gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relationship between optical properties and crystallinity of nanometer Y2O3:Eu phosphor (2000)

Y 2 O 3 -doped Eu3+ (Y2O3:Eu) nanometer particles (NPs) were synthesized via a chemical route. The particle size estimated by x-ray diffractometry and transmission electron microscopy was about 61 nm. Two photoluminescence peaks were observed at 582 and 587 nm, being attributed to the transition of D05→F1a7 of Eu3+ in the S6 and C2 symmetry sites of Y2O3, respectively. The intensity ratio of the photoluminescence peaks at 582 nm to at 587 nm was larger for NPs than for micrometer particles (MPs). The excitation peak of NPs due to the charge-transfer band shifted toward the high-energy side as compared with that of MPs. According to x-ray diffractometry, the lattice distortion and the lattice constant were larger for NPs than for MPs, showing the restructure at the near surface and the increase in ionicity of the Eu–O bond with decreasing particle size. This explains the blueshift in the excitation peak.
The Fatty Liver Index: a simple and accurate predictor of hepatic steatosis in the general population (2006)

FLI is simple to obtain and may help physicians select subjects for liver ultrasonography and intensified lifestyle counseling, and researchers to select patients for epidemiologic studies. Validation of FLI in external populations is needed before it can be employed for these purposes.
Development of Materials and Processes for Double Patterning toward 32nm Node ArF Immersion Lithography (2008)

A new negative tone imaging with application of new developer to conventional ArF immersion resist materials is proposed for narrow trench pattern formation, which is effective to the double trench process that is one of the candidates of double patterning process for 32 nm node semiconductor devices. No swelling property was realized in the developing step, in which the dissolution mechanism was discussed. Significantly better line width roughness (LWR) and resolution on narrow trench pattern were observed with this negative tone development compared to positive tone development. These results suggest that this negative tone development process is one of the promising candidates for double trench process.
Progress and applications of mouse models for human lung cancer (2010)

The continued progress of modelling lung cancer in mice has led not only to new means of understanding the molecular pathways governing human lung cancer, but it has also created a vast reservoir of alternative tools to test treatments against this malignancy. More sophisticated somatic mouse models for nonsmall cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer and pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma have been generated that closely mimic human lung cancer. These models enable us to identify the cells of origin and the role of stem cells in the maintenance of the various types of lung cancer. Moreover, results of lung cancer intervention studies are now starting to reveal the full potential of these somatic mouse models as powerful pre-clinical models.
Mice lacking caspase-2 are protected from behavioral changes, but not pathology, in the YAC128 model of Huntington disease (2011)

The rescue of behavioral phenotypes in the absence of pathological improvement suggests that different pathways may be operative in the dysfunction of neural circuitry in HD leading to behavioral changes compared to the processes leading to cell death and volume loss. Inhibition of caspase-2 activity may be associated with symptomatic improvement in HD.
Accurate image reconstruction from few-view and limited-angle data in diffraction tomography (2008)

We present a method for obtaining accurate image reconstruction from highly sparse data in diffraction tomography (DT). A practical need exists for reconstruction from few-view and limited-angle data, as this can greatly reduce required scan times in DT. Our method does this by minimizing the total variation (TV) of the estimated image, subject to the constraint that the Fourier transform of the estimated image matches the measured Fourier data samples. Using simulation studies, we show that the TV-minimization algorithm allows accurate reconstruction in a variety of few-view and limited-angle situations in DT. Accurate image reconstruction is obtained from far fewer data samples than are required by common algorithms such as the filtered-backpropagation algorithm. Overall our results indicate that the TV-minimization algorithm can be successfully applied to DT image reconstruction under a variety of scan configurations and data conditions of practical significance.
Automatic assessment of signal-to-thermal noise ratio of television images (1995)

A novel method which measures the thermal noise content in any television picture is presented. Our method has the following advantages (1) it is non-intrusive and does not require the use of a test signal, (2) the noise assessment is carried in the spatial domain and not in the frequency domain, thus the use of the expensive spectrum analyzer instrument is not required. The other proposed non-intrusive and spatial domain methods are limited in their accuracy up to around 40 dB signal-to-noise ratios. Above that the resulting accuracies are unacceptable. Our method yields accurate results up to 48 dB. The new FCC regulations require the operating signals-to-noise ratios to be at least equal to 40 dB. Prior to estimating the noise our method applies a filter on the picture. This filter suppresses the originally intended (non-noisy) contents of the picture but retains enough information about the noise present. From this information, an estimate of the noise present is calculated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Security and Privacy Solutions for Low-Cost RFID Systems (2005)

Low cost radio frequency identification (RFID) systems are increasingly being deployed in industry and commerce. These contactless devices have raised public concern regarding violation of privacy and information security. There is a growing need in the RFID community to discover and develop techniques and methods to overcome several problems posed by the abovementioned concerns. This paper presents proposals on feasible security mechanisms for low cost RFID systems and analyses them from both security and privacy points of view.
The interaction of spermine and pentamines with DNA (1987)

We studied the effects of spermine, two naturally-occurring pentamines isolated from the thermophile Thermus thermophilus and one synthetic pentamine on the aggregation and 'melting' temperature of calf-thymus DNA and on the B-to-Z transition of poly(dG-me5dC). All pentamines caused aggregation of DNA at much lower concentrations than that of spermine. Concentrations that increased the melting temperature of DNA and induced the B-to-Z transition in poly(dG-me5dC) were different for each pentamine, but were comparable with the concentration of spermine needed to cause these effects. Our results suggest that both the total charge and the distance separating the charge, which is a function of the length of the carbon chains between amino groups, are important for the induction of conformational changes in DNA. The biological role of pentamines in T. thermophilus appears to be related to their ability to promote DNA condensation at high temperature.
Prediction of Repopulation Rates and Radiosensitivity in Human Tumours (1994)

An accurate prediction of response to radiotherapy would allow treatments to be modified for those individuals where a relatively poor response is expected with conventional treatment. Present assays receiving most attention are those for repopulation, radiosensitivity and hypoxia. This paper discusses our experience with the first two, together with relevant data from other groups. Attention is focussed particularly on correlations with outcome in clinical trials, and the accuracy of present assay methods.
COMPARISON OF SCREENING METHODS IN THE DETECTION OF BLADDER CANCER (1999)

Urinary telomerase had the highest combination of sensitivity and specificity (70 and 99%, respectively) for bladder cancer screening in these patients. It was the strongest predictor with superior accuracy in patients with grade 1 and noninvasive tumors (pTa), and extremely useful in patients with carcinoma in situ. Telomerase appears to be promising and outperformed cytology, BTA stat, NMP22, FDP, chemiluminescent hemoglobin and hemoglobin dipstick in the prediction of bladder cancer.
Antiviral (RNA) Activity of Selected Amaryllidaceae Isoquinoline Constituents and Synthesis of Related Substances (1992)

A series of 23 Amaryllidaceae isoquinoline alkaloids and related synthetic analogues were isolated or synthesized and subsequently evaluated in cell culture against the RNA-containing flaviviruses (Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, and dengue viruses), bunyaviruses (Punta Toro, sandfly fever, and Rift Valley fever viruses), alphavirus (Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus), lentivirus (human immunodeficiency virus-type 1) and the DNA-containing vaccinia virus. Narciclasine [1], lycoricidine [2], pancratistatin [4], 7-deoxypancratistatin [5], and acetates 6-8, isonarciclasine [13a], cis-dihydronarciclasine [14a], trans-dihydronarciclasine [15a], their 7-deoxy analogues 13b-15b, lycorines 16 and 17, and pretazettine [18] exhibited consistent in vitro activity against all three flaviviruses and against the bunyaviruses, Punta Toro and Rift Valley fever virus. Activity against sandfly fever virus was only observed with 7-deoxy analogues. In most cases, however, selectivity of the active compounds was low, with toxicity in uninfected cells (TC50) occurring at concentrations within 10-fold that of the viral inhibitory concentrations (IC50). No activity was observed against human immunodeficiency virus-type 1, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus, or vaccinia viruses. Pancratistatin [4] and its 7-deoxy analogue 5 were evaluated in two murine Japanese encephalitis mouse models (differing in viral dose challenge, among other factors). In two experiments (low LD50 viral challenge, variant I), prophylactic administration of 4 at 4 and 6 mg/kg/day (2% EtOH/saline, sc, once daily for 7 days, day -1 to +5) increased survival of Japanese-encephalitis-virus-infected mice to 100% and 90%, respectively. In the same model, prophylactic administration of 5 at 40 mg/kg/day in hydroxypropylcellulose (sc, once daily for 7 days, day -1 to +5) increased survival of Japanese-encephalitis-virus-infected mice to 80%. In a second variant (high LD50 viral challenge), administration of 4 at 6 mg/kg/day (ip, twice daily for 9 days, day -1 to +7) resulted in a 50% survival rate. In all cases, there was no survival in the diluent-treated control mice. Thus, 4 and 5 demonstrated activity in mice infected with Japanese encephalitis virus but only at near toxic concentrations. To our knowledge, however, this represents a rare demonstration of chemotherapeutic efficacy (by a substance other than an interferon inducer) in a Japanese-encephalitis-virus-infected mouse model.
Oligonucleotide binding to the coat protein disk of tobacco mosaic virus. Possible steps in the mechanism of assembly (1986)

Binding of the oligoribonucleotides AAG, AAGAAG and AAGAAGUUG to the disk aggregate of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein has been studied in solution under conditions favourable for virus assembly. The two longer oligomers bind strongly with Kd around 1 microM, approach complete saturation of binding sites and cause the formation of long, nicked helical rods resembling the virus. It is suggested that the binding of these oligomers, with sequences chosen from the assembly origin of the viral RNA, simulates the tobacco mosaic virus assembly process. No binding could be detected for AAG, indicating that chain length is a crucial determinant in the interaction. The binding of AAGAAG to coat protein crystals is very much weaker than that observed in solution, and the crystals crack at high oligomer concentrations. The corresponding oligodeoxyribonucleotide, d(AAGAAG), shows no binding to the protein in solution; the interaction is extremely specific for RNA.
Confounding and Simpson's paradox (1994)

Details ofreconstructive surgery and amputations carried out in districts with below (low volume) and above (high volume) the average rate of arterial reconstructions in the Oxford region.Values are numbers or proportions (percentages) Statistics High volume Low volume x2 df P value Referrals from outside the district 10/67 (15) 2/46 (4 3) 2-197 1 0-138 Balloon angioplasty before reconstructive surgery 23/67 (34) 3/41 (7-3) 8-729 1 0-0031 Types of infrainguinal graft: Femorotibial graft 17 (25) 4 (11) Femoropopliteal: 1 23-943 2 00001 Vein 31 (46) 4 (11) 293 2 000 Prosthesis 19 (28) 27 ( 77) Amputation rate per 100 000 population peryear (95% confidence interval) 6-1 (40 to 8 2) 10-3 (7-4to 13-2) 5-365 1 0-021 Ratio ofbelow knee to above knee amputations
Mapping of the ligand-selective domain of the <i>Xenopus laevis</i> corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1: Implications for the ligand-binding site (1998)

The nonselective human corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 (hCRF-R1) and the ligand-selective Xenopus CRF-R1 (xCRF-R1) were compared. To understand the interactions of sauvagine and ovine CRF, both high-affinity ligands for hCRF-R1 but surprisingly weak ligands for xCRF-R1, chimeric receptors of hCRF-R1 and xCRF-R1 followed by double or multiple point mutations were constructed. Binding studies and cAMP assays demonstrated that the N-terminal domain exhibited the complete ligand selectivity of xCRF-R1. The important region was mapped between amino acids 70 and 89; replacement of amino acids Arg76, Asn81, Gly83, Leu88, and Ala89 in hCRF-R1 with the corresponding amino acids of xCRF-R1 (Gln76, Gly81, Val83, His88, and Leu89) resulted in a receptor that had approximately 30-fold higher affinity for human/rat CRF than for sauvagine. Mutagenesis of these amino acids in xCRF-R1 to the human sequence completely abolished the ligand selectivity of xCRF-R1. Mutagenesis of amino acids 88 and 89 in hCRF-R1 or xCRF-R1 had only a minor (approximately 2.5-fold) effect on the ligand selectivity of the mutant receptor. Substitution of Arg76, Asn81, and Gly83 in hCRF-R1 with the corresponding sequence of xCRF-R1 (Gln76, Gly81, and Val83) resulted in a receptor with approximately 11-fold higher affinity for human/rat CRF compared with ovine CRF or sauvagine. When only two of these three amino acids were mutated, no effect on the ligand selectivity was observed. On the basis of these data, it is suggested that amino acids 70-89 of CRF-R1 are important for the ligand binding site.
Tungsten and other advanced metals for VLSI/ULSI applications 5 (1990)

This book reports on applications of CVD metals, focusing on tungsten. The papers summarize results in the understanding of surface reactions; the modeling of reactor and deposition kinetics; the development of blanket and selective tungsten deposition processes; the characterization of tungsten films; and the rapid development in other CVD metals such as copper and aluminum.
CKAP4/p63 Is a Receptor for the Frizzled-8 Protein-related Antiproliferative Factor from Interstitial Cystitis Patients (2006)

Antiproliferative factor (APF) is a low molecular weight sialoglycopeptide that is secreted by bladder cells from interstitial cystitis patients and is a potent inhibitor of both normal bladder epithelial and bladder carcinoma cell proliferation. We hypothesized that APF may produce its antiproliferative effects by binding to a transmembrane receptor. This study demonstrates that cytoskeleton-associated protein 4/p63 (CKAP4/p63), a type II transmembrane receptor, binds with high affinity to APF. The antiproliferative activity of APF is effectively inhibited by preincubation with anti-CKAP4/p63-specific antibodies, as well as by short interfering RNA knockdown of CKAP4/p63. Immunofluorescent confocal microscopy showed co-localization of anti-CKAP4/p63 and rhodamine-labeled synthetic APF binding in both cell membrane and perinuclear areas. APF also inhibits the proliferation of HeLa cervical carcinoma cells that are known to express CKAP4/p63. These data indicate that CKAP4/p63 is an important epithelial cell receptor for APF.
Self-Induced Transparency (1969)

Above a critical power threshold for a given pulse width, a short pulse of coherent traveling-wave optical radiation is observed to propagate with anomalously low energy loss while at resonance with a two-quantum-level system of absorbers. The line shape of the resonant system is determined by inhomogeneous broadening, and the pulse width is short compared to dissipative relaxation times. A new mechanism of self-induced transparency, which accounts for the low energy loss, is analyzed in the ideal limit of a plane wave which excites a resonant medium with no damping present. The stable condition of transparency results after the traversal of the pulse through a few classical absorption lengths into the medium. This condition exists when the initial pulse has evolved into a symmetric hyperbolic-secant pulse function of time and distance, and has the area characteristic of a "$2\ensuremath{\pi}$ pulse." Ideal transparency then persists when coherent induced absorption of pulse energy during the first half of the pulse is followed by coherent induced emission of the same amount of energy back into the beam direction during the second half of the pulse. The effects of dissipative relaxation times upon pulse energy, pulse area, and pulse delay time are analyzed to first order in the ratio of short pulse width to long damping time. The analysis shows that the $2\ensuremath{\pi}$ pulse condition can be maintained if losses caused by damping are compensated by beam focusing. In an amplifying inhomogeneously broadened medium an analytic "$\ensuremath{\pi}$ pulse area" solution is presented in the limit of a sharp leading edge of the pulse. The dynamics of self-induced transparency are studied for the particular effects of Doppler velocities upon a resonant gas. The analysis of transparency for random orientations of dipole moments associated with degenerate rotational states yields modified forms of self-induced transparency behavior, which indicates a finite pulse energy loss as a function of distance in some cases. The effect of self-induced transparency on the photon echo is considered. Experimental observations of self-induced transparency have been made in a ruby sample at resonance with a pulsed ruby-laser beam. Single and multiple $2\ensuremath{\pi}$ pulse outputs have been observed, and pulse areas measured in the range of $2\ensuremath{\pi}$. The experimental results are compared with the predictions of the ideal-plane-wave theory. Deviations from the ideal-plane-wave theory are discussed. An analysis is made of the effect of a transverse mode of the propagating beam upon the transparency properties of the pulse.
Boger Fluids (2008)

A Boger fluid is an elastic liquid with a constant viscosity. Because the viscosity is independent of shear rate or nearly so, elastic effects can be separated from viscous effects in viscoelastic flows because the latter effects can be determined with Newtonian fluids. Boger fluids are dilute polymer solutions generally made with a solvent sufficiently viscous that stresses due to elasticity are measurable. This article closely examines rheological characteristics and reviews flows with Boger fluids, flows for which investigators have found the onset and magnitude of elastic effects through the use of these fluids. Constitutive equations for viscoelastic fluids are evaluated through comparisons to experimental data, including the simple Oldroyd-B equation, which is physically sensible but only marginally accurate. A significant benefit of the introduction of Boger fluids has been the clear identification of a flow instability due to elasticity alone.
Cytotoxicity of Polypropylenimine Dendrimer Conjugates on Cultured Endothelial Cells (2007)

The cytotoxicity and time-dependent membrane disruption by polypropylenimine dendrimer conjugates on cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) is reported. Fluorescently labeled derivatives of generation 5 polypropylenimine dendrimers were prepared via conversion of amines to acetamides or through the covalent attachment of high molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains. Direct interactions between the fluorescent dendrimer conjugates and HUVEC were monitored using confocal fluorescence microscopy to track dendrimer movement across the plasma membrane and the fluorescent staining of cell nuclei. Propidium iodide and lactate dehydrogenase cytotoxicity assays confirmed that chemical modification of the surface amines of the parental dendrimer to neutral acetamide or PEG functionalities eliminated their acute cytotoxicity. Cationic primary-amine-containing dendrimers demonstrated drastic time-dependent changes in the plasma membrane permeability and prominent cytotoxicity. However, complete removal of the primary amines or masking of the cationic surface via PEGylation decreased dendrimer cytotoxicity. Thus, preventing electrostatic interactions of dendrimers with cellular membranes apparently is a necessary step toward minimizing the toxicity of delivery vehicles to the endothelium.
Encapsulated enhanced green fluorescence protein in silica nanoparticle for cellular imaging (2011)

The enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) is efficiently encapsulated in silica nanoparticle by multiple covalent bonds. The silica encapsulation greatly increases EGFP's fluorescence intensity and stabilities against protease, denaturant and heat, making it a potential fluorescence probe for cellular imaging.
Nonlinear effects in MEMS capacitive microphone design (2004)

An analytical method is presented that provides a better approximation for design parameter values of a MEMS capacitive microphone. The spring softening effect associated with the nonlinear characteristics of the electrostatic pressure due to a bias voltage, and the spring hardening effect associated with nonlinear stretching of the central region of a uniformly loaded fully clamped diaphragm with residual stress are both considered. The method allows a more accurate determination of the developed electrostatic pressure, maximum diaphragm deflection and the pull-in voltage. The resulting electrostatic pressure, pull-in voltage and deflection profile of the diaphragm are in close agreement with finite element analysis results.
Creating Web Services From GUI-Based Applications (2007)

Graphical user interface (GUI) applications (GAPs) are ubiquitous and provide various services. However, it is difficult to make GAPs exchange information (i.e., interoperate) especially if they are closed and monolithic. Unlike GAPs, Web services are applications that are designed to interoperate over the Internet. Thus a fundamental problem of interoperability is how to reengineer GAPs into Web services efficiently and noninvasively. We propose a novel generic approach for creating Web services from GAPs. This approach combines a nonstandard use of accessibility technologies for accessing and controlling GAPs in a uniform way with a visualization mechanism that enables nonprogrammers to create Web services by performing point-and-click, drag-and-drop operations on GAPs. We built a tool based on our approach and created Web services that control two closed and monolithic commercial GAPs with this tool. Our evaluation suggests that our approach is effective and it can be used to create Web services from nontrivial GAPs.