gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation and properties of polyurethane networks based on α,ω‐difunctional poly(hexafluoropropylene oxide) (1995)

Abstract Poly(hexafluoropropylene oxide), poly(HFPO), networks were prepared from functional polymers by end linking via urethane groups. The prepolymers were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and GPC. The networks were characterized by determination of the number of network chains from the shear modulus, and were snown to contain both trifunctional crosslinks and difunctional links. The properties of the networks were investigated by a range of techniques. Compared with fully‐fluorinated networks formed via triazine cross‐links, investigated previously, the urethane‐linked networks were more readily prepared but were poorer elastomers, were less thermally stable, and were less resistant to swelling by common polar solvents. © 1995 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Chinese democracy: The lessons of failure (1993)

China's experiments with democracy in this century were few in number, short in duration, and limited in their democratic characteristics. Democratic institutions malfunctioned in numerous ways. Nine sets of causes for the failure of Chinese democracy can be suggested: ideology, internal and external war, military intervention, Chinese political culture, underdevelopment, a peasant mass, flaws in the design of Chinese constitutions, moral failures by democratic politicians, or the lack of transactional benefits for military‐based elites in the process of democratic transition. Each of these factors is reviewed critically with an eye to its possible lessons.
A glass-disk-laser amplifier (1973)

The details of the analysis, design, and operation of a Nd-glass-disk-laser amplifier which has been constructed at the Naval Research Laboratory are presented. Gain and fluorescence measurements have been compared to theoretical predictions; these show that 0.6-J/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> energy storage is achieved in the disk (assuming a cross section of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3.0 \times 10^{-20}</tex> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ). The effects of unsuppressed parasitic oscillations are demonstrated and an effective method of preventing their occurrence is shown. The disk amplifier has demonstrated 320-J output in a 1-ns pulse with 110-J input.
Recent progress of high power 14XXnm pump lasers (2001)

High power pump lasers in wavelength range from 1400 to 1520 nm, namely 14XX nm lasers, are heavily demanded for Raman amplification as well as existing Erbium doped fiber (EDF) amplification in recent Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) optical communication networks. We achieved the record highest optical power output 14XX nm pump laser of 400 mW at the single mode fiber end as a production level. Rollover fiber coupled power was over 500 mW for this device. The pump laser module with newly designed package operated up to the case temperature of 75 °C, and laser chip temperature of 25 °C (AT=50 °C). This is the first demonstration at the operating case temperature as high as 75 degree C with 400 mW optical power output range of 14XX nm pump laser module. The technical challenge for higher optical power output operation is how to minimize the heat-generation from the laser chip. For this purpose, we investigated two different design parameters: the operating power consumption and the operating current of the laser. We found that the former parameter is more effective design goal than the latter one, in order to realize both high optical power output operation and long term reliability performances. We also showed that the reliability performance in 14XX nm lasers is not dependent on the facet optical power output, but dominated by the junction temperature at the active region of the lasers.
Experimental myocarditis induced by two different coxsackievirus B3 variants: Aspects of pathogenesis and comparison of diagnostic methods (1995)

The ability of two coxsackievirus B3 (CBV3) variants to induce myocarditis in BALB/c mice was studied and plaque-forming assay, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry were compared for detecting viruses and viral components in the myocardium. The virological findings were related to histopathologic and ultrastructural changes in the myocardium. CBV3-W induced severe myocarditis characterized by massive myocyte necrosis. Widely distributed myocyte damage clearly preceded modest inflammatory infiltrates in the myocardium. In contrast, CBV3-M1 induced mild myocardial injury. Both variants caused fulminant pancreatitis with nearly complete necrosis of the exocrine pancreas. CBV3 RNA was identified by PCR in the myocardium of CBV3-W-infected mice until the end of the follow-up period of 14 days. Moreover, semiquantitative results were obtained when the PCR/hybridization results were analyzed by a phosphor imaging system. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization from formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens were highly similar in detecting viral components during the early stages of the myocardial injury. The results indicate that: (i) direct viral damage plays an essential role in acute murine CBV3-induced myocarditis, (ii) PCR appears a useful and sensitive diagnostic method in acute myocarditis, and (iii) immunohistochemistry as a specific and relatively rapid method might be practicable also in studying the early stages of acute myocarditis from archival clinical material.
Fast implementations of algebraic methods for three-dimensional reconstruction from cone-beam data (1999)

The prime motivation of this work is to devise techniques that make the algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) and related methods more efficient for routine clinical use, while not compromising their accuracy. Since most of the computational effort of ART is spent for projection/backprojection operations, we first seek to optimize the projection algorithm. Existing projection algorithms are surveyed and it is found that these algorithms either lack accuracy or speed, or are not suitable for cone-beam reconstruction. We hence devise a new and more accurate extension to the splatting algorithm, a well-known voxel-driven projection method. We also describe a new three-dimensional (3-D) ray-driven projector that is considerably faster than the voxel-driven projector and, at the same time, more accurate and perfectly suited for the demands of cone beam. We then devise caching schemes for both ART and simultaneous ART (SART), which minimize the number of redundant computations for projection and backprojection and, at the same time, are very memory conscious. We find that with caching, the cost for an ART projection/backprojection operation can be reduced to the equivalent cost of 1.12 projections. We also find that SART, due to its image-based volume correction scheme, is considerably harder to accelerate with caching. Implementations of the algorithms yield run-time ratios TSART/TART between 1.5 and 1.15, depending on the amount of caching used.
Estimation of power dissipation in CMOS combinational circuits using Boolean function manipulation (1992)

It is shown that a simplified model of power dissipation relates maximizing dissipation to maximizing gate output activity, appropriately weighted to account for differing load capacitances. To find the input or input sequence that minimizes the weighted activity, algorithms are given for transforming the problem to a weighted max-satisfiability problem, and exact and approximate algorithms for solving weighted max-satisfiability are presented. Algorithms for constructing the max-satisfiability problem for both dynamic and static CMOS, where for the latter dissipation caused by glitching is considered, are presented. The authors present efficient exact and approximate methods for solving weighted max-satisfiability and show that these methods are viable for large-scale problems through examination of experimental results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Basal cell carcinomas in mice arise from hair follicle stem cells and multiple epithelial progenitor populations (2011)

Uncontrolled Hedgehog (Hh) signaling leads to the development of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the most common human cancer, but the cell of origin for BCC is unclear. While Hh pathway dysregulation is common to essentially all BCCs, there exist multiple histological subtypes, including superficial and nodular variants, raising the possibility that morphologically distinct BCCs may arise from different cellular compartments in skin. Here we have shown that induction of a major mediator of Hh signaling, GLI2 activator (GLI2ΔN), selectively in stem cells of resting hair follicles in mice, induced nodular BCC development from a small subset of cells in the lower bulge and secondary hair germ compartments. Tumorigenesis was markedly accelerated when GLI2ΔN was induced in growing hair follicles. In contrast, induction of GLI2ΔN in epidermis led to the formation of superficial BCCs. Expression of GLI2ΔN at reduced levels in mice yielded lesions resembling basaloid follicular hamartomas, which have previously been linked to low-level Hh signaling in both mice and humans. Our data show that the cell of origin, tissue context (quiescent versus growing hair follicles), and level of oncogenic signaling can determine the phenotype of Hh/Gli-driven skin tumors, with high-level signaling required for development of superficial BCC-like tumors from interfollicular epidermis and nodular BCC-like tumors from hair follicle stem cells.
Structural Analysis of Glycosaminoglycans inDrosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans and Demonstration That tout-velu, a Drosophila Gene Related to EXT Tumor Suppressors, Affects Heparan Sulfate in Vivo (2000)

We have devised a sensitive method for the isolation and structural analysis of glycosaminoglycans from two genetically tractable model organisms, the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, and the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. We detected chondroitin/chondroitin sulfate- and heparan sulfate-derived disaccharides in both organisms. Chondroitinase digestion of glycosaminoglycans from adult Drosophila produced both nonsulfated and 4-O-sulfated unsaturated disaccharides, whereas only unsulfated forms were detected in C. elegans. Heparin lyases released disaccharides bearing N-, 2-O-, and 6-O-sulfated species, including mono-, di-, and trisulfated forms. We observed tissue- and stage-specific differences in both chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate composition in Drosophila. We have also applied these methods toward the analysis of tout-velu, an EXT-related gene in Drosophila that controls the tissue distribution of the growth factor Hedgehog. The proteins encoded by the vertebrate tumor suppressor genes EXT1 and 2, show heparan sulfate co-polymerase activity, and it has been proposed that tout-velu affects Hedgehog activity via its role in heparan sulfate biosynthesis. Analysis of total glycosaminoglycans from tout-velu mutant larvae show marked reductions in heparan sulfate but not chondroitin sulfate, consistent with its proposed function as a heparan sulfate co-polymerase.
Dispersions of Aramid Nanofibers: A New Nanoscale Building Block (2011)

Stable dispersions of nanofibers are virtually unknown for synthetic polymers. They can complement analogous dispersions of inorganic components, such as nanoparticles, nanowires, nanosheets, etc. as a fundamental component of a toolset for design of nanostructures and metamaterials via numerous solvent-based processing methods. As such, strong flexible polymeric nanofibers are very desirable for the effective utilization within composites of nanoscale inorganic components such as nanowires, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and others. Here stable dispersions of uniform high-aspect-ratio aramid nanofibers (ANFs) with diameters between 3 and 30 nm and up to 10 μm in length were successfully obtained. Unlike the traditional approaches based on polymerization of monomers, they are made by controlled dissolution of standard macroscale form of the aramid polymer, that is, well-known Kevlar threads, and revealed distinct morphological features similar to carbon nanotubes. ANFs are successfully processed into films using layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly as one of the potential methods of preparation of composites from ANFs. The resultant films are transparent and highly temperature resilient. They also display enhanced mechanical characteristics making ANF films highly desirable as protective coatings, ultrastrong membranes, as well as building blocks of other high performance materials in place of or in combination with carbon nanotubes.
Fetal Neural Grafts and Repair of the Injured Spinal Cord (1995)

Solid or suspension grafts of fetal spinal cord (FSC), caudal brainstem (FBSt), neocortex (FNCx) or a combination of either FSC/FNCx or FSC/FBSt were placed into cavities produced by static loading (i.e., compression) of the spinal cord of adult cats two to 30 weeks after injury. Extensively vascularized, viable graft tissue was found in all animals with the exception of two cats which showed active rejection of their transplants. Surviving grafts showed many immature characteristics 6-9 weeks after transplantation. However, by 20-30 weeks, FSC and FBSt grafts were more mature. Grafts integrated with the host gray and white matter and neuritic processes from both host and graft were seen crossing the host-graft interface. Host calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactive axons could be traced into FSC and FBSt grafts. A more restricted ingrowth of host serotonin (5-HT)-like immunoreactive fibers was seen in FSC grafts. Our results suggest that the capacity of homotypic transplants to promote recovery of function is greater than heterotypic transplants. Additionally, it appears that the functional capacity of the graft depends upon graft survival, the time interval between injury and transplantation, and whether or not the lesion cavity was debrided prior to grafting.
First-principles calculations of diffusion coefficients: Hydrogen in silicon (1990)

Existing calculations of diffusion coefficients in solids have so far relied on empirical potentials and/or dynamical simulations, both of which entail important limitations. We present a practical approach that is based on rate theory and allows the calculation of temperature-dependent diffusion coefficients from static first-principles calculations. Results for hydrogen in silicon are in excellent agreement with recent first-principles dynamical calculations at high temperatures and with experiment. They further elucidate the nature of diffusion pathways and anharmonic effects.
Evaluation of Equalization Methods for Binaural Signals (2009)

The most demanding test criterion for the quality of binaural simulations of acoustical environments is whether they can be perceptually distinguished from a real sound field. If the simulation provides natural interacting and sufficient spatial resolution, differences are predominantly perceived in terms of spectral distortions due to a non-perfect equalization of the transfer functions of the recording and reproduction systems (dummy head microphones, head-phones). In order to evaluate different compensation methods, several headphone transfer functions were measured on a dummy head. Based upon these measurements, the performance of different inverse filtering techniques re-implemented from literature was evaluated using auditory measures for spectral differences. Additionally, an ABC/HR listening test was conducted, using two different headphones and two different audio stimuli (pink noise, acoustical guitar). In the listening test, a real loudspeaker was directly compared to a binaural simulation with high spatial resolution, which was compensated using seven different equalization methods.
Small bowel bacterial overgrowth as a cause of chronic diarrhea after liver transplantation in children (1998)

Children who have undergone liver transplantation may develop chronic diarrhea for a number of reasons. Three children who underwent liver transplantation for liver failure, all of whom had had previous biliary and intestinal surgeries and whose postoperative course was marked by signs and symptoms of intestinal malabsorption including chronic diarrhea, are described. Duodenal aspirates showed a panoply of bacterial species, and duodenal histology featured villus atrophy in two: one associated with luminal gram-positive cocci and another with acute and chronic duodenitis. Oral antibiotics cleared the symptoms. Small bowel bacterial overgrowth may need to be considered in children with chronic diarrhea after liver transplantation, especially when previous intestinal surgery has taken place. Long-term antibiotic therapy may be required to effectively eradicate the offending organisms to suppress symptoms.
Internalization of Activated Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor-Phosphatidylinositol-3' Kinase Complexes: Potential Interactions with the Microtubule Cytoskeleton (1993)

Phosphatidylinositol (PI)-3' kinase catalyzes the formation of PI 3,4-diphosphate and PI 3,4,5-triphosphate in response to stimulation of cells by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Here we report that tyrosine-phosphorylated PDGF receptors, the p85 subunit of PI-3' kinase (p85), and activated PI-3' kinase are found in isolated clathrin-coated vesicles within 2 min of exposure of cells to PDGF, indicating that both receptor and activated PI-3' kinase enter the endocytic pathway. Immunofluorescence analysis of p85 in serum-starved cells revealed a punctate/reticular staining pattern, concentrated in the perinuclear region and displaying high focal concentration at the centrosome. In addition, partial coalignment of p85 with microtubules was observed after optical sectioning microscopy and image reconstruction. The association of p85 with the microtubule network was further evidenced by the microtubule-depolymerizing drug nocodazole, which caused a redistribution of p85 from the perinuclear region to the cell periphery. Interestingly, the most significant effect of PDGF on the distribution of p85 was an increase in the staining intensity of this protein in the perinuclear region, and this effect was eliminated by prior treatment of cells with nocodazole. These results suggest that PDGF receptor-p85 complexes internalize and transit in association with the microtubule cytoskeleton. In addition, the high concentration of p85 in intracellular structures in the absence of PDGF stimulation suggests additional roles for this protein independent of its association with receptor tyrosine kinases.
A framework for creating customized multi-modal interfaces for XML documents (2002)

The eXtensible Markup Language (XML) is emerging as a new way to store and communicate data. Even though its primary application is as the future of the World Wide Web, it can be used in a variety of situations to structure electronic data. As XML becomes ubiquitous, there is a need to develop tools to allow users to view, navigate, and modify the underlying XML data via a high-level, multi-modal interface. Moreover, because XML can be used in a variety of situations, the tools must allow a user to access the data via non-traditional interfaces. The Web, eCommerce, and digital classrooms are all possible applications for XML. The paper presents a framework for developing multi-modal tools to view, navigate, and modify XML structures.
Regulation of NO Synthesis, Local Inflammation, and Innate Immunity to Pathogens by BET Family Proteins (2013)

Transcriptional activation of the Nos2 gene, encoding inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), during infection or inflammation requires coordinate assembly of an initiation complex by the transcription factors NF-κB and type I interferon-activated ISGF3. Here we show that infection of macrophages with the intracellular bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes caused binding of the BET proteins Brd2, Brd3, and, most prominently, Brd4 to the Nos2 promoter and that a profound reduction of Nos2 expression occurred in the presence of the BET inhibitor JQ1. RNA polymerase activity at the Nos2 gene was regulated through Brd-mediated C-terminal domain (CTD) phosphorylation at serine 5. Underscoring the critical importance of Brd for the regulation of immune responses, application of JQ1 reduced NO production in mice infected with L. monocytogenes, as well as innate resistance to L. monocytogenes and influenza virus. In a murine model of inflammatory disease, JQ1 treatment increased the colitogenic activity of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). The data presented in our study suggest that BET protein inhibition in a clinical setting poses the risk of altering the innate immune response to infectious or inflammatory challenge.
Passive, Adaptive and Active Tuned Vibration Absorbers—A Survey (1995)

An overview of the recent development of tuned vibration absorbers (TVAs) for vibration and noise suppression is presented. The paper summarizes some popular theory for analysis and optimal tuning of these devices, discusses various design configurations, and presents some contemporary applications of passive TVAs. Furthermore, the paper also presents a brief discussion on the recent progress of adaptive and semi-active TVAs along with their on-line tuning strategies, and active and hybrid fail-safe TVAs.
Sequence specificity of the non-natural pyrido[2,3-<i>d</i>]pyrimidine nucleoside in triple helix formation (1994)

The non-natural pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine nucleoside F, which pairs preferentially with guanine (G) and adenine (A) within double-helical DNA, recognizes with high selectivity AT base pairs within triple-helical complexes. These observations suggest that F may exist in different tautomeric forms within double-helical and triple-helical complexes. Analysis of the base stacking properties of this extended ring system using two oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing terminal thymines and/or pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines bound to adjacent sites showed a decrease in free energy of binding in a triple-helical complex in the order (5'-3') TT > FT > TF > FF.
Deep architectures for Neural Machine Translation (2017)

It has been shown that increasing model depth improves the quality of neural machine translation.
Biodegradable film derived from chitosan and homogenized cellulose (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBiodegradable film derived from chitosan and homogenized celluloseJun Hosokawa, Masashi Nishiyama, Kazutoshi Yoshihara, and Takamasa KuboCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1990, 29, 5, 800–805Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie00101a015https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00101a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1031Altmetric-Citations90LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts