gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Security by Any Other Name (2015)

Email as we use it today makes no guarantees about message integrity, authenticity, or confidentiality. Users must explicitly encrypt and sign message contents using tools like PGP if they wish to protect themselves against message tampering, forgery, or eavesdropping. However, few do, leaving the vast majority of users open to such attacks. Fortunately, transport-layer security mechanisms (available as extensions to SMTP, IMAP, POP3) provide some degree of protection against network-based eavesdropping attacks. At the same time, DKIM and SPF protect against network-based message forgery and tampering. In this work we evaluate the security provided by these protocols, both in theory and in practice. Using a combination of measurement techniques, we determine whether major providers supports TLS at each point in their email message path, and whether they support SPF and DKIM on incoming and outgoing mail. We found that while more than half of the top 20,000 receiving MTAs supported TLS, and support for TLS is increasing, servers do not check certificates, opening the Internet email system up to man-in-the-middle eavesdropping attacks. At the same time, while use of SPF is common, enforcement is limited. Moreover, few of the senders we examined used DKIM, and fewer still rejected invalid DKIM signatures. Our findings show that the global email system provides some protection against passive eavesdropping, limited protection against unprivileged peer message forgery, and no protection against active network-based attacks. We observe that protection even against the latter is possible using existing protocols with proper enforcement.
A quorum-sensing system in the free-living photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides (1997)

Rhodobacter sphaeroides is a free-living, photoheterotrophic bacterium known for its genomic and metabolic complexity. We have discovered that this purple photosynthetic organism possesses a quorum-sensing system. Quorum sensing occurs in a number of eukaryotic host-associated gram-negative bacteria. In these bacteria there are two genes required for quorum sensing, the luxR and luxI homologs, and there is an acylhomoserine lactone signal molecule synthesized by the product of the luxI homolog. In R. sphaeroides, synthesis of a novel homoserine lactone signal, 7,8-cis-N-(tetradecenoyl)homoserine lactone, is directed by a luxI homolog termed cerI. Two open reading frames immediately upstream of cerI are proposed to be components of the quorum-sensing system. The first of these is a luxR homolog termed cerR, and the second is a small open reading frame of 159 bp. Inactivation of cerI in R. sphaeroides results in mucoid colony formation on agar and formation of large aggregates of cells in liquid cultures. Clumping of CerI mutants in liquid culture is reversible upon addition of the acylhomoserine lactone signal and represents a phenotype unlike those controlled by quorum sensing in other bacteria.
Fluxless Hermetic Lid Sealing Using Electroplated Sn-Rich Solder (2008)

A new fluxless hermetic sealing technique using electroplated Sn-rich soft solder is reported. Specific glass (SCG72) is chosen as lid material to seal alumina packages. It has nominal coefficient of thermal expansion of 7 ppm/deg C, close to that of alumina. Alternatively, sapphire can also be used as the lid material. A thick Sn layer is plated over the Cr/Au patterned glass wafer, followed immediately by thin Au layer. This outer Au layer prevents the inner Sn from oxidation. In bonding, the glass lid is placed over the package rim which has a metallization structure of W/Ni/Au. The fluxless sealing process is performed in vacuum (50 millitorrs) to suppress tin oxidation. Compared to bonding in air, the oxygen content is reduced by a factor of 15 200. Fluxless bonding is valuable in many hermetic sealing applications such as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), sensors, photonic devices, and imaging devices. Nearly void-free sealed joints are achieved with Sn-rich composition. Helium leakage tests are performed to evaluate hermetic quality. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) is used to evaluate the composition and microstructure of the sealing joints. The results show how the Sn-rich solder reacts with the W/Ni/Au on the package. This new sealing process can be applied to nearly all devices and packages that require hermetic sealing.
Water‐Accelerated Cationic π‐(7‐<i>endo</i>) Cyclisation: Application to Indole‐Based Peri‐Annulated Polyheterocycles (2010)

Abstract An efficient and versatile method for the synthesis of indole‐based polycyclic indolo‐benzazepine and its derivatives through water‐accelerated cationic π‐cyclisation is described. The strategy involves condensation of arylamine moieties linked to C‐4 in indole/azaindole systems with arylaldehydes in water containing catalytic amount of Brønsted acids. The C–C bond formation in water is complete within 10–30 min, furnishing the title compounds in excellent yields and purities, whereas in organic solvents 10–12 h are required. Furthermore, aldehydes both with electron‐donating and‐withdrawing substituents facilitate the π‐cyclisation equally.
Formation of quantum-size semiconductor particles in a layered metal phosphonate host lattice (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFormation of quantum-size semiconductor particles in a layered metal phosphonate host latticeGuang Cao, L. K. Rabenberg, Christine M. Nunn, and Thomas E. MalloukCite this: Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 1, 149–156Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm00013a032https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00013a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views406Altmetric-Citations174LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Preliminary investigation of the simultaneous detection of sugars, ascorbic acid, citric acid, and sodium benzoate in non‐alcoholic beverages by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (2003)

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) was used for the simultaneous detection of sugars, ascorbic acid, citric acid, sodium and/or potassium benzoate in non-alcoholic beverages, with meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (MW 974) as a matrix. Using potassium hydroxide as dopant, fructose/glucose was detected as the potassiated molecule at m/z 219, whereas potassiated sucrose, [Sucrose. K](+), was detected at m/z 381. Using sodium hydroxide as dopant, the fructose and sucrose ions were detected at m/z 203 and 365, respectively. Citric acid generated multiple ions at m/z 269, 307, and 345, which were assigned to [Citricbond;H+2K](+), [Citricbond;2H+3K](+), and [Citricbond;3H+4K](+), respectively. However, a stored methanolic solution of citric acid produced additional ions at m/z 283, 297, and 321, which were attributed to [Citricbond;2H+CH(3)+2K](+), [Citricbond;3H+2CH(3)+2K](+), and [Citricbond;3H+CH(3)+3K](+), respectively, due to esterification that took place during storage. The limits of detection in water were: ascorbic acid, 0.30 wt%; citric acid, 0.5 wt%; and sodium benzoate, 0.001 wt%. In the beverage formulations, the limits of detection were: ascorbic acid 0.3 wt%, citric acid 0.3 wt%, and sodium benzoate 0.02 wt%. Spiking a water or beverage solution that contained ascorbic and/or citric acid with less than 0.6 wt% of tartaric acid lowered the detection limits of ascorbic and citric acids to 0.2 wt%. This study demonstrates the potential for using MALDI-TOFMS in the quality control analyses of non-alcoholic beverages, particularly with regard to the detection of low molecular weight organic acids in commercial beverage formulations.
Ribonuclease A variants with potent cytotoxic activity (1998)

Select members of the bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A) superfamily are potent cytotoxins. These cytotoxic ribonucleases enter the cytosol, where they degrade cellular RNA and cause cell death. Ribonuclease inhibitor (RI), a cytosolic protein, binds to members of the RNase A superfamily with inhibition constants that span 10 orders of magnitude. Here, we show that the affinity of a ribonuclease for RI plays an integral role in defining the potency of a cytotoxic ribonuclease. RNase A is not cytotoxic and binds RI with high affinity. Onconase, a cytotoxic RNase A homolog, binds RI with low affinity. To disrupt the RI-RNase A interaction, three RNase A residues (Asp-38, Gly-88, and Ala-109) that form multiple contacts with RI were replaced with arginine. Replacing Asp-38 and Ala-109 with an arginine residue has no effect on the RI-RNase interaction. In addition, these variants are not cytotoxic. In contrast, replacing Gly-88 with an arginine residue yields a ribonuclease (G88R RNase A) that retains catalytic activity in the presence of RI and is cytotoxic to a transformed cell line. Replacing Gly-88 with aspartate also yields a ribonuclease (G88D RNase A) with a decreased affinity for RI and cytotoxic activity. The cytotoxic potency of onconase, G88R RNase A, and G88D RNase A correlate with RI evasion. We conclude that ribonucleases that retain catalytic activity in the presence of RI are cytotoxins. This finding portends the development of a class of chemotherapeutic agents based on pancreatic ribonucleases.
Carotenoids and related compounds. Part XV. The structure and synthesis of phytoene, phytofluene, ζ-carotene, and neurosporene (1966)

J. B. Davis, L. M. Jackman, P. T. Siddons and B. C. L. Weedon, J. Chem. Soc. C, 1966, 2154 DOI: 10.1039/J39660002154
A survey of rollback-recovery protocols in message-passing systems (2002)

This survey covers rollback-recovery techniques that do not require special language constructs. In the first part of the survey we classify rollback-recovery protocols into checkpoint-based and log-based. Checkpoint-based protocols rely solely on checkpointing for system state restoration. Checkpointing can be coordinated, uncoordinated, or communication-induced. Log-based protocols combine checkpointing with logging of nondeterministic events, encoded in tuples called determinants . Depending on how determinants are logged, log-based protocols can be pessimistic, optimistic, or causal. Throughout the survey, we highlight the research issues that are at the core of rollback-recovery and present the solutions that currently address them. We also compare the performance of different rollback-recovery protocols with respect to a series of desirable properties and discuss the issues that arise in the practical implementations of these protocols.
An improved synthesis of ethyl N-(methoxycarbonyl)-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAn improved synthesis of ethyl N-(methoxycarbonyl)-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylateBrian Dupre and A. I. MeyersCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 9, 3197–3198Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00009a053https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00009a053research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views230Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Maternal serum placental growth factor at 12, 22, 32 and 36 weeks' gestation in screening for pre‐eclampsia (2015)

The performance of combined screening with maternal factors, medical history and PlGF is superior in screening for early, compared to late, PE and improves with advancing gestational age at screening. Copyright © 2015 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Tunable colloid trajectories in nematic liquid crystals near wavy walls (2018)

The ability to dictate the motion of microscopic objects is an important challenge in fields ranging from materials science to biology. Field-directed assembly drives microparticles along paths defined by energy gradients. Nematic liquid crystals, consisting of rod-like molecules, provide new opportunities in this domain. Deviations of nematic liquid crystal molecules from uniform orientation cost elastic energy, and such deviations can be molded by bounding vessel shape. Here, by placing a wavy wall in a nematic liquid crystal, we impose alternating splay and bend distortions, and define a smoothly varying elastic energy field. A microparticle in this field displays a rich set of behaviors, as this system has multiple stable states, repulsive and attractive loci, and interaction strengths that can be tuned to allow reconfigurable states. Microparticles can transition between defect configurations, move along distinct paths, and select sites for preferred docking. Such tailored landscapes have promise in reconfigurable systems and in microrobotics applications.
The Human T Cell Receptor Alpha Variable (TRAV) Genes (2000)

'Human T Cell Receptor Alpha Variable (TRAV) Genes', the eighth report of the 'IMGT Locus in Focus' section, comprises four tables: (1) 'Number of human germline TRAV genes at 14q11 and potential repertoire'; (2) 'Human germline TRAV genes at 14q11'; (3) 'Human TRAV allele table', and (4) 'Correspondence between the different human TRAV gene nomenclatures'. These tables are available at the IMGT Marie-Paule page of IMGT, the international ImMunoGeneTics database (http://imgt.cines.fr:8104) created by Marie-Paule Lefranc, Université Montpellier II, CNRS, France.
Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Case of KABUKI Syndrome (2015)

Kabuki syndrome (KS), a rare and relatively new syndrome, has been historically associated with classical facial dysmorphisms, heart and endocrine abnormalities, but only few cases of Kabuki syndrome with GI abnormalities have been reported. Congenital hepatic abnormalities, such as biliary atresia, neonatal sclerosing cholangitis, and idiopathic hepatic fibrosis, have been observed, but no case with Non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been reported in literature.
Organocatalysed asymmetric Mannich reactions (2007)

The asymmetric Mannich reaction ranks among the most potent enantioselective and diastereoselective C-C-bond forming reactions. In recent years, organocatalysed versions of asymmetric Mannich processes have been increasingly reported and used in a rapidly growing number of applications. This tutorial review provides an overview of the recent history of the asymmetric organocatalysed Mannich reaction, including scope and limitations, and application of different catalyst systems.
Polymorphism of T‐cell receptor genes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (1994)

Germ-line TCR genes from 41 Singaporean Chinese patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma and 54 Singapore Chinese normal subjects were investigated by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Genomic DNA from BLCLs of patients and normal subjects was digested with the restriction endonucleases BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII, TaqI, transferred to nylon membrane by the Southern-blot technique and hybridized with radioactively labelled TCR cDNA probes. When the combination of BamHI/V beta II was used, NPC patients had a lower frequency of the 25/25-kb allelic pattern and a higher frequency of the 20-kb fragment compared to controls. With the combination of TaqI/V beta 8, the 4.3/3.2-kb fragment allelic frequency was lower in total NPC but particularly in patients with HLA B46. The result suggested that TCR restriction may be important in the pathogenesis of NPC.
Immune Responses to Influenza Virus and Its Correlation to Age and Inherited Factors (2016)

Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae of enveloped viruses and are an important cause of respiratory infections worldwide. The influenza virus is able to infect a wide variety species as diverse as poultry, marine, pigs, horses and humans. Upon infection with influenza virus the innate immunity plays a critical role in efficient and rapid control of viral infections as well as in adaptive immunity initiation. The humoral immune system produces antibodies against different influenza antigens, of which the HA-specific antibody is the most important for neutralization of the virus and thus prevention of illness. Cell mediated immunity including CD4+ helper T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells are the other arms of adaptive immunity induced upon influenza virus infection. The complex inherited factors and age related changes are associated with the host immune responses. Here, we review the different components of immune responses against influenza virus. Additionally, the correlation of the immune response to age and inherited factors has been discussed. These determinations lead to a better understanding of the limitations of immune responses for developing improved vaccines to control influenza virus infection.
Effect of Aluminum on the Corrosion Characteristics of Mg-4Ni-xAl Alloys (2003)

Corrosion properties of Mg-4Ni-xAl alloys were investigated using electrochemical techniques, pH measurement, hydrogen evolution test in acid-chloride solution (pH 5.4, 200 ppm Cl−), and surface analysis. The Mg-4Ni-xAl alloys were prepared by a new alloying method called rotation-cylinder method (RCM). Mg dissolution was closely related to the pH value of the test solution. At pH &amp;gt; 11, the surface of Mg alloys was covered by magnesium hydroxide (Mg[OH]2) film, which influenced the corrosion potential and corrosion rate of Mg alloys. In this case, the corrosion potential was shifted toward the anodic side and corrosion rate decreased. At pH &amp;lt; 11, however, corrosion rate continuously increased as a function of time. With increasing Al content in the Mg-4Ni-xAl alloys from 0 to 2 wt%, (1) the corrosion potential had more active potential, but the corrosion rate decreased, and (2) the segregation of the α-Mg/Mg2Ni eutectic phases at the grain boundary was reduced. Generally, Mg2Ni had more noble potential than the α-Mg. As a result of the addition of Al, microgalvanic reactions (1) between the Mg matrix and the α-Mg/Mg2Ni eutectic phase and (2) between the α-Mg and the Mg2Ni in eutectic phase decreased, which reduced the corrosion rate of Mg alloys.
Pulsed erbium:YAG laser ablation in cutaneous surgery (1996)

Pulsed 2.94 microns Erbium:YAG laser surgery allows an extremely precise etching of delicate superficial skin lesions and also should have a potential for skin resurfacing.
Vascular endothelial growth factor in CSF (2000)

In patients with carcinomatous meningitis, significant amounts of VEGF are released into CSF. This study yields preliminary evidence that VEGF in CSF may be a useful biologic marker for both the diagnosis and evaluation of treatment response in carcinomatous meningitis.
Engineering Compliant Software: Advising Developers by Automating Legal Reasoning (2012)

The impact of software on human interactions is ever increasing. However, software developers are often unaware of statutory provisions that regulate human interactions. As a consequence, software is increasingly coming into conflict with such provisions. Therefore, this paper contributes an approach for advising the developer in designing software that complies to statutory provisions. The approach relies on the formalisation of statutory provisions and semi-automated legal reasoning assisted by the developer.
Compression fractures detection on CT (2017)

The presence of a vertebral compression fracture is highly indicative of osteoporosis and represents the single most robust predictor for development of a second osteoporotic fracture in the spine or elsewhere. Less than one third of vertebral compression fractures are diagnosed clinically. We present an automated method for detecting spine compression fractures in Computed Tomography (CT) scans. The algorithm is composed of three processes. First, the spinal column is segmented and sagittal patches are extracted. The patches are then binary classified using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Finally a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) is utilized to predict whether a vertebral fracture is present in the series of patches.
Oxidation of Ni-Cr-Al Alloys Between 1000° and 1200°C (1971)

The oxidation of alloys in 0.1 atm of oxygen has been studied at temperatures of 1000°, 1100°, and 1200°C. Twenty‐one alloys with varying chromium [2–30 weight per cent (w/o)] and aluminum (1–9 w/o) contents were examined. It was found that all of the alloys initially underwent a period of transient oxidation before steady‐state conditions were established. The transient period of oxidation usually did not exceed 1 hr and was characterized by rapid conversion of thin surface layers of the alloys to oxides with the subsequent formation of continuous layers of one of the following oxides: , , or . Steady‐state conditions were established with the formation of these continuous oxide layers, and oxidation occurred by three different mechanisms which were characterized by the growth of an external layer of over a subscale of and Al2O3, the growth of an external layer of over an subscale or the growth of a continuous, external layer of .