gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pharmacological Activities of Vernonia glabra (1996)

A 70% methanol aerial part extract of Vernonia glabra caused a fall in blood pressure in anaesthetised rats. After the 50 µg dose, systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures decreased by 56%, 66%, and 61% respectively below the baseline levels. The adrenaline-like activity of the extract was not antagonised by L(-) propranolol on isolated rabbit heart. The extract caused contraction on the isolated rabbit ileum and was abolished with atropine, suggesting the presence of a compound with acetylcholine-like activity. The extract on isolated guinea pig ileum caused contraction which was dose related.
Rapid Determination of the Tensile Strength of Rocks with Irregular Test Pieces (1965)

Determination of the strength of rocks is very troublesome since it takes much time and effort to produce good test pieces. Therefore some methods for rapid determination of the strength of rocks are strongly demanded. The authors have investigated how to determine the strength of rock with irregular test pieces, i. e. rock pieces which are not machined. By theoretical as well as experimental study, they have obtained such a method to determine rapidly the tensile strength of rocks that an irregular test piece is crushed into two pieces by a concentrated loadF, the distance between the points of loading being 2α, and then the tensile strength of the rock is given by 1.4F, 2πα2
Transition to manual: Driver behaviour when resuming control from a highly automated vehicle (2014)

A driving simulator study was designed to investigate drivers’ ability to resume control from a highly automated vehicle in two conditions: (i) when automation was switched off and manual control was required at a system-based, regular interval and (ii) when transition to manual was based on the length of time drivers were looking away from the road ahead. In addition to studying the time it took drivers to successfully resume control from the automated system, eye tracking data were used to observe visual attention to the surrounding environment and the pattern of drivers’ eye fixations as manual control was resumed in the two conditions. Results showed that drivers’ pattern of eye movement fixations remained variable for some time after automation was switched off, if disengagement was actually based on drivers’ distractions away from the road ahead. When disengagement was more predictable and system-based, drivers’ attention towards the road centre was higher and more stable. Following a lag of around 10 s, drivers’ lateral control of driving and steering corrections (as measured by SDLP and high frequency component of steering, respectively) were more stable when transition to manual control was predictable and based on a fixed time. Whether automation transition to manual was based on a fixed or variable interval, it took drivers around 35–40 s to stabilise their lateral control of the vehicle. The results of this study indicate that if drivers are out of the loop due to control of the vehicle in a limited self-driving situation (Level 3 automation), their ability to regain control of the vehicle is better if they are expecting automation to be switched off. As regular disengagement of automation is not a particularly practical method for keeping drivers in the loop, future research should consider how to best inform drivers of their obligation to resume control of driving from an automated system.
In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Oxide Nanoparticles:  Comparison to Asbestos, Silica, and the Effect of Particle Solubility (2006)

Early indicators for nanoparticle-derived adverse health effects should provide a relative measure for cytotoxicity of nanomaterials in comparison to existing toxicological data. We have therefore evaluated a human mesothelioma and a rodent fibroblast cell line for in vitro cytotoxicity tests using seven industrially important nanoparticles. Their response in terms of metabolic activity and cell proliferation of cultures exposed to 0-30 ppm nanoparticles (microg g(-1)) was compared to the effects of nontoxic amorphous silica and toxic crocidolite asbestos. Solubility was found to strongly influence the cytotoxic response. The results further revealed a nanoparticle-specific cytotoxic mechanism for uncoated iron oxide and partial detoxification or recovery after treatment with zirconia, ceria, or titania. While in vitro experiments may never replace in vivo studies, the relatively simple cytotoxic tests provide a readily available pre-screening method.
Transcriptome analysis using next generation sequencing reveals molecular signatures of diabetic retinopathy and efficacy of candidate drugs. (2012)

Diabetes alters many transcripts in the retina, and two therapies that inhibit the vascular pathology similarly inhibit a portion of these changes, pointing to possible molecular mechanisms for their beneficial effects. These therapies also changed the abundance of various alternatively spliced versions of signaling transcripts, suggesting a possible role of alternative splicing in disease etiology. Our studies clearly demonstrate RNA-seq as a comprehensive strategy for identifying disease-specific transcripts, and for determining comparative profiles of molecular changes mediated by candidate drugs.
Subventricular zone neural progenitors from rapid brain autopsies of elderly subjects with and without neurodegenerative disease (2009)

In mice and in young adult humans, the subventricular zone (SVZ) contains multipotent, dividing astrocytes, some of which, when cultured, produce neurospheres that differentiate into neurons and glia. It is unknown whether the SVZ of very old humans has this capacity. Here, we report that neural stem/progenitor cells can also be cultured from rapid autopsy samples of SVZ from elderly human subjects, including patients with age-related neurologic disorders. Histological sections of SVZ from these cases showed a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive ribbon of astrocytes similar to the astrocyte ribbon in human periventricular white matter biopsies that is reported to be a rich source of neural progenitors. Cultures of the SVZ contained 1) neurospheres with a core of Musashi-1-, nestin-, and nucleostemin-immunopositive cells as well as more differentiated GFAP-positive astrocytes; 2) SMI-311-, MAP2a/b-, and beta-tubulin(III)-positive neurons; and 3) galactocerebroside-positive oligodendrocytes. Neurospheres continued to generate differentiated progeny for months after primary culturing, in some cases nearly 2 years postinitial plating. Patch clamp studies of differentiated SVZ cells expressing neuron-specific antigens revealed voltage-dependent, tetrodotoxin-sensitive, inward Na+ currents and voltage-dependent, delayed, slowly inactivating K+ currents, electrophysiologic characteristics of neurons. A subpopulation of these cells also exhibited responses consistent with the kinetics and pharmacology of the h-current. However, although these cells displayed some aspects of neuronal function, they remained immature, insofar as they did not fire action potentials. These studies suggest that human neural progenitor activity may remain viable throughout much of the life span, even in the face of severe neurodegenerative disease.
Prognostic factors influencing relapse of oesophagitis during maintenance therapy with antisecretory drugs: a meta‐analysis of long‐term omeprazole trials (1997)

Maintenance treatment with omeprazole 10 and 20 mg daily is superior to all other regimens tested, and is only marginally influenced by the pretreatment severity of oesophagitis. Age contributes to the factors that influence the outcome during long-term treatment with omeprazole. Symptom relief is highly predictive for the maintenance of healing.
Effect of Chemical Amendments on Ammonia Volatilization from Poultry Litter (1995)

Abstract Ammonia (NH 3 ) volatilization from poultry litter results in a buildup of atmospheric NH 3 in chicken houses, which is detrimental to both farm laborers and birds. Ammonia loss from litter is detrimental to the external environment because it results in acid rain, as well as low N/P ratios in litter, which increase the likelihood of excessive P runoff into adjacent water bodies. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of various chemical amendments on NH 3 volatilization and selected litter characteristics after 42 d. A laboratory study was conducted using the following amendments: Ca(OH) 2 (calcium hydroxide), Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·18H 2 O (alum), alum + CaCO 3 , FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O (ferrous sulfate), and MLT (Multi‐purpose Litter Treatment, commercial product). Ammonia‐free air was continuously passed through air‐tight chambers containing amended litter and any NH 3 volatilized from the litter was trapped in boric acid solutions, which were titrated daily for NH 3 content. The study was carried out for 42 d. At this time, the litter was analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soluble, organic C (SOC), metals, and soluble and total forms of N and P. The results of this study indicated that the addition of alum to poultry litter dramatically reduces NH 3 volatilization (up to 99% less volatilization than controls). Decreases in volatilization resulted in higher total and soluble N in litter, which increased N/P ratios. Several of the compounds studied (particularly alum) were effective in decreasing water‐soluble P levels in litter. Therefore, we are proposing the use of alum as a litter amendment in poultry houses.
Three-dimensional tracking of individual quantum dots (2007)

We describe an instrument that extends the state of the art in a single-molecule tracking technology, allowing extended observations of single fluorophores and fluorescently labeled proteins as they undergo directed and diffusive transport in three dimensions. We demonstrate three-dimensional tracking of individual quantum dots undergoing diffusion for durations of over a second at velocities comparable to those of intracellular signaling processes.
Development and Calibration of the Airborne Three-Line Scanner (TLS) Imaging System (2003)

for a large number of ground control points (GCP) for georeferThe Airborne Three-Line-Scanner (TLS) imaging system has encing the imagery. These developments offer new possibilities provided proof of the concept of stereo and multispectral for the production such as digital surface/terrain models, mapping using the pushbroom mode because frame digital orthoimages, and classification maps (Fritsch and Stallmann, imaging systems with comparable coverage and resolution 2000). have not been available and are not likely to be available in On the other hand, progress in the development of airborne the future. A prototype of the TLS system, the STARIMAGER, was linear imaging systems has been made in the last decades. developed jointly in 2000 by the STARLABO Corporation of These sensors can provide higher resolution and repeated temJapan and the University of Tokyo and is introduced in this poral panchromatic, multispectral, and hyperspectral image paper. A laboratory method and algorithm to evaluate the data for mapping and GIS applications (Tempelmann et al., optical characteristics of STARIMAGER are presented. The 2000). The Digital Photogrammetry Assembly (DPA) was finprinciple is to measure the object-space angles of a sufficient ished and tested in 1995 by the Institute of Photogrammetry, number of CCD elements in two directions as seen through the University of Stuttgart to produce 1:25,000- and 1:50,000-scale optics. These angular measurements reflect the real camera maps, and to automatically generate a DTM to accuracies of betgeometry of both the optics and the CCD arrays. A mathe- ter than 3 m (Hahn et al., 1996). The ADS40 airborne digital matical model based on the central perspective projection has sensor, developed in 2000 by LH Systems, has been tested in
Germinal Centers (2012)

Germinal centers (GCs) were described more than 125 years ago as compartments within secondary lymphoid organs that contained mitotic cells. Since then, it has become clear that this structure is the site of B cell clonal expansion, somatic hypermutation, and affinity-based selection, the combination of which results in the production of high-affinity antibodies. Decades of anatomical and functional studies have led to an overall model of how the GC reaction and affinity-based selection operate. More recently, the introduction of intravital imaging into the GC field has opened the door to direct investigation of certain key dynamic features of this microanatomic structure, sparking renewed interest in the relationship between cell movement and affinity maturation. We review these and other recent advances in our understanding of GCs, focusing on cellular dynamics and on the mechanism of selection of high-affinity B cells.
A Stereospecific Synthesis of 24(<i>S</i>)-Hydroxyvitamin D<sub>2</sub>, a Prodrug for 1α,24(<i>S</i>)-Dihydroxyvitamin D<sub>2</sub> (2002)

This contribution describes the first stereospecific synthesis of 24(S)-hydroxyvitamin D2 (1), a metabolite of vitamin D2. This metabolite acts as a prodrug for 1α,24(S)-dihydroxyvitamin D2 (2), which is under development for treatment of various diseases characterized by cellular hyperproliferation. The key step of the synthesis involves the Wittig−Horner olefination of (S)-2,3-dimethyl-2-triethysilyloxybutyraldehyde (17) and a vitamin D2 phosphine oxide derivative (22). The synthesis of the requisite aldehyde started with the commercially available l-(+)-valine and was completed in seven steps. The vitamin D2 phosphine oxide derivative was synthesized in seven steps starting from vitamin D2.
Packaging Design with Thermal Analysis of LED on Silicon Substrate (2005)

In this paper, we demonstrate a package method for a package component of LED (Light Emitting Diode) using state of the art MEMS technologies and careful materials selection such as using a silicon substrate to dissipate heat and match thermal expansion coefficient (CTE). The objective is to develop an LED package that can overcome LED life, high operating voltage, package degradation and the ability to drive the devices at higher power and higher brightness. To numerically predict the performance of packaging design, the optical and thermal characterization of the novel package structure was evaluated and simulated by TracePro and ANSYS software respectively. Research results have shown that silicon substrate can enhance heat removal for safe junction temperature operation and minimize thermal stress caused by mismatch of CTE.
Large Rectangular Bales for Woody Biomass (2006)

Woody biomass from wildfire prevention and forest health improvement projects is asignificant source of feedstock for bio refineries, combustion energy facilities and other value-addeduses. Baling into large rectangular bales offers increased bulk density and easier handling for localand long-distance transportation. By preserving large piece sizes, value potential is maximized. Weconducted a problem analysis across the Western US that included surveys, interviews and sitevisits. Subsequent technology analyses and ideation resulted in a conclusion that prefers largerectangular bales as the handling unit.
Direct Observation of Magnetic Relaxation in a Small Permalloy Disk by Time-Resolved Scanning Kerr Microscopy (1997)

Magnetic oscillations were studied in a single, lithographically patterned disk ( $8\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{diam}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}0.1\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{thick}$) of permalloy placed in an in-plane biasing magnetic field, excited by subnanosecond pulses of perpendicular field. Local changes of the perpendicular magnetization component were detected by time-resolved scanning magneto-optical Kerr microscopy, allowing direct observation of the nonuniform spatial evolution of the magnetization. It was found that the modal frequency of the oscillations is very close to the ferromagnetic resonance frequency. The Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation with damping constant equal to 0.008 describes broad features of the data, although departures due to the nonuniform response are also evident.
Segmentation of dense range information in complex urban scenes (2010)

In this paper, an algorithm to segment 3D points in dense range maps generated from the fusion of a single optical camera and a multiple emitter/detector laser range finder is presented. The camera image and laser range data are fused using a Markov Random Field to estimate a 3D point corresponding to each image pixel. The textured 3D dense point cloud is segmented based on evidence of a boundary between regions of the textured point cloud. Clusters are discriminated based on Euclidean distance, pixel intensity and estimated surface normal using a fast, deterministic and near linear time segmentation algorithm. The algorithm is demonstrated on data collected with the Cornell University DARPA Urban Challenge vehicle. Performance of the proposed dense segmentation routine is evaluated in a complex urban environment and compared to segmentation of the sparse point cloud. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the dense segmentation algorithm to avoid over-segmentation better than incorporating color and surface normal data in the sparse point cloud.
Some attacks against vehicles' passive entry security systems and their solutions (2003)

Recently, several companies have introduced passive entry systems for automotive applications. These systems are intended to increase user comfort by eliminating the requirement that the user has to reach for the customer identification device (CID), a credit card like tool, to gain access to the vehicle compartment. While this extra level of comfort is a desirable feature, especially in luxury vehicles, it introduces several key attacks against the system. This paper describes several techniques of potential attacks against the passive entry system and proposes solutions to protect the vehicle from such attacks.
Biological role of liver X receptors. (2008)

Liver X receptors (LXRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors of the nuclear receptor superfamily. There are two LXR isoforms termed alpha and beta which upon activation form heterodimers with retinoid X receptor and bind to LXR response element found in the promoter region of the target genes. Their endogenous agonists include a variety of oxidized cholesterol derivatives referred to as oxysterols. In the recent years LXRs have been characterized as key transcriptional regulators of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. LXRs were shown to function as sterol sensors protecting the cells from cholesterol overload by stimulating reverse cholesterol transport and activating its conversion to bile acids in the liver. This finding led to identification of LXR agonists as potent antiatherogenic agents in rodent models of atherosclerosis. However, first-generation LXR activators were also shown to stimulate lipogenesis via sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c leading to liver steatosis and hypertriglyceridemia. Despite their lipogenic action, LXR agonists possess antidiabetic properties. LXR activation normalizes glycemia and improves insulin sensitivity in rodent models of type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. Antidiabetic action of LXR agonists is thought to result predominantly from suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis. However, recent studies suggest that LXR activation may also enhance peripheral glucose uptake. The purpose of this review is to summarize the present state of knowledge on the physiological and pathophysiological implications of LXRs with the special consideration of their role in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and associated diseases.
Euthymia in Diabetes (2018)

Euthymia, or optimal mood, is an integral part of health. A diagnosis of diabetes poses multiple challenges to mental and emotional health and may lead to psychological and psychiatric dysfunction. Such conditions influence glycaemic control negatively and may act as barriers to achievement of desired biomedical outcomes. This article describes the concept of euthymia in diabetes and calls for euthymia to be accepted as a target, as well as a tool, in modern diabetes care.
Idiotypic regulation of the immune system by the induction of antibodies against anti-idiotypic antibodies. (1977)

Anticarbohydrate antibodies (Ab1) were isolated from a rabbit hyperimmunized with Micrococcus lysodeikticus and injected into allotype-matched rabbits in order to obtain specific anti-iodiotypic antibodies (Ab2). Ab2 was isolated by means of a Sepharose column coupled to the anticarbohydrate antibodies and was injected into two allotype-matched rabbits. These latter rabbits produced specific anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies (Ab3) probably sharing idiotypic specificities with Ab1. However, these Ab3 did not react with the antigenic carbohydrate moiety of bacteria. The two rabbits that had produced Ab3 were then immunized with M. lysodeikticus and synthesized anticarbohydrate antibodies (Ab1') bearing idiotypic specificities similar to those of Ab1. The immune repertoire which is effectively expressed in one individual depends not only on the antigenic stimulation but also on the previous idiotypic history of the individual. These data support the concept that the immune system is a functional idiotypic network.
Alkali‐stable high‐p<b><i>I</i></b> isoelectric membranes for isoelectric trapping separations (2004)

Alkali-stable, high-pI isoelectric membranes have been synthesized from quaternary ammonium derivatives of cyclodextrins and poly(vinyl alcohol), and bifunctional cross-linkers, such as glycerol-1,3-diglycidyl ether. The new, high-pI isoelectric membranes were successfully applied as cathodic membranes in isoelectric trapping separations in place of the hydrolytically more labile, polyacrylamide-based cathodic isoelectric membranes, and permitted the use of catholytes as alkaline as 1 M NaOH. The new high-pI isoelectric membranes have shown excellent mechanical stability, low electric resistance and long life times, even when subjected to electrophoresis with current densities as high as 80 mA/cm2.
273. Derivatives of 6-aminopenicillanic acid. Part II. Trisubstituted acetyl derivatives (1962)

E. G. Brain, F. P. Doyle, K. Hardy, A. A. W. Long, M. D. Mehta, D. Miller, J. H. C. Nayler, M. J. Soulal, E. R. Stove and G. R. Thomas, J. Chem. Soc., 1962, 1445 DOI: 10.1039/JR9620001445
Distinct Nav1.7-dependent pain sensations require different sets of sensory and sympathetic neurons (2012)

Human acute and inflammatory pain requires the expression of voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.7 but its significance for neuropathic pain is unknown. Here we show that Nav1.7 expression in different sets of mouse sensory and sympathetic neurons underlies distinct types of pain sensation. Ablating Nav1.7 gene (SCN9A) expression in all sensory neurons using Advillin-Cre abolishes mechanical pain, inflammatory pain and reflex withdrawal responses to heat. In contrast, heat-evoked pain is retained when SCN9A is deleted only in Nav1.8-positive nociceptors. Surprisingly, responses to the hotplate test, as well as neuropathic pain, are unaffected when SCN9A is deleted in all sensory neurons. However, deleting SCN9A in both sensory and sympathetic neurons abolishes these pain sensations and recapitulates the pain-free phenotype seen in humans with SCN9A loss-of-function mutations. These observations demonstrate an important role for Nav1.7 in sympathetic neurons in neuropathic pain, and provide possible insights into the mechanisms that underlie gain-of-function Nav1.7-dependent pain conditions.