gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Learning to Refine Object Segments (2016)

Object segmentation requires both object-level information and low-level pixel data. This presents a challenge for feedforward networks: lower layers in convolutional nets capture rich spatial information, while upper layers encode object-level knowledge but are invariant to factors such as pose and appearance. In this work we propose to augment feedforward nets for object segmentation with a novel top-down refinement approach. The resulting bottom-up/top-down architecture is capable of efficiently generating high-fidelity object masks. Similarly to skip connections, our approach leverages features at all layers of the net. Unlike skip connections, our approach does not attempt to output independent predictions at each layer. Instead, we first output a coarse `mask encoding' in a feedforward pass, then refine this mask encoding in a top-down pass utilizing features at successively lower layers. The approach is simple, fast, and effective. Building on the recent DeepMask network for generating object proposals, we show accuracy improvements of 10-20% in average recall for various setups. Additionally, by optimizing the overall network architecture, our approach, which we call SharpMask, is 50% faster than the original DeepMask network (under .8s per image).
Specific gene delivery to liver sinusoidal and artery endothelial cells (2013)

Different types of endothelial cells (EC) fulfill distinct tasks depending on their microenvironment. ECs are therefore difficult to genetically manipulate ex vivo for functional studies or gene therapy. We assessed lentiviral vectors (LVs) targeted to the EC surface marker CD105 for in vivo gene delivery. The mouse CD105-specific vector, mCD105-LV, transduced only CD105-positive cells in primary liver cell cultures. Upon systemic injection, strong reporter gene expression was detected in liver where mCD105-LV specifically transduced liver sinusoidal ECs (LSECs) but not Kupffer cells, which were mainly transduced by nontargeted LVs. Tumor ECs were specifically targeted upon intratumoral vector injection. Delivery of the erythropoietin gene with mCD105-LV resulted in substantially increased erythropoietin and hematocrit levels. The human CD105-specific vector (huCD105-LV) transduced exclusively human LSECs in mice transplanted with human liver ECs. Interestingly, when applied at higher dose and in absence of target cells in the liver, huCD105-LV transduced ECs of a human artery transplanted into the descending mouse aorta. The data demonstrate for the first time targeted gene delivery to specialized ECs upon systemic vector administration. This strategy offers novel options to better understand the physiological functions of ECs and to treat genetic diseases such as those affecting blood factors.
Package Performance Improvement with Counter-Discontinuity and its Effective Bandwidth (2007)

This paper discusses a package design technique to enhance high speed signal performance by reducing the large discontinuity effects at the vias and solder ball interfaces. In the technique, an intentional counter-discontinuity in complementary phase to existing discontinuity is inserted to mitigate the existing discontinuity. Transmission line behavior of short multiple discontinuities are analyzed using theoretical approximation and simulation examples to demonstrate the validity of the technique. The techniques are then applied to package via and solder ball transitions of high speed differential nets using 3D simulation to evaluate improvement at target frequencies versus impact in bandwidth.
Simultaneous region and edge segmentation of infrared images using non-maximal suppression for edge thinning (1990)

A cooccurrence space is defined by utilising the combinations of pixel strengths defined by a Canny edge operator. A region and boundary segmentation derived from this space is first edge thinned by non-maximal suppression and then hysteresis is used as a post-processing step to improve the edges. The distributions in cooccurrence space define the thresholds employed in the hysteresis post-processing.
Courteous Autonomous Cars (2018)

Typically, autonomous cars optimize for a combination of safety, efficiency, and driving quality. But as we get better at this optimization, we start seeing behavior go from too conservative to too aggressive. The car's behavior exposes the incentives we provide in its cost function. In this work, we argue for cars that are not optimizing a purely selfish cost, but also try to be courteous to other interactive drivers. We formalize courtesy as a term in the objective that measures the increase in another driver's cost induced by the autonomous car's behavior. Such a courtesy term enables the robot car to be aware of possible irrationality of the human behavior, and plan accordingly. We analyze the effect of courtesy in a variety of scenarios. We find, for example, that courteous robot cars leave more space when merging in front of a human driver. Moreover, we find that such a courtesy term can help explain real human driver behavior on the NGSIM dataset.
Movement model, hits distribution and learning in virtual keyboarding (2002)

In a ten-session experiment, six participants practiced typing with an expanding rehearsal method on an optimized virtual keyboard. Based on a large amount of in-situ performance data, this paper reports the following findings. First, the Fitts-digraph movement efficiency model of virtual keyboards is revised. The format and parameters of Fitts' law used previously in virtual keyboards research were incorrect. Second, performance limit predictions of various layouts are calculated with the new model. Third, learning with expanding rehearsal intervals for maximum memory benefits is effective, but many improvements of the training algorithm used can be made in the future. Finally, increased visual load when typing previously practiced text did not significantly change users' performance at this stage of learning, but typing unpracticed text did have a performance effect, suggesting a certain degree of text specific learning when typing on virtual keyboards
10-Carboxyloganin, Normonoterpenoid Gluosides and Dinormonoterpenoid Glucosides from the Leaves of Cerbera manghas (Studies on Cerbera. 10). (1996)

10-Carboxyloganin was isolated along with β-D-glucosides of cyclopentano-normonoterpenoids and dinormonoterpenoids from the frozen fresh leaves of Cerbera manghas. Their structures were characterized by means of MS and NMR spectroscopy. The correlation of drying conditions of the leaves and yields of glucosides or allosides of cyclocerberidol and epoxycerberidol was studied. The dinormonoterpenoids were similar to those obtained from Thevetia peruviana.
Identifying Mendelian disease genes with the Variant Effect Scoring Tool (2013)

Our results demonstrate the potential power gain of aggregating bioinformatics variant scores into gene-level scores and the general utility of bioinformatics in assisting the search for disease genes in large-scale exome sequencing studies. VEST is available as a stand-alone software package at http://wiki.chasmsoftware.org and is hosted by the CRAVAT web server at http://www.cravat.us.
Doxorubicin: an update on anticancer molecular action, toxicity and novel drug delivery systems (2012)

Overall the future for the continued use of doxorubicin clinically against cancer looks set to be prolonged, provided certain enhancements as listed above are made to its chemistry, delivery and toxicity. Increased efficacy depends on these three aims being met satisfactorily as discussed in turn in this review.
A modified K-means clustering algorithm for use in isolated work recognition (1985)

Studies of isolated word recognition systems have shown that a set of carefully chosen templates can be used to bring the performance of speaker-independent systems up to that of systems trained to the individual speaker. The earliest work in this area used a sophisticated set of pattern recognition algorithms in a human-interactive mode to create the set of templates (multiple patterns) for each word in the vocabulary. Not only was this procedure time consuming but it was impossible to reproduce exactly because it was highly dependent on decisions made by the experimenter. Subsequent work led to an automatic clustering procedure which, given only a set of clustering parameters, clustered patterns with the same performance as the previously developed supervised algorithms. The one drawback of the automatic procedure was that the specification of the input parameter set was found to be somewhat dependent on the vocabulary type and size of population to be clustered. Since a naive user of such a statistical clustering algorithm could not be expected, in general, to know how to choose the word clustering parameters, even this automatic clustering algorithm was not appropriate for a completely general word recognition system. It is the purpose of this paper to present a clustering algorithm based on a standard K-means approach which requires no user parameter specification. Experimental data show that this new algorithm performs as well or better than the previously used clustering techniques when tested as part of a speaker-independent isolated word recognition system.
Seismic Geomorphology: Imaging Elements of Depositional Systems from Shelf to Deep Basin Using 3D Seismic Data: Implications for Exploration and Development (2004)

Abstract 3D seismic data can play a vital role in hydrocarbon exploration and development especially with regard to mitigating risk associated with presence of reservoir, source, and seal facies. Such data can afford direct imaging of depositional elements, which can then be analyzed using seismic stratigraphy and seismic geomorphology to yield predictions of lithologic distribution, insights to compartmentalization. and identification of stratigraphic trapping possibilities. Benefits can be direct, whereby depositional elements at exploration depths can be identified and interpreted, or they can be indirect, whereby shallow-buried depositional systems can be clearly imaged and provide analogues to deeper exploration or development targets. Examples of imaged depositional elements from both shallow and deep sections are presented.
Subsite Structure and Action Mode of the α-Amylase from<i>Thermoactinomvces vulgaris</i> (1985)

The subsite structure of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris α-amylase was estimated from its action mode and rate parameters of hydrolysis on maltooligosaccharides. These results led to the conclusion that this α-amylase has six subsites with the catalytic site located between the third and fourth subsites from the non-reducing end side. Subsite affinities were calculated to be 0.38, 5.46, 2.72 and 0.23 kcal/mol for subsites 1, 2, 5 and 6, respectively, and the sum of the affinities of subsite 3 and 4 to be −3.41 kcal/mol. The unique action mode of this α-amylase on various substrates was interpreted in terms of the subsite structure.
Agrarisch landschap belangrijk voor biodiversiteit (2008)

Vijf boeren in de Hoeksche Waard begonnen vier jaar geleden met een proef om insecten in te zetten tegen luizen. Met succes. De laatste twee jaar spuiten ze geen bestrijdingsmiddelen meer op hun aardappelen, granen en bieten. Het project de Hoeksche Waard bestrijkt ruim 250 hectare aaneengesloten grond in de provincie Zuid-Holland. De aanleg van akkerranden met bloeiende kruiden staat centraal in de aanpak
A treatise on crash sensing for automotive air bag systems (2002)

Car air bags are effective safety features, but have caused some fatalities and injuries. An essential focus of potential enhancements ("smart air bags") centers around crash sensing. This paper provides a basic yet thorough discussion of underlying technical challenges and design approaches for the subject matter. Mechanical sensors are analyzed to reveal their functioning characteristics. Discussions of design approaches for electronic sensor are elaborated with analysis of sensing algorithms. Subsequently, the shortcomings of current systems are cited. Definitions and compositions of smart air bags are then summarized. Included in the discussions are occupant sensing and integrated systems. Also presented is a perspective on system design of occupant restraints that relates to the concept of energy management. The implementation of air bags and related occupant restraints requires extensive knowledge from various engineering disciplines, in particular mechanical, chemical, electrical, and increasingly electronic expertise. The market is evolving toward a greater usage of electronic contents. The demand of advanced functions is stimulating the integration of various sensing technologies.
Providing End-to-End Connectivity to SIP User Agents Behind NATs (2008)

The widespread diffusion of private networks in SOHO scenarios is fostering an increased deployment of network address translators (NATs). The presence of NATs seriously limits end-to-end connectivity and prevents protocols like the session initiation protocol (SIP) from working properly. This document shows how the address list extension (ALEX), which was originally developed to provide dual-stack and multi-homing support to SIP, can be used, with minor modifications, to ensure end-to-end connectivity for both media and signaling flows, without relying on intermediate relay nodes whenever it is possible.
The prudential regulation and management of foreign exchange risk (1998)

This paper examines issues in the prudential management and regulation of foreign exchange risk. It begins with measurement issues, notably converting foreign currency items into domestic currency terms, and calculating foreign exchange positions. The focus then shifts to managing foreign exchange risks. Although the key to effective management lies in the bank`s reporting and internal control systems, regulators frequently seek to limit such risks directly. This usually involves limiting the overall open position in terms of bank capital or requiring that capital be set aside against such risks.
Molecular pathology of epithelial ovarian cancer (2006)

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynaecological malignancy and it most commonly occurs in postmenopausal women. Ninety per cent of ovarian cancers are derived from the ovarian surface epithelium and these neoplasms are classified into serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear-cell and transitional-cell types. The molecular pathology of ovarian carcinomas is heterogeneous and involves various putative precursor lesions and multiple pathways of development. The most common subtype, high-grade serous carcinoma, is characterized by p53 mutations, and BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 dysfunction. It most likely arises from epithelium within inclusion cysts or from the surface of the ovary. In contrast, low-grade serous carcinomas are characterized by KRAS or BRAF mutations and appear to arise via an adenoma-borderline-carcinoma sequence. Similarly, mucinous carcinomas have KRAS mutations and probably develop via an adenoma-borderline-carcinoma sequence. Low-grade endometrioid carcinomas, however, are characterized by mutations in PTEN and CTNNB1, and microsatellite instability, and may arise from ovarian endometriosis or borderline endometrioid tumours. High-grade endometrioid carcinomas have similar changes to high-grade serous carcinomas. Clear-cell carcinomas are characterized by mutations of TGFbetaR2 and over-expression of HNF-1beta, and probably arise from ovarian endometriosis. The molecular changes in transitional-cell carcinomas of the ovary remain largely unknown. The identified molecular changes and pathways of development in epithelial ovarian cancer will facilitate the rationalized development of new diagnostic modalities and tailored therapies for this malignancy.
Elucidation of Multilayer Growth of Amphiphiles on Liquid Surfaces (1996)

The crystalline properties of the amphiphilic systems N-methylarachidamide (NM) and of N,N‘-dimethyldocosanediamide (NND) in the uncompressed state at 5 °C on surfaces of water and liquid formamide were studied by grazing incidence synchrotron X-ray diffraction (GID). On water, the amphiphile NM forms a crystalline monolayer. On formamide, NM behaves differently. One h after deposition on the liquid surface, GID patterns indicated coexistence of two different crystalline monolayer structures. Three h later, a crystalline bilayer had formed. The fundamental question as to whether the interlayer growth took place in the liquid subphase or in the air was elucidated with the help of the tailor-made additive N-benzylarachidamide (NB). Addition of 10% of NB in the spreading solution yielded only a monolayer. From this result we conclude that bilayer growth of pure NM must occur from the liquid side. It also helps to establish a similar interlayer growth mechanism for the trilayer formation of pure arachidamide on liquid formamide.1 The amphiphile NND behaved differently from NM as it formed a crystalline monolayer on both water and formamide liquid surfaces.
Radical Carboxylation:  Ester Synthesis from Alkyl Iodides, Carbon Monoxide, and Alcohols under Irradiation Conditions (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTRadical Carboxylation: Ester Synthesis from Alkyl Iodides, Carbon Monoxide, and Alcohols under Irradiation ConditionsKiyoto Nagahara, Ilhyong Ryu, Mitsuo Komatsu, and Noboru SonodaView Author Information Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University Suita, Osaka 565, Japan Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 23, 5465–5466Publication Date (Web):June 11, 1997Publication History Received2 December 1996Published online11 June 1997Published inissue 1 June 1997https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja964124ghttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja964124grapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1997 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1962Altmetric-Citations96LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Alcohols,Alkyls,Anions,Irradiation,Organic compounds Get e-Alerts
Glass Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Mechanical Properties Enhancement by Adhesion Improvement (2012)

Glass fibers (GF) are the reinforcement agent most used in polypropylene (PP) based composites, as they have good balance between properties and costs. However, their final properties are mainly determined by the strength and stability of the polymer-fiber interphase. Fibers do not act as an effective reinforcing material when the adhesion is weak. Also, the adhesion between phases can be easily degraded in aggressive environmental conditions such as high temperatures and/or elevated moisture, and by the stress fields to which the material may be exposed. Many efforts have been done to improve polymer-glass fiber adhesion by compatibility enhancement. The most used techniques include modifications in glass surface, polymer matrix and/or both. However, the results obtained do not show a good costs/properties improvement relationship. The aim of this work is to perform an accurate analysis regarding methods for GF/PP adhesion improvement and to propose a new route based on PP in-situ polymerization onto fibers. This route involves the modification of fibers with an aluminum alkyl and hydroxy-α-olefin and from there to enable the growth of the PP chains using direct metallocenic copolymerization. The adhesion improvements were further proved by fragmentation test, as well as by mechanical properties measurements. The strength and toughness increases three times and the interfacial strength duplicates in PP/GF composites prepared with in-situ polymerized fibers.
Mutational analysis of the p63/p73L/p51/p40/CUSP/KET gene in human cancer cell lines using intronic primers. (1999)

After the identification of p73, a second homologue of the human p53 tumor suppressor gene has been reported and named p63/p73L/p51/p40/CUSP/KET. We have investigated the hypotheses that: (a) p63 is mutated in diverse types of human cancers; and (b) p63 functions in the same pathway as p53 and p73 in the process of carcinogenesis; therefore, mutations in these three genes would be mutually exclusive. We have analyzed the genomic structure of the p63 gene and have performed mutational analyses on 54 human cell lines using intronic primers flanking each exon. We have confirmed that the human p63 open reading frame encodes the same length of protein as murine p63 that was initially reported to be 39 amino acids longer than human p63. By mutational analysis, we have shown that DLD1 and SKOV3 cells have either heterozygous mutations or polymorphisms in the putative DNA binding domain of p63. In these cell lines, p63 is biallelically expressed. We conclude that mutations in the p63 gene are rare in human cell lines. The fact that DLD1 is abnormal for both p63 and p53 genes suggests that they may not be involved in the same tumor suppressor pathway.
Diet-induced Diabetes Activates an Osteogenic Gene Regulatory Program in the Aortas of Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-deficient Mice (1998)

Vascular calcification is common in people with diabetes and its presence predicts premature mortality. To clarify the underlying mechanisms, we used low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLR -/-) mice to study vascular calcification in the ascending aorta. LDLR -/- mice on a chow diet did not develop obesity, diabetes, atheroma, or vascular calcification. In contrast, LDLR -/- mice on high fat diets containing cholesterol developed obesity, severe hyperlipidemia, hyperinsulinemic diabetes, and aortic atheroma. A high fat diet without cholesterol also induced obesity and diabetes, but caused only moderate hyperlipidemia and did not result in significant aortic atheroma formation. Regardless of cholesterol content, high fat diets induced mineralization of the proximal aorta (assessed by von Kossa staining) and promoted aortic expression of Msx2 and Msx1, genes encoding homeodomain transcription factors that regulate mineralization and osseous differentiation programs in the developing skull. Osteopontin (Opn), an osteoblast matrix protein gene also expressed by activated macrophages, was up-regulated in the aorta by these high fat diets. In situ hybridization showed that peri-aortic adventitial cells in high fat-fed mice express Msx2. Opn was also detected in this adventitial cell population, but in addition was expressed by aortic vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages of the intimal atheroma. High fat diets associated with hyperinsulinemic diabetes activate an aortic osteoblast transcriptional regulatory program that is independent of intimal atheroma formation. The spatial pattern of Msx2 and Opn gene expression strongly suggests that vascular calcification, thought to be limited to the media, is an active process that can originate from an osteoprogenitor cell population in the adventitia.