gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Querying multiple databases dynamically on the World Wide Web (2002)

The management and retrieval of Web data has received significant attention. Among the various approaches, systems have been proposed whose main goal is to provide a framework to integrate different and heterogeneous information sources into a common domain model. The Web-At-A-Glance (WAG) system falls into this category, its key characteristic being that instead of requiring an explicit description of the sources, it attempts to semi-automatically classify the information gathered from various sites based on the conceptual model of the domain of interest. The initial WAG prototype dealt exclusively with "standard" Web pages, which typically are HTML or XML documents and present non- or semi-structured information, and they vary widely in their means of presenting information to the user. We present the extension of the WAG system to deal with form pages. In particular, we describe how the system semiautomatically first extracts a conceptual schema for the form page, and then fills and submits the form in consequence of a user query expressed on the domain conceptual schema.
The Effect of EMLA Cream on Minimizing Pain during Venipuncture in Premature Infants (2012)

EMLA cream for minimizing pain during venipuncture could be recommended for premature infants.
Fast Automatic Heart Chamber Segmentation from 3D CT Data Using Marginal Space Learning and Steerable Features (2007)

Multi-chamber heart segmentation is a prerequisite for global quantification of the cardiac function. The complexity of cardiac anatomy, poor contrast, noise or motion artifacts makes this segmentation problem a challenging task. In this paper, we present an efficient, robust, and fully automatic segmentation method for 3D cardiac computed tomography (CT) volumes. Our approach is based on recent advances in learning discriminative object models and we exploit a large database of annotated CT volumes. We formulate the segmentation as a two step learning problem: anatomical structure localization and boundary delineation. A novel algorithm, marginal space learning (MSL), is introduced to solve the 9-dimensional similarity search problem for localizing the heart chambers. MSL reduces the number of testing hypotheses by about six orders of magnitude. We also propose to use steerable image features, which incorporate the orientation and scale information into the distribution of sampling points, thus avoiding the time-consuming volume data rotation operations. After determining the similarity transformation of the heart chambers, we estimate the 3D shape through learning-based boundary delineation. Extensive experiments on multi-chamber heart segmentation demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed approach, comparing favorably to the state-of-the-art. This is the first study reporting stable results on a large cardiac CT dataset with 323 volumes. In addition, we achieve a speed of less than eight seconds for automatic segmentation of all four chambers.
Identification of New Diamine Scaffolds with Activity against <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (2006)

A diverse 5000-compound library was synthesized from commercially available diamines and screened for activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro, revealing 143 hits with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) equal to or less than 12.5 microM. New prospective scaffolds with antitubercular activity derived from homo-piperazine, phenyl- and benzyl-substituted piperazines, 4-aminomethylpiperidine, 4-aminophenylethylamine, and 4,4'-methylenebiscyclohexylamine were identified. Compound SQ775 derived from homopiperazine and compound SQ786 derived from benzylpiperazine had potent antimicrobial activity against M. tuberculosis in experimental animals in vivo.
Overexpression of PCSK9 accelerates the degradation of the LDLR in a post-endoplasmic reticulum compartment (2005)

Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9) is a member of the subtilisin serine protease family with an important role in cholesterol metabolism. PCSK9 expression is regulated by dietary cholesterol in mice and cellular sterol levels in cell culture via the sterol regulatory element binding protein transcription factors, and mutations in PCSK9 are associated with a form of autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia. Overexpression of PCSK9 in mice leads to increased total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels because of a decrease in hepatic LDL receptor (LDLR) protein with normal mRNA levels. To study the mechanism, PCSK9 was overexpressed in human hepatoma cells, HepG2, by adenovirus. Overexpression of PCSK9 in HepG2 cells caused a decrease in whole-cell and cell-surface LDLR levels. PCSK9 overexpression had no effect on LDLR synthesis but caused a dramatic increase in the degradation of the mature LDLR and a lesser increase in the degradation of the precursor LDLR. In contrast, overexpression of a catalytically inactive mutant PCSK9 prevented the degradation of the mature LDLR; whereas increased degradation of the precursor LDLR still occurred. The PCSK9-induced degradation of the LDLR was not affected by inhibitors of the proteasome, lysosomal cysteine proteases, aspartic acid proteases, or metalloproteases. The PCSK9-induced degradation of the LDLR was shown to require transport out of the endoplasmic reticulum. These results indicate that overexpression of PCSK9 induces the degradation of the LDLR by a nonproteasomal mechanism in a post-endoplasmic reticulum compartment.
From latent disseminated cells to overt metastasis: Genetic analysis of systemic breast cancer progression (2003)

According to the present view, metastasis marks the end in a sequence of genomic changes underlying the progression of an epithelial cell to a lethal cancer. Here, we aimed to find out at what stage of tumor development transformed cells leave the primary tumor and whether a defined genotype corresponds to metastatic disease. To this end, we isolated single disseminated cancer cells from bone marrow of breast cancer patients and performed single-cell comparative genomic hybridization. We analyzed disseminated tumor cells from patients after curative resection of the primary tumor (stage M0), as presumptive progenitors of manifest metastasis, and from patients with manifest metastasis (stage M1). Their genomic data were compared with those from microdissected areas of matched primary tumors. Disseminated cells from M0-stage patients displayed significantly fewer chromosomal aberrations than primary tumors or cells from M1-stage patients (P < 0.008 and P < 0.0001, respectively), and their aberrations appeared to be randomly generated. In contrast, primary tumors and M1 cells harbored different and characteristic chromosomal imbalances. Moreover, applying machine-learning methods for the classification of the genotypes, we could correctly identify the presence or absence of metastatic disease in a patient on the basis of a single-cell genome. We suggest that in breast cancer, tumor cells may disseminate in a far less progressed genomic state than previously thought, and that they acquire genomic aberrations typical of metastatic cells thereafter. Thus, our data challenge the widely held view that the precursors of metastasis are derived from the most advanced clone within the primary tumor.
Intelligent Casing-Intelligent Formation (ICIF) Design (2014)

Abstract Intelligent Casing-Intelligent Formation (ICIF) design is evaluated for ultra deepwater (UDW) applications and for maximizing investments therein. ICIF design is a composite of Intelligent Casing (IC) design and Intelligent Formation (IF) design. The impact of ICIF design on drilling, completion and production technologies is assessed. The benefits and implementation challenges of ICIF design are evaluated in identifying optimal UDW applications. Early detection and early forecasting benefits are identified in evaluating the cost effectiveness of using ICIF design. Early detection and forecasting scenarios are utilized in evaluating ICIF design for its impact on Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE), well control, risk management activities and cost control strategies. Intelligent Casing (IC) designs are considered that utilize fiber optic based distributive sensing of temperature, pressure, strain, acoustic, and chemical. Fiber optical cable deployment outside the casing is considered in the IC designs for permanent and continuous monitoring of reservoir-performance and wellbore integrity to enhance production and return on investment; multilayered reservoirs and multiphase flows are addressed. ICIF designs are cost-effective as compared to conventional designs. Various issues associated with the installation and operation of IC designs and IF designs are addressed (e.g., perforations for completions). The operation and control of downhole equipment (e.g., submersible pump) and the communication of such operational information to the surface are addressed. The benefits of early detection of wellbore barrier failure and/or water breakthrough issues are highlighted. ICIF designs are compatibility with conventional casing and cementing design and procedures.
Protective Effects of Pertussis Immunoglobulin (P-IGIV) in the Aerosol Challenge Model (1999)

Pertussis in infants is often severe, resulting in prolonged hospitalization. Treatment is limited to supportive care. Antibiotics do not significantly alter the course of the disease unless administered during the catarrhal phase. Therapies directed at pertussis toxin, a major virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis, may be beneficial. This study uses the aerosol challenge model to further examine the protective effects of P-IGIV, a new intravenous immunoglobulin product, which has high levels of pertussis toxin antibodies. P-IGIV was prepared as a 4% immunoglobulin G (IgG) solution from the pooled donor plasma from donors immunized with inactivated pertussis toxoid. The IgG pertussis toxin antibody concentration in P-IGIV is >7-fold higher than conventional intravenous immunoglobulin products. In the aerosol challenge model, P-IGIV-treated mice exhibited a dose-dependent decrease in mortality when monitored for 28 days postchallenge. P-IGIV in doses of 2,800, 1,400, and 350 mg/kg significantly reduced mortality compared to saline (P < 0.01)- and human IGIV (P < 0.01)-treated controls. The 50% protective dose of pertussis toxin antibodies in P-IGIV was 147 microg/ml. Recovery of weight gain and normalization of leukocyte counts occurred in all P-IGIV-treated groups but did not exhibit dose-dependent characteristics. Even after 7 days of infection, P-IGIV reversed the effects of pertussis in mice. This study provides further evidence that pertussis toxin antibodies not only play a role in passive protection but can also reverse symptoms of established disease in mice. We feel that P-IGIV deserves further evaluation in children hospitalized with severe pertussis.
Fast time-frequency transform algorithms and their applications to real-time software implementation of AC-3 audio codec (1998)

AC-3 audio coding technology is a kind of perceptual audio coder (PAC) developed by the Dolby Company. Up to 5 full-bandwidth channels and one subwoofer channel (cutoff at 120 Hz) are available in AC-3 to provide multi-channel, low bit rate, and high perceptual quality of audio. This explains why AC-3 has become the audio standard of many international standards. In this paper, we focus on the real-time software implementation issues of AC-3. Two fast algorithms of the time-frequency transform, one for memory economization and the other is for time domain subsampling, are presented. Meanwhile, we state the current performance status of our AC-3 decoder.
Molecular Epidemiologic Evaluation of Transmissibility and Virulence of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (1999)

Discovery of genotypic markers associated with increased transmissibility in Mycobacterium tuberculosis would represent an important step in advancing mycobacterial virulence studies. M. tuberculosis strains may be classified into one of three genotypes on the basis of the presence of specific nucleotide substitutions in codon 463 of the katG gene (katG-463) and codon 95 of the gyrA gene (gyrA-95). It has previously been reported that two of these three genotypes are associated with increased IS6110-based clustering, a potential proxy of virulence. We designed a case-control analysis of U.S.-born patients with tuberculosis in San Francisco, Calif., between 1991 and 1997 to investigate associations between katG-463 and gyrA-95 genotypes and epidemiologically determined measures of strain-specific infectivity and pathogenicity and IS6110-based clustering status. We used a new class of molecular probes called molecular beacons to genotype the isolates rapidly. Infectivity was defined as the propensity of isolates to cause tuberculin skin test conversions among named contacts, and pathogenicity was defined as their propensity to cause active disease among named contacts. The molecular beacon assay was a simple and reproducible method for the detection of known single nucleotide polymorphisms in large numbers of clinical M. tuberculosis isolates. The results showed that no genotype of the katG-463- and gyrA-95-based classification system was associated with increased infectivity and pathogenicity or with increased IS6110-based clustering in San Francisco during the study period. We speculate that molecular epidemiologic studies investigating clinically relevant outcomes may contribute to the knowledge of the significance of laboratory-derived virulence factors in the propagation of tuberculosis in human communities.
Orexin-A, an hypothalamic peptide with analgesic properties (2001)

The hypothalamic peptide orexin-A and the orexin-1 receptor are localized in areas of the brain and spinal cord associated with nociceptive processing. In the present study, localization was confirmed in the spinal cord and demonstrated in the dorsal root ganglion for both orexin-A and the orexin-1 receptor. The link with nociception was extended when orexin-A was shown to be analgesic when given i.v. but not s.c. in mouse and rat models of nociception and hyperalgesia. The efficacy of orexin-A was similar to that of morphine in the 50 degrees C hotplate test and the carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia test. However, involvement of the opiate system in these effects was ruled out as they were blocked by the orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 but not naloxone. Orexin-1 receptor antagonists had no effect in acute nociceptive tests but under particular inflammatory conditions were pro-hyperalgesic, suggesting a tonic inhibitory orexin drive in these circumstances. These data demonstrate that the orexinergic system has a potential role in the modulation of nociceptive transmission.
Field Emission Patterns from Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (1997)

A bulk bundle (with a diameter of about 100 µ m) of single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs), which were obtained after a purification process of carbon soot containing SWNTs, was used as an electron emitter. Many spikes of micro-bundles (with a typical diameter of 20–30 nm) of SWNTs extruded from the surface of the bulk emitter. Field emission originating from individual micro-bundles was observed on a fluorescent screen 50 mm apart from the tip. Each micro-bundle of SWNTs gave a corresponding bright spot, but no fine structure was observed within the bright spots. A probe hole device was used to measure an electron current from a single micro-bundle. The Fowler-Nordheim plot of the current and the applied voltage yielded a straight line, confirming the current results from field emission.
The Virtual Domain Application Data Center: serving interdisciplinary Earth scientists (2002)

The authors address the data access and analysis issues faced by interdisciplinary Earth scientists and graduate students as a prototypical domain community which will be accessing large data sets in Earth system science in the following decades. They present a working prototype developed at George Mason University to serve wide user needs termed Virtual Domain Application Data Center (VDADC). The VDADC prototype provides tools, data products and services tailored to users and can be extended to other domain communities. The VDADC operates in a distributed environment, the World Wide Web, and in close association with federated data centers. Moreover, the information technology implementation is driven by science scenarios and can apply to a variety of domain users, thus reducing network traffic the data centers by implementing intelligent data searching or "content-based browsing" prior to data ordering thus more effectively addressing user needs.
Modeling critical sections in Amdahl's law and its implications for multicore design (2010)

This paper presents a fundamental law for parallel performance: it shows that parallel performance is not only limited by sequential code (as suggested by Amdahl's law) but is also fundamentally limited by synchronization through critical sections. Extending Amdahl's software model to include critical sections, we derive the surprising result that the impact of critical sections on parallel performance can be modeled as a completely sequential part and a completely parallel part. The sequential part is determined by the probability for entering a critical section and the contention probability (i.e., multiple threads wanting to enter the same critical section). This fundamental result reveals at least three important insights for multicore design. (i) Asymmetric multicore processors deliver less performance benefits relative to symmetric processors than suggested by Amdahl's law, and in some cases even worse performance. (ii) Amdahl's law suggests many tiny cores for optimum performance in asymmetric processors, however, we find that fewer but larger small cores can yield substantially better performance. (iii) Executing critical sections on the big core can yield substantial speedups, however, performance is sensitive to the accuracy of the critical section contention predictor.
Migraine in the Triptan Era: Lessons From Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Science (2009)

The triptan era has been a time of remarkable progress for migraine diagnosis and treatment. In this paper, we review some of the advances achieved in migraine science during this era focusing on 3 themes: lessons from clinical practice, lessons from epidemiology and lessons from pathophysiology. Science has shown that migraine is a disorder of the brain, and that the key events happen in the the trigeminal neuronal pathways, not on blood vessels. Clinical science has led to the observation that migraine sometimes progresses or remits. This in turn led to longitudinal epidemiologic studies focusing on factors that determine migraine prognosis. In addition, these studies raised questions about the mechanisms of migraine progression, including the role of allodynia, obesity, inflammation, and medications as determinants of progression. This in turn opens a new set of scientific questions about the neurobiologic determinants of migraine, as well as of its clinical course, and exciting opportunities to develop new therapies for this highly disabling brain disorder.
Semantic indexing using WordNet senses (2000)

We describe in this paper a boolean Information l~.etrieval system that adds word semantics to the classic word based indexing. Two of the main tasks of our system, namely the indexing and retrieval components, are using a combined wordbased and sense-based approach.
Nutritional significance of cyclodextrins: Indigestibility and hypolipemic effect of .ALPHA.-cyclodextrin. (1985)

Digestibility of alpha- and beta-cyclodextrin (CD) and nutritional consequences of alpha-CD and a CD mixture (n-dextrin, alpha-, beta-and gamma-CDs = 50, 30, 15 and 5% by weight) were investigated in rats. In contrast with beta-CD, alpha-CD was revealed to be indigestible. Growing rats were fed on diets supplemented with the CD mixture at 19.5, 39, 58.5 and 78% levels for 110 days, resulting in smaller weight gain and body fat deposition when they were fed on a higher CD diet. Rates of weight loss during the restricted feeding were faster in rats fed on a higher CD diet. These were due to food efficiency lowered by CD. Reduced serum and liver triacylglycerol (TG) levels were noted during a 110-day period of feeding of the CD diets, and the former was revealed due to a reduced hepatic-intestinal TG secretion rate. Rats fed on a 78% CD diet, which contained alpha-CD at the 24% level, showed abnormal symptoms such as poor appetite and constipation with gas accumulation in the large intestine, and some of them died during the first 2-week feeding period. However, the surviving animals showed adaptation to the diet in the later period of the 110-day feeding. These results suggest that alpha-CD may be classified as dietary fiber which can modulate lipid metabolism in rats. Furthermore, the CD mixture may be available as a calorie substitute for weight control, which may owe mostly to alpha-CD.
A New Distributed Approach for Achieving Clock Synchronization in Heterogeneous Networks (2011)

Heterogeneous networks have the potential to improve coverage, throughput, and energy efficiency of wireless networks through the use of specialized cellular structures, in particular femtocells and macrocells. However, to reduce interference between different cells, ensure smooth hand-offs from cell to cell, and achieve seamless operation the overall network needs to be synchronized. In this paper a new distributed clock synchronization scheme for heterogeneous networks is proposed that employs the clock drift ratio (CDR) information available at user-equipments (UEs) to achieve synchronization between non-interacting femtocells and macrocells. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can significantly reduce the clock drift between macrocells and femtocells and result in timing synchronization throughout the network without introducing significant overhead.
Short-Term Load Forecasting Based on Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (2011)

Accurate load forecasting helps stabilize the system by triggering the appropriate actions if needed such as planning for emergency dispatch and load switching for short-term solution and building or upgrading facilities for long-term solution. The Short Term Load Forecasting (STLF) provides information for utilities’ system planners so that they can come up with a short-term solution to protect the transmission and distribution systems and to better serve the customers. This article provides a way of accurately predicting one-hour-ahead load of a utility company located in the North America region (hereafter this utility will be referred to as NAUC) based on Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). The inputs to the ANFIS are the next-hour temperature, next-hour dew point, day of the week, hour of the day, and the current-hour load. The output is the next-hour load of the entire system. The ANFIS based method can accurately predict the next-hour load to an accuracy of 2.5%.