gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advanced transient waveform digitizers (2003)

A series of multi-channel transient waveform digitization integrated circuits with up to 5 GHz sample rates and parallel 10-bit digitization has been designed, tested, and fabricated in large quantities. The current CMOS circuit uses four arrays of 128 fast switched capacitors per channel to record four parallel analog transient inputs. Triggering and clocking is provided by a current-mode adjustable asynchronous active delay line that uses look-ahead to generate 128 4-way interleaved clocks without the need for external high-speed clocking. After transient capture, each channel is fed into 128 parallel 10-bit analog to digital converters for fast, channel-parallel digitization, followed by digital readout. The fast triggering and waveform capture, channel-parallel digitization and convenient word-parallel digital readout results in a responsive and low dead-time system. Acquisition sample rates range from ~50 kHz to ~3 GHz. Analog input bandwidth is approximately 350 MHz. Fixed-pattern spatial noise, after on-chip digitization, is equivalent to ~5 mV RMS. Temporal noise is typically equivalent to ~1 mV RMS, for a signal to noise ratio of ~2,500:1, RMS. This integrated circuit, the "Analog Transient Waveform Digitizer," has been successfully used to instrument the AMANDA and KamLAND neutrino physics experiments, and has been selected for use in the IceCube neutrino observatory. Current efforts to improve this technology will yield larger array sizes, sample rates in excess of 10 GHz, analog bandwidth exceeding 1 GHz, higher conversion rates, lower dead-time, greater uniformity and enhanced flexibility and ease of use.
Optimization of a silica supported bis(butylcyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride catalyst for ethylene polymerization (1999)

A series of heterogeneous α-olefin polymerization catalysts were prepared by the immobilization of bis(butylcyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichloride, (nBuCp)2ZrCl2, on a commercial silica support (Grace 948) using different procedures. The preparation parameters, namely, silica activation temperature, grafting temperature, grafting time, and solvent, were evaluated in terms of metal content on silica and ethylene homopolymerization activity. Metal contents were determined by Rutherford back-scattering spectrometry (RBS). In the temperature activation range between 373 and 723 K, silica surface saturation in Zr was found to be around 0.34 wt.-% Zr/SiO2. However, polymer polydispersity is shown to decrease with increasing support activation temperature. A better control in the generation of the active surface species was achieved with thermal pretreatment temperatures close to 723 K. The grafting reaction was seen to be immediate. Longer grafting times or higher temperatures bore deactivated species. Practically all the systems were active in ethylene polymerization in the presence of MAO, but the highest yield was obtained after grafting at 353 K for 1 h in toluene solution, employing silica pretreated at 723 K.
Cannabinoid Delivery Systems for Pain and Inflammation Treatment (2018)

There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that cannabinoids are beneficial for a range of clinical conditions, including pain, inflammation, epilepsy, sleep disorders, the symptoms of multiple sclerosis, anorexia, schizophrenia and other conditions. The transformation of cannabinoids from herbal preparations into highly regulated prescription drugs is therefore progressing rapidly. The development of such drugs requires well-controlled clinical trials to be carried out in order to objectively establish therapeutic efficacy, dose ranges and safety. The low oral bioavailability of cannabinoids has led to feasible methods of administration, such as the transdermal route, intranasal administration and transmucosal adsorption, being proposed. The highly lipophilic nature of cannabinoids means that they are seen as suitable candidates for advanced nanosized drug delivery systems, which can be applied via a range of routes. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery strategies have flourished in several therapeutic fields in recent years and numerous drugs have reached the market. This review explores the most recent developments, from preclinical to advanced clinical trials, in the cannabinoid delivery field, and focuses particularly on pain and inflammation treatment. Likely future directions are also considered and reported.
&lt;title&gt;Progress On The Holographic Movie Process In The USSR&lt;/title&gt; (1977)

This paper is abstracted from a much longer paper read at the Seminar on 3D Film and Television, at Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1-2 April 1977. The complete version, which will be published in those Proceedings next year, includes a description of the &quot;Stereo-70&quot; system and a thorough mathematical analysis of the optical properties of high-efficiency holograms, showing that they are indeed useful for 3D projections. The final sections, included here, describe the underlying concepts and optical principles of the holographic cinematography system. They have been slightly edited for clarity. The editor is indebted to Prof. J.D. Tierney, of Concordia University, for assistance in compiling the manuscript. (S.A. Benton, editor).
The Effect of Rigidity on Fracture Healing in External Fixation (1989)

Knowledge of the basic biomechanics of external fixation is necessary to obtain the full benefits of the technique for bone fracture treatment. The rigidity of external fixation, including pin-bone interface stresses, is discussed and bone healing and remodeling under different fixation stiffnesses and fracture gap conditions are described. The rigidity of fixation ultimately depends on the biomechanical characteristics of the fracture, the accuracy of reduction, and the amount of physiologic loading. Comparative experiments using a canine tibial fracture model have suggested that fixation rigidity is important in early bone healing and in the prevention of pin loosening. Bone union can be achieved under external fixation through different pathways, ranging from callus-free gap healing under a rigid neutralization configuration to direct-contact healing with periosteal new bone formation under axially dynamized stable fixation. Cortical reconstruction by secondary osteons seems to be important for the ultimate strength of the bone union.
Somatic Mutaome Profile in Human Cancer Tissues (2013)

Somatic mutation is a major cause of cancer progression and varied responses of tumors against anticancer agents. Thus, we must obtain and characterize genome-wide mutational profiles in individual cancer subtypes. The Cancer Genome Atlas database includes large amounts of sequencing and omics data generated from diverse human cancer tissues. In the present study, we integrated and analyzed the exome sequencing data from ~3,000 tissue samples and summarized the major mutant genes in each of the diverse cancer subtypes and stages. Mutations were observed in most human genes (~23,000 genes) with low frequency from an analysis of 11 major cancer subtypes. The majority of tissue samples harbored 20-80 different mutant genes, on average. Lung cancer samples showed a greater number of mutations in diverse genes than other cancer subtypes. Only a few genes were mutated with over 5% frequency in tissue samples. Interestingly, mutation frequency was generally similar between non-metastatic and metastastic samples in most cancer subtypes. Among the 12 major mutations, the TP53, USH2A, TTN, and MUC16 genes were found to be frequent in most cancer types, while BRAF, FRG1B, PBRM1, and VHL showed lineage-specific mutation patterns. The present study provides a useful resource to understand the broad spectrum of mutation frequencies in various cancer types.
3D general lesion segmentation in CT (2008)

This paper describes a general purpose algorithm to segment any kind of lesions in CT images. The algorithm expects a click or a stroke inside the lesion from the user and learns gray level properties on the fly. It then uses the random walker algorithm and combines multiple 2D segmentation results to produce the final 3D segmentation of the lesion. Quantitative evaluation on 293 lesions demonstrates that the method is ready for clinical use.
Effect of culture conditions on the structure of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 19A(57) capsular polysaccharide (1987)

The structural modifications and immunochemical activities of several Streptococcus pneumoniae type 19A polysaccharide (PS) preparations have been studied by sugar compositional analysis and immunodiffusion. The 19A PS preparations Lab-A-1 and Lab-A-3 and one PS isolated from 19A strain OB contained fucose (Fuc) and galactose (Gal) in addition to rhamnose (Rha) and glucose (Glc). In contrast, 19A PSs Lab-A-2 and Lab-B contained only Rha and Glc. Despite their different sugar compositions, these 19A preparations appeared to be identical in serologic activity as measured by immunodiffusion with rabbit 19A and 19F antisera. The 19A PS Lab-A-1 was separated into three fractions by DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography with a NaCl gradient. Fraction II was the major peak with a yield of 72.9%. Fraction Ia contained Fuc and Gal, while fraction II contained Fuc, Gal, Rha, and Glc. Fractions Ia and Ib did not react with rabbit 19A antiserum. In contrast, 19A PS Lab-A-2 displayed only one peak, which was eluted by a NaCl gradient (0 to 0.6 M NaCl), and contained only Rha and Glc. The 19A PSs prepared from Lab-A and Centers for Disease Control (CDC) strains and grown in pneumococcal inoculum medium (PIM) and modified Holt medium were chromatographed on a DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B column, and the separated fractions were examined for their sugar composition. The fractions obtained from the 19A PSs Lab-A-PIM and CDC-PIM exhibited four sugar components, as observed for the PS Lab-A-1, while the separated fractions from the 19A PSs Lab-A-Holt and CDC-Holt displayed two sugar components, a pattern similar to that of PS Lab-A-2. Thus, the sugar compositions of 19A PS appeared to vary according to the type of culture medium used to grow the 19A organisms.
Viral acute lower respiratory infections impair CD8+ T cells through PD-1 (2012)

Viruses are leading causes of severe acute lower respiratory infections (LRIs). These infections evoke incomplete immunity, as individuals can be repeatedly reinfected throughout life. We report that acute viral LRI causes rapid pulmonary CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (TCD8) functional impairment via programmed death-1/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) signaling, a pathway previously associated with prolonged antigenic stimulation during chronic infections and cancer. PD-1-mediated TCD8 impairment occurred acutely in mice following infection with human metapneumovirus or influenza virus. Viral antigen was sufficient for PD-1 upregulation, but induction of PD-L1 was required for impairment. During secondary viral infection or epitope-only challenge, memory TCD8 rapidly reexpressed PD-1 and exhibited severe functional impairment. Inhibition of PD-1 signaling using monoclonal antibody blockade prevented TCD8 impairment, reduced viral titers during primary infection, and enhanced protection of immunized mice against challenge infection. Additionally, PD-1 and PD-L1 were upregulated in the lungs of patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, or parainfluenza virus infection. These results indicate that PD-1 mediates TCD8 functional impairment during acute viral infection and may contribute to recurrent viral LRIs. Therefore, the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway may represent a therapeutic target in the treatment of respiratory viruses.
An Efficient Silver Etchant for the Fabrication of Active Nanowires Using Anodized Aluminum Oxide Templates (2010)

We report an efficient silver etchant in the fabrication of active nanowire structures by the electroplating technique using an anodized aluminum oxide template. These active nanowires include solder materials (low melting point metals or metal alloys) and magnetic materials. Single- or multisegmented nanowires with these active materials have been prepared using the new etching solution. A conducting polymer such as polypyrrole can also be fabricated onto these nanowires to enable hybrid structures and interfaces. These multisegmented active nanowires open a new platform in the fabrication and integration of nanowire-based electronics and hybrid devices.
A multiple vendor 2.5-V DLL for 1.6-GB/s RDRAMs (2003)

A DLL design and porting methodology have been described to enable multiple vendors to create a 400 MHz DLL from a template design in a 0.25 /spl mu/m, 64 Mb DRAM process.
Oprelvekin. Genetics Institute. (2001)

Genetics Institute has developed and launched oprelvekin (rhIL-11; Neumega), a recombinant form of human IL-11. In November 1997, the FDA cleared oprelvekin for the prevention of severe thrombocytopenia and the reduction of the need for platelet transfusions following myelosuppressive chemotherapy in susceptible patients with non-myeloid malignancies 12703021. The product was launched at the end of 1997 [312556]. By December 1999, phase III trials for Crohn's disease (CD) were underway [363007]. Genetics Institute had commenced a 150-patient phase II trial for mild-to-moderate CD and mucositis and the company planned to file regulatory procedures for the indication of CD in 1999 [271210]. An oral formulation for this indication has been developed. Oprelvekin is also undergoing phase I clinical trials for colitis [396157], phase II clinical trials for rheumatoid arthritis [413835] and clinical trials for psoriasis [299644]. In March 1997, Wyeth-Ayerst became the licensee for Europe, Africa, Latin America and Asia (with the exception of Japan). Genetics Institute holds marketing rights for North America [239273]. In Japan, oprelvekin is being developed by Genetics Institute and Yamanouchi; phase III trials have commenced [295049] and were ongoing in May 2001 [411763]. In April 1996, analysts at Yamaichi estimated launch in 2001 and maximum annual sales of over yen 10 billion [215896]. In January 1998, Morgan Stanley Dean Witter predicted Yamanouchi's share of sales to be yen 1 billion in 2001, rising to yen 2 billion in 2002 [315458]. Sales of oprelvekin were US $34 million for Genetics institute in fiscal 2000 while, in July 2001, Credit Suisse First Boston estimated that this figure will be US $30 million and US $34 million in 2001 and 2002, respectively [416883].
Optimising the capacity of soliton systems (1993)

The most serious limitations for long distance systems are Gordon-Haus jitter and soliton-soliton interactions. In line filters, in particular with sliding central frequencies, have been proposed as a suitable remedy for these limitations. However, this not only increases the component requirements but may also affect the system reliability. A review is presented of in-line and post-propagation processing for the reduction of these two major limitations.
Identification of Candidate Tolerogenic CD8<sup>+</sup>T Cell Epitopes for Therapy of Type 1 Diabetes in the NOD Mouse Model (2016)

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which insulin-producing pancreatic islet β cells are the target of self-reactive B and T cells. T cells reactive with epitopes derived from insulin and/or IGRP are critical for the initiation and maintenance of disease, but T cells reactive with other islet antigens likely have an essential role in disease progression. We sought to identify candidate CD8(+) T cell epitopes that are pathogenic in type 1 diabetes. Proteins that elicit autoantibodies in human type 1 diabetes were analyzed by predictive algorithms for candidate epitopes. Using several different tolerizing regimes using synthetic peptides, two new predicted tolerogenic CD8(+) T cell epitopes were identified in the murine homolog of the major human islet autoantigen zinc transporter ZnT8 (aa 158-166 and 282-290) and one in a non-β cell protein, dopamine β-hydroxylase (aa 233-241). Tolerizing vaccination of NOD mice with a cDNA plasmid expressing full-length proinsulin prevented diabetes, whereas plasmids encoding ZnT8 and DβH did not. However, tolerizing vaccination of NOD mice with the proinsulin plasmid in combination with plasmids expressing ZnT8 and DβH decreased insulitis and enhanced prevention of disease compared to vaccination with the plasmid encoding proinsulin alone.
Inhibition of tumor growth by NF‐κB inhibitors (2006)

NF-kappaB is a transcription factor that induces inflammatory cytokines and anti-apoptotic proteins. NF-kappaB is often constitutively activated in human cancers and leukemias, which might increase the malignant character of neoplastic diseases. Therefore, NF-kappaB inhibitors might be useful as anticancer agents. Our research team designed a new NF-kappaB inhibitor that is based on the structure of the antibiotic epoxyquomicin C isolated from a microorganism. The designed compound, DHMEQ, inhibited the ligand-induced activation of NF-kappaB, and it also inhibited the constitutively activated NF-kappaB in cancer cells. DHMEQ is a unique inhibitor of NF-kappaB that acts at the level of the nuclear translocation. It inhibited both canonical and non-canonical NF-kappaB activating pathways. It inhibited various carcinomas and leukemias in animal models without any toxicity, and might be useful as an anticancer agent.
Fingerprint enhancement by directional Fourier filtering (1994)

A new method of enhancing fingerprint images is described, based upon nonstationary directional Fourier domain filtering. Fingerprints are first smoothed using a directional filter whose orientation is everywhere matched to the local ridge orientation. Thresholding then yields the enhanced image. Various simplifications lead to efficient implementation on general-purpose digital computers. Results of enhancement are presented for fingerprints of various pattern classifications. A comparison is made with the enhancement used within the automated fingerprint identification system (AFIS) developed by the UK Home Office. Use of the proposed enhancement method leads to significant improvements in the speed and accuracy of the AFIS.
Synthesis of a well-defined glycopolymer by atom transfer radical polymerization (1998)

Controlled free radical polymerization of sugar-carrying methacrylate, 3-O-methacryloyl-1,2 : 5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-d-glucofuranose (MAIpGlc) was achieved by the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) technique with an alkyl halide/copper-complex system in veratrole at 80°C. The time–conversion first-order plot was linear and the number-average molecular weight increased in direct proportion to the ratio of the monomer conversion to the initial initiator concentration, providing PMAIpGlc with a low polydispersity. The sequential addition of the two monomers styrene (S) and MAIpGlc afforded a block copolymer of the type PS-b-PMAIpGlc. The acidolysis of the homo- and block copolymers gave well-defined glucose-carrying water-soluble polymers PMAGlc and PS-b-PMAGlc, respectively. The amphiphilic PS-b-PMAGlc block copolymer exhibited a microdomain surface morphology with spherical PS domains in a PMAGlc matrix. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem. 36: 2473–2481, 1998
Analysis of user needs and information features in natural language queries seeking music information (2010)

Abstract Our limited understanding of real‐life queries is an obstacle in developing music information retrieval (MIR) systems that meet the needs of real users. This study aimed, by an empirical investigation of real‐life queries, to contribute to developing a theorized understanding of how users seek music information. This is crucial for informing the design of future MIR systems, especially the selection of potential access points, as well as establishing a set of test queries that reflect real‐life music information‐seeking behavior. Natural language music queries were collected from an online reference Website and coded using content analysis. A taxonomy of user needs expressed and information features used in queries were established by an iterative coding process. This study found that most of the queries analyzed were known‐item searches, and most contained a wide variety of kinds of information, although a few features were used much more heavily than the others. In addition to advancing our understanding of real‐life user queries by establishing an improved taxonomy of needs and features, three recommendations were made for improving the evaluation of MIR systems: (i) incorporating user context in test queries, (ii) employing terms familiar to users in evaluation tasks, and (iii) combining multiple task results.
Factors Affecting Ammonia Release in Broiler Houses (1982)

ABSTRACT A computer program for modeling ammonia (NH3) re-lease in broiler houses has been developed. The model estimated that during the first weeks for flocks grown on reused litter, NH3 concentrations can reach 200-300 ppm; safe levels (<25 ppm) require ventilation rates ten times normal. Of the factors studied, the order of importance in influencing NH3 volatilization was: lit-ter pH temperature > moisture content.
The immune system, amyloid‐β peptide, and Alzheimer's disease (2005)

In this review, the case is made that amyloid-beta peptide in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease is a primary cause of the disease and that immunotherapy directed against this peptide has the potential to halt and/or reverse disease progression. This supposition is supported by the capacity of anti-beta-amyloid peptide antibodies to prevent or reverse the disease in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, preliminary results obtained in a small number of patients with Alzheimer's disease are consistent with the observations made in the mouse model of this disease. We review the relationship between the immune system, amyloid-beta peptide, and Alzheimer's disease and the progress made in applying immunotherapy to patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Purification and characterization of heterogeneous pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell populations expressing high levels of c-kit receptor (1993)

Mouse pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (PHSC) were fractionated based on size and density using counterflow centrifugal elutriation (CCE). These heterogeneous PHSC populations were further enriched by subtraction of cells with lineage-specific markers (Lin-) followed by positive sorting for c-kit expression. The cells were characterized for their functional and biochemical properties. We defined a subpopulation of c-kit-positive cells that expressed high numbers of c-kit receptors (c-kitBR). One hundred c-kitBR cells from either low- or higher-density fractions were sufficient to repopulate the lymphohematopoietic system in WBB6F1-W/Wv (W/Wv) recipients, whereas no PHSC were found in cells with low (c-kitDULL) or no (c-kitNEG) c-kit expression. Lin- c-kitBR cells were separated into RhoDULL and RhoBR subsets based on their ability to efflux rhodamine 123 (Rho). The PHSC were concentrated in Lin- c-kitBR RhoDULL cells and the number of Lin- c-kitBR RhoBR cells correlated directly with the number of day 12 colony-forming unit- spleen (CFU-S12) in each fraction. We were not able to enrich further for PHSC using monoclonal antibodies to the cell-surface markers AA4.1 or CD4, which have been used by others to isolate PHSC. The small, low- density Lin- c-kitBR subset contained PHSC and few CFU-S12. This enabled us to assay PHSC for expression of the flk-2 gene, which encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor present on fetal liver PHSC. Purified RNA from the low-density Lin- c-kitBR subset did not contain flk-2 mRNA. We suggest that AA4.1, CD4 and flk-2 are expressed as stage- specific markers on PHSC in cell cycle.