gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Heparin rebound. Studies in patients and volunteers. (1974)

The incidence of heparin rebound was determined in 12 patients following open-heart surgery, half receiving a high dose of protamine and half a low dose, and in 6 human volunteers who received protamine based on a protamine titration. In the volunteers the average protamine dose required to neutralize exactly 3.0 mg. per kilogram of heparin was 2.71 mg. per kilogram and the average protamine-heparin ratio was 0.9. Only 1 volunteer, the 1 with the lowest protamine-heparin ratio, demonstrated heparin rebound. All patients who received the low dose of protamine (average protamine-heparin ratio 0.56) demonstrated heparin rebound within 5 hours of neutralization. In 3 cases this was associated with clinical bleeding necessitating the administration of additional protamine. None of the patients receiving the high dose of protamine (average protamine-heparin ratio 1.15) exhibited rebound. Since moderate excesses of protamine have not been shown to produce clinically important anticoagulant effects and relatively small amounts of heparin do have clinically important anticoagulant effects, it appears prudent to give enough protamine both to prevent heparin rebound and to ensure adequate neutralization.
Random laser action in GaN nanocolumns (2010)

We report observations of random laser action in self-organized GaN nanocolumns. We have measured three samples with different filling fractions and investigated the dependence of the lasing property on the random configuration of nanocolumns. Numerical calculations based on a finite-difference time-domain method have also been performed and the comparison with the experimental results shows a clear relationship between the strength of light localization and the occurrence of random laser action.
Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of some 2-heteroaryl-.alpha.-methyl-5-benzoxazoleacetic acids (1975)

The syntheses of eight of the title compounds are described. The compounds possessed activity comparable with that of the previously tested 2-substituted phenyl analogs in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test.
A Co-doped porous niobium nitride nanogrid as an effective oxygen reduction catalyst (2017)

Transition metal nitrides have recently attracted significant interest as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) owing to their low electrical resistance and good corrosion resistance.
Prevalence of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in a General Population of Young Adults (1995)

HCM was present in about 2 of 1000 young adults. These unique population-based data will aid in assessments of the impact of HCM-related mortality and morbidity in the general population and the practicality of screening large populations for HCM, including those comprising competitive athletes.
Radiation pressure and momentum transfer in dielectrics: The photon drag effect (2005)

The momentum transfer from light to a dielectric material in the photon drag effect is calculated by evaluation of the relevant Lorentz force. In accordance with measurements on Si and Ge, the material is taken as a two-component optical system, with charge carriers described by an extinction coefficient $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ in a host semiconductor described by real refractive indices ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{p}$ (phase) and ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{g}$ (group). The calculated momentum transfer to the charge carriers alone has the value ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{p}\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}∕c$ per photon, the so-called Minkowski value, found experimentally. The time-dependent Lorentz force is calculated for light in the form of a narrow-band single-photon pulse. When the pulse is much shorter than the attenuation length, which is much shorter than the sample thickness, there is a clear separation in time between surface and bulk contributions to the forces. The total bulk momentum transfer (charges plus host) in this case is found to be $\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}∕{\ensuremath{\eta}}_{g}c$, the so-called Abraham value.
Retrobulbar T cells from patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy are CD8+ and specifically recognize autologous fibroblasts. (1994)

Graves' ophthalmopathy is an autoimmune condition characterized by T cell infiltration of the retrobulbar tissue. Phenotypic and functional analysis of these infiltrating cells may provide insight into the pathogenesis of the disease. IL-2-responsive cells were therefore grown out of the retrobulbar tissue from two patients with severe Graves' ophthalmopathy undergoing orbital decompression surgery, and six T cell lines were established and characterized. They consisted predominantly of CD8 + CD45RO+ cells and secreted IL-4, IFN-gamma, and IL-10 upon activation. When screened for their antigen reactivity, all lines proliferated in response to stimulation with autologous retrobulbar fibroblasts in an HLA class I-restricted manner, but did not recognize autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells, crude eye muscle extract, allogeneic cells, or purified protein derivate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In contrast, PBMC from the same patients responded readily to purified protein derivate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and allogeneic PBMC, but did not recognize autologous fibroblasts. Interestingly, only one of the six retrobulbar T cell lines displayed cytotoxicity towards its specific target cell population. These results suggest that the retrobulbar fibroblasts are a major T cell target in Graves' ophthalmopathy. Pronounced cytokine production in the absence of target cell cytotoxicity may explain fibroblast proliferation, glycosaminoglycan secretion, and secondary eye muscle enlargement in this condition.
Strategies to achieve targeted gene delivery via the receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway. (1994)

Gene transfer to eukaryotic cells may be accomplished by capitalizing on endogenous cellular pathways of macromolecular transport. In this regard, molecular conjugate vectors have been developed which deliver DNA via the receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway. An attractive feature of this vector system is the potential to achieve targeted gene delivery based upon flexible incorporation of a targeting ligand. In this review we describe steps that have been taken to optimize this vector system. Specific strategies include the incorporation of mechanisms to achieve conjugate escape from the endosome and the derivation of methods to eliminate sources of nonspecificity. These developments have demonstrated the potential to construct a vector system in which multiple independent components may function in a concerted manner to accomplish targeted high efficiency gene delivery. In their present state of development, molecular conjugate vectors may have many potential applications for in vitro use.
Scheduling of single-arm multi-cluster tools to achieve the minimum cycle time (2013)

It is very challenging to schedule a multi-cluster tool to maximize its throughput. This work studies its one-wafer optimal periodic schedule. It is found that the key to schedule it is to determine its robots waiting times. A resource-oriented Petri net model is developed for it such that the robot waiting times are well modeled. Based on the model, optimality conditions are derived and the scheduling problem is reduced to the determination of robot waiting times. By the derived conditions, an optimal one-wafer optimal periodic schedule for a multi-cluster tool can be obtained by scheduling its individual cluster tools one by one. Then, a highly efficient algorithm is proposed to compute it for an entire multi-cluster tool.
Deformation and viscoelastic behavior of polymer gels in electric fields. (1998)

Smart polymer gels actively change their size, structure, or viscoelastic properties in response to external signals. The stimuli-responsive properties, indicating a kind of intelligence offer the possibility of new gel-based technology. This paper presents two types of electromechanical behavior that take place in smart polymer gels. One is an anisotropic swelling of polyelectrolyte gels in a salt solution under the influence of electric fields. The swelling deformation produces bending of rectangular gels with large deflection. The swelling or bending is found to be induced by an increase in osmotic pressure due to ion's drifts in electric fields. The other concerns composite gels whose modulus of elasticity can vary in electric fields. The driving force causing varying elastic modulus in electric fields is the interaction between polarized particles similar to electrorheological (ER) effect and discussed experimentally as well as theoretically.
Recent Findings Concerning PAMAM Dendrimer Conjugates with Cyclodextrins as Carriers of DNA and RNA (2009)

We have evaluated the potential use of various polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer [dendrimer, generation (G) 2-4] conjugates with cyclodextrins (CyDs) as novel DNA and RNA carriers. Among the various dendrimer conjugates with CyDs, the dendrimer (G3) conjugate with α-CyD having an average degree of substitution (DS) of 2.4 [α-CDE (G3, DS2)] displayed remarkable properties as DNA, shRNA and siRNA delivery carriers through the sensor function of α-CDEs toward nucleic acid drugs, cell surface and endosomal membranes. In an attempt to develop cell-specific gene transfer carriers, we prepared sugar-appended α-CDEs. Of the various sugar-appended α-CDEs prepared, galactose- or mannose-appended α-CDEs provided superior gene transfer activity to α-CDE in various cells, but not cell-specific gene delivery ability. However, lactose-appended α-CDE [Lac-α-CDE (G2)] was found to possess asialoglycoprotein receptor (AgpR)-mediated hepatocyte-selective gene transfer activity, both in vitro and in vivo. Most recently, we prepared folate-poly(ethylene glycol)-appended α-CDE [Fol-PαC (G3)] and revealed that Fol-PαC (G3) imparted folate receptor (FR)-mediated cancer cell-selective gene transfer activity. Consequently, α-CDEs bearing integrated, multifunctional molecules may possess the potential to be novel carriers for DNA, shRNA and siRNA.
G-Rich DNA Suppresses Systemic Lupus (2005)

Whereas the role of immune complexes in mediating renal cell and immune cell activation is well established, the contribution of sequence-specific immunomodulatory actions of the chromatin part remains unclear. Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR-9) mediates immunostimulatory effects of unmethylated microbial CpG-DNA. It was hypothesized that hypomethylated CpG-DNA in vertebrates may have similar effects and may contribute to disease progression in lupus nephritis. A synthetic G-rich DNA, known to block CpG-DNA effects, was used in this study. In macrophages, G-rich DNA suppressed CpG-DNA-but not LPS-induced production of CCL5 in a dose-dependent manner. Injections of G-rich DNA suppressed lymphoproliferation induced by CpG-DNA injections in mice. In MRL(lpr/lpr) mice with lupus nephritis, labeled G-rich DNA co-localized to glomerular immune complexes and was taken up into endosomes of TLR-9-positive infiltrating macrophages. Eleven-week-old MRL(lpr/lpr) mice that received injections of either saline or G-rich DNA for 13 wk revealed decreased lymphoproliferation and less autoimmune tissue injury in lungs and kidneys as compared with saline-treated controls. G-rich DNA reduced the levels of serum dsDNA-specific IgG2a as well as the renal immune complex deposits. This was consistent with the blocking effect of G-rich DNA on CpG-DNA-induced proliferation of B cells that were isolated from MRL(lpr/lpr) mice. As oligodeoxyribonucleotide 2114-treated MRL(lpr/lpr) mice were not exposed to exogenous CpG-DNA, these effects should relate to a blockade of CpG motifs in endogenous DNA. It is concluded that adjuvant activity of self-DNA contributes to the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis. Modulating the CpG-DNA-TLR-9 pathway may offer new opportunities for the understanding and treatment of lupus.
A generic and automatic content-based approach for improved H.264/MPEG4-AVC video coding (2005)

A new content-based approach for improved H.264/MPEG4-AVC video coding is presented. The framework is generic because it is based on a closed-loop texture analysis by synthesis algorithm that can automatically identify and recover from video quality impairments through artifact detectors and appropriate countermeasures. The algorithm is flexible, for it can in principle be integrated into any standards-compliant video codec. The fundamental assumption of our approach is that many video scenes can be classified into subjectively relevant and irrelevant textures. The texture categorization is thereby done by a texture analyzer (encoder side), while the corresponding texture synthesizer performs the replacement of the subjectively irrelevant textures (decoder side), given the side information generated by the texture analyzer. When implementing the proposed approach into an H.264/MPEG4-AVC codec, bit rate savings of up to 33.3% compared to an H.264/MPEG4-AVC video codec without our approach are reported.
An Insertion Mutation of the CHRNA4 Gene in a Family With Autosomal Dominant Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy (1997)

Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE) is the first, and to date only, idiopathic epilepsy for which a specific mutation has been found. A missense mutation in the critical M2 domain of the alpha4 subunit of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (CHRNA4) has been recently identified in one large Australian pedigree. Here we describe a novel mutation in the M2 domain of the CHRNA4 gene in a Norwegian family. Three nucleotides (GCT) were inserted at nucleotide position 776 into the coding region for the C-terminal end of the M2 domain. Physiological investigations of the receptor reconstituted with the mutated CHRNA4 subunit reveal that this insertion does not prevent the receptor function but increases its apparent affinity for ACh. In addition, this mutant receptor shows a significantly lower calcium permeability that, at the cellular level, may correspond to a loss of function. Comparison of the two mutations identified so far in families with ADNFLE illustrates that different mutations can result in similar phenotypes.
The nuclear localization signal of the matrix protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 allows the establishment of infection in macrophages and quiescent T lymphocytes. (1994)

Lentiviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), are unusual among retroviruses in their ability to infect nondividing cells. The matrix proteins of several lentiviruses contain a short stretch of amino acids reminiscent of known nuclear localization signals. In HIV-1, this motif has been shown to function as a nuclear targeting sequence when conjugated to a heterologous protein, and to permit the active nuclear import of the HIV-1 preintegration complex in growth-arrested cells. In the present work, mutations were introduced in the matrix nuclear localization region of T-cell- and macrophage-tropic HIV-1 clones. The resulting viral mutants replicated with normal or even accelerated kinetics in dividing cells, including activated peripheral blood lymphocytes. However, in sharp contrast with wild-type virus, the mutants could not grow efficiently in terminally differentiated macrophages or establish a stable and inducible infection intermediate in unstimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes. Because macrophages represent a major viral reservoir in vivo, and because at any given time most T cells in the body are quiescent, these results strongly suggest that the karyophilic properties of the matrix protein are critical for the spread of the virus in HIV-infected individuals, and consequently for AIDS pathogenesis.
Compound facial expressions of emotion (2014)

Understanding the different categories of facial expressions of emotion regularly used by us is essential to gain insights into human cognition and affect as well as for the design of computational models and perceptual interfaces. Past research on facial expressions of emotion has focused on the study of six basic categories--happiness, surprise, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust. However, many more facial expressions of emotion exist and are used regularly by humans. This paper describes an important group of expressions, which we call compound emotion categories. Compound emotions are those that can be constructed by combining basic component categories to create new ones. For instance, happily surprised and angrily surprised are two distinct compound emotion categories. The present work defines 21 distinct emotion categories. Sample images of their facial expressions were collected from 230 human subjects. A Facial Action Coding System analysis shows the production of these 21 categories is different but consistent with the subordinate categories they represent (e.g., a happily surprised expression combines muscle movements observed in happiness and surprised). We show that these differences are sufficient to distinguish between the 21 defined categories. We then use a computational model of face perception to demonstrate that most of these categories are also visually discriminable from one another.
In Search of an API for Scalable Reliable Multicast (1997)

this paper we explore the issues involved with a reliable multicast protocol for the Internet that can scale to millions of receivers. Ideally, we would like a protocol and API for reliable, scalable multicast that would be universally useful to all such multicast applications. Some would argue that scalable reliable multicast must be implemented at the application level, i.e., that it is not possible to offer multicast reliability as a separate service that is not integrated into the application [FLO95]. To a certain extent this argument has merit. The widely varying requirements of different applications for a scalable reliable multicast service are broad enough to prohibit a generalpurpose solution. However, we will show that it is possible to provide a service that offers mechanisms for reliability which are useful to a sizeable category of applications. In this paper, we define an API for reliable, scalable multicast, while only making minimal assumptions about the protocol. Our goal is to have an API that is useful for experimenting with different scalable protocols. The API that we propose could equally use another protocol to achieve reliable multicast. Defining an &amp;quot;on the wire&amp;quot; protocol for scalable reliable multicast is important, and should be addressed in order to allow interoperability. However, our focus here is with the semantics of a scalable reliable multicast service, regardless of the protocol for implementing it. As a point of departure, we will consider especially the reliable multicast used in the MBONE wb whiteboard tool, called SRM [FLO95].1 SRM has been proven to work well for as many as 1000 participants spread all over the world. However, we are not concerned so much with the specifics of this scheme, as with its general properties, i.e., that...
Expression of receptors for interleukin 2: Role in the commitment of T lymphocytes to proliferate. (1984)

We examined the role of IL 2 and IL 2 receptors in human T lymphocyte proliferation induced by neuraminidase and galactose oxidase (NAGO)-treated autologous macrophages. T lymphocytes cultured with these aldehyde-bearing macrophages developed responsiveness to IL 2 after as few as 2 to 4 hr of activation and exhibited maximal responsiveness to IL 2 after 18 to 24 hr of activation. This early expression of IL 2 receptors was also shown by the direct binding of a monoclonal anti-IL 2 receptor antibody (anti-Tac) to the activated T lymphocytes. The production of IL 2 by T lymphocytes cultured with NAGO-treated macrophages closely paralleled the induction of IL 2 receptors on the T lymphocytes. IL 2 production began after 4 to 8 hr of activation and peaked at approximately 18 hr. Although the production of IL 2 is strictly dependent upon accessory cell function, the expression of receptors for IL 2 seems to be relatively independent of accessory cells. Despite early expression of receptors for IL 2 and early production of IL 2 by T lymphocytes during activation, T lymphocytes were not committed to proliferate in the absence of IL 2 until more than 24 hr of incubation with NAGO-treated macrophages had elapsed. The commitment to proliferate increased after 24 hr of activation until, after more than 40 hr of activation, the cells proliferated equally well in the presence or absence of IL 2. Proliferation of uncommitted, IL 2 receptor-bearing T lymphocytes was inhibited by interfering with IL 2 binding to its receptor by IL 2 receptor blockade with the anti-Tac antibody. In contrast, proliferation of T lymphocytes committed to proliferate was not affected by IL 2 receptor blockade with the anti-Tac antibody. Taken together, these data suggest three phases of T lymphocyte activation. The first phase requires mitogen (or antigen) to induce expression of IL 2 receptors and production of IL 2 by the T lymphocytes. Accessory cells are strictly required for IL 2 production during this activation phase, but they may not be necessary for expression of IL 2 receptors. The second phase is an IL 2-dependent phase that requires the interaction of IL 2 with the newly expressed IL 2 receptors. The third phase is a commitment of the activated T lymphocytes to proliferate that is independent of both mitogen and IL 2.
Axial polarizers based on dichroic liquid crystals (2010)

Polarizers capable of producing linearly polarized beams with axial (radial and azimuthal) symmetry have been fabricated with the aid of a dichroic liquid crystal. Photoalignment was achieved using a printing technique to reduce the UV exposure time required for production of axially aligning substrates from 1 h, typical for direct writing techniques, to 10 min. The polarizing features of axial polarizers and their pairs are characterized and their differences outlined. We demonstrate that the transmission switching contrast of an axial polarizer/analyzer pair, comprised of an electrically controlled liquid crystal cell, is comparable to conventional systems with linear polarizers. The opportunities for using axial polarizers for polarization imaging, sensor protection, and nonlinear optics are discussed. Particularly, we show that the technology could reduce the fluence of a laser beam on an optical sensor without affecting imaging.