gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Training Stochastic Model Recognition Algorithms as Networks can Lead to Maximum Mutual Information Estimation of Parameters (1989)

One of the attractions of neural network approaches to pattern recognition is the use of a discrimination-based training method. We show that once we have modified the output layer of a multilayer perceptron to provide mathematically correct probability distributions, and replaced the usual squared error criterion with a probability-based score, the result is equivalent to Maximum Mutual Information training, which has been used successfully to improve the performance of hidden Markov models for speech recognition. If the network is specially constructed to perform the recognition computations of a given kind of stochastic model based classifier then we obtain a method for discrimination-based training of the parameters of the models. Examples include an HMM-based word discriminator, which we call an 'Alphanet'.
Structure-Based Drug Design of Novel Potent and Selective Tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-<i>a</i>]pyrazines as ATR Inhibitors (2014)

A saturation strategy focused on improving the selectivity and physicochemical properties of ATR inhibitor HTS hit 1 led to a novel series of highly potent and selective tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrazines. Use of PI3Kα mutants as ATR crystal structure surrogates was instrumental in providing cocrystal structures to guide the medicinal chemistry designs. Detailed DMPK studies involving cyanide and GSH as trapping agents during microsomal incubations, in addition to deuterium-labeled compounds as mechanistic probes uncovered the molecular basis for the observed CYP3A4 TDI in the series.
Manifold learning for 4D CT reconstruction of the lung (2008)

Computed tomography is used to create models of lung dynamics because it provides high contrast images of lung tissue. Creating 4D CT models which capture dynamics is complicated because clinical CT scanners capture data in slabs that comprise only a small part of the tissue. Commonly, creating 4D reconstruction requires stitching together different lung segments based on an external measure of lung volume. This paper presents a novel method for assembling 4D CT datasets using only the CT data. We use a manifold learning algorithm to parameterize each slab data with respect to the breathing cycle, and an alignment method to coordinate these parameterizations for different sections of the lung. Comparing this data driven parameterization with physiological measurements captured by a belt around the abdomen, we are able to generate slightly smoother reconstructions.
Control mechanisms of plastid gene expression (1993)

Abstract Plastid DNAs of higher plants contain approximately 150 genes that encode RNAs and proteins for genetic and photosynthetic functions of the organelle. Results published in the last few years illustrate that the spatial and temporal expression of these plastid genes is regulated, in part, at the transcriptional level, but that developmentally controlled changes in mRNA stability, translational activity, and protein phosphorylation also have an important role in the control of plastid functions. This comprehensive review summarizes and discusses the mechanisms by which regulation of gene expression is exerted at the transcriptional and post‐transcriptional levels. It provides an overview of our current knowledge, but also emphasizes areas that are controversial and in which information on regulatory mechanisms is still incomplete. Key words: RNA polymerasepromotertranscriptionRNA processingmRNA editingmRNA stabilityRNA‐binding proteinstranslation controlprotein complexesphosphorylation
Endothelial progenitor cells for postnatal vasculogenesis (2004)

In the past decade, researchers have defined committed stem or progenitor cells from various tissues, including bone marrow, peripheral blood, brain, liver, and reproductive organs, in both adult animals and humans. Whereas most cells in adult organs are composed of differentiated cells, which express a variety of specific phenotypic genes adapted to each organ's environment, quiescent stem or progenitor cells are maintained locally or in the systemic circulation and are activated by environmental stimuli for physiological and pathological tissue regeneration. Recently, endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were isolated from peripheral blood CD34, Flk-1, or AC133 antigen-positive cells, which are considered to include a hematopoietic stem cell population, and were shown to be incorporated into foci of neovascularization. This finding, that circulating EPCs may home to sites of neovascularization and differentiate into endothelial cells in situ, is consistent with “vasculogenesis,” a critical paradigm for embryonic neovascularization, and suggests that vasculogenesis and angiogenesis may constitute complementary mechanisms for postnatal neovascularization. Previous reports demonstrating therapeutic potential of EPC transplantation in animal models of hindlimb and myocardial ischemia opened the way to the clinical application of cell therapy: the replacement of diseased or degenerating cell populations, tissues, and organs. In this review, we summarize biological features of EPCs and speculate on the utility of EPCs for vascular and general medicine.
A novel control principle of bi-directional DC-DC power conversion (2002)

This paper presents a novel control method for DC-DC power converters with bi-directional power flow and galvanic isolation. A high efficiency is achieved by using a minimal number of power electronic devices working in the soft switching mode. No reverse blocking switches are required. Different circuit variants can be derived from the proposed basic principle. Suitable industrial applications for the new principle of DC-DC conversion are UPS, photovoltaic applications, battery chargers, back-fire applications and auxiliary power supplies.
A new Variant, Hb Muscat [α<sub>2</sub>β<sub>2</sub>32(B14)Leu→val] Observed in Association With Hb S in an Arabian Family (1992)

The silent Hb Muscat with a Leu→Val replacement at position β32 was discovered by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography in two members of an Arabian family from Oman; in one person Hb Muscat occurred with Hb S and in the other with Hb A. Hb Muscat is slightly unstable but its presence has no apparent adverse effect on the health of its carriers. Additional hemoglobin abnormalities observed in this family were a common a-thal-assemia-2 (-3.7 kb) and Hb S. The βS haplotypes in the heterozygous carriers and the two sickle cell anemia patients were #19 (Benin) and #20 (Bantu); the latter likely originated from an East African population.
Foreground-Adaptive Background Subtraction (2009)

Background subtraction is a powerful mechanism for detecting change in a sequence of images that finds many applications. The most successful background subtraction methods apply probabilistic models to background intensities evolving in time; nonparametric and mixture-of-Gaussians models are but two examples. The main difficulty in designing a robust background subtraction algorithm is the selection of a detection threshold. In this paper, we adapt this threshold to varying video statistics by means of two statistical models. In addition to a nonparametric background model, we introduce a foreground model based on small spatial neighborhood to improve discrimination sensitivity. We also apply a Markov model to change labels to improve spatial coherence of the detections. The proposed methodology is applicable to other background models as well.
Antitumor agents. 113. New 4.beta.-arylamino derivatives of 4'-O-demethylepipodophyllotoxin and related compounds as potent inhibitors of human DNA topoisomerase II (1990)

A number of 4'-O-demethylepipodophyllotoxin derivatives possessing various 4 beta-N-, 4 beta-O- or 4 beta-S-aromatic rings have been synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against the human DNA topoisomerase II as well as for their activity in causing cellular protein-linked DNA breakage. The results indicated, that for DNA topoisomerase II, a basic unsubstituted 4 beta-anilino moiety is structurally required for the enhanced activity. Substitution on this moiety with CN, COOCH3, COOC2H5, OH and COOCH3, OCH3, COCH3, CH2OH, OCH2O, OCH2CH2O, phenoxy, morpholino, NO2, and NH2 either at the para and/or the meta position yielded compounds which are as potent or more potent than etoposide. Substitution with COOC2H5 and OH at the ortho position afforded inactive compounds. Replacement of the aryl nitrogen with oxygen or sulfur gave compounds which are much less active or inactive. However, replacement of the phenyl ring with a pyridine nucleus furnished compounds which are as active or slightly more active than etoposide. There is a lack of correlation between the ability of these compounds in inhibiting DNA topoisomerase II and in causing protein-linked DNA breaks.
Finding Gems in Computer-Assisted Language Learning (2013)

A large number of papers on computer-assisted language learning (CALL) are presented at international conferences such as the Globalization and Localization in Computer-Assisted Language Learning (GLoCALL) conference every year. Considering that diverse and innovative ways of using CALL technologies and techniques are reported through the papers, it should be meaningful to have a close look at them in order to see the flow of the development of CALL. This article attempts to explore some emerging trends, issues and topics discussed in the field of CALL by looking at papers presented at the GLoCALL 2011 and GLoCALL 2012 conferences and describing three papers selected for this Special Issue from the two conferences. It serves as an introduction to the Special Issue and an invitation to CALL researchers and practitioners to participate in finding real gems in CALL.
Correlation Between Anxiety And Depression Symptoms With Seizure Severity In Epilepsy Patients At Neurology Department Haji Adam Malik Hospital Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia (2009)

Background and objectives: patients with epilepsy often suffer psychiatric illness, most commonly depression or anxiety but sometimes psychotic disorders. The objective of this study was to find out the correlation between anxiety and depression symptoms with seizure severity in epilepsy patients. Materials and methods: a cross sectional study with subjects consisted of epilepsy patients from Neurology Department H. Adam Malik Hospital Medan, Indonesia during the period of December 2004 April 2005. The inclusion criteria (idiopathic epilepsy, age 15-55 years) completed the National Hospital Seizure Severity Scale (NHS3) questionnaire to assess seizure severity and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire to detect anxiety and depression symptoms. Results: of 42 patients, 22 males (52.4%), we found 88.1% generalized tonic clonic seizure (GTCS), 7.1% complex partial seizure (CPS); and 4.8% simple partial seizure (SPS). The mean NHS3 score in GTCS patients was 11.30; in CPS patients were 4.33 and in SPS patients were 3.00. (p 0,05). Conclusions: the GTCS had the worst seizure severity. There was a correlation between seizure severity level with the arising anxiety symptoms. On this study, epilepsy patients with depression symptoms were not found.
Updating mean and variance estimates (1979)

A method of improved efficiency is given for updating the mean and variance of weighted sampled data when an additional data value is included in the set. Evidence is presented that the method is stable and at least as accurate as the best existing updating method.
Rabbit and human liver contain a novel pentacyclic triterpene ester with acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitory activity. (1990)

Acyl-coenzyme A (CoA):cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) catalyzes the intracellular fatty acid esterification of cholesterol and is thought to play a key role in lipoprotein metabolism and atherogenesis. Herein we describe the purification and characterization of a novel pentacyclic triterpene ester from rabbit liver that has ACAT inhibitory activity. The inhibitor was purified by a combination of silicic acid chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography. The compound inhibited both rabbit and rat liver microsomal ACAT activity with an IC50 = 20 microM. The lipid did not inhibit fatty acid incorporation into triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides, or phospholipids nor did it inhibit plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity. However, rat liver microsomal acyl-CoA:retinol acyltransferase activity was inhibited by the terpene ester. Kinetic data are consistent with a mechanism in which ACAT is inhibited by the compound in an irreversible manner. The subcellular fractionation pattern of both ACAT activity and the ACAT inhibitor were similar in rabbit liver (both were approximately equally distributed in membranes that pelleted at 10,000 X g and 100,000 X g). A lipid with similar properties to the rabbit liver inhibitor was found in many other rabbit tissues, including adrenal and spleen, as well as in human liver. Rat liver did not contain this lipid. Structural analysis by NMR, mass spectrometry, and x-ray crystallography indicated that the rabbit liver inhibitor was a fatty acid ester (mostly stearate) of a pentacyclic triterpene acid. The carbon skeleton of the triterpene moiety is a new member of the olean-12-ene triterpene family. Both the negatively charged carboxylic acid group of the triterpene moiety and the esterified fatty acid group were necessary for the ACAT-inhibitory activity of the triterpene ester. Lastly, we present preliminary data which, together with the structural homology of the rabbit triterpene with known plant compounds, suggest the hypothesis that the triterpene moiety of the rabbit ACAT inhibitor arises from dietary absorption of a plant triterpene.
Rasburicase: a potent uricolytic agent (2002)

Rasburicase (Fasurtec, Elitek, Sanofi-Synthelabo) is a new recombinant urate oxidase developed for the prevention and treatment of hyperuricaemia. It has a half-life of 17-21 h and produces rapid (within 4 h) and pronounced reductions in plasma uric acid concentrations. To date, rasburicase has been tested in four clinical trials conducted in patients with cancer (primarily haematological malignancies). It successfully alleviated hyperuricaemia in 98% of patients and prevented this complication in 99.6% of those who were at risk. In a stratified, randomised trial, rasburicase was more effective than allopurinol. Most patients had improved or stabilised renal function during rasburicase treatment, despite ongoing chemotherapy-induced tumour lysis. Except for occasional instances of haemolytic anaemia and methemoglobinaemia in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, rasburicase was well-tolerated, with a low frequency of mild adverse events. Rasburicase is a safe and effective agent in the prevention or treatment of hyperuricaemia in cancer patients.
Epidemiology and Clinical Course of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (2010)

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) is increasingly recognized as a major public health problem worldwide. Significant advances have been made in our understanding of the epidemiology of HFPEF over the past two decades, with the publication of numerous population-based epidemiological studies, large heart failure registries, and randomized clinical trials. These recent studies have provided detailed characterization of larger numbers of patients with HFPEF than ever before. This review summarizes the state of current knowledge with regards to the disease burden, patient characteristics, clinical course, and outcomes of HFPEF. Despite the wealth of available data, substantive gaps in knowledge were identified. These gaps represent opportunities for further research in HFPEF, a syndrome that is clearly a rising societal burden and that is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of depression (2003)

Current trials are of low quality and provide insufficient evidence to support the use of rTMS in the treatment of depression.
Enforcing convexity for improved alignment with constrained local models (2008)

Constrained local models (CLMs) have recently demonstrated good performance in non-rigid object alignment/tracking in comparison to leading holistic approaches (e.g., AAMs). A major problem hindering the development of CLMs further, for non-rigid object alignment/tracking, is how to jointly optimize the global warp update across all local search responses. Previous methods have either used general purpose optimizers (e.g., simplex methods) or graph based optimization techniques. Unfortunately, problems exist with both these approaches when applied to CLMs. In this paper, we propose a new approach for optimizing the global warp update in an efficient manner by enforcing convexity at each local patch response surface. Furthermore, we show that the classic Lucas-Kanade approach to gradient descent image alignment can be viewed as a special case of our proposed framework. Finally, we demonstrate that our approach receives improved performance for the task of non-rigid face alignment/tracking on the MultiPIE database and the UNBC-McMaster archive.
Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Enamides with Rh-BisP* and Rh-MiniPHOS Catalysts. Scope, Limitations, and Mechanism (2001)

The asymmetric hydrogenation of aryl- and alkyl-substituted enamides catalyzed by Rh-BisP complex affords optically active amides with very high ee values. The Rh-MiniPHOS catalyst gives somewhat less satisfactory results. Hydrogenation of the aryl-substituted enamides with (S,S)-BisP-Rh catalyst gives R-amides, whereas the t-Bu- and 1-adamantyl-substituted enamides give S-products with 99% ee. Reaction of [Rh(BisP)(CD(3)OD)(2)]BF(4) (11) with CH(2)=C(C(6)H(5))NHCOCH(3) (5) gives two diastereomers of the catalyst-substrate complex (12a,b), which interconvert reversibly by both intra- and intermolecular pathways as shown by EXSY data. Only one isomer in equilibrium with solvate complex 11 was detected for each of the catalyst-substrate complexes 17 and 18 obtained from CH(2)=C(t-Bu)NHCOCH(3) (6) or CH(2)=C(1-adamantyl)NHCOCH(3) (7). Hydrogenation of these equilibrium mixtures at -100 degrees C gave monohydride intermediates 19 and 20, respectively. In these monohydrides the Rh atom is bound to the beta-carbon. A new effect of the significant decrease of ee was found for the asymmetric hydrogenation of CH(2)=C(C(6)H(4)OCH(3)-o)NHCOCH(3) (21), when H(2) was substituted for HD or D(2).
Line-field parallel swept source MHz OCT for structural and functional retinal imaging (2015)

We demonstrate three-dimensional structural and functional retinal imaging with line-field parallel swept source imaging (LPSI) at acquisition speeds of up to 1 MHz equivalent A-scan rate with sensitivity better than 93.5 dB at a central wavelength of 840 nm. The results demonstrate competitive sensitivity, speed, image contrast and penetration depth when compared to conventional point scanning OCT. LPSI allows high-speed retinal imaging of function and morphology with commercially available components. We further demonstrate a method that mitigates the effect of the lateral Gaussian intensity distribution across the line focus and demonstrate and discuss the feasibility of high-speed optical angiography for visualization of the retinal microcirculation.
Design and Implementation of Multiple Fault-Tolerant MPI over Myrinet (M^3) (2005)

Advances in network technology and computing power have inspired the emergence of high-performance cluster computing systems. While cluster management and hardware highavailability tools are readily available, practical and easily deployable fault-tolerant systems have not been successfully adopted commercially. We present a fault-tolerant system, Multiple fault-tolerant MPI over Myrinet (M3), that differs in notable respects from other proposed fault-tolerant systems in the literature. M3 is built on top of Myrinet since it is regarded as one of the best solutions for highperformance networks and is widely used in cluster computing systems because it can provide a high-speed switching network that is an inevitable ingredient in interconnecting clusters of workstations or PCs. M^3 is a user-transparent checkpointing system for multiple fault-tolerant MPI implementation that is primarily based on the coordinated checkpointing protocol. M3 supports three critical functionalities that are necessary for faulttolerance: a light-weight failure detection mechanism, dynamic process management that includes process migration, and a consistent checkpoint and recovery mechanism. The features of M are that it requires no modifications of application code and that it preserves much of the high performance characteristics of Myrinet. This paper describes the architecture of M3, its detailed design principles and comprehensive implementation issues. We also propose practical solutions for those involved in constructing highly available cluster systems for parallel programming systems. Experimental results substantiate our assertion that M3 can be a good candidate for practically deployable fault-tolerant systems in very-large and high-performance Myrinet clusters and that its protocol can be applied to a wide variety of parallel communication libraries without difficulty.
Cyclic Polyolefins. IV. 1,3-Cycloöctadiene<sup>1</sup> (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCyclic Polyolefins. IV. 1,3-Cycloöctadiene1Arthur C. Cope and Leland L. Estes Jr.Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 3, 1128–1132Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1950https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01159a016https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01159a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views411Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Fast Convolutional Nets With fbfft: A GPU Performance Evaluation (2014)

We examine the performance profile of Convolutional Neural Network training on the current generation of NVIDIA Graphics Processing Units. We introduce two new Fast Fourier Transform convolution implementations: one based on NVIDIA's cuFFT library, and another based on a Facebook authored FFT implementation, fbfft, that provides significant speedups over cuFFT (over 1.5x) for whole CNNs. Both of these convolution implementations are available in open source, and are faster than NVIDIA's cuDNN implementation for many common convolutional layers (up to 23.5x for some synthetic kernel configurations). We discuss different performance regimes of convolutions, comparing areas where straightforward time domain convolutions outperform Fourier frequency domain convolutions. Details on algorithmic applications of NVIDIA GPU hardware specifics in the implementation of fbfft are also provided.