gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Shared memory multiplexing (2012)

On-chip shared memory (a.k.a. local data share) is a critical resource to many GPGPU applications. In current GPUs, the shared memory is allocated when a thread block (also called a workgroup) is dispatched to a streaming multiprocessor (SM) and is released when the thread block is completed. As a result, the limited capacity of shared memory becomes a bottleneck for a GPU to host a high number of thread blocks, limiting the otherwise available thread-level parallelism (TLP). In this paper, we propose software and/or hardware approaches to multiplex the shared memory among multiple thread blocks.
Power-aware microarchitecture: design and modeling challenges for next-generation microprocessors (2000)

The ability to estimate power consumption during early-stage definition and trade-off studies is a key new methodology enhancement. Opportunities for saving power can be exposed via microarchitecture-level modeling, particularly through clock-gating and dynamic adaptation. In this paper we describe the approach of using energy-enabled performance simulators in early design. We examine some of the emerging paradigms in processor design and comment on their inherent power-performance characteristics.
Efficient synthesis of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophenes (EDOT) by Mitsunobu reaction (2002)

Using the Mitsunobu reaction as a key step, a general and efficient method for the synthesis of EDOT monomers has been developed. Novel substituted EDOTs and the first chiral derivatives were generated in high yields.
Metzincins, including matrix metalloproteinases and meprin, in kidney transplantation (2006)

Chronic allograft nephropathy, including chronic rejection, remains one of the major causes of renal allograft failure. Amongst other mediators, metzincins, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), direct extracellular matrix metabolism and cell proliferation. Thus, we hypothesized, that these proteolytic enzymes are differentially regulated in chronic renal transplant rejection in rats and in human renal allograft nephropathy. Our studies demonstrated on the experimental level and in humans an overall up-regulation of MMP, tissue inhibitors ofmetalloproteinases (TIMP) and related enzymes as a result of rejection processes. Thus, metzincins may represent novel markers and therapeutic targets with respect to renal allograft rejection.
Selective laser ablation of SiN<sub><i>x</i></sub> layers on textured surfaces for low temperature front side metallizations (2008)

Abstract For an alternative front side metallization process without screen printing of metal paste the selective opening of the front surface anti‐reflection coating could be realized by laser ablation. A successful implementation of this scheme requires direct absorption of the laser light within the anti‐reflection coating, since the emitter underneath must not be damaged severely. Additionally, the ablation must be feasible on textured surfaces. In this paper, we show that laser light with a wavelength of 355 nm and a pulse length of approximately 30 ns is absorbed directly by a typical silicon nitride anti‐reflection coating. Based on lifetime measurements on ablated samples it is shown that a damage free laser ablation of SiN x layers on planar surfaces is possible. The characteristic ablation structure on textured surfaces is explained and quantified by rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) simulations. Finally, high efficiency solar cells with a standard emitter ( R sh approx. 50 Ω/sq) have been processed using laser ablation of the silicon nitride anti‐reflection coating. These cells show efficiencies of up to 19·1%, comparable to the reference solar cells using photolithographically opened contact areas. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Joint inversion algorithm for electromagnetic and seismic data (2007)

We present a multi‐physics frequency‐domain data inversion method for large‐scale problems in reservoir evaluation applications. In this work, the seismic data and the marine controlled‐source electromagnetic (CSEM) data inversion algorithms were combined through a constraint that enforces the structural similarity between the conductivity image and the P‐wave velocity image. The forward algorithms for seismic and CSEM employ finite difference frequency domain (FDFD) methods. The optimal grid technique and the PML technique were used for the CSEM and the seismic models respectively to minimize artificial reflections from the boundaries due to the truncation of the computational domains. The inverse algorithm that we develop is based on a regularized Gauss‐Newton approach. We employ the multiplicative regularization to automatically choose the regularization parameters. The weighted L2 norm is used to reconstruct structures with sharp boundaries. According to the simulation results, the joint inversion algorithm based on the cross‐gradient constraint shows significant improvement over the separate CSEM or seismic inversion. This joint inversion algorithm can be used not only in the integration of the marine CSEM and seismic survey data for the sub‐sea exploration applications, but also for the joint inversion of the cross‐well electromagnetic and the cross‐well seismic to obtain the structural information.
Polyelectrolyte synthesis in a lamellar liquid crystal (1996)

Abstract The synthesis of polyelectrolytes is described of an unsaturated amphiphile with polar and non‐polar monomers in a lamellar liquid crystal using low angle x‐ray diffraction to obtain information about conformational changes and location of monomers in the lamellar structure. The results demonstrated the potential to use the synthesis in a lamellar liquid crystal to obtain comb copolymers with polar or non‐polar combs.
Emerging nanomedicine opportunities with perfluorocarbon nanoparticles (2007)

Perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoparticles can serve as a platform technology for molecular imaging and targeted drug-delivery applications. These nanoparticles are approximately 250 nm in diameter and are encapsulated in a phospholipid shell, which provides an ideal surface for the incorporation of targeting ligands, imaging agents and drugs. For molecular imaging, PFC nanoparticles can carry very large payloads of gadolinium to detect pathological biomarkers with magnetic resonance imaging. A variety of different epitopes, including alpha(v)beta(3)-integrin, tissue factor and fibrin, have been imaged using nanoparticles formulated with appropriate antibodies or peptidomimentics as targeting ligands. Lipophilic drugs can also be incorporated into the outer lipid shell of nanoparticles for targeted delivery. Upon binding to the target cell, the drug is exchanged from the particle surfactant monolayer to the cell membrane through a novel process called 'contact facilitated drug delivery'. By combining targeted molecular imaging and localized drug delivery, PFC nanoparticles provide diagnosis and therapy with a single agent.
Solution structure of a hydrophobic analogue of the winter flounder antifreeze protein (2002)

The solution structure of a synthetic mutant type I antifreeze protein (AFP I) was determined in aqueous solution at pH 7.0 using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The mutations comprised the replacement of the four Thr residues by Val and the introduction of two additional Lys-Glu salt bridges. The antifreeze activity of this mutant peptide, VVVV2KE, has been previously shown to be similar to that of the wild type protein, HPLC6 (defined here as TTTT). The solution structure reveals an alphahelix bent in the same direction as the more bent conformer of the published crystal structure of TTTT, while the side chain chi1 rotamers of VVVV2KE are similar to those of the straighter conformer in the crystal of TTTT. The Val side chains of VVVV2KE assume the same orientations as the Thr side chains of TTTT, confirming the conservative nature of this mutation. The combined data suggest that AFP I undergoes an equilibrium between straight and bent helices in solution, combined with independent equilibria between different side chain rotamers for some of the amino acid residues. The present study presents the first complete sequence-specific resonance assignments and the first complete solution structure determination by NMR of any AFP I protein.
Simultaneous occurrence of sarcomatoid hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma (2015)

Sarcomatoid hepatocellular carcinoma is a rare disease with a poor prognosis. A 62-year-old man presented with 1-month history of middle-grade fever and fatigue in the background of loss of weight and a history of hepatitis B for 10 years. Dynamic contrast enhanced computed tomography showed two distinct irregular hypodense masses on precontrast scan located in hepatic segment VI and VII with size 6.7×4.7×4.5 cm and 1.9×1.3×1.6 cm. The patient underwent the right hepatectomy. Microscopic examination revealed that the large tumor was sarcomatoid hepatocellular carcinoma and the small tumor was early hepatocellular carcinoma.
Temperature characteristics of a new 100V rated power MOSFET, VLMOS (vertical LOCOS MOS) (2004)

In this paper, we proposed a new lOOV rated power MOSFET, called “VLMOS @erfical &OCOS M-FEI)“, and investigated characteristics of the VLMOS under high temperature. From simulation and experimental results, we verified that it overcame the “Si limit“ and had superior temperature characteristics in specific on-resistance. This means that the VLMOS is excellent for wide-temperature range operations, especially for automotive applications.
Activities of complete and truncated forms of pertussis toxin subunits S1 and S2 synthesized by Escherichia coli (1987)

The genes encoding the S1 and S2 subunits of pertussis toxin were expressed in Escherichia coli under lac operon transcription and translation control with pUC8 and pUC18 as the expression vectors. Various versions of the subunits were detected with anti-S1 or anti-S2 monoclonal antibodies. Recombinant S1, but not S2, subunit contained the enzymatic NAD-glycohydrolase and NAD:Gi ADP-ribosyltransferase activities. Both activities were also expressed by a truncated version of the S1 subunit in which the 48 carboxy-terminal amino acid residues, including a predicted Rossman structure and one of the two cysteines, had been deleted. The epitope for an anti-S2 monoclonal antibody was localized to the N-terminal 40-amino-acid region of the S2 subunit. Both the S1 and S2 subunits expressed in E. coli reacted with human hyperimmune serum. The full length and the truncated recombinant S1 subunit also reacted in Western blots with a neutralizing and protective monoclonal anti-S1 antibody. The different versions of S1 and S2 subunits expressed in E. coli are useful for mapping active sites, epitopes, and regions that interact with receptors or the other subunits in the holotoxin. These recombinant subunits will also facilitate the development of a safer, new-generation vaccine against whooping cough.
Test cases generation from UML state diagrams (1999)

The paper discusses the application of state diagrams in UML to class testing. A set of coverage criteria is proposed based on control and data flow in UML state diagrams and it is shown how to generate test cases satisfying these criteria from UML state diagrams. First, control flow is identified by transforming UML state diagrams into extended finite state machines (EFSMs). The hierarchical and concurrent structure of states is flattened and broadcast communications are eliminated in the resulting EFSMs. Second, data flow is identified by transforming EFSMs into flow graphs to which conventional data flow analysis techniques can be applied.
Mesenchymal stem cells to treat diabetic neuropathy: a long and strenuous way from bench to the clinic (2016)

As one of the most common complications of diabetes, diabetic neuropathy often causes foot ulcers and even limb amputations. Inspite of continuous development in antidiabetic drugs, there is still no efficient therapy to cure diabetic neuropathy. Diabetic neuropathy shows declined vascularity in peripheral nerves and lack of angiogenic and neurotrophic factors. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been indicated as a novel emerging regenerative therapy for diabetic neuropathy because of their multipotency. We will briefly review the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy, characteristic of MSCs, effects of MSC therapies for diabetic neuropathy and its related mechanisms. In order to treat diabetic neuropathy, neurotrophic or angiogenic factors in the form of protein or gene therapy are delivered to diabetic neuropathy, but therapeutic efficiencies are very modest if not ineffective. MSC treatment reverses manifestations of diabetic neuropathy. MSCs have an important role to repair tissue and to lower blood glucose level. MSCs even paracrinely secrete neurotrophic factors, angiogenic factors, cytokines, and immunomodulatory substances to ameliorate diabetic neuropathy. There are still several challenges in the clinical translation of MSC therapy, such as safety, optimal dose of administration, optimal mode of cell delivery, issues of MSC heterogeneity, clinically meaningful engraftment, autologous or allogeneic approach, challenges with cell manufacture, and further mechanisms.
Optimal Mass Transport: Signal processing and machine-learning applications (2017)

Transport-based techniques for signal and data analysis have received increased attention recently. Given their ability to provide accurate generative models for signal intensities and other data distributions, they have been used in a variety of applications including content-based retrieval, cancer detection, image super-resolution, and statistical machine learning, to name a few, and shown to produce state of the art results in several applications. Moreover, the geometric characteristics of transport-related metrics have inspired new kinds of algorithms for interpreting the meaning of data distributions. Here we provide a practical overview of the mathematical underpinnings of mass transport-related methods, including numerical implementation, as well as a review, with demonstrations, of several applications. Software accompanying this tutorial is available at [43].
4-Mb MOSFET-selected phase-change memory experimental chip (2004)

This paper presents a 4-Mb phase-change memory experimental chip using an MOS transistor as a cell selector. A cascode bit-line biasing scheme allows read and write voltages to be fed to the storage element with adequate accuracy. The chip was integrated with 3-V 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS technology and experimentally evaluated. A read access time of 45 ns was measured together with a write throughput of 5 MB/s, which represents an improved performance as compared to present NOR Flash memories. Cell current distributions on the 4-Mb array proved chip functionality and a good working window, thus demonstrating the feasibility of a stand-alone phase-change memory with standard CMOS fabrication process.
Specific suppression of T helper alloreactivity by allo-MHC class I- restricted CD8+CD28- T cells (1998)

Specific suppression of the host's immune response to donor HLA antigens remains the ultimate goal for clinical transplantation. In spite of considerable effort, however, allospecific human suppressor T cells (Ts) have been difficult to generate. Here we show that allospecific and xenospecific Ts can be raised by multiple priming of human T cells in mixed lymphocyte cultures. Ts derive from the CD8+CD28- subset and recognize specifically the MHC class I antigens expressed by antigen-presenting cells (APC) used for in vitro immunization. Allospecific Ts prevent the up-regulation of B7 molecules on target APC, interfering with the CD28-B7 interaction required for T helper (Th) activation. These findings provide a basis for the development of specific immunosuppressive therapy.
What Do Investors Care about in Strategic Alliances? An Empirical Study in the US and Japan (2013)

This study investigates investor concerns in the formation of strategic alliances, specifically concerns regarding opportunistic behavior and partner capabilities at the announcement of the alliance. Consistent with prior studies, our results show that both two partners gain in terms of abnormal returns and firm size, but that these benefits disappear within few days following the announcement, indicating that the market takes a dim view of alliances between large companies. The results suggest that investors are mostly concerned with short-term gains from speculation, rather than the ability of the alliance to increase long-term value.
The incidence and gene frequency of ataxia-telangiectasia in the United States. (2020)

Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is an autosomal recessive neurological syndrome of considerable interest because homozygotes are highly predisposed to cancer. Vigorous casefinding in the United States in 1970-72 and 1980-84 identified 231 white, 29 black, and three Oriental A-T cases that provide information about the incidence and gene frequency of A-T. White patients identified in this study were born at the rate of 3.0 per million live births in the U.S. in the years 1965-69. The highest observed incidence was in the state of Michigan for 1965-69, where identified white A-T patients were born at the rate of 11.3 per million births. Based on the incidence data, the minimum frequency of a single hypothetical A-T gene in the U.S. white population was estimated to be .0017. Pedigree analysis, which estimates the gene frequency from the proportion of affected close blood relatives of homozygous probands, estimated the most likely gene frequency to be .007 on the assumption that A-T is a single homogeneous genetic syndrome, with 95% confidence limits of .0012-.02. Given that complementation analysis has demonstrated the genetic heterogeneity of A-T, the A-T heterozygote frequency will probably fall between 0.68% and 7.7%, with 2.8% being the most likely estimate.
Quantitative Proteomics Reveals That Enzymes of the Ketogenic Pathway Are Associated with Prostate Cancer Progression (2013)

Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men. One common treatment is androgen-deprivation therapy, which reduces symptoms in most patients. However, over time, patients develop tumors that are androgen-independent and ultimately fatal. The mechanisms that cause this transition remain largely unknown, and as a result, there are no effective treatments against androgen-independent prostate cancer. As a model platform, we used the LNCaP cell line and its androgen-independent derivative, LNCaP-SF. Utilizing stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture coupled to mass spectrometry, we assessed the differential global protein expression of the two cell lines. Our proteomic analysis resulted in the quantification of 3355 proteins. Bioinformatic prioritization resulted in 42 up-regulated and 46 down-regulated proteins in LNCaP-SF cells relative to LNCaP cells. Our top candidate, HMGCS2, an enzyme involved in ketogenesis, was found to be 9-fold elevated in LNCaP-SF cells, based on peptide ratios. After analyzing the remaining enzymes of this pathway (ACAT1, BDH1, HMGCL, and OXCT1), we observed increased expression of these proteins in the LNCaP-SF cells, which was further verified using Western blotting. To determine whether these enzymes were up-regulated in clinical samples, we performed quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry on human prostate cancer tissues, from which we observed significantly increased transcript and protein levels in high-grade cancer (Gleason grade ≥ 8). In addition, we observed significant elevation of these enzymes in the LuCaP 96AI castration-resistant xenograft. Further assessment of ACAT1 on human castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer tissues revealed substantially elevated expression of ACAT1 in these specimens. Taken together, our results indicate that enzymes of the ketogenic pathway are up-regulated in high-grade prostate cancer and could serve as potential tissue biomarkers for the diagnosis or prognosis of high-grade disease.
Segmental GPD training of HMM based speech recognizer (1992)

A novel training algorithm, segmental GPD (generalized probabilistic descent) training, for a hidden Markov model (HMM)-based speech recognizer using Viterbi decoding is proposed. This algorithm is based on the principle of minimum recognition error rate in which segmentation and discriminative training are jointly optimized. Various issues related to the special structure of HMM in segmental GPD training are studied. The authors tested this algorithm on two speaker-independent recognition tasks. The first experiment involves English E-set. Segmental GPD training was directly applied to HMM generated from nonoptimal uniform segmentation. A recognition rate of 88.7% was achieved on English E-set with whole word HMM. The second experiment involves the connected digits TI-database. Segmental GPD training was applied to HMM which were already trained using conventional training methods. A string recognition rate of 98.8% was achieved on 10-state word based HMM through segmental GPD training.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Thrombus Imaging With Fibrin-Specific Gadolinium-Based MR Contrast Agent EP-2104R (2009)

EP-2104R enhanced magnetic resonance imaging detects thrombi not readily visible in precontrast screening and gives additional enhancement of thrombi that are visible in precontrast imaging.
Cancer risk in 680 000 people exposed to computed tomography scans in childhood or adolescence: data linkage study of 11 million Australians (2013)

The increased incidence of cancer after CT scan exposure in this cohort was mostly due to irradiation. Because the cancer excess was still continuing at the end of follow-up, the eventual lifetime risk from CT scans cannot yet be determined. Radiation doses from contemporary CT scans are likely to be lower than those in 1985-2005, but some increase in cancer risk is still likely from current scans. Future CT scans should be limited to situations where there is a definite clinical indication, with every scan optimised to provide a diagnostic CT image at the lowest possible radiation dose.
Handy rangefinder for active robot vision (2002)

A compact and high-speed rangefinding system which is applicable to active robot vision is described. The principle of depth measurement is based on the space encoding method. Spatial coded patterns of light are generated by a semiconductor laser. A slit-ray of the laser is scanned by a rotating polygonal mirror and switched according to temporal switching patterns. Each pattern of light is generated, and its reflected image is taken by a CCD camera, in one image frame with no lag time. A 512/spl times/256 range map is obtained continuously every 0.2 seconds.