modulating the delivery of oxygen or nutrients to specific target tissues. In addition, HO-1 exerts important effects on critical determinants of tissue size, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, and hypertrophy. However, the actions of HO-1 are highly variable and may reflect a role for HO-1 in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Considerable evidence supports a crucial role for HO-1 in blocking the growth of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). This antiproliferative effect of HO-1 is mediated primarily via the release of CO, which inhibits vascular SMC growth via multiple pathways. Pharmacologic or genetic approaches targeting HO-1 or CO to the blood vessel wall may represent a promising, novel therapeutic approach in treating vascular proliferative disorders.
Drug Delivery Systems 4. Implants in Drug Delivery (1990)

In comparison with many of the other drug delivery systems, implantable pumps and implants for variable rate delivery are at a crude stage of development. Although exceptions exist, the typical implantable pump consists of an electromechanically complex mechanism to regulate drug delivery from a percutaneous refillable reservoir, while power to drive the system comes from a transcutaneous energy transmission system. The potential for electrical or mechanical failure is high, and the systems are not yet sufficiently convenient or easy to use to recommend in a routine therapy. Problems with refilling of an apparently well designed implanted reservoir have been observed while, at the same time, cutaneous energy transmission systems are not well established. In most instances, the development of an elementary osmotic pump system dosage form follows a well defined path of physical-chemical formulation and clinical testing. The benefits most often provided by the dosage form are expected to be (1) increase in selectivity of drug action achieved by the system's zero-order release rate, and (2) decrease in frequency of administration. The success in achieving these values is quantifiable from the pharmacology of the drug substance and its pharmacokinetics. Osmotic and other technical approaches to producing economical, rate-controlled dosage forms will make it possible for all new pharmaecutical products to carry kinetic specification of rate as well as static specification of content. This review considers the characteristics of the ideal implantable pump, the clinical situations which require pumps, the limitations of portable pumps, and the detailed characteristics of existing implantable pumps and implants. Most of the review, however, focuses on insulin delivery because of the importance of this subject.
Concordant Association of Insulin Degrading Enzyme Gene (IDE) Variants with IDE mRNA, Aß, and Alzheimer's Disease (2010)

Thus, a previously unreported variant unequivocally associated with increased IDE expression was also associated with reduced plasma Abeta40 and decreased LOAD susceptibility. Genetic association between LOAD and IDE has been difficult to replicate. Our findings suggest that targeted testing of expression SNPs (eSNPs) strongly associated with altered transcript levels in autopsy brain samples may be a powerful way to identify genetic associations with LOAD that would otherwise be difficult to detect.
A Facile Preparation of Enecarbamates (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTA Facile Preparation of EnecarbamatesR. Karl Dieter and Ram R. SharmaView Author Information Hunter Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-1905 Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 12, 4180–4184Publication Date (Web):June 14, 1996Publication History Received23 January 1996Published online14 June 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo960153yhttps://doi.org/10.1021/jo960153ybrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3366Altmetric-Citations44LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Amides,Anions,Dehydration,Reaction products,Redox reactions Get e-Alerts
An XOR based reed-solomon algorithm for advanced RAID systems (2004)

In this paper, a simple codec algorithm, based on Reed-Solomon (RS) codes, is proposed for erasure correcting in RAID (redundant array of independent disks) level 6 systems. Unlike conventional RS codes, this scheme, with a mathematical reduction method, called reduced static-checksum table approach, could improve coding performance, including encoding and decoding procedures. This scheme uses current industrial RAID-5 controllers as well as the regular hardware, and is without extra cost in adding any new equipment. Moreover, our algorithm is able to expand to correct multiple failed-disks while others, EvenOdd codes for example, cannot do so. Also, this scheme performs all computations with only simple exclusive-OR (XOR) operators, the same as EvenOdd codes. For most RAID architectures, this new XOR-based RS code could adapt to implementation in terms of reliability, flexibility and lower cost.
Development of Highly Efficient Deep-UV and Electron Beam Mediated Cross-Linkers: Synthesis and Photolysis of Bis(perfluorophenyl) Azides (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDevelopment of Highly Efficient Deep-UV and Electron Beam Mediated Cross-Linkers: Synthesis and Photolysis of Bis(perfluorophenyl) AzidesSui Xiong Cai, Denis J. Glenn, Manoj Kanskar, M. N. Wybourne, and John F. W. KeanaCite this: Chem. Mater. 1994, 6, 10, 1822–1829Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm00046a041https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00046a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views787Altmetric-Citations34LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts