gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Non-circular multi-sector split-focus transducer for coagulation therapy (2002)

The split-focus approach has a potential to substantially improve the throughput of coagulation HIFU treatment through multiplying the volume of the focal zone without forming unwanted foci either in front or behind the focal plane. The ideal, theoretically simplest split focal field can be generated from a geometrically focused transducer with a circular aperture uniformly divided into many sectors. However, for an intracavitary transducer, a non-circular shape of aperture is usually needed to have a necessary aperture area within its allowed size. A theoretical consideration how to divide the aperture into many sectors for forming a relatively uniform temperature distribution in the focal zone was developed. A transrectal therapeutic transducer at 3 MHz with a rectangular aperture of 20/spl times/40 mm divided into eight sectors with,a geometric focal length of 30 mm was designed and fabricated based on the above consideration followed by the computer simulation of transient temperature distribution. It has been confirmed that significantly large lesion can be created even without tissue boiling if a spilt focus method is used with properly designed large number of sectors.
Kinetics and Mechanisms of Activation of α-Amino Acid Ester Prodrugs of Camptothecins (2006)

The alpha-amino acid ester prodrugs of the antitumor agent camptothecin and a more potent, lipophilic silatecan analogue, DB-67, have been shown by NMR spectroscopy and quantitative kinetic analyses to undergo quantitative conversion to their pharmacologically active lactones via a nonenzymatic mechanism that at pH 7.4 is favored over direct hydrolysis. The alternate pathway involves the reversible intramolecular nucleophilic amine attack at the camptothecin E-ring carbonyl to generate a lactam (I) followed by a second intramolecular reaction to produce a bicyclic hemiortho ester (I'). The intermediates were isolated and shown to exist in an apparent equilibrium dominated by the hemiortho ester in DMSO using NMR spectroscopy. The conversion of prodrugs of camptothecin or DB-67 containing either alpha-NH(2) or alpha-NHCH(3) and their corresponding hemiortho esters were monitored versus time in aqueous buffer (pH 3.0 and 7.4) at 37 degrees C, and the kinetic data were fit to a model based on the proposed mechanism. The results indicated that while the prodrugs are relatively stable at pH 3, facile lactone release occurs from both the prodrugs and their corresponding hemiortho ester intermediates under physiological conditions (pH 7.4). The glycinate esters and their hemiortho esters were found to be more cytotoxic than the N-methylglycinates or their corresponding hemiortho ester intermediates in vitro using a human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-435S), consistent with their more rapid conversion to active lactone. The pH dependence of the nonenzymatic pathway for conversion of these alpha-amino acid ester prodrugs suggests that they may be useful for tumor-targeting via liposomes, as they can be stabilized in an acidic environment in the core of liposomes and readily convert to the active lactone following their intratumoral release.
Differentiation and characterization of autoantibodies and their antigens in sjögren's syndrome (1976)

Autoantibodies in Sjögren's syndrome (SS) were identified by their precipitin reactions with tissue antigens in immunodiffusion. The source of antigens was a sonicated extract of human lymphoid cells (WiI2) grown in tissue culture. Three distinct precipitin systems were identified and referred to as precipitins SS-A and SS-B, and rheumatoid arthritis precipitin. These studies show that precipitins SS-A and SS-B are present in high frequency in sera of patients with SS without associated rheuamtoid arthritis (RA) and are absent or present in low frequency in many other connective tissue diseases. On the other hand patients with SS who also had clinical features compatible with RA (SS-RA) did not have precipitins SS-A and SS-B but had rheumatoid arthritis precipitin (RAP). The latter precipitin was also present in RA patients in a similar order of frequency as in SS-RA. All three precipitin systems were shown to be reactions betweeen immunoglobulins and cellular antigens. The origin of SS-A and SS-B antigens was demonstrated by immunofluorescence to be primarily from the nucleus but the origin of RAP in the cell has not been established.
Low‐molecular‐weight post‐translationally modified microcins (2007)

Microcins are a class of ribosomally synthesized antibacterial peptides produced by Enterobacteriaceae and active against closely related bacterial species. While some microcins are active as unmodified peptides, others are heavily modified by dedicated maturation enzymes. Low-molecular-weight microcins from the post-translationally modified group target essential molecular machines inside the cells. In this review, available structural and functional data about three such microcins--microcin J25, microcin B17 and microcin C7-C51--are discussed. While all three low-molecular-weight post-translationally modified microcins are produced by Escherichia coli, inferences based on sequence and structural similarities with peptides encoded or produced by phylogenetically diverse bacteria are made whenever possible to put these compounds into a larger perspective.
Optical peristalsis (2003)

We describe an efficient method for transporting and rearranging mesoscopic objects in three dimensions using short repetitive sequences of holographic optical trapping patterns. Material transport in this process is analogous to peristaltic pumping, with the configurations of optical traps mimicking the states of a physical peristaltic pump. Optical peristalsis can transport large numbers of small particles rapidly and determinstically through complex three-dimensional patterns. The same system also can be used to study transport in a variety of model thermal ratchets.
Sentiment Mining in WebFountain (2005)

WebFountain is a platform for very large-scale text analytics applications that allows uniform access to a wide variety of sources. It enables the deployment of a variety of document-level and corpus-level miners in a scalable manner, and feeds information that drives end-user applications through a set of hosted Web services. Sentiment (or opinion) mining is one of the most useful analyses for various end-user applications, such as reputation management. Instead of classifying the sentiment of an entire document about a subject, our sentiment miner determines sentiment of each subject reference using natural language processing techniques. In this paper, we describe the fully functional system environment and the algorithms, and report the performance of the sentiment miner. The performance of the algorithms was verified on online product review articles, and more general documents including Web pages and news articles.
Coarse filters for shape matching (2002)

This article describes the coarse shape filters that support the 3D, Internet-based search engine ShapeSifter, which aims to locate parts already in production that have a shape similar to a desired new part. The search engine analyzes the target model's shape characteristics and performs a similarity match on the database's contents. Our main challenge is identifying shape metrics that produce effective characterizations of 3D models for similarity comparison. We focus on using three novel convex hull-based indices to carry out a preliminary coarse filtering of candidates prior to more detailed analysis. We also describe the crucial role played by two databases of benchmark objects. Unlike other shape-matching systems, we chose ShapeSifter's architecture (multistep query), 3D representation (triangulated mesh), and implementation (Java3D) to allow deployment online once it matures.
Growth and continuous passage of COMMA-D mouse mammary epithelial cells in hormonally defined serum-free medium. (1987)

Growth of the mouse mammary epithelial cell line designated COMMA-D has been studied in serum-free medium (SFM) formulated with Ham's F12 and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (1/1) containing 15 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid, 2 mM glutamine, gentamicin (50 micrograms/ml; basal medium) and supplemented with insulin (10 micrograms/ml), transferrin (10 micrograms/ml), selenous acid (10 ng/ml), epidermal growth factor (20 ng/ml; EGF), 10 nM 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine, 50 microM ethanolamine, 1.0 nM 17 beta-estradiol, 65 microM glutathione, and ovalbumin (100 micrograms/ml). COMMA-D cells were able to undergo serial passage and continued to exhibit dome formation after 20 passages in SFM. Cells seeded at low density in SFM underwent four population doublings at low passage number in 1 week compared to six doublings for cells grown in medium containing insulin, transferrin, selenium, EGF, and 1% fetal bovine serum. After many passages in SFM, the growth rates of cells were similar to those in serum-supplemented medium used for stock culture. Deletion of insulin or EGF from SFM resulted in cell growth similar to that of cells seeded in basal medium alone. When cells were seeded in basal medium without added supplements, addition of insulin or EGF resulted in 29 and 22%, respectively, of the number of cells grown in SFM for 5 days. However, when insulin and EGF were combined in basal medium, the cell number at 5 days was 83% of that in SFM. When insulin was deleted from SFM, COMMA-D cells became responsive to insulin-like growth factors I and II. The growth-promoting characteristics of EGF and transforming growth factor alpha were compared in SFM and were not distinguishable, showing identical dose-response curves. When incorporation of [3H]thymidine was used as an assay of cell growth, saturating levels of basic fibroblast growth factor (20 ng/ml) showed a stimulation 1.35 times greater than EGF (20 ng/ml). When EGF and fibroblast growth factor were combined, the stimulation was 1.75 times greater than EGF alone suggesting that COMMA-D cells are responsive to multiple classes of growth factors. COMMA-D cells seeded in basal medium supplemented with insulin, transferrin, and selenous acid have been used to detect mitogenic activity present in extracts of hypothalamus, uterus, and pituitary. The results show that COMMA-D cells can be grown long term in a hormonally defined serum-free medium and that maximal mitogenic effects were seen only with the addition of two or more growth factors.
Three-dimensional scanning microscopy through thin turbid media (2012)

We demonstrate three-dimensional imaging through a thin turbid medium using digital phase conjugation of the second harmonic signal emitted from a beacon nanoparticle. The digitally phase-conjugated focus scans the volume in the vicinity of its initial position through numerically manipulated phase patterns projected onto the spatial light modulator. Accurate three dimensional images of a fluorescent sample placed behind a turbid medium are obtained.
Near-Field Phase-Change Optical Recording of 1.36 Numerical Aperture (2000)

A bit density of 125 nm was demonstrated through near-field phase-change (PC) optical recording at the wavelength of 657 nm by using a supersphere solid immersion lens (SIL). The lens unit consists of a standard objective and a φ2.5 mm SIL. Since this lens size still prevents the unit from being mounted on an air-bearing slider, we developed a one-axis positioning actuator and an active capacitance servo for precise gap control to thoroughly investigate near-field recording. An electrode was fabricated on the bottom of the SIL, and a capacitor was formed facing a disk material. This setup realized a stable air gap below 50 nm, and a new method of simulating modulation transfer function (MTF) optimized the PC disk structure at this gap height. Obtained jitter of 8.8% and a clear eye-pattern prove that our system successfully attained the designed numerical-aperture ( NA ) of 1.36.
A Feline-Specific Anti-Nerve Growth Factor Antibody Improves Mobility in Cats with Degenerative Joint Disease–Associated Pain: A Pilot Proof of Concept Study (2016)

These pilot data demonstrate a 6-week duration positive analgesic effect of this fully felinized anti-NGF antibody in cats suffering from DJD-associated pain.
Genetic modeling of human urinary bladder carcinogenesis (2000)

We developed a model of human urinary bladder cancer progression from in situ precursor lesions to invasive carcinoma using whole organ histologic and genetic mapping. The model represents a high-density and detailed analysis regarding allelic losses on chromosomes 4, 8, 9, 11, and 17 as revealed by testing of 234 samples obtained from five cystectomy specimens. The samples corresponded to microscopically identified intraurothelial precursor conditions ranging from dysplasia to carcinoma in situ and invasive cancer. The initial analysis of paired normal and tumor DNA samples disclosed allelic losses in 72 of 225 tested hypervariable DNA markers. Subsequent use of these markers on all mucosal samples revealed that 47 had alterations with a statistically significant relation to urothelial neoplasia. The allelic losses clustered in 33 distinct chromosomal regions, indicating the location of putative tumor suppressor genes involved in the development and progression of urinary bladder cancer. Some of the markers with statistically significant allelic losses mapped to the regions containing well-characterized tumor suppressor genes but many were located in previously unknown loci. The majority of statistically significant allelic losses (70%) occurred early in low-grade intraurothelial dysplasia, and some of them involved adjacent areas of morphologically normal mucosa preceding the development of microscopically recognizable precursor lesions. The remaining 30% of markers developed allelic losses in the later phases of urothelial neoplasia, implicating their involvement in progression to invasive disease. Markers exhibiting allelic losses in early phases of urothelial neoplasia could be used for detection of occult preclinical or even premicroscopic phases of urinary bladder cancer, whereas markers that showed allelic losses in the later phases of the process could serve as indicators of progression to invasive disease. The approach used in this study facilitates genome-wide modeling of cancer progression and provides important chromosomal landmarks for more specific studies of multistep urinary bladder carcinogenesis.
Antibody protects against lethal infection with the neurally spreading reovirus type 3 (Dearing) (1988)

The mammalian reoviruses have provided a valuable model for studying the pathogenesis of viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS). We have used this model to study the effect of antibody on disease produced by the neurally spreading reovirus type 3 (Dearing) (T3). Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies protect mice from fatal infection with T3 after either footpad or intracerebral virus challenge. Protection occurs with monoclonal antibodies directed against the viral cell attachment protein sigma 1, and with polyclonal antisera without T3 sigma 1 binding activity. In vivo protection occurs with both neutralizing and nonneutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Antibody-mediated protection does not require serum complement and, under specific circumstances, can occur via Fc-independent mechanisms. Antibody can protect mice when transferred up to 5 days after intracerebral challenge and up to 7 days after footpad challenge, times when high titers of virus are present in the CNS. Thus, antibody mediated protection against this neurally spreading virus does not require neutralizing antibody or serum complement and occurs even in the face of established CNS infection.
Oral Administration of Glomerular Basement Membrane Prevents the Development of Experimental Autoimmune Glomerulonephritis in the WKY Rat (2001)

Experimental autoimmune glomerulonephritis (EAG), an animal model of Goodpasture's disease, can be induced in Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats by a single injection of collagenase-solubilized rat glomerular basement membrane (GBM) in adjuvant. EAG is characterized by circulating and deposited anti-GBM antibodies, accompanied by focal necrotizing glomerulonephritis with crescent formation. The inhibitory effect of orally administered antigens has been reported in various animal models of autoimmunity but not in EAG in the rat. The effects of feeding rat GBM by gavage, at total doses of 0.5, 2.5, or 5 mg, before immunization were examined. A dose-dependent effect was observed on the development of EAG. A dose of 0.5 mg of GBM had no effect on disease, 2.5 mg resulted in a moderate reduction in the severity of nephritis but no change in anti-GBM antibody production, and 5 mg resulted in a marked reduction in circulating and deposited anti-GBM antibodies, albuminuria, deposits of fibrin in the glomeruli, severity of glomerular abnormalities, and numbers of infiltrating T cells and macrophages. Animals that were fed 5 mg of GBM showed a significant reduction in IgG2a but not IgG1, anti-GBM antibody levels, suggesting downregulation of Th1 responses. There was also a dose-dependent reduction in the proliferative responses of splenic T cells from treated animals to GBM antigen in vitro. These results clearly demonstrate that mucosal tolerance can be induced by oral administration of GBM antigen and that this approach is effective in preventing EAG.
Optically Transparent, Single-Crystal-Like Oriented Mesoporous Silica Films and Plates (1997)

Optically transparent mesoporous silica plates, which are crack-free up to centimeters in size and 0.5 mm in thickness, have been synthesized using a sol−gel process based on the self-organization between surfactant and silicate through the van der Waals-type, weak, multiple, nonbonded interaction in nonaqueous solvents. The synthesis was controlled so that mesoporous channels with uniform diameter were either hexagonally packed, parallel to the flat external surface, or randomly oriented. The ordered silica plate exhibited uniform birefringence throughout the entire plate like a single crystal. The mesoporous silica shows possibilities of the application for advanced materials, direct measurement of transport properties through channels, investigation of the order−disorder effects, and spectroscopic investigation of adsorbed species without using the diffuse reflectance.
Potential Approaches to Improving Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons for Bioremediation of Crude Oil Pollution (2011)

With increasing demands of fossil fuel energy, extensive exploration of natural sources has caused a number of large scale accidental spills of crude oil and resulted in some significantly environmental disasters. The consequence of oil pollution to environment and human health has brought a serious challenge to environmental scientists. Physical and chemical approaches to cleanup oil spills are too expensive and create adverse effects. Bioremediation has shown a great potential and competitive privilege because of environment friendly and cost effective. A number of efficient microbial strains have been identified and isolated, which can effectively degrade various components of petroleum oil. However, the biodegradation efficiency is usually limited by abiotic factors, such as temperature and pH, which are hardly to be controlled in the in situ condition but adequate oxygen supply and nutrient balancing are of importance to impact microbial functions. Therefore, this review especially addresses potential approaches to improving bioremediation of crude oil by supplying solid oxygen and adjusting C: N: P ratio to optimize microbial activities in order to improve the effectiveness and efficacy of bioremediation of crude oil pollutants. In addition, it also elucidates advantages of bioremediation, isolation of selective microbial strains, and evaluation of the biodegradation rates.
Safety Evaluation of Human Living Skin Equivalents (1999)

Human living skin equivalents (LSEs) offer an alternative to the use of split-thickness autografts for the treatment of hard-to-heal wounds. LSEs consist of 4 active components: a well-differentiated stratum corneum derived from epidermal keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts, and an extracellular collagen matrix. Neonatal foreskins are used as the source of keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts for the manufacture of LSEs. Following isolation and expansion in vitro, the cells are cultured on a 3-dimensional scaffold to give an upper epidermal layer and supporting dermal layer. The resulting product has the appearance and handling characteristics of human skin. Safety evaluation of LSEs begins with insuring that foreskins are obtained only from healthy infants whose mothers are negative for a panel of adventitious agents. Keratinocyte and fibroblast cell banks are characterized using morphologic, biochemical, and histologic criteria; checked for the absence of contaminating cell types such as melanocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, and Langerhans cells; subjected to rigorous microbiological testing (with any production materials of biological origin); and evaluated for in vivo tumorigenicity. The consistency of certain key morphologic and functional characteristics are regularly assessed. Because an LSE represents an allogeneic graft, preclinical safety studies include in vitro and in vivo determinations of its potential immunogenicity. Immunocompromised (SCID) mice reconstituted with human leukocytes or engrafted with human fetal hematolymphoid organs have been useful animal models for assessing possible immunologic responses to LSEs. Additional preclinical studies are being conducted to show that LSEs are noncytotoxic and lack allergenic, sensitizing, or irritation potential.
Local Delivery of Antibiotics via an Implantable Pump in the Treatment of Osteomyelitis (1988)

Twenty-one patients with osteomyelitis were treated with surgical debridement and local antibiotic therapy. Amikacin (19 patients) or netilmicin (2 patients) was delivered locally via a pump implanted subcutaneously. The outflow catheters were led from the pump subcutaneously to the infected area and placed in the defect created by the surgical debridement. The pump was refilled at intervals, on an outpatient basis. The pump was surgically removed at the conclusion of therapy. Follow-up evaluation was for 12-27 months. The duration of hospitalization was five to 52 days (mean, 23 days). The infusions were sustained for 32-140 days (mean, 63 days). Systemic levels of antibiotics were always below acceptable trough levels. Levels in the wound drainage of the 11 patients who drained after operation were always greater than the upper limit of the assay. Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity were determined using pre- and posttherapy creatinine clearances and audiograms. Two patients exhibited minimal nephrotoxicity (creatinine clearance of 66 ml/minute and 55 ml/minute; normal, 70 ml/minute). There were no other adverse effects of the antibiotics. Sixteen patients have not drained since removal of the pumps.
Dyslipidaemia in the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: pathogenesis, priorities, pharmacotherapies (2010)

Dysregulation of lipoprotein metabolism may be due to a combination of overproduction of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, decreased catabolism of apoB-containing particles, and increased catabolism of HDL particles. These abnormalities may be consequent on a global metabolic effect of insulin resistance and an excess of both visceral and hepatic fat. Lifestyle modifications may favourably alter lipoprotein transport in the metabolic syndrome. Patients with dyslipidaemia and established cardiovascular disease should receive a statin as first-line therapy. Combination with other lipid-regulating agents, such as ezetimibe, fibrates, niacins and fish oils may optimize the benefit of statin on atherogenic dyslipidaemia.