gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A 14-b 12-MS/s CMOS Pipeline ADC With Over 100-dB SFDR (2004)

analog-to-digital converter (ADC) using a passive capacitor erroraveraging technique and a nested CMOS gain-boosting technique is described. The converter is optimized for low-voltage low-power applications by applying an optimum stage-scaling algorithm at the architectural level and an opamp and comparator sharing technique at the circuit level. Prototyped in a 0.18- m 6M-1P CMOS process, this converter achieves a peak signal-to-noise plus distortion ratio (SNDR) of 75.5 dB and a 103-dB spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) without trimming, calibration, or dithering. With a 1-MHz analog input, the maximum differential nonlinearity is 0.47 LSB and the maximum integral nonlinearity is 0.54 LSB. The large analog bandwidth of the front-end sample-and-hold circuit is achieved using bootstrapped thin-oxide transistors as switches, resulting in an SFDR of 97 dB when a 40-MHz full-scale input is digitized. The ADC occupies an active area of 10 mmP and dissipates 98 mW. Index Terms—Analog integrated circuits, capacitor mismatch, comparator sharing, discrete-time common-mode voltage regulation, early comparison, low power, low voltage, nested CMOS gain boosting, opamp sharing, passive capacitor error-averaging, pipeline analog-to-digital converter, pseudo-differential, subsampling. I.
Decoder-assisted frame synchronisation for turbo-codedsystems (2001)

An improved frame synchronisation methodology is proposed for turbo-decoded packets using a list synchronisation technique, where a simple synchroniser generates a list of most probable packet starting positions, and the following synchroniser makes a refined decision. The second synchroniser is decoder-assisted, accepting soft-decision feedback from the decoder. The performance of the scheme is evaluated via simulation.
The spirochetal etiology of acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans Herxheimer (1984)

Spirochetes were recovered from the skin lesion of 1 out of 10 acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans patients (ACA). Spirochetes from this skin isolate and from Ixodes (I.) ricinus and I. dammini spirochetes were used as antigens in indirect immunofluorescence tests. All sera from 17 ACA patients showed high antibody titers to the three antigens. Seven of the 17 sera which had the highest titers had crossreactive antibodies to treponemal antigen detectable in the FTA-ABS test. The results indicate that spirochetes are of importance for ACA and probably the causative agent of this disease. The connection between ACA and tick bites and the relationship to erythema chronicum migrans Afzelius (ECMA) and Lyme disease are discussed. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that ECMA and ACA are different manifestations of the same spirochete, with ACA as a late manifestation.
Analysis of Antibodies Directed against Merozoite Surface Protein 1 of the Human Malaria Parasite<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> (2006)

The 190-kDa merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) of Plasmodium falciparum, an essential component in the parasite's life cycle, is a primary candidate for a malaria vaccine. Rabbit antibodies elicited by the heterologously produced MSP-1 processing products p83, p30, p38, and p42, derived from strain 3D7, were analyzed for the potential to inhibit in vitro erythrocyte invasion by the parasite and parasite growth. Our data show that (i) epitopes recognized by antibodies, which inhibit parasite replication, are distributed throughout the entire MSP-1 molecule; (ii) when combined, antibodies specific for different regions of MSP-1 inhibit in a strictly additive manner; (iii) anti-MSP-1 antibodies interfere with erythrocyte invasion as well as with the intraerythrocytic growth of the parasite; and (iv) antibodies raised against MSP-1 of strain 3D7 strongly cross-inhibit replication of the heterologous strain FCB-1. Accordingly, anti-MSP-1 antibodies appear to be capable of interfering with parasite multiplication at more than one level. Since the overall immunogenicity profile of MSP-1 in rabbits closely resembles that found in sera of Aotus monkeys immunized with parasite-derived MSP-1 and of humans semi-immune to malaria from whom highly inhibiting antigen-specific antibodies were recovered, we consider the findings reported here to be relevant for the development of MSP-1-based vaccines against malaria.
&lt;title&gt;Visible Embryo Project: a platform for spatial genomics&lt;/title&gt; (2000)

Congenital malformations and diseases have challenged the humanistic and intellectual resources of mankind for ages. Generations ofscientists have labored to understand their causes and effect their treatments. Efforts such as the Human Genome Project will produce the raw information base from which many cures and treatments may emerge. In order to begin to put meaning to the mountain ofdata being produced by the Gome Project, one must analyze this information within the context ofthe developing organism. The discipline ofstudy ofthe nature oforganism development has been referred to as embryology for over a century.
Anticoagulant supramolecular-structured polymers: Synthesis and anti coagulant activity of taurine-conjugated carboxyethylester-polyrotaxanes (2005)

Polyrotaxanes with both sulfonyl and carboxyl groups were synthesized and characterized for mimicking the anticoagulantactivity of heparin. A polyrotaxane consisting of α-cyclodextrins (α-CDs) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was synthesized, and carboxyethylester (CEE) groups and taurine were successively conjugated with the polyrotaxane to obtain taurine-conjugated carboxyethylester-polyrotaxanes (TAU-CEE-PRxs). The number of α-CDs and the anionic groups could be varied by synthetic conditions. The structural factors of TAU-CEE-PRxs affecting anticoagulant activity were suggested as following: (i) relatively lower threading percentage of α-CDs, (ii) the ratio of anionic groups similar to heparin, and (iii) lower molecular weight of PEG. The TAU-CEE-PRx that sufficiently meet the mentioned requirements showed enhancedantithrombin III (AT III) activity, indicating that the TAU-CEE-PRx interacts with AT III and/or thrombin. From these results, it is suggested that the sliding and rotation of free α-CDs with anionic groups are related with enhancing anticoagulant activity.
Synthesizing structured image hybrids (2010)

Example-based texture synthesis algorithms generate novel texture images from example data. A popular hierarchical pixel-based approach uses spatial jitter to introduce diversity, at the risk of breaking coarse structure beyond repair. We propose a multiscale descriptor that enables appearance-space jitter, which retains structure. This idea enables repurposing of existing texture synthesis implementations for a qualitatively different problem statement and class of inputs: generating hybrids of structured images.
Antimicrobials occurring naturally in foods (1989)

Antimicrobial compounds that occur naturally in foods can be used in food processing as preservatives. This article describes these compounds and their use in the food processing industry
High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection and E6 Protein Expression in Lesions of the Uterine Cervix (1998)

Pathologic and epidemiologic investigations carried out over the past several years have provided evidence that carcinogenesis in the uterine cervix is a multi-step process involving discreet preinvasive stages. Molecular epidemiologic data also indicate that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a critical factor in the tumor progression process. In vitro studies have shown that for the initiation and maintenance of the malignant phenotype, the expression of the HPV-transforming protein E6 is required. The E6 protein produced by the high-risk HPV types 16 and 18 can bind to and inactivate the tumor suppressor protein p53 leading to deregulated proliferation and defective apoptosis, thus facilitating tumor progression. Therefore, determination of the HPV genotype alone may not be sufficient in assessing tumor progression in the uterine cervix. In the present study, a total of 623 cervical tissue samples at various phases of tumor progression were assessed for HPV infection by nonisotopic in situ hybridization (NISH) and for HPV 16/18 E6 protein expression by immunocytochemistry. There was significant correlation between the extent of histological abnormality and HPV infection. Significant correlation (r = 0.707, p = 0.000) was observed between the presence of HPV 16 and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) and invasive cancer. The odds ratio of a cervical tissue infected with HPV 16 falling into these two categories was 44.57 (95% CI: 27.10, 73.30). The E6 protein also was mostly detected in high-grade SILs and cervical cancer tissue expressing either HPV 16 or 18. It was less frequent in low-grade SILs infected with HPV 16/18 and was absent in benign cervical tissue infected with HPV 16. The odds ratio of an HPV-16/18-infected cervical tissue positive for E6 being a high-grade SIL or invasive cancer was 16.20 (95% CI: 6.06, 43.33). These results thus show the clinical utility of HPV characterization along with the analysis of the transforming protein E6 in the assessment of tumor progression in the uterine cervix.
Unsaturated Nitriles:  Optimized Coupling of the Chloroprene Grignard Reagent<sup>1</sup> with ω-Bromonitriles (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTUnsaturated Nitriles: Optimized Coupling of the Chloroprene Grignard Reagent1 with ω-BromonitrilesFraser F. Fleming and Tao JiangView Author Information Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 22, 7890–7891Publication Date (Web):October 31, 1997Publication History Received9 July 1997Published online31 October 1997Published inissue 1 October 1997https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo9712409https://doi.org/10.1021/jo9712409brief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 1997 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views394Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Chemical reactions,Electrophiles,Nitrogen compounds,Organic reactions,Precursors Get e-Alerts
Lightwave applications of fiber Bragg gratings (1997)

Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) have emerged as important components in a variety of lightwave applications. Their unique filtering properties and versatility as in-fiber devices is illustrated by their use in wavelength-stabilized lasers, fiber lasers, remotely pump amplifiers. Raman amplifiers, phase conjugators, wavelength converters, passive optical networks, wavelength division multiplexers (WDMs) demultiplexers, add/drop multiplexers, dispersion compensators, and gain equalizers.
Implications of the Pivot Shift in the ACL-Deficient Knee (2005)

Prognostic study, Level II-1 (retrospective study). See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Group B streptococci inhibit the chemotactic activity of the fifth component of complement. (1988)

Infection with group B streptococci (GBS) is associated with a poor acute inflammatory response in which neutrophils fail to localize at the site of invasion. In the present studies, we have examined the effects of group B streptococci on C-derived chemotactic activity in human serum. Fresh human serum was activated to form C5a and C5adesarg by incubation with zymosan. The activated serum was then incubated with group B organisms, centrifuged, and the supernatants tested for chemotactic activity for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Group B organisms caused a dose-dependent decrease in C-dependent chemotactic activity. The degree of inhibition was profound with 1 X 10(9) bacteria/ml (10% of control). Experiments indicated that significant chemotactic factor inactivation occurred within 2 min of exposure to GBS organisms, while maximal inhibition occurred after 30 min incubation. A number of different strains of GBS of types I, II, and III possessed inhibitory activity. In contrast, group D streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae failed to inhibit the C-derived chemotactic activity in human serum. Group A streptococci that were M protein positive also inactivated C-dependent chemotactic activity in serum, as previously reported. The inhibitory activity of the GBS strains could be abolished by heat or trypsin treatment but not by neuraminidase, pronase, or pepsin. C5a levels in zymosan-activated serum as measured by RIA were not decreased after incubation with an inhibitory strain suggesting that absorption was not involved. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that group B streptococci degrade the C5a molecule, increasing its electrophoretic mobility by removing a fragment with a m.w. of approximately 650 Da. Thus, one of the reasons for the poor inflammatory response at the site of GBS infection may reside in the ability of these pathogens to inactivate C-derived inflammatory mediators. The GBS C5a-ase activity probably serves as an additional virulence factor for these organisms contributing to the poor inflammatory response characteristic of group B streptococcal infection.
High-Efficiency Fluorescence Quenching of Conjugated Polymers by Proteins (2002)

The fluorescence of the water-soluble anionic conjugated polymer, poly[lithium 5-methoxy-2-(4-sulfobutoxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MBL-PPV), is quenched in dilute aqueous solution by cytochrome c, a small, naturally occurring electron-transfer protein. The large value obtained for the Stern-Volmer constant (K(sv) = 3.2 x 10(8) at pH 7.4, and approximately 10(9) in acidic solutions) is attributed to a combination of two factors: (1) facile ET between the luminescent semiconducting polymer and the protein and (2) the Columb attraction between the oppositely charged polyelectrolytes. This system shows significant potential for biosensor applications.
A mixed-signal ASIC power-factor-correction (PFC) controller for high frequency switching rectifiers (2003)

A mixed-signal IC controller is described for single-phase PFC applications. The single-chip controller block diagram is described, and the fundamental analog and digital operating blocks are developed in detail. Implementation options for each block are given, with experimental results from a 1.2 /spl mu/m CMOS test chip included. The controller blocks are derived for boost and buck/boost type converters, but control of other power stages could be derived in the same manner. The final controller is proposed as a single-chip PFC solution, with no external design or components necessary for high-performance, stable operation over a wide range of operating conditions.
&lt;title&gt;Toward optimal rate control: a study of the impact of spatial resolution, frame rate, and quantization on subjective video quality and bit rate&lt;/title&gt; (2003)

Multi-dimensional rate control schemes, which jointly adjust two or three coding parameters, have been recently proposed to achieve a target bit rate while maximizing some objective measures of video quality. The objective measures used in these schemes are the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) or the sum of absolute errors (SAE) of the decoded video. These objective measures of quality may differ substantially from subjective quality, especially when changes of spatial resolution and frame rate are involved. The proposed schemes are, therefore, not optimal in terms of human visual perception. We have investigated the impact on subjective video quality of the three coding parameters: spatial resolution, frame rate, and quantization parameter (QP). To this end, we have conducted two experiments using the H.263+ codec and five video sequences. In Experiment 1, we evaluated the impact of jointly adjusting QP and frame rate on subjective quality and bit rate. In Experiment 2, we evaluated the impact of jointly adjusting QP and spatial resolution. From these experiments, we suggest several general rules and guidelines that can be useful in the design of an optimal multi-dimensional rate control scheme. The experiments also show that PSNR and SAE do not adequately reflect perceived video quality when changes in spatial resolution and frame rate are involved, and are therefore not adequate for assessing quality in a multi-dimensional rate control scheme. This paper describes the method and results of the investigation.
Three control flow obfuscation methods for Java software (2006)

Three novel control computation (control flow) obfuscation methods are described for protecting Java class files. They are basic block fission obfuscation, intersecting loop obfuscation and replacing goto obfuscation. The basic block fission obfuscation splits some chosen basic block(s) into more basic blocks, in which opaque predicates and goto instructions are inserted to make decompiling unsuccessful. The intersecting loop obfuscation intersects two loops and then adds this pattern into programs. The intersecting loop structure should not appear in a Java source program or a class file. The replacing goto obfuscation replaces goto instructions with conditional branch instructions. The new methods were tested against 16 decompilers. The study also implemented multi-level exit obfuscation and single-level exit obfuscation for comparison. Both the intersecting loop obfuscation and the replacing goto obfuscation successfully defeated all the decompilers.
Frequency division multiplexed microwave and baseband digital optical fiber link for phased array antennas (1990)

A frequency-division multiplexed optical fiber link is described in which microwave (1-8 GHz) and baseband digital (1-10 Mb/s) signals are combined electrically and transmitted through a direct-modulation microwave optical link. The microwave signal does not affect bit error rate (BER) performance of the Manchester-coded baseband digital data link. The baseband digital signal affects microwave signal quality by generating second-order intermodulation noise. The intermodulation noise power density is found to be proportional to both the microwave input power and the digital input power, enabling the system to be modeled as a mixer (AM modulator). The conversion loss for the digital signal is approximately 68 dB for a 1-GHz microwave signal and is highly dependent on the microwave frequency, reaching a minimum value of 41 dB at 4.5 GHz corresponding to the laser diode relaxation oscillation frequency. It is shown that Manchester coding on the digital link places the intermodulation noise peak away from microwave signal, preventing degradation of close-carrier phase noise (<1 kHz offset). A direct trade-off between intermodulation noise and digital link margin is developed to project system performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Developmental Biomechanics (1984)

The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of growth principles that are influenced by mechanical factors. These general principles are followed by some biomechanical examples of the growth and development of weight-bearing body areas, and examples of growth principles and mechanics related to therapeutic applications.
The Development of the Nucleus<sup>®</sup> Freedom™ Cochlear Implant System (2006)

Cochlear Limited (Cochlear) released the fourth-generation cochlear implant system, Nucleus Freedom, in 2005. Freedom is based on 25 years of experience in cochlear implant research and development and incorporates advances in medicine, implantable materials, electronic technology, and sound coding. This article presents the development of Cochlear's implant systems, with an overview of the first 3 generations, and details of the Freedom system: the CI24RE receiver-stimulator, the Contour Advance electrode, the modular Freedom processor, the available speech coding strategies, the input processing options of Smart Sound to improve the signal before coding as electrical signals, and the programming software. Preliminary results from multicenter studies with the Freedom system are reported, demonstrating better levels of performance compared with the previous systems. The final section presents the most recent implant reliability data, with the early findings at 18 months showing improved reliability of the Freedom implant compared with the earlier Nucleus 3 System. Also reported are some of the findings of Cochlear's collaborative research programs to improve recipient outcomes. Included are studies showing the benefits from bilateral implants, electroacoustic stimulation using an ipsilateral and/or contralateral hearing aid, advanced speech coding, and streamlined speech processor programming.
Lactate and Amino Acid Catabolism in the Cheese-Ripening Yeast <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i> (2008)

The consumption of lactate and amino acids is very important for microbial development and/or aroma production during cheese ripening. A strain of Yarrowia lipolytica isolated from cheese was grown in a liquid medium containing lactate in the presence of a low (0.1x) or high (2x) concentration of amino acids. Our results show that there was a dramatic increase in the growth of Y. lipolytica in the medium containing a high amino acid concentration, but there was limited lactate consumption. Conversely, lactate was efficiently consumed in the medium containing a low concentration of amino acids after amino acid depletion was complete. These data suggest that the amino acids are used by Y. lipolytica as a main energy source, whereas lactate is consumed following amino acid depletion. Amino acid degradation was accompanied by ammonia production corresponding to a dramatic increase in the pH. The effect of adding amino acids to a Y. lipolytica culture grown on lactate was also investigated. Real-time quantitative PCR analyses were performed with specific primers for five genes involved in amino acid transport and catabolism, including an amino acid transporter gene (GAP1) and four aminotransferase genes (ARO8, ARO9, BAT1, and BAT2). The expression of three genes involved in lactate transport and catabolism was also studied. These genes included a lactate transporter gene (JEN1) and two lactate dehydrogenase genes (CYB2-1 and CYB2-2). Our data showed that GAP1, BAT2, BAT1, and ARO8 were maximally expressed after 15 to 30 min following addition of amino acids (BAT2 was the most highly expressed gene), while the maximum expression of JEN1, CYB2-1, and CYB2-2 was delayed (>or=60 min).
A Spirobifluorene‐Based Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity with Improved Performance for Gas Separation (2012)

A highly gas-permeable polymer with enhanced selectivities is prepared using spirobifluorene as the main structural unit. The greater rigidity of this polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM-SBF) facilitates gas permeability data that lie above the 2008 Robeson upper bound, which is the universal performance indicator for polymer gas separation membranes.