gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mode of action of linear amphipathic α‐helical antimicrobial peptides (1998)

The increasing resistance of bacteria to conventional antibiotics resulted in a strong effort to develop antimicrobial compounds with new mechanisms of action. Antimicrobial peptides seem to be a promising solution to this problem. Many studies aimed at understanding their mode of action were described in the past few years. The most studied group includes the linear, mostly α-helical peptides. Although the exact mechanism by which they kill bacteria is not clearly understood, it has been shown that peptide–lipid interactions leading to membrane permeation play a role in their activity. Membrane permeation by amphipathic α-helical peptides can proceed via either one of the two mechanisms: (a) transmembrane pore formation via a "barrel-stave" mechanism; and (b) membrane destruction/solubilization via a "carpet-like" mechanism. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent studies aimed at understanding the mode of action of linear α-helical antimicrobial peptides. This review, which is focused on magainins, cecropins, and dermaseptins as representatives of the amphipathic α-helical antimicrobial peptides, supports the carpet-like rather the barrel-stave mechanism. That these peptides vary with regard to their length, amino acid composition, and net positive charge, but act via a common mechanism, may imply that other linear antimicrobial peptides that share the same properties also share the same mechanism. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 47: 451–463, 1998
The estrogen receptor locus is associated with a major gene influencing litter size in pigs. (1996)

Identification of individual major genes affecting quantitative traits in livestock species has been limited to date. By using a candidate gene approach and a divergent breed cross involving the Chinese Meishan pig, we have shown that a specific allele of the estrogen receptor (ER) locus is associated with increased litter size. Female pigs from synthetic lines with a 50% Meishan background that were homozygous for this beneficial allele produced 2.3 more pigs in first parities and 1.5 more pigs averaged over all parities than females from the same synthetic lines and homozygous for the undesirable allele. This beneficial ER allele was also found in pigs with Large White breed ancestory. Analysis of females with Large White breed background showed an advantage for females homozygous for the beneficial allele as compared to females homozygous for the other allele of more than 1 total pig born. Analyses of growth performance test records detected no significant unfavorable associations of the beneficial allele with growth and developmental traits. Mapping of the ER gene demonstrated that the closest known genes or markers were 3 centimorgans from ER. To our knowledge, one of these, superoxide dismutase gene (SOD2), was mapped for the first time in the pig. Analysis of ER and these linked markers indicated that ER is the best predictor of litter size differences. Introgression of the beneficial allele into commercial pig breeding lines, in which the allele was not present, and marker-assisted selection for the beneficial allele in lines with Meishan and Large White background have begun.
Cellular response to tissue hypoxia and its involvement in disease progression (2005)

Multicellular organisms show adaptive reactions for their survival when they are exposed to an atmosphere with reduced oxygen concentration. These reactions include increase in respiratory volume, switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism, erythropoiesis and angiogenesis. For these reactions, cells must change the expression of several hypoxia-responsive molecules such as erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor. Hypoxia-responsible element (HRE) was delineated in the genes of hypoxia-responsive molecules as the sequence indispensable for their hypoxia-induced transcriptional activation, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) was identified as a transcriptional factor that binds to HRE and regulates the expression of various hypoxia-responsive molecules. Increasing evidence has revealed that HIF-1 is a key molecule regulating the cellular response to tissue hypoxia. HIF-1 is composed of two subunits, HIF-1alpha and HIF-1beta, and HIF-1 activity depends mainly on the intracellular level of HIF-1alpha protein, which is regulated to be in inverse relation to the oxygen concentration by an oxygen-dependent enzyme, prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2). Thus, cells respond to tissue hypoxia by sensing the oxygen concentration as the enzyme activity of PHD2, regulating the HIF-1 activity and consequently changing the expression of various hypoxia-responsive molecules. Cellular response controlled by hypoxia-HIF-1 cascade is also involved in pathological situations such as solid tumor growth, diabetic retinopathy and rheumatoid arthritis. Under these pathological situations, the activation of hypoxia-HIF-1 cascade often leads to the acceleration of disease progression. Understanding an aspect of disease progression triggered by tissue hypoxia might provide a clue to new therapeutic strategies for intractable diseases.
Characterization, Modeling, and Application of 10-kV SiC MOSFET (2008)

Ten-kilovolt SiC MOSFETs are currently under development by a number of organizations in the United States, with the aim of enabling their applications in high-voltage high-frequency power conversions. The aim of this paper is to obtain the key device characteristics of SiC MOSFETs so that their realistic application prospect can be provided. In particular, the emphasis is on obtaining their losses in various operation conditions from the extensive characterization study and a proposed behavioral SPICE model. Using the validated MOSFET SPICE model, a 20-kHz 370-W dc/dc boost converter based on a 10-kV 4H-SiC DMOSFET and diodes is designed and experimentally demonstrated. In the steady state of the boost converter, the total power loss in the 15.45-mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> SiC MOSFET is 23.6 W for the input power of 428 W. The characterization study of the experimental SiC MOSFET and the experiment of the SiC MOSFET-based boost converter indicate that the turn-on losses of SiC MOSFETs are the dominant factors in determining their maximum operation frequency in hard-switched circuits with conventional thermal management. Replacing a 10-kV SiC PiN diode with a 10-kV SiC JBS diode as a boost diode and using a small external gate resistor, the turn-on loss of the SiC MOSFET can be reduced, and the 10-kV 5-A SiC MOSFET-based boost converter is predicted to be capable of a 20-kHz operation with a 5-kV dc output voltage and a 1.25-kW output power by the PSpice simulation with the MOSFET model. The low losses and fast switching speed of 10-kV SiC MOSFETs shown in the characterization study and the preliminary demonstration of the boost converter make them attractive in high-frequency high-voltage power-conversion applications.
Extraction of Translation Equivalents from Parallel Corpora. (1998)

In the past much effort was devoted to the compilation of multi-lingual parallel corpora for the purpose of linguistic information retrieval. This paper aims to introduce and evaluate three simple strategies for the extraction of translation equivalents from structured parallel texts. The goal is to support the production of bilingual dictionaries for domain-specific applications. The approaches
Role of the IGF-I receptor in mutagenesis and tumor promotion (1997)

Introduction The insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptor is a transmembrane protein tyrosine kinase which mediates the biological effects of IGF-I (LeRoith et al. 1995, Nissley &amp; Lopaczynski 1991) and most of the actions of insulinlike growth factor-II (IGF-II). Binding of IGF-I to the IGF-I receptor results in receptor autophosphorylation, phosphorylation of intracellular substrates and activation of specific signaling processes involved in growth regulation and differentiation (Lowe 1991). The role of the IGF-I receptor in normal mammalian development is exemplified by the work of Efstratiadis and co–workers on mice that carried a null mutation for the IGF-I receptor gene (Baker et al. 1993, Liu et al. 1993 c ). The growth in utero of these mice is severely inhibited and the mice die immediately after birth. Fibroblasts derived from these mice cannot grow in IGF-I-supplemented serum-free medium whereas mouse fibroblasts with functional IGF–I receptors are capable of growth (Sell et al. 1994), suggesting
A Novel Sustained Vector Technique for the Detection of Hardware Trojans (2009)

Intentional tampering in the internal circuit structure by implanting Trojans can result in disastrous operational consequences. While a faulty manufacturing leads to a nonfunctional device, effect of an external implant can be far more detrimental. Therefore, effective detection and diagnosis of such maligned ICs in the post silicon testing phase is imperative, if the parts are intended to be used in mission critical applications. We propose a novel sustained vector methodology that proves to be very effective in detecting the presence of a Trojan in an IC. Each vector is repeated multiple times at the input of both the genuine and the Trojan circuits that ensures the reduction of extraneous toggles within the genuine circuit. Regions showing wide variations in the power behavior are analyzed to isolate the infected gate(s). Experimental results on ISCAS benchmark circuits show that this approach can magnify the behavioral difference between a genuine and infected IC up to thirty times as compared to the previous approaches.
Routing questions to appropriate answerers in community question answering services (2010)

Community Question Answering (CQA) service provides a platform for increasing number of users to ask and answer for their own needs but unanswered questions still exist within a fixed period. To address this, the paper aims to route questions to the right answerers who have a top rank in accordance of their previous answering performance. In order to rank the answerers, we propose a framework called Question Routing (QR) which consists of four phases: (1) performance profiling, (2) expertise estimation, (3) availability estimation, and (4) answerer ranking. Applying the framework, we conduct experiments with Yahoo! Answers dataset and the results demonstrate that on average each of 1,713 testing questions obtains at least one answer if it is routed to the top 20 ranked answerers.
Analysis of Blink-Induced Vertical Motion of Contact Lenses (1987)

This report discusses blink-induced vertical motion of contact lenses as measured with a slit lamp. The motion seen this way represents the displacement of the lens from its position just before a blink to its position immediately after the blink. Motion amplitudes reported in the literature will be discussed in the context of a hypothesis which seeks to account for lens motion by taking into consideration the post-lens tear film characteristics, the diameter of the lens, and the geometry of the anterior segment of the eye.
Behavior-modifying chemicals for insect management : applications of pheromones and other attractants (1990)

Presenting an authoritative overview of current findings on pheromone applications, this reference reviews the principles involved in employing these compounds, their chemistry, and delivery systems for efficient use. In addition, it provides case studies of current and potential practical applicati
Microelectromechanical tuneable filters with 0.47nm linewidth and 70 nm tuning range (1998)

Microelectromechanical filters were fabricated by selective oxidation of AlAs layers in a GaAlAs/AlAs Fabry-Perot structure and by removing the GaAs sacrificial layer. The device exhibits a 3 dB linewidth of 0.47 nm, a tuning range of more than 70 nm and &lt; 1 dB insertion loss. The structure exhibits frequency response of 500 KHz at a 3 dB cutoff point.
Design of quadrature mirror filters with linear phase in the frequency domain (1992)

The design of quadrature mirror filter (QMF) banks whose analysis and synthesis filters have linear phase is considered. Because the design problem in the frequency domain is a highly nonlinear optimization problem, a linearization technique is proposed. An analytical solution formula is obtained, leading to a very efficient procedure. Computer simulations show that the design technique achieves better results in fewer iterations than conventional approaches when starting at the same preset initial guess. Moreover, the technique produces almost the same good results in six iterations if it starts at a better initial guess compared to the preset initial guess. By incorporating the technique with a weighted least squares, (WLS) algorithm, the design of QMF banks whose overall reconstruction error is minimized in the minimax sense over the entire frequency band is facilitated. Computer simulations for illustration and comparison are provided.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Lipoprotein-28, a cytoplasmic membrane lipoprotein from Escherichia coli. Cloning, DNA sequence, and expression of its gene. (1986)

Escherichia coli contains several lipoproteins in addition to the major outer membrane lipoprotein (Ichihara, S., Hussain, M., and Mizushima, S. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 3125-3129). We cloned the gene for one of these new lipoproteins by using a synthetic 15-mer oligonucleotide probe identical to the DNA sequence at the signal peptide cleavage site of the major lipoprotein. The DNA sequence of the cloned gene revealed an open reading frame encoding a 272-amino acid protein with a signal peptide of 23 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence of the putative cleavage site region of the signal peptide, -Leu-Leu-Ala-Gly-Cys-, is identical to that of the major lipoprotein. When the cloned gene was expressed in E. coli, a gene product with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 29,000 was identified which agrees well with the calculated molecular weight (27,800). The product was labeled with [3H]glycerol, and a precursor molecule of increased molecular weight was accumulated when cells were treated with globomycin, a specific inhibitor for prolipoprotein signal peptidase. We thus designed the gene product as lipoprotein-28. Unlike the major lipoprotein, lipoprotein-28 was found to be localized in the cytoplasmic membrane. A possible orientation of lipoprotein-28 in the E. coli envelope is discussed.
Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Victims of Violent Crime (1999)

This exploratory study provides evidence for the internal coherence of the new acute stress disorder diagnosis and for the symptom thresholds proposed in DSM-IV. As predicted, acute stress disorder was a strong predictor of later PTSD, but similar predictive power may be possible by using simpler criteria.
Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Swine Naturally Infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (2003)

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was detected and localized in 15 pigs with naturally occurring pleuropneumonia using a 437–base pair digoxigenin-labeled cDNA probe in an in situ hybridization protocol. Histopathologic changes in the acute stage were characterized by coagulative necrosis of lung parenchyma, hemorrhage, vascular thrombosis, edema, fibrin deposition, and infiltration of lung parenchyma by neutrophils and alveolar macrophages in nine pigs. In chronic lesions, a thick layer of granulation tissue surrounded foci of pulmonary necrosis in six pigs. All 15 pigs infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, confirmed by bacterial isolation, had distinct positive hybridization signals for COX-2 in bronchial, bronchiolar epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, and type I pneumocytes. COX-2 expression was detected primarily in neutrophils from pigs with acute lesions and primarily in alveolar macrophages from pigs with chronic lesions. The results suggest that a prostanoid product of COX-2 is an important component of the inflammatory response to acute and chronic A. pleuropneumoniae infection.
CD27-CD70 interactions sensitise naive CD4+ T cells for IL-12-induced Th1 cell development (2007)

Stimulation of CD27, a member of the tumour necrosis factor receptor family, by its ligand CD70 induces expansion of IFNgamma secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vivo. We here analysed the mechanisms through which CD27 mediates this effect. CD27 co-stimulation induced cell division but did not directly instruct naive CD4+ T cells to differentiate into IFNgamma-producing Th1 cells. Rather, in concert with signals delivered through the TCR-CD3 complex, CD27 co-stimulation enhanced the Th1-specific transcription factor T-bet and caused up-regulation of the IL-12Rbeta2 chain. Consequently, CD27-costimulated T cells yielded vast numbers of IFNgamma-secreting cells in response to IL-12. Additionally, CD27 ligation induced a strong up-regulation of Bcl-xL, but not of related anti-apoptotic molecules. Thus, CD27-CD70 interactions may promote Th1 formation by permitting naive T cells to respond to differentiation signals and by promoting survival of activated effector T cells.
Nucleoside hydrolase from Crithidia fasciculata. Metabolic role, purification, specificity, and kinetic mechanism. (1991)

Crithidia fasciculata cells grown on complex medium with added [8-14C, 5'-3H]inosine or [8-14C,5'-3H]adenosine metabolize greater than 50% of the salvaged nucleosides through a pathway involving N-glycoside bond cleavage. Cell extracts contain a substantial nucleoside hydrolase activity but an insignificant purine nucleoside phosphorylase. The nucleoside hydrolase has been purified 1000-fold to greater than 99% homogeneity from kilogram quantities of C. fasciculata. The enzyme is a tetramer of Mr 34,000 subunits to give an apparent holoenzyme Mr of 143,000 by gel filtration. All of the commonly occurring nucleosides are substrates. The Km values vary from 0.38 to 4.7 mM with purine nucleosides binding more tightly than the pyrimidines. Values of Vmax/Km vary from 3.4 x 10(3) M-1 s-1 to 1.7 x 10(5) M-1 s-1 with the pyrimidine nucleosides giving the larger values. The turnover rate for inosine is 32 s-1 at 30 degrees C. The kinetic mechanism with inosine as substrate is rapid equilibrium with random product release. The hydrolytic reaction can be reversed to give an experimental Keq of 106 M with H2O taken as unity. The product dissociation constants for ribose and hypoxanthine are 0.7 and 6.2 mM, respectively. Deoxynucleosides or 5'-substituted nucleosides are poor substrates or do not react, and are poor inhibitors of the enzyme. The enzyme discriminates against methanol attack from solvent during steady-state catalysis, indicating the participation of an enzyme-directed water nucleophile. The pH profile for inosine hydrolysis gives two apparent pKa values of 6.1 with decreasing Vmax/Km values below the pKa and a plateau at higher pH values. These effects are due to the pH sensitivity of the Vmax values, since Km is independent of pH. The pH profile implicates two negatively charged groups which stabilize a transition state with oxycarbonium character.
Fixation of Amine Copper Preservatives. Part 1. Reaction of Vanillin, a Lignin Model Compound with Monoethanolamine Copper Sulphate Solution (2001)

Summary The fixation reaction of copper-ethanolamine preservatives in wood was studied using the reaction between vanillin, a lignin model compound, and ethanolamine-copper sulphate solution. The green compound precipitated after the reaction has been characterized spectroscopically as di(ethanolamine)-bis (vanillinato)dicopper(II); [Cu(vanillin) (ethanolamine)] 2 . Single crystal X-ray crystallographic studies showed that the crystals of [Cu(vanillin)(ethanolamine)]2 are triclinic with the space group P1 with a = 9.1271(7), b = 10.8723(9), c = 6.360(1) Å, α = 97.08(1), β = 100.63(1), and γ = 110.024(7)°. Z = 1. The binuclear molecule has crystallographic inversion symmetry. The ligand arrangement around the Cu(II) is a distorted square based pyramid, with a base plane made up of two oxygen atoms from the ethanolamine ligands, one oxygen atom from a hydroxyl group in vanillin and one nitrogen atom from ethanolamine. Two Cu-O [1.916(2) and 1.950(5) Å], one Cu-O (hydroxyl) [1.926(4) Å] and one Cu-N [1.999(3) Å] bonds form a plane with Cu-O (methoxyl) [2.303(2) Å] bond in an axial direction at an angle 77 ° to the plane. The result suggests that after treatment with copper-ethanolamine wood preservatives, stable copper-nitrogen-lignin complexes can be formed through reaction with guaiacyl units in lignin.
Fluorinated Peroxides (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFluorinated PeroxidesHideo SawadaView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Nara National College of Technology, Yamatokoriyama, Nara 639-11, JapanCite this: Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 5, 1779–1808Publication Date (Web):August 1, 1996Publication History Received9 November 1995Revised21 March 1996Published online1 August 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr9411482https://doi.org/10.1021/cr9411482research-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2016Altmetric-Citations194LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Aromatic compounds,Oligomers,Organic compounds,Organic reactions,Oxides Get e-Alerts
Hybrid Amplifier Configuration of C-band EDFA and Distributed Raman Amplifier with Temperature Insensitive Gain Profile (2002)

The temperature dependence of C-band EDFA gain spectrum was compensated passively by using distributed Raman amplifier with reverse temperature dependence. Gain flatness variation less than 0.14 dBp-p has been achieved from -5 to 65 degrees Celsius