gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Hypercalciurias CAUSES, PARATHYROID FUNCTIONS, AND DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA (1974)

A B S T R A C T The causes for the hypercalciuria and diagnostic criteria for the various forms of hypercal- ciuria were sought in 56 patients with hypercalcemia or nephrolithiasis (Ca stones), by a careful assessment of parathyroid function and calcium metabolism. A study protocol for the evaluation of hypercalciuria, based on a constant liquid synthetic diet, was developed. In 26 cases of primary hyperparathyroidism, characteristic features were: hypercalcemia, high urinary cyclic AMP (cAMP, 8.58+3.63 SD gmol/g creatinine; normal, 4.020.70 umol/g creatinine), high immunoreactive serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), hypercalciuria, the urinary Ca exceeding absorbed Ca from intestinal tract (CaA), high fasting urinary Ca (0.2 mg/mg creatinine or greater), and low bone density by 'I photon absorp- tion. The results suggest that hypercalciuria is partly secondary to an excessive skeletal resorption (resorptive hypercalciuria). The 22 cases with renal stones had normocalcemia, hypercalciuria, intestinal hyperabsorp- tion of calcium, normal or low serum PTH and urinary cAMP, normal fasting urinary Ca, and normal bone density. Since their CaA exceeded urinary Ca, the hyper- calciuria probably resulted from an intestinal hyper- absorption of Ca (absorptive hypercalciuria). The pri- macy of intestinal Ca hyperabsorption was confirmed by responses to Ca load and deprivation under a me- tabolic dietary regimen. During a Ca load of 1,700 mg/day, there was an exaggerated increase in the renal excretion.of Ca and a suppression of cAMP excre- tion. The urinary Ca of 453+154 SD mg/day was sig- nificantly higher than the control group's 211+42 mg/ day. The urinary cAMP of 2.260.56 umol/g creatinine was significantly lower than in the control group. In contrast, when the intestinal absorption of calcium was limited by cellulose phosphate, the hvpercalciuria was kc'ceiz(l for plblicatifn 9 July 1073 and in rezxsed form 11 September 1973. corrected and the suppressed renal excretion of cAMP returned towards normal. Two cases with renal stones had normocalcemia, hypercalciuria, and high urinary cAMP or serum PTH. Since CaA was less than urinary Ca, the hypercalciuria may have been secondary to an impaired renal tubular reabsorption of Ca (renal hypercalciuria). Six cases with renal stones had normal values of serum Ca, urinary Ca, urinary cAMP, and serum PTH (normocalciuric nephrolithiasis). Their CaA exceeded urinal Ca, and fasting urinary Ca and bone density were normal. The results support the pro- posed mechanisms for the hypercalciuria and provide reliable diagnostic criteria for the various forms of hypercalciuria.
Cluster-based proactive replication of multimedia files in peer-to-peer networks (2007)

In this paper, we address the issue of multimedia content replication over peer-to peer networks. We use the concept of semantic proximity that exploits the file exchange patterns exhibited among peer users so as to decompose the network into semantic clusters. Through the optimization of the search process that exploits semantic associations between peer nodes, we derive a semantic organization of the network which is then used for applying efficient cluster-based content replication strategies. Two different schemes are examined; the unrestricted and the restricted approach. The first one distributes multimedia content within peers of a cluster so that the average hop distance among nodes and objects weighted by the object popularity is minimized. This approach does not take into account any Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees. On the other handm the second scheme iteratively partitions the nodes of a cluster during each object replication based on a QoS violation criterion. The proposed algorithms are experimentally evaluated and compared with other approaches to demonstrate the efficiency of our proposed schemes.
Characterization of a marine-derived dextranase and its application to the prevention of dental caries (2013)

The dextranase added in current commercial dextranase-containing mouthwashes is largely from fungi. However, fungal dextranase has shown much higher optimum temperature than bacterial dextranase and relatively low activity when used in human oral cavities. Bacterial dextranase has been considered to be more effective and suitable for dental caries prevention. In this study, a dextranase (Dex410) from marine Arthrobacter sp. was purified and characterized. Dex410 is a 64-kDa endoglycosidase. The specific activity of Dex410 was 11.9 U/mg at optimum pH 5.5 and 45 °C. The main end-product of Dex410 was isomaltotriose, isomaltoteraose, and isomaltopentaose by hydrolyzing dextran T2000. In vitro studies showed that Dex410 effectively inhibited the Streptococcus mutans biofilm growth in coverage, biomass, and water-soluble glucan (WSG) by more than 80, 90, and 95 %, respectively. The animal experiment revealed that for short-term use (1.5 months), both Dex410 and the commercial mouthwash Biotene (Laclede Professional Products, Gardena, CA, USA) had a significant inhibitory effect on caries (p = 0.0008 and 0.0001, respectively), while for long-term use (3 months), only Dex410 showed significant inhibitory effect on dental caries (p = 0.005). The dextranase Dex410 from a marine-derived Arthrobacter sp. strain possessed the enzyme properties suitable to human oral environment and applicable to oral hygiene products.
Confinement and propagation characteristics of subwavelength plasmonic modes (2008)

We have studied subwavelength confinement of the surface plasmon polariton modes of various plasmonic waveguides and examined their relative merits using a graphical parametric representation of their confinement and propagation characteristics. While the same plasmonic phenomenon governs mode confinement in all these waveguides, the various architectures can exhibit distinctive behavior in terms of effective mode area and propagation distance. We found that the waveguides based on metal and one dielectric material show a similar trade-off between energy confinement and propagation distance. However, a hybrid plasmon waveguide, incorporating metal, low index and high index dielectric materials, exhibits longer propagation distances for the same degree of confinement. We also point out that plasmonic waveguides with sharp features can provide an extremely strong local field enhancement, which is not necessarily accompanied by strong confinement of the total electromagnetic energy. In these waveguides, a mode may couple strongly to nearby atoms, but suffer relatively low propagation losses due to weak confinement.
Light manipulation in a monolithic silicon photonics platform leveraging 3D coupling and decoupling (2020)

We leverage phase-matching between front-end-of-line (FEOL)/middle-of-line (MOL) and back-end-of-line (BEOL) stacks for flexible light control in a monolithic Si photonics platform. The efficient vertical coupling/decoupling enables novel devices with unique functions.
Inside the C++ Object Model (1996)

Inside C++ Object Model focuses on underlying mechanisms that support object-oriented programming within C++: constructor semantics, temporary generation, support for encapsulation, inheritance, and the virtuals-virtual functions and virtual inheritance. This book shows how your understanding underlying implementation models can help you code more efficiently and with greater confidence. Lippman dispells misinformation and myths about overhead and complexity associated with C++, while pointing out areas in which costs and trade offs, sometimes hidden, do exist. He then explains how various implementation models arose, points out areas in which they are likely to evolve, and why they are what they are. He covers semantic implications of C++ object model and how that model affects your programs.Highlights Explores program behavior implicit in C++ Object Model's support of object-oriented programming. Explains basic implementation of object-oriented features and trade offs implicit in those features. Examines impact on performance in terms of program transformation. Provides abundant program examples, diagrams, and performance measurements to relate object-oriented concepts to underlying object model.If you are a C++ programmer who desires a fuller understanding of what is going on under hood, then Inside C++ Object Model is for you!
Tag games in yeast: the two-hybrid system and beyond (1997)

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the one- and two-hybrid systems are essential genetic tools for studying the macromolecular interactions that define all living organisms. Newly developed variations on this theme can now address an even bigger set of questions. Reverse one- and two-hybrid systems can identify factors that dissociate or abrogate defined macromolecular interactions. Different forms of three-hybrid systems can evaluate the complex interplay of proteins with RNAs, peptide ligands, small organic ligands or protein kinases. Finally, the ubiquitin-based split-protein sensor and the Sos recruitment systems promise to overcome some limitations of conventional two-hybrid systems.
Haptic rendering - beyond visual computing - Haptics in minimally invasive surgical simulation and training (2004)

Haptics is a valuable tool in minimally invasive surgical simulation and training. We discuss important aspects of haptics in MISST, such as haptic rendering and haptic recording and playback. Minimally invasive surgery has revolutionized many surgical procedures over the last few decades. MIS is performed using a small video camera, a video display, and a few customized surgical tools. In procedures such as gall bladder removal (laparoscopic cholesystectomy), surgeons insert a camera and long slender tools into the abdomen through small skin incisions to explore the internal cavity and manipulate organs from outside the body as they view their actions on a video display. Because the development of minimally invasive techniques has reduced the sense of touch compared to open surgery, surgeons must rely more on the feeling of net forces resulting from tool-tissue interactions and need more training to successfully operate on patients.
Sulindac metabolites induce caspase- and proteasome-dependent degradation of beta-catenin protein in human colon cancer cells. (2003)

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death in the USA. Accumulation of beta-catenin protein is nearly ubiquitous in colon adenomas and cancers, presumably due to mutations in the APC or beta-catenin genes that inhibit proteasome-dependent degradation of beta-catenin protein. Substantial clinical, epidemiological, and animal evidence indicate that sulindac and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) prevent the development of CRC. The mechanisms by which sulindac exerts its potent growth inhibitory effects against colon tumor cells are incompletely understood, but down-regulation of beta-catenin has been suggested as one potential mechanism. The goal of this study was to determine the mechanism of beta-catenin protein down-regulation by sulindac metabolites. Treatment of human colon cancer cell lines with apoptotic concentrations of sulindac metabolites (sulindac sulfide, sulindac sulfone) induced a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of beta-catenin protein expression. Inhibition of proteasome activity with MG-132 partially blocked the ability of sulindac sulfide and sulindac sulfone to inhibit beta-catenin protein expression. Pretreatment with the caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk blocked morphological signs of apoptosis as well as caspase cleavage, and also partially prevented beta-catenin degradation by sulindac metabolites. These effects occurred in cells with bi-allelic APC mutation (SW480), with wild-type APC but mono-allelic beta-catenin mutation (HCT116) and in cells that lack expression of either COX-1 or -2 (HCT15). These results indicate that loss of beta-catenin protein induced by sulindac metabolites is COX independent and at least partially due to reactivation of beta-catenin proteasome degradation and partially a result of caspase activation during the process of apoptosis.
Neural modeling for time series: A statistical stepwise method for weight elimination (1995)

Many authors use feedforward neural networks for modeling and forecasting time series. Most of these applications are mainly experimental, and it is often difficult to extract a general methodology from the published studies. In particular, the choice of architecture is a tricky problem. We try to combine the statistical techniques of linear and nonlinear time series with the connectionist approach. The asymptotical properties of the estimators lead us to propose a systematic methodology to determine which weights are nonsignificant and to eliminate them to simplify the architecture. This method (SSM or statistical stepwise method) is compared to other pruning techniques and is applied to some artificial series, to the famous Sunspots benchmark, and to daily electrical consumption data.
Multiphase pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (MP‐PCASL) for robust quantification of cerebral blood flow (2010)

Pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) has been demonstrated to provide the sensitivity of the continuous arterial spin labeling method while overcoming many of the limitations of that method. Because the specification of the phases in the radiofrequency pulse train in PCASL defines the tag and control conditions of the flowing arterial blood, its tagging efficiency is sensitive to factors, such as off-resonance fields, that induce phase mismatches between the radiofrequency pulses and the flowing spins. As a result, the quantitative estimation of cerebral blood flow with PCASL can exhibit a significant amount of error when these factors are not taken into account. In this paper, the sources of the tagging efficiency loss are characterized and a novel PCASL method that utilizes multiple phase offsets is proposed to reduce the tagging efficiency loss in PCASL. Simulations are performed to evaluate the feasibility and the performance of the proposed method. Quantitative estimates of cerebral blood flow obtained with multiple phase offset PCASL are compared to estimates obtained with conventional PCASL and pulsed arterial spin labeling. Our results show that multiple phase offset PCASL provides robust cerebral blood flow quantification while retaining much of the sensitivity advantage of PCASL.
Elastography: Ultrasonic estimation and imaging of the elastic properties of tissues (1999)

The basic principles of using sonographic techniques for imaging the elastic properties of tissues are described, with particular emphasis on elastography. After some preliminaries that describe some basic tissue stiffness measurements and some contrast transfer limitations of strain images are presented, four types of elastograms are described, which include axial strain, lateral strain, modulus and Poisson's ratio elastograms. The strain filter formalism and its utility in understanding the noise performance of the elastographic process is then given, as well as its use for various image improvements. After discussing some main classes of elastographic artefacts, the paper concludes with recent results of tissue elastography in vitro and in vivo.
Differentiation of enterococci from other group D streptococci by means of a specific monoclonal antibody (1991)

We report on the specificity of a monoclonal antibody which reacts with autoclaved extracts of four species of enterococci but does not react to the same extent with similar extracts from two non-enterococcal group D streptococci. The monoclonal antibody also reacts specifically with purified lipoteichoic acid from Streptococcus faecalis but not significantly with purified lipoteichoic acid from the non-enterococcal species Streptococcus bovis and Streptococcus equinus. The specific antigen detected with this antibody could correlate with the definition of the enterococcus subgroup of the streptococci which would provide further evidence that this sub-group is taxonomically distinct from the other group D streptococci.
Spam Identification on Facebook During Events (2014)

Over 800 million users log into the Facebook social network every day. 1 In addition to socializing, people also use Facebook to stay updated about latest events and happenings around the world [2]. This aspect of information consumption from Facebook during events is heavily exploited by spammers. In a recent example, the viral nature of the famous biting incident during the 2014 FIFA World Cup was exploited by spammers to spread phishing links. Multiple Facebook posts prompted users to sign a fake petition in defence of the Uruguayan player, who was banned for biting an opponent. 2 OSM activity rises manifold during events like sports, natural calamities etc. [4], thus making Facebook an even more lucrative breeding ground for spammers. The aforementioned spam activity indicates that existing approaches being used by Facebook [3] do not suffice in countering spam, especially during events, when their spread is maximum. This behavior not only violates Facebook’s terms of service, but also degrades user experience. Facebook has confirmed spam as a serious issue and taken steps to reduce spam content in users’ newsfeed recently. 3 Identifying Facebook spam, however, remains a challenge because of lack of profile and network features, which have previously been heavily used for spam detection on other OSMs. The aim of this work is to develop automated techniques to identify and combat spam on Facebook during events. We define spam as content which is irrelevant / unrelated to the event under consideration, and / or aimed at spreading phishing, malware, advertisements, self promotion etc., including bulk messages, profanity, insults, malicious links, scams, fake information etc. To this end, we collected over 6.4 million public posts on Facebook during 16 events (from April 2013 to Dec. 2013) from Facebook’s Graph API Search. We then identified and manually annotated the top 220 most active users / pages in our dataset (about 15 top users / pages in each event) as spammers and non spammers (Table 1), by looking at the content they posted. Using a set of 21 features (drawn from previous literature on spam) extracted from these posts, we applied machine learning algorithms to identify spam, and achieved an accuracy of over 99% using the Random Forest classifier (Ta-
The interaction of intercalators and groove‐binding agents with DNA triple‐helical structures: The influence of ligand structure, DNA backbone modifications and sequence (1994)

The effects of ligand structure and properties, DNA backbone modifications and DNA sequence on the interaction of a variety of well-known groove-binding agents and intercalators with DNA duplexes and triplexes have been evaluated by thermal melting experiments and molecular modeling. Both methylphosphonate and phosphorothioate substitutions generally destabilize DNA duplexes and triplexes. Modified duplexes can be strongly stabilized by both groove-binding agents and intercalators whereas triplexes are primarily stabilized by intercalators. Of the compounds tested, the intercalators coralyne and quinacrine provide the largest stabilization of the triplex dT19.dA19.dT19. Molecular modeling studies suggest that the large intercalating ring system of coralyne stacks well with the triplex bases whereas the alkylamino side chain of quinacrine fits snugly into the remaining space of the major groove of dT19.dA19.dT19 triplex and forms extensive van der Waals contacts with the thymine methyl groups that line the groove. Converting some of the T.A.T base triples to C+.G.C (e.g. dT19.dA19.dT19 to d(T4C+)3T4.d(A4G)3A4.(T4C)3T4) causes very significant decreases in observed Tm increases for compounds such as quinacrine and coralyne. Although removal of thymine methyl groups and addition of positive charge on substitution of C+.G.C for T.A.T should reduce binding of cationic intercalators, the large difference observed between the pure AT and the mixed sequence triplexes suggest that they may also have differences in structure and properties.
Characterization of an insertion sequence (IS891) of novel structure from the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain M-131 (1989)

When recombinant plasmids that were transferred to the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain M-131 were transferred back to Escherichia coli, some of the transformants contained inserts. One of the insertion sequences (ISs) was characterized by sequencing. This 1,351-base-pair IS contained an open reading frame that was capable of encoding a peptide of 310 amino acids and had terminal sequences with distinctive structures, but it lacked terminal inverted repeats and did not duplicate target DNA upon insertion. The element bore no significant sequence homology to any sequence stored in the GenBank data base. Restriction analysis of the genomes of Anabaena sp. strain M-131 and Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 showed those strains to be closely related. Sequences homologous to the IS element were also present in the DNA of Anabaena strain PCC 7120, but the copy numbers and chromosomal locations of such sequences differed in the two strains. The largest visualized plasmid was 425 kilobases (kb) in M-131 and 410 kb in PCC 7120; at least the former plasmid contained multiple copies of the element, as did a 115-kb plasmid in M-131.
Myocardial tissue engineering: the extracellular matrix☆ (2008)

More than a decade after the first reports on successful three-dimensional cardiac cell culture for experimental and potential therapeutic application, the interest and experimental efforts in the field of myocardial tissue engineering continues to grow. The hope that tissue cultures may one day act as graft substitute for malfunctioning myocardium continues to drive current scientific activity. Against this background interest seem to have progressively shifted towards the aim of engineering single tissue components. Accordingly, elements of the extracellular matrix (ECM) have gained increasing attention as potentially crucial mediators in developing and maintaining the characteristics of three-dimensional cardiac cell cultures. The ECM is now no longer regarded as merely a scaffold for developing tissue, a concept that is widely acknowledged in modern tissue engineering. The understanding of the role of precursor and stem cells has highlighted new complicated aspects of cell proliferation and differentiation and ECM proves to play an important role in providing essential signals to influence major intracellular pathways such as proliferation, differentiation and cell metabolism. Furthermore, progress in biochemical engineering has provided the perspective of application of synthetic ECM-linked molecules with bioactive potential. With the advent and continuous refinement of cell removal techniques, a new class of native acellular ECM has emerged with some striking advantages. The presently available ECM materials aim to closely resemble the in vivo microenvironment by acting as an active component of the developing tissue construct. It is therefore not surprising that most of the focus in myocardial tissue engineering has been on cell-matrix interaction, for both naturally derived and synthetic ECM. This article provides a review of established models of myocardial tissue engineering with respect to the employed ECM materials including current frontiers in material development.