gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Calcium Chloride Dip-Coating on Mushroom Slices Prior to Hot Air Drying Using Response Surface Methodology (2013)

This paper deals with the key issue of the coating technology applied to button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) slices prior to convective drying. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to predict the effects and to optimize the concentrations of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (0–3% w/w) and CaCl2 (0–2% w/w) on the quality of dried mushroom slices. The final product was evaluated in terms of responses such as water absorption capacity (WAC), dry matter holding capacity (DHC), rehydration ability (RA), scavenging effect (SE) assay, shear stress (SS) and color (L0 – L and ΔE). The results showed that WAC, RA, SE and SS increased and L0-L and ΔE decreased with CMC concentration increase. Based on response surface and desirability functions, the optimum product qualities in terms of RA (0.50), SE (78.51%), L0-L (20.86), ΔE (27.73) and SS (307.01 N/cm2) responses were obtained at 3% CMC concentration. Practical Applications Fresh mushrooms are very perishable and usage of the best postharvest techniques to enhance the shelf life and to maintain their quality plays a crucial role for commercialization. Materials with high moisture content such as mushrooms do not have a stable structure necessary during conventional dehydration; therefore, a special process must be developed to provide a crispy dried product. Using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a coating agent provided dried mushroom slices with better quality attributes, including more rehydration ability, brighter color and higher nutritional value (more antioxidant properties).
Utility of PCR for DNA analysis from dried blood spots on filter paper blotters. (1991)

T h e collection of dried blood spots on filter paper blotters is a major innovation and has facilitated the development and dissemination of newborn screening programs principally because of the ease of sample collection, handling, and shipment to centrally located laboratories and the stability of the analytes in these specimens. (1,2) These samples, which are also known as spots, after their originator Dr. Robert Guthrie, have been used for a considerable number and a broad variety of screening tests. Examples of these tests are shown in Table 1, organized according to newborn screening detection categories. The traditional analyte categories that have been targeted by newborn screening programs have been metabolites, hormones, and proteins (Table 1). (2,3) This report will show that DNA represents a new analyte category for direct mutation detection from these Guthrie spots. In addition to describing how analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified DNA is beginning to interface with neonatal screening programs, we will discuss the use of dried blood specimens for determination of mutant allele frequencies in various populations, as well as for forensic identification and databases, infectious disease diagnosis, and large animal agriculture. The ability of this PCR-based molecular genetic technology to provide large-scale screening and diagnosis will require the development of automation to reduce the number of personnel needed, and we also will consider current and future developments in this area. In 1987 it was reported that DNA could be obtained from the dried blood specimens on filter paper blotters. (,4) The initial efforts resulted in microextraction of approximately 500 ng of DNA from a single 1/2-in-diameter specimen circle representing the dried equivalent of approximately 50 ~1 of whole blood. This amount of DNA was sufficient for a single Southern blot analysis, but DNA in these amounts was approaching the limits of the existing technology. Fortunately, as these original investigations were being completed, the technique of PCR amplification was reported/s) and it was shown that the DNA obtained from the dried blood spots could be amplified by PCR. (6) Improvements in the microextraction technique permitted isolation of DNA from as little as a 1/8-indiameter punched disc, representing the dried equivalent of approximately 3 lal of whole blood. (6) The development of the heat-stable polymerase from Thermus aquaticus (7) and a programmable heating block (8) permitted automated temperature cycling to replace the previously tedious manual PCR procedures.
Antimicrobial Action of Carbon Monoxide-Releasing Compounds (2007)

Carbon monoxide (CO) is endogenously produced in the human body, mainly from the oxidation of heme catalyzed by heme oxygenase (HO) enzymes. The induction of HO and the consequent increase in CO production play important physiological roles in vasorelaxation and neurotransmission and in the immune system. The exogenous administration of CO gas and CO-releasing molecules (CO-RMs) has been shown to induce vascular effects and to alleviate hypoxia-reoxygenation injury of mammalian cells. In particular, due to its anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antiproliferative properties, CO inhibits ischemic-reperfusion injury and provides potent cytoprotective effects during organ and cell transplantation. In spite of these findings regarding the physiology and biology of mammals, nothing is known about the action of CO on bacteria. In the present work, we examined the effect of CO on bacterial cell proliferation. Cell growth experiments showed that CO caused the rapid death of the two pathogenic bacteria tested, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, particularly when delivered through organometallic CO-RMs. Of importance is the observation that the effectiveness of the CO-RMs was greater in near-anaerobic environments, as many pathogens are anaerobic organisms and pathogen colonization occurs in environments with low oxygen concentrations. Our results constitute the first evidence that CO can be utilized as an antimicrobial agent. We anticipate our results to be the starting point for the development of novel types of therapeutic drugs designed to combat antibiotic-resistant pathogens, which are widespread and presently a major public health concern.
Enhanced breakdown strength of multilayered films fabricated by forced assembly microlayer coextrusion (2009)

There is a need in electronic systems and pulsed power applications for capacitors with high energy density. From a material standpoint, capacitive energy density improves with increasing dielectric constant and/or breakdown strength. Current state-of-the-art polymeric capacitors are, however, limited in that their dielectric constant is low (2–4). Our approach to improve polymer film capacitors is to combine, through microlayer coextrusion, two polymers with complementary properties: one with a high breakdown strength (polycarbonate) and one with a high dielectric constant (polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene). As opposed to the monolith controls, multilayered films with various numbers of layers and compositions subjected to a pulsed voltage exhibit treeing patterns that hinder the breakdown process. Consequently, substantially enhanced breakdown strengths are measured in the mutilayered films. It is further shown, by varying the overall film thickness, that the charge at the tip of the needle electrode is a key parameter that controls treeing. Based on the acquired data, a breakdown mechanism is formulated to explain the increased dielectric strengths. Using the understanding gained from these systems, selection and optimization of future layered structures can be carried out to obtain additional property enhancements.
Scheduling Using Behavioral Templates (1995)

This paper presents the idea of "behavioral templates" in scheduling. A behavioral template locks several operations into a relative schedule with respect to one another. This simple construct proves powerful in addressing: (1) timing constraints, (2) sequential operation modeling, (3) pre-chaining of certain operations, and (4) hierarchical scheduling. We present design examples from industry to demonstrate the importance of these issues in scheduling.
Retinal degeneration in monkeys induced by deficiencies of vitamin E or A. (1974)

The effects of vitamin E or vitamin A deficiency on the retina were assessed in monkeys for as long as two and three-quarters years. A macular degeneration developed after two years in monkeys fed vitamin E-deficient diets. The lesion was characterized by focal, massive disruption of photoreceptor outer segments attributed to lipid peroxidation of these lipoprotein structures containing highly unsaturated fatty acids. The focal nature of the lesion precluded any evidence of clinical blindness. Vitamin A deficiency was typical of that described by others, and was accompanied by xerophthalmia, keratomalacia, and clinically impaired vision. Anatomic evidence suggested that the structural disruption of photoreceptors was more advanced in cones and was most pronounced in the macula with a lesser involvement of the peripheral retina.
Silencing of CDK5 Reduces Neurofibrillary Tangles in Transgenic Alzheimer's Mice (2010)

Alzheimer's disease is a major cause of dementia for which treatments remain unsatisfactory. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is a relevant kinase that has been hypothesized to contribute to the tau pathology. Several classes of chemical inhibitors for CDK5 have been developed, but they generally lack the specificity to distinguish among various ATP-dependent kinases. Therefore, the efficacy of these compounds when tested in animal models cannot definitively be attributed to an effect on CDK5. However, RNA interference (RNAi) targeting of CDK5 is specific and can be used to validate CDK5 as a possible treatment target. We delivered a CDK5 RNAi by lentiviral or adenoassociated viral vectors and analyzed the results in vitro and in vivo. Silencing of CDK5 reduces the phosphorylation of tau in primary neuronal cultures and in the brain of wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, the knockdown of CDK5 strongly decreased the number of neurofibrillary tangles in the hippocampi of triple-transgenic mice (3×Tg-AD mice). Our data suggest that this downregulation may be attributable to the reduction of the CDK5 availability in the tissue, without affecting the CDK5 kinase activity. In summary, our findings validate CDK5 as a reasonable therapeutic target for ameliorating tau pathology.
Empirical Correlations to Predict In-situ Durability of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes in Fuel Cells (2013)

Chemical and mechanical durability of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) must be understood and improved for commercial success of PEMFCs vehicles. Chemical degradation of PEMs occurs under OCV conditions due to high gas crossover, high concentration of chemically weak groups, and low EW. These properties measured ex-situ have been related to develop a chemical stability factor (CSF) to predict in-situ chemical durability of PEMs. Mechanical degradation of PEMs occurs under dry-wet cycling due to low tensile strain, high swelling, low EW and high gas crossover. A mechanical stability factor (MSF) has been derived from ex-situ measured % Strain at Break, % Swelling, oxygen crossover rate, and EW to predict in-situ mechanical durability of PEMs. The relative trend predicted by CSF and MSF follows the relative trend in in-situ chemical and mechanical durability. These factors can be used to screen and select the most durable PEM for in-situ testing in order to save lengthy in-situ testing time, developmental cost and resources.
Tongue Base Ultrasound: A Diagnostic Tool for Predicting Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2009)

Tongue base width, measured by US, may influence the severity of obstructive sleep apnea. This is the first demonstration of the possible role of US examination, an inexpensive, noninvasive, and non-irradiating office procedure, in the diagnostic workup for sleep-related breathing disorders.
Fate of pancreatic enzymes during small intestinal aboral transit in humans (1986)

To determine survival of pancreatic enzymes during small intestinal aboral transit in humans, seven healthy volunteers were intubated with an oroileal tube. By using nonabsorbable markers we measured the cumulative amount of lipase, trypsin, and amylase activities and lipase and trypsin immunoreactivities delivered postprandially to the duodenum, midjejunum, and terminal ileum. We found that as the enzymes moved from duodenum to ileum, 74% of amylase activity, 22% of trypsin activity, and 1% of lipase activity survived transit. Enzymatic activity and immunoreactivity of trypsin and lipase disappeared at different rates, suggesting that for these enzymes the sites of enzymatic activity and immunorecognition are not identical. Since tryptic activity is present even in the absence of immunorecognizable trypsin, complete structural integrity of the trypsin molecule may not be essential for its enzymatic activity. The short intraluminal survival of lipolytic activity may partially explain why patients with progressive exocrine pancreatic insufficiency malabsorb fat earlier than other nutrients.
&lt;title&gt;Security analysis of public key watermarking schemes&lt;/title&gt; (2001)

Traditional watermarking systems require the complete disclosure of the watermarking key in the watermark verification process. In most systems an attacker is able to remove the watermark completely once the key is known, thus subverting the intention of copyright protection. To cope with this problem, public-key watermarking schemes were proposed that allow asymmetric watermark detection. Whereas a public key is used to insert watermarks in digital objects, the marks can be verified with a private key. Knowledge of this private key does not allow piracy. We describe two public-key watermarking schemes which are similar in spirit to zero-knowledge proofs. The key idea of one system is to verify a watermark in a blinded version of the document, where the scrambling is determined by the private key. A probabilistic protocol is constructed that allows public watermark detection with probability of 1/2; by iteration, the verifier can get any degree of certainty that the watermark is present. The second system is based on watermark attacks, using controlled counterfeiting to conceal real watermark data safely amid data useless to an attacker.
Active Cross‐Linkers that Lead to Active Gels (2013)

Chemomechanical reaction: The first octahedral ruthenium bipyridine complex that bears six polymerizable vinyl groups is used as an active cross-linker. It is a key building block for cross-linked polymeric networks (right) thus allowing the construction of molecular architectures in chemomechanical soft materials.
An intergeneric hybrid flycatcher (Contopus X Empidonax) from Idaho (1965)

(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.
Inhibitors of Tissue Factor • Factor VIIa for Anticoagulant Therapy (2004)

Factor VIIa (FVIIa) is a key serine protease involved in the initiation of the coagulation cascade. It is a glycosylated disulfide-linked heterodimer comprised of an amino-terminal gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-rich (Gla) domain and two epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains in the light chain, and a chymotrypsin-like serine protease domain in the heavy chain. FVIIa requires tissue factor (TF), a membrane bound protein, as an essential cofactor for maximal activity towards its biological substrates Factor X, Factor IX and Factor VII (FVII). Inhibition of TF.FVIIa activity may prevent the formation of fibrin clots and thus be useful in the management of thrombotic disease. The development of TF.FVIIa inhibitors to validate this target has been of great interest. A wide array of strategic approaches to inhibiting the biochemical and biological functions of the TF.FVIIa complex has been pursued. This has been greatly aided from our understanding of the structures for TF, FVII, FVIIa, and the TF.FVIIa complex. These approaches have resulted in inhibitors directed specifically towards either FVIIa or TF. Antagonists include active site inhibited FVIIa, TF mutants, anti-TF antibodies, anti-FVII/FVIIa antibodies, naturally-occurring protein inhibitors, peptide exosite inhibitors, and protein and small molecule active site inhibitors. These antagonists can inhibit catalysis directly at the active site as well as impair function by binding to exosites that may interfere with substrate, membrane, or cofactor binding. The rationale of TF.FVIIa as a target and the development, characteristics and biological uses of TF.FVIIa inhibitors are discussed.
UnWindows 1.0 (1994)

article Free Access Share on UnWindows 1.0: X Windows tools for low vision users Authors: Richard L. Kline Computer Science Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY Computer Science Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NYView Profile , Ephraim P. Glinert Computer Science Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY Computer Science Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NYView Profile Authors Info & Claims ACM SIGCAPH Computers and the Physically HandicappedIssue 49March 1994 pp 1–5https://doi.org/10.1145/192495.192497Published:01 March 1994Publication History 1citation84DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations1Total Downloads84Last 12 Months3Last 6 weeks1 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my Alerts New Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Group B Streptococcal Colonization and Serotype-Specific Immunity in Pregnant Women at Delivery (2000)

In Brief Objective To describe the relationship between serum concentration of group B streptococcal capsular polysaccharide–specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G, colonization status, race or ethnicity, and age in pregnant women. Methods Pregnant women (n = 3307) were enrolled from geographically and ethnically diverse populations. At the time of admission for delivery, swabs of the lower vagina and rectum were obtained for isolation of group B streptococci. In a subset of women whose sera were available, capsular polysaccharide–specific IgG concentrations were quantified by serotype-specific (Ia, Ib, II, III, and V) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and compared by group B streptococcal colonization status. Results Group B streptococcal colonization was detected in 856 women (26%), and the rate was significantly higher among black women (37%) than in other racial or ethnic groups (odds ratio 1.7, 95% confidence interval 1.4, 2.1). Colonization status did not differ by study site or age. Colonization with serotypes Ia, II, III, or V was associated with significantly higher serum concentrations of IgG specific for the capsular polysaccharide of the colonizing serotype compared with noncolonization. However, 48% of colonized women had low capsular polysaccharide–specific IgG levels (less than 0.5 μg/mL) in their delivery sera. Colonized teenagers had the lowest median concentration. Conclusion Colonization with group B streptococcus can elicit a systemic immune response, with a cumulative increase in the prevalence of capsular polysaccharide–specific IgG with increasing age. Conversely, low antibody levels in colonized teenagers might account in part for the reported increased risk of group B streptococcal disease in neonates born to these patients. Many women with vaginal and/or rectal group B streptococcal colonization have low concentrations of group B streptococcal serotype–specific immunoglobulin G in their delivery sera.
Characterization of Premature Liver Polyploidy in Dna Repair ( Ercc1 )–Deficient Mice (2003)

ERCC1–XPF is the endonuclease that cuts 5′ of the damage in nucleotide excision repair (NER). Unlike other NER proteins, ERCC1–XPF is also involved in recombination and the repair of DNA interstrand cross–links. Unique among the NER gene knockouts, Ercc1 null mice are severely runted with high levels of hepatocyte polyploidy. To understand the link between DNA repair deficiency and polyploidy we have compared the premature polyploidy in Ercc1 null liver with the normal development of polyploidy in aging control mice. Polyploidy was accelerated dramatically in Ercc1 null hepatocytes, such that ploidy levels were equivalent in 3–week–old Ercc1 null and 1– to 2–year–old wild–type mouse liver. Levels of the cyclin–dependent kinase inhibitor, p21, were increased in the nuclei of Ercc1 null hepatocytes, and this increase was concentrated in, but not confined to, the polyploid hepatocytes. Much lower levels of p21 messenger RNA (mRNA) were found in old wild–type liver with equivalent levels of ploidy. We suggest that the more rapid accumulation of DNA damage in Ercc1 null liver leads to an increase in p21 levels, but that there is not a simple direct link between p21 levels and premature polyploidy. The failure to observe any link between p21 levels and polyploidy in aged wild–type liver may be attributable to the much lower levels of accumulated DNA damage, the much greater timescale involved, or the existence of a p21–independent mechanism for polyploidy. In conclusion, the premature polyploidy in Ercc1 –deficient liver differs from the normal aging–related process. (Hepatology 2003;38:958-966).
Glyceryl<i>bis</i>ether sulfates. I: Improved synthesis (1994)

Abstract Sparse literature outlines previous syntheses for glyceryl bis ether sulfates, which, while giving rise to the desired molecules, are somewhat cumbersome and suffer from undersired by‐product formation. We now report an improved synthesis of the title compounds that results in greater simplicity and reduced by‐product formation. An hypothesis is advanced to explain the by‐product formation.
Alterations in beta-adrenergic receptors, adenylate cyclase, and cyclic AMP concentrations during acute myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. (1990)

Acute severe myocardial ischemia and evolving myocardial infarction cause neural stimulation, increased levels of circulating catecholamines, and release of catecholamines from storage depots in the left ventricle, with consequent exposure of injured myocardial cells to relatively high concentrations of catecholamines during the transitional period in which myocyte injury becomes progressively more severe. beta-Adrenergic receptor numbers may be increased in the ischemic myocardium within 15-35 minutes of coronary artery occlusion and are associated with intact or enhanced coupling with the adenylate cyclase enzyme and elevated levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP); their stimulation may mediate ventricular fibrillation. The administration of beta-adrenergic blockers before or within the first few minutes after coronary artery occlusion prevents or attenuates the development of ventricular fibrillation. beta-Receptor numbers are increased in the ischemic myocardium at 60 minutes of coronary artery occlusion but are uncoupled from the adenylate cyclase enzyme at the level of the G protein and/or catalytic unit. However, with reperfusion after 60 minutes of coronary artery occlusion, the increase in ischemic-region beta-adrenergic receptor numbers persists, and adenylate cyclase responsiveness to beta-receptor stimulation is restored. If a catecholamine is administered, increases in cyclic AMP and activated phosphorylase occur in ischemic-reperfused myocardium. These data indicate that beta-adrenergic mechanisms may play an important role in arrhythmogenesis and may contribute to myocyte injury during severe and intense myocardial ischemia and evolving myocardial infarction.