gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of Support Vector Machine for Detecting Rice Diseases Using Shape and Color Texture Features (2009)

For detecting rice disease early and accurately, we presented an application of image processing techniques andSupport Vector Machine (SVM) for detecting rice diseases.Rice disease spots were segmented and their shape and texture features were extracted. The SVM method was employed to classify rice bacterial leaf blight, rice sheath blight and rice blast. The results showed that SVM could effectively detect and classify these disease spots to an accuracy of 97.2%.
Commercialization of electronic information (2003)

Information dissemination is slowly moving from printed media to electronic media. However, this step cannot be completed if the electronic commercialization of information does not provide the same guarantees against copyright infringement as with the printed media. We present the major requirement for the commercialization of electronic information and describe Hep, an agent based framework we developed for the commercialization of arbitrary electronic documents over open networks.
Language and compiler mechanisms for parallel programming with customizable protocols (1998)

The goals of this study were to determine the effect of the nonionic detergent, Triton X-100, on the recovery of acrosin in the clinical assay (Kennedy et al, 1989), since previous investigations have used higher concentrations for acrosin extraction from spermatozoa; and to establish the minimal acrosin activity in fertile men. The recovered acrosin activity was dependent on the concentration of Triton. A peak in acrosin activity was obtained at 0.01% to 0.02% Triton, the approximate critical micelle concentration (CMC; 0.015%). The bimodal effect of Triton was not due to substrate/buffer alterations, to the degree of acrosomal disruption as assessed by light and transmission electron microscopic examination, or to its effect on the kinetic properties of acrosin, as determined by spectrophotometric analysis of acid-extracted enzyme. However, Triton affected the conversion of proacrosin to acrosin, with peak activation occurring at 0.01% to 0.02% detergent. The acrosin activity of a group of presumably fertile men (as established by the production of offspring under natural conditions) varied from 18 to 42 microIU/10(6) spermatozoa, as assessed by the clinical assay containing 0.01% Triton. Furthermore, men who had initial acrosin values in the low normal range (18 to 25 microIU/10(6) sperm) were observed for 11 months. The acrosin activity of their ejaculates never fell below 17 microIU/10(6) sperm. Thus, it can be tentatively assumed that the minimal levels of acrosin for naturally fertile men are 17 to 18 microIU acrosin/10(6) sperm in this assay.
Oestrogen sulphatase activity in hormone‐dependent and hormone‐independent breast‐cancer cells: Modulation by steroidal and non‐steroidal therapeutic agents (1992)

Oestrogen sulphatase may play an important role in providing intracellular oestrogens from E1S for the growth and maintenance of breast tumours. In this study, we characterized oestrogen sulphatase in the hormone-dependent (ER/PR+) MCF-7 and in the hormone-independent (ER/PR-) MDA-MB-231 breast-cancer cells and, furthermore, examined its modulation by MPA, 4-OH-A4, tamoxifen, danazol, ethinyloestradiol and DHAS in both these cell types. Our detailed study of oestrogen sulphatase activity as a function of incubation time, E1S concentration and numbers of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells showed that more E1S was hydrolysed by MDA-MB-231 cells than by MCF-7 cells at all time points and all substrate concentrations. Additionally, although the Km values of E1S for oestrogen sulphatase in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were similar, the Vmax values, and therefore the activity, differed greatly. The effect of various steroidal and non-steroidal compounds also suggested differences in these 2 cell lines with respect to oestrogen sulphatase inhibition or stimulation. MPA significantly increased the hydrolysis of [3H]E1S in both cell lines, possibly through its effect on membrane fluidity. Tamoxifen increased E1S hydrolysis in MDA-MB-231 cells but not in MCF-7 cells, whereas 4-OH-A4 inhibited E1S in MCF-7 cells but not in MDA-MB-231 cells. Danazol (an isoxazol derivative of 17 alpha-ethinyltestosterone), 17 alpha-ethinyloestradiol and DHAS all significantly inhibited oestrogen sulphatase activity in both cell lines. Furthermore, danazol had a growth-inhibitory effect on both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, although MCF-7 cells appeared to be more sensitive to growth inhibition by danazol.
Regulated expression of an extrachromosomal human beta-interferon gene in mouse cells. (1982)

Beta(fibroblast)-interferon mRNA and protein are induced by the synthetic double-stranded RNA poly(I) X poly(C) in cultured human fibroblasts. To study the mechanism of this induction, we have isolated a human beta-interferon gene and inserted it in a vector plasmid containing DNA of the bovine papilloma virus. After removal of bacterial plasmid sequences, the bovine papilloma virus-beta-interferon recombinant was used to morphologically transform mouse fibroblasts. Analysis of DNA from the transformed cell lines indicated that this recombinant is propagated as a stable multicopy extrachromosomal element. Human beta-interferon mRNA and protein are inducible by poly(I) X poly(C) in all of these cell lines, and the mRNA is indistinguishable from beta-interferon mRNA synthesized by induced human cells.
Preparation of Caclium Phosphate Paste Composites with Demineralized Bone Matrix (2007)

In this study, we attempted preparation and assessments of composite pastes of demineralized bone matrix (DBM) and calcium phosphate cement (CPC). While the composite pastes presented self-setting behavior up to a certain DBM content without significant differences in setting time, temperature increase and phase transformation, compressive strength and injection capability decreased in general with the DBM content. The DBM particulates were observed to uniformly disperse in the composite cross-sections, suggesting a new model of bioactive paste with tissue regenerative function.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Form of Calreticulin Modulates Glucocorticoid-sensitive Gene Expression (1996)

Calreticulin is a ubiquitously expressed Ca2+-binding protein of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which inhibits DNA binding in vitro and transcriptional activation in vivo by steroid hormone receptors. Transient transfection assays were carried out to investigate the effects of different intracellular targeting of calreticulin on transactivation mediated by glucocorticoid receptor. BSC40 cells were transfected with either calreticulin expression vector (ER form of calreticulin) or calreticulin expression vector encoding calreticulin minus leader peptide, resulting in cytoplasmic localization of the recombinant protein. Transfection of BSC40 cells with calreticulin expression vector encoding the ER form of the protein led to 40-50% inhibition of the dexamethasone-sensitive stimulation of luciferase expression. However, in a similar experiment, but using the calreticulin expression vector encoding cytoplasmic calreticulin, dexamethasone-stimulated activation of the luciferase reporter gene was inhibited by only 10%. We conclude that the ER, but not cytosolic, form of calreticulin is responsible for inhibition of glucocorticoid receptor-mediated gene expression. These effects are specific to calreticulin, since overexpression of the ER lumenal proteins (BiP, ERp72, or calsequestrin) has no effect on glucocorticoid-sensitive gene expression. The N domain of calreticulin binds to the DNA binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor in vitro; however, we show that the N+P domain of calreticulin, when synthesized without the ER signal sequence, does not inhibit glucocorticoid receptor function in vivo. Furthermore, expression of the N domain of calreticulin and the DNA binding domain of glucocorticoid receptor as fusion proteins with GAL4 in the yeast two-hybrid system revealed that calreticulin does not interact with glucocorticoid receptor under these conditions. We conclude that calreticulin and glucocorticoid receptor may not interact in vivo and that the calreticulin-dependent modulation of the glucocorticoid receptor function may therefore be due to a calreticulin-dependent signaling from the ER.
Comparison of predicted and actual consequences of missense mutations (2015)

Each person's genome sequence has thousands of missense variants. Practical interpretation of their functional significance must rely on computational inferences in the absence of exhaustive experimental measurements. Here we analyzed the efficacy of these inferences in 33 de novo missense mutations revealed by sequencing in first-generation progeny of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-treated mice, involving 23 essential immune system genes. PolyPhen2, SIFT, MutationAssessor, Panther, CADD, and Condel were used to predict each mutation's functional importance, whereas the actual effect was measured by breeding and testing homozygotes for the expected in vivo loss-of-function phenotype. Only 20% of mutations predicted to be deleterious by PolyPhen2 (and 15% by CADD) showed a discernible phenotype in individual homozygotes. Half of all possible missense mutations in the same 23 immune genes were predicted to be deleterious, and most of these appear to become subject to purifying selection because few persist between separate mouse substrains, rodents, or primates. Because defects in immune genes could be phenotypically masked in vivo by compensation and environment, we compared inferences by the same tools with the in vitro phenotype of all 2,314 possible missense variants in TP53; 42% of mutations predicted by PolyPhen2 to be deleterious (and 45% by CADD) had little measurable consequence for TP53-promoted transcription. We conclude that for de novo or low-frequency missense mutations found by genome sequencing, half those inferred as deleterious correspond to nearly neutral mutations that have little impact on the clinical phenotype of individual cases but will nevertheless become subject to purifying selection.
Non‐technical skills of the operating theatre scrub nurse: literature review (2008)

Further work is needed to identify formally the non-technical skills which are important to the role of scrub nurse and then to design training in the identified non-technical skills during the education and development of scrub nurses.
Molecular Mass Distributions of Heat-Induced β-Lactoglobulin Aggregates (1997)

The aggregates in heated bovine β-lactoglobulin solutions were separated by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography, and molecular characteristics were measured on-line using multiangle laser-light scattering detection (SEC-MALLS). This technique was proven to be a very useful and valuable approach for characterization of heat-induced β-lactoglobulin aggregates. Using TSK G2000 SWXL and TSK G4000 SWXL silica gel columns connected in series, aggregates up to a molecular mass of 4 × 106 Da could be separated, and complete molecular mass distributions were derived. Up to a molecular mass of 1.5 × 106 Da the molecular masses calculated by the MALLS agreed very well with the results obtained by conventional calibration. The measured molecular mass distributions of the heat-induced β-lactoglobulin aggregates varied strongly with experimental heating conditions (β-lactoglobulin concentration, pH, heating temperature, ionic strength). The results obtained with several β-lactoglobulin concentrations at neutral pH were consistent with a kinetic aggregation model based on thiol/disulfide exchange reactions. The average molecular mass and the radius of gyration of the heat-induced β-lactoglobulin aggregates increased with increasing initial β-lactoglobulin concentration. Keywords: β-Lactoglobulin; aggregation; size-exclusion chromatography; light scattering; molecular size
Parallel computing with graphics processing units for high-speed Monte Carlo simulation of photon migration (2008)

General-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU) is shown to dramatically increase the speed of Monte Carlo simulations of photon migration. In a standard simulation of time-resolved photon migration in a semi-infinite geometry, the proposed methodology executed on a low-cost graphics processing unit (GPU) is a factor 1000 faster than simulation performed on a single standard processor. In addition, we address important technical aspects of GPU-based simulations of photon migration. The technique is expected to become a standard method in Monte Carlo simulations of photon migration.
Hierarchical search for large-vocabulary conversational speech recognition: working toward a solution to the decoding problem (1999)

Large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) systems have advanced significantly due to the ability to handle extremely large problem spaces in fairly small amounts of memory. The article introduces the search problem, discusses in detail a typical implementation of a search engine, and demonstrates the efficacy of this approach on a range of problems. The approach presented is scalable across a wide range of applications. It is designed to address research needs, where a premium is placed on the flexibility of the system architecture, and the needs of application prototypes, which require near-real-time speed without a great sacrifice in word error rate (WER). One major area of focus for researchers is the development of real-time systems. With only minor degradations in performance (typically, no more than a 25% increase in WER), the systems described in this article can be transformed into systems that operate at 10/spl times/RT or less. There are four active areas of research related to this problem. First, more intelligent pruning algorithms that prune the search space more heavily are required. Look-ahead and N-best strategies at all levels of the system are key to achieving such large reductions in the search space. Second, multi-pass systems that perform a quick search using a simple system, and then rescore only the N-best resulting hypotheses using better models are very popular for real-time implementation. Third, since much of the computation in these systems is devoted to acoustic model processing, fast-matching strategies within the acoustic model are important. Finally, since Gaussian evaluation at each state in the system is a major consumer of CPU time, vector quantization-like approaches that enable one to compute only a small number of Gaussians per frame are proven to be successful. In some sense, the Viterbi (1967) based system presented represents only one path through this continuum of recognition search strategies.
Large Scale Production of Human Plasma Fractions (1962)

Summary The modifications put on the alcohol fractionation procedure of Nitschmann., Kistler and Lergier [8] since 1954 are communicated. The yields and purities realised were calculated from the results of about 150 fractionation runs, 100 1 of plasma each. The actual method allows the isolation of 48% of the total plasmaproteins as albumin (98% pure in electrophoretic analysis), 9,8% as γ‐Globulin (practically 100% pure) and 3,4% as clottable fibrinogen. A scheme summarizes the details of the entire procedure. Résumé Les modifications apportées depuis 1954 à la méthode de fractionnement de Nitschmann, Kistler et Lergier [8] sont décrites. Le rendement et la pureté des differents fractions ont été calculées à partir des résultats de 150 fractionnements de 100 litres chacun. La méthode actuelle permet d'obtenir 48% des protéines plasmatiques totales sous forme d'albumine (degré de pureté électrophorétique de 98%), 9,8% sous forme de γ‐globuline (degré de pureté pratiquement de 100%) et 3,4% sous forme de fibrinogène coagulable. Un schéma détaillé risume l'ensemble du procédé de fractionnement. Zusammenfassung: Die seit 1954 vorgenommenen Veränderungen der Alkoholfraktionierungsmethode nach Nitschmann, Kistler und Lergier [ 8] werden dargelegt. Die mit der Methode praktisch erzielten Ausbeuten und Reinheiten wurden aus den Ergebnissen von and 150 100‐Liter‐Plasma‐Ansätzen ermittelt: Nnch dem heutigen Verfahren lassen sich etwa 48% der totalen Plasmaproteine als Albumin (ungefähr 98% elektrophoretisch rein), 9,80/, als γ‐Globulin (praktisch 100prozentig rein) und 3,4% als gerinnbares Fibrinogen gewinnen. Das ganze Fraktionierverfahren ist in Form eines detaillierten Schemas zusammenfassend dargestellt.
A compact fiber-optic SHG scanning endomicroscope and its application to visualize cervical remodeling during pregnancy (2012)

We report the development of an all-fiber-optic scanning endomicroscope capable of high-resolution second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging of biological tissues and demonstrate its utility for monitoring the remodeling of cervical collagen during gestation in mice. The endomicroscope has an overall 2.0 mm diameter and consists of a single customized double-clad fiber, a compact rapid two-dimensional beam scanner, and a miniature compound objective lens for excitation beam delivery, scanning, focusing, and efficient SHG signal collection. Endomicroscopic SHG images of murine cervical tissue sections at different stages of normal pregnancy reveal progressive, quantifiable changes in cervical collagen morphology with resolution similar to that of bench-top SHG microscopy. SHG endomicroscopic imaging of ex vivo murine and human cervical tissues through intact epithelium has also been performed. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of SHG endomicroscopy technology for staging normal pregnancy, and suggest its potential application as a minimally invasive tool for clinical assessment of abnormal cervical remodeling associated with preterm birth.
Oral ketamine for the treatment of pain and treatment-resistant depression (2016)

Oral ketamine, given for longer time periods in the described doses, appears to be well tolerated, but few studies have systematically examined the longer-term negative consequences. The short- and longer-term depression outcomes as well as side-effects need to be studied with rigorous randomised controlled trials.
Differential regulation of the slow and rapid components of guinea‐pig cardiac delayed rectifier K<sup>+</sup> channels by hypoxia (2003)

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of acute hypoxia on the slow (I(Ks)) and rapid (I(Kr)) components of the native delayed rectifier K+ channel in the absence and presence of the beta-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol (isoprenaline; Iso) using the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique. Hypoxia reversibly inhibited basal I(Ks). The effect could be mimicked by exposing the cells to the thiol-specific reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT) and attenuated upon exposure of cells to the membrane-impermeant thiol-specific oxidizing compound 5,5'-dithio-bis[2-nitrobenzoic acid] (DTNB). In the presence of hypoxia, the K(0.5) for activation of I(Ks) by Iso was significantly decreased from 18.3 to 1.9 nm. DTT mimicked the effect of hypoxia on the sensitivity of I(Ks) to Iso while DTNB had no effect. Hypoxia increased the sensitivity of I(Ks) to histamine and forskolin suggesting that the effect of hypoxia is not occurring at the beta-adrenergic receptor. The increase in sensitivity of I(Ks) to Iso could be attenuated with addition of PKCbeta peptide to the pipette solution. While hypoxia and DTT inhibited basal I(Ks) they were without effect on I(Kr.) In addition, Iso did not appear to alter the magnitude of I(Kr) in the absence or presence of hypoxia. These data suggest that hypoxia regulates native I(Ks) through two distinct mechanisms: direct inhibition of basal I(Ks) and an increase in sensitivity to Iso that occurs downstream from the beta-adrenergic receptor. Both mechanisms appear to involve redox modification of thiol groups. In contrast native I(Kr) does not appear to be regulated by Iso, hypoxia or redox state.
Use of attenuated bacteria as delivery vectors for DNA vaccines (2007)

Live, attenuated bacterial vaccines (LBV) are promising candidates for the induction of a broad-based immune response directed at recombinant heterologous antigens and the corresponding pathogen. LBVs allow vaccination through the mucosal surfaces and specific targeting of professional antigen-presenting cells located at the inductive sites of the immune system. A novel approach exploits attenuated intracellular bacteria as delivery vectors for eukaryotic antigen-expression plasmids (so-called DNA vaccines). Candidate carrier bacteria include attenuated strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These bacteria have been shown to deliver DNA vaccines to human cells in vitro and have also proven their in vivo efficacy in several experimental animal models of infectious diseases and different cancers. The clinical assessment of the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of these candidate strains will be the next challenging step towards live bacterial DNA vaccines.
Keeping watch on glucose (2002)

New monitors help fight the long-term complications of diabetes. While a great many innovative technologies have been proposed, only a fraction are in advanced stages of development. They fall into three categories: implantable monitors, transdermal (through the skin) meters, and meters depending on spectroscopic methods. Each is a far cry from the painful methods used over the last several decades. By offering greater convenience and less pain, the devices encourage people to test more frequently, the extra testing providing previously unobtainable information on trends in glucose levels in response to insulin dosage and other treatments. Also, monitors that provide frequent, automatic readings can be equipped with preset alarms to warn the user of high or low glucose levels. Parents of children with diabetes, for example, can be warned of overnight low glucose, rather than having to wake up each night to check their child's blood sugar. These advances will lead to better decisions about treatment and ultimately reduce the long-term medical complications of diabetes.
Acylation of docosahexaenoic acid into phospholipids by intact human neutrophils (1986)

Docosahexaenoic acid was not only acylated into phospholipids but also into triacylglycerols by intact human neutrophils. The distribution of radiolabeled docosahexaenoic acid among individual phospholipids was dependent on the incubation time. [1-14C]Docosahexaenoic acid at all concentrations (1 to 8 microM) was acylated mainly into phosphatidic acid after 1-2 min incubation, and the radioactivity of phosphatidic acid started to decline after a longer period of incubation, suggesting the participation of docosahexaenoyl-phosphatidic acid in the synthesis of other glycerolipids. It was acylated primarily into phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) after a 2-hr incubation. The labeled phosphatidic acid may be rapidly deacylated and the 22:6(n-3) moiety is then reacylated into other lysophospholipids. The low levels of [14C]22:6(n-3) in 1,2-diacylglycerol suggest that the deacylation-reacylation cycle may be a major pathway in the formation of [14C]22:6(n-3)-PC and -PE in intact neutrophils. This n-3 fatty acid was a relatively poor substrate for acylation into phosphatidylinositol as compared to arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. However, the patterns of distribution of all three polyunsaturated fatty acids among the diacyl- and ether-linked class compositions of PC and PE were similar. These data suggest the potential of increasing the content of docosahexaenoic acid of membrane lipids in neutrophils by dietary supplement of this fatty acid.