gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Actualities in prostate cancer in ASCO annual meeting 2010]. (2010)

In urologic oncology, prostate cancer represented, even this year, a wide part during the ASCO 2010 meeting. In the non metastatic diseases, two phase III trials confirmed the benefit of radiotherapy combined with hormonotherapy in locally advanced stage. For patients with metastatic hormonoresistant cancer, two randomized trials will probably change the daily practice in the next months. On the one hand, denosumab versus zoledronate decreased significantly the risk of skeletal-related events in bone metastases. On the other hand, compared with mitoxantrone, cabazitaxel in docetaxel pretreated patients improved overall survival. On the contrary, docetaxel in monotherapy remains the standard of care in first line chemotherapy in castration refractory metastatic prostate cancer. Indeed, in two trials, combination of bevacizumab or calcitriol with docetaxel showed no benefit for patients with more toxicities. Finally, docetaxel-based chemotherapy was again evaluated in two other situations: biological recurrence, and hormono-sensitive metastatic stage. Preliminary results of tolerance were presented this year. No doubt that communications during future ASCO meetings would reported definitive results of efficiency of these phase III studies.
Principles of Molecular Pathology (2004)

The contributors herein have carefully checked to ensure that the drug selections and dosages set forth in this text are accurate and in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. Notwithstanding, as new research, changes in government regulations, and knowledge from clinical experience relating to drug therapy and drug reactions constantly occurs, the reader is advised to check the product information provided by the manufacturer of each drug for any change in dosages or for additional warnings and contraindications. This is of utmost importance when the recommended drug herein is a new or infrequently used drug. It is the responsibility of the treating physician to determine dosages and treatment strategies for individual patients. Further it is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the Food and Drug Administration status of each drug or device used in their clinical practice. The publisher, editors, and authors are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from the application of the information presented in this book and make no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the contents in this publication.
Identification of an ion channel‐forming motif in the primary structure of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins (1992)

Synthetic peptides with amino acid sequences corresponding to predicted transmembrane segments of tetanus toxin were used as probes to identify a channel-forming motif. A peptide denoted TeTx II, with sequence GVVLLLEYIPEITLPVIAALSIA, forms cation-selective channels when reconstituted in planar lipid bilayers. The single channel conductance in 0.5 M NaCl or KCl is 28 +/- 3 and 24 +/- 2 pS, respectively. In contrast, a peptide with sequence NFIGALETTGVVLLLEYIPEIT, denoted as TeTx I, or a peptide with the same amino acid composition as TeTx II but with a randomized sequence, do not form channels. Conformational energy calculations show that a bundle of four amphipathic alpha-helices is a plausible structural motif underlying observable pore properties. The identified functional module may account for the channel-forming activity of both tetanus toxin and the homologous botulinum toxin A.
60-GHz Circularly Polarized U-Slot Patch Antenna Array on LTCC (2012)

This communication presents a 60-GHz wideband circularly polarized (CP) U-slot patch antenna array of 4 × 4 elements on low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC). A CP U-slot patch antenna is used as the array element to enhance the impedance bandwidth and a stripline sequential rotation feeding scheme is applied to achieve wide axial ratio (AR) bandwidth. Meanwhile, a grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW) to stripline transition is designed for probe station measurement. The fabricated antenna array has a dimension of 14 ×16 × 1.1 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> . The simulated and measured impedance bandwidths, AR bandwidths, and radiation patterns are investigated and compared. Measured results show that the proposed antenna array has a wide impedance bandwidth from 50.5 GHz to 67 GHz for |S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> | <; -10 dB, and a wide AR bandwidth from 54 GHz to 65.5 GHz for AR <; 3 dB. In addition, it exhibits a peak gain of 16 dBi and a beam-shaped pattern with 3-dB beam width of 20 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> . Moreover, its AR keeps below 3 dB within the 3-dB beam width.
Report on the fourth International workshop on reactive arthritis (2000)

There are large differences in the antigenicity and biology of the ReA-associated bacteria. For induction of arthritis, the relevance seems to be only that antigenic material reaches the joint, alive or dead. If there is a common antigen, it has to be a highly conserved one. Bacterial hsp60 seems to be an immunodominant T cell antigen in ReA, but there must be other relevant antigens shared by these different bacteria. An ineffective immune response (for example, low production of TNFalpha) seems to contribute to the manifestations and course of ReA. Although arthritis can also occur in its absence, HLA-B27 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ReA and the other SpA. Current data suggest that B27 probably acts as an antigen-presenting molecule for a still-unknown arthritogenic molecule. Comparison of ReA with IBD-associated arthritis suggests that there might indeed be a common antigen shared by ReA-associated bacteria and bacteria of the gut flora. CD8+ T cells seem to be important in ReA and other SpA. In some parts of the world, such as in Mexico, ReA could be a major predisposing cause of the development of AS. Antibiotic treatment is not effective, probably because the triggering bacteria are already dead or in a partly latent state at the time arthritis occurs. Based on this knowledge and on new technologies, it should be possible in future years to derive answers to the questions about ReA and the other SpA and, as a consequence, to find a cure.
Unconventional structure of tRNA(Lys)SUU anticodon explains tRNA's role in bacterial and mammalian ribosomal frameshifting and primer selection by HIV-1. (1997)

Transfer RNA(Lys)SUU, with a 5-modified-2-thiouridine at wobble position 34, facilitates -1 frameshifts for correct translation of the Escherichia coli DNA polymerase gamma subunit and retroviral polymerases. Peptidyl-tRNA(Lys)SUU prematurely terminates translation more often than other tRNAs. In order to determine if the anticodon structures of bacterial and mammalian tRNA(Lys)SUU species explain these observations, oligonucleotides corresponding to the anticodon regions of mammalian and E. coli tRNA(Lys)SUU were synthesized and their physicochemical properties compared with that of E. coli tRNA(Glu)SUC. The anticodon region of tRNA(Lys)SUU was stabilized by an unusual interaction between the side chains of the 5-modified-s(2)U34 and N-6-threonylcarbamoyl-adenosine-37 (t(6)A37), a combination of modified nucleosides unique to tRNA(Lys)SUU species. This first observation of modified nucleoside side-chain interactions is analogous to the interactions of amino acid side chains in proteins. The tRNA(Lys)SUU anticodon structure was determined from NMR restraints on model oligonucleotides. With only two of three anticodon bases available for codon pairing, this unconventional anticodon structure is a reasonable explanation for the bacterial and mammalian tRNA(Lys)SUU tendency to frameshift. A two-out-of-three reading of coding triplets also explains the increased rate at which peptidyl-tRNA(Lys)SUU prematurely terminates translation. In addition, modified nucleoside interaction distorts the anticodon loop. The distorted loop is a possible structural determinant for the preferential selection of tRNA(Lys3)SUU as primer of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in vivo.
Refolding Foldamers:  Triazene-Arylene Oligomers That Change Shape with Chemical Stimuli (2007)

We describe the preparation of five triazene-arylene oligomers (3, 4, 7, 8, and 11) and investigations of their folding properties in aqueous solution. These oligomers contain four 2-fold rotors and populate a conformational ensemble comprising at least 10 states. Extensive 1D and 2D NMR studies as well as X-ray crystallography establish that the presence of three members of the cucurbit[n]uril family (CB[n]), CB[10], CB[7], and CB[8], results in the selective population of the (a,a,a,a)-, (a,s,s,a)-, and (a,a,a,s)-conformers. As a result of the high affinity and highly selective binding properties of the CB[n] family, it is possible to fold a single foldamer strand (3) into the CB[8].(a,a,a,s)-3 conformer by the addition of CB[8], then unfold and refold it into the CB[7].(a,s,s,a)-3.CB[7] conformer by addition of CB[7] and 3,5-dimethylaminoadamantane (17), then unfold and refold it again into the CB[10].(a,a,a,a)-3 conformer by addition of CB[10].CB[5] and aminoadamantane (18). The transformation of CB[8].(a,a,a,s)-3 into CB[7].(a,s,s,a)-3.CB[7] proceeds through the intermediacy of CB [8].(a,a,s,a)-3.CB[7], which enhances the rate of dissociation of strand 3 from CB[8].
Endocrine Treatment of Breast Cancer in Women (1990)

Hormonal therapy for breast carcinoma began with the observation by George Beatson (1) in 1898 that bilateral oophorectomy caused tumor regression in selected premenopausal patients. Huggins and Bergenstal (2) later introduced surgical adrenalectomy as a form of hormone ablative treatment for postmenopausal women. To these methods were added surgical hypophysectomy and hormonal additive therapies such as the use of androgens, estrogens, progestins, and glucocorticoids (3). Since only one-third of patients experienced objective tumor regression with any of these hormonal therapies, clinicians began to favor use of cytotoxic chemotherapies in the 1960s and 1970s. During this time multiple chemotherapeutic regimens were developed which gained wide acceptance and enthusiastic support (3). However, when hormone receptor measurements were introduced in the mid-1970s, better selection of patients with hormonally responsive tumors became possible, and new impetus was provided for optimizing hormonal therapies. These developments led to the accumulation of a large body of clinical data regarding hormonal agents and provided clinicians with a broad armamentarium for the treatment of patients at the present time. We will summarize this information with the goals of highlighting specific endocrinological aspects of breast cancer treatment and providing practical perspective for choosing among various agents. Where recent comprehensive reviews are readily available, only pertinent concepts are highlighted.
Establishment of a Human Retinal Cell Line by Transfection of SV40 T Antigen Gene with Potential to Undergo Neuronal Differentiation (1994)

Recently, a number of laboratories have been interested in developing cell lines of ocular tissues to understand the pathogenesis of ocular diseases. Toward this end, we report here the generation of cell lines of human retina by transfection of simian virus SV40 T antigen gene. Established retinal cells grow as a monolayer and exhibit limited serum dependence. Phase-contrast and electron microscopic studies revealed distinct morphological cell types. Immunofluorescence studies showed that the established retinal cells were positive for neuron-specific enolase, neurofilament protein, glycine receptor, synaptophysin, and secretogranin. Cells were negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein, glutamine synthetase, galactocerebroside, and carbonic anhydrase II. In addition to neuronal features, a small percentage of flat cells were, however, positive for cellular retinaldehyde binding protein, and cells with the phenotype of rod and cone photoreceptor coexpressed opsin and interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein. An important feature of this cell line is that addition of phorbol ester and cAMP induced dramatic changes, with 100% of the cells extending long, thin neuritic processes. Thus, the established retinal cells would be useful for studies dealing with differentiation and plasticity of the cells of the nervous system.
Distributional Inclusion Vector Embedding for Unsupervised Hypernymy Detection (2018)

Haw-Shiuan Chang, Ziyun Wang, Luke Vilnis, Andrew McCallum. Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers). 2018.
Growth Hormone and Diabetes mellitus (1993)

The diabetogenic action of pituitary extracts containing growth hormone has been recognised for more than 60 years and the importance of growth hormone in the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy for more than 30 years. Hypophysectomy was the first effective treatment for retinopathy but was discontinued because of the risk of severe hypoglycaemia that it produced and the development of an alternative, less dangerous therapy--photocoagulation. The precise role and significance of growth hormone in diabetes care, however, remains to this day a mystery. The fact that modern, highly purified biosynthetic preparations of growth hormone still retain full diabetogenic potency and the fact that diabetes develops in up to 25% of patients with acromegaly indicate growth hormone's potential for involvement in the aetiology of diabetes mellitus, although most will agree that this is not likely to be an important factor in the large majority of 'idiopathic' cases. There is strong evidence to indicate a substantial hypersecretion of growth hormone in 'idiopathic' diabetes mellitus (particularly insulin-dependent cases and those with retinopathy), which appears to be more related to residual pancreatic insulin secretion than to metabolic control. Since the advent of biosynthetic growth hormone in sufficient quantity to perform trials in adults, we are more aware of growth hormone's considerable potency in the regulation of body composition, growth factor production and intermediary metabolism. In this article, we review the literature and, from this and our own work, propose a new hypothesis which links the hypersecretion of growth hormone to reduced hepatic secretion of insulin-like growth-factor I (IGF-I) as a direct result of reduced portal insulin levels in diabetes mellitus. The hypersecretion of growth hormone exposes peripheral organs such as the retina and kidney to conditions favouring the expression of growth-hormone-dependent growth factors such as IGF-I which may contribute to the development of diabetic microvascular disease by autocrine and/or paracrine effects. If this hypothesis proves to be true, it offers new opportunities for the prevention of diabetic microvascular complications through suppression of growth hormone secretion which in turn will increase insulin sensitivity and facilitate good glycaemic control.
The limits of automatic summarisation according to ROUGE (2017)

This paper discusses some central caveats of summarisation, incurred in the use of the ROUGE metric for evaluation, with respect to optimal solutions. The task is NPhard, of which we give the first proof. Still, as we show empirically for three central benchmark datasets for the task, greedy algorithms empirically seem to perform optimally according to the metric. Additionally, overall quality assurance is problematic: there is no natural upper bound on the quality of summarisation systems, and even humans are excluded from performing optimal summarisation.
An Electrochemically Driven Actuator Based on a Nanostructured Carbon Material (1999)

A new type of electrochemically driven actuator is described. This actuator uses graphitic carbon as the electroactive material (as opposed to the polymeric films used in previous devices of this type), and it is the first example of an actuator based on a nanostructured material. The actuator consists of branched carbon nanotubules embedded within the pores of a microporous alumina template membrane. Electrochemical Li(+) intercalation causes this nanotubule-containing membrane to flex, and electrochemical deintercalation causes the membrane to relax to its original position. The characteristics of this new actuator are described here.
Iron‐based catalysts bearing bis(imido)–pyridine ligands for the polymerization of <i>tert</i>‐butyl acrylate (2003)

Abstract Iron(II) dichloride complexes bearing a tridentate nitrogen donor ligand were investigated for the homopolymerization of tert ‐butyl acrylate after activation with methylaluminoxane. Two new complexes were synthesized, 2,6‐bis[1‐(cyclohexylimido)ethyl]pyridine iron chloride (FeCl 2 ) and 2,6‐bis[1‐(isopropylimido)ethyl]pyridine FeCl 2 , and the single‐crystal X‐ray structure of the latter one was determined. Turnover frequencies of the catalysts during polymerization ranged from 36 to 241 cycles/mol/h. The obtained polymers exhibited weight‐average molecular weights ranging from 24,000 to 438,500 g/mol, and the molar mass distribution varied between 1.8 and 4.3. Activity of the catalytic system and the molar mass of the polymer are influenced by the ligand structure of the complexes as well as other polymerization conditions such as monomer concentration and temperature. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 1380–1389, 2003
The analysis of the functions of human B and T cells in humanized NOD/shi-scid/γcnull (NOG) mice (hu-HSC NOG mice) (2009)

'Humanized mice' are anticipated to be a valuable tool for studying the human immune system, but the reconstituted human immune cells have not yet been well characterized. Here, we extensively investigated the differentiation and functions of human B and T cells in a supra-immunodeficient mouse strain, NOD/shi-scid/gammac(null) (NOG) reconstituted with CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells obtained from umbilical cord blood. In these hu-HSC NOG mice, the development of human B cells was partially blocked, and a significant number of B-cell progenitors accumulated in the spleen. The mature CD19(+)IgM(+)IgD(+) human B cells of the hu-HSC NOG mice could produce IgG in vivo and in vitro by antigenic stimulation. In contrast, although human T cells with an apparently normal phenotype developed, most of them could neither proliferate nor produce IL-2 in response to antigenic stimulation by anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies in vitro. The positive selection of human T cells in the thymus was sufficiently functional, if not complete, and mainly mediated by mouse class II, suggesting that the human T cells lost their function in the periphery. We found that multiple mechanisms were involved in the T-cell abnormalities. Collectively, our results demonstrate that further improvements are necessary before humanized mice with a functional human immune system are achieved.
Identification of intra-group, inter-individual, and gene-specific variances in mRNA expression profiles in the rheumatoid arthritis synovial membrane (2008)

In RA, a number of disease-relevant or even disease-specific pathways/complexes are characterized by broad intra-group inter-individual expression variances. Thus, RA pathogenesis in different individuals may depend to a lesser extent on common alterations of the expression of specific key genes, and rather on individual-specific alterations of different genes resulting in common disturbances of key pathways.
Adaptive Blind Watermarking Based on DCT (2013)

Aiming at the problem that the imperceptibility and robustness of the general digital watermarking algorithm can not reach better balance,this paper put forward an improved DCT adaptive blind digital watermarking.When embedding watermark,we used the odd-even quantization method to embed the watermark in DC component of the DCT block and used the fixed coefficient method to embed the watermark in AC components according to the texture and shadow character in the cloud chart and human visual system(HVS).The experimental results show that the adaptive blind digital watermarking proposed in this paper not only has good robustness for the Gauss noise,common salt and pepper noise attack,and also better meets the invisibility of watermark,,while reducing the watermark embedding and extraction time.
Thermal contributions to the bending of bimaterial cantilever sensors (2006)

The thickness dependent contribution of thermal expansion and surface potential to the thermal response behavior of polymer coated micromechanical cantilevers is investigated. Polystyrene films in a thickness range of 2–150nm are used as coatings on silicon micromechanical cantilever arrays. Depending on coating thickness, either thermal expansion or interfacial tension dominates the response. For thick films we obtain a thermal expansion coefficient of 2.3×10−5±1.0×10−5°C−1 for the polystyrene coating. Using this value a temperature coefficient of interfacial tension of −50×10−5±14×10−5Jm−2°C−1 is determined for the silicon oxide/polystyrene interface. This establishes a method to measure the temperature coefficient of interfacial tension at solid/solid interfaces.
Evidence suggesting that the direct growth-promoting effect of growth hormone on cartilage in vivo is mediated by local production of somatomedin. (1986)

We have used a catheterization system that permits chronic infusion into the arterial supply of one hindlimb of rats to study the direct effects of rat growth hormone and human somatomedin C on growth of the tibial epiphyseal cartilage plate in hypophysectomized rats. Rat growth hormone (0.4 microgram per day) or human somatomedin C (0.25, 1, or 4 micrograms per day) stimulated growth of the epiphyseal plate of the infused limb but not of that of the contralateral noninfused limb. The somatomedin C had a dose-related effect. Rabbit antiserum to human somatomedin C, but not normal rabbit serum, completely abolished the direct growth effect of the rat growth hormone when it was co-infused with the hormone. These results support the concept that growth hormone stimulates long bone growth by inducing local production of somatomedin, which in turn stimulates cell proliferation in an autocrine or paracrine fashion. However, they do not exclude the possibility that serum somatomedin may also play a role.
Conformational Targeting of Fibrillar Polyglutamine Proteins in Live Cells Escalates Aggregation and Cytotoxicity (2009)

These findings validate that the rate of aggregation modulates polyglutamine-mediated intracellular dysfunction, and caution that molecules designed to specifically hasten aggregation may be detrimental as therapies for polyglutamine disorders. Moreover, our findings introduce a novel antibody-based tool that, as a consequence of its general specificity for fibrillar conformations and its ability to function intracellularly, offers broad research potential for a variety of human amyloid diseases.
Properly Designed Modular Asymmetric Synthesis for Enantiopure Sulfinamide Auxiliaries from <i>N</i>-Sulfonyl-1,2,3-oxathiazolidine-2-oxide Agents (2002)

Simple and practical asymmetric synthesis of functionally differentiated aminoindanol based endo-N-sulfonyl 1,2,3-oxathiazolidine-2-oxide as sulfinyl transfer agents are developed. The importance of these new and unique sulfinyl transfer reagents are exemplified by the expedient production of several sulfinamide ligands, including either enantiomer of (R)-tert-butanesulfinamide in excellent yields and enantiopurities.