gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evidence for acutely hypoxic cells in mouse tumours, and a possible mechanism of reoxygenation (1979)

The proportion of viable hypoxic cells in EMT6/St/lu tumours assayed 18 and 24 hours after a dose of misonidazole (1.2 mg/g), which killed 80–90% of the tumour cells, was reduced from 20% in the controls to 7% in the misonidazole treated mice. In other experiments, the radiation cell-survival curve of the RIF-1 tumour was assayed in both intradermal and intramuscular sites under both air-breathing and acutely hypoxic conditions. The slope of the survival curve of the intramuscular tumours irradiated under air-breathing conditions was significantly steeper than that of the same tumours growing intradermally (D0 values of 187 rad vs. 357 rad), or when the tumours were irradiated in either site under acutely hypoxic conditions (D0 = 375 rad). Both of these experimental observations are examined in the light of data from other sources, notably from the radiation response of hypoxic cells in spheroids and from observations made from tumours implanted between close, parallel mica sheets ("sandwich" tumours). It is concluded that these results, taken together with the other data, suggest that rodent tumours contain acutely hypoxic cells, as well as the classically described chronically hypoxic cells. It is argued further that, if (as appears to be the case) acutely hypoxic cells are produced by intermittent opening and closing of tumour blood vessels, then this process would provide a simple explanation for the rapid reoxygenation seen in several mouse tumours. Finally, it is pointed out that a consequence of the presence of acutely hypoxic cells in tumours is that they would largely frustrate attempts to radiosensitize tumours using either respiratory inhibitors or high pressure oxygen, or agents designed to selectively kill hypoxic tumour cells, since both of these methods would deal only with the chronically hypoxic cells.
The effects of angiopoietin-1 and -2 on tumor growth and angiogenesis in human colon cancer. (2001)

Angiopoietin (Ang) 1 and Ang-2 are important regulators of endothelial cell survival. Current models suggest that an increase in Ang-2 expression in endothelial cells leads to initiation of angiogenesis. We stably transfected HT29 colon cancer cells with cDNA constructs for Ang-1 or -2 or with vector alone, injected the cells s.c. into nude mice, and assessed tumor growth. Immunohistochemical analyses confirmed sustained increases of Ang-1 and -2 in the tumors. The tumors produced by the Ang-2-transfected cells were larger than the tumors produced in the other groups; those tumors also had higher vessel counts and proliferative indices than tumors in the other groups. Tumors produced by the Ang-1 transfectants had fewer vessels and lower tumor cell proliferative indices than tumors in the other groups. These data suggest that imbalances between Ang-1 and -2 that result in a net gain of Ang-2 activity lead to enhanced tumor angiogenesis and growth.
Experience with host cell protein impurities in biopharmaceuticals (2018)

In the 40-year history of biopharmaceuticals, there have been a few cases where the final products contained residual host cell protein (HCP) impurities at levels high enough to be of concern. This article summarizes the industry experience in these cases where HCP impurities have been presented in public forums and/or published. Regulatory guidance on HCP impurities is limited to advising that products be as pure as practical, with no specified numerical limit because the risk associated with HCP exposure often depends on the clinical setting (route of administration, dose, indication, patient population) and the particular impurity. While the overall safety and purity track record of the industry is excellent, these examples illustrate several important lessons learned about the kinds of HCPs that co-purify with products (e.g., product homologs, and HCPs that react with product), and the kinds of clinical consequences of HCP impurities (e.g., direct biological activity, immunogenicity, adjuvant). The literature on industry experience with HCP impurities is scattered, and this review draws in to one reference documented examples where the data have been presented in meetings, patents, product inserts, or press releases, in addition to peer-reviewed journal articles. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:828-837, 2018.
Calcium phosphate formation on sol‐gel‐derived bioactive glasses <i>in vitro</i> (1994)

When soluble salts are used in the sol-gel processing of bioactive glasses, the resulting materials are not homogeneous. To produce homogeneous gel-glasses, a sol-gel method using all alkoxide precursors was developed. In this work the in vitro bioactivity of the new all-alkoxide gel-glasses is investigated. Three compositions in the system, CaO-P2O5-SiO2, were studied. Solid samples were soaked in Tris buffer and simulated body fluid (SBF), and the rate of formation of hydroxy carbonate apatite (HCA) on the surface of the glasses was measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The solutions were analyzed before and after reaction by inductively coupled plasma. All compositions studied formed a hydroxy carbonate apatite (HCA) layer within 8 h in both test solutions. The HCA layer grew rapidly when SBF was used.
Millimeter-wave mobile broadband with large scale spatial processing for 5G mobile communication (2012)

The phenomenal growth in mobile data traffic calls for a drastic increase in mobile network capacity beyond current 3G/4G networks. In this paper, we propose a millimeter wave mobile broadband (MMB) system for the next generation mobile communication system (5G). MMB taps into the vast spectrum in 3-300 GHz range to meet this growing demand. We reason why the millimeter wave spectrum is suitable for mobile broadband applications. We discuss the unique advantages of millimeter waves such as spectrum availability and large beamforming gain in small form factors. We also describe a practical MMB system design capable of providing Gb/s data rates at distances up to 500 meters and supports mobility up to 350 km/h. By means of system simulations, we show that a basic MMB system is capable of delivering an average cell throughput and cell-edge throughput performances that is 10-100 times better than the current 20MHz LTE-Advanced systems.
Migration of dendritic leukocytes from cardiac allografts into host spleens. A novel pathway for initiation of rejection. (1990)

It has been a long-standing dogma that host sensitization against fully-vascularized organ allografts occurs peripherally within the graft itself. In this report we show that donor-derived MHC class II-positive (Ia+) DL migrate rapidly out of mouse cardiac allografts into the recipients' spleens where they home to the peripheral white pulp and associate predominantly with CD4+ T lymphocytes. This provides a novel route for central sensitization against fully vascularized allografts, and most likely represents a pathway by which immune responses are generated against antigens on blood-borne DL emigrating from peripheral tissues.
Shape-similarity measures for molecular bodies: A 3D topological approach to quantitative shape-activity relations (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTShape-similarity measures for molecular bodies: A 3D topological approach to quantitative shape-activity relationsPaul G. MezeyCite this: J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 1992, 32, 6, 650–656Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ci00010a011https://doi.org/10.1021/ci00010a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views139Altmetric-Citations67LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
The Synthesis of Isomethadone (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Synthesis of IsomethadoneMeyer Sletzinger, Earl M. Chamberlin, and Max TishlerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 22, 5619–5620Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1952Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1952https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01142a024https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01142a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views291Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
High-vacuum versus ‘‘environmental’’ electron beam deposition (1996)

Electron beam deposition (EBD) provides an inexpensive way to fabricate nanostructures of various materials in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). However, the purity of metals deposited from an organometallic precursor gas is impaired by simultaneously deposited carbon coming both from the organometallic molecule and the residual contamination gas in the SEM chamber. We discuss carbon-contamination EBD in a standard high-vacuum SEM and compare it to EBD of Au in an environmental SEM (ESEM). The ESEM allowed us to perform ‘‘environmental’’ EBD (E-EBD), i.e., EBD in the presence of an environmental gas (1–10 Torr) in addition to the organometallic precursor gas. We built a simple device that contains a reservoir for the organometallic precursor and goes on the sample stage of the ESEM. With this device we were able to highlight the advantages of E-EBD over conventional, high-vacuum EBD. We discuss the basic chemical reactions underlying the E-EBD process.
Characterization of Potentiometric Membrane Dyes (1994)

Dye indicators of membrane potential have been available for the past 20 years and have been employed in numerous studies of cell physiology. "Fast" dyes are able to follow changes in the millisecond range—fast enough to monitor individual electrical events in excitable cells and tissue. Fast dyes include compounds with styryl, oxonol, and merocyanine chromophores that are engineered to stain the plasma membrane. Generally fast dyes have small sensitivities to voltage changes but are very useful for detecting voltage transients or mapping voltage differences along the surface of a cell. "Slow" dyes can measure voltage changes that may accompany hormonal responses in nonexcitable cells or the level of activity in energy-transducing organelles. Slow dyes have delocalized charges, as in the cyanine or rhodamine chromophores, and usually operate via a potential-dependent redistribution between the extracellular medium and the cytosol. Techniques based on these indicators can be used to monitor both spatial and temporal variations in membrane potential with resolutions not possible with the more traditional electrode-based methodologies.
InGaAsP/InP optical switches using carrier induced refractive index change (1987)

InGaAsP/InP optical switches have been fabricated which use a carrier induced refractive index change. Switching has been achieved with a power isolation of 20.5 dB in a 1-mm-long device in multimode operation. This is a promising new step toward making optical integrated circuits.
Hydrogen Reduction of Ferric Ions for Use in Copper Electrowinning (2005)

The conventional copper electrowinning process uses the water hydrolysis reaction as the anodic source of electrons. However this reaction generates acid mist and requires large quantities of energy. In order to improve energy efficiency and avoid acid mist, an alternative anodic reaction of ferrous ion oxidation has been proposed. This reaction does not involve evolution of acid mist and can be carried out at a lower cell voltage than the conventional process. However, because ferrous ions are converted to ferric ions at the anode in this process, there is a need for reduction of ferric ions to ferrous ions to continue this process. The most promising method for this reduction is the use of hydrogen gas since the resulting byproduct acid can be used elsewhere in the process and, unlike other reductants, hydrogen does not introduce other species that need subsequent removal. Because the hydrogen reduction technology has undergone only preliminary lab scale testing, additional research is needed to evaluate its commercial potential. Two issues for this research are the potentially low mass transfer rate of hydrogen into the electrolyte stream because of its low solubility in water, and whether other gaseous reductants less expensive than hydrogen, such as natural gas or syngas, might work. In this study various reductants were investigated to carry out the reduction of ferric ions to ferrous ions using a simulated electrolyte solution recycled through a trickle bed reactor packed with catalyst. The gases tested as reductants were hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, and a 50/50 mixture of H2 and CO. Nitrogen was also tested as an inert control. These gases were tested because they are constituents in either natural gas or syngas. The catalysts tested were palladium and platinum. Two gas flow rates and five electrolyte flow rates were tested. Pure hydrogen was an effective reductant of ferric ion. The rates were similar with both palladium and platinum. The ferric iron reduction increased with both the flow rate of gas as well as the liquid flow rate (up to ~0.1 g/L/min). Pure carbon monoxide also reduced the ferric ion, but at a rate about one tenth that of pure hydrogen at similar conditions. The syngas mixture of equimolar hydrogen and carbon monoxide reacted at a rate intermediate between each gas as a pure stream (up to ~ 0.06 g/L/min). This gas mixture shows that some form of unpurified reformer gas could be used to reduce the ferric ion in the electrolyte solution. Nitrogen was inert causing very little to no reduction of ferric ion.
Melanoma Biomolecules: Independently Identified but Functionally Intertwined (2013)

The majority of patients diagnosed with melanoma present with thin lesions and generally these patients have a good prognosis. However, 5% of patients with early melanoma (<1 mm thick) will have recurrence and die within 10 years, despite no evidence of local or metastatic spread at the time of diagnosis. Thus, there is a need for additional prognostic markers to help identify those patients that may be at risk of recurrent disease. Many studies and several meta-analyses have compared gene and protein expression in melanocytes, naevi, primary, and metastatic melanoma in an attempt to find informative prognostic markers for these patients. However, although a large number of putative biomarkers have been described, few of these molecules are informative when used in isolation. The best approach is likely to involve a combination of molecules. We believe one approach could be to analyze the expression of a group of interacting proteins that regulate different aspects of the metastatic pathway. This is because a primary lesion expressing proteins involved in multiple stages of metastasis may be more likely to lead to secondary disease than one that does not. This review focuses on five putative biomarkers - melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM), galectin-3 (gal-3), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), and paired box 3 (PAX3). The goal is to provide context around what is known about the contribution of these biomarkers to melanoma biology and metastasis. Although each of these molecules have been independently identified as likely biomarkers, it is clear from our analyses that each are closely linked with each other, with intertwined roles in melanoma biology.
Regulation of cytoplasmic, surface and soluble forms of CD40 ligand in mouse B cells (1998)

CD40 and CD40 ligand (CD40L) form one of most important receptor-ligand pairs that dock during T-B cell interactions as part of T-dependent antibody responses. It has been reported that among other cell types, B cells can express CD40L. Here we show that a large proportion of mouse B cells express CD40L in their cytoplasm, but not on the surface and that this is readily released as a soluble molecule. Thus, in their resting state up to 50% of mouse B cells express CD40L within their cytoplasm and both the proportion of cells expressing and the amount of CD40L is increased by signaling through immunoglobulin (Ig) or CD38. In contrast, T cell-derived signals such as CD40L (anti-CD40) or Th2-type cytokines cause a decrease in CD40L expression that is related to a release of a soluble form of the molecule from the cell. Supernatants from B cells activated with anti-Ig and anti-CD40 contain CD40L in a variety of forms (18 kDa, 33 kDa and 66 kDa) that are readily detectable by immunoprecipitation with CD40-Fc gamma fusion protein (CD40-Ig) followed by Western blotting with anti-CD40L antibody (MR1). The 33-kDa species is distinct from the 39-kDa membrane-bound molecule found in activated T cells or in resting B cells and appears to be a novel soluble form of CD40L. Inhibition of T cell-independent in vitro stimulation of B cells with CD40-Ig or anti-CD40L suggests that the B cell-derived soluble CD40L or CD40L expressed on the B cell surface can play a positive role in B cell proliferation.
A novel multi-instance learning algorithm with application to image classification (2012)

Image classification is an important research topic due to its potential impact on both image processing and understanding. However, due to the inherent ambiguity of image-keyword mapping, this task becomes a challenge. From the perspective of machine learning, image classification task fits the multi-instance learning (MIL) framework very well owing to the fact that a specific keyword is often relevant to an object in an image rather than the entire image. In this paper, we propose a novel MIL algorithm to address image classification task. First, a new instance prototype extraction method is proposed to construct projection space for each keyword. Then, each training sample is mapped to this potential projection space as a point, which converts the MIL problem into standard supervised learning problem. Finally, an SVM is trained for each keyword. The experimental results on a benchmark data set Corel5k demonstrate that the new instance prototype extraction method can result in more reliable instance prototypes and faster running time, and the proposed MIL approach outperforms some state-of-the-art MIL algorithms.
Single-Stranded DNA Ligation by T4 RNA Ligase for PCR Cloning of 5'-Noncoding Fragments and Coding Sequence of a Specific Gene (1996)

Construction and screening of DNA libraries for genes of interest represent the standard but tedious cloning procedures (1). The advent of PCR technology has greatly enhanced the efficiency of traditional gene isolation and cloning techniques. Various strategies have been developed for PCR amplification of an unknown DNA fragment that flanks one end of a known sequence which include inverse PCR (2), panhandle PCR (3,4), vectorette PCR (5,6), ligation PCR (7,8) and capture (oligo-cassette) PCR (9,10). However, the procedures involved in these techniques are generally time-consuming, high-cost, and suffer from technical difficulties such as inefficient or low-specific PCR amplification. We have devised a simple method for cloning 5-noncoding regions as well as coding sequences of a gene in a straightforward manner without going through library construction and screening. This technique has been used to isolate a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene including its 5-noncoding region from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). In our method, a gene-specific primer was first extended by PCR using genomic DNA as a template and single-stranded DNA extension products were ligated to an arbitrary oligonucleotide with T4 RNA ligase to create templates with 5-and 3-ends of known sequences. These templates were then re-amplified to make double-stranded DNAs for further cloning and sequencing (Fig. Using this simple technique, 2.0 kb 5-noncoding fragments for PAL gene have been cloned.
Syndecans, Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans, Maintain the Proteolytic Balance of Acute Wound Fluids (1998)

An imbalance between proteases and antiproteases is thought to play a role in the inflammatory injury that regulates wound healing. The activities of some proteases and antiproteases found in inflammatory fluids can be modified in vitro by heparin, a mast cell-derived glycosaminoglycan. Because syndecans, a family of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans, are the major cellular source of heparin-like glycosaminoglycan, we asked whether syndecans modify protease activities in vivo. Syndecan-1 and syndecan-4 ectodomains are shed into acute human dermal wound fluids (Subramanian, S. V., Fitzgerald, M. L., and Bernfield, M. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 14713-14720). Moreover, purified syndecan-1 ectodomain binds cathepsin G (Kd = 56 nM) and elastase (Kd = 35 nM) tightly and reduces the affinity of these proteases for their physiological inhibitors. Purified syndecan-1 ectodomain protects cathepsin G from inhibition by alpha1-antichymotrypsin and squamous cell carcinoma antigen 2 and elastase from inhibition by alpha1-proteinase inhibitor by decreasing second order rate constants for protease-antiprotease associations (kass) by 3700-, 32-, and 60-fold, respectively. Both enzymatic degradation of heparan sulfate and immunodepletion of the syndecan-1 and -4 in wound fluid reduce these proteolytic activities in the fluid, indicating that the proteases in the wound environment are regulated by interactions with syndecan ectodomains. Thus, syndecans are shed into acute wound fluids, where they can modify the proteolytic balance of the fluid. This suggests a novel physiological role for these soluble heparan sulfate proteoglycans.
Efficacy of daily hypertonic saline nasal irrigation among patients with sinusitis: a randomized controlled trial. (2002)

Daily hypertonic saline nasal irrigation improves sinus-related quality of life, decreases symptoms, and decreases medication use in patients with frequent sinusitis. Primary care physicians can feel comfortable recommending this therapy.