gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Development of Human Megakaryocytes: III. Development of Mature Megakaryocytes From Highly Purified Committed Progenitors in Synthetic Culture Media and Inhibition of Thrombopoietin-Induced Polyploidization by Interleukin-3 (1997)

Megakaryocyte (MK) progenitors, CD34+CD41+ cells, were isolated from human bone marrow with a purity greater than 98% and a viability of 95%, using affinity techniques with magnetic beads followed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. These cells were incubated in synthetic media containing the cytokines thrombopoietin (TPO), interleukin-3 (IL-3), stem cell factor (SCF), and IL-6, obviating the confounding effects of serum growth factors or cytokine secretions of non-MK cells on MK maturation. MK number, MK colony-forming units (CFU-MK), and MK ploidy and phenotype were examined during 7 days in culture. TPO in serum-free cultures without any other exogenously added cytokine supported MK growth and maturation. SCF synergized with TPO to augment MK production and maturation and could partially replace it under some conditions. Both TPO and IL-3 alone increased MK number (12- and 5-fold, respectively) and CFU-MK (approximately 15-fold each). SCF alone had no effect on MK proliferation in the absence of TPO, but increased both MK number and CFU-MK by 1.5- to 2.0-fold in the presence of TPO. When combined with IL-3, SCF increased both MK number and CFU-MK by 15- to 20-fold in the absence of TPO. In the presence of TPO, the combination of IL-3 and SCF produced only modest increases (1.5- to 2.0-fold) in both MK number and CFU-MK. The proportion of polyploid MK increased greater than fivefold in the presence of TPO. SCF had little effect on MK ploidy in the presence of TPO, but enhanced ploidy twofold to threefold in the absence of TPO. IL-3 alone never increased the level of polyploidization. Rather, it consistently inhibited TPO- and SCF-induced polyploidization of MK. This inhibition was observed in cultures with or without SCF or IL-6. Although IL-3 also supported the proliferation of CD41+ cells and CFU-MK production, the cells that developed under the influence of IL-3 were phenotypically unusual (CD41dim, CD42dim) and of relatively low ploidy. Mature MK were not produced. When added with TPO, IL-3 suppressed polyploidization. Therefore, TPO stimulates MK growth and maturation, whereas IL-3 stimulates growth without maturation and may serve to conserve the immature MK compartment.
CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION OF BORON CARBIDES (1991)

Abstract Boron carbides are refractory compounds with many interesting thermal, electronic and mechanical properties, suggesting a potential for thin-film applications. Boron carbide coatings can be prepared by several techniques but one of the most widely used is chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The present paper is an overview of boron carbide CVD focussed on the basic deposition process. In the paper, some aspects of the choice of CVD reactor, reaction gas mixture and substrate material are considered. The influence of experimental parameters on phase composition, morphology, microstructure and kinetics are also discussed. Finally, some possibilities to attain a so-called selective deposition of boron carbide are described.
Three-dimensional metal–organic framework with (3,4)-connected net, synthesized from an ionic liquid medium (2004)

A new 3D metal-organic framework with a (3,4)-connected network topology is synthesized from an ionic liquid medium; its highly symmetrical structure comprises doubly interpenetrating nets with the cubic-C3N4 topology.
Pteridines. VI. Replacement Reactions of Amino, Hydroxyl and Mercapto Groups in the Pteridine Series<sup>1,2</sup> (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPteridines. VI. Replacement Reactions of Amino, Hydroxyl and Mercapto Groups in the Pteridine Series1,2E. C. Taylor Jr. and C. K. CainCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 9, 4384–4387Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01153a102https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01153a102research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views124Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Suicidality in Pediatric Patients Treated With Antidepressant Drugs (2006)

Use of antidepressant drugs in pediatric patients is associated with a modestly increased risk of suicidality.
Group access control with blacklist for data dissemination in mobile opportunistic networks (2013)

In mobile opportunistic networks, security is a major concern in consequence of store-carry-and-forward data dissemination. To guarantee that messages can be only accessed by authorized users, access control is a necessity. Fuzzy-IBE that has been proposed can provide group access control. In addition, if a sender wants to expose his/her message only to some members of his/her group, Fuzzy-IBE can provide a whitelist mechanism to further indicate which users in the group can access the data. Because overhead linearly increases with respect to the length of the whitelist, this mechanism is not sufficiently scalable as the whitelist becomes larger. In this work, we propose a Fuzzy-IBE based negative access control scheme (NAC) that allows users to selectively exclude specific members from accessing data dynamically. NAC, which does not require intensive calculation in mobile devices, is suitable for mobile opportunistic networks.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF NEW HETEROCYCLES‐ PART XV. SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL CYCLIC AND ACYCLIC C SULFAMIDES (1977)

Abstract Durch Kondensation von Diaminen mit Sulfamid (durch Erhitzen in Pyridin oder ohne Lösungsmittel) wurde eine Reihe von cyclischen Sulfamiden dargestellt, so (II) und (III) aus den Diaminen (I) und analog (IV), (VII) [aus Phthalazin (V) über das Diamin (VI)], (IX) [aus dem durch sukzessive Reduktion der Nitro‐ und der Cyan‐Gruppe des Pyrazolins (VIII) erhältlichen Diamin] sowie (X).
The etching of silicon with XeF2 vapor (1979)

It is shown that silicon is isotropically etched by exposure to XeF2(gas) at T=300 K. Si etch rates as large as 7000 Å/min were observed for P (XeF2) &amp;lt;1.4×10−2 Torr and the etch rate varies linearly with P (XeF2). There was no observable etching of SiO2, Si3N4, or SiC, demonstrating an extremely large selectivity between silicon and its compounds. Therefore, thin masks constructed from silicon compounds can be used for pattern delineation. The implication of these experimental results for understanding mechanisms associated with plasma etching (including RIE) will be discussed.
Substrate Noise Coupling in SoC Design: Modeling, Avoidance, and Validation (2006)

Issues related to substrate noise in system-on-chip design are described including the physical phenomena responsible for its creation, coupling transmission mechanisms and media, parameters affecting coupling strength, and its impact on mixed-signal integrated circuits. Design guidelines and best practices to minimize the generation, transmission, and reception of substrate noise are outlined, and different modeling approaches and computer simulation methods used in quantifying the noise coupling phenomena are presented. Finally, experiments that validate the modeling approaches and mitigation techniques are reviewed
Correlation of the Antibacterial Activities of Cationic Peptide Antibiotics and Cationic Steroid Antibiotics (2001)

The antibacterial activities of cationic steroid antibiotics and cationic peptide antibiotics have been compared. Depolarization of bacterial membranes, activation of bacterial stress-related gene promoters, and changes in bacterial morphologies caused by these antibiotics suggest that cationic steroid and peptide antibiotics share mechanistic aspects. Modified cationic steroid antibiotics display improved selectivity for prokaryotic cells over eukaryotic cells presumably due to increased charge recognition.
Antiatherogenic effect of probucol unrelated to its hypocholesterolemic effect: evidence that antioxidants in vivo can selectively inhibit low density lipoprotein degradation in macrophage-rich fatty streaks and slow the progression of atherosclerosis in the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit. (1987)

It has been postulated that low density lipoprotein (LDL) becomes fully atherogenic only if it first undergoes oxidative modification. The oxidatively modified form, but not native LDL, is recognized by the acetyl-LDL or "scavenger" receptor and could, therefore, be taken up rapidly by tissue macrophages to generate the fatty-streak lesion of atherosclerosis. However, there is thus far very little direct evidence for oxidative modification in vivo. The studies reported here take advantage of the fact that probucol is an effective antioxidant transported in lipoproteins, including LDL, and blocks the oxidative modification of LDL in vitro. We now show that the rate of degradation of LDL in the macrophage-rich fatty-streak lesions of the LDL receptor-deficient rabbit treated with probucol (1% by weight in the diet) is reduced to about one-half of that in the lesions of receptor-deficient rabbits not given probucol (but matched for plasma cholesterol levels). In contrast, the rates of degradation in the nonlesioned areas of the aorta were no different in probucol-treated and control animals. Most of the LDL degradation in fatty-streak lesions takes place in macrophages, whereas in nonlesioned aorta, which contains very few macrophages, the degradation is almost exclusively in endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Thus, the results are compatible with the postulate that the native LDL taken up and degraded by foam cells in the developing fatty-streak lesions was in part first converted to a form recognized by the scavenger receptor (by oxidative or analogous modification). Finally, and most importantly, we show that treatment with probucol significantly reduced the rate of development of fatty-streak lesions even though plasma cholesterol levels were no lower than lovastatin-treated (control) rabbits.
Surface Localization of Glucosylceramide during Cryptococcus neoformans Infection Allows Targeting as a Potential Antifungal (2011)

Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) is a significant human pathogen that, despite current treatments, continues to have a high morbidity rate especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The need for more tolerable and specific therapies has been clearly shown. In the search for novel drug targets, the gene for glucosylceramide synthase (GCS1) was deleted in Cn, resulting in a strain (Δgcs1) that does not produce glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and is avirulent in mouse models of infection. To understand the biology behind the connection between virulence and GlcCer, the production and localization of GlcCer must be characterized in conditions that are prohibitive to the growth of Δgcs1 (neutral pH and high CO(2)). These prohibitive conditions are physiologically similar to those found in the extracellular spaces of the lung during infection. Here, using immunofluorescence, we have shown that GlcCer localization to the cell surface is significantly increased during growth in these conditions and during infection. We further seek to exploit this localization by treatment with Cerezyme (Cz), a recombinant enzyme that metabolizes GlcCer, as a potential treatment for Cn. Cz treatment was found to reduce the amount of GlcCer in vitro, in cultures, and in Cn cells inhabiting the mouse lung. Treatment with Cz induced a membrane integrity defect in wild type Cn cells similar to Δgcs1. Cz treatment also reduced the in vitro growth of Cn in a dose and condition dependent manner. Finally, Cz treatment was shown to have a protective effect on survival in mice infected with Cn. Taken together, these studies have established the legitimacy of targeting the GlcCer and other related sphingolipid systems in the development of novel therapeutics.
Isolation, structure elucidation, and synthesis of novel hydroxylamine-containing polyamines from the venom of the Agelenopsis aperta spider (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIsolation, structure elucidation, and synthesis of novel hydroxylamine-containing polyamines from the venom of the Agelenopsis aperta spiderV. John Jasys, Paul R. Kelbaugh, Deane M. Nason, Douglas Phillips, Kenneth J. Rosnack, Nicholas A. Saccomano, Justin G. Stroh, and Robert A. VolkmannCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 18, 6696–6704Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00174a037https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00174a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1027Altmetric-Citations86LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Transcatheter occlusive therapy of genitourinary abnormalities using isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (Bucrylate) (1979)

Transcatheter occlusive therapy was performed with isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (Bucrylate) in 14 patients with a variety of genitourinary abnormalities. Bucrylate was found to be a valuable agent when used to: (1) occlude vessels with very slow flow; (2) occlude vessels in patients with coagulopathies; (3) occlude high flow arteriovenous fistulas; (4) perform superselective vessel occlusion; and (5) produce permanent vessel obliteration. Bucrylate was used effectively in this group of patients and was used without complications or evidence of histotoxicity.
Performance of optimum transmitter power control in cellular radio systems (1992)

Most cellular radio systems provide for the use of transmitter power control to reduce cochannel interference for a given channel allocation. Efficient interference management aims at achieving acceptable carrier-to-interference ratios in all active communication links in the system. Such schemes for the control of cochannel interference are investigated. The effect of adjacent channel interference is neglected. As a performance measure, the interference (outage) probability is used, i.e., the probability that a randomly chosen link is subject to excessive interference. In order to derive upper performance bounds for transmitter power control schemes, algorithms that are optimum in the sense that the interference probability is minimized are suggested. Numerical results indicate that these upper bounds exceed the performance of conventional systems by an order of magnitude regarding interference suppression and by a factor of 3 to 4 regarding the system capacity. The structure of the optimum algorithm shows that efficient power control and dynamic channel assignment algorithms are closely related.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Malaria, the Red Cell, and the Endothelium (1994)

Erythrocytes infected with mature stages of Plasmodium falciparum malaria adhere to vascular endothelial cells in postcapillary venules of several organs. In some patients, infected cells also form rosettes with uninfected erythrocytes. The special pathology of acute cerebral malaria appears to result from excessive adherence of infected cells in cerebral vessels coupled with occlusion of cerebral blood flow in microvessels by infected cell rosettes. Several endothelial cell proteins have been identified as potential receptors for infected erythrocyte adherence to vascular endothelium, including thrombospondin, CD36, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1). The receptor on infected erythrocytes that mediates adhesion to endothelial cells has been identified as a very large malarial protein on infected cells called PfEMP1. PfEMP1 has been shown to bind to CD36 and thrombospondin in vitro. Antibody-mediated blockade or reversal of infected erythrocyte adherence to vascular endothelium is postulated not only to decrease the pathology of blood-stage malaria, but also to lead to infected cell destruction and clearance, especially in the spleen. PfEMP1 is therefore a prime candidate malarial protein for inclusion in a multicomponent asexual malaria vaccine.
[The physiologic role of pyocyanine synthesized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa]. (1989)

The physiological role of pyocyanine for Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied. Its synthesis was shown to commence at the retardation growth phase. Pyocyanine was accumulated only in the growth medium. The addition of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol accepting the reducing equivalents from coenzyme Q and transferring them to cytochrome c inhibited the pigment accumulation. This was indicative of the connection between pyocyanine synthesis and the level of the reducing equivalents in the cells. Pyocyanine did not accept the reducing equivalents from coenzyme Q in the respiratory chain of P. aeruginosa. Only reduced pyridine nucleotides served as substrates for pyocyanine in the reaction of autooxidation. The kinetic parameters of this reaction and the affinity of NADH dehydrogenase for the substrate were measured. The kinetic data were analysed to show that, under the physiological conditions, pyocyanine could not apparently compete with the respiratory chain for the reducing equivalents and hence directly regulate the level of NAD(P)H in P. aeruginosa cells. In order to keep the oxidising activity at a level necessary for the cells, the latter decreased the content of the reducing equivalents either by synthesizing pyocyanine or owing to the activity of cyanide-resistant oxidase. These processes of releasing the reducing equivalents are in a reciprocal relationship.
Predicting Motivations of Actions by Leveraging Text (2016)

Understanding human actions is a key problem in computer vision. However, recognizing actions is only the first step of understanding what a person is doing. In this paper, we introduce the problem of predicting why a person has performed an action in images. This problem has many applications in human activity understanding, such as anticipating or explaining an action. To study this problem, we introduce a new dataset of people performing actions annotated with likely motivations. However, the information in an image alone may not be sufficient to automatically solve this task. Since humans can rely on their lifetime of experiences to infer motivation, we propose to give computer vision systems access to some of these experiences by using recently developed natural language models to mine knowledge stored in massive amounts of text. While we are still far away from fully understanding motivation, our results suggest that transferring knowledge from language into vision can help machines understand why people in images might be performing an action.
probing the gas-phase folding kinetics of peptide ions by IR activated DR-ECD (2008)

The effect of infrared (IR) irradiation on the electron capture dissociation (ECD) fragmentation pattern of peptide ions was investigated. IR heating increases the internal energy of the precursor ion, which often amplifies secondary fragmentation, resulting in the formation of w-type ions as well as other secondary fragments. Improved sequence coverage was observed with IR irradiation before ECD, likely due to the increased conformational heterogeneity upon IR heating, rather than faster breakdown of the initially formed product ion complex, as IR heating after ECD did not have similar effect. Although the ECD fragment ion yield of peptide ions does not typically increase with IR heating, in double resonance (DR) ECD experiments, fragment ion yield may be reduced by fast resonant ejection of the charge reduced molecular species, and becomes dependent on the folding state of the precursor ion. In this work, the fragment ion yield was monitored as a function of the delay between IR irradiation and the DR-ECD event to study the gas-phase folding kinetics of the peptide ions. Furthermore, the degree of intracomplex hydrogen transfer of the ECD fragment ion pair was used to probe the folding state of the precursor ion. Both methods gave similar refolding time constants of approximately 1.5 s(-1), revealing that gaseous peptide ions often refold in less than a second, much faster than their protein counterparts. It was also found from the IR-DR-ECD study that the intramolecular H. transfer rate can be an order of magnitude higher than that of the separation of the long-lived c/z product ion complexes, explaining the common observation of c. and z type ions in ECD experiments.
Self-healing materials: a review (2008)

The ability of materials to self-heal from mechanical and thermally induced damage is explored in this paper and has significance in the field of fracture and fatigue. The history and evolution of several self-repair systems is examined including nano-beam healing elements, passive self-healing, autonomic self-healing and ballistic self-repair. Self-healing mechanisms utilized in the design of these unusual materials draw much information from the related field of polymer-polymer interfaces and crack healing. The relationship of material damage to material healing is examined in a manner to provide an understanding of the kinetics and damage reversal processes necessary to impart self-healing characteristics. In self-healing systems, there are transitions from hard-to-soft matter in ballistic impact and solvent bonding and conversely, soft-to-hard matter transitions in high rate yielding materials and shear-thickening fluids. These transitions are examined in terms of a new theory of the glass transition and yielding, viz., the twinkling fractal theory of the hard-to-soft matter transition. Success in the design of self-healing materials has important consequences for material safety, product performance and enhanced fatigue lifetime.