gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Performance Comparison of DFT-Spread and Pre-Equalization for 8 × 244.2-Gb/s PDM-16QAM-OFDM (2014)

In this paper, we experimentally compared the performance of discrete-Fourier-transform spread (DFT-spread) and pre-equalization in a 244.2-Gb/s polarization-division-multiplexed 16-ary quadrature amplitude-modulation orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (PDM-16QAM-OFDM) transmission system. The pre-equalization is effective to overcome the high-frequency power attenuation in the channel. However, the acquisition of static channel response for pre-equalization is really complicated and the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the signal after pre-equalization even becomes a little higher. The DFT-spread can be applied to simultaneously resist high-frequency power attenuation and reduce the PAPR of OFDM signal. The experimental results also show that one band DFT-spread demonstrates the best narrow optical filtering tolerance. The transmission distance for 8 × 244.2-Gb/s wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) PDM-16QAM-OFDM at the soft-decision forward-error correction threshold of 2.4×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> is 2× 420 km based on pre-equalization, while extended to over 3×420 km based on one band DFT-spread, which well illustrates one band DFT-spread is more efficient for high-bandwidth coherent WDM-OFDM system.
Determination of Starch and Cellulose with Anthrone (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDetermination of Starch and Cellulose with AnthroneF. J. Viles, Jr. and Leslie SilvermanCite this: Anal. Chem. 1949, 21, 8, 950–953Publication Date (Print):August 13, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 13 August 1949https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60032a019https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60032a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2206Altmetric-Citations244LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Watching small molecules move: Interrogating ionic channels using neutral solutes (1995)

Whether they are small enough to wriggle through the current-carrying part of an ionic channel or big enough to be kept outside and thus able to exert an osmotic stress on the channel space, polymers interact with channels in several instructive ways. The osmotic stress of excluded polymers allows one to measure the number of water molecules that come out of the channel in transitions between various "open" to "closed" states. The loss of osmotic activity, due to the partial or completely unrestricted admission of small polymers becomes a measure of the transfer probabilities of polymers from solution to small cavities; it provides an opportunity to study polymer conformation in a perfectly sieved preparation. Current fluctuations due to the partial blockage by a transient polymer are converted into estimates of times of passage and diffusion constants of polymers in channels. These estimates show how a channel whose functional states last for milliseconds is able to average over the interactions with polymers, interactions that last only microseconds. One sees clearly that in this averaging, the macromolecular channel is large enough to react like a macroscopic object to the chemical potentials of the species that modulate its activity.
Dispersionless Phase Discontinuities for Controlling Light Propagation (2012)

Ultrathin metasurfaces consisting of a monolayer of subwavelength plasmonic resonators are capable of generating local abrupt phase changes and can be used for controlling the wavefront of electromagnetic waves. The phase change occurs for transmitted or reflected wave components whose polarization is orthogonal to that of a linearly polarized (LP) incident wave. As the phase shift relies on the resonant features of the plasmonic structures, it is in general wavelength-dependent. Here, we investigate the interaction of circularly polarized (CP) light at an interface composed of a dipole antenna array to create spatially varying abrupt phase discontinuities. The phase discontinuity is dispersionless, that is, it solely depends on the orientation of dipole antennas, but not their spectral response and the wavelength of incident light. By arranging the antennas in an array with a constant phase gradient along the interface, the phenomenon of broadband anomalous refraction is observed ranging from visible to near-infrared wavelengths. We further design and experimentally demonstrate an ultrathin phase gradient interface to generate a broadband optical vortex beam based on the above principle.
Testing HDR Image Rendering Algorithms (2004)

Eight high-dynamic-range image rendering algorithms were tested using ten high-dynamic-range pictorial images. A large-scale paired comparison psychophysical experiment was developed containing two sections, comparing the overall rendering performances and grayscale tone mapping performance respectively. An interval scale of preference was created to evaluate the rendering results. The results showed the consistency of tone-mapping performance with the overall rendering results, and illustrated that Durand and Dorsey's bilateral fast filtering technique and Reinhard's photographic tone reproduction have the best rendering performance overall. The goal of this experiment was to establish a sound testing and evaluation methodology based on psychophysical experiment results for future research on accuracy of rendering algorithms.
Perlecan is responsible for thrombospondin 1 binding on the cell surface of cultured porcine endothelial cells. (1997)

Thrombospondin 1 (TSP1), a high molecular weight glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix, interacts with glycosaminoglycan at the cell surface of porcine endothelial cells (Schön et al., Eur.J. Cell Biol. 59, 329-339 (1992)). In this study we identified and characterized the heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) responsible for TSP1 binding and uptake in endothelial cells and investigated some properties of the TSP1-proteoglycan interaction. Porcine endothelial cells synthesize proteoglycans containing heparan sulfate (HS) or chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS). CS/DS-containing compounds are present predominantly in the culture medium. On Sepharose CL-4B the cellular proteoglycan fraction yielded two HS-containing compounds with a Kav = 0.18 and Kav = 0.55. Only the larger HS-containing component was sensitive to alkaline treatment and was also found in the medium fraction. Trypsin treatment of endothelial cells revealed that the large HS-containing component represents a cell surface-associated proteoglycan, whereas the smaller fraction represents a pool of intracellular HS-chains. The cellular HSPG is partially localized at the apical cell surface but also incorporated and tightly bound to the subendothelial matrix. Deglycosylation of the high molecular weight HSPG resulted in the identification of a core protein of about 400 kDa. Using specific antibodies, in ELISA assays and in immunoblot analysis we observed that the large HSPG is identical to the extracellular matrix proteoglycan, perlecan. Immunohistochemical studies confirmed the location of perlecan on the apical cell surface and additionally as a dense fibrillar network surrounding the cells. Purified perlecan bound to TSP1 in a dose-dependent manner and the binding was mediated by its glycosaminoglycan side chains. In competition assays using various sulfated polysaccharides, heparin potently inhibited binding of perlecan to TSP1 immobilized on nitrocellulose. Dermatan sulfate was a less effective inhibitor. Calcium bound to TSP1 was found to influence its capacity for binding perlecan. The present data provide evidence that perlecan is required for binding and concentrating TSP1 at the apical surface of vascular endothelial cells during receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Quaternization of imidazoline: Unequivocal structure proof (1981)

Abstract Two structures are possible for the product of quaternization of an N‐alkylimidazoline, i.e., symmetrical and unsymmetrical. The literature employs both versions, with no unambiguous proof available for either. Proton and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy have been used in this work. The product of quaternization under neutral conditions is shown to be symmetrical. This can be easily rationalized on the basis of resonance stabilization caused by delocalization of the positive charge.
Cell Cycle Regulatory Proteins in the Liver in Murine <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> Infection (2006)

The liver is an important target of Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Infection of CD-1 mice with T. cruzi (Brazil strain) resulted in parasitism of the liver, primarily in sinusoidal and Kupffer cells. Immunoblot analysis revealed activation of extra cellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) during the acute and subacute period of infection, but p38 mitogen activated kinase (MAPK) and JNK were not activated. The activity of important cell cycle regulatory genes was also examined in the liver following infection. There was increased expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E and cyclin A as well as proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) at 45, 60 and 215 days post infection. In addition, the levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p27(KIP1), p21(WAF1) and the tumor suppressor p53 were increased in the livers obtained from infected mice. Quantitative PCR revealed increased abundance of mRNA for cyclins A, D1 and E. Interestingly, cyclin A and E are ordinarily not found in the adult liver. Thus infection caused a reversion to a fetal/neonatal phenotype. These data provide a molecular basis for cell proliferation in the liver following T. cruzi infection.
APOBEC3G enhances lymphoma cell radioresistance by promoting cytidine deaminase-dependent DNA repair (2012)

APOBEC3 proteins catalyze deamination of cytidines in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), providing innate protection against retroviral replication by inducing deleterious dC > dU hypermutation of replication intermediates. APOBEC3G expression is induced in mitogen-activated lymphocytes; however, no physiologic role related to lymphoid cell proliferation has yet to be determined. Moreover, whether APOBEC3G cytidine deaminase activity transcends to processing cellular genomic DNA is unknown. Here we show that lymphoma cells expressing high APOBEC3G levels display efficient repair of genomic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) induced by ionizing radiation and enhanced survival of irradiated cells. APOBEC3G transiently accumulated in the nucleus in response to ionizing radiation and was recruited to DSB repair foci. Consistent with a direct role in DSB repair, inhibition of APOBEC3G expression or deaminase activity resulted in deficient DSB repair, whereas reconstitution of APOBEC3G expression in leukemia cells enhanced DSB repair. APOBEC3G activity involved processing of DNA flanking a DSB in an integrated reporter cassette. Atomic force microscopy indicated that APOBEC3G multimers associate with ssDNA termini, triggering multimer disassembly to multiple catalytic units. These results identify APOBEC3G as a prosurvival factor in lymphoma cells, marking APOBEC3G as a potential target for sensitizing lymphoma to radiation therapy.
Apoptotic mechanisms in T47D and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells (2002)

To investigate the mechanisms underlying apoptosis in breast cancer cells, staurosporine was used as an apoptotic stimulus in the human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and T47D. Staurosporine induced dose and time dependent increases in DNA fragmentation which was abrogated by z-VAD-fmk. MCF-7 cells did not express caspase-3, suggesting that DNA fragmentation occurred in the absence of caspase-3 and that other caspases may be involved. Staurosporine induced DEVDase activity in T47D cells suggesting the involvement of caspase-3 and/or caspase-7, yet there was no DEVDase activity in MCF-7 cells, probably ruling out the involvement caspase-7. However, staurosporine induced the cleavage of pro-caspase-6 in MCF-7 cells, but not in T47D cells. Caspase dependent PARP cleavage was detected in MCF-7 cells at 3 h, whereas only partial PARP cleavage was detected in T47D cells and then only after 24 h. Moreover, staurosporine led to cytochrome c release at 2 h in MCF-7 cells and 6 h in T47D cells. In addition, a time dependent and caspase-independent reduction of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential was observed; which appeared to occur after the release of cytochrome c. Translocation of Bax from the cytosol to mitochondria was observed in both cell types, and this preceded cytochrome c release in both T47D and MCF-7 cells. Apoptotic events in both cell types differ temporally, involving activation of different caspases and mitochondrial changes.
The Impact of Think Through Math© Usage on Middle School Students’ Mathematics Achievement (2017)

Technology-based resources have become a popular supplement to mathematics instruction within K-12 schools. Recently, the state of Texas provided school districts with access to Think Through Math©, a web-based adaptive technology resource for mathematics instruction in Texas. At the time of this present study, no research independent of the provider of Think Through Math© was available. Guided by concepts that underlie Cognitive Load Theory and its application to technology-based supplemental resources for mathematics, the purpose of this study was to determine the impact of Think Through Math© usage on middle school students’ performance with state-mandated standardized assessments in mathematics. Using a quantitative research design, the researcher conducted a multiple regression analysis among 220 middle school students that used the Think Through Math© program during the 2015-2016 school year. Data were analyzed and suggested that usage of Think Through Math© with fidelity accounted for approximately 70% of variance in students’ performance on their standardized mathematics assessments. Additional analyses of the data revealed five statistically significant findings for associations between program usage and student performance on standardized mathematics assessments.
Efficacy of ethyl chloride as a local anesthetic for venipuncture and intravenous cannula insertion in a pediatric emergency department (2001)

RAMSOOK, CHRIS MD; KOZINETZ, CLAUDIA A. PhD, MPH; MORO-SUTHERLAND, DONNA MD Author Information
Primärer Verteilungsraum und Plasmahalbwertszeit von intravenös verabreichtem Insulin (1974)

Eine intravenös zugeführte Insulinmenge ist nach etwa 15 min in einem Volumen verteilt, das zahlenmäßig dem Extrazellulärvolumen entspricht [5, 6, 7]. Für bestimmte Fragestellungen ist es jedoch wichtig, das Volumen zu kennen, in welchem sich endogenes Insulin unmittelbar nach rascher Freisetzung bzw. Fremdinsulin unmittelbar nach bolusartiger Injektion verteilt. Wir haben daher aus dem Verlauf der arteriellen Insulinspiegel in den ersten 5 min nach Injektion einer Einheit nicht markierten Insulins diesen primären Verteilungsraum ermittelt. Größenmäßig ist dieser Verteilungsraum keinem der üblichen Flüssigkeitsräume des Körpers zuzuordnen. Seine Ermittlung ist aber eine Voraussetzung für die Berechnung der Insulininkretion in der frühen Phase.
Defending and Despairing: The Agony of Juvenile Defense (2006)

I believe there is no more important work than defending kids, especially those accused of serious crimes. The consequences of juvenile crime are increasingly severe, whether kids remain in the juvenile system or are prosecuted as adults. We lock up too many people in this country, many of whom are children. Surely, at the start of the twenty-first century - given our knowledge about the causes of juvenile delinquency and crime - we can do more than put troubled kids in cages. So, why not work with young offenders who are on their way to becoming adult clients, to try and alter that trajectory, to put them on a different path, to keep them from those cages? Why not devote myself to confronting the repressive and racist politics that propel our increasingly punitive juvenile justice system? The answer is not about personality or politics. It's about self- protection. My heart takes enough of a beating representing adults. Kids up the ante. The bleak future for many kids in the juvenile and criminal justice systems - no matter how devoted their lawyers - is heart-breaking. It can be almost unbearable.
Altered regulation of G1 cyclins in senescent human diploid fibroblasts: accumulation of inactive cyclin E-Cdk2 and cyclin D1-Cdk2 complexes. (1993)

Senescent human diploid fibroblasts are unable to enter S phase in response to mitogenic stimulation. One of the key deficiencies in mitogen-stimulated senescent cells is their failure to phosphorylate the retinoblastoma protein, which acts as an inhibitor of entry into S phase in its unphosphorylated form. Recent data suggest that cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) regulated by G1 cyclins (D type and E) are responsible for the primary phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein prior to the G1/S boundary. Surprisingly, we found 10- to 15-fold higher constitutive amounts of both cyclin E and cyclin D1 in senescent cells compared to quiescent early-passage cells. Nevertheless, cyclin E-associated kinase activity in senescent cells was very low and did not increase significantly upon mitogenic stimulation even though cyclin E-Cdk2 complexes were abundant. In contrast to early-passage cells in late G1 phase, senescent cells contained mainly underphosphorylated cyclin E and proportionally more unphosphorylated and inactive Cdk2, perhaps accounting for the low kinase activity. We also show that a majority of the Cdk2 in senescent cells, but not in early-passage cells, was complexed with cyclin D1. Cyclin D1-Cdk2 complexes, severalfold enriched in senescent cells, contained exclusively unphosphorylated Cdk2. Amounts of cyclin A, which ordinarily accumulates in S and G2 phases, were extremely low in stimulated senescent cells. We suggest that the failure to activate cyclin E-Cdk2 kinase activity in senescent cells may account for the inability of these cells to phosphorylate the retinoblastoma protein in late G1 phase, which in turn may block the expression of late G1 genes such as cyclin A that are required for entry into S phase.
An Evaluation of Open Source SURF Implementations (2011)

SURF (Speeded Up Robust Features) is a detector and descriptor of local scale- and rotation-invariant image features. By using integral images for image convolutions it is faster to compute than other state-of-the-art algorithms, yet produces comparable or even better results by means of repeatability, distinctiveness and robustness. A library implementing SURF is provided by the authors. However, it is closed-source and thus not suited as a basis for further research. Several open source implementations of the algorithm exist, yet it is unclear how well they realize the original algorithm. We have evaluated different SURF implementations written in C++ and compared the results to the original implementation. We have found that some implementations produce up to 33% lower repeatability and up to 44% lower maximum recall than the original implementation, while the implementation provided with the software Pan-o-matic produced almost identical results. We have extended the Pan-o-matic implementation to use multi-threading, resulting in an up to 5.1 times faster computation on an 8-core machine. We describe our comparison criteria and our ideas that lead to the speed-up. Our software is put into the public domain.
Immune thrombocytopenia in severe hemophilia A treated with high‐dose intravenous immunoglobulin (1986)

Five patients with severe hemophilia A receiving long-term treatment with commercial factor VIII concentrates developed severe immune thrombocytopenia (ITP, platelet counts less than 20 X 10(9)/l). Concomitantly, they presented with a marked elevation of serum IgG concentrations (mean, 2364 mg/dl;range, 1712-2954 mg/dl). In four patients, the T helper to suppressor cell ratio was below 1. Treatment with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IgG, 7s) at doses of 0.2g (n = 2) or 0.4g (n = 3) per kg of body weight on 5 consecutive days was effective immediately. The bleeding tendency ceased and platelet counts rose transiently. In three cases, treatment was repeatedly effective and patients underwent uneventful splenectomies. Thus, high-dose IgG therapy may serve as a life-saving agent in patients with severe hemophilia complicated by ITP.
Stabilization of Helical Domains in Short Peptides Using Hydrophobic Interactions (1995)

The contribution of hydrophobic interactions in the stabilization of helical structure was compared for a series of short peptides that incorporated two epsilon-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)Lys residues at various positions. Results showed that in aqueous/organic mixtures, methanol induced helical stability over a wider range and at higher concentration than trifluoroethanol (TFE); a similar degree of stability was seen in low mole fraction mixtures of TFE in water. Solvent mixture titrations in TFE/water demonstrated that helical stability was highest for the peptide having a pair of modified residues spaced by three other residues. Solvent mixture titrations in TFE/water appear to be useful in indicating the degree of hydrophobic stabilization.
A quasi-dense approach to surface reconstruction from uncalibrated images (2005)

This paper proposes a quasi-dense approach to 3D surface model acquisition from uncalibrated images. First, correspondence information and geometry are computed based on new quasi-dense point features that are resampled subpixel points from a disparity map. The quasi-dense approach gives more robust and accurate geometry estimations than the standard sparse approach. The robustness is measured as the success rate of full automatic geometry estimation with all involved parameters fixed. The accuracy is measured by a fast gauge-free uncertainty estimation algorithm. The quasi-dense approach also works for more largely separated images than the sparse approach, therefore, it requires fewer images for modeling. More importantly, the quasidense approach delivers a high density of reconstructed 3D points on which a surface representation can be reconstructed. This fills the gap of insufficiency of the sparse approach for surface reconstruction, essential for modeling and visualization applications. Second, surface reconstruction methods from the given quasi-dense geometry are also developed. The algorithm optimizes new unified functionals integrating both 3D quasi-dense points and 2D image information, including silhouettes. Combining both 3D data and 2D images is more robust than the existing methods using only 2D information or only 3D data. An efficient bounded regularization method is proposed to implement the surface evolution by level-set methods. Its properties are discussed and proven for some cases. As a whole, a complete automatic and practical system of 3D modeling from raw images captured by hand-held cameras to surface representation is proposed. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superior performance of the quasi-dense approach with respect to the standard sparse approach in robustness, accuracy, and applicability.