gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Freeze-fracture and lanthanum studies of the retinal microvasculature in diabetic rats. (1992)

To see whether or not blood-retinal barrier breakdown during diabetes was associated with breakdown of the endothelial cell tight junctions or with other membrane alterations in the cells comprising the wall of the retinal microvasculature, streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat retinas were studied using lanthanum tracer and freeze-fracture electron microscopic morphometry. This study showed that endothelial cell tight junction permeability to lanthanum and luminal surface area were normal in these diabetic rats. However, freeze-fracture morphometry showed several alterations in the diabetic retinal microvessels. First, the endothelial cell membranes had abnormally large (80-120 nm) plasmalemmal vesicles not evident in the control retinas, suggesting that membrane turnover was abnormal. Second, endothelial cell P-face membranes at the blood front contained more larger particles than those in the control rats (P less than 0.05), implying an alteration in endothelial cell luminal membrane composition. Third, endothelial cell P-face membranes in areas of close apposition with pericyte membranes showed abnormal areas of particle clearing not seen in the control animals, suggesting a change in pericyte-endothelial cell interactions. Finally, pericyte membranes facing the neural retina contained increased numbers of plasmalemmal vesicles compared with control membranes (P less than 0.05). Moreover, the association of these vesicles with collagen fibrils in the extracellular space suggested an alteration in extracellular matrix turnover.
Operation of Anycast Services (2006)

As the Internet has grown, and as systems and networked services within enterprises have become more pervasive, many services with high availability requirements have emerged.These requirements have increased the demands on the reliability of the infrastructure on which those services rely.Various techniques have been employed to increase the availability of services deployed on the Internet.This document presents commentary and recommendations for distribution of services using anycast.
Internal Combustion Wave Rotors for Gas Turbine Engine Enhancement (2003)

Recent research in internal combustion wave rotor technology proposed operating cycles with deflagrative and detonative combustion. Earlier research, examining primarily deflagration, sought to improve on pressure exchanger wave rotor cycles topping a conventional gas turbine. Turbulent premixed combustion with reasonable flame speeds is predicted to allow operating frequency comparable to pressure exchanger cycles. Cycles that completely evacuate the wave channel to high- and low-pressure turbines may require faster combustion. More recent research on detonation cycles followed developments in pulse detonation engine technology. While detonative combustion is extremely fast, the wave cycle must isolate peak pressures and velocities from turbomachinery. Ignition presents a degree of uncertainty for all designs, and fuel distribution control is a critical strategy. The relative merits and challenges of various modes of combustion and cycles are discussed for typical applications in propulsion and power generation. Research and development needs, and recommended experimental strategies are described and evaluated.
Fast Virtual Machine Resume for Agile Cloud Services (2013)

Resuming virtual machines is an important management operation in the virtualized data center. (Re)-instantiating VMs as quickly as possible helps to combat flash crowds and provide true on-demand services. Unfortunately, resuming a VM currently takes tens of seconds, depending on the VM's size and available disk I/O bandwidth. Because it is not strictly necessary to read the entire state from disk to continue executing the VM instance, we propose an on-demand resume feature. Instead of indiscriminately reading the entire state from disk, we utilize the host OS's support for lazily reading pages from disk only when they are needed. We have implemented our idea as part of the open-source, virtual machine emulator qemu. Our idea required to modify less than 100 lines of code. The experimental evaluation of our on-demand resume feature reveals that it works as expected: resume times no longer depend on the VM's total state but rather on the actively used state. We are able to resume instances with multiple gigabytes of state in as little as 3 seconds, i.e., we reduced the resume time to less than 1/10th compared to the default implementation.
IL-1 alpha beta blockade prevents cartilage and bone destruction in murine type II collagen-induced arthritis, whereas TNF-alpha blockade only ameliorates joint inflammation. (1999)

Anti-TNF-alpha treatment of rheumatoid arthritis patients markedly suppresses inflammatory disease activity, but so far no tissue-protective effects have been reported. In contrast, blockade of IL-1 in rheumatoid arthritis patients, by an IL-1 receptor antagonist, was only moderately effective in suppressing inflammatory symptoms but appeared to reduce the rate of progression of joint destruction. We therefore used an established collagen II murine arthritis model (collagen-induced arthritis(CIA)) to study effects on joint structures of neutralization of either TNF-alpha or IL-1. Both soluble TNF binding protein and anti-IL-1 treatment ameliorated disease activity when applied shortly after onset of CIA. Serum analysis revealed that early anti-TNF-alpha treatment of CIA did not decrease the process in the cartilage, as indicated by the elevated COMP levels. In contrast, anti-IL-1 treatment of established CIA normalized COMP levels, apparently alleviating the process in the tissue. Histology of knee and ankle joints corroborated the finding and showed that cartilage and joint destruction was significantly decreased after anti-IL-1 treatment but was hardly affected by anti-TNF-alpha treatment. Radiographic analysis of knee and ankle joints revealed that bone erosions were prevented by anti-IL-1 treatment, whereas the anti-TNF-alpha-treated animals exhibited changes comparable to the controls. In line with these findings, metalloproteinase activity, visualized by VDIPEN production, was almost absent throughout the cartilage layers in anti-IL-1-treated animals, whereas massive VDIPEN appearance was found in control and sTNFbp-treated mice. These results indicate that blocking of IL-1 is a cartilage- and bone-protective therapy in destructive arthritis, whereas the TNF-alpha antagonist has little effect on tissue destruction.
Opioid Binding and in Vitro Profiles of a Series of 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyindolomorphinans. Transformation of a δ-Selective Ligand into a High Affinity κ-Selective Ligand by Introduction of a 5,14-Substituted Bridge (2003)

In investigation of the effects of 14-substitution in the indolomorphinan series of δ-selective opioid ligands, 5,14-bridged indolomorphinans (4) were prepared from the equivalent dihydrothebainone acid-catalyzed rearrangement products of the dihydrothevinols. Though the new ligands generally had low affinity for opioid receptors and no δ-selectivity, 4b had high κ-affinity and substantial selectivity which was also seen in the precursor morphinanone (3b). This indicates that the methylbenzylidene-substituted bridge in these compounds is a dominant κ-opioid receptor binding motif.
Quantitative fluorescence in intracranial tumor: implications for ALA-induced PpIX as an intraoperative biomarker (2011)

These findings are clinically profound because they demonstrate that ALA-induced PpIX is a targeting biomarker for a variety of intracranial tumors beyond HGGs. This study is the first to measure quantitative ALA-induced PpIX concentrations in vivo, and the results have broad implications for guidance during resection of intracranial tumors.
Review: <i>The Second Gold Rush: Oakland and the East Bay in World War II</i>, by Marilynn S. Johnson and <i>Paradise Transformed: Los Angeles during the Second World War</i>, by Arthur C. Verge (1995)

Book Review| July 01 1995 Review The Second Gold Rush: Oakland and the East Bay in World War IIMarilynn S. JohnsonParadise Transformed: Los Angeles during the Second World WarArthur C. Verge Gerald D. Nash Gerald D. Nash Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar California History (1995) 74 (2): 204–205. https://doi.org/10.2307/25177493 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Gerald D. Nash; Review. California History 1 July 1995; 74 (2): 204–205. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/25177493 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentCalifornia History Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1995 CHS Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Illumination from shadows (2003)

In this paper, we introduce a method for recovering an illumination distribution of a scene from image brightness inside shadows cast by an object of known shape in the scene. In a natural illumination condition, a scene includes both direct and indirect illumination distributed in a complex way, and it is often difficult to recover an illumination distribution from image brightness observed on an object surface. The main reason for this difficulty is that there is usually not adequate variation in the image brightness observed on the object surface to reflect the subtle characteristics of the entire illumination. In this study, we demonstrate the effectiveness of using occluding information of incoming light in estimating an illumination distribution of a scene. Shadows in a real scene are caused by the occlusion of incoming light and, thus, analyzing the relationships between the image brightness and the occlusions of incoming light enables us to reliably estimate an illumination distribution of a scene even in a complex illumination environment. This study further concerns the following two issues that need to be addressed. First, the method combines the illumination analysis with an estimation of the reflectance properties of a shadow surface. This makes the method applicable to the case where reflectance properties of a surface are not known a priori and enlarges the variety of images applicable to the method. Second, we introduce an adaptive sampling framework for efficient estimation of illumination distribution. Using this framework, we are able to avoid a unnecessarily dense sampling of the illumination and can estimate the entire illumination distribution more efficiently with a smaller number of sampling directions of the illumination distribution. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, we have successfully tested the proposed method by using sets of real images taken in natural illumination conditions with different surface materials of shadow regions.
Comparison of hafnia and PZT based ferroelectrics for future non-volatile FRAM applications (2016)

Ferroelectric random access memories (FRAM) are nonvolatile memories which allow a fast access time and a low power consumption. State-of-the-art devices are based on the perovskite lead zirconate titanate (PZT), which suffers from CMOS incompatibility resulting in scaling issues. The discovery of the ferroelectricity in doped hafnium oxide enabled scaled 3D memory devices. A variety of dopants has already been found to stabilize the orthorhombic phase, responsible for ferroelectric switching. Interestingly, among the variety of dopants only a mixed hafnium zirconium oxide (HZO) enabled a wide process window together with a large memory window. Here, we compare PZT with HZO and show that despite different dielectric properties similar memory relevant performance can be achieved. Additionally, analogous wake-up and degradation behavior can be observed in both materials. Moreover, we show experimental proof that a thermally driven wake-up in both material systems is caused by diffusion of ionic charges. Extracted activation energy hints to oxygen vacancy movement as the main cause for the wake-up effect in HZO.
Autonomous Replication of Nucleic Acids by Polymerization/Nicking Enzyme/DNAzyme Cascades for the Amplified Detection of DNA and the Aptamer–Cocaine Complex (2013)

The progressive development of amplified DNA sensors and aptasensors using replication/nicking enzymes/DNAzyme machineries is described. The sensing platforms are based on the tailoring of a DNA template on which the recognition of the target DNA or the formation of the aptamer-substrate complex trigger on the autonomous isothermal replication/nicking processes and the displacement of a Mg(2+)-dependent DNAzyme that catalyzes the generation of a fluorophore-labeled nucleic acid acting as readout signal for the analyses. Three different DNA sensing configurations are described, where in the ultimate configuration the target sequence is incorporated into a nucleic acid blocker structure associated with the sensing template. The target-triggered isothermal autonomous replication/nicking process on the modified template results in the formation of the Mg(2+)-dependent DNAzyme tethered to a free strand consisting of the target sequence. This activates additional template units for the nucleic acid self-replication process, resulting in the ultrasensitive detection of the target DNA (detection limit 1 aM). Similarly, amplified aptamer-based sensing platforms for cocaine are developed along these concepts. The modification of the cocaine-detection template by the addition of a nucleic acid sequence that enables the autonomous secondary coupled activation of a polymerization/nicking machinery and DNAzyme generation path leads to an improved analysis of cocaine (detection limit 10 nM).
tRNAdb 2009: compilation of tRNA sequences and tRNA genes (2008)

One of the first specialized collections of nucleic acid sequences in life sciences was the 'compilation of tRNA sequences and sequences of tRNA genes' (http://www.trna.uni-bayreuth.de). Here, an updated and completely restructured version of this compilation is presented (http://trnadb.bioinf.uni-leipzig.de). The new database, tRNAdb, is hosted and maintained in cooperation between the universities of Leipzig, Marburg, and Strasbourg. Reimplemented as a relational database, tRNAdb will be updated periodically and is searchable in a highly flexible and user-friendly way. Currently, it contains more than 12 000 tRNA genes, classified into families according to amino acid specificity. Furthermore, the implementation of the NCBI taxonomy tree facilitates phylogeny-related queries. The database provides various services including graphical representations of tRNA secondary structures, a customizable output of aligned or un-aligned sequences with a variety of individual and combinable search criteria, as well as the construction of consensus sequences for any selected set of tRNAs.
Strategy to detect pre-existing immunity to AAV gene therapy (2017)

Gene therapy may offer a new treatment option, particularly for patients with severe hemophilia, based on recent research. However, individuals with pre-existing immunity to adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) may be less likely to benefit from AAV vector-based therapies. To study pre-existing AAV5 immunity in humans, we validated two complementary, sensitive, and scalable in vitro assays to detect AAV5 total antibodies and transduction inhibition (TI). Using these two assays, we found that 53% of samples from 100 healthy male individuals were negative in both assays, 18% were positive in both assays, 5% were positive for total antibodies but negative for TI and, of interest, 24% were negative for total antibodies but positive for TI activity, suggesting the presence of non-antibody-based neutralizing factors in human plasma. Similar findings were obtained with 24 samples from individuals with hemophilia A. On the basis of these results, we describe the development of a dual-assay strategy to identify individuals without total AAV5 antibodies or neutralizing factors who may be more likely to respond to AAV5-directed gene therapy. These assays offer a universal, transferrable platform across laboratories to assess the global prevalence of AAV5 antibodies and neutralizing factors in large patient populations to help inform clinical development strategies.
Advances in Nonlinear Blind Source Separation (2003)

Abstract — In this paper, we briefly review recent advances in blind source separation (BSS) for nonlinear mixing models. After a general introduction to the nonlinear BSS and ICA (independent Component Analysis) problems, we discuss in more detail uniqueness issues, presenting some new results. A fundamental difficulty in the nonlinear BSS problem and even more so in the nonlinear ICA problem is that they are nonunique without extra constraints, which are often implemented by using a suitable regularization. Post-nonlinear mixtures are an important special case, where a nonlinearity is applied to linear mixtures. For such mixtures, the ambiguities are essentially the same as for the linear ICA or BSS problems. In the later part of this paper, various separation techniques proposed for post-nonlinear mixtures and general nonlinear mixtures are reviewed. I. THE NONLINEAR ICA AND BSS PROBLEMS Consider Æ samples of the observed data vector Ü, modeled by
Effects of okadaic acid and ATPγS on cell length and Ca<sup>2+</sup>‐channel currents recorded in single smooth muscle cells of the guinea‐pig taenia caeci (1991)

1. The effects of inhibiting phosphatase activity on Ca(2+)-channel currents and cell shortening in single cells of the guinea-pig taenia caeci were investigated by whole-cell voltage clamp and video recording techniques. 2. Ca(2+)-channel currents were isolated by use of pipette solutions containing Cs, tetraethylammonium and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (3 mM). Ca2+ or Ba2+ (7.5 mM) in the bathing solution acted as the charge carrier during inward current flow. 3. Ca(2+)-channel currents in 7.5 mM Ba2+ (IBa) were recorded at potentials positive to -40 mV, were maximal near 0 mV and reversed near +60 mV. Both the inward and outward flow of current was blocked by 100 microM Cd2+. 4. Addition of the ATP analogue, adenosine 5'-O(3-thiotriphosphate) (ATP gamma S) (1 mM) to the pipette solution (containing 3 mM ATP) caused cell shortening to 23 +/- 2% (n = 5) of their initial length within 5 min. Control cells (containing 4 mM ATP) did not contract during recording periods up to 60 min in duration. 5. IBa, recorded 1-2 min after membrane rupture, was 134 +/- 19 (n = 13) pA, compared with 209 +/- 25 (n = 5) pA in control cells, otherwise there were no significant time-dependent effects of ATP gamma S. In particular, ATP gamma S did not prevent the decrease in amplitude, nor the acceleration of inactivation when Ca2+ (7.5 mM) replaced Ba2+ as the permeating ion. 6. Okadaic acid (OA) (50 microM), a chemical inhibitor of phosphatase activity, produced similar effects when applied intracellularly. When OA (25,microM) was applied extracellularly the rate of rundown of 'Ba was slowed. 7. Isoprenaline (1 microM) alone had no effect on 'Ba, but induced a small increase in IBa in the presence of OA (25 microM). 8. Thus, our results indicate that (1) the contractions in ATP gamma S and OA may well arise from the activation of a kinase which phosphorylates myosin at low concentrations of Ca2 +, and (2) changes in the state of phosphorylation of Ca2+ channels, or associated proteins, in the taenia caeci modulate their function, but probably not via mechanisms involving cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases.
A Comparison of the Proteomic Expression in Pooled Saliva Specimens from Individuals Diagnosed with Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast with and without Lymph Node Involvement (2009)

Purpose. The objective was to compare the salivary protein profiles of saliva specimens from individuals diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast (IDC) with and without lymph node involvement. Methods. Three pooled saliva specimens from women were analyzed. One pooled specimen was from healthy women; another was from women diagnosed with Stage IIa IDC and a specimen from women diagnosed with Stage IIb. The pooled samples were trypsinized and the peptide digests labeled with the appropriate iTRAQ reagent. Labeled peptides from each of the digests were combined and analyzed by reverse phase capillary chromatography on an LC-MS/MS mass spectrometer. Results. The results yielded approximately 174 differentially expressed proteins in the saliva specimens. There were 55 proteins that were common to both cancer stages in comparison to each other and healthy controls while there were 20 proteins unique to Stage IIa and 28 proteins that were unique to Stage IIb.
The Effects of Human Amniotic Membrane and Fibrin Sealant in the Prevention of Postoperative Adhesion Formation in the Rabbit Ovary Model (1998)

The study group consisted of 29 female, white New Zealand rabbits. The rabbits were randomized into 3 groups and a midline laparotomy was performed in order to make a 4-5 mm long lesion using a scalpel in both ovaries. In Group 1, both of the ovaries were left uncovered. In Group 2, the right ovaries were covered by human amniotic membrane graft. In Group 3, 0.1-0.2 mL of Tisseel solution was applied to the lesion in the right ovaries. No medication was applied to the left ovaries in any of the groups and thus this ovary acted as an individual control. After 2 weeks the adhesion scores were graded by relaparotomy in a blind manner. Fibrin sealant showed a significant reduction in postoperative adhesion formation compared with the amniotic membrane graft and control groups (p<0.001). Therefore, it can be concluded that fibrin sealant can be used as an adjuvant during reproductive surgery.
Catalytic Cracking of Lactide and Poly(Lactic Acid) to Acrylic Acid at Low Temperatures (2017)

Despite being a simple dehydration reaction, the industrially relevant conversion of lactic acid to acrylic acid is particularly challenging. For the first time, the catalytic cracking of lactide and poly(lactic acid) to acrylic acid under mild conditions is reported with up to 58 % yield. This transformation is catalyzed by strong acids in the presence of bromide or chloride salts and proceeds through simple S<sub>N</sub> 2 and elimination reactions.