gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Finite-Time Analysis of Kernelised Contextual Bandits (2013)

We tackle the problem of online reward maximisation over a large finite set of actions described by their contexts. We focus on the case when the number of actions is too big to sample all of them even once. However we assume that we have access to the similarities between actions' contexts and that the expected reward is an arbitrary linear function of the contexts' images in the related reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS). We propose KernelUCB, a kernelised UCB algorithm, and give a cumulative regret bound through a frequentist analysis. For contextual bandits, the related algorithm GP-UCB turns out to be a special case of our algorithm, and our finite-time analysis improves the regret bound of GP-UCB for the agnostic case, both in the terms of the kernel-dependent quantity and the RKHS norm of the reward function. Moreover, for the linear kernel, our regret bound matches the lower bound for contextual linear bandits.
TLR-mediated B cell activation results in ectopic CLIP expression that promotes B cell-dependent inflammation (2010)

Infectious pathogens produce compounds called Toll ligands that activate TLRs on lymphocytes. Acute activation triggered by certain TLRs appears to "jump start" the innate immune response, characterized by the release of inflammatory cytokines and cellular expansion. In some individuals, there is a failure to control acute inflammation, resulting in postinfectious, chronic inflammation. Susceptibility to chronic inflammation is strongly associated with an individual's MHC genes. Recent clinical trials for several autoimmune diseases characterized by chronic inflammation suggest that B lymphocyte depletion therapies dampen chronic immune activation. However, currently, there is no known mechanism that accounts for the correlation among TLR activation, MHC genetics, and a pathological role for B-lymphocytes. Our hypothesis is that TLR-activated B cells (B cells that have been polyclonally activated in the absence of antigen-specific signals) are not controlled properly by T cell-dependent B cell death, thereby causing B cell-dependent chronic inflammation. Here, we show that treatment with Toll ligands results in polyclonal B cell activation accompanied by ectopic expression of CLIP. Furthermore, by adoptively transferring purified CLIP+ B cells in syngeneic animals, we find that CLIP+ B cells induce production of TNF-α by host T cells. Finally, we demonstrate that CLIP-targeted peptide competition results in the death of polyclonally activated CLIP+ B cells.
Rapid antibiotic-resistance predictions from genome sequence data for Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2015)

The rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has led to an urgent need for rapid detection of drug resistance in clinical samples, and improvements in global surveillance. Here we show how de Bruijn graph representation of bacterial diversity can be used to identify species and resistance profiles of clinical isolates. We implement this method for Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a software package ('Mykrobe predictor') that takes raw sequence data as input, and generates a clinician-friendly report within 3 minutes on a laptop. For S. aureus, the error rates of our method are comparable to gold-standard phenotypic methods, with sensitivity/specificity of 99.1%/99.6% across 12 antibiotics (using an independent validation set, n=470). For M. tuberculosis, our method predicts resistance with sensitivity/specificity of 82.6%/98.5% (independent validation set, n=1,609); sensitivity is lower here, probably because of limited understanding of the underlying genetic mechanisms. We give evidence that minor alleles improve detection of extremely drug-resistant strains, and demonstrate feasibility of the use of emerging single-molecule nanopore sequencing techniques for these purposes.
Invited Article: A unified evaluation of iterative projection algorithms for phase retrieval (2007)

Iterative projection algorithms are successfully being used as a substitute of lenses to recombine, numerically rather than optically, light scattered by illuminated objects. Images obtained computationally allow aberration-free diffraction-limited imaging and the possibility of using radiation for which no lenses exist. The challenge of this imaging technique is transferred from the lenses to the algorithms. We evaluate these new computational "instruments" developed for the phase-retrieval problem, and discuss acceleration strategies.
Assessing visual discomfort using dynamic lens and monovision displays (2016)

We describe two new methods of reducing the accommodation-vergence conflict using lenses between the viewer and the screen and assess their performance in terms of discomfort and time to complete a task.
TNF-α inhibition for potential therapeutic modulation of SARS coronavirus infection (2003)

"TNF-α inhibition for potential therapeutic modulation of SARS coronavirus infection." Current Medical Research and Opinion, 20(1), pp. 39–40
Hematopoietic stem cells: to be or Notch to be (2012)

Notch is a well-conserved signaling pathway and its function in cell fate determination is crucial in embryonic development and in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis during adult life. Notch activation depends on cell-cell interactions that are essential for the generation of cell diversity from initially equivalent cell populations. In the adult hematopoiesis, Notch is undoubtedly a very efficient promoter of T-cell differentiation, and this has masked for a long time the effects of Notch on other blood lineages, which are gradually being identified. However, the adult hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) remains mostly refractory to Notch intervention in experimental systems. In contrast, Notch is essential for the generation of the HSCs, which takes place during embryonic development. This review summarizes the knowledge accumulated in recent years regarding the role of the Notch pathway in the different stages of HSC ontology from embryonic life to fetal and adult bone marrow stem cells. In addition, we briefly examine other systems where Notch regulates specific stem cell capacities, in an attempt to understand how Notch functions in stem cell biology.
Characterisation of human soft palate muscles with respect to fibre types, myosins and capillary supply (2000)

Four human soft palate muscles, and palatopharyngeus, the uvula, the levator and tensor veli palatini were examined using enzyme-histochemical, immunohistochemical and biochemical methods and compared with human limb and facial muscles. Our results showed that each palate muscle had a distinct morphological identity and that they generally shared more similarities with facial than limb muscles. The palatopharyngeus and uvula muscles contained 2 of the highest proportions of type II fibres ever reported for human muscles. In contrast, the levator and tensor veli palatini muscles contained predominantly type I fibres. A fetal myosin heavy chain isoform (MyHC), not usually found in normal adult limb muscles, was present in a small number of fibres in all palate muscles. The mean muscle fibre diameter was smaller than in limb muscles and the individual and intramuscular variability in diameter and shape was considerable. All palate muscles had a high capillary density and an unusually high mitochondrial enzyme activity in the type II fibres, in comparison with limb muscles. No ordinary muscle spindles were observed. The fibre type and MyHC composition indicate that the palatopharyngeus and uvula muscles are functionally involved in quick movements whereas the levator and tensor veli palatini muscles perform slower and more continuous contractions. The high aerobic capacity and the rich capillarisation suggest that the palate muscles are relatively fatigue resistant. Absence of ordinary muscle spindles indicates a special proprioceptive control system. The special morphology of the palate muscles may be partly related to the unique anatomy with only one skeletal insertion, a feature consistent with muscle work at low load and tension and which may influence the cytoarchitecture of these muscles. Other important factors determining the special morphological characteristics might be specific functional requirements, distinct embryological origin and phylogenetic factors.
Modular poly(ethylene glycol) ligands for biocompatible semiconductor and gold nanocrystals with extended pH and ionic stability (2008)

We describe the design of new ligands made by coupling commercially available poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (mPEG, HO-PEG-OCH3) and thioctic acid (TA) via a stable amide bond to form TA-PEG-OCH3 molecules. The ligands were obtained by a simple transformation of the hydroxyl group on the mPEG into an amine group, followed by attachment of TA viaN,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) coupling. Following ring opening of the 1,2-dithiolane on the TA-PEG-OCH3 to form a dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) group, DHLA-PEG-OCH3 was obtained. Cap exchange of nanoparticles with DHLA-PEG-OCH3 provided dispersions in buffer solutions that were stable over a broad pH range (from 3 to 13 for CdSe-ZnS QDs and 2–13 for Au nanoparticles). Using DHLA-PEG-OCH3 either neat or mixed with amine- or carboxyl-terminated ligands (DHLA-PEG-NH2 or DHLA-PEG-COOH) allowed tuning of the surface functionalities of these nanoparticles. Microinjection of the ligand-exchanged QDs into live cells indicated that the newly capped QDs were stable and well dispersed in the cell cytosol for up to 32 h following delivery. The fluorescence distribution and its evolution over time of these DHLA-PEG-OCH3-QDs indicate improved intracellular stability and reduced non-specific interactions compared to nanocrystals capped with DHLA-PEG-OH.
Determination of Intracellular Water by Multifrequency Bioelectrical Impedance (1995)

Body composition was measured in 57 healthy males by 40K measurements and by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance. Intracellular resistance (Ricf) was calculated from the impedance values using the Cole-Cole model. From total body potassium, intracellular water (ICW) was calculated. In addition, in 14 subjects, total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) was measured using deuterium oxide dilution and bromide dilution, respectively. Prediction formulas from the literature from impedance at different frequencies were used to predict TBW and ECW, and ICW was calculated as the difference of predicted TBW and ECW. Predicted and measured values of TBW, ECW and ICW did not always show the same values as measured. Generally the ICW from potassium was well correlated with calculated ICW from impedance values, correlation coefficients varying from 0.68 to 0.79, depending on the used prediction formula. From the impedance index H2/Ricf, body weight and age, ICW from potassium was predicted with stepwise multiple regression. The prediction formula was ICW = 0.37065.H2/Ricf - 0.132.age + 0.105.weight + 12.2. The prediction error was 1.9 kg and the explained variance 0.69. The residuals of this prediction formula were dependent on the level of ICW as measured by potassium. The same phenomenon was observed when ICW was calculated as the difference of predicted TBW and ECW. The results show that multifrequency impedance is able to predict ICW, however, the prediction is influenced by body water distribution.
Block Play Performance Among Preschoolers As a Predictor of Later School Achievement in Mathematics (2001)

Abstract In 1982, an intact group of 37 preschoolers (age 4) attending a play-oriented preschool were tested using the Lunzer Five Point Play Scale (1955) to obtain a block performance measure. To statistically control for social economic status (SES), IQ and gender, the McCarty Scales of Children's Abilities (1972) were given, the gender determined, and an SES score obtained (Hollingshead & Redlick, 1958). In 1998, after these same participants had completed high school, their records were obtained. Outcome measures for the 3rd, 5th, and 7th grades included standardized tests and report card grades in mathematics. High school achievement was determined by using 1) number of courses, 2) number of honors courses, 3) advanced math courses taken, and 4) grades. While controlling for IQ and gender, the block performance measure was correlated and regressed against these outcome variables. No significance was found at the 3rd- and 5th-grade levels by evaluating report card grades and standardized math scores. At 7th-grade, there was a significant correlation between blocks and standardized math scores, but not report card grades. At the high school level, there was a positive correlation with all high school outcome variables. There was no correlation between block performance and standardized math tests or grades at the elementary school levels. However, at the beginning of middle school, 7th grade, and in the high school grades, a positive correlation between preschool block performance and math achievement was demonstrated.
Fabrication of Porous Titania Particles from Water-in-Oil Emulsions for the Applications of Photocatalyst (2015)

In this study, polystyrene nanospheres were synthesized by dispersion polymerization using batch-type reactor for the self-organization with precursor materials inside emulsion droplets. Mechanical homogenization was applied for the emulsification of the polymeric nanospheres and titanium diisopropoxide bis (acetylacetonate) to produce the macroporous titania particles by evaporation-driven self-assembly. Similarly, spherical titania crystallites could be synthesized via self-organization using triblock copolymer instead of polymeric latex beads after successive calcination. The morphologies of the porous particles were observed using electron microscope, and the crystallinity of the porous titania particles was analyzed by powder x-ray diffraction. As a demonstrative application, the macroporous titania microparticles with anatase phase were adopted as photocatalyst for the decomposition of Rhodamine B, and excellent catalytic performance was observed with higher rate constant compared to the result from commercial titania nanocolloid. Collectively, our macroporous titania microparticles were found to be safe catalytic materials for human body minimizing the skin toxicity since the size of the catalysts is in the micron-range.
Cell Cycle, Differentiation and Regeneration: Where to Begin? (2006)

Hair cells, the sensory cells of inner ear, perform essential functions in hearing and balance. However, mammalian hair cells, like most of the CNS neurons, lack the capacity to regenerate. This is in sharp contrast to lower vertebrates in which hair cell regeneration occurs spontaneously through cell division of supporting cells, which leads to hearing restoration. It is believed that the lack of regeneration in mammals is, to a large degree, due to the block of cell cycle reentry imposed by negative cell growth genes in the inner ear. Recent studies have identified retinoblastoma gene, a well-known tumor suppressor, as the key gene involved in cell cycle exit of inner ear sensory cells. In the inner ear of pRb conditional knockout mice, hair cells undergo continuous cell division, and at the same time differentiate and become functional. Cell division continues in early postnatal cochlea and adult vestibule. Remarkably, the vestibular hair cells without pRb survive, and function at both the cellular and system levels. The time course and effects of pRb inhibition shows that there is a separation between the roles of pRb in cell cycle exit, and subsequent maturation and apoptosis. Those studies reveal distinctly different roles of pRb in the cochlear and vestibular sensory epithelia. The review discusses additional areas to be studied for regeneration of mature hair cells, and highlights the importance of transient and reversible block of pRb function as one of the routes to be explored for regeneration.
A New Positioning System Using Television Synchronization Signals (2005)

The technique discussed herein may be used to position a range of wireless devices that require location information when in inclement urban conditions, including PDA's, laptops, cellular phones, asset-tracking devices and radios for emergency response personnel. We make use of synchronization signals that are part of the standard for Television set forth by the Advanced Television Systems Committee. Consequently, the technique described herein requires no changes to the television broadcast stations. The signal can accommodate robust indoor positioning where the Global Positioning System (GPS) fails, since the television synchronization signals typically have a power advantage over GPS of more than 40 dB. In addition, the effects of multipath are substantially mitigated since the signals have a bandwidth of roughly 6 MHz, and substantially superior geometry for triangulating lateral position to that which GPS can typically provide in inclement environments. A wide range of VHF and UHF frequencies have been allocated to television stations; consequently, there is redundancy built into the system to protect against deep fades on particular channels. In addition, unlike GPS, the synch signals are not affected by transmitter Doppler, ionospheric propagation delays, or data that is modulated onto the signals. In overview, the technology exploits the considerable Digital TV infrastructure to achieve more reliable, accurate and rapid positioning than can be achieved with existing technologies.
The Unexpected Science of Estrogen Receptor-β Selective Agonists: A New Class of Anti-Inflammatory Agents? (2006)

In the nine years since the unexpected discovery of a second form of the estrogen receptor (ER), ERbeta has been mentioned in about 2,800 literature citations. Such prolific research is testimony to interest in explaining its role in estrogen physiology as well as investigating its potential as a drug target. Our current understanding is that ERalpha, not ERbeta is responsible for mediating the effects of estrogens in "classic" model systems such as the reproductive tract and skeleton. The role of ERbeta is still being defined, but profiling of ERbeta selective agonists in several animal models of human disease indicates these compounds may have utility as novel anti-inflammatory agents. The challenge for the future is to elucidate their mechanism of action and determine the clinical relevance of the impressive preclinical observations.
New Experimental Models of Diabetic Nephropathy in Mice Models of Type 2 Diabetes: Efforts to Replicate Human Nephropathy (2012)

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. The use of experimental models of DN has provided valuable information regarding many aspects of DN, including pathophysiology, progression, implicated genes, and new therapeutic strategies. A large number of mouse models of diabetes have been identified and their kidney disease was characterized to various degrees. Most experimental models of type 2 DN are helpful in studying early stages of DN, but these models have not been able to reproduce the characteristic features of more advanced DN in humans such as nodules in the glomerular tuft or glomerulosclerosis. The generation of new experimental models of DN created by crossing, knockdown, or knockin of genes continues to provide improved tools for studying DN. These models provide an opportunity to search for new mechanisms involving the development of DN, but their shortcomings should be recognized as well. Moreover, it is important to recognize that the genetic background has a substantial effect on the susceptibility to diabetes and kidney disease development in the various models of diabetes.
Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of liposomal substrates for phospholipase A(2) (2011)

A recent innovation in the use of liposomes as drug delivery systems consists of covalently attaching an anticancer drug at the sn-2 position of phospholipids. However, some of those lipids could not be hydrolyzed by sPLA2. Steric bulk in the vicinity of the sn-2 position appears to prevent hydrolysis of the substrate. Structurally different lipids have been synthesized and formulated as liposomes, subjected to sPLA2 and the hydrolysis rates have been compared to Molecular Dynamics simulations of the enzyme/substrate complexes.
Pernicious anemia in Latin Americans is not a disease of the elderly (1987)

• Pernicious anemia is widely regarded as a disease of the elderly. However, it is expressed differently in black women, among the most striking differences being their younger age at presentation of the disease compared with whites. We now compared 92 Latin-American patients with 115 white and 100 black patients to see if similar age differences occur in other racial groups. Latin-American men and women were both significantly younger than white men and women, and were similar in age to blacks. Only 21% of Latin-American patients were 70 years of age or older, compared with 49% of whites. it is apparent that pernicious anemia is indeed predominantly a disease of the elderly in whites but that this is not the case in other racial groups. (<i>Arch Intern Med</i>1987;147:1995-1996)
Manganese Ate Complexes as New Reducing Agents:  Perfectly Regiocontrolled Generation and Reactions of the Manganese Enolates with Electrophiles (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTManganese Ate Complexes as New Reducing Agents: Perfectly Regiocontrolled Generation and Reactions of the Manganese Enolates with ElectrophilesMakoto Hojo, Hajime Harada, Hajime Ito, and Akira HosomiView Author Information Department of Chemistry, University of Tsukuba Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 23, 5459–5460Publication Date (Web):June 11, 1997Publication History Received25 November 1996Published online11 June 1997Published inissue 1 June 1997https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja964054dhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja964054drapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1997 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views969Altmetric-Citations58LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Alcohols,Enolates,Ketones,Post-translational modification,Transition metals Get e-Alerts