gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inferring templates from spreadsheets (2006)

We present a study investigating the performance of a system for automatically inferring spreadsheet templates. These templates allow users to safely edit spreadsheets, that is, certain kinds of errors such as range, reference, and type errors can be provably prevented. Since the inference of templates is inherently ambiguous, such a study is required to demonstrate the effectiveness of any such automatic system. The study results show that the system considered performs significantly better than subjects with intermediate to expert level programming expertise. These results are important because the translation of the huge body of existing spreadsheets into a system based on safety-guaranteeing templates cannot be performed without automatic support. We also carried out post-hoc analyses of the video recordings of the subjects' interactions with the spreadsheets and found that although expert-level subjects needed less time and developed more accurate templates than less experienced subjects, they did not inspect fewer cells in the spreadsheet. %and found that expert-level subjects spend less time and inspect fewer cells in the spreadsheet and develop more accurate templates than subjects with less experience.
Natural Mineral-marine Manganese Nodule as a Novel Catalyst for the Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes (2006)

多围的碳 nanotubes 被乙炔的热分解在提高的温度作为新奇催化剂与自然地发生的海洋的锰小瘤制作。nanotube 产品被传播电子显微检查法检验。方法被期望是最简单的综合碳 nanotubes 由于催化剂的不必要的合成。
The FirstSearch user interface architecture (2000)

The OCLC FirstSearch® service allows users to search for bibliographic and full text records in over 80 online databases. Web-based, FirstSearch was designed to adapt to unexpected user needs, platform considerations, languages, and changing requirements. The many unknowns during development necessitated an architecture that would allow many types of contributors to modify the interface easily and frequently. For example, marketing, documentation, and user interface designers edited the strings used in the interface, including translation; and user interface and graphic designers edited the screen layout. Structured initialization files with a simple convention for adapting to specific users, platforms, languages, etc., allowed continual broadening of the accessibility of the system without complicating the overall architecture.
Prospects and strategies for the discovery and development of small-molecule inhibitors of six-helix bundle formation in class 1 viral fusion proteins. (2006)

Class I viral fusion proteins have an important role in the fusion of viral membranes with host cell membranes, a critical step in the viral life-cycle. These proteins all have similar structural features and form six-helix bundles in their fusogenic form, a general mechanism of action for virus-cell fusion. The successful discovery of peptide-based inhibitors of fusion proteins, in addition to the US Food and Drug Administration approval of one of these inhibitors as an anti-HIV-1 drug, confirmed that the inhibition of six-helix bundle formation is a viable strategy for identifying antiviral drugs. Because peptide-based drugs have several limitations, research has been undertaken to identify potent small-molecule inhibitors of six-helix bundle formation in a variety of viruses, including HIV-1, human respiratory syncytial virus and measles virus. Small-molecule inhibitors that disrupt six-helix bundle formation and prevent viral infection have been identified. This review will focus on the discovery of these small-molecule inhibitors.
An efficient algorithm for hierarchical compression of video (2002)

This paper addresses the problem of collaborative video over "heterogeneous" networks. Current standards for video compression are not designed to deal with this problem. We define an additional set of metrics (i.e., in addition to the standard rate versus distortion measure) to evaluate compression algorithms for this application. We then present an efficient algorithm for video compression in such an environment. The algorithm is a novel combination of the discrete wavelet transform and hierarchical vector quantization. It is unique in that both the encoder and the decoder are implemented with only table lookups and are amenable to efficient software and hardware solutions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Development of polymer-based artificial haircell using surface micromachining and 3D assembly (2004)

We report the development of an artificial haircell (AHC) fabricated using polymer surface micromachining and efficient 3D assembly. The AHC is modeled after biological hair cells, a common and versatile mechanoreceptor in biology. The design and fabrication process are discussed in the paper. Response to static deflection and airflow is also discussed.
Adult-Type Granulosa Cell Tumors and FOXL2 Mutation (2009)

Little is known about the pathogenesis of ovarian granulosa cell tumors. Recently, we reported the identification of a somatic FOXL2 402C-->G mutation that is present in virtually all adult-type granulosa cell tumors, but not in a wide range of other tumor types. This finding has important implications for the diagnosis and classification of ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors, provides insight into the pathogenesis of adult-type granulosa cell tumors, and opens possibilities for the development of targeted therapies.
Role of Egr‐1 in cAMP‐dependent protein kinase regulation of the phenylethanolamine <i>N</i>‐methyltransferase gene (2001)

The molecular mechanism by which cAMP activates the rat phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) gene was examined by transient transfection of the wild-type rat PNMT promoter-luciferase reporter gene construct pGL3RP893 into PC12 cells. Forskolin treatment (10 microM) of the transfected cells for 3--6 h maximally induced luciferase threefold. Induction by forskolin was mimicked by the cAMP analog, 8-Br-cAMP, and prevented in PC12 cells pretreated with the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H-89 or co-transfected with an expression construct for PKI, a polypeptide inhibitor of PKA. Furthermore, forskolin did not activate the PNMT promoter when the 893 bp PNMT promoter-reporter gene construct was transfected into the PKA-deficient cell line, A126. Detailed examination of the forskolin responsiveness of PNMT constructs harboring > or = 60 bp and < 893 bp of PNMT promoter demonstrated that the cAMP-responsive element(s) lay between < 392 bp and > or =60 bp. Within this region of the promoter lies a functional binding element for Egr-1, a transcriptional activator of the PNMT gene. Forskolin treatment of PC12 cells also rapidly increased nuclear levels of Egr-1 and the catalytic subunit of PKA (PKA-C), with the rise in PKA-C preceding that of Egr-1. Mutation of the --165 bp Egr-1 site markedly decreased forskolin activation of the PNMT promoter. These findings demonstrate that the rat PNMT gene promoter can be activated via the cAMP-PKA signal transduction pathway, mediated by the immediate early gene transcription factor, Egr-1.
The Role of Macrophages in Acute and Chronic Wound Healing and Interventions to Promote Pro-wound Healing Phenotypes (2018)

Macrophages play key roles in all phases of adult wound healing, which are inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. As wounds heal, the local macrophage population transitions from predominantly pro-inflammatory (M1-like phenotypes) to anti-inflammatory (M2-like phenotypes). Non-healing chronic wounds, such as pressure, arterial, venous, and diabetic ulcers indefinitely remain in inflammation-the first stage of wound healing. Thus, local macrophages retain pro-inflammatory characteristics. This review discusses the physiology of monocytes and macrophages in acute wound healing and the different phenotypes described in the literature for both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> models. We also discuss aberrations that occur in macrophage populations in chronic wounds, and attempts to restore macrophage function by therapeutic approaches. These include endogenous M1 attenuation, exogenous M2 supplementation and endogenous macrophage modulation/M2 promotion via mesenchymal stem cells, growth factors, biomaterials, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, and oxygen therapy. We recognize the challenges and controversies that exist in this field, such as standardization of macrophage phenotype nomenclature, definition of their distinct roles and understanding which phenotype is optimal in order to promote healing in chronic wounds.
Low resistance Ti/Al/Au ohmic backside contacts to nonpolar <i>m</i> -plane <i>n</i> -GaN (2010)

An effective surface treatment method has been developed to realise low resistance ohmic contacts on the lapped backsides of m-plane n-GaN substrates with a moderate doping level of 5.5×1017 cm−3. Ti/Al/Au contacts with fine polishing and an ICP treatment followed by annealing at 700°C for 5 min yielded a specific contact resistance as low as 3.9×10−5 Ωcm2. The same low specific contact resistance was also achieved by annealing at 500°C for 5 min on a relatively rough surface. The effective removal of the lapping damage by ICP treatment and the creation of nitrogen vacancies during annealing are believed to improve the contacts.
Symmetry of Annealed Wurtzite CdSe Nanocrystals: Assignment to the C3v Point Group (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSymmetry of Annealed Wurtzite CdSe Nanocrystals: Assignment to the C3v Point GroupJ. J. Shiang, A. V. Kadavanich, R. K. Grubbs, and A. P. AlivisatosCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 48, 17417–17422Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100048a017https://doi.org/10.1021/j100048a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1671Altmetric-Citations167LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Short-Term Overexpression of a Constitutively Active Form of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in the Liver Leads to Mild Hypoglycemia and Fatty Liver (2005)

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a major therapeutic target for the treatment of diabetes. We investigated the effect of a short-term overexpression of AMPK specifically in the liver by adenovirus-mediated transfer of a gene encoding a constitutively active form of AMPKalpha2 (AMPKalpha2-CA). Hepatic AMPKalpha2-CA expression significantly decreased blood glucose levels and gluconeogenic gene expression. Hepatic expression of AMPKalpha2-CA in streptozotocin-induced and ob/ob diabetic mice abolished hyperglycemia and decreased gluconeogenic gene expression. In normal mouse liver, AMPKalpha2-CA considerably decreased the refeeding-induced transcriptional activation of genes encoding proteins involved in glycolysis and lipogenesis and their upstream regulators, SREBP-1 (sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1) and ChREBP (carbohydrate response element-binding protein). This resulted in decreases in hepatic glycogen synthesis and circulating lipid levels. Surprisingly, despite the inhibition of hepatic lipogenesis, expression of AMPKalpha2-CA led to fatty liver due to the accumulation of lipids released from adipose tissue. The relative scarcity of glucose due to AMPKalpha2-CA expression led to an increase in hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketone bodies production as an alternative source of energy for peripheral tissues. Thus, short-term AMPK activation in the liver reduces blood glucose levels and results in a switch from glucose to fatty acid utilization to supply energy needs.
Factor XI and XII as antithrombotic targets (2011)

Hereditary deficiency of factor XII (Hageman factor) or factor XI, plasma proteases that initiate the intrinsic pathway of coagulation, impairs thrombus formation and provides protection from vascular occlusive events, while having a minimal impact on hemostasis. As the factor XII-factor XI pathway contributes to thrombus formation to a greater extent than to normal hemostasis, pharmacological inhibition of these coagulation factors may offer the exciting possibility of anticoagulation therapies with minimal or no bleeding risk.
Identification and characterization of NVP-BEZ235, a new orally available dual phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor with potent <i>in vivo</i> antitumor activity (2008)

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTOR) pathway is often constitutively activated in human tumor cells, providing unique opportunities for anticancer therapeutic intervention. NVP-BEZ235 is an imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline derivative that inhibits PI3K and mTOR kinase activity by binding to the ATP-binding cleft of these enzymes. In cellular settings using human tumor cell lines, this molecule is able to effectively and specifically block the dysfunctional activation of the PI3K pathway, inducing G(1) arrest. The cellular activity of NVP-BEZ235 translates well in in vivo models of human cancer. Thus, the compound was well tolerated, displayed disease stasis when administered orally, and enhanced the efficacy of other anticancer agents when used in in vivo combination studies. Ex vivo pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analyses of tumor tissues showed a time-dependent correlation between compound concentration and PI3K/Akt pathway inhibition. Collectively, the preclinical data show that NVP-BEZ235 is a potent dual PI3K/mTOR modulator with favorable pharmaceutical properties. NVP-BEZ235 is currently in phase I clinical trials.
Surface-Directed, Graft Polymerization within Microfluidic Channels (2004)

We demonstrate a simple procedure to coat the surfaces of enclosed PDMS microchannels by UV-mediated graft polymerization. In prior applications, only disassembled channels could be coated by this method. This limited the utility of the method to coatings that could easily and tightly seal with themselves. By preadsorbing a photoinitiator onto the surface of PDMS microchannels, the rate of polymer formation at the surface was greatly accelerated compared to that in solution. Thus, a gel did not form in the lumen of enclosed microchannels. We demonstrate that the photoinitiator benzophenone remained on the surface of PDMS even after extensive washing. After addition of a variety of monomer solutions (acrylic acid, poly(ethylene glycol) monomethoxyl acrylate, or poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate) and illumination with UV light, a stable, covalently attached surface coating formed in the microchannels. The electroosmotic mobility was stable in response to air exposure and to repeated cycles of hydration-dehydration of the coating. These surfaces also supported the electrophoretic separation of two model analytes. Placement of an opaque mask over a portion of the channel permitted photopatterning of the microchannels with a resolution of approximately 100 microm. By using an appropriate mixture of monomers combined with masks, it should be possible to fabricate PDMS microfluidic devices with distinct surface properties in different regions or channels.
Identification of a tenth mRNA of respiratory syncytial virus and assignment of polypeptides to the 10 viral genes (1984)

Nine mRNAs, their cDNA clones, and a genome transcriptional map have been reported previously for respiratory syncytial virus (P. L. Collins and G. W. Wertz, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80:3208-3212, 1983). We report here the identification of a 10th viral mRNA, designated mRNA 2b (molecular weight [MW] ca. 0.39 X 10(6)), that was detected by RNA (Northern) blot hybridization with cDNA clones. Analysis of a polycistronic readthrough transcript was used to deduce the position in the viral transcriptional map of the gene encoding the newly identified mRNA. The polypeptide coding assignments of 9 of the 10 respiratory syncytial virus mRNAs were determined. Individual viral mRNAs were purified by hybridization selection with nine unique, nonoverlapping cDNA clones and analyzed by translation in vitro. Each of the nine mRNAs encoded a single polypeptide chain. The coding assignments were as follows: RNA 1a (MW ca. 0.24 X 10(6)), a 9,500-dalton (9.5K) protein; RNA 1b (MW 0.26 X 10(6)), an 11K protein; RNA 1c (MW 0.26 X 10(6)), a 14K protein; RNA 2a (MW 0.38 X 10(6)), the 34K phosphorylated (P) protein; RNA 2b (MW 0.39 X 10(6)), a 36K protein; RNA 3a (MW 0.40 X 10(6)), the 26K matrix (M) protein; RNA 3b (MW 0.40 X 10(6)), a 24K protein; RNA 4 (MW 0.47 X 10(6)), the 42K major nucleocapsid (N) protein; and RNA 5 (MW 0.74 X 10(6)), a 59K protein. The cDNA clones used for the hybridization selections were respiratory syncytial virus specific and did not hybridize with uninfected-cell mRNA; therefore the proteins synthesized with the selected mRNAs were virus specific. The 9.5K, 11K, 14K, 24K, M, P, 36K, N, and 59K proteins were encoded by different mRNAs; therefore these nine proteins are all unique. The 9.5K, 11K, 14K, 24K, M, P, and N proteins synthesized in vitro with hybrid-selected mRNAs each had counterparts with the same electrophoretic mobilities in extracts of virus-infected cells. The in vitro polypeptides and their authentic counterparts were shown to be closely related by limited digest peptide mapping. The 36K and 59K polypeptides lacked counterparts with the same electrophoretic mobilities in infected cells and therefore are candidates for the unprocessed precursors of the viral F and G glycoproteins. The 10th viral mRNA, the 2,500K RNA 7, was not tested directly but is the only known mRNA of the appropriate size to encode the 200K large (L) protein of the viral nucleocapsid. These assignments account for all 10 of the reported viral mRNAs and bring to 10 the number of known unique viral proteins.
Rectangular Porous ZnO–ZnS Nanocables and ZnS Nanotubes (2002)

Nanostructured ZnS nanocables and nanotubes (see Figure) with a rectangular cross section have been synthesized by chemical reaction using as-synthesized ZnO nanobelts as a template. A small blue shift is observed for the ZnO–ZnS cable structures, suggesting a small quantum confinement effect. The template-assisted method is demonstrated to be a unique technique for producing nanostructures with controlled morphology.
Analysis of heart rate variations in patients with multiple sclerosis. A simple measure of autonomic nervous disturbances using an ordinary ECG. (1978)

A simple method requiring only an ordinary ECG apparatus and a ruler has shown a hitherto unknown abnormality of the autonomic nervous sysyem in patients with multiple sclerosis. The main findings were that both long-term and short-term variations in heart rate were reduced in patients wirh multiple sclerosis. The reduction was comparable with that observed in other patients with autonomic abnormalities-for example, long-term diabetics-but in addition patients with multiple sclerosis presented unexpected large shifts in pulse rate levels, lasting from a few to 10 or 20 beats.
An HTTP Extension for Secure Transfer of Confidential Data (2009)

Users' confidential data in transit on the WWW are protected by the HTTP's authentication scheme or the SSL protocol. However, the former has several weak points in terms of security, while the latter has a few problems against its wide deplotmemt. To alleviate the problems, we propose a scheme for user-initiated server authentication and two schemes for protecting against the cross-site-scripting (XSS) and cross-site reference forgery (XSRF) attacks. Server authentication fails when phishing, pharming, and MITM attacks are deployed, leading to the detection of those attacks. The protection schemes can thwart MITM, as well as XSS and XSRF. We integrate our schemes into the HTTP and extend the browser so that the user can start server authentication when a loaded Web page has a form for submitting data and the user notifies the browser that his/her submitting data are confidential. The browser invokes the protection schemes when the page has no submission form, since XSS and XSRF are deployed without the user's awareness, i.e., without the submission form.
Effect of Phosphorothioate Homo-oligodeoxy nucleotides on Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2-induced DNA Polymerase (1989)

Effects of phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides of different chain length and base composition on herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 (strain 333)-induced DNA polymerase have been examined in vitro. The anti-HSV-2 DNA polymerase activity was related to the base composition of the analogs, with the order of potency: deoxycytidine greater than thymidine greater than deoxyadenosine, for compounds with equal chain length. The potency was also related to oligomer chain length, since it was observed that the longer the chain length, the more potent the inhibition exerted. Among all the compounds tested, the phosphorothioate oligodeoxycytidine 28-mer (S-(dC)28) was the most potent inhibitor of HSV-2-induced DNA polymerase. This inhibition was competitive with an activated DNA template with a Ki value of 7 nM. It was also a competitive inhibitor of the DNA polymerase-associated exonuclease activity with a Ki value of 5 nM. In contrast, this compound showed less inhibition of human DNA polymerase alpha, beta, and gamma, as well as HSV-1 (strain KOS) and Epstein-Barr virus-induced DNA polymerase. The possibility that S-oligomers can serve as primers for DNA elongation was also investigated. Poly(dG).S-(dC)28 and poly(dA).S-(T)28 are poor substrates for DNA elongation catalyzed by HSV-2 DNA polymerase. In summary, phosphorothioate oligonucleotides could be anti-template inhibitors of HSV DNA polymerase. This information may lead to the development of a new class of selective anti-HSV agents.
Quantifying disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2014)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) exhibits characteristic variability of onset and rate of disease progression, with inherent clinical heterogeneity making disease quantitation difficult. Recent advances in understanding pathogenic mechanisms linked to the development of ALS impose an increasing need to develop strategies to predict and more objectively measure disease progression. This review explores phenotypic and genetic determinants of disease progression in ALS, and examines established and evolving biomarkers that may contribute to robust measurement in longitudinal clinical studies. With targeted neuroprotective strategies on the horizon, developing efficiencies in clinical trial design may facilitate timely entry of novel treatments into the clinic.
Prospective registration of human head magnetic resonance images for reproducible slice positioning using localizer images (2004)

Image-based prospective registration using localizer images of the pre- and postexaminations is a robust method for reproducible slice positioning.