gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Potential safeners for protecting sorghum (<i>Sorghum bicolor</i> (L.) Moench) against chlorsulfuron, fluazifop‐butyl and sethoxydim* (1984)

Summary: In greenhouse studies, the efficacy of the herbicide safeners NA(1,8‐naphthalic anhydride), R‐25788 ( N,N ‐diallyl‐2,2‐dichloroacetamide), cyometrinil and CGA‐92194 [ N ‐(1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐yl‐methoxy)imino‐benzeneaceto‐nitrile] in protecting grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, cv. ‘Funk G623’) against injury from pre‐emergence or early post‐emergence applications of the herbicides chlorsulfuron, fluazifop‐butyl and sethoxydim was examined. NA as a seed dressing at 0·5 or 1·0% (w/w) was the most effective of the four safeners and offered partial to good protection to sorghum against injury from the lower rates of pre‐emergence applications of all three herbicides. R‐25788 was totally ineffective as a sorghum protectant against fluazifop‐butyl injury but it did antagonize partially the injurious effects of the lower rates of sethoxydim and chlorsulfuron on sorghum. Cyometrinil and CGA‐92194 offered partial protection to sorghum against injury from the lowest rate of all herbicides but their efficacy against higher rates of the three herbicides was very limited. None of the four safeners was effective in protecting grain sorghum against injury from post‐emergence applications of the three herbicides tested.
Preferential Modification of Nuclear Proteins by a Novel Ubiquitin-like Molecule (1997)

Sentrin is a novel ubiquitin-like protein that protects cells against both anti-Fas and tumor necrosis factor-induced cell death. Antiserum recognizing the N terminus of sentrin revealed the presence of a 18-kDa sentrin monomer, a 90-kDa band (p90), and multiple high molecular mass bands. Because sentrin possesses the conserved Gly-Gly residues near the C terminus, it is likely that these additional bands represent conjugation of sentrin to other proteins in a manner that is similar to the ubiquitination pathway. Transient expression of hemagglutinin epitope-tagged sentrin mutants in COS cells demonstrated that the sentrin C terminus is cleaved, which allows it to be conjugated to other proteins via the conserved C-terminal Gly residue. Immunocytochemical staining and cell fractionation analysis demonstrated that sentrin monomer is localized predominantly to the cytosol. However, p90 and the majority of sentrinized proteins appeared to be localized to the nucleus. When the conserved Gly-Gly residues of sentrin were changed to Gly-Ala, only sentrin monomer and p90 but not the high molecular mass bands were observed. Thus, p90 generation appears to be required for the formation of high molecular mass bands in the nucleus. Taken together, sentrinization represents a novel pathway for nuclear protein modification, which is distinct from ubiquitination.
Molecular mechanisms mediating antimyeloma activity of proteasome inhibitor PS-341 (2003)

We have recently shown that proteasome inhibitor PS-341 induces apoptosis in drug-resistant multiple myeloma (MM) cells, inhibits binding of MM cells in the bone marrow microenvironment, and inhibits cytokines mediating MM cell growth, survival, drug resistance, and migration in vitro. PS-341 also inhibits human MM cell growth and prolongs survival in a SCID mouse model. Importantly, PS-341 has achieved remarkable clinical responses in patients with refractory relapsed MM. We here demonstrate molecular mechanisms whereby PS-341 mediates anti-MM activity by inducing p53 and MDM2 protein expression; inducing the phosphorylation (Ser15) of p53 protein; activating c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK), caspase-8, and caspase-3; and cleaving the DNA protein kinase catalytic subunit, ATM, and MDM2. Inhibition of JNK activity abrogates PS-341-induced MM cell death. These studies identify molecular targets of PS-341 and provide the rationale for the development of second-generation, more targeted therapies.
Improved chitin production by pretreatment of shrimp shells (2004)

Abstract Pretreatment of shrimp shells was investigated in order to lower the costs and to improve the sustainability of chitin production. Physical pretreatment comprising drying, grinding and sieving is attractive for the recovery of 50% of shrimp protein as a dry powder. Pretreatment of shells by shearing in acidified water results in the removal of up to 60% of the protein and a reduction of their mineral content without a decrease in the chitin yield. Both pretreatment procedures will lead to cleaner technology for chitin production, to a considerably lower need for chemicals, to useful protein by‐products, and to less‐contaminated industrial effluent. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Microenvironment-Derived IL-1 and IL-17 Interact in the Control of Lung Metastasis (2011)

Inflammatory cytokines modulate immune responses in the tumor microenvironment during progression/metastasis. In this study, we have assessed the role of IL-1 and IL-17 in the control of antitumor immunity versus progression in a model of experimental lung metastasis, using 3LL and B16 epithelial tumor cells. The absence of IL-1 signaling or its excess in the lung microenvironment (in IL-1β and IL-1R antagonist knockout [KO] mice, respectively) resulted in a poor prognosis and reduced T cell activity, compared with WT mice. In IL-1β KO mice, enhanced T regulatory cell development/function, due to a favorable in situ cytokine network and impairment in APC maturation, resulted in suppressed antitumor immunity, whereas in IL-1R antagonist KO mice, enhanced accumulation and activity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells were found. Reduced tumor progression along with improved T cell function was found in IL-17 KO mice, compared with WT mice. In the microenvironment of lung tumors, IL-1 induces IL-17 through recruitment of γ/δ T cells and their activation for IL-17 production, with no involvement of Th17 cells. These interactions were specific to the microenvironment of lung tumors, as in intrafootpad tumors in IL-1/IL-17 KO mice, different patterns of invasiveness were observed and no IL-17 could be locally detected. The results highlight the critical and unique role of IL-1, and cytokines induced by it such as IL-17, in determining the balance between inflammation and antitumor immunity in specific tumor microenvironments. Also, we suggest that intervention in IL-1/IL-17 production could be therapeutically used to tilt this balance toward enhanced antitumor immunity.
Urocortin Expression in Rat Brain: Evidence Against a Pervasive Relationship of Urocortin-Containing Projections With Targets Bearing Type 2 CRF Receptors (1999)

Histochemical and axonal transport methods were used to clarify the central organization of cells and fibers that express urocortin (UCN), a recently discovered corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-related neuropeptide, which has been proposed as an endogenous ligand for type 2 CRF receptors (CRF-R2). Neurons that display both UCN mRNA and peptide expression were found to be centered in the Edinger-Westphal (EW), lateral superior olivary (LSO), and supraoptic nuclei; lower levels of expression are seen in certain cranial nerve and spinal motoneurons and in small populations of neurons in the forebrain. Additional sites of UCN mRNA and peptide expression detected only in colchicine-treated rats are considered to be minor ones. UCN-immunoreactive projections in brain are predominantly descending and largely consistent with central projections attributed to the EW and LSO, targeting principally accessory optic, precerebellar, and auditory structures, as well as the spinal intermediate gray. Although neither the EW nor LSO are known to project to the forebrain, UCN-ir neurons in the EW were identified that project to the lateral septal nucleus, which houses a prominent UCN-ir terminal field. Although substantial UCN-ir projections were observed to several brainstem cell groups that express CRF-R2, including the dorsal raphe and interpeduncular nuclei and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), most prominent seats of CRF-R2 expression were found to contain inputs immunopositive for piscine urotensin I, but not rat UCN. The results define a central UCN system whose organization suggests a principal involvement in motor control and sensorimotor integration; its participation in stress-related mechanisms would appear to derive principally by virtue of projections to the spinal intermediolateral column, the NTS, and the paraventricular nucleus. Several observations, including the lack of a pervasive relationship of UCN-ir projections with CRF-R2-expressing targets, support the existence of still additional CRF-related peptides in mammalian brain.
Optical tweezers for single cells (2008)

Optical tweezers (OT) have emerged as an essential tool for manipulating single biological cells and performing sophisticated biophysical/biomechanical characterizations. Distinct advantages of using tweezers for these characterizations include non-contact force for cell manipulation, force resolution as accurate as 100aN and amiability to liquid medium environments. Their wide range of applications, such as transporting foreign materials into single cells, delivering cells to specific locations and sorting cells in microfluidic systems, are reviewed in this article. Recent developments of OT for nanomechanical characterization of various biological cells are discussed in terms of both their theoretical and experimental advancements. The future trends of employing OT in single cells, especially in stem cell delivery, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, are prospected. More importantly, current limitations and future challenges of OT for these new paradigms are also highlighted in this review.
Expression of the envelope antigen F1 of <i>Yersinia pestis</i> is mediated by the product of <i>caf1M</i> gene having homology with the chaperone protein PapD of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1991)

The effective synthesis of the envelope antigen F1 of Y. pestis in E. coli HB101 is mediated by the expression of the caf1M gene. This gene was sequenced, and the protein encoded was found to have a significant homology with the chaperone protein PapD of uropathogenic E. coli. The data presented allow one to suppose Caf1M and PapD proteins perform similar functions in the biogenesis of the Y. pestis capsule and E. coli P-pili, respectively.
Determinants of Breastfeeding Duration and Nutrition in a Transition Society (1983)

Over 500 mothers of children under 3 years attending a busy clinic in the capital of North Yemen were interviewed and their children measured (a) to examine the relationship between various social and economic factors and duration of breastfeeding and (b) to estimate the effects of these factors and feeding practices on nutrition. Only a small fraction of the wide variability in breastfeeding could be related to socioeconomic and educational measures, except that mothers who listened to radio weaned significantly earlier. By contrast, nutritional status was related to several socioeconomic indicators, particularly father's education and income. Of feeding variables, for children over six months old early introduction of solids and for infants under six months old current breastfeeding were the best predictors of good nutrition.
Fast high-power/high-voltage switch using series-connected IGBTs with active gate-controlled voltage-balancing (2002)

There exists an acute need for fast high-voltage solid-state switches in a broad area of applications. With the proposed method of active gate-controlled voltage balancing, fast high power/high voltage semiconductor switches with working voltages of several kilovolts using series-connected insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) can be realized. Transient and static voltage balancing is tested on an experimental 3.5 kV/300 A switch with three series-connected 3rd-generation IGBTs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Herpesviruses Provide Helper Functions for Avian Adeno-associated Parvovirus (1986)

The avian herpesviruses infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) and herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT), as well as the mammalian herpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) were able to provide complete helper activity for the production of infectious avian adeno-associated virus (AAAV) in chicken cells. The presence of AAAV in the infected chicken cell reduced the multiplication of HVT. ILTV or PRV, however, were not affected if used as helper viruses. Infectious AAAV was determined by an indirect immunofluorescence assay and infectious herpesvirus by plaque assays.
Characterization of the Serological Response in Man to the Latent Membrane Protein and the Six Nuclear Antigens Encoded by Epstein-Barr Virus (1988)

A total of 116 sera from healthy individuals and from patients with Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were studied with respect to antibody responses to each of the seven known transformation-associated Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded antigens [latent membrane protein (LMP) and six nuclear proteins (EBNAs 1 to 6)]. The antibodies were detected using modified standard immunoblotting techniques. Antibodies to LMP were detected for the first time in sera from 6/27 (22%) healthy, EBV-immune individuals (seropositive for the viral capsid antigens). An increased incidence of anti-LMP antibodies was found in EBV-immune sera from patients with BL (17/24 positive; 71%), NPC (21/33; 64%), and RA (16/21; 76%). Antibodies to EBNA 1 were detected in all EBV-immune sera at a standard 1:20 dilution. Antibodies to the other EBNAs were detected in only a proportion of these sera (20 to 95%) at the same dilution. Only minor disease-associated differences in the incidence of these antibodies were observed, the most consistent being that RA sera had a higher incidence of antibodies to EBNAs 2 to 6 compared with healthy controls. Testing of the sera at a 1:100 dilution suggested that there were some disease-related differences in the titres of anti-EBNA antibodies. At this serum dilution, a reduced incidence of antibodies to EBNA 2 was seen in NPC (6/31) compared with RA (18/19) and healthy EBV-seropositives (16/26); antibodies to EBNA 3 were detected at an increased incidence in BL (8/15) and NPC (16/31) compared with control sera (7/26); antibodies to EBNA 4 were detected at increased incidence in BL (5/15) and RA (6/19) compared with control sera (1/26); and antibodies to EBNA 6 were detected at increased incidence in NPC (19/31) and RA (7/19) compared with control sera (3/26).
Fetomaternal Cellular and Plasma DNA Trafficking (2001)

In human pregnancy, multiple lines of evidence have indicated that there is trafficking of nucleated cells and cell-free DNA between the mother and fetus. Diagnostically, fetal cells in maternal blood and fetal DNA in maternal plasma offer a noninvasive source of fetal material for prenatal diagnosis. Through the developments of methods for fetal cell isolation and fetal DNA detection, many fetal genetic characteristics and chromosomal abnormalities have been detected from maternal blood. Large-scale clinical trials have been initiated that will facilitate the eventual application of these technologies. The presence of large quantities of cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma challenges the conventional belief that the fetal and maternal circulations are separate entities. In addition, the recent demonstration of the persistence of fetal cells following delivery also opens up a new field of investigation and raises new physiologic and pathogenic implications. Like the Yin and Yang in Chinese mythology, we believe that fetal cells and fetal DNA transfer are closely related and should be studied and applied in a synergistic manner.
Imprinting Mechanisms (1998)

A number of recent studies have provided new insights into mechanisms that regulate genomic imprinting in the mammalian genome. Regions of allele-specific differential methylation (DMRs) are present in all imprinted genes examined. Differential methylation is erased in germ cells at an early stage of their development, and germ-line-specific methylation imprints in DMRs are reestablished around the time of birth. After fertilization, differential methylation is retained in core DMRs despite genome-wide demethylation and de novo methylation during preimplantation and early postimplantation stages. Direct repeats near CG-rich DMRs may be involved in the establishment and maintenance of allele-specific methylation patterns. Imprinted genes tend to be clustered; one important component of clustering is enhancer competition, whereby promoters of linked imprinted genes compete for access to enhancers. Regional organization and spreading of the epigenotype during development is also important and depends on DMRs and imprinting centers. The mechanism of cis spreading of DNA methylation is not known, but precedent is provided by the Xist RNA, which results in X chromosome inactivation in cis. Reading of the somatic imprints could be carried out by transcription factors that are sensitive to methylation, or by methyl-cytosine-binding proteins that are involved in transcriptional repression through chromatin remodeling.
Eotaxin protein and gene expression in guinea-pig lungs: constitutive expression and upregulation after allergen challenge (1997)

Eotaxin is an eosinophil-specific chemoattractant originally identified in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after allergen challenge of sensitized guinea-pigs. We have determined and quantified for the first time the cellular sources of guinea-pig lung eotaxin and localized gene expression in structural cells of large and small airways and in alveolar macrophages. We used anti-guinea-pig eotaxin monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies and a complementary ribonucleic acid (cRNA) probe to detect eotaxin protein and cytoplasmic messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) transcripts by the techniques of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in: 1) naive; 2) ovalbumin-sensitized/ saline-exposed; and 3) ovalbumin-sensitized/ovalbumin-challenged animals (n = 5 for each group). Compared with the naive animals, there was a fivefold increase of eotaxin protein and a 25 fold upregulation of eotaxin gene expression in the airway epithelium 3 h after ovalbumin challenge of sensitized animals (p < 0.001). The average percentages of alveolar macrophages staining for eotaxin protein and mRNA in the naive animals were approximately 30 and 10% respectively: both increased significantly in the sensitized/ovalbumin-challenged animals to 78 and 57%, respectively (p < 0.0001). Compared with the naive animals, the procedure of sensitization and saline exposure significantly increased eotaxin gene expression in both bronchial epithelium and alveolar macrophages (p < 0.01): the upregulation at these two sites showed a strong positive association (rcorr = 0.95; p < 0.0001). The results indicate that there are multiple cellular sources of guinea-pig lung-derived eotaxin, including bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial cells, airway smooth muscle, bronchial vascular endothelium, and chondrocytes and alveolar macrophages, and that there are relatively rapid and marked increases of eotaxin protein and gene expression in airway epithelium and alveolar macrophages following allergen challenge.
Dual-confocal fiber-optic method for absolute measurement of refractive index and thickness of optically transparent media (2002)

We present a novel noncontact optical method for absolute measurement of refractive index and thickness of optically transparent media. The method is based on a simple dual-confocal fiber-optic sensor design. It includes two independent confocal channels consisting of two identical apertureless fiber-optic-type confocal microscopes constructed by use of a single 2x2 fiber coupler. A geometrical-ray model is used to obtain the analytical dependence between the sample's refractive index and its thickness. The measurement method provides high accuracy in spatially locating the specific imaging points that correspond to the backreflected intensity peaks of the confocal responses. Thus, a simultaneous measurement of the sample refractive index and thickness is achieved.
Modeling of the Propagation Loss and Backscattering in Air-Core Photonic-Bandgap Fibers (2009)

We report numerical simulations based on normal coupled mode theory of the fundamental-mode loss and backscattering induced in air-core fibers by random longitudinal perturbations of the core diameter. To quantitatively explain the measured loss of ~24 dB/km at 1550 nm of air-core fiber HC-1550-02 from crystal fibre, these simulations predict that the autocorrelation function of the perturbation is close to an exponential and characterized by a ratio D/sigma <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> of ~2.36 times 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">13</sup> m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> , where D is the characteristic length and sigma the amplitude of the perturbation. This analysis yields a characteristic perturbation length for this fiber in the range of ~1 to ~30 cm. That this is much shorter than in a conventional fiber is consistent with the slower speeds at which air-core fibers are pulled, which reduces the length of the fiber perturbations. The same exponential perturbation and D/sigma <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ratio also predict that the backscattering coefficient for the fundamental mode of this fiber is 1.5 times 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-9</sup> mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> , which agrees well with a measured value. When applied to a 19-cell air-core fiber from the same manufacturer (HC19-1550-01) the same perturbation predicts a loss of 4 dB/km, which agrees with the measured range of 1.2 to ~10 dB/km. These independent agreements between modeled and measured loss and backscattering coefficients and the reasonable predicted range of perturbation lengths confirm that core dimension variations are the dominant mechanism behind the loss and backscattering of current air-core fibers.