gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Augmented instructions - a fusion of augmented reality and printed learning materials (2005)

Augmented reality (AR), which overlays virtual objects onto real scenes, has large potential to provide learners with a new type of learning material. Although many AR systems have been developed for demonstration, there is a gap between their ideal and practical use. We discuss a concept for augmented instructions that mix AR and traditional printed materials. Improvement of human-computer interface is considered to serve as a bridge for the gap. To investigate on characteristics of augmented instructions and its appropriate interface, we conducted subjective evaluation, comparing 3D presentation systems; a handheld PC and a head-mounted display. The result suggested that a handheld PC was more suitable for a presentation tool of augmented instructions.
<i>Clostridium perfringens</i> Antigens Recognized by Broiler Chickens Immune to Necrotic Enteritis (2006)

Little is known about immunity to necrotic enteritis (NE) in chickens. A recent study of broiler chickens showed that protection against NE was associated with infection-immunization with virulent but not with avirulent Clostridium perfringens. In the current study, six secreted antigenic proteins unique to virulent C. perfringens that reacted to serum antibodies from immune birds were identified by mass spectrophotometry; three of these proteins are part of the VirR-VirS regulon.
Repudiative information retrieval (2002)

Privacy is preserved while retrieving an i-th record from the database of N records if no information is revealed about i, not even to the database server. Repudiation is preserved in the same model if no one can prove, even in cooperation with the server, that a record retrieved is or is not the j-th record for any 1 ≤ j ≤ N. The first problem is called PIR, and we call the second problem the RIR problem.State of the art PIR protocols with optimal query response time and optimal communication require heavy periodical preprocessing. O(N log N) I/O's are required for preprocessing before answering a query.In this paper, we reduce preprocessing complexity by weakening PIR to RIR. In particular, we propose a RIR protocol with optimal query response time and communication, and O (√N) preprocessing per query.
A new circularly polarized rectenna for wireless power transmission and data communication (2005)

Small distributed wireless sensors are becoming very important in many aspects of our lives. While low data rate passive sensors operate with little energy there is a need for moderate to high data rate distributed sensors for infrastructure monitoring and other applications. Such sensors will require their batteries or onboard capacitors to be charged when depleted for proper operation. In this letter, we propose a circularly polarized (CP) microstrip patch antenna that can function as a WLAN antenna in the 5.15-5.35 GHz and as a rectenna at 5.5 GHz.
IBM's PIQUANT in TREC2003 (2003)

For the most part, the system we used for TREC2003 was a smooth evolution of the one we ran in TREC2002. We continued to use our multi-source and multi-agent architecture. For Factoid questions we used all of our previous answering agents with an additional pattern-based agent, an enhanced answer resolution algorithm, and increased coverage of the Cyc sanity checker. We will devote a portion of this paper to performing a post-mortem of our experiences with Cyc this year. For List questions, which we did not attempt previously, we ran our Factoid system with different parameters. For Definition questions we took an entirely new approach, which we call QA-by-Dossier, and which will be the other focus of this paper. While we think that our system performed reasonably well in this subtask, the NIST evaluation results do not reflect this, raising some questions about the Definition subtask specification and evaluation.
Additives for Bottom-up Copper Plating from an Alkaline Complexed Electrolyte (2013)

An alkaline, tartrate-complexed copper electrolyte containing additives that provide bottom-up fill is described. Bottom-up fill is achieved using a mixture of two additives: bis-(3-sulfopropyl) disulfide (SPS) and polyethyleneimine (PEI). Chronopotentiometric studies indicate that, unlike in conventional acidic electrolytes, SPS acts as a 'suppressor' and PEI acts as an 'anti-suppressor' in the alkaline medium. Partial-fill experiments on patterned structures confirm a SPS-PEI interaction leading to bottom-up fill from the tartrate-complexed copper electrolyte.
Beta 2-integrin LFA-1 signaling through phospholipase C-gamma 1 activation. (1993)

One of the beta 2-integrins found on hematopoietic cells is lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1), a lymphocyte/myeloid cell-specific receptor that binds to members of the intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) family on antigen-presenting cells. Stimulation of LFA-1 with antibodies or purified ICAMs induces augmentation of T-cell antigen receptor (TCR)-directed T-cell responsiveness. In the present study, LFA-1 was shown to be linked to the tyrosine kinase signaling pathway that stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of phospholipase C-gamma 1 (PLC-gamma 1). Integrin beta-chain (CD18) crosslinking independently induced downstream mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ and potently costimulated TCR-induced Ca2+ flux with an increase in both amplitude and kinetics. beta 2-Integrin signaling through this pathway was completely inhibited by herbimycin A and was prevented by TCR modulation. Coligation of the TCR via antibody and LFA-1 with a counter-receptor in the form of a soluble ICAM-1/Rg fusion protein resulted in prolonged tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC-gamma 1. Monoclonal antibodies to both the alpha chain (CD11a) and the beta chain (CD18) of LFA-1 induced Ca2+ mobilization to different levels, suggesting epitope specificity for activation potential. In addition to PLC-gamma 1, tyrosine phosphorylation of an 80-kDa protein substrate was augmented following CD18 crosslinking but was not TCR-dependent. The beta 2-integrin LFA-1 on T cells is therefore directly linked to a tyrosine kinase pathway that stimulates signaling by phosphatidylinositol-specific PLC-gamma 1.
Integrated Allosteric Model of Voltage Gating of Hcn Channels (2001)

Hyperpolarization-activated (pacemaker) channels are dually gated by negative voltage and intracellular cAMP. Kinetics of native cardiac f-channels are not compatible with HH gating, and require closed/open multistate models. We verified that members of the HCN channel family (mHCN1, hHCN2, hHCN4) also have properties not complying with HH gating, such as sigmoidal activation and deactivation, activation deviating from fixed power of an exponential, removal of activation "delay" by preconditioning hyperpolarization. Previous work on native channels has indicated that the shifting action of cAMP on the open probability (Po) curve can be accounted for by an allosteric model, whereby cAMP binds more favorably to open than closed channels. We therefore asked whether not only cAMP-dependent, but also voltage-dependent gating of hyperpolarization-activated channels could be explained by an allosteric model. We hypothesized that HCN channels are tetramers and that each subunit comprises a voltage sensor moving between "reluctant" and "willing" states, whereas voltage sensors are independently gated by voltage, channel closed/open transitions occur allosterically. These hypotheses led to a multistate scheme comprising five open and five closed channel states. We estimated model rate constants by fitting first activation delay curves and single exponential time constant curves, and then individual activation/deactivation traces. By simply using different sets of rate constants, the model accounts for qualitative and quantitative aspects of voltage gating of all three HCN isoforms investigated, and allows an interpretation of the different kinetic properties of different isoforms. For example, faster kinetics of HCN1 relative to HCN2/HCN4 are attributable to higher HCN1 voltage sensors' rates and looser voltage-independent interactions between subunits in closed/open transitions. It also accounts for experimental evidence that reduction of sensors' positive charge leads to negative voltage shifts of Po curve, with little change of curve slope. HCN voltage gating thus involves two processes: voltage sensor gating and allosteric opening/closing.
Dye Sensitized Photoöxidation<sup>1</sup> (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDye Sensitized Photoöxidation1Gerald Oster, Judith S. Bellin, Robert W. Kimball, and Malcolm E. SchraderCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1959, 81, 19, 5095–5099Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1959https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01528a019https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01528a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views376Altmetric-Citations89LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
An instruction fetch unit for a graph reduction machine (1986)

The G-machine provides architecture support for the evaluation of functional programming languages by graph reduction. This paper describes an instruction fetch unit for such an architecture that provides a high throughput of instructions, low latency and adequate elasticity in the instruction pipeline. This performance is achieved by a hybrid instruction set and a decoupled RISC architecture. The hybrid instruction set consists of complex instructions that reflect the abstract architecture and simple instructions that reflect the hardware implementation. The instruction fetch unit performs translation from complex instruction to a sequence of simple instructions which can be executed rapidly. A suitable mix of techniques, including cache, buffers and the translation scheme, provide the memory bandwidth required to feed a RISC execution unit. The simulation results identify the performance gains, maximum throughput and minimum latency achieved by various techniques. Results achieved here are in general applicable to von Neumann architectures.
<i>De Novo</i>Design of Helical Bundles as Models for Understanding Protein Folding and Function (2000)

De novo protein design has proven to be a powerful tool for understanding protein folding, structure, and function. In this Account, we highlight aspects of our research on the design of dimeric, four-helix bundles. Dimeric, four-helix bundles are found throughout nature, and the history of their design in our laboratory illustrates our hierarchic approach to protein design. This approach has been successfully applied to create a completely native-like protein. Structural and mutational analysis allowed us to explore the determinants of native protein structure. These determinants were then applied to the design of a dinuclear metal-binding protein that can now serve as a model for this important class of proteins.
Conversion of an electrospun nanofibrous cellulose acetate mat from a super-hydrophilic to super-hydrophobic surface (2006)

We report a new approach to convert an electrospun nanofibrous cellulose acetate mat surface from super-hydrophilic to super-hydrophobic. Super-hydrophilic cellulose acetate nanofibrous mats can be obtained by electrospinning hydrophilic cellulose acetate. The surface properties of the fibrous mats were modified from super-hydrophilic to super-hydrophobic with a simple sol–gel coating of decyltrimethoxysilane (DTMS) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). The resultant samples were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), water contact angle, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and UV–visible measurements. The results of FE-SEM and XPS showed that the sol–gel (I) films were formed on the rough fibrous mats only after immersion in sol–gel. After the sol–gel (I) coating, the cellulose acetate fibrous mats formed in both 8 and 10 wt% cellulose acetate solutions showed the super-hydrophobic surface property. Additionally, the average sol–gel film thickness coated on 10 wt% cellulose acetate fibrous mats was calculated to be 80 nm. The super-hydrophobicity of fibrous mats was attributed to the combined effects of the high surface roughness of the electrospun nanofibrous mats and the hydrophobic DTMS sol–gel coating. Additionally, hydrophobic sol–gel nanofilms were found to be transparent according to UV–visible measurements.
Effects of substrate orientation and rotation on internal stresses in sputtered metal films (1979)

This paper reports the influence of substrate orientation and rotation on internal stresses in sputtered films of Cr, Mo, Ta, and 304 stainless steel (SS). The sample films were prepared by magnetron sputtering from cylindrical cathodes under conditions (0.13 Pa argon; deposition rate ∠0.4 nm s−1) known to yield compressive stresses at normal incidence with minimal heating of the deposits. The effects of fixed, oblique incidence are found to fall into three regions. At near-normal incidence little effect is observed. The width of this region is much greater for Ta and SS (±45°) than for Cr and Mo (±5°, ±20°). Beyond the first region the stresses change rapidly with increasing angle, becoming sharply tensile in Cr and SS, while in Mo and Ta they remain compressive but become small. In the third, high-angle region the stresses diminish gradually toward zero. The stress dependence on angle of incidence is similar to a dependence on working gas pressure that was observed in previous studies. Stresses in samples rotated continuously through all angles of incidence were always more tensile than the appropriate average of the static results would indicate. Data are also given for the effects of oblique deposition and rotation on electrical resistivity, optical reflectance, and gas incorporation in the deposited metals.
TNF-α inhibitors and rheumatoid arthritis (1998)

AbstractRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease with inflammatory manifestations in the peripheral joints. The lack of an effective and safe treatment for RA is a major problem in modern medicine. The proinflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor a (TNF-α) is known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of RA and the use of anti-TNF-α agents as a strategy for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including RA, has become a competitive area. This review will cover the use of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors and some small molecule inhibitors of TNF-α and their potential use in RA.Keywordsanti-inflammatorymatrix metalloproteinaseMMPPDEphosphodiesteraserheumatoid arthritisrolipramthalidomideTNF converting enzymeTACETNF-αtumour necrosis factor α
A Convenient and Sensitive Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Assay for RNase L and 2′,5′ Oligoadenylates (2005)

Interferon action against viruses is mediated in part through a ribonucleic acid (RNA) decay pathway known as the 2-5A system. Unusual 5'-triphosphorylated, 2',5'-linked oligoadenylates (2-5A) are produced in mammalian cells by interferon-inducible 2-5A synthetases (OAS) in response to viral double-stranded RNA. 2-5A activates a uniquely regulated endoribonuclease, RNase L, resulting in the cleavage of single-stranded viral and cellular RNAs, thus suppressing viral replication. In addition, RNase L was recently identified as a strong candidate for the hereditary prostate cancer 1 susceptibility allele. RNase L is ubiquitously expressed at basal levels in a wide range of mammalian cell types. Conventional RNase L assays, which can be inconvenient and cumbersome, typically involve cleavage of radioactively labeled RNA species or of endogenous ribosomal RNA. Here we describe a convenient, rapid, nonradioactive, and relatively inexpensive fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) that may be used to accurately measure levels of either 2-5A or RNase L activity with a high degree of specificity and sensitivity. The RNA probe used in the FRET assay was designed based on a region of respiratory syncytial genomic RNA. We demonstrate the utility of our FRET assay with several novel biostable analogs of 2-5A.
Biological roles and therapeutic potential of circular RNAs in osteoarthritis (2021)

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common and disabling joint disorder that is mainly characterized by cartilage degeneration and narrow joint spaces. The regulatory functions of non-coding RNAs (long non-coding RNAs, microRNAs [miRNAs], and circular RNAs [circRNAs]) in OA progression have attracted considerable attention, and the function of circular RNAs in the context of OA has been an increasingly popular research topic in the last 6 years. Recent studies have reported that various circRNAs can delay or aggravate diverse aspects of the OA process, including extracellular matrix formation, apoptosis, proliferation, inflammation, and autophagy, via circRNA/miRNA/mRNA pathways. Thus, circRNAs and related pathways are potential therapeutic targets for OA. Our review provides comprehensive information about circRNAs, including their biogenesis, functions, and characteristics, and it reveals their critical roles in the pathogenesis of OA via a large regulatory network of sponges. Considering their regulatory functions and characteristics, we hypothesize that circRNAs not only can be transferred through bodily fluids to serve as diagnostic biomarkers, but they can also be released from mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes and delivered to OA chondrocytes acting as therapeutic circRNAs. Further investigations of the in-depth molecular mechanisms of action of circRNAs in OA are expected to provide effective and safe OA treatment strategies.
Synthesis, conformation and immunosuppressive activity of a conformationally restricted cyclosporin lactam analog (1988)

Cyclosporine A (CsA, 1), an immunosuppressive cyclic undecapeptide, in apolar solvents adopts a II' beta-turn at the Sar3-MeLeu4 residues. [D-Proline3]Cs has been reported to be a nonimmunosuppressive analogue in which the II' beta-turn is retained. In order to determine if this loss of activity is caused by steric hindrance between the Cs analogue and its receptor or is caused by a change in the peptide conformation, an analogue that stabilizes a II' beta-turn has been synthesized, [lactam3,4]Cs. We also have studied the solution conformation of two other analogues, [D-MeAla3]Cs and [L-MeAla3]Cs. The conformations have been established by 1D difference NOE and 2D (NOESY or ROESY) NMR. The conformations of [lactam3,4]Cs and [D-MeAla3]Cs are indistinguishable from that of CsA in solution. [L-MeAla3]Cs was found to adopt a conformation with a cis amide bond between Sar3 and MeLeu4. The inhibition of concanavalin A stimulated thymocytes by CsA, [D-MeAla3]Cs, [L-MeAla3]Cs, and [lactam3,4]Cs gave IC50 values (nM) of 5, 6, 100, and 100, respectively. The weak immunosuppressive activity of [lactam3,4]Cs possessing the II' beta-turn suggests that the loss of activity for 4 is due to steric hindrance with the Cs receptor.
Cooperative positioning and radar sensor fusion for relative localization of vehicles (2016)

Future advanced driver assistance systems require an accurate and up-to-date picture of the surrounding environment for applications such as forward collision assistants or adaptive cruise control. Today, the relative position of other objects with respect to the ego-vehicle is obtained with on-board ranging sensors, such as radar. By adding communication capabilities to future vehicles, cooperative approaches can offer a complementary source of relative position information. This paper proposes a fusion framework in which cooperative positioning information is fused with on-board radar sensor data. The measurement runs recorded on a highway and a rural road, demonstrate that the fusion of both information sources outperforms the positioning estimation using solely the radar sensor. An assessment of the current standard for vehicular communication in real world driving environments shows that a cooperative approach is able to extend the perception range of radar sensors in non-Line-of-Sight situations.
Recording Downhole Formation Data While Drilling (1985)

Abstract An understanding of the formation is essential for effective drilling, casing and completion of oil and gas wells. Several methods and many tools are available to obtain information about the formation. Some of these tools collect or provide downhole data during the drilling process and are, therefore, termed measurement-while-drilling (MWD) tools. This paper describes a new MWD tool which records formation data during the drilling process. process. System hardware is described and its operation and rig impact outlined. A discussion of the theoretical implications of measuring formation data during the drilling process is presented. Field data are presented and compared with wireline data. From these data, excellent MWD log quality is demonstrated. MWD gamma ray logs are shown to have a superior bed resolution to those produced by wireline, for most cases, and the resistivity sensor, contained in the recording system, is demonstrated to be the most versatile MWD resistivity tool commercially available. It is seen from field history that recording formation data while drilling is a cost-effective and reliable method of obtaining formation information when compared to other available methods. Introduction A variety of MWD tools is commercially available which provide services ranging from only directional through multi-sensor packages which include various combinations of hole angle and direction, formation gamma and resistivity, and downhole temperature and pressure and weight and torque on bit. Except for the recording system discussed in this article, all commercial MWD systems depend on some form of mud-pulse telemetry for communication of the data from downhole to the surface. There are many cases when real time transfer of data is required. Tool face measurement during steering and WOB, for instance, would be of little use if not provided in real time. However, information obtained during drilling can provided in real time. However, information obtained during drilling can be of value when available at the completion of each bit run. Using this approach, a complex and costly portion of the MWD system can be eliminated, with concomitant advantages in cost, reliability and rig impact. Many applications do exist for recording formation characteristics (lithology) during the drilling process. A recording MWD service can be used when drilling surface hole to identify shallow hydrocarbons and eliminate a wireline log. High-angle and difficult holes are easily logged with a recording MWD tool when wireline logging is difficult, costly or impossible.