gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Parvovirus B19 (2004)

Parvovirus B19 is the cause of fifth disease in children and can trigger transient arthropathy in adults. It can also provoke transient aplastic crises in patients with sickle cell disease or other chronic hemolytic anemias and cause pure red-cell aplasia. This article reviews the features of the virus, the host response to it, and ways of preventing and treating the infection.
PD‐L1 expression on tolerogenic APCs is controlled by STAT‐3 (2010)

During infection, TLR agonists are released and trigger mature as well as differentiating innate immune cells. Early encounter with TLR agonists (R848; LPS) blocks conventional differentiation of CD14(+) monocytes into immature dendritic cells (iDCs) resulting in a deviated phenotype. We and others characterized these APCs (TLR-APC) by a retained expression of CD14 and a lack of CD1a. Here, we show in addition, expression of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1). TLR-APCs failed to induce T-cell proliferation and furthermore were able to induce CD25(+) Foxp3(+) T regulatory cells (Tregs). Since PD-L1 is described as a key negative regulator and inducer of tolerance, we further analyzed its regulation. PD-L1 expression was regulated in a MAPK/cytokine/STAT-3-dependent manner: high levels of IL-6 and IL-10 that signal via STAT-3 were produced by TLR-APCs. Blocking of STAT-3 activation prevented PD-L1 expression. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed direct binding of STAT-3 to the PD-L1 promoter. Those findings indicate a pivotal role of STAT-3 in regulating PD-L1 expression. MAPKs were indirectly engaged, as blocking of p38 and p44/42 MAPKs decreased IL-6 and IL-10 thus reducing STAT-3 activation and subsequent PD-L1 expression. Hence, during DC differentiation TLR agonists induce a STAT-3-mediated expression of PD-L1 and favor the development of tolerogenic APCs.
Intestinal absorption of .BETA.-alanine, anserine and carnosine in rats. (1976)

Absorption beta-alanine, anserine or carnosine from rat intestine was studied in vivo by a force feeding method and in vitro using an everted sac method. Possibility of anserine and carnosine hydrolysis prior to intestinal absorption was also investigated using a glycylleucine dipeptidase-containing fraction prepared from rat intestine. The following results were obtained. 1) Anserine and carnosine were absorbed as they were from rat small intestine. 2) Both anserine and carnosine were partially hydrolyzed in vitro by the glycylleucine dipeptidase-containing fraction. Carnosine was hydrolyzed faster than anserine. The above rather conflicting results suggest that physiological amounts of anserine and carnosine might be absorbed from rat small intestine in dipeptide forms.
Stable isotope-free relative and absolute quantitation of protein phosphorylation stoichiometry by MS (2005)

Qualitative and quantitative information are crucial to a detailed understanding of the function of protein phosphorylation. MS is now becoming a quantitative approach to analyze protein phosphorylation. All methods that have been described either require the elaborate/expensive use of stable isotopes to compare a limited number of samples or do not provide phosphorylation stoichiometries. Here, we present stable isotope-free MS strategies that allow relative and absolute quantitation of phosphorylation stoichiometries. By using the developed methods, we can normalize to robustly account for run-to-run variations and variations in amounts of starting material. This procedure monitors the unmodified proteolytic peptides derived from the protein of interest and identifies peptides that are suitable for normalization purposes. Also, we can determine changes in phosphorylation stoichiometry by monitoring the changes in the normalized ion currents of the phosphopeptide(s) of interest. Absolute phosphorylation stoichiometry are measured by monitoring the ion currents of a phosphopeptide and its unmodified cognate as the signal intensity changes of both peptide species are correlated. The method is applicable to multiply phosphorylated species (for which one more sample with varying phosphorylation stoichiometry than number of phosphorylation sites is required to correct for the differences in the ionization/detection efficiencies of the phosphopeptide, its partially phosphorylated and unphosphorylated cognates). Last, we can quantitate species with ragged ends resulting from incomplete proteolysis and measure phosphorylation stoichiometries of single samples by controlled dephosphorylation. These approaches were validated and subsequently applied to the phosphorylation of the yeast transcription factor Pho4.
Trends and Issues (2018)

Quality in higher education is important and is taken as axiomatic. What is more difficult is the task of making any meaningful generalizations about trends and issues. Increasingly institutions are expected to make a contribution to economic, social and cultural progress. This issue has both a conceptual and a practical dimension. The traditional view is associated with distinctiveness, something special or 'high class'. The variant often uses excellence interchangeably with quality, which it sees either as high standards or zero defects. It is about excelling in input and output: if the best students are lectured by Nobel Prize winners, the results may well be excellent. The variation dilutes the notion of excellence, focusing rather on the definition of a 'quality product' as one that has passed a series of quality checks. These checks are based on attainable criteria that are designed to reject 'defective' items.
Scandium Aminopyridinates: Synthesis, Structure and Isoprene Polymerization (2009)

Abstract Alkane elimination reactions of [Sc(CH 2 SiMe 3 ) 3 (thf) 2 ] or [Sc(CH 2 Ph) 3 (thf) 3 ] with aminopyridines ( 1a = (2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐[6‐(2,4,6‐triisopropylphenyl)pyridin‐2‐yl]amine, 1b = [6‐(2,4,6‐triisopropylphenyl)pyridin‐2‐yl]‐(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)amine, 1c = (2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐[6‐(2,6‐dimethylphenyl)pyridin‐2‐yl]amine) led to selective formation of dialkyl complexes of scandium stabilized by one aminopyridinato (Ap) ligand. The reaction of these compounds with anilinium borate leads to the elimination of one of the two alkyl functions and affords organoscandium cations. The amine elimination reaction of [Sc{N(SiHMe 2 ) 2 } 3 (thf)] with the aminopyridine 1a yields the corresponding mono(aminopyridinato) complex. Single‐crystal X‐ray analyses were carried out for [Ap*Sc(CH 2 Ph) 2 (thf)] ( 3a ), [Ap*Sc(CH 2 Ph)(thf) 3 ][B(C 6 H 5 ) 4 ] ( 4a ) and [Ap*Sc{N(SiHMe 2 ) 2 } 2 ] ( 6a ) (Ap*‐H = 1a ). The aminopyridinato‐stabilized dialkylscandium complexes [ApScR 2 (thf)] (R = CH 2 SiMe 3 , CH 2 Ph) are initiators for controlled 3,4‐selective isoprene polymerization after activation with perfluorinated tetraphenyl borates. Variation of the polymerization temperature as well as the addition of different alkylaluminium compounds influence the microstructure of the obtained polymer. Bis(dimethylsilyl)amides of scandium polymerize isoprene in the presence of anilinium borate and alkylaluminium compounds with high cis ‐1,4‐selectivity. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
IL-17 Production Is Dominated by γδ T Cells rather than CD4 T Cells during <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Infection (2006)

IL-17 is a cytokine produced by T cells in response to IL-23. Recent data support a new subset of CD4 Th cells distinct from Th1 or Th2 cells that produce IL-17 and may contribute to inflammation. In this study, we demonstrate that, in naive mice, as well as during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, IL-17 production is primarily from gammadelta T cells and other non-CD4(+)CD8(+) cells, rather than CD4 T cells. The production of IL-17 by these cells is stimulated by IL-23 alone, and strongly induced by the cytokines, including IL-23, produced by M. tuberculosis-infected dendritic cells. IL-23 is present in the lungs early in infection and the IL-17-producing cells, such as gammadelta T cells, may represent a central innate protective response to pulmonary infection.
Homeostatic Action of Adenosine A<sub>3</sub>and A<sub>1</sub>Receptor Agonists on Proliferation of Hematopoietic Precursor Cells (2008)

Two adenosine receptor agonists, N6-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (IB-MECA) and N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), which selectively activate adenosine A3 and A1 receptors, respectively, were tested for their ability to influence proliferation of granulocytic and erythroid cells in femoral bone marrow of mice using morphological criteria. Agonists were given intraperitoneally to mice in repeated isomolar doses of 200 nmol/kg. Three variants of experiments were performed to investigate the action of the agonists under normal resting state of mice and in phases of cell depletion and subsequent regeneration after treatment with the cytotoxic drug 5-fluorouracil. In the case of granulopoiesis, IB-MECA 1) increased by a moderate but significant level proliferation of cells under normal resting state; 2) strongly increased proliferation of cells in the cell depletion phase; but 3) did not influence cell proliferation in the regeneration phase. CPA did not influence cell proliferation under normal resting state and in the cell depletion phase, but strongly suppressed the overshooting cell proliferation in the regeneration phase. The stimulatory effect of IB-MECA on cell proliferation of erythroid cells was observed only when this agonist was administered during the cell depletion phase. CPA did not modulate erythroid proliferation in any of the functional states investigated, probably due to the lower demand for cell production as compared with granulopoiesis. The results indicate opposite effects of the two adenosine receptor agonists on proliferation of hematopoietic cells and suggest the plasticity and homeostatic role of the adenosine receptor expression.
The changing face of dairy starter culture research: From genomics to economics (2010)

Dairy starter culture research is currently moving through an exciting period which increasingly uses state‐of‐the‐art functional genomics overlaid on traditional microbiology. To date, 25 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) genomes have been sequenced, most of which are genetically pliable using food‐grade approaches. An in‐depth knowledge of intricate metabolic networks of industrial strains will provide us with a repertoire of genetic markers for ‘knowledge‐based’ selection of desirable LAB and expansion of molecular tools for potential strain improvement. This review explores the significance of the genomics era for dairy cultures and discusses future directions which will ultimately change how we interpret starter performance.
Splenic Artery Embolization Using Contour Emboli Before Laparoscopic or Laparoscopically Assisted Splenectomy (2002)

The present study assessed preoperative splenic artery embolization using spherical embolic material, super absorbent polymer microspheres (SAP-MS), before laparoscopic or laparoscopically assisted splenectomy. Distal splenic artery embolization using 250 to 400 microm SAP-MS was performed in nine cases with ITP and in seven cases with the other diseases with splenomegaly. Laparoscopic or laparoscopically assisted splenectomies, including a hand-assisted procedure and the procedure involving left upper minilaparotomy, were done 2 to 4 hours after embolization. Conversion to traditional laparotomy was not required in any of the 16 cases, while conversion to 12-cm laparotomy was required in one case with massive splenomegaly. Mean operating time was 161 minutes, and mean intraoperative blood loss was 290 mL. No major postoperative complications were identified, and only one patient reported postembolic pain before surgery. Preoperative splenic artery embolization using painless embolic material, SAP-MS, would be effective for easy and safe laparoscopic or laparoscopically assisted splenectomy.
Alterations in the structure of proteins that cause their irreversible inactivation. (1992)

A variety of changes in environmental conditions (temperature, pH, salts, solvents, etc.) can cause protein inactivation. However, the mechanisms of irreversible protein inactivation often follow common pathways. Using heat stress as an example, the conformational and covalent processes leading to the irreversible thermo-inactivation of enzymes will be described. In particular, work in our laboratory has identified several chemical reactions which contribute to enzyme thermo-inactivation: cystine destruction, thiol-catalysed disulfide interchange, oxidation of cysteine residues, deamidation of asparagine and glutamine residues, and hydrolysis of peptide bonds at aspartic acid residues. Implications of this work for the stability of proteins during, and following, the lyophilization process will be addressed.
Effect of <i>N</i>-methylation and chain length on kinetic constants of trypsin substrates. ε-<i>N</i>-Methyllysine and homolysine derivatives as substrates (1970)

The action of trypsin on the following amino acid derivatives has been investigated: the ethyl esters of ε-N-mono-, ε-N-di-, and ε-N-tri-methyl-L-lysine; the ethyl esters of the homologues of lysine and arginine; the methyl ester and amide of the α-N-benzoyl-DL-homolysine; the methyl esters and amides of the α-N-benzoyl derivatives of ε-N-di- and ε-N-tri-methyllysine; and poly ε-N-methyllysine. Derivatives of L-ornithine, DL-2,8-diaminooctanoic acid, ε-N-dimethyl-, ε-N-trimethyl-, and ε-N-formyl-L-lysine were not substrates of trypsin. ε-N-Dimethyl-L-lysine derivatives did not inhibit the action of trypsin on a specific substrate. DL-Homolysine derivatives were hydrolyzed with k cat 's one to two orders of magnitude lower than those of lysine derivatives, but their K m 's were only 1.5–3 times higher. ε-N-Methyl-L-lysine derivatives were hydrolyzed at rates similar to those for DL-homolysine derivatives, and had K m 's 25–115 times those of lysine derivatives. Plots of K m and k cat /K m versus side-chain length of the substrate for the ethyl esters of all the homologues of lysine and arginine indicated a correlation between these kinetic constants and side-chain length, and that the best substrate would have a side-chain length between those of lysine and arginine. Poly-ε-N-methyl-L-lysine was degraded to small peptides by trypsin.
The efficacy of current vaccines and novel Nanobody-based antivirals against highly pathogenic rabies and lyssaviruses (2010)

The results indicated that in a diabetic ob/ob mouse model TGCG was endowed with significant anti-hyperglycemic and anti-obesity properties. Therefore, the total ginsenosides extracted from Chinese ginseng leaves and the stem may have some potential for treating diabetes.
Carbon Nanotube Driver Circuit for 6 × 6 Organic Light Emitting Diode Display (2015)

Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) is expected to be a very promising material for flexible and transparent driver circuits for active matrix organic light emitting diode (AM OLED) displays due to its high field-effect mobility, excellent current carrying capacity, optical transparency and mechanical flexibility. Although there have been several publications about SWNT driver circuits, none of them have shown static and dynamic images with the AM OLED displays. Here we report on the first successful chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown SWNT network thin film transistor (TFT) driver circuits for static and dynamic AM OLED displays with 6 × 6 pixels. The high device mobility of ~45 cm(2)V(-1)s(-1) and the high channel current on/off ratio of ~10(5) of the SWNT-TFTs fully guarantee the control capability to the OLED pixels. Our results suggest that SWNT-TFTs are promising backplane building blocks for future OLED displays.
Infusion of Reconstituted High-Density Lipoprotein Leads to Acute Changes in Human Atherosclerotic Plaque (2008)

Studies have shown a reduction in plaque volume and change in plaque ultrasound characteristics after 4 infusions of reconstituted high-density lipoprotein (rHDL). Whether rHDL infusion leads to acute changes in plaque characteristics in humans is not known. Patients with claudication scheduled for percutaneous superficial femoral artery revascularization were randomized to receive 1 intravenous infusion of either placebo or rHDL (80 mg/kg given over 4 hours). Five to 7 days following the infusion, patients returned and revascularization was performed including atherectomy to excise plaque from the superficial femoral artery. Twenty patients (17 males) average age, 68+/-10 years (mean+/-SD) were recruited. Eleven patients had a history of documented coronary artery disease, all patients were on aspirin, and 18 were on statins. Ten of the patients received rHDL and 10 placebo. There was significantly less vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression (28+/-3% versus 50+/-3%; P<0.05) and a reduction in lipid content in the plaque of HDL-treated subjects compared to placebo. The level of HDL cholesterol increased by 20% after infusion of rHDL and the capacity of apolipoprotein B-depleted plasma to support cholesterol efflux increased. Intravenous infusion of a single dose of reconstituted HDL led to acute changes in plaque characteristics with a reduction in lipid content, macrophage size, and measures of inflammation. These changes may contribute to the cardioprotective effects of HDL.
Learning the Image Processing Pipeline (2017)

Many creative ideas are being proposed for image sensor designs, and these may be useful in applications ranging from consumer photography to computer vision. To understand and evaluate each new design, we must create a corresponding image processing pipeline that transforms the sensor data into a form, that is appropriate for the application. The need to design and optimize these pipelines is time-consuming and costly. We explain a method that combines machine learning and image systems simulation that automates the pipeline design. The approach is based on a new way of thinking of the image processing pipeline as a large collection of local linear filters. We illustrate how the method has been used to design pipelines for novel sensor architectures in consumer photography applications.
Control of the Arabinose Regulon in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> by AraR In Vivo: Crucial Roles of Operators, Cooperativity, and DNA Looping (2001)

The proteins involved in the utilization of L-arabinose by Bacillus subtilis are encoded by the araABDLMNPQ-abfA metabolic operon and by the araE/araR divergent unit. Transcription from the ara operon, araE transport gene, and araR regulatory gene is induced by L-arabinose and negatively controlled by AraR. The purified AraR protein binds cooperatively to two in-phase operators within the araABDLMNPQ-abfA (OR(A1) and OR(A2)) and araE (OR(E1) and OR(E2)) promoters and noncooperatively to a single operator in the araR (OR(R3)) promoter region. Here, we have investigated how AraR controls transcription from the ara regulon in vivo. A deletion analysis of the ara promoters region showed that the five AraR binding sites are the key cis-acting regulatory elements of their corresponding genes. Furthermore, OR(E1)-OR(E2) and OR(R3) are auxiliary operators for the autoregulation of araR and the repression of araE, respectively. Analysis of mutations designed to prevent cooperative binding of AraR showed that in vivo repression of the ara operon requires communication between repressor molecules bound to two properly spaced operators. This communication implicates the formation of a small loop by the intervening DNA. In an in vitro transcription system, AraR alone sufficed to abolish transcription from the araABDLMNPQ-abfA operon and araE promoters, strongly suggesting that it is the major protein involved in the repression mechanism of L-arabinose-inducible expression in vivo. The ara regulon is an example of how the architecture of the promoters is adapted to respond to the particular characteristics of the system, resulting in a tight and flexible control.
Hydrogels from 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate and propylene glycol monoacrylate (1965)

Abstract Hydrophilic three‐dimensional polymer networks (hydrogels) were prepared from 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and propylene glycol monacrylate (PGMA). By wet crosslinking, hydrogels which maintain their original shape and volume relatively well, compared with the dry‐cross‐linked polymer networks, were obtained. The maximum amount of water which can be maintained in transparent hydrogels depends on the hydrophilicity of the monomers, e. g., about 40% for HEMA gels, about 50% for PGMA gels, and 40–50% for HEMA–PGMA copolymer gels depending on the monomer composition. When the water content exceeds this maximum in transparent gels (homogeneous hydrogels), they become opaque and/or spongy (heterogeneous hydrogels). Effects of the amount of crosslinking agent and the initial dilution of the monomer solution upon the swelling behavior of hydrogels were investigated. The temperature dependence of the swelling of these hydrogels and the water permeation through them were also studied.
High frequency transcutaneous transmission using stents configured as a dipole radiator for cardiovascular implantable devices (2009)

In this work we explore the use of stents as radiating structures to support transcutaneous wireless telemetry. Stents are well established Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved structures with a matured surgical delivery technique. Incorporating stents with a miniature implantable sensory device allows for internal monitoring of nearly any location within the cardiovascular system. We assembled an implantable stent-based transmitter by integrating a 2.4 GHz wireless transmitter, battery, and two stents configured as a dipole radiator. The radiative properties of the dipole stents was quantified through free space, ex vivo experiments on excised tissue, and in vivo studies on porcine subjects. The in vivo results from various receive distances (10 cm to 1 m) showed a 33–35 dB power reduction while implanted at a 3.5 cm depth within the chest. This validates the ability of using stents to wirelessly transmit data from deep within a living body.
The residual blood content of meat—A review (1977)

Abstract There seems to be no unequivocal experimental evidence to support the widely held view that the efficiency of bleeding out of slaughter animals affects the eating or keeping qualities of meat. Neither are the effects of different slaughter procedures on bleeding efficiency clear, due partly to confusion over the relationship between the residual blood content of meat and the amount of blood lost at slaughter and partly to differences in the methodology used by various authors. As yet no really accurate and specific technique for determining whole blood in meat has been described.
Compatibilization of Blends of Crystallizable Polybutadiene Isomers by Precipitation and by Addition of Amorphous Diblock Copolymer (1991)

Abstract : A brief summary of the research on compatibilized polymer blends is presented. Of particular significance is the model system of crystallizable polybutadiene isomers: trans 1,4 polybutadiene and syndiotactic 1,2 polybutadiene. Appropriate blending procedures, rapid precipitation from solvent (sometimes in the presence of an amorphous 1,4/1,2 polybutadiene block copolymer) led to a family of blends with attractive mechanical behavior.
Full inverse scattering vs. Born-like approximation for imaging in a stratified ocean (2002)

This Oceans 93 paper describes full nonlinear inversion that gives quantitative reconstructions of submerged and/or buried objects with the aid of a layered Greens function. The computational speed is preserved by use of Fast Fourier Transforms and stabilized biconjugate gradients, for both the homogeneous background and layered background case.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>