gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Band offsets of wide-band-gap oxides and implications for future electronic devices (2000)

Wide-band-gap oxides such as SrTiO3 are shown to be critical tests of theories of Schottky barrier heights based on metal-induced gap states and charge neutrality levels. This theory is reviewed and used to calculate the Schottky barrier heights and band offsets for many important high dielectric constant oxides on Pt and Si. Good agreement with experiment is found for barrier heights. The band offsets for electrons on Si are found to be small for many key oxides such as SrTiO3 and Ta2O5 which limit their utility as gate oxides in future silicon field effect transistors. The calculations are extended to screen other proposed oxides such as BaZrO3. ZrO2, HfO2, La2O3, Y2O3, HfSiO4, and ZrSiO4. Predictions are also given for barrier heights of the ferroelectric oxides Pb1−xZrxTiO3 and SrBi2Ta2O9 which are used in nonvolatile memories.
A photoelectric range scanner using an array of LED chips (2003)

A novel triangulation photoelectric range scanner using an array of LED (light emitting diode) chips and a lateral-effect position sensing detector is proposed. The essential advantages of the scanner are construction without any moving parts, small size, good stability, and low cost. A range map is obtained by means of fast electronic scanning of the LEDs of the LED array. The operation principles of the scanner are illustrated, and development of the laboratory model of the scanner is presented. The calibration procedure for the transmitter and receiver module of the scanner is described, and laboratory tests of the scanner's performance are briefly discussed. In the experimental tests the scanner has shown good performance within the range of several meters, and is considered as a new device to perform inexpensive and fast range scanning for many robotic and machine-automation applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Tripartite ATP-Independent Periplasmic (TRAP) Transporters and Tripartite Tricarboxylate Transporters (TTT): From Uptake to Pathogenicity (2018)

The ability to efficiently scavenge nutrients in the host is essential for the viability of any pathogen. All catabolic pathways must begin with the transport of substrate from the environment through the cytoplasmic membrane, a role executed by membrane transporters. Although several classes of cytoplasmic membrane transporters are described, high-affinity uptake of substrates occurs through Solute Binding-Protein (SBP) dependent systems. Three families of SBP dependant transporters are known; the primary ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, and the secondary Tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic (TRAP) transporters and Tripartite Tricarboxylate Transporters (TTT). Far less well understood than the ABC family, the TRAP transporters are found to be abundant among bacteria from marine environments, and the TTT transporters are the most abundant family of proteins in many species of β-proteobacteria. In this review, recent knowledge about these families is covered, with emphasis on their physiological and structural mechanisms, relating to several examples of relevant uptake systems in pathogenicity and colonization, using the SiaPQM sialic acid uptake system from <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> and the TctCBA citrate uptake system of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> as the prototypes for the TRAP and TTT transporters, respectively. High-throughput analysis of SBPs has recently expanded considerably the range of putative substrates known for TRAP transporters, while the repertoire for the TTT family has yet to be fully explored but both types of systems most commonly transport carboxylates. Specialized spectroscopic techniques and site-directed mutagenesis have enriched our knowledge of the way TRAP binding proteins capture their substrate, while structural comparisons show conserved regions for substrate coordination in both families. Genomic and protein sequence analyses show TTT SBP genes are strikingly overrepresented in some bacteria, especially in the β-proteobacteria and some α-proteobacteria. The reasons for this are not clear but might be related to a role for these proteins in signaling rather than transport.
Measuring dynamics of caspase-3 activity in living cells using FRET technique during apoptosis induced by high fluence low-power laser irradiation (2005)

Using FRET technique, we have reported that high fluence LPLI can induce human lung adenocarcinoma cells (ASTC-a-1) apoptosis. The activation of caspase-3 plays an important role in the apoptotic process.
Corporate Hedging in the Insurance Industry: The Use of Financial Derivatives by U.S. Insurers (1996)

: In this paper we investigate the extent to which insurance companies utilize financial derivatives contracts in the management of risks. The data set we employ allows us to observe the universe of individual insurer transactions for a class of contracts; namely those normally thought of as off-balance-sheet (OBS). We provide information on the number of insurers using various types of derivatives contracts and the volume of transactions in terms of notional amounts and the number of counterparties. Life insurers are most active in interest rate and foreign exchange derivatives, while property-casualty insurers tend to be active in trading equity option and foreign exchange contracts. Using a multivariate probit analysis, we explore the factors that potentially influence the existence of OBS activities. We also investigate questions relating to whether certain subsets of OBS transactions (e.g., exchange traded) are related to such things as interest rate risk measures, organizational ...
Dual antitumor mechanisms of Notch signaling inhibitor in a T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia xenograft model (2009)

Constitutive activation of Notch signaling is required for the proliferation of a subgroup of human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALL). Previous in vitro studies have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of Notch signaling inhibitors for treating T-ALL. To further examine this possibility, we applied a gamma-secretase inhibitor (GSI) to T-ALL xenograft models. Treatment of established subcutaneous tumors with GSI resulted in partial or complete regression of tumors arising from four T-ALL cell lines that were also sensitive to GSI in vitro. To elucidate the mechanism of action, we transduced DND-41 cells with the active form of Notch1 (aN1), which conferred resistance to in vitro GSI treatment. Nevertheless, in vivo treatment with GSI induced a partial but significant regression of subcutaneous tumors that developed from aN1-transduced DND-41 cells, whereas it induced complete regression of tumors that developed from mock-transduced DND-41 cells. These findings indicate that the remarkable efficacy of GSI might be attributable to dual mechanisms, directly via apoptosis of DND-41 cells through the inhibition of cell-autonomous Notch signaling, and indirectly via disturbance of tumor angiogenesis through the inhibition of non-cell-autonomous Notch signaling.
Kinetics of Hyal-1 and PH-20 hyaluronidases: Comparison of minimal substrates and analysis of the transglycosylation reaction (2007)

The availability of recombinant expression systems for the production of purified human hyaluronidases PH-20 and Hyal-1 facilitated the first detailed analysis of the enzymatic reaction products. The human recombinant enzymes, both expressed by Drosophila Schneider-2 (DS-2) cells, were compared to bovine testicular hyaluronidase (BTH), a commercially available hyaluronidase preparation, which has long been considered a prototype of mammalian hyaluronidases. The conversion of low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HA) fragments was detected by a capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method. Surprisingly, the HA hexasaccharide, which is generally accepted to be the minimum substrate of BTH, was not a substrate of recombinant human PH-20 and Hyal-1. However, HA octasaccharide was converted efficiently by both enzymes, thus representing the minimum substrate for human PH-20 and Hyal-1. Additionally, BTH was shown to catabolize the HA hexasaccharide at pH 4.0 mainly by hydrolysis, while at pH 6.0 transglycosylation prevailed. Human PH-20 was found to catalyze both hydrolysis and transglycosylation of the HA octasaccharide. On the contrary, human Hyal-1 converted the HA octasaccharide mainly by hydrolysis with transglycosylation products occurring only at high substrate concentrations (> or = 500 microM). The differences between the hyaluronidase subtypes and isoenzymes were much more prominent than expected. Obviously, the different hyaluronidase subtypes have evolved into very specialized enzymes with respect to their catalytic mechanism of action.
Structural organization of the DR subregion of the human major histocompatibility complex. (1985)

Two clusters of overlapping cosmid and lambda phage clones comprising 205 kilobases (kb) have been isolated from the DR subregion of the human major histocompatibility complex from a DR4 haplotype. A single DR alpha and three DR beta genes were identified. In one cluster (135 kb), the DR alpha gene is 90 kb distant from the DR beta gene encoding a molecule that carries the MT3 serological specificity. In the second cluster (70 kb), the DR beta gene determining the DR4 specificity is located 22 kb apart from a DR beta pseudogene (DR beta psi). A 3- to 4-kb sequence located at the 5' end of the DR beta (MT3) gene is common to all three DR beta-chain genes. In addition, three more copies of this sequence are spaced between the DR alpha and the DR beta (MT3) genes in the first cluster and one of these, at least, is associated with a DR beta 1 exon, suggesting that additional genes could be encoded in this region and that multiple duplication events have led to its evolution.
Characterization of <i>Aspergillus niger</i> Pectate Lyase A<sup>,</sup> (2000)

The Aspergillus niger plyA gene encoding pectate lyase A (EC 4.2.99. 3) was cloned from a chromosomal lambda(EMBL4) library using the Aspergillus nidulans pectate lyase encoding gene [Dean, R. A., and Timberlake, W. E. (1989) Plant Cell 1, 275-284] as a probe. The plyA gene was overexpressed using a promoter fusion with the A. niger pyruvate kinase promoter. Purification of the recombinant pectate lyase A resulted in the identification of two enzyme forms of which one appeared to be N-glycosylated and the other appeared to be free of N-glycosylation. The two enzyme forms showed identical specific activities. The N-glycosylation free pectate lyase A was further characterized with respect to product formation on polygalacturonic acid (alpha-1,4 linked D-galacturonic acid) and mode of action on oligogalacturonides of degree of polymerization 2-8. The bond cleavage frequencies for tetra-, penta-, and hexagalacturonides were studied as a function of [CaCl(2)]. The bond cleavage frequencies changed in a [CaCl(2)]-dependent way for penta- and hexagalacturonide. Kinetic studies using tetra- and hexagalacturonide revealed a strong sigmoidal [CaCl(2)]-dependent relation. The role of Ca(2+) ions in substrate binding is discussed.
REITS GET AGGRESSIVE ABOUT DISTRIBUTION (2000)

SUBTITLE: IF YOUR REAL ESTATE SUPPLIER DOESN'T UNDERSTAND YOUR NEEDS AND ISN'T TAKING AN ACTIVE ROLE IN MEETING THEM, IT MIGHT BE TIME TO LOOK AROUND FOR SOMEONE WHO CAN.
Atopic Dermatitis and Asthma: Parallels in the Evolution of Treatment (2003)

The panel concluded that, on the basis of current information and evolving therapeutic options, a clear rationale exists to support AD guideline development. The many parallels between AD and asthma suggest that processes and approaches used for the asthma therapy guidelines would be appropriate for AD.
Intrahepatic (90)Y-microspheres for hepatocellular carcinoma. (2001)

TO THE EDITOR: 

We read with great interest the article by Dancey et al. ([1][1]). We are pleased to learn that there was a complete response among the 19 evaluable patients treated with intrahepatic 90Y-microspheres in their study, which confirms our suggestion that this form of treatment may
Influence of Fragrances on Human Psychophysiological Activity: With Special Reference to Human Electroencephalographic Response (2016)

The influence of fragrances such as perfumes and room fresheners on the psychophysiological activities of humans has been known for a long time, and its significance is gradually increasing in the medicinal and cosmetic industries. A fragrance consists of volatile chemicals with a molecular weight of less than 300 Da that humans perceive through the olfactory system. In humans, about 300 active olfactory receptor genes are devoted to detecting thousands of different fragrance molecules through a large family of olfactory receptors of a diverse protein sequence. The sense of smell plays an important role in the physiological effects of mood, stress, and working capacity. Electrophysiological studies have revealed that various fragrances affected spontaneous brain activities and cognitive functions, which are measured by an electroencephalograph (EEG). The EEG is a good temporal measure of responses in the central nervous system and it provides information about the physiological state of the brain both in health and disease. The EEG power spectrum is classified into different frequency bands such as delta (0.5-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-13 Hz), beta (13-30 Hz) and gamma (30-50 Hz), and each band is correlated with different features of brain states. A quantitative EEG uses computer software to provide the topographic mapping of the brain activity in frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital brain regions. It is well known that decreases of alpha and beta activities and increases of delta and theta activities are associated with brain pathology and general cognitive decline. In the last few decades, many scientific studies were conducted to investigate the effect of inhalation of aroma on human brain functions. The studies have suggested a significant role for olfactory stimulation in the alteration of cognition, mood, and social behavior. This review aims to evaluate the available literature regarding the influence of fragrances on the psychophysiological activities of humans with special reference to EEG changes.
The Three-Dimensional Bin Packing Problem (2000)

The problem addressed in this paper is that of orthogonally packing a given set of rectangular-shaped items into the minimum number of three-dimensional rectangular bins. The problem is strongly NP-hard and extremely difficult to solve in practice. Lower bounds are discussed, and it is proved that the asymptotic worst-case performance ratio of the continuous lower bound is 1/8. An exact algorithm for filling a single bin is developed, leading to the definition of an exact branch-and-bound algorithm for the three-dimensional bin packing problem, which also incorporates original approximation algorithms. Extensive computational results, involving instances with up to 90 items, are presented: It is shown that many instances can be solved to optimality within a reasonable time limit.
Increased Endothelin-1 Mrna Expression in Peripheral Blood Monocytes of Dialysis Patients (1997)

Dialysis itself did not significantly affect ET-1 mRNA levels in monocytes. Chronic stimulation of peripheral blood monocytes may be associated with higher levels of ET-1 mRNA and plasma ET-1 in HD patients than in CAPD patients.
Decay Lengths of Double-Layer Forces in Solutions of Partly Associated Ions (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteDecay Lengths of Double-Layer Forces in Solutions of Partly Associated IonsAysen Tulpar, Vivek Subramanian, and William DuckerView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 Cite this: Langmuir 2001, 17, 26, 8451–8454Publication Date (Web):November 27, 2001Publication History Received22 August 2000Revised17 September 2001Published online27 November 2001Published inissue 1 December 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la001216hhttps://doi.org/10.1021/la001216hbrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views362Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Dissociation,Electrolytes,Ions,Sodium dodecyl sulfate,Surfactants Get e-Alerts
A supervised learning neural network coprocessor for soft-decision maximum-likelihood decoding (1995)

A supervised learning neural network (SLNN) coprocessor which enhances the performance of a digital soft-decision Viterbi decoder used for forward error correction in a digital communication channel with either fading plus additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) or pure AWGN has been investigated and designed. The SLNN is designed to cooperate with a phase shift keying (PSK) demodulator, an automatic gain control (AGC) circuit, and a 3-bit quantizer which is an analog to digital convertor. It is trained to learn the best uniform quantization step-size Delta (BEST) as a function of the mean and the standard deviation of various sets of Gaussian distributed random variables. The channel cutoff rate (R(0)) of the channel is employed to determine the best quantization threshold step-size (Delta(BEST)) that results in the minimization of the Viterbi decoder output bit error rate (BER). For a digital communication system with a SLNN coprocessor, consistent and substantial BER performance improvements are observed. The performance improvement ranges from a minimum of 9% to a maximum of 25% for a pure AWGN channel and from a minimum of 25% to a maximum of 70% for a fading channel. This neural network coprocessor approach can be generalized and applied to any digital signal processing system to decrease the performance losses associated with quantization and/or signal instability.
Interleukin 6 is a differentiation factor for human megakaryocytes <i>in vitro</i> (1990)

The response of cells of the megakaryocytic lineage to interleukin 6 (IL6), a cytokine with multiple biological activities, was studied by adding the factor to human bone marrow (BM) cultures. IL6 alone had no effect on megakaryocytic colony formation in methylcellulose; however, in the presence of maximally stimulating concentrations of IL 3, almost a twofold increment in colony formation was observed. Tritiated thymidine suicide studies of BM incubated for 2 h with growth factors showed that almost one-half of megakaryocytic progenitors (CFU-Mk) preincubated with IL3 or IL3 plus IL6 were in S phase, whereas BM incubated with IL6 alone was similar to control (approximately 24% of CFU-Mk in S phase). When greater than or equal to 1 ng/ml of IL6 was added to liquid suspension cultures of BM, the size of individual megakaryocytes was significantly augmented compared with that seen in control cultures. Moreover, the DNA content of megakaryocytes grown in the presence of IL6 was increased (modal ploidy 16N) compared with cultures grown with IL3 (modal ploidy 8N). To determine if the effect of IL6 could be direct rather than mediated via accessory BM cells, the factor was added to cultures of isolated single megakaryocytes. Seventy-one percent of cells increased in diameter in the presence of IL6, while only 27% increased in size in the absence of the factor. The data show that IL6 is a direct maturation factor for human megakaryocytes, promoting increments in size and ploidy of these cells.
Rheumatoid arthritis synovial macrophages express the Fas-associated death domain-like interleukin-1?-converting enzyme-inhibitory protein and are refractory to Fas-mediated apoptosis (2001)

These data suggest that up-regulation of FLIP in RA macrophages may account for their persistence in the disease. Thus, the targeted suppression of FLIP may be a potential therapeutic strategy for the amelioration of RA.
Remote Sensing for Crop Management (2003)

with the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and various government agencies and private institutions have provided a great deal of fundamental information relating spectral reflectance and thermal emittance properties of soils and crops to their agronomic and biophysical characteristics. This knowledge has facilitated the development and use of various remote sensing methods for non-destructive monitor- ing of plant growth and development and for the detection of many environmental stresses which limit plant productivity. Coupled with rapid advances in computing and position- locating technologies, remote sensing from ground-, air-, and space-based platforms is now capable of providing detailed spatial and temporal information on plant response to their local environment that is needed for site specific agricultural management approaches. This manuscript, which empha- sizes contributions by ARS researchers, reviews the biophysi- cal basis of remote sensing; examines approaches that have been developed, refined, and tested for management of water, nutrients, and pests in agricultural crops; and as- sesses the role of remote sensing in yield prediction. It con- cludes with a discussion of challenges facing remote sens- ing in the future.
Performance evaluation of strategies for integration of elastic and stream traffic (1999)

This paper deals with the integration of `stream&amp;apos; traffic and `elastic&amp;apos; traffic in one single network, e.g. an ATM-based or an IP-based network. Here stream traffic refers to traffic with a certain bandwidth guarantee, whereas elastic traffic flows can adapt their rates to the link bandwidth left over by the stream flows. First, models are developed that describe different strategies for sharing link capacities between the stream and elastic flows. Then we give mathematical methods for obtaining performance measures, in particular call blocking probabilities and file transfer delays. Finally, these methods are used for assessing and comparing the efficiency gains achieved by the integration strategies.
Late-onset optic atrophy, ataxia, and myopathy associated with a mutation of a complex II gene (2000)

Genetic defects affecting the mitochondrial respiratory chain are an important cause of neurological disease. Previously, we identified a family with complex II deficiency and late-onset neurodegenerative disease with progressive optic atrophy, ataxia, and myopathy. The affected family members are now shown to carry a C-to-T transition in one allele of the nuclear gene encoding the flavoprotein subunit of complex II. Mutation of the equivalent base in Escherichia coli generates an inactive enzyme unable to bind flavin adenine dinucleotide covalently. Compatible with these findings, our patients have an approximate 50% decrease in complex II and succinate dehydrogenase activity. These results suggest that genetic defects of nuclear-encoded subunits of the mitochondrial respiratory chain can result in late-onset neurodegenerative disease.