gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pyramid Scene Parsing Network (2016)

Scene parsing is challenging for unrestricted open vocabulary and diverse scenes. In this paper, we exploit the capability of global context information by different-region-based context aggregation through our pyramid pooling module together with the proposed pyramid scene parsing network (PSPNet). Our global prior representation is effective to produce good quality results on the scene parsing task, while PSPNet provides a superior framework for pixel-level prediction tasks. The proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art performance on various datasets. It came first in ImageNet scene parsing challenge 2016, PASCAL VOC 2012 benchmark and Cityscapes benchmark. A single PSPNet yields new record of mIoU accuracy 85.4% on PASCAL VOC 2012 and accuracy 80.2% on Cityscapes.
Gctf: Real-time CTF determination and correction (2015)

Accurate estimation of the contrast transfer function (CTF) is critical for a near-atomic resolution cryo electron microscopy (cryoEM) reconstruction. Here, a GPU-accelerated computer program, Gctf, for accurate and robust, real-time CTF determination is presented. The main target of Gctf is to maximize the cross-correlation of a simulated CTF with the logarithmic amplitude spectra (LAS) of observed micrographs after background subtraction. Novel approaches in Gctf improve both speed and accuracy. In addition to GPU acceleration (e.g. 10-50×), a fast '1-dimensional search plus 2-dimensional refinement (1S2R)' procedure further speeds up Gctf. Based on the global CTF determination, the local defocus for each particle and for single frames of movies is accurately refined, which improves CTF parameters of all particles for subsequent image processing. Novel diagnosis method using equiphase averaging (EPA) and self-consistency verification procedures have also been implemented in the program for practical use, especially for aims of near-atomic reconstruction. Gctf is an independent program and the outputs can be easily imported into other cryoEM software such as Relion (Scheres, 2012) and Frealign (Grigorieff, 2007). The results from several representative datasets are shown and discussed in this paper.
Evaluation and treatment of acute low back pain. (2007)

Acute low back pain with or without sciatica usually is self-limited and has no serious underlying pathology. For most patients, reassurance, pain medications, and advice to stay active are sufficient. A more thorough evaluation is required in selected patients with "red flag" findings associated with an increased risk of cauda equina syndrome, cancer, infection, or fracture. These patients also require closer follow-up and, in some cases, urgent referral to a surgeon. In patients with nonspecific mechanical low back pain, imaging can be delayed for at least four to six weeks, which usually allows the pain to improve. There is good evidence for the effectiveness of acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, skeletal muscle relaxants, heat therapy, physical therapy, and advice to stay active. Spinal manipulative therapy may provide short-term benefits compared with sham therapy but not when compared with conventional treatments. Evidence for the benefit of acupuncture is conflicting, with higher-quality trials showing no benefit. Patient education should focus on the natural history of the back pain, its overall good prognosis, and recommendations for effective treatments.
Unexpected similarities between C9ORF72 and sporadic forms of ALS/FTD suggest a common disease mechanism (2018)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) represent two ends of a disease spectrum with shared clinical, genetic and pathological features. These include near ubiquitous pathological inclusions of the RNA-binding protein (RBP) TDP-43, and often the presence of a GGGGCC expansion in the <i>C9ORF72</i> (C9) gene. Previously, we reported that the sequestration of hnRNP H altered the splicing of target transcripts in C9ALS patients (Conlon et al., 2016). Here, we show that this signature also occurs in half of 50 postmortem sporadic, non-C9 ALS/FTD brains. Furthermore, and equally surprisingly, these 'like-C9' brains also contained correspondingly high amounts of insoluble TDP-43, as well as several other disease-related RBPs, and this correlates with widespread global splicing defects. Finally, we show that the like-C9 sporadic patients, like actual C9ALS patients, were much more likely to have developed FTD. We propose that these unexpected links between C9 and sporadic ALS/FTD define a common mechanism in this disease spectrum.
X‐ray imaging performance of structured cesium iodide scintillators (2004)

Columnar structured cesium iodide (CsI) scintillators doped with Thallium (Tl) have been used extensively for indirect x-ray imaging detectors. The purpose of this paper is to develop a methodology for systematic investigation of the inherent imaging performance of CsI as a function of thickness and design type. The results will facilitate the optimization of CsI layer design for different x-ray imaging applications, and allow validation of physical models developed for the light channeling process in columnar CsI layers. CsI samples of different types and thicknesses were obtained from the same manufacturer. They were optimized either for light output (HL) or image resolution (HR), and the thickness ranged between 150 and 600 microns. During experimental measurements, the CsI samples were placed in direct contact with a high resolution CMOS optical sensor with a pixel pitch of 48 microns. The modulation transfer function (MTF), noise power spectrum (NPS), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) of the detector with different CsI configurations were measured experimentally. The aperture function of the CMOS sensor was determined separately in order to estimate the MTF of CsI alone. We also measured the pulse height distribution of the light output from both the HL and HR CsI at different x-ray energies, from which the x-ray quantum efficiency, Swank factor and x-ray conversion gain were determined. Our results showed that the MTF at 5 cycles/mm for the HR type was 50% higher than for the HL. However, the HR layer produces approximately 36% less light output. The Swank factor below K-edge was 0.91 and 0.93 for the HR and HL types, respectively, thus their DQE(0) were essentially identical. The presampling MTF decreased as a function of thickness L. The universal MTF, i.e., MTF plotted as a function of the product of spatial frequency f and CsI thickness L, increased as a function of L. This indicates that the light channeling process in CsI improved the MTF of thicker layers more significantly than for the thinner ones.
Complement in multiple sclerosis: its role in disease and potential as a biomarker (2008)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common inflammatory disease of the central nervous system with a poorly defined and complex immunopathogenesis. Although initiated by reactive T cells, persistent inflammation is evident throughout the disease course. A contribution from complement has long been suspected, based on the results of pathological and functional studies which have demonstrated complement activation products in MS brain and biological fluids. However, the extent and nature of complement activation and its contribution to disease phenotype and long-term outcome remain unclear. Furthermore, functional polymorphisms in components and regulators of the complement system which cause dysregulation, and are known to contribute to other autoimmune inflammatory disorders, have not been investigated to date in MS in any detail. In this paper we review evidence from pathological, animal model and human functional and genetic studies, implicating activation of complement in MS. We also evaluate the potential of complement components and regulators and their polymorphic variants as biomarkers of disease, and suggest appropriate directions for future research.
Synthèse de l'Orn<sup>8</sup>‐vasopressine et de l'Orn<sup>8</sup>‐oxytocine (1963)

Abstract Orn 8 ‐vasopressin and Orn 8 ‐oxytocin have been synthesized and their biological activities compared with those of arginine‐vasopressin and lysine‐vasopressin and of arginine‐vasotocin and lysine‐vasotocin, respectively. The replacement of the arginine or lysine residues by an ornithin residue to not considerably affect the oxytocic and pressorie activities.
Excimer Laser-Assisted Angioplasty for Infrainguinal Artery Disease (2009)

After nearly 2 decades of research and experimentation with laser-assisted angioplasty, the xenon-hydrogen chloride excimer laser emerged as the laser device best suited for the treatment of peripheral artery disease. Emitting light at a wavelength of 308 nm, this laser utilizes a nonthermal mechanism of action to ablate plaque and thrombus in powerful discrete pulses. The excimer laser is particularly useful for the treatment of complex conditions, such as long chronic occlusions in the superficial femoral artery and in those patients with below-the-knee disease and critical limb ischemia who may not be good candidates for bypass surgery. A number of investigators have noted that the excimer laser will often uncover distinct, more focal lesions in what appears to be an extensive and complex occlusion, potentially simplifying treatment of these segments. The Laser Angioplasty for Critical Limb Ischemia phase 2 trial, a prospective registry of 145 patients at 11 US and 3 German sites, achieved good procedural success (86%) and an excellent 6-month limb salvage rate (93%). A new specialized deflecting sheath designed to direct excimer ablation in blockages of the larger main arteries above the knee has produced clinical improvement in a single-center feasibility study and a 16-center prospective registry. Less promising results were reported in a single-center real-world retrospective registry, warranting careful case selection with this device for patients with diabetes and renal failure.
STUDIES ON THE GRAM-NEGATIVE CELL WALL, I. EVIDENCE FOR THE ROLE OF 2-KETO-3-DEOXYOCTONATE IN THE LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM (1963)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Bone marrow graft-versus-host disease: early destruction of hematopoietic niche after MHC-mismatched hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (2010)

Disrupted hematopoiesis and delayed immune reconstitution are life-threatening complications of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Although graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major risk factor for the bone marrow (BM) insufficiency, how GVHD impairs BM hematopoiesis has been largely unknown. We hypothesized that BM stromal niche could be a target of GVHD. In major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mismatched murine models of GVHD, we have demonstrated the early destruction of osteoblasts that especially affected B-cell lineages. The defective B lymphopoiesis was due to the impaired ability of BM stroma and osteoblasts to support the hematopoiesis, as evidenced by the failure of GVHD-affected BM to reconstitute the hematopoietic cells. The administration of anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) ameliorated these effects and improved B lymphopoiesis while preserving graft-versus-tumor effects. Genetic ablation of Fas-Fas ligand signaling also partially restored B lymphopoiesis. Our present study provided evidence of BM GVHD, with the identification of osteoblasts as the main target for GVHD in BM. Moreover, our data showed the potential for mAb therapies to enhance immune reconstitution in vivo for patients undergoing allo-HSCT.
Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Semiconducting Polymer for Photovoltaic Device with Photocurrent Response Wavelengths up to 1.1 μm (2009)

A highly effective photovoltaic polymer with near-infrared response, poly{N-[1-(2-ethylhexyl)-3-ethylheptanyl]-dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole-3,6-dithien-2-yl-2,5-dibutylpyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione-5′,5′′-diyl} {PDTP-DTDPP(Bu)}, was synthesized. The polymer has high molecular weight, good solubility, and a broad absorption spectrum in the range of 500−1100 nm. Field effect transistor charge mobility of PDTP-DTDPP(Bu) arrived 0.05 cm2 V−1 s−1. Bulk heterojunction type polymer solar cells based on PDTP-DTDPP(Bu) and PC70BM have broad photocurrent response wavelength range from 300 nm to 1.1 μm. High short-circuit current (14.87 mA/cm2) and power conversion efficiency (2.71%) were achieved, which is a significant advance for efficient photovoltaic polymers that respond to the whole range of the solar spectrum.
Direct evaluation of DC characteristic variability in FinFET SRAM Cell for 32 nm node and beyond (2007)

V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> variability in FinFET SRAM is evaluated for the first time by direct measurement of the cell transistors down to 25 nm gate length. By taking the V, mismatch between Pull-Down transistors (PD) or between PD & Pass Gate transistor (PG), the dependence of V, variability on the cell transistor layout and channel impurity concentration was clearly observed. Read / Write margins in FinFET SRAM cell are also investigated by measuring both N-curves and their variability. The results suggest that FinFET is still a promising candidate for SRAM applications even in 32 nm node and beyond, if the appropriate cell design is applied.
Progress and challenges toward an AIDS vaccine: Brother, can you spare a paradigm? (1996)

The development of a safe and effective vaccine for prevention of AIDS has thus far proven to be exceedingly difficult due to the complexities associated with HIV pathogenesis including but not limited to antigenic hypervariability, multiple routes and modes of transmission, a lack of defined correlates of protective immunity, and a tropism for infection of immunoregulatory cells which are essential for orchestrating an effective host immune response. Recent observations, including the identification of significant differences between primary isolates of HIV circulating in the population and laboratory-adapted isolates, animal model protection studies demonstrating prevention of AIDS-like disease progression in nonhuman primates in the absence of sterilizing immunity, and epidemiologic studies which question the current dogma surrounding HIV variation and control, have led to the development of novel approaches for antigen presentation and adjuvant development targeted at AIDS vaccine development. The goal of developing a safe and effective AIDS vaccine will likely occur when continued advances in understanding the immunopathogenesis of HIV is balanced with a healthy dose of empirical testing of innovative candidate AIDS vaccines.
Sulfur‐containing polymers, 4. Polymers with thiocarbonate and dithiocarbonate moieties from aliphatic dithiols. Syntheses and characterization (1988)

Abstract Several polycarbonate analogues with sulfur atoms replacing all or part of the oxygen atoms in the carbonate units of the polymer, were prepared by interfacial synthesis from aliphatic dithiols and phosgene or bisphenol‐A bischloroformate or bisphenol‐A polycarbonate oligomers. That way, polydithiocarbonates (containing SCOS groups) (2a – c), polythiocarbonates (containing OCOS groups) (4a – c) and block copolymers 6a – c (containing OCOO groups, mainly, and OCOS groups randomly distributed along the chain) were prepared. The expected chemical structures were confirmed by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and FT‐IR spectroscopy. Their thermal transitions were investigated by DSC, and the effects of replacing oxygen atoms for sulfur atoms are discussed.
OPS Imaging of Human Microcirculation: A Short Technical Report (2002)

Despite the pivotal role of microcirculation in numerous diseases, techniques for the direct assessment of human microcirculation are limited. A new approach based on orthogonal polarization spectral (OPS) imaging (Cytoscan microscope) allows noninvasive observation of human microcirculation in all accessible tissue surfaces. Limitations remain: application of pressure with the instrument affects blood flow, lateral movement of tissue precludes continuous investigation of a given microvascular region, and blood flow velocities above 1 mm/s cannot be measured. We addressed these problems by (a) constructing an attachment to the probe, preventing direct contact of the instrument with the observed tissue area and allowing fixation of the tissue, and (b) implementing a double-flash spatial correlation technique extending the measuring range for blood flow velocities up to approximately 40 mm/s. The modified approach was tested in vitro and in vivo. Velocity readings correlated well with velocities of an external standard (r(2) = 0.99, range 1.9-33.8 mm/s). Pulsatile flow patterns synchronous with heart rate with maximal velocities of about 10 mm/s could be detected in arterioles of the human sublingual mucosa. The modified instrument may prove useful to investigate the microcirculation in the context of research, diagnosis and therapy control.
Androgen depletion up‐regulates cadherin‐11 expression in prostate cancer (2010)

Men with castration-resistant prostate cancer (PCa) frequently develop metastasis in bone. The reason for this association is unclear. We have previously shown that cadherin-11 (also known as OB-cadherin), a homophilic cell adhesion molecule that mediates osteoblast adhesion, plays a role in the metastasis of PCa to bone. Here, we report that androgen-deprivation therapy up-regulates cadherin-11 expression in PCa. In human PCa specimens, immunohistochemical staining showed that 22/26 (85%) primary PCa tumours from men with castration-resistant PCa expressed cadherin-11. In contrast, only 7/50 (14%) androgen-dependent PCa tumours expressed cadherin-11. In the MDA-PCa-2b xenograft animal model, cadherin-11 was expressed in the recurrent tumours following castration. In the PCa cell lines, there is an inverse correlation between expression of cadherin-11 and androgen receptor (AR), and cadherin-11 is expressed in very low levels or not expressed in AR-positive cell lines, including LNCaP, C4-2B4 and VCaP cells. We showed that AR likely regulates cadherin-11 expression in PCa through an indirect mechanism. Although re-expression of AR in the AR-negative PC3 cells led to the inhibition of cadherin-11 expression, depletion of androgen from the culture medium or down-regulation of AR by RNA interference in the C4-2B4 cells or VCaP cells only produced a modest increase of cadherin-11 expression. Promoter analysis indicated that cadherin-11 promoter does not contain a typical AR-binding element, and AR elicits a modest inhibition of cadherin-11 promoter activity, suggesting that AR does not regulate cadherin-11 expression directly. Together, these results suggest that androgen deprivation up-regulates cadherin-11 expression in prostate cancer, and this may contribute to the metastasis of PCa to bone. Our study suggests that therapeutic strategies that block cadherin-11 expression or function may be considered when applying androgen-ablation therapy.
High-resolution absorption spectroscopy of the deep impurities S and Se in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mtext>S</mml:mtext><mml:mprescripts/><mml:none/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>28</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mtext>i</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math>revealing the<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mtext>S</mml:mtext><mml:mprescripts/><mml:none/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>77</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mtext>e</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math>hyperfine splitting (2009)

Recently, studies have demonstrated remarkable improvements in absorption spectroscopy of shallow impurities by using highly enriched $^{28}\text{S}\text{i}$ to eliminate the inhomogeneous isotope broadening inherent in natural Si. Here, we show that similar dramatic improvements in the linewidths of electronic transitions can be achieved with the two chalcogens sulfur and selenium in $^{28}\text{S}\text{i}$. The ${\text{S}}^{+}$ and ${\text{Se}}^{+}$ $1s({T}_{2})$ transitions exhibit a full width at half maximum of only $0.008\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for the ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{7}$ component---more than one order of magnitude sharper than in natural silicon and a factor of 1.5 narrower than the width of the sharpest shallow impurity transition in $^{28}\text{S}\text{i}$. Hence they are the narrowest lines ever seen for impurity states in silicon. Fine structure is revealed in the absorption spectrum of the Se double donor and the ${^{77}\text{S}\text{e}}^{+}$ $1s({T}_{2})$ ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{7}$ transition shows a splitting due to a hyperfine coupling with the $I=1/2$ nuclear spin. Under an applied magnetic field, the electronic, and nuclear spins can be individually determined with potential applications in quantum computing.
New Liquid-Crystal Materials for Active Matrix Displays with Negative Dielectric Anisotropy and Low Rotational Viscosity (2000)

Liquid-crystal single materials with large negative dielectric anisotropies, high clearing temperatures and extremely low rotational viscosities were identified. Using these materials, the rotational viscosities for a broad range of mixture specifications were significantly reduced. Thus, these mixtures are found suitable for the improvement of the switching time of liquid-crystal displays using vertical alignment (VA) modes.
Driving-force effects on the rate of long-range electron transfer in ruthenium-modified cytochrome c (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDriving-force effects on the rate of long-range electron transfer in ruthenium-modified cytochrome cThomas J. Meade, Harry B. Gray, and Jay R. WinklerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 12, 4353–4356Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00194a030https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00194a030research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views420Altmetric-Citations100LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
An Improved Pregate Cleaning Process for High-k Gate Dielectric Fabrication (2005)

A novel -last pregate clean process is proposed for high- gate dielectric fabrication. Compared to conventional DHF-last pregate cleaning processes, the use of a novel -last pregate clean process improved Si interfacial thermal stability with and enhanced channel carrier mobility. These improvements in the high- gate stack could be attributed to the more ideal Si surface produced by the treatment.