gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Issues in the design of store buffers in dynamically scheduled processors (2002)

Processor performance can be sensitive to load-store ordering, memory bandwidth, and memory access latency. A store buffer is a mechanism that exists in many current processors to accomplish one or more of the following: store access ordering, latency hiding, and data forwarding. Different policies that govern store buffer behavior can affect overall processor performance. However, the performance impact of various store buffer policies is not clearly analyzed in available literature. In this paper, we look into various store buffer issues such as i) where to place it in the pipeline, ii) when to remove a store entry from the store buffer, iii) when to allow the stores to be retired, and iv) if, when, and how to set the contention priority of memory operations. These issues are explained in detail while design and performance tradeoffs are assessed. Using a variety of C, C++, and Java benchmarks, we establish how these design policies influence performance. We find that the policies for store entry removal and store buffer pipeline placement have a large effect on the overall performance of a microprocessor. In addition, we see that smaller, well-designed store buffers can achieve comparable performance to larger, basic store buffers. Combining these results with an analysis of the benchmarks can help one fully understand the role of the store buffer and the tradeoffs involved.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Gene Therapy in X‐Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (2010)

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only therapeutic approach that can arrest cerebral demyelination of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) in boys and results in long-term in a good quality of life, provided the procedure is performed at an early stage of disease. Similar benefits of allogeneic HSCT have been demonstrated in adults with cerebral ALD. However, it is not yet known whether allogeneic HSCT can prevent or rescue adrenomyeloneuropathy. Allogeneic HSCT remains associated with significant morbidity and mortality risks, particularly in adults, and not all ALD patients have donors despite the availability of cord blood. The absence of biological markers that can predict the evolutivity of cerebral disease is a major limitation to propose in due time allogeneic HSCT to ALD patients. Recently, HSC gene therapy using lentiviral vector was shown to have comparable efficacy than allogeneic HSCT in two boys with cerebral ALD who had no Human-leukocyte-antigen (HLA)-matched donor. If these results are confirmed in an extended series of patients, HSC gene therapy may become the first therapeutic option for all ALD male patients who develop cerebral demyelination.
Long-range plasmon-polariton wave propagation in thin metal films of finite width excited using an end-fire technique (2000)

ZnSe/GaAs/GaAs heterostructures grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy have been studied by Photoreflectance. From Franz-Keldysh oscillations we found the electric fields at ZnSe. It was observed that the electric field value decreases with the temperature. The calculated values (<58 kV/cm) are in agreement with the typical values in semiconductors and are higher than those at the interfacial GaAs. The electric field strength is conelated with the presence of superficial states due to defects such as dislocations.
Sequential Pd(II)−Pd(0) Catalysis for the Rapid Synthesis of Coumarins (2005)

Electrophilic palladium-catalyzed cycloisomerization of brominated aryl propiolates produces brominated coumarins. The brominated coumarins can be diversified by reduction of the Pd(II) catalyst to Pd(0) followed by Suzuki, Sonogashira, Heck, or Hartwig-Buchwald coupling. Thus, a single loading of precatalyst can be used to conduct sequential reactions, allowing the synthesis of functionalized coumarins. Extension of this methodology toward the synthesis of coumarin libraries is discussed.
Metal toxicity in mammals. Volume 2. Chemical toxicity of metals and metalloids. (1978)

5-Iminodaunomycin forms a 3:1 complex with Fe(III) at pH 7.4. Drug-metal complex formation is associated with a marked decline in absorbance at 548 and 593 nm and the appearance of a broad band above 625 nm. The 5-iminodaunomycin-Fe(III) complex reacts with hydrogen peroxide to yield .OH radicals. This reaction is at a maximum at a drug/iron ratio of 2:1, and the yield is far less than that obtained with the doxorubicin-iron complex. In contrast to the results with doxorubicin, the production of .OH declines markedly at high 5-iminodaunomycin/iron ratios. There is a close parallel between the formation of hydroxyl radicals and the ability of the 5-iminodaunomycin complex to nick supercoiled SV40 DNA. The suppression of both .OH and DNA damage at high 5-iminodaunomycin:iron ratios is the result of several factors. 1) The presence of DNA stimulates .OH production from the doxorubicin complex, but not 5-iminodaunomycin; 2) doxorubicin reduces its chelated Fe(III) to Fe(II), but 5-iminodaunomycin does not; 3) 5-iminodaunomycin forms such a stable drug-metal complex that solvent water and, therefore, presumably H2O2, has diminished access to the chelated iron. The affinity of 5-iminodaunomycin is such that it can quantitatively abstract iron from doxorubicin. As a result, 5-iminodaunomycin is an effective competitive inhibitor of .OH radical formation by the doxorubicin-iron complex.
Agmatine, the bacterial amine, is widely distributed in mammalian tissues (1995)

We sought to determine whether agmatine (decarboxylated arginine), a bacterial product recently discovered for the first time in mammalian brain, was contained in other organs. A method was developed for isolation of agmatine from tissue and detection by RP-HPLC following solid-liquid extraction and derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde and mercaptoethanol. Recovery was about 80% and the limit of fluorometric detection was about 10 pg on column. In male Sprague-Dawley rats agmatine was unevenly and widely distributed in many tissues confirming its presence in mammals. The highest concentration (approximately 71 ng/mg net weight) was found in stomach, with aorta and small intestine next, followed by smaller levels in spleen, adrenal, aorta, and skeletal muscle and brain. Serum concentrations were high. Agmatine in male Long Evans rats of 3, 12, and 24 months of age demonstrated similar but not identical tissue distribution without any effect of aging. Since agmatine binds to alpha 2-adrenergic and imidazoline receptors, is bioactive in a number of tissues, is contained in neurons and is found in serum and tissues, the findings are consistent with a potential role for agmatine as a neurotransmitter and/or hormone. It also raises the possibility that agmatine may, as in bacteria, serve as a polyamine precursor along metabolic pathways previously not detected in mammals.
Simple assay of beta-lactamase with agar medium containing a chromogenic cephalosporin, pyridinium-2-azo-p-dimethylaniline chromophore (PADAC) (1988)

A new beta-lactamase assay method with agar plates containing pyridinium-2-azo-p-dimethylaniline chromophore (PADAC) (50 microM), a beta-lactamase-labile, chromogenic cephalosporin, was examined. On the PADAC plates inoculated with beta-lactamase-producing gram-negative bacteria (10(4) CFU per spot) and incubated at 37 degrees C, a yellow zone showing hydrolysis of PADAC by beta-lactamase was formed around the colony. The zone diameter increased with incubation time. Examination with Enterobacter cloacae GN7471 revealed that beta-lactamase activity was present in the agar around the colony, decreasing exponentially with increasing distance from the colonial margin; this suggests that the PADAC hydrolysis zone is formed by an extracellular enzyme. At 18 h, significant correlations were obtained between the zone diameters of the 10 species (clinical isolates) examined and their periplasmic beta-lactamase activities determined spectrophotometrically. The addition of clavulanic acid (0.5 to 10 micrograms/ml) inhibited zone formation on the PADAC plates inoculated with type IIIa, Va, Vb, PSE-1, and Ic beta-lactamase producers. When the clinical isolates were tested on plates with clavulanic acid (2 micrograms/ml), inhibition was observed in 41 to 58% of the Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates and in all isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Proteus vulgaris. Thus, the use of the inhibitor made it possible to detect penicillinase or type Ic cephalosporinase producers. These results proved that the PADAC plate might be a useful tool permitting easy, semiquantitative determination of beta-lactamase activity.
Delayed Demyelination and Macrophage Invasion: A Candidate for Secondary Cell Damage in Spinal Cord Injury (1985)

Recent studies of the chronic morphology and physiology of experimental spinal cord injury (SCI) in the cat are reviewed and their conclusions outlined. In particular, variations in chronic dysmyelination of the lesion have been found to be largely independent of injury intensity, suggesting a secondary pathologic origin. New morphometric studies of the subacute development of contusion lesions are described. Using electron microscopy and light microscopic line-sampling of myelinated axons, it was found that demyelination of axons that survived the initial injury occurred largely between 2 and 7 days after contusion and did not accompany the much more rapid dissolution of myelin from those axons that degenerated within the first 2 days. The number of apparently intact axons at the center of the lesion declined by a factor of 2 or more in the same interval of 2-7 days. This secondary pathology was coincident with dense invasion of the lesion by macrophages and their phagocytosis of the membraneous debris remaining from the initial hemorrhagic necrosis. It is concluded that posttraumatic inflammation in the spinal cord should be investigated in more detail as a possible contributor to chronic deficits. In addition, these data emphasize the importance of defining the nature, time of occurrence, and proportional significance of secondary damage in order to evaluate those studies and hypotheses that attempt to differentiate acute secondary pathophysiology from primary degenerative processes.
Effect of an NK1 Receptor Antagonist (CP-99,994) on Hypertonic Saline-Induced Bronchoconstriction and Cough in Male Asthmatic Subjects (1995)

To investigate the role of NK1 receptors in the pathogenesis of bronchoconstriction and cough in asthma, we performed a randomized, double-blind, crossover study on the effects of a selective non-peptide tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist (CP-99,994) on baseline measures of lung function and on hypertonic saline-induced bronchoconstriction and cough in 14 male subjects with mild asthma. CP-99,994 (250 micrograms/2 hours) and placebo were administered intravenously in 2-h infusions during consecutive visits 5 to 7 d apart. Specific airway resistance (SRaw) was measured and spirometry was performed at baseline and at 35 and 60 min. Next, hypertonic saline challenge was performed by delivering 10 breaths of saline of increasing concentration (0.9 to 7% in 1% increments at 5-min intervals) via an ultrasonic nebulizer until SRaw increased from baseline by 200% or 20 units, whichever was greater. Throughout the challenge cough was counted from a taped record made from two microphones placed close to the subject's larynx. We found that CP-99,994 did not significantly affect SRaw or spirometric measures of lung function during the first hour of infusion. Although CP-99,994 infusion markedly attenuated the bronchoconstrictor response to the saline challenge in two subjects, it did not significantly decrease the area under curves obtained for SRaw and cough during saline challenge for the group as a whole (p = 0.9 for SRaw;p = 0.8 for cough). We conclude that administration of 250 micrograms/kg of CP-99,994 over 2 h does not significantly inhibit hypertonic saline-induced bronchoconstriction or cough in subjects with mild asthma and does not have acute bronchodilator activity in these subjects.
Hydrolysis of bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl) phosphate (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydrolysis of bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl) phosphateClifford A. Bunton and S. J. FarberCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1969, 34, 4, 767–772Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01256a001https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01256a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views728Altmetric-Citations90LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Systematic Review: A Century of Inhalational Anthrax Cases from 1900 to 2005 (2006)

Despite advances in supportive care, fulminant-phase inhalational anthrax is usually fatal. Initiation of antibiotic or anthrax antiserum therapy during the prodromal phase is associated with markedly improved survival, although other aspects of care, differences in clinical circumstances, or unreported factors may contribute to this observed reduction in mortality. Efforts to improve early diagnosis and timely initiation of appropriate antibiotics are critical to reducing mortality.
Text Input System Using Online Overlapped Handwriting Recognition for Mobile Devices (2007)

This paper proposes a novel online overlapped handwriting recognition system for mobile devices such as cellular phones. Users can input characters continuously without pauses on the single writing area. It has three features: small writing area, quick response and direct operations with handwritten gestures. Therefore, it is suitable for mobile devices such as cellular phones. The system realizes a new handwriting interface similar to touch-typing. We evaluated the system by two experiments: character recognition performance and text entry speed of Japanese sentences. Through these experiments we showed the effectiveness of the proposed system.
Cytokine-induced changes in chromatin structure and in vivo footprints in the inducible NOS promoter (2001)

Transcription of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene is regulated by inflammatory cytokines in a tissue-specific manner. To determine whether differences in cytokine-induced mRNA levels between pulmonary epithelial cells (A549) and hepatic biliary epithelial cells (AKN-1) result from different protein or DNA regulatory mechanisms, we identified cytokine-induced changes in DNase I-hypersensitive (HS) sites in 13 kb of the iNOS 5'-flanking region. Data showed both constitutive and inducible HS sites in an overlapping yet cell type-specific pattern. Using in vivo footprinting and ligation-mediated PCR to detect potential DNA or protein interactions, we examined one promoter region near -5 kb containing both constitutive and cytokine-induced HS sites. In both cell types, three in vivo footprints were present in both control and cytokine-treated cells, and each mapped within a constitutive HS site. The remaining footprint appeared only in response to cytokine treatment and mapped to an inducible HS site. These studies, performed on chromatin in situ, identify a portion of the molecular mechanisms regulating transcription of the human iNOS gene in both lung- and liver-derived epithelial cells.
Benzodiazepine mit psychotroper Wirkung, V<sup>1)</sup> 1.5‐Benzodiazepin‐trione und ihre Vorstufen (1972)

Abstract Die Oxidation der 3‐Aminomethylen‐1.5‐benzodiazepin‐2.4‐dione 1 zu den 1.5‐Benzodiazepin‐2.3.4‐trionen 5 führt über die entsprechenden 3‐Formyl‐3‐hydroxy‐ und 3‐Hydroxy‐1.5‐benzodiazepin‐2.4‐dione vom Typ 2 bzw. 3 . Verbindungen des Typs 3 liegen nicht wie Dialursäure in der Endiol‐Form vor. Die Benzodiazepin‐trionen 5 lassen sich in 6‐Ring‐Systeme umwandeln. Dazu wird ein möglicher Mechanismus diskutiert. Ihre Stabilität wird mit der analoger Mono‐ und Dioxo‐1.5‐benzodiazepine verglichen.
Track association and fusion with heterogeneous local trackers (2007)

The problem of track-to-track association and track fusion has been considered in the literature where the local trackers assume the same target motion model and send their local state estimates to the fusion center on demand. Many issues arise when local trackers use different target motion models or even operate on different target state spaces. In this case, selecting an appropriate track association method at the fusion center is essential to the performance of the overall tracking system. In this paper, we examine several track association methods with different assumptions on the target distribution in a surveillance region. We found that the track association performance can be very different among these methods even when they have the same desired level of the correct association probability. In addition, existing track fusion formulas have to be modified to account for the model mismatch among some of the local trackers. The track association and fusion problem is illustrated by a two dimensional tracking example with both active (radar) tracks and passive (electronic support measures - ESM) tracks.
Structures of the O1B and O1C lipopolysaccharide antigens of Escherichia coli (1992)

The O-specific moieties of the O1B antigen (lipopolysaccharide) from Escherichia coli O1B:K1 and the O1C antigen from E. coli O1C:K- both consist of L-rhamnose, D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, and N-acetyl-D-mannosamine in a molar ratio of 2:1:1:1. By using fragmentation procedures, methylation analysis, and one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the structures of these polysaccharides were found to be [formula: see text] In the O1B polysaccharide X is 2, and in the O1C polysaccharide X is 3. With the recently published structure of the O1A polysaccharides (B. Jann, A. S. Shashkov, D. S. Gupta, S. M. Panasenko, and K. Jann, Carbohydr. Polym. 18:51-57 1992), three related O1 antigens are now known. Their common (O1-specific) epitope is suggested to be the side-chain N-acetyl-D-mannosamine residue.
Refractive index and elastic properties of <i>z</i>-cut quartz shocked to 60 kbar (2000)

Shock wave experiments were performed to characterize z-cut, α-quartz as an optical window for velocity interferometry measurements. Refractive index changes and shock velocities were determined to 60 kbar peak stress. Results indicate that the window correction to velocity measurements is a constant fraction of the actual particle velocity, Δu/u=0.081 07. Shock velocity measurements provide the Hugoniot curve to 60 kbar, and yield the fourth-order elastic constant, C3333=174 810 kbar. By combining the velocity correction factor and the shock velocity measurements, the refractive index is determined to be a linear function of density. This finding is used to show that the velocity correction appropriate for a step jump may be applied to monotonically time-dependent wave forms with negligible error. The present work has demonstrated the use of z-cut quartz as an optical window to 60 kbar.
Suppression of nitric oxide synthase and the down‐regulation of the activation of NFκB in macrophages by resveratrol (1999)

Resveratrol, naringenin and naringin are naturally occurring flavonoids in grapes and grapefruits. The anti-inflammatory effects of these flavonoids have been well documented, but the mechanism is poorly characterized. High concentration of NO are produced by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in inflammation, and the prevention of the expression of iNOS may be an important anti-inflammatory mechanism. In this study, the effects of these flavonoids on the induction of NO synthase (NOS) in RAW 264.7 cells activated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 50 ng ml(-1)) were investigated. Resveratrol was found strongly to inhibit NO generation in activated macrophages, as measured by the amount of nitrite released into the culture medium, and resveratrol strongly reduced the amount of cytosolic iNOS protein and steady state mRNA levels. However, the inhibitory abilities of naringenin were lower, and the inhibitory abilities of naringin were almost negligible. In electrophoretic mobility shift assays, the activation of NFkappaB induced by LPS for 1 h was inhibited by resveratrol (30 microM). Furthermore, in immunoblotting analysis, cells treated with LPS plus resveratrol showed an inhibition of phosphorylation as well as degradation of IkappaBalpha, and a reduced nuclear content of NFkappaB subunits. The flavonoids may be of value for inhibiting the enhanced expression of iNOS in inflammation through down-regulation of NFkappaB binding activity.
T and B Cell Cooperation: A Dance of Life and Death (2005)

In order for the body to develop a good antibody response, B cells need to react intimately with antigen specific T cells. Experimental evidence using hapten-carriers revealed that T and B cells do not recognize the same epitope and this led to the view that the physical contact is mediated by the antigen. Although the modern concept of antigen presentation has changed our perception on how the antigen can bridge both cells, the basic virtues of earlier bridging models remain. Over the past few years, a number of surface ligand-receptor pathways have been described, most of them belonging either to the CD28/B7 Ig or to the TNF/TNFR-like families. These act in concert, whether they are agonist or antagonist, in a timely and spatially organized manner. They form cascades of successive induction and recruitment to ensure that T-B cooperation is closely controlled at all stages of antibody induction.
Primary Health Care (1990)

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