gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Liver-specific drug targeting by coupling to bile acids. (1992)

Bile acids are selectively taken up from portal blood into the liver by specific transport systems in the hepatocyte plasma membrane. Therefore, studies were performed to evaluate the potential of bile acids as shuttles to deliver drugs specifically to the liver. The alkylating cytostatic drug chlorambucil and the fluorescent prolyl-4-hydroxylase inhibitor 4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-beta-Ala-Phe-5-oxaproline-Gly were covalently linked via an amide bond to 7 alpha, 12 alpha,-dihydroxy-3 beta- (omega-aminoalkoxy)-5-beta-cholan-24-oic acid. The chlorambucil-bile acid conjugates S 2521, S 2539, S 2567, and S 2576 inhibited Na(+)-dependent [3H]taurocholate uptake in a concentration-dependent manner both into isolated rat hepatocytes and rabbit ileal brush border membrane vesicles, whereas the parent drug chlorambucil showed no significant inhibitory effect. The chlorambucil-bile acid conjugates were able to prevent photoaffinity labeling of bile acid binding proteins in rat hepatocytes by the photolabile [3H]7,7-azo derivative of taurocholic acid indicating their bile acid character. The chlorambucil-bile acid conjugate S 2577 was able to alkylate proteins demonstrating the drug character conserved in the hybrid-molecules. Liver perfusion experiments revealed a secretion profile of the chlorambucil-bile acid conjugate S 2576 into bile very similar to taurocholate compared to chlorambucil which is predominantly excreted by the kidney. 4-Nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-beta-Ala-Phe-5-oxaproline-Gly- t-butylester (S 4404), a fluorescent peptide inhibitor of prolyl-4-hydroxylase, was not transported in intact form from portal blood into bile in contrast to its bile acid conjugate S 3744; about 25% of the peptide-bile acid conjugate S 3744 was secreted in intact form into bile within 40 min compared with less than 4% of the parent oxaprolylpeptide S 4404. In conclusion, these studies reveal that modified bile acid molecules can be used as "Trojan horses" to deliver a drug molecule specifically into the liver and the biliary system. This offers important pharmacological options for the development of liver-specific drugs.
Adverse events among medical patients after discharge from hospital. (2004)

Approximately one-quarter of patients in our study had an AE after hospital discharge, and half of the AEs were preventable or ameliorable.
Physical Activity and Public Health in Older Adults (2007)

The recommendation for older adults is similar to the updated ACSM/AHA recommendation for adults, but has several important differences including: the recommended intensity of aerobic activity takes into account the older adult's aerobic fitness; activities that maintain or increase flexibility are recommended; and balance exercises are recommended for older adults at risk of falls. In addition, older adults should have an activity plan for achieving recommended physical activity that integrates preventive and therapeutic recommendations. The promotion of physical activity in older adults should emphasize moderate-intensity aerobic activity, muscle-strengthening activity, reducing sedentary behavior, and risk management.
EDIT-DISTANCE OF WEIGHTED AUTOMATA: GENERAL DEFINITIONS AND ALGORITHMS (2003)

The problem of computing the similarity between two sequences arises in many areas such as computational biology and natural language processing. A common measure of the similarity of two strings is their edit-distance, that is the minimal cost of a series of symbol insertions, deletions, or substitutions transforming one string into the other. In several applications such as speech recognition or computational biology, the objects to compare are distributions over strings, i.e., sets of strings representing a range of alternative hypotheses with their associated weights or probabilities. We define the edit-distance of two distributions over strings and present algorithms for computing it when these distributions are given by automata. In the particular case where two sets of strings are given by unweighted automata, their edit-distance can be computed using the general algorithm of composition of weighted transducers combined with a single-source shortest-paths algorithm. In the general case, we show that general weighted automata algorithms over the appropriate semirings can be used to compute the edit-distance of two weighted automata exactly. These include classical algorithms such as the composition and ∊-removal of weighted transducers and a new and simple synchronization algorithm for weighted transducers which, combined with ∊-removal, can be used to normalize weighted transducers with bounded delays. Our algorithm for computing the edit-distance of weighted automata can be used to improve the word accuracy of automatic speech recognition systems. It can also be extended to provide an edit-distance automaton useful for re-scoring and other post-processing purposes in the context of large-vocabulary speech recognition.
Ontobroker: or how to enable intelligent access to the WWW (1998)

. The World Wide Web (WWW) is currently one of the most important electronic information sources. However, its query interfaces and the provided reasoning services are rather limited. Ontobroker consists of a number of languages and tools that enhance query access and inference service in the WWW. It provides languages to annotate web documents with ontological information, to represent ontologies, and to formulate queries. The tool set of Ontobroker allows us to access information and knowledge from the web and to infer new knowledge with an inference engine based on techniques from logic programming. This article provides several examples that illustrate these languages and tools and the kind of service that is provided. We also discuss the bottlenecks of our approach that stem from the fact that the applicability of Ontobroker requires two time-consuming activities: (1) developing shared ontologies that reflect the consensus of a group of web users and (2) annotating we...
Bone Graft and Bone Graft Substitutes in Spine Surgery: Current Concepts and Controversies (2012)

Iliac crest bone graft has long been the standard adjunct used in spine fusion surgery. This graft provides osteogenic, osteoinductive, and osteoconductive elements that aid in creation of a fusion mass. However, morbidity associated with bone graft harvest has led surgeons to seek other potential adjuncts, including bone morphogenetic proteins, demineralized bone matrix, and graft expanders such as synthetic bone graft and allograft. Knowledge of fusion biology is required to understand the benefits and limitations of these agents, which promote fusion via one of four mechanisms: osteogenesis, osteoinduction, osteoconduction, and osteopromotion. Although bone morphogenetic proteins have shown a clear ability to aid in bone formation and successful fusion, recent concern regarding their safety has tempered enthusiasm regarding their use.
A monoclonal antibody to P-selectin ameliorates injury associated with hemorrhagic shock in rabbits (1994)

P-selectin (CD62P) can participate in leukocyte rolling when it is expressed on the surface of endothelial cells. We examined the role of CD62P in hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. Rabbits were treated with saline, an anti-CD62P (alpha-CD62P) monoclonal antibody (MAb; PB1.3), an isotype-matched MAb (PNB1.6), or an alpha-CD18 MAb (60.3). Catheters were placed in the femoral artery and vein for monitoring, and cardiac output was then reduced to 33% of baseline for 1.5 h. Shed blood was returned, and resuscitation was continued to maintain the cardiac output to within 90% of baseline. There were no statistical differences between the saline- and MAb PNB1.6-treated groups; they were therefore combined into a control group. The MAb PB1.3- and MAb 60.3-treated groups required significantly less fluid resuscitation than the controls (12, 17, and 56 ml/kg, respectively). We conclude that MAbs directed to functional epitopes of either CD62P or CD18 provide significant protection from vascular injury after hemorrhagic shock.
Linear prediction, entropy and signal analysis (1984)

This paper reviews the fundamental concepts of Linear Prediction (LP) and Maximum Entropy (ME) spectral analysis, and elucidates the reasons for their practical importance in the world of real signals. Subsequently, the paper introduces the powerful principle of Minimum Cross-Entropy (MCE) spectral analysis. MCE permits the incorporation of prior information into signal analysis. In a new approach to speech signal analysis, application of the MCE principle reduces the average number of predictor coefficients (poles) that have to be specified per time frame for a given spectral resolution by relying on prior spectral information. Such prior spectral information may be given by glottal source and lip radiation Characteristics, microphone and transmission frequency responses, and spectral information from preceding time frames-particularly during steady-state or slowly-varying portions of a speech utterance.
Deep Learning in Medical Image Analysis (2017)

This review covers computer-assisted analysis of images in the field of medical imaging. Recent advances in machine learning, especially with regard to deep learning, are helping to identify, classify, and quantify patterns in medical images. At the core of these advances is the ability to exploit hierarchical feature representations learned solely from data, instead of features designed by hand according to domain-specific knowledge. Deep learning is rapidly becoming the state of the art, leading to enhanced performance in various medical applications. We introduce the fundamentals of deep learning methods and review their successes in image registration, detection of anatomical and cellular structures, tissue segmentation, computer-aided disease diagnosis and prognosis, and so on. We conclude by discussing research issues and suggesting future directions for further improvement.
Recovery of seismic wavefields based on compressive sensing by an l1-norm constrained trust region method and the piecewise random subsampling (2011)

Due to the influence of variations in landform, geophysical data acquisition is usually subsampled. Reconstruction of the seismic wavefield from subsampled data is an ill-posed inverse problem. Compressive sensing (CS) can be used to recover the original geophysical data from the subsampled data. In this paper, we consider the wavefield reconstruction problem as a CS and propose a piecewise random subsampling scheme based on the wavelet transform. The proposed sampling scheme overcomes the disadvantages of uncontrolled random sampling. In computation, an l 1 -norm constrained trust region method is developed to solve the CS problem. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed sampling technique and the trust region approach are robust in solving the ill-posed CS problem and can greatly improve the quality of wavefield recovery.
Isolation and Partial Characterization of Antagonistic Peptides Produced by <i>Paenibacillus</i> sp. Strain B2 Isolated from the Sorghum Mycorrhizosphere (2005)

Paenibacillus sp. strain B2, isolated from the mycorrhizosphere of sorghum colonized by Glomus mosseae, produces an antagonistic factor. This factor has a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and also against fungi. The antagonistic factor was isolated from the bacterial culture medium and purified by cation-exchange, reverse-phase, and size exclusion chromatography. The purified factor could be separated into three active compounds following characterization by amino acid analysis and by combined reverse-phase chromatography and mass spectrometry (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry). The first compound had the same retention time as polymyxin B1, whereas the two other compounds were more hydrophobic. The molecular masses of the latter compounds are 1,184.7 and 1,202.7 Da, respectively, and their structure is similar to that of polymyxin B1, with a cyclic heptapeptide moiety attached to a tripeptide side chain and a fatty acyl residue. They both contain threonine, phenylalanine, leucine, and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid residues. The peptide with a molecular mass of 1,184.7 contains a 2,3-didehydrobutyrine residue with a molecular mass of 101 Da replacing a threonine at the A2 position of the polymyxin side chain. This modification could explain the broader range of antagonistic activity of this peptide compared to that of polymyxin B.
Usability Testing in Medical Informatics: Cognitive Approaches to Evaluation of Information Systems and User Interfaces (1997)

This paper describes an approach to the evaluation of health care information technologies based on usability engineering and a methodological framework from the study of medical cognition. The approach involves collection of a rich set of data including video recording of health care workers as they interact with systems, such as computerized patient records and decision support tools. The methodology can be applied in the laboratory setting, typically involving subjects "thinking aloud" as they interact with a system. A similar approach to data collection and analysis can also be extended to study of computer systems in the "live" environment of hospital clinics. Our approach is also influenced from work in the area of cognitive task analysis, which aims to characterize the decision making and reasoning of subjects of varied levels of expertise as they interact with information technology in carrying out representative tasks. The stages involved in conducting cognitively-based usability analyses are detailed and the application of such analysis in the iterative process of system and interface development is discussed.
Influence of Glycosidic Linkages and Molecular Weight on the Fermentation of Maltose-Based Oligosaccharides by Human Gut Bacteria (2006)

A structure-function study was carried out to increase knowledge of how glycosidic linkages and molecular weights of carbohydrates contribute toward the selectivity of fermentation by gut bacteria. Oligosaccharides with maltose as the common carbohydrate source were used. Potentially prebiotic alternansucrase and dextransucrase maltose acceptor products were synthesized and separated into different molecular weights using a Bio-gel P2 column. These fractions were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight. Nonprebiotic maltooligosaccharides with degrees of polymerization (DP) from three to seven were commercially obtained for comparison. Growth selectivity of fecal bacteria on these oligosaccharides was studied using an anaerobic in vitro fermentation method. In general, carbohydrates of DP3 showed the highest selectivity towards bifidobacteria; however, oligosaccharides with a higher molecular weight (DP6-DP7) also resulted in a selective fermentation. Oligosaccharides with DPs above seven did not promote the growth of "beneficial" bacteria. The knowledge of how specific structures modify the gut microflora could help to find new prebiotic oligosaccharides.
Mo&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;N/Mo gate MOSFETs (1982)

Molybdenum nitride coatings on molybdenum using a direct reaction of molybdenum with ammonia is used to improve the gate electrode properties of Mo gate self-aligned MOSFETs. The Mo <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> N double layer gate shows resistance against oxidation, processing reagents and improved ion implantation masking. The work function of the double layer film was determined to be 4.69 ± 0.03 eV which is independent of the nitride thickness and annealing conditions. Boron implantation range is smaller in Mo <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> N than Mo. A Mo <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> N coating of 870Å over 2130Å Mo masks up to 60 keV B11 and 120 keV As75. The implantation study covers the energy range from 15 to 70 keV for boron and from 40 to 160 keV for arsenic.
On the Normalization of the Minimum Free Energy of RNAs by Sequence Length (2014)

The minimum free energy (MFE) of ribonucleic acids (RNAs) increases at an apparent linear rate with sequence length. Simple indices, obtained by dividing the MFE by the number of nucleotides, have been used for a direct comparison of the folding stability of RNAs of various sizes. Although this normalization procedure has been used in several studies, the relationship between normalized MFE and length has not yet been investigated in detail. Here, we demonstrate that the variation of MFE with sequence length is not linear and is significantly biased by the mathematical formula used for the normalization procedure. For this reason, the normalized MFEs strongly decrease as hyperbolic functions of length and produce unreliable results when applied for the comparison of sequences with different sizes. We also propose a simple modification of the normalization formula that corrects the bias enabling the use of the normalized MFE for RNAs longer than 40 nt. Using the new corrected normalized index, we analyzed the folding free energies of different human RNA families showing that most of them present an average MFE density more negative than expected for a typical genomic sequence. Furthermore, we found that a well-defined and restricted range of MFE density characterizes each RNA family, suggesting the use of our corrected normalized index to improve RNA prediction algorithms. Finally, in coding and functional human RNAs the MFE density appears scarcely correlated with sequence length, consistent with a negligible role of thermodynamic stability demands in determining RNA size.
A cadmium-free CuInSe2 superstrate solar cell fabricated by electrodeposition using a ITO/In2Se3/CuInSe2/Au structure (1999)

A new cadmium free CuInSe2 (CIS) superstrate cell has been developed. The cell consists of an indium tin oxide (ITO)/indium selenide (In2Se3)/CIS/Au structure. Both layers, In2Se3 and CIS, have been electrodeposited successively on large areas of 60 cm2 of ITO substrates. The pn-junction has been formed following an annealing treatment under selenium atmosphere at 300°C. X-ray diffraction was used to characterise the CIS film, photocurrent voltage measurements and spectral responses of the completed cell are shown. A preliminary efficiency of 2·8% has been obtained. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HCV Replicon Systems (2006)

With the remarkable ability of hepatitis C virus (HCV) to establish persistent infections that can lead to progressive liver pathology and the poor response of prevalent HCV genotypes to the current treatment, HCV represents a significant global health problem. Studies of HCV replication in cell culture were virtually impossible until the development of subgenomic replicons that replicate autonomously in the human hepatoma cell line Huh-7. Many improvements to the replicon system have been made allowing the establishment of transient replication assays for HCV genotypes 1a, 1b, and 2a. Specifically, the identification of adaptive mutations that drastically enhance HCV genotype 1 replication and the isolation of highly permissive Huh-7 sublines led to the development of replication-competent full-length genomes in addition to a collection of robustly replicating subgenomes derived from genotype 1 sequences. More recently, the cell tropism of HCV subgenomic replicons has been expanded to non-hepatoma cell lines and mouse hepatocytes. The HCV replicon system has opened new avenues for detailed molecular studies of RNA replication and HCV-host interactions as well as the development of active inhibitors of HCV replication. Finally, the identification of genotype 2a-derived replicons that efficiently replicate in cell culture without adaptive mutations has facilitated the development of systems supporting the complete virus life cycle.
Some properties of radio frequency gas discharges in air at atmospheric pressure (1971)

Measurements were made on steady-state gas discharges maintained by RF power in air at atmospheric pressure. The frequency range 1-30 MHz was covered. It was found that these discharges operate as either RF glow or RF arc discharges. The characteristics of each are very similar to those of the corresponding dc discharge types. These RF discharges are quenched after each half-cycle and must be reignited in the following half-cycle. The minimum voltage for reignition is about 350 V. After reignition the discharge voltage is high (≥275 V) for glows and low (≥30 V) for arcs. The discharge type can alternate with polarity. The resulting asymmetric voltage-current characteristic can cause rectification. By their non-linear behavior discharges can produce high-order harmonics of the frequency at which they are maintained. These discharge properties account for various interference problems caused by parasitic RF discharges in the vicinity of high-power RF transmitters.
Asynchronous relaxation of the ischemic left ventricle. (1982)

The etiology and clinical significance of asynchronous relaxation of the left ventricle during isovolumic relaxation period was studied. Fifty patient with angina pectoris, 50 with myocardial infarction, 40 with normal heart, 20 with mitral stenosis and 10 with mitral prolapse syndrome were investigated. Asynchronous relaxation was observed in the following order: 72% in angina pectoris, 46% in myocardial infarction, 30% in mitral valve prolapse and 10% in both pure mitral stenosis and normal heart. In left anterior descending coronary artery disease, asynchronous relaxation was observed in 80%. Asynchronous relaxation seen before aortocoronary bypass graft to the left anterior descending coronary artery either disappeared or decreased after surgery. The contractility of the site, where asynchronous relaxation was seen, was normal in most cases and akinetic in none. The results of this study suggest the possibilities that asynchronous relaxation is at least partially related to localized myocardial ischemia and that it may be an early phenomenon of the effect of myocardial ischemia. With regard to asynchronous relaxation and hemodynamic alterations, force-velocity lissajous was analysed. Distortion of the lissajous in relaxation phase was seen in 73% who showed asynchrony. This distortion can be interpreted as indication of ununiformity of the left ventricular relaxation.
An outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in the Torres Strait, Australia, 1995 (1996)

There was evidence of widespread JE virus activity throughout the outer islands of the Torres Strait. We suggest that migratory birds and/or wind-blown mosquitoes could have imported the virus into the Torres Strait from a focus of viral activity, possibly in Papua New Guinea, thereby initiating the outbreak. A combination of environmental factors, with large numbers of domestic pigs in close proximity to human dwellings and mosquito breeding sites, undoubtedly facilitated the outbreak on Badu.