gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advertising Experiments at the Campbell Soup Company (1989)

In the mid 1970's, 19 controlled experiments in the marketplace were conducted by the Campbell Soup Company to evaluate the sales impact of advertising changes for various well established packaged food brands. Changes evaluated included: budget levels, seasonality, media type and mix, creative strategy and audience targeted. Markets defined by Selling Areas Marketing Inc. (SAMI) were used as the experimental units. One of the main findings that emerged when the experiments were viewed as a whole was that budget levels, given existing creative executions, generally had little or no impact on the sales of these well established brands. However, changes in copy strategy, media selection, media mix and targeting often produced a substantial payout. These findings had a significant influence on advertising strategy at Campbell Soup Company and led to: (a) Greater emphasis on strategic development and evaluation of copy. (b) Evaluation of a larger number of (sometimes unconventional) media. (c) Implementation of much greater differences in advertising weight in budget level tests.
All- <i>trans</i> Retinoic Acid Facilitates Oncoretrovirus-Mediated Transduction of Hematopoietic Repopulating Stem Cells (2001)

A major limiting factor in achieving high levels of gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells is the ability to retain significant repopulating activity of the stem cells during the ex vivo exposure to oncoretroviral vectors. Recently, we reported that pharmacological levels (1 microM) of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) enhanced the maintenance of in vivo repopulating hematopoietic stem cells during liquid suspension culture. Therefore, we investigated the use of ATRA to improve transduction of hematopoietic repopulating cells. Hematopoietic precursors cultured and transduced with a GFP-containing oncoretroviral vector with or without ATRA were transplanted immediately post-transduction (day 3 post-culture initiation) or following extended culture without further transduction (day 7 post-culture initiation). Mice transplanted with 3-day ATRA-treated cells had four-fold more donor cells than the untreated cells. In contrast, there were more GFP-expressing donor cells in recipients of cells cultured without ATRA (31.31 +/- 8.47% no ATRA vs. 16.52 +/- 9.35% ATRA). After 7 days of culture, however, the repopulating ability of the hematopoietic precursors was the same for both treatment groups, but the ATRA-treated cells had significantly more green fluorescence protein (GFP)-expressing donor cells (5.57 +/- O.53% no ATRA vs. 13.67 +/- 2.14% ATRA). Secondary recipients of marrow from recipients of the 3 day cultured cells had similar donor cell levels, but the percentage of GFP-expressing cells within the donor cell population was higher in the recipients of ATRA-treated cells (3.25 +/- 0.70% no ATRA vs. 7.97 +/- 2.71% ATRA). Our data show that the addition of ATRA to cultures of hematopoietic precursors resulted in increased gene transfer into murine hematopoietic repopulating cells. These data suggest that ATRA may be useful in clinical gene therapy protocols using oncoretroviral vectors.
Augmented segmentation and visualization for presentation videos (2005)

We investigate methods of segmenting, visualizing, and indexing presentation videos by both audio and visual data. The audio track is segmented by speaker, and augmented with key phrases which are extracted using an Automatic Speech Recognizer (ASR). The video track is segmented by visual dissimilarities and changes in speaker gesturing, and augmented by representative key frames. An interactive user interface combines a visual representation of audio, video, text, key frames, and allows the user to navigate presentation videos. User studies with 176 students of varying knowledge were conducted on 7.5 hours of student presentation video (32 presentations). Tasks included searching for various portions of presentations, both known and unknown to students, and summarizing presentations given the annotations. The results are favorable towards the video summaries and the interface, suggesting faster responses by a factor of 20% compared to having access to the actual video. Accuracy of responses remained the same on average. Follow-up surveys present a number of suggestions towards improving the interface, such as the incorporation of automatic speaker clustering and identification, and the display of an abstract topological view of the presentation. Surveys also show alternative contexts in which students would like to use the tool in the classroom environment.
Highway scene analysis in hard real-time (2002)

A hard real-time vision system has been developed that analyses color videos taken from a car driving on a highway. The system uses a combination of color, edge, and motion information to recognize and track the road boundaries, lane markings and other vehicles on the road. Cars are recognized by matching templates that are cropped from the input data online, by detecting image features, and by evaluating how these features relate to each other. Cars are also recognized by temporal differencing and by tracking motion parameters that are typical for cars. The system recognizes and tracks road boundaries and lane markings using a recursive least squares filter. Experimental results demonstrate robust, real-time car recognition and tracking over thousands of image frames.
See-through near-eye displays enabling vision correction (2017)

We propose a see-through near-eye display, which is dedicated to the visually impaired users who suffer from refractive anomalies. Our solution is characterized by a pair of corrective lenses coated with multiplexed volume holograms. Its key performance including diffraction efficiency, field of view, modulation transfer function, and distortion has been studied.
A Matheematical Model for Positron-Emission Tomography Systems Having Time-of-Flight Measurements (1981)

Improvements in high speed electronics and scintillation-crystal technology now permit usable differential time-of-flight measurements to be made in tomography systems that employ coincidence detection of the annihilation photons created with positron emitting radionuclides. A mathematical model for these new measurements is developed in this paper. Reconstruction algorithms and their signal-to-noise ratio performance are given.
Pleiotropic Effects of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors (2001)

The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors or statins are potent inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis. Several large clinical trials have demonstrated the beneficial effects of statins in the primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. However, the overall clinical benefits observed with statin therapy appear to be greater than what might be expected from changes in lipid profile alone, suggesting that the beneficial effects of statins may extend beyond their effects on serum cholesterol levels. Indeed, recent experimental and clinical evidence indicates that some of the cholesterol-independent or "pleiotropic" effects of statins involve improving or restoring endothelial function, enhancing the stability of atherosclerotic plaques, and decreasing oxidative stress and vascular inflammation. Many of these pleiotropic effects of statins are mediated by their ability to block the synthesis of important isoprenoid intermediates, which serve as lipid attachments for a variety of intracellular signaling molecules. In particular, the inhibition of small GTP-binding proteins, Rho, Ras, and Rac, whose proper membrane localization and function are dependent on isoprenylation, may play an important role in mediating the direct cellular effects of statins on the vascular wall.
Efficacy of ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate combined in a chewable formulation against heartworm, hookworm, and ascarid infections in dogs (1992)

Eight trials were conducted in dogs to document the efficacy of ivermectin (6 micrograms/kg of body weight) and pyrantel pamoate (5 mg of active pyrantel/kg) in a beef-based chewable formulation against Dirofilaria immitis, Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala, Toxocara canis, and Toxascaris leonina. Three studies involved induced infection with D immitis, and 5 studies involved induced or natural infection with hookworms and ascarids. In 3 intestinal parasite trials, the efficacy of the combination chewable tablet was compared with each of its components. Results indicated that 1 component did not interfere with the activity of the other. In 1 heartworm and 2 intestinal parasite trials, the efficacy of pyrantel, ivermectin/pyrantel combination, or ivermectin with pyrantel dosage of 10 mg/kg was evaluated. The ivermectin/pyrantel combination was 100% effective in preventing development of D immitis larvae. Efficacy of the combined product against T canis, Toxascaris leonina, A caninum, and U stenocephala was 90.1, 99.2, 98.5, and 98.7%, respectively. In the intestinal parasite trials, each individual component was found not to interfere with the anthelmintic action of the other. Increasing the dosage of pyrantel to 10 mg/kg (2 x that in the combination) did not interfere with the efficacy of ivermectin against heartworm or increase the activity of pyrantel against intestinal parasites.
326. Purines, pyrimidines, and glyoxalines. Part XIII. Some new unambiguous syntheses of 5-aminoglyoxalines and 5-aminoglyoxaline-4-carboxyamides, and a synthesis of 5-amino-1-β-<scp>D</scp>-ribofuranosylglyox-aline-4-carboxyamide (1959)

G. Shaw, R. N. Warrener, D. N. Butler and R. K. Ralph, J. Chem. Soc., 1959, 1648 DOI: 10.1039/JR9590001648
Conical-Nanotube Ion-Current Rectifiers:  The Role of Surface Charge (2004)

Ion channels are protein pores that span cell membranes and open and close in response to stimuli like changes in the transmembrane potential, binding of a ligand, or mechanical stress. When open, ions pass through the pore, and hence across the cell membrane, and when closed, ion-transport is precluded. Hence, these channels are nanodevices that have a current-rectification function. There is intense research effort aimed at understanding the molecular-level mechanism for this function. One approach for elucidating the mechanism is to construct a simple abiotic system that mimics this function and to use the mechanistic details of this mimic as a guide to understand the more complex biological channel. We describe here such an abiotic mimic: a synthetic membrane that contains a single conical gold nanotube. The advantage of this mimic is that the surface charge and chemistry of the nanotube wall can be varied, at will, by judicious choice of electrolyte or by thiol chemisorption. This has allowed us to make conical Au nanotubes that rectify the ion current and, just as importantly, to definitively elucidate the mechanism of this function.
Gallager codes for CDMA applications. II. Implementations, complexity, and system capacity (2000)

We focus our attention on Gallager codes with parameters compatible with the IS-95 cellular radio standard. We discuss low complexity software and hardware implementations of an iterative decoder for {N,-,3} Gallager codes. We estimate that by using Gallager codes, a factor of five improvement in the code-division multiple-access system capacity relative to an uncoded system can be achieved, equivalent to a factor of two improvement relative to state-of-the art orthogonal convolutional codes. Simulation results demonstrate the good performance of short-frame Gallager codes in the additive white Gaussian noise and certain fading channels.
Some Aspects of the Chemical Synthesis of Oligoribonucleotides (1985)

Abstract The present position regarding the protection of the 2′- and 5′-hydroxy functions in the chemical synthesis of oligoribonucleotides is discussed.
Environment and Cancer: Who Are Susceptible? (1997)

Acting in concert with individual susceptibility, environmental factors such as smoking, diet, and pollutants play a role in most human cancer. However, new molecular evidence indicates that specific groups-characterized by predisposing genetic traits or ethnicity, the very young, and women-may have heightened risk from certain exposures. This is illustrated by molecular epidemiologic studies of environmental carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aromatic amines. Individual genetic screening for rare high-risk traits or for more common, low-penetrant susceptibility genes is problematic and not routinely recommended. However, knowledge of the full spectrum of both genetic and acquired susceptibility in the population will be instrumental in developing health and regulatory policies that increase protection of the more susceptible groups from risks of environmental carcinogens. This will necessitate revision of current risk assessment methodologies to explicitly account for individual variation in susceptibility to environmental carcinogens.
Formylation products of thioamides. XIII. Reaction of N‐(3‐aminothioacryloyl)‐formamidines with amines – Synthesis of Pyrimidine Derivatives (1985)

Abstract N‐(3‐Aminothioacryloyl)‐formamidines 3 react with primary amines to give either 4(1H)‐pyrimidinthiones 6 or transaminated N‐(3‐aminothioacryloyl)‐formamidines 5 . Alkylation of the latter compounds gives rise to cyclised 6(1H)‐pyrimidinimines 7 . The 4(1H)‐pyrimidinthiones 6 can be S‐alkylated to 4‐alkylmercaptopyrimidinium salts 8 . Subsequent substitution of the alkylmercapto group of the 8 results in the formation of 4‐aminopyrimidinium salts 9 , which can also be obtained starting from the 3 by a reversed reaction sequence that is first by S‐alkylation to 3‐alkylmercapto‐2‐azapentamethinium salts 10 and subsequent reaction with primary amines.
Classifier systems and economic modeling (1996)

Human economic decisions are characterized by a number of factors which make them difficult to model with standard mathematical tools. Decisions can be more easily described by a set of rules, and some of them may be "rules of thumb". Economic behavior is adaptive, in that people are able to adjust to a changing environment. It is argued in this paper that the classifier system framework is a suitable means of modeling human economic decisions. A case of a simple economic decision of finding an optimal price is discussed, which is later made more complex by introducing an input variable that effects the optimal price. It is shown that classifier systems can be used in both tasks, and their performance is compared to human decisions in the same set of circumstances.
An influenza A(H3) reassortant was epidemic in Australia and New Zealand in 2003 (2005)

During 2003, Australia and New Zealand experienced substantial outbreaks of influenza. The strain responsible was an A(H3N2) influenza virus described as A/Fujian/411/2002-like, which had circulated as a minor variant in the previous Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter, mainly in Korea and Japan. Early in the year the isolates were very similar to those that had been previously isolated in the NH, however, a reassortant strain emerged early in the New Zealand winter, followed by the appearance of similar viruses in Australia and other regional areas. While the hemagglutinin HA1 sequence of these viruses demonstrated only minor differences from the A/Fujian/411/2002 reference strain, the neuraminidase gene was clearly different from that of other recently circulating H3 viruses and most closely matched an earlier reference strain A/Chile/6416/2001. Three internal genes (NS, NP, M) in the reassortant viruses were also more closely related to the A/Chile/6416/2001 lineage. This reassortant A(H3) virus predominated in Australia and New Zealand in 2003 was also seen in Brazil and Malaysia during 2003 and was widespread in the United States and Europe during their 2003-04 winter. Interestingly most of the strains of A(H3) that were isolated at the beginning of the 2004 winter in Australia, did not have this earlier A/Chile/6416/2001-like neuraminidase but had a neuraminidase that was similar to that of the reference strain A/Fujian/411/2002. This was suggestive of the re-introduction of influenza A(H3) from other countries, however, there was still low level circulation of the reassortant virus in 2004 with isolates detected in Australia and Singapore.
Tunable and selective wavelength conversion using fiber four-wave mixing with two pump lights (1994)

Tunable wavelength conversion is described using fiber four-wave mixing. Utilizing two pump lights, a signal light is converted from an arbitrary frequency to another one regardless of the zero-dispersion wavelength of the fiber. Selective conversion is also possible by adjusting one of the pump light frequencies, where one of the multiplexed signals is selectively converted.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Absence of association between the Fc gamma receptor IIIA-176F/V polymorphism and the severity of malaria in Thai. (2002)

Human Fc gamma receptor (Fc gamma R) genes form a clustered gene family, which consists of Fc gamma RIIA, IIB, IIC, IIIA, and IIIB genes, on chromosome 1q23. We previously reported that the Fc gamma RIIA-131H/H genotype in combination with the Fc gamma RIIIB-NA2 allele is associated with susceptibility to cerebral malaria, and that such an association can be caused by linkage disequilibrium (LD) between these polymorphisms and the primary associated gene(s) in this region. Fc gamma RIIIA is known to exhibit the genetic polymorphism Fc gamma RIIIA-176F/V coded for different affinity to IgG1 and IgG3. In this study, we examined a possible association between Fc gamma RIIIA-176F/V polymorphism and severity of malaria in 462 adult Thai patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The frequencies of Fc gamma RIIIA-176V among patients with mild malaria, with non-cerebral severe malaria, and with cerebral malaria were 32.7%, 29.9%, and 36.3%, respectively. This polymorphism showed neither positive nor negative association with the severity of malaria. Thus, we concluded that the association of Fc gamma RIIA-131H/R and Fc gamma RIIIB-NA1/NA2 polymorphisms with cerebral malaria in Thailand is not due to the LD caused by Fc gamma RIIIA-176F/V.
Xenotransplantation-Progress and Problems: A Review (2014)

Xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues or organs is considered to be a solution to the shortage of human allotransplants. Pigs have been selected as optimal donor for several reasons, among them physiological and economical. Before xenotransplantation will be applied broadly in the clinic three hurdles need to be overcome: (i) rejection due to immune reactions and coagulation dysfunction, (ii) physiological incompatibility and (iii) microbiological risk. Although some clinical trials have been performed in the past and some are ongoing, most experience is gained from pig-to-non human primate experiments. To overcome immune rejection, numerous multitransgenic and knock-down animals were produced or are in preparation. The physiological compatibility is still badly studied, mainly due to the short survival time of the recipient animals. Last not least, xenotransplantation may be associated with the risk of transmission of porcine microorganisms. Most of them can be eliminated by designated pathogen free breeding of the animals; however, porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) represent a special risk. PERVs are integrated as proviruses in the genome of all pigs, they can be released as viral particles and infect human cells. An extensive screening program and selection of donor animals with a low expression of PERV accompanied by the development of different strategies to prevent PERV transmission is therefore requested. Finally, a broad discussion within the scientific community and the society concerning ethical aspects of xenotransplantation had been taken place.
Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, and X-linked inheritance (IPEX), a syndrome of systemic autoimmunity caused by mutations of FOXP3, a critical regulator of T-cell homeostasis (2003)

Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, and X-linked inheritance (IPEX) is one of a group of clinical syndromes that present with multisystem autoimmune disease suggesting a phenotype of immune dysregulation. Clinically, IPEX manifests most commonly with diarrhea, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders, and eczema. FOXP3, the gene responsible for IPEX, maps to chromosome Xp11.23-Xq13.3 and encodes a putative DNA-binding protein of the forkhead family. Recent data indicate that FOXP3 is expressed primarily in the CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cell subset, where it may function as a transcriptional repressor and key modulator of regulatory T-cell fate and function. This review describes the clinical features of IPEX and the structure, function, and known mutations of FOXP3 that provide important insights into its role in maintenance of immune homeostasis.
vMerger: Server Consolidation in Virtualized Environment (2013)

In virtualized clusters, applications are deployed in virtual machines (VMs). Resource can be configured dynamically with the varying workloads. When workloads become low, applications can be consolidated on smaller number of nodes. Much more tasks can be processed in clusters. Virtualized clusters have better scalability than traditional clusters. In this paper, we present a server consolidation manager vMerger to improve the scalability of clusters. Linear programming is used for finding new mapping of VMs to smaller number of nodes. An optimized topological-sorting-based migration order generation method is designed to change VM distribution from current mapping to new mapping. The experimental results show that, vMerger effectively improves the scalability of clusters using server consolidation.
Lymphocytes capable of making monoclonal autoantibodies that react with multiple organs are a common feature of the normal B cell repertoire. (1984)

Cette etude suggere que les cellules capables de faire des autoanticorps sont presentes mais ordinairement silencieuses chez les animaux normaux et peuvent quelquefois etre stimulees pa des facteurs environnementaux a produire des autoanticorps en l'absence de stimulation specifique par des autoantigenes
Outlook on Brazil's sugar cane industry competitiveness. (2009)

This paper reviews the Brazilian sugar cane production sector as well as the drivers impacting its competitiveness. First, large scale sugar and ethanol production is a fundamental comparative advantage of Brazil's cane industry. The vast majority of cane is planted and harvested by the mills themselves, rather than by independent growers, in a model that reinforces gains from economies of scale. Moreover, gross income from sugarcane growing is the second highest among a selected group of crops directly competing for land in Centre-South Brazil, at an estimated US$ 1,600 per hectare. The industry has recently suffered a blow as a result of the credit crunch. However, a strong level of inflow of foreign direct investment in the Brazilian sugarcane industry, resulting in increased access to relatively cheaper credit, combined with a fastly consolidating industry via mergers and acquisitions, is likely to continue to give Brazil an additional edge over other market players in the short to medium term. Ethanol and sugar production costs are among the world's lowest, estimated at a respective USD 0.35/litre and US 12 cents/Ib.
Generation of<i>Escherichia coli</i>O9a Serotype, a Subtype of<i>E. coli</i>O9, by Transfer of the<i>wb</i>* Gene Cluster of<i>Klebsiella</i>O3 into<i>E. coli</i>via Recombination (1998)

Genetic characterization of the wb* gene in a series of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella strains possessing the mannose homopolymer as the O-specific polysaccharide was carried out. The partial nucleotide sequences and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis suggested that E. coli serotype O9a, a subtype of E. coli O9, might have been generated by the insertion of the Klebsiella O3 wb* gene into a certain E. coli strain.