gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dose-related effects of lauric acid on antropyloroduodenal motility, gastrointestinal hormone release, appetite, and energy intake in healthy men (2005)

We recently reported that intraduodenal infusion of lauric acid (C12) (0.375 kcal/min, 106 mM) stimulates isolated pyloric pressure waves (IPPWs), inhibits antral and duodenal pressure waves (PWs), stimulates release of cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and suppresses energy intake and that these effects are much greater than those seen in response to isocaloric decanoic acid (C10) infusion. Administration of C12 was, however, associated with nausea, confounding interpretation of the results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different intraduodenal doses of C12 on antropyloroduodenal (APD) motility, plasma CCK and GLP-1 concentrations, appetite, and energy intake. Thirteen healthy males were studied on 4 days in double-blind, randomized fashion. APD pressures, plasma CCK and GLP-1 concentrations, and appetite perceptions were measured during 90-min ID infusion of C12 at 0.1 (14 mM), 0.2 (28 mM), or 0.4 (56 mM) kcal/min or saline (control; rate 4 ml/min). Energy intake was determined at a buffet meal immediately following infusion. C12 dose-dependently stimulated IPPWs, decreased antral and duodenal motility, and stimulated secretion of CCK and GLP-1 (r > 0.4, P < 0.05 for all). C12 (0.4 kcal/min) suppressed energy intake compared with control, C12 (0.1 kcal/min), and C12 (0.2 kcal/min) (P < 0.05). These effects were observed in the absence of nausea. In conclusion, intraduodenal C12 dose-dependently modulated APD motility and gastrointestinal hormone release in healthy male subjects, whereas effects on energy intake were only apparent with the highest dose infused (0.4 kcal/min), possibly because only at this dose was modulation of APD motility and gastrointestinal hormone secretion sufficient for a suppressant effect on energy intake.
Biosynthesis of asukamycin. Formation of the 2-amino-3-hydroxycyclopent-2-enone moiety (1985)

Feeding experiments with labelled precursors suggest that the 2-amino-3-hydroxycyclopent-2-enone moiety of the anticoccidial antibiotic, asukamycin, is formed by a novel intramolecular cyclization of 5-aminolevulinic acid.
Dual-Responsive Hydrogels for Direct-Write 3D Printing (2015)

Direct-write 3D printing enables the fabrication of three-dimensional objects via the extrusion from a nozzle. Stimuli responsive materials that shear-thin are well-suited as inks for these 3D printing systems. Poly(isopropyl glycidyl ether)-block-poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(isopropyl glycidyl ether) ABA triblock copolymers were synthesized using controlled ring-opening polymerization to afford dual stimuli-responsive polymers that respond to both shear forces and temperature. These polymers were demonstrated to form hydrogels in water. The gels were observed to be thermoreversible—driven by the lower critical solution temperature of the poly(isopropyl glycidyl ether) block which helps facilitate loading of the ink into the printer syringe. Rheological studies demonstrated that the gels had a rapid and reversible modulus response to shear stress. Thus, these materials were suitable as inks for direct-write 3D printing, as they were easily extruded during printing and maintained sufficient mechanical integrity which was necessary to support the next printed layer. Printed structures of high aspect ratio pillars and stacked layers were successfully demonstrated. These types of 3D hydrogel structures may ultimately have an impact in the biomedical field for applications such as tissue engineering.
Inhalable siRNA: Potential as a Therapeutic Agent in the Lungs (2008)

RNA interference (RNAi) is gaining increasing popularity both as a molecular biology tool and as a potential therapeutic agent. RNAi is a naturally occurring gene regulatory mechanism, which has a number of advantages over other gene/antisense therapies including specificity of inhibition, potency, the small size of the molecules and the diminished risk of toxic effects, e.g., immune responses. Targeted, local delivery of RNAi to the lungs via inhalation offers a unique opportunity to treat a range of previously untreatable or poorly controlled respiratory conditions. In this timely review we look at the potential applications of RNAi in the lungs for the treatment of a range of diseases including inflammatory and immune conditions, cystic fibrosis, infectious disease and cancer. In 2006 Alnylam initiated the first phase 1 clinical study of an inhaled siRNA for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus. If its potential as a therapeutic is to be realized, then safe and efficient means of targeted delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) to the lungs must be developed. Therefore in this review we also present the latest developments in siRNA delivery to airway cells in vitro and the work to date on in vivo delivery of siRNA to the lungs for the treatment of a range of diseases.
Complementation of a Threonine Dehydratase-Deficient <i>Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Mutant after Agrobacterium Tumefaciens-Mediated Transfer of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ILV1 Gene</i> (1987)

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae ILV1 gene, encoding threonine dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.16) was fused to the transferred DNA nopaline synthase promoter and the 3' noncoding region of the octopine synthase gene. It was introduced, by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer, into an isoleucine-requiring Nicotiana plumbaginifolia auxotroph deficient in threonine dehydratase. Functional complementation by the ILV1 gene product was demonstrated by the selection of several transformed lines on a medium without isoleucine and by the identification in these lines of the yeast threonine dehydratase activity. This is the first example illustrating the complementation of a plant auxotroph by transfection with a cloned gene.
Retinal Structures and Visual Cortex Activity are Impaired Prior to Clinical Vision Loss in Glaucoma (2016)

Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide and its pathogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we measured the structure, metabolism and function of the visual system by optical coherence tomography and multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging in healthy subjects and glaucoma patients with different degrees of vision loss. We found that inner retinal layer thinning, optic nerve cupping and reduced visual cortex activity occurred before patients showed visual field impairment. The primary visual cortex also exhibited more severe functional deficits than higher-order visual brain areas in glaucoma. Within the visual cortex, choline metabolism was perturbed along with increasing disease severity in the eye, optic radiation and visual field. In summary, this study showed evidence that glaucoma deterioration is already present in the eye and the brain before substantial vision loss can be detected clinically using current testing methods. In addition, cortical cholinergic abnormalities are involved during trans-neuronal degeneration and can be detected non-invasively in glaucoma. The current results can be of impact for identifying early glaucoma mechanisms, detecting and monitoring pathophysiological events and eye-brain-behavior relationships, and guiding vision preservation strategies in the visual system, which may help reduce the burden of this irreversible but preventable neurodegenerative disease.
Fas-mediated apoptosis of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons: differential in vitro preventive effect of cytokines and protease antagonists (1996)

Human immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV) infection leads to a progressive loss of T-cell-mediated immunity associated with T-cell apoptosis. We report here that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from HIV-1-infected persons are sensitive to Fas (CD95/APO-1)-mediated death induced either by an agonistic anti-Fas antibody or by the physiologic soluble Fas ligand, although showing no sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced death. CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell apoptosis induced by Fas ligation was enhanced by inhibitors of protein synthesis and was prevented either by a soluble Fas receptor decoy or an antagonistic anti-Fas antibody. Fas-mediated apoptosis could also be prevented in a CD4+ or CD8+ T-cell-type manner (1) by several protease antagonists, suggesting the involvement of the interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-converting enzyme (ICE)-related cysteine protease in CD4+ T-cell death and of both a CPP32-related cysteine protease and a calpain protease in CD8+ T-cell death; and (2) by three cytokines, IL-2, IL-12, and IL-10, that exerted their effects through a mechanism that required de novo protein synthesis. Finally, T-cell receptor (TCR)-induced apoptosis of CD4+ T cells from HIV-infected persons involved a Fas-mediated death process, whereas TCR stimulation of CD8+ T cells led to a different Fas-independent death process. These findings suggest that Fas-mediated T-cell death is involved in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pathogenesis and that modulation of Fas-mediated signaling may represent a target for new therapeutic strategies aimed at the prevention of CD4+ T-cell death in AIDS.
Histopathological and epidemiological characteristics of patients with erythema exudativum multiforme major, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (1996)

The clinical and histopathological classification of erythema exudativum multiforme major (EEMM), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are difficult, due to the lack of clear-cut criteria. Based on a new clinical classification, 149 of 219 (68%) histopathological specimens, from a total of 534 patients with EEMM, SJS and TEN, have been reviewed. A comparison was made with the clinical picture, and any past history of infection or drug intake. All patients had been included in the German Registry of Severe Skin Reactions between April 1990 and December 1993. No differences could be found between the biopsies examined and the total number of histopathological specimens, concerning clinical diagnosis, gender and age. Sections from 28 of 149 specimens were not diagnostic or were too old to be properly evaluated. In nine cases, other diagnoses were proposed. One hundred and eleven of the histological slides with the diagnosis of EEMM (n = 16), SJS (n = 34) and TEN (n = 61), were classified as epidermal type of erythema multiforme. In these 111 slides, necrotic keratinocytes could be found, ranging from individual cells to confluent epidermal necrosis. The epidermo-dermal junction showed changes ranging from vacuolar alteration up to subepidermal blisters. The dermal infiltrate was superficial and mostly perivascular. It was sparse in SJS and TEN, and more pronounced in EEMM. Oedema in the papillary dermis was evident occasionally in all clinical groups. In 59 of 111 cases (53%), at least one eosinophil was present in the dermis. In 11 of 111 (10%), more than 10 eosinophils per field could be seen. Eosinophils were less common in the patients with the most severe forms of TEN, in whom there was detachment of more than 30% of the skin surface area. No differences in the history for drug intake, or for infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae, herpes simplex and other organisms, could be detected between patients with or without eosinophils in their skin sections. This dermatopathological study of patients with EEMM, SJS and TEN indicates that the epidermal type of erythema multiforme is the pathological correlate for these diseases.
Are Diamonds a MEMS' Best Friend? (2007)

Next-generation military and civilian communication systems will require technologies capable of handling data/ audio, and video simultaneously while supporting multiple RF systems operating in several different frequency bands from the MHz to the GHz range [1]. RF microelectromechani-cal/nanoelectromechanical (MEMS/NEMS) devices, such as resonators and switches, are attractive to industry as they offer a means by which performance can be greatly improved for wireless applications while at the same time potentially reducing overall size and weight as well as manufacturing costs.
Deflection data correction system of large areas electron beam direct imaging for printed wiring boards (2002)

A novel electron beam system for large-area patterning of printed wiring boards (PWBs) has been developed. The system features a large field deflection, high-scanning speed, and stably focused beam in the large field. In order to deflect electron beams in a large area with high precision, particular attention was paid to the construction of a deflection data correction system. Various errors originating from the optics are measured, and the data to correct for these errors are calculated and stored prior to imaging. These data are output to the optics column at a rate of up to 10 MHz during imaging. In addition, sensors provide the data to correct the position error originating from the height variations and warp of the PWB for each field. It is confirmed that the beam position precision is +or-12 mu m for a field of 52 mm*52 mm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle–Aptamer Bioconjugates for Combined Prostate Cancer Imaging and Therapy (2008)

Multifunctional superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: Herein we report a novel, targeted, iron oxide nanoparticle for combined prostate cancer imaging and therapy. By conjugating an aptamer to a thermally stable iron oxide nanoparticle, we have demonstrated that bioconjugates can detect prostate cancer cells with high sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, the bioconjugates can be used to deliver targeted chemotherapy. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2452/2008/z800091_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Electron Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition (Ee-Ald) for Room Temperature Growth of Gallium Nitride, Silicon, and Boron Nitride Films (2018)

Electron enhanced atomic layer deposition (EE-ALD) can drastically reduce the temperatures required for film growth through electron stimulated desorption (ESD) of surface species.The desorption process creates highly reactive "dangling bond" surface sites.Precursors can then adsorb efficiently on the dangling bonds.EE-ALD enables deposition of thin films on thermally sensitive substrates and growth of laminate materials where alloying would occur at traditional processing temperatures.We have demonstrated the EE-ALD of polycrystalline GaN, BN, and amorphous Si at room temperature (27C).Film growth was performed using alternating exposures of the appropriate precursors and low energy electrons (~100 eV).X-ray reflectivity and spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements monitored linear film growth versus number of reaction cycles.Additionally, we observed some dependence of the growth rate on electron flux and electron energy.Growth rates varied from 0.2 /cycle for Si films to 3.2 /cycle for BN films.Depth-profiling using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrated clean BN (1.3:1) films with < 3 at.%C and O impurities.Crystallites as large as 10 nm were observed by highresolution transmission electron microscopy and grazing angle x-ray diffraction for GaN films.EE-ALD should facilitate the deposition of a variety of ALD films at low temperature.Materials grown with hydride or halide precursors are all possible candidates due to their large ESD crosssections.I would like to take a moment to recognize those who have guided me and helped me throughout my pursuit of a PhD.First, I would like to thank Prof. Steven M.
Antibody-Mimicking Polymers as Chiral Stationary Phases in HPLC (1996)

Antibody-mimicking synthetic polymers, selective for various optically active amino acid derivatives and peptides, were prepared by noncovalent molecular imprinting. A novel approach, in which the branched, trifunctional cross-linkers pentaerythritol triacrylate and 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)butanol trimethacrylate were copolymerized with methacrylic acid, is described. The polymers were subsequently applied as chiral stationary phases in high-performance liquid chromatography. They were superior to previously reported noncovalent molecularly imprinted polymers used for chiral separations in that they showed considerably higher load capacity, increased selectivity, and better resolving capability.
FPGA Implementation of Pipelined Architecture for Optical Imaging Distortion Correction (2006)

Fast and efficient operation is a major challenge for complex image processing algorithms executed in hardware. This paper describes novel algorithms for correcting optical geometric distortion in imaging systems, together with the architectures used to implement them in FPGA-based hardware. The proposed architecture produces a fast, almost real-time solution for the correction of image distortion implemented using VHDL with a single Xilinx FPGA XCS3 1000-4 device. Using dedicated SRLC16 shift registers to build the synchronous FIFOs is an ideal utilization of the device resources available. The experimental results show that the barrel distortion can be quickly corrected with a very low residual error. The design can also be applied to other imaging processing algorithms in optical systems
Comparison of Alzheimer Aβ(1–40) and Aβ(1–42) amyloid fibrils reveals similar protofilament structures (2009)

We performed mass-per-length (MPL) measurements and electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) with 3D reconstruction on an Abeta(1-42) amyloid fibril morphology formed under physiological pH conditions. The data show that the examined Abeta(1-42) fibril morphology has only one protofilament, although two protofilaments were observed with a previously studied Abeta(1-40) fibril. The latter fibril was resolved at 8 A resolution showing pairs of beta-sheets at the cores of the two protofilaments making up a fibril. Detailed comparison of the Abeta(1-42) and Abeta(1-40) fibril structures reveals that they share an axial twofold symmetry and a similar protofilament structure. Furthermore, the MPL data indicate that the protofilaments of the examined Abeta(1-40) and Abeta(1-42) fibrils have the same number of Abeta molecules per cross-beta repeat. Based on this data and the previously studied Abeta(1-40) fibril structure, we describe a model for the arrangement of peptides within the Abeta(1-42) fibril.
Reprogramming of gene expression during preimplantation development (1999)

A fundamental problem in early mammalian development is the transformation of the highly differentiated oocyte into the totipotent blastomeres by the 2-cell stage. This remarkable transformation probably entails reprogramming the pattern of gene expression. The maternal-to-zygotic transition occurs during the 1-cell stage, i.e., 1-cell embryo is transcriptionally active. DNA replication is a likely locus of regulation, since DNA replication, with consequent nucleosome displacement, would serve to facilitate the access of maternally derived transcription factors to their cis-acting DNA-binding sequences. In fact, the first round of DNA replication is essential for the expression of two genes, eIF-1A and the transcription-requiring complex (TRC), as well as global transcription. A growing body of evidence suggests that a transcriptionally repressive state develops during the 2-cell stage. Interestingly, inhibiting the second round of DNA replication inhibits the decrease in expression of both the TRC and eIF-1A, as well as total endogenous gene expression. This repression may be linked to a change in chromatin structure, since treatment of 2-cell embryos with histone deacetylase inhibitors prevents the decrease in expression of the TRC and eIF-1A, and also inhibits the development of the transcriptionally repressive state for global gene expression. The findings that histone deacetylases can be targeted to chromatin provide a mechanism to link histone deacetylation with repression of gene expression. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 285:276-282, 1999.
Spatial Audio Object Coding (SAOC) - The Upcoming MPEG Standard on Parametric Object Based Audio Coding (2008)

Following the recent trend of employing parametric enhancement tools for increasing coding or spatial rendering efficiency, Spatial Audio Object Coding (SAOC) is one of the recent standardization activities in the MPEG audio group. SAOC is a technique for efficient coding and flexible, user-controllable rendering of multiple audio objects based on transmission of a mono or stereo downmix of the object signals. The SAOC system extends the MPEG Surround standard by re-using its spatial rendering capabilities. This paper will describe the chosen reference model architecture, the association between the different operational modes and applications, and the current status of the standardization process.
Privacy via the Johnson-Lindenstrauss Transform (2013)

Suppose that party A collects private information about its users, where each user's data is represented as a bit vector. Suppose that party B has a proprietary data mining algorithm that requires estimating the distance between users, such as clustering or nearest neighbors. We ask if it is possible for party A to publish some information about each user so that B can estimate the distance between users without being able to infer any private bit of a user. Our method involves projecting each user's representation into a random, lower-dimensional space via a sparse Johnson-Lindenstrauss transform and then adding Gaussian noise to each entry of the lower-dimensional representation. We show that the method preserves differential privacy---where the more privacy is desired, the larger the variance of the Gaussian noise. Further, we show how to approximate the true distances between users via only the lower-dimensional, perturbed data. Finally, we consider other perturbation methods such as randomized response and draw comparisons to sketch-based methods. While the goal of releasing user-specific data to third parties is more broad than preserving distances, this work shows that distance computations with privacy is an achievable goal.
Liquid−Liquid Equilibria of the Ternary System Water + Acetic Acid + 1-Hexanol (1997)

Liquid−liquid equilibria for the ternary system water + acetic acid + 1-hexanol were measured over a temperature range of (288 to 323) K. The results were used to estimate the interaction parameters between each of the three compounds for the NRTL and UNIQUAC models and between each of the main groups of H2O, CH2 (paraffinic CH2), OH, and COOH for the UNIFAC model as a function of temperature. The estimated interaction parameters were successfully used to predict the equilibrium compositions by the three models. The NRTL equation was the most accurate model in correlating the overall equilibrium compositions of the studied system. The UNIQUAC and UNIFAC models satisfactorily predicted the equilibrium compositions.