gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nucleophilic [<sup>18</sup>F]Fluorination and subsequent decarbonylation of methoxy‐substituted nitro‐ and halogen‐benzenes activated by one or two formyl groups (2010)

Abstract As model reactions for the introduction of 18 F into protected aromatic amino acids, the replacement of NO 2 , Cl, Br and F by [ 18 F]fluoride in 2‐isophthalaldehyde and 2‐terephthalaldehyde derivatives which model 18 F‐DOPA and 18 F‐tyrosine was investigated by comparing labelling yields and reaction rates with those of corresponding mono‐aldehyde compounds. All isophthalaldehydes showed maximum radiochemical yields (79 to 86%) at 140°C and in comparison with the corresponding mono‐aldehydes the reaction proceeded faster. At lower temperature the reaction already resulted in high yields, e.g. 2‐nitroisophthalaldehyde was labelled with a yield of 78% at 25°C after 7 min, whereas 2‐nitrobenzaldehyde only reached a yield of 1.7% under the same reaction conditions. The 18 F/NO 2 exchange in nitroterephthalaldehydes proceeded more slowly and with lower radiochemical yields when compared with corresponding isophthalaldehydes and monoaldehydes. The decarbonylation of 18 F‐labelled aromatic dialdehydic compounds with 4 eq. of Wilkinson's catalyst at 150°C in benzonitrile resulted in high yields, e.g. 2‐[ 18 F]fluoro‐5‐methoxyisophthalaldehyde and 4‐[ 18 F]fluoro‐2‐methoxy‐5‐methylisophthalaldehyde were decarbonylated efficiently with yields of 67±3% and 72±2%, respectively. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Short??Term Effects of Radiographic Contrast Media on Monolayer Cell Cultures and Hepatocytes (1987)

Short-term effects of nine different contrast media, saline, sucrose, and mannitol on monolayer cell cultures and isolated rat hepatocytes were studied. Conventional high osmolal ionic contrast media (Na-metrizoate, Na-iothalamate, meglumine/Na-diatrizoate, meglumine-calcium-metrizoate) and the new, low-osmolal, nonionic (metrizamide, iopamidol, iohexol) and ionic dimer (meglumine/Na-ioxaglate) were tested. Dilutions of different contrast media at the same final osmolality produced similar effects on cultured cells and on isolated hepatocytes as assessed by the leakage of cytoplasmic lactate-dehydrogenase. This short-term toxicity seemed to be a function of the osmolality and of the exposure time. The effect of saline, sucrose, and mannitol was equal to that of contrast media at the same osmolality.
K-Means Hashing: An Affinity-Preserving Quantization Method for Learning Binary Compact Codes (2013)

In computer vision there has been increasing interest in learning hashing codes whose Hamming distance approximates the data similarity. The hashing functions play roles in both quantizing the vector space and generating similarity-preserving codes. Most existing hashing methods use hyper-planes (or kernelized hyper-planes) to quantize and encode. In this paper, we present a hashing method adopting the k-means quantization. We propose a novel Affinity-Preserving K-means algorithm which simultaneously performs k-means clustering and learns the binary indices of the quantized cells. The distance between the cells is approximated by the Hamming distance of the cell indices. We further generalize our algorithm to a product space for learning longer codes. Experiments show our method, named as K-means Hashing (KMH), outperforms various state-of-the-art hashing encoding methods.
Re-imagining the curriculum in a postcolonial space : engaging the public good purposes of higher education in South Africa (2016)

With low participation in higher education, poor throughput rates, and an underfunded system (both at the level of institutional subsidy and financial provision for needy students), it is not surprising that many debates on higher education in South Africa focus on matters of efficiency. This also ties into a broader global consensus that conceptualises higher education primarily in economic terms. However, in this article it is argued that while understandable, this position is an impoverished view and that it is precisely in such times of challenge that the public good purposes of higher education need to be reimagined. Drawing on the work of Sen, Sayer and Nixon, and bringing this into conversation with an understanding of the postcolonial position from Mamdani, this article offers a position that goes well beyond a focus on efficiency to emphasise social inclusion and individual enhancement. The article concludes with an outline of some practical provisions for higher education curriculum structure in South Africa.
Factors Influencing Optimum Ball Sealer Performance (1963)

Introduction The perforation sealing process has been proven highly successful and economical since it was introduced to the oil and gas industry in early 1956. Since it has proved so successful in multistage fracture treatments at a much lower cost than conventional packers, the ball sealer process has become a byword in well completions." Not only has it changed the design of fracture treatments, it has changed the concepts of selectively perforating and has greatly aided the success of the single-point and limited- entry techniques."Yet with all the advantages, there are still facets of ball sealer behavior that are not widely recognized. These must be known and understood to better design and execute the optimum ball sealer treatment.The down-hole behavior of ball sealers is influenced by a number of factors including an "inertial force", a "drag force" and a "holding force". These are considered in two phases-the initial seating of the ball and the forces tending to unseat the ball after contact has been made (see Fig. 1 ).This paper presents a theoretical study of these factors and formulas for predicting their influence. The authors acknowledge the fact that the flow equations presented herein describe the behavior of Newtonian fluids and do not cover the so-called power-law fluids. The assumptions made, however, are reasonable and well within practical limitations of the conditions encountered during field application. For example, it is assumed that the perforations are round with a discharge coefficient of 0.82. While this may not be exactly true, it has been verified within practical field limitations.' The discharge coefficient would not vary significantly even if the perforation size or configuration varied pronouncedly. The approach of assuming uniform perforation size is not as strained as it might first appear. Normally, a perforator contains charges equally spaced with the same number in each vertical (or horizontal) plane. If the perforating gun is not centralized, the holes in one plane will be smaller than average, while the holes in opposing planes will tend to be larger than average. The net result is that the two effects tend to balance. FACTORS AFFECTING CONTACT WITH PERFORATION Ball sealers are injected into well treating fluids for the purpose of contacting and sealing those perforations which are accepting the fluid flow. The efficiency of the sealers is primarily influenced by:the velocity of the balls down the pipe, andthe fluid velocity through the perforations. To divert the sealer to the perforation, the inertial force of the ball must be overcome by the drag force created by the fluid velocity through the perforation. BALL VELOCITY The final, or stable, velocity of the ball is the sum of the actual fall velocity and the fluid velocity. JPT P. 450^
Apoptosis induction of human myeloid leukemic cells by ultrasound exposure. (2000)

Therapeutic ultrasound (ULS) and the resulting cavitation process has been shown to induce irreversible cell damage. In this study, we wanted to further investigate the mechanism of ULS-induced cell death and to determine whether apoptosis is involved. High intensity focused pulsed ULS sonication at a frequency of 750 KHz was delivered to HL-60, K562, U937, and M1/2 leukemia cell line cultures. ULS exposure used with induction of transient cavitation in the focal area was delivered with an intensity level of 103.7 W/cm2 and 54.6 W/cm2 spatial-peak temporal-average intensity. As a control, ULS of lower intensity was delivered at 22.4 W/cm2 spatial-peak temporal-average intensity, presumably without generation of cavitation. Our results indicated that DNA damage induced by ULS cavitation did not involve generation of free radicals in the culture media. Morphological alterations observed in cells after exposure to ULS included: cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, and apoptotic body formation. Apoptotic cells were evaluated by fluorescence microscopy and detected using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay, which identifies DNA breaks, and by the leakage of phosphatidylserine from the inner to the outer side of the membrane layer of treated cells. Some bioeffects induced on sonicated HL-60 cells, such as inhibition of cell proliferation, DNA repair, and cell-dependent apoptosis, were found to be similar to those produced by gamma-irradiation. Thus, much of the cell damage induced by therapeutic ULS in leukemia cells surviving ULS exposure appears to occur through an apoptotic mechanism.
Sulindac Suppresses Nuclear Factor-κB Activation and RANTES Gene and Protein Expression in Endometrial Stromal Cells from Women with Endometriosis (2005)

Context: The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway is a critical mediator of RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) gene regulation and therefore represents a potential target for therapy of endometriosis-associated symptoms. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the antiinflammatory drug sulindac on NF-κB activation, NF-κB-mediated gene expression, RANTES gene and protein expression in endometrial stromal cells isolated from women with endometriosis, and unaffected controls. Design: This was a clinical experimental study. Setting: The study was conducted at a university hospital. Results: The inflammatory response in endometriosis is augmented by a 5-fold increased TNFα-induced RANTES secretion from ectopic endometriotic stromal cells, compared with normal endometrial stromal cells (P < 0.05). Western blot analysis revealed basal activation of NF-κB in endometriotic cells, which could be suppressed by sulindac. EMSAs showed that sulindac dramatically decreased NF-κB activation and diminished TNFα and IL-1β-induced NF-κB DNA binding activity. Sulindac pretreatment resulted in a significant decrease in TNFα-induced luciferase activity of NF-κB response element and −477 bp RANTES promoter constructs in normal and endometriotic stromal cells. The addition of sulindac to IL-1β- and TNFα-treated endometriotic stromal cells also resulted in a 4-fold inhibition of RANTES protein secretion (P < 0.05). Conclusions: We have demonstrated that sulindac exerts strong antiinflammatory effects by suppression of NF-κB translocation, inhibition of NF-κB-mediated gene transcription, RANTES gene expression, and protein secretion in normal and endometriotic stromal cells. These results suggest that drugs targeting the NF-κB pathway may be beneficial in the treatment of endometriosis-associated symptoms.
Molecular cloning of the human esterase D gene, a genetic marker of retinoblastoma. (1986)

Retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular tumor, represents one of the prototypes of inheritable cancers. To elucidate the mechanisms that give rise to this tumor, the retinoblastoma gene (RB) must be molecularly cloned. The difficulty encountered in cloning the gene is that little of its function or structure is known. The human esterase D gene, on the other hand, has been localized cytogenetically to the same sub-band of chromosome 13q14:11 as the RB gene. The esterase D gene thus provides a convenient starting point for cloning the RB gene. In this communication, we describe the isolation of the esterase D cDNA clone. Its identification is based on three lines of evidence. This cDNA encodes a protein immunologically related to the esterase D protein. The deduced amino acid sequences of this clone contain sequences identical to the three CNBr-cleaved peptides of the esterase D protein. This clone is mapped to the chromosome 13q14 region by Southern genomic blotting using different deletion mutants. The availability of this clone should allow for the cloning of the RB gene by chromosome walking; the diagnosis of genetic defects such as retinoblastomas and Wilson disease, whose genes are closely linked to the esterase D gene; and the exploration of the large family of human esterase genes.
Thinking laterally about neurodegenerative proteinopathies (2013)

Many neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and frontotemporal dementia, are proteinopathies that are associated with the aggregation and accumulation of misfolded proteins. While remarkable progress has been made in understanding the triggers of these conditions, several challenges have hampered the translation of preclinical therapies targeting pathways downstream of the initiating proteinopathies. Clinical trials in symptomatic patients using therapies directed toward initiating trigger events have met with little success, prompting concerns that such therapeutics may be of limited efficacy when used in advanced stages of the disease rather than as prophylactics. Herein, we discuss gaps in our understanding of the pathological processes downstream of the trigger and potential strategies to identify common features of the downstream degenerative cascade in multiple CNS proteinopathies, which could potentially lead to the development of common therapeutic targets for multiple disorders.
Modeling how people extract color themes from images (2013)

Color choice plays an important role in works of graphic art and design. However, it can be difficult to choose a compelling set of colors, or color theme, from scratch. In this work, we present a method for extracting color themes from images using a regression model trained on themes created by people. We collect 1600 themes from Mechanical Turk as well as from artists. We find that themes extracted by Turk participants were similar to ones extracted by artists. In addition, people tended to select diverse colors and focus on colors in salient image regions. We show that our model can match human-extracted themes more closely compared to previous work. Themes extracted by our model were also rated higher as representing the image than previous approaches in a Mechanical Turk study.
Hunting for treasure… (2012)

Some ideas for creating interesting and challenging treasure hunts for the children in your setting.
P‐7: High Speed a‐IGZO TFT‐based Gate Driver by using Back Channel Etched Structure (2014)

Abstract We demonstrated the high performance back–channel‐etched (BCE) amorphous‐InGaZnO (a‐IGZO) thin‐film transistor (TFT) circuits. The TFTs exhibited the field‐effect mobility, turn‐on voltage and subthreshold swing of 18 cm 2 /V•s, ‐0.1 V, and 258 mV/dec, respectively. The oscillation frequency of an 11 stages ring‐oscillator is ~334.1 kHz, at VDD = 20 V. The 320 stages 11T2C shift‐register operated well up to the last stage with rising and falling times of 950 and 690 ns, respectively. Good performance is attributed to damage‐free back channel wet etch process and small overlap capacitance between the gate and source/drain electrodes.
Quantitative Analysis of Red Color Sign in the Endoscopic Evaluation of Esophageal Varices (2001)

The red color area can be automatically calculated and quantified using the analysis program. Improvements in data storage methods may allow real-time evaluation during endoscopy in the future.
Magnesium induced changes in the selective growth of GaN by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (1998)

Atmospheric pressure metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy is used to perform selective regrowth of GaN on a silicon nitride patterned mask, capping a GaN epitaxial layer deposited on (0001) sapphire substrate. The basic pattern is constituted by a 15 μm period hexagonal array of hexagonal openings in the mask, these openings being circumscribed into 10 μm diam circles. We investigate the effect of Mg incorporation on the growth anisotropy of the localized GaN islands by varying the ratio [Mg]/[Ga] of bis-methylcyclopentadienyl-magnesium and trimethylgallium partial pressures. Both undoped and Mg-doped GaN hexagonal pyramids, delimited by C (0001) and R (1 1̄01) facets, are achieved with a good selectivity. It is found that the GaN growth rates VR and VC, measured in the R〈11̄01〉 and C 〈0001〉 directions respectively, are drastically affected by the Mg incorporation. By adjusting the Mg partial pressure in the growth chamber, the VR/VC ratio can be increased so that the delimiting top C facet does not vanish as usually observed in undoped GaN localized growth, but by contrast expands.
Core/Shell NaGdF<sub>4</sub>:Nd<sup>3+</sup>/NaGdF<sub>4</sub> Nanocrystals with Efficient Near-Infrared to Near-Infrared Downconversion Photoluminescence for Bioimaging Applications (2012)

We have synthesized core/shell NaGdF(4):Nd(3+)/NaGdF(4) nanocrystals with an average size of 15 nm and exceptionally high photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield. When excited at 740 nm, the nanocrystals manifest spectrally distinguished, near-infrared to near-infrared (NIR-to-NIR) downconversion PL peaked at ∼900, ∼1050, and ∼1300 nm. The absolute quantum yield of NIR-to-NIR PL reached 40% for core-shell nanoparticles dispersed in hexane. Time-resolved PL measurements revealed that this high quantum yield was achieved through suppression of nonradiative recombination originating from surface states and cross relaxations between dopants. NaGdF(4):Nd(3+)/NaGdF(4) nanocrystals, synthesized in organic media, were further converted to be water-dispersible by eliminating the capping ligand of oleic acid. NIR-to-NIR PL bioimaging was demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo through visualization of the NIR-to-NIR PL at ∼900 nm under incoherent lamp light excitation. The fact that both excitation and the PL of these nanocrystals are in the biological window of optical transparency, combined with their high quantum efficiency, spectral sharpness, and photostability, makes these nanocrystals extremely promising as optical biomaging probes.
Preparation of Pb(Zr,Ti)O<sub>3</sub> Thin Films on Ir and IrO<sub>2</sub> Electrodes (1994)

Pb(Zr x Ti 1- x )O 3 (PZT) thin films were prepared on Ir and IrO 2 electrodes. Ir has very similar properties to Pt, and IrO 2 is a conductive oxide. Perovskite single-phase PZT thin films were obtained on their electrodes. PZT thin films were grown by the conventional sol-gel method with rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at 700° C. When Pt thin films were deposited directly on poly-Si, PtSi layers were formed, and PZT thin films on the Pt had very poor crystallinity. When an IrO 2 layer was formed between PZT and poly-Si, a high-quality PZT thin film was obtained. Moreover, when electrodes including the IrO 2 layer were used, fatigue properties of PZT thin films were drastically improved.
In vitro and in vivo expressions of transforming growth factor-alpha and tyrosine kinase receptors in human non-small-cell lung carcinomas. (1993)

The mRNA expression of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), c-erbB-2 and c-met proto-oncogenes in eight newly established cell lines and 29 primary tumors of human non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) have been investigated. In vitro, the expressions of TGF-alpha, c-erbB-2, and c-met were consistently high in adenocarcinomas, while EGFR was expressed highest in a squamous cell carcinoma cell line. There was linear correlation between the levels of expression of TGF-alpha and EGFR or c-erbB-2, and between EGFR and c-erbB-2. The c-met expression was also correlated with those of TGF-alpha, EGFR, and c-erbB-2. In vivo, The mean mRNA levels of TGF-alpha, EGFR, and c-met, but not c-erbB-2, were higher in carcinomas than in normal lung tissues (2.8, 1.7, and 3.0 times, respectively); however, only adenocarcinomas expressed a significantly higher level of c-erbB-2 than their corresponding normal tissues (2.2 times). In 20 patients whose paired normal and tumor tissue were examined, the percentage of cases with greater than twofold increase in expression in carcinomas than normal were 55% for both TGF-alpha and EGFR, 30% for c-erbB-2, and 47% for c-met. Among the histological subtypes of NSCLC, a higher percentage of adenocarcinomas than squamous cell carcinomas over-expressed these genes, especially c-erbB-2 and c-met. Over-expression is rarely the result of gene amplification. The results suggest a differential expression of growth factor and receptor genes among the various histological subtypes of NSCLCs.
A Duty-Cycle Correction Circuit for High-Frequency Clocks (2006)

We present a circuit to control duty-cycle of high-frequency clocks with very fine resolution. The proposed duty-cycle detection and correction circuits are digital and do not require external references and matching devices. The circuits are designed to compensate for duty-cycle uncertainties in a floating point unit implemented using limited switch dynamic logic (LSDL) (Belloumini, 2005). The results show that the circuit can correct the duty-cycle of an 8-GHz clock with plusmn0.8% accuracy for an input range of 25% to 75%
PGC-1α Provides a Transcriptional Framework for Synchronous Neurotransmitter Release from Parvalbumin-Positive Interneurons (2014)

Accumulating evidence strongly implicates the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) in the pathophysiology of multiple neurological disorders, but the downstream gene targets of PGC-1α in the brain have remained enigmatic. Previous data demonstrate that PGC-1α is primarily concentrated in inhibitory neurons and that PGC-1α is required for the expression of the interneuron-specific Ca(2+)-binding protein parvalbumin (PV) throughout the cortex. To identify other possible transcriptional targets of PGC-1α in neural tissue, we conducted a microarray on neuroblastoma cells overexpressing PGC-1α, mined results for genes with physiological relevance to interneurons, and measured cortical gene and protein expression of these genes in mice with underexpression and overexpression of PGC-1α. We observed bidirectional regulation of novel PGC-1α-dependent transcripts spanning synaptic [synaptotagmin 2 (Syt2) and complexin 1 (Cplx1)], structural [neurofilament heavy chain (Nefh)], and metabolic [neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1 (Nceh1), adenylate kinase 1 (Ak1), inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase J (Inpp5j), ATP synthase mitochondrial F1 complex O subunit (Atp5o), phytanol-CoA-2hydroxylase (Phyh), and ATP synthase mitrochondrial F1 complex α subunit 1 (Atp5a1)] functions. The neuron-specific genes Syt2, Cplx1, and Nefh were developmentally upregulated in an expression pattern consistent with that of PGC-1α and were expressed in cortical interneurons. Conditional deletion of PGC-1α in PV-positive neurons significantly decreased cortical transcript expression of these genes, promoted asynchronous GABA release, and impaired long-term memory. Collectively, these data demonstrate that PGC-1α is required for normal PV-positive interneuron function and that loss of PGC-1α in this interneuron subpopulation could contribute to cortical dysfunction in disease states.