gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Alveolar Gradient of Pentane in Normal Human Breath (1994)

Previous studies have raised the question of whether pentane is a normal constituent of human breath, since its concentrations in inspired room air and expired breath are often similar. Using a highly sensitive assay for volatile organic compounds, we studied 37 normal subjects in order to determine the alveolar gradient of pentane in their breath (i.e. concentration in alveolar breath minus concentration in the inspired air). The chemical identity of pentane was confirmed by mass spectroscopy. The alveolar gradient of pentane was zero +/- 0.175 nmol/l in 54.1% of subjects, and distributed in an approximately bell-shaped curve. Determination of the alveolar gradient divided the normal subjects into three groups: the "passive equilibrators" who did not appear to excrete pentane in the breath (the majority), "metabolizers" who actively catabolized inhaled pentane, and "manufacturers" who excreted more pentane than they inhaled.
Penetratin, a Potentially Powerful Absorption Enhancer for Noninvasive Intraocular Drug Delivery (2014)

Intraocular drug delivery is extraordinarily hampered by the impermeability of defensive barriers of the eye. In this study, the ocular permeability of fluorophore-labeled cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), including penetratin, TAT, low molecular weight protamine, and poly(arginine)8, was investigated based on multilevel evaluations. The human conjunctival epithelial cell (NHC) was exposed to various CPPs to determine the cytotoxicity and cellular uptake. Ex vivo studies with rabbit cornea were performed using side-by-side diffusion chambers to evaluate the apparent permeability coefficients and acute tissue tolerance of the CPP candidates. Among all examined CPPs, penetratin shows an outstanding cellular uptake, by increasing more than 16 and 25 times at low and high concentrations, compared to the control peptide poly(serine)8 respectively. Additionally, the permeability of penetratin across excised cornea is 87.5 times higher in comparison with poly(serine)8. More importantly, after instilled in the conjunctival sac of rat eyes, fluorophore-labeled penetratin displayed a rapid and wide distribution in both anterior and posterior segment of the eye, and could be observed in the corneal epithelium and retina lasting for at least 6 h. Interestingly, penetratin showed the lowest ocular cell and tissue toxicities among all examined CPPs. The high ocular permeability of penetratin could be attributed to its amphipathicity and spatial conformation determined by circular dichroism. Taken together, these data demonstrate that penetratin is potentially useful as an absorption enhancer for intraocular drug delivery.
Introduction of a Hydroxy Group at the Para Position and <i>N</i>-Iodophenylation of <i>N</i>-Arylamides Using Phenyliodine(III) Bis(Trifluoroacetate) (2002)

The reaction of anilides with phenyliodine(III) bis(trifluoroacetate) (PIFA) in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), TFA-CHCl3, or hexafluoroisopropyl alcohol (HFIP) is described. When the acyl group of the anilide is highly electronegative, such as trifluoroacetyl, or the phenyl group is substituted with an electron-withdrawing group, the 4-iodophenyl group is transferred from PIFA to the amide nitrogen to afford acetyldiarylamines. On the other hand, when the acyl group contains an electron-donating function, such as 4-methoxyphenyl, or the phenyl group is substituted with an electron-donating group, a trifluoroacetoxy group is transferred to the para position of the anilide aromatic ring. This group is hydrolyzed during workup to produce the corresponding phenol.
A 5-V-only operation 0.6- mu m flash EEPROM with row decoder scheme in triple-well structure (1992)

An experimental 4-Mb flash EEPROM has been developed based on 0.6- mu m triple-well CMOS technology in order to establish circuit technology for high-density flash memories. A cell size of 2.0*1.8 mu m/sup 2/ has been achieved by using a negative-gate-biased source erase scheme and a self-aligned source (SAS) process technology. A newly developed row decoder with a triple-well structure has been realized in accordance with its small cell size. The source voltage during the erase operation was reduced by applying a negative voltage to the word line, which results in a 5-V-only operation. The chip size of the 4-Mb flash EEPROM is 8.11*6.95 mm/sup 2/, and the estimated chip size of a 16-Mb flash EEPROM is 98.4 mm/sup 2/ by using the minimal cell size (2.0*10 mu m/sup 2/).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Aligot: cryptographic function identification in obfuscated binary programs (2012)

International audience
Promoting “EXCITE”ing brand values at General Motors UK (2006)

Jos Sharp, internal communications manager, explains how global car manufacturer, General Motors, has developed an award‐winning employee motivation program.
World-wide web cache consistency (1996)

The bandwidth demands of the World Wide Web continue to grow at a hyper-exponential rate. Given this rocketing growth, caching of web objects as a means to reduce network bandwidth consumption is likely to be a necessity in the very near future. Unfortunately, many Web caches do not satisfactorily maintain cache consistency. This paper presents a survey of contemporary cache consistency mechanisms in use on the Internet today and examines recent research in Web cache consistency. Using trace-driven simulation, we show that a weak cache consistency protocol (the one used in the Alex ftp cache) reduces network bandwidth consumption and server load more than either time-to-live fields or an invalidation protocol and can be tuned to return stale data less than 5% of the time.
Evaluation of the Harmonized Alert Sensing Technology Device for Hemodynamic Monitoring in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients (2003)

The Harmonized Alert Sensing Technology (HASTE) device was developed to overcome the primary shortcomings of interval based noninvasive blood pressure (BP) monitoring. This study was conducted to assess the reliability of the HASTE system compared with standard cuff BP values in patients on hemodialysis. A total of 1,370 HASTE measurements were compared with oscillometric standard cuff systolic BP values in 42 sessions of 15 patients on hemodialysis. The average discrepancy between the HASTE and cuff systolic BP was 1.41 +/- 16.90 mm Hg. Compared with cuff measurements, 31% of systolic BP fell within a range of 5 mm Hg difference, 57% of systolic BP fell within 10 mm Hg, and 73% of systolic BP fell within a 15 mm Hg band. According to British Hypertension Society standards or Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation criteria, the current HASTE method did not perform well. Technology to provide noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring is, however, in its developmental stage. The effort at continuous systolic pressure monitoring using existing, readily available, and frequently used techniques is exciting. Although the HASTE system as currently configured and calibrated did not adequately perform, variations in site analysis and conversion factors may increase pressure sensitivity and tracking over the course of a standard dialysis treatment.
cDNA cloning and expression of an <em>Arabidopsis</em> GTP-binding protein of the ARF family (1993)

International audience
Joint source-chanel decoding of JPEG2000 images with unequal loss protection (2008)

This paper presents a method for joint decoding of JPEG2000 bistreams and Reed-Solomon codes in the context of unequal loss protection. When the Reed-Solomon decoder is unable to retrieve the erased source symbols, the proposed joint decoder searches through the set of possible erased source symbols, making use of error resilience features of JPEG2000 to retrieve correct symbols. The joint decoder can be used as an add-on module to some of the existing schemes for unequal loss protection, and can improve the PSNR of decoded images by over 10 dB in some cases.
Breast Reconstruction Using a 3-dimensional Absorbable Mesh Scaffold and Autologous Fat Grafting: A Composite Strategy Using Tissue Engineering Principles (2019)

BACKGROUND: Breast reconstruction remains an important field in plastic surgery, with most procedures utilizing implants and/or autologous tissue. Few series report on experience with fat grafting as the primary form of breast reconstruction. This study reports a novel method of breast reconstruction using a 3-dimensional absorbable mesh scaffold and subsequent autologous fat grafting (AFG). METHODS: A retrospective review was performed for all patients who underwent breast reconstruction using Lotus scaffold and AFG. Postoperative mammogram and magnetic resonance imaging were analyzed, and tissue specimens collected at subsequent procedures were harvested and stained with H&E for histologic evaluation. Finally, compression testing of the scaffold was performed using a tensiometer and digital tracking technology. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients underwent reconstruction of 28 breasts using Lotus scaffold and AFG between February 2015 and February 2018. Average follow-up was 19 months. All patients were satisfied with final breast shape and size. Mean patient age was 60.5 years, and average body mass index was 28. Patients required on average 2 fat grafting sessions to achieve a successful result (range, 1–4). Postoperative mammogram and magnetic resonance imaging revealed robust adipose tissue in the breast with a slowly resorbing mesh and no oil cysts or calcifications. Histologic evaluated revealed no capsule formation with ingrowth of fat tissue around the scaffold. Compression testing revealed that the Lotus scaffold is a compliant construct with a high resilience profile. CONCLUSIONS: The Lotus scaffold with AFG is a viable method for breast reconstruction, giving the patient an autologous reconstruction with less morbidity than free tissue transfer.
Rapid Feedforward Computation by Temporal Encoding and Learning With Spiking Neurons (2013)

Primates perform remarkably well in cognitive tasks such as pattern recognition. Motivated by recent findings in biological systems, a unified and consistent feedforward system network with a proper encoding scheme and supervised temporal rules is built for solving the pattern recognition task. The temporal rules used for processing precise spiking patterns have recently emerged as ways of emulating the brain's computation from its anatomy and physiology. Most of these rules could be used for recognizing different spatiotemporal patterns. However, there arises the question of whether these temporal rules could be used to recognize real-world stimuli such as images. Furthermore, how the information is represented in the brain still remains unclear. To tackle these problems, a proper encoding method and a unified computational model with consistent and efficient learning rule are proposed. Through encoding, external stimuli are converted into sparse representations, which also have properties of invariance. These temporal patterns are then learned through biologically derived algorithms in the learning layer, followed by the final decision presented through the readout layer. The performance of the model with images of digits from the MNIST database is presented. The results show that the proposed model is capable of recognizing images correctly with a performance comparable to that of current benchmark algorithms. The results also suggest a plausibility proof for a class of feedforward models of rapid and robust recognition in the brain.
Promotion of Lymphocyte Egress into Blood and Lymph by Distinct Sources of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate (2007)

Lymphocytes require sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor-1 to exit lymphoid organs, but the source(s) of extracellular S1P and whether S1P directly promotes egress are unknown. By using mice in which the two kinases that generate S1P were conditionally ablated, we find that plasma S1P is mainly hematopoietic in origin, with erythrocytes a major contributor, whereas lymph S1P is from a distinct radiation-resistant source. Lymphocyte egress from thymus and secondary lymphoid organs was markedly reduced in kinase-deficient mice. Restoration of S1P to plasma rescued egress to blood but not lymph, and the rescue required lymphocyte expression of S1P-receptor-1. Thus, separate sources provide S1P to plasma and lymph to help lymphocytes exit the low-S1P environment of lymphoid organs. Disruption of compartmentalized S1P signaling is a plausible mechanism by which S1P-receptor-1 agonists function as immunosuppressives.
Reliable multicast transport protocol (RMTP) (1997)

This paper presents the design, implementation, and performance of a reliable multicast transport protocol (RMTP). The RMTP is based on a hierarchical structure in which receivers are grouped into local regions or domains and in each domain there is a special receiver called a designated receiver (DR) which is responsible for sending acknowledgments periodically to the sender, for processing acknowledgment from receivers in its domain, and for retransmitting lost packets to the corresponding receivers. Since lost packets are recovered by local retransmissions as opposed to retransmissions from the original sender, end-to-end latency is significantly reduced, and the overall throughput is improved as well. Also, since only the DRs send their acknowledgments to the sender, instead of all receivers sending their acknowledgments to the sender, a single acknowledgment is generated per local region, and this prevents acknowledgment implosion. Receivers in RMTP send their acknowledgments to the DRs periodically, thereby simplifying error recovery. In addition, lost packets are recovered by selective repeat retransmissions, leading to improved throughput at the cost of minimal additional buffering at the receivers. This paper also describes the implementation of RMTP and its performance on the Internet.
Object-oriented representation for XML data (2002)

XML is a new standard for representing and exchanging data on the Internet. How to model XML data for Web applications and data management is a hot topic in the XML research area. The paper presents an object representation model for XML data. A set of transformation rules and steps are established to transform DTDs, as well as XML documents with DTDs, into this model. This model capsulizes elements of XML data and manipulation methods. This pure object oriented model considers the features and usage of XML data and is suitable for Web applications as well as XML data management. DTD-Tree is defined to represent DTD and describe the procedure to use transformation rules. DTD-Tree can also be used as a logical interface for DTD processing.
The Parameter-Optimized ATEC Metric for MT Evaluation (2010)

This paper describes the latest version of the ATEC metric for automatic MT evaluation, with parameters optimized for word choice and word order, the two fundamental features of language that the metric relies on. The former is assessed by matching at various linguistic levels and weighting the informativeness of both matched and unmatched words. The latter is quantified in term of word position and information flow. We also discuss those aspects of language not yet covered by other existing evaluation metrics but carefully considered in the formulation of our metric.
Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Modulation for Utility Packet Transmission in Underwater Acoustic Communication Networks (2002)

This thesis investigates the feasibility and performance of using Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum (DSSS) modulation for utility-packet transmission in Seaweb underwater wireless acoustic communications networks, Seaweb networks require robust channel-tolerant utility packets having a low probability of detection (LPD) and allowing for multi-user access, MATLAB code simulated the DSSS transmitter and receiver structures and a modeled channel impulse response represented the underwater environment, The specific modulation scheme implemented is direct-sequence, differentially encoded binary phase-shift keying (DS-DBPSK) with quadrature spreading, Performance is examined using Monte Carlo simulation Bit error rates and packet error rates for various signal-to-noise ratios and channel conditions are presented and the use of a RAKE receiver, forward error-correction coding and symbol interleaving are examined for improving system performance.
An examination of the effectiveness of test-of-controls audit procedures for detecting fraud (2014)

Auditing standards require the internal auditor to consider the risk of fraud as part of the audit engagement. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the internal auditor’s perceptions concerning the fraud-detection effectiveness of test-of-control audit procedures within four major accounting cycles. Survey instrument was disseminated to members of the Institute of Internal Auditors. The findings show internal auditors perceive testing for controls concerned with: 1) segregation of duties; 2) restricting access to cash, employee master and payroll data and inventory; 3) bank reconciliations to be effective for detecting fraud. The findings also show that internal auditors perceive testing for adequacy of chart of accounts and discussions with management about their responsibilities within the accounting cycles is not effective for detecting fraud.
Nucleoprotein complexes released from lymphoma nuclei that contain the <i>abl</i> oncogene and RNA and DNA polymerase and RNA primase activities (1992)

We report on the discovery and isolation of DNA- and RNA-containing macromolecular nuclear complexes whose purified major DNA possessed electrophoretic mobilities of approximately 90 and approximately 25 kbp. The deoxyribonucleoprotein-ribonucleoprotein complexes contain RNA and DNA polymerase and primase activities and were isolated from nuclei of murine RAW117 large-cell lymphoma cells by restriction digestion with Msp-I, gentle extraction with solutions containing MgCl2, but without chelating agents, and low ionic strength gel electrophoresis. Two-dimensional (isoelectric focusing/M(r)) gel electrophoresis and silver staining of the proteins of the complexes after treatment with DNase I indicated the presence of approximately 30 protein components. In vitro DNA and RNA polymerase/primase assays showed that the DNP/RNP complexes had very high enzyme specific activities. Using the DNP/RNP complexes a discrete DNA polymerase alpha product of approximately 85 kbp was synthesized that was not synthesized in the presence of the DNA polymerase alpha inhibitor aphidicolin. RNA polymerase assays in the presence of excess alpha-amanitin indicated that the complexes possessed significant RNA polymerase I activity. Preparing the complexes at various times after the release of cells from a double thymidine block showed the complexes as well as the complex-associated enzyme activities to be cell-cycle dependent. The DNA and RNA polymerase-related activities were highest in late S phase, 7 and 9 h, respectively, after release from the double thymidine block. The complexes synthesized a specific in vitro DNA polymerase product using endogenous substrate and nucleotide precursors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Optical Properties of Semiconductor Quantum Dots in Glass Matrix (1991)

Low temperature optical spectra of semiconductor microcrystals grown in a glass matrix demonstrate the effect of size quantization of the energy spectrum of Coulomb interacting electron-hole pairs. The phenomena and microscopic mechanism of ionization of microcrystals under optical excitation are regarded.
Inflammasomes in neuroinflammation and changes in brain function: a focused review (2014)

Recent literature has pointed to the existence of inflammasome-mediated inflammatory pathways in central nervous system (CNS) disorders and associated changes in behavior. Neuroinflammation, which is an innate immune response in the CNS against harmful and irritable stimuli such as pathogens and metabolic toxic waste, as well as to chronic mild stress, is mediated by protein complexes known as inflammasomes. Inflammasomes activate pro-inflammatory caspases 1 and 5, which then cleave the precursor forms of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-33 into their active forms. These pro-inflammatory cytokines have been shown to promote a variety of innate immune processes associated with infection, inflammation, and autoimmunity, and thereby play an instrumental role in the instigation of neuroinflammation during old age and subsequent occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases, cognitive impairment, and dementia. In particular, NLRP inflammasomes may also have a role in the etiologies of depression, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in metabolic disorders, such as Type II diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular diseases that have been shown to be co-morbid with psychiatric illnesses. It has been reported that while these inflammasomes may be activated through TNF-α dependent pathways, other cytokines, like IFN-γ, may assist in inhibiting their activation and thus delay disease progression. Furthermore, some other cytokines, including IL-6, may not have a direct role in inflammasome-mediated diseases. An array of recent research suggests that NLRP inflammasomes targeted therapies could be used for alleviating neuroinflammation and for treatment of associated psychiatric illnesses, although this still remains a challenge and necessitates further extensive research. This review examines the complex inflammatory signaling pathways involved in the activation of NLRP inflammasomes and the role they play in promoting neuroinflammation and subsequent behavioral changes.
Endothelial cell traction and ECM density influence both capillary morphogenesis and maintenance in 3-D (2009)

Identifying the mechanisms regulating angiogenesis in pathological conditions such as cancer and heart disease is crucial to develop successful therapies. The dependence of angiogenesis on characteristic properties of these conditions, such as alterations in tissue stiffness due to changes in the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM), may shed light on potential therapeutic strategies. Prior studies have suggested that ECM compliance regulates capillary morphogenesis, but the mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that ECM density, which influences substrate mechanics, may regulate angiogenesis via a mechanism involving actin-mediated cell-generated forces. To investigate this hypothesis, we utilized an in vitro model of angiogenesis in which endothelial cells coated on microcarrier beads are distributed within a three-dimensional (3-D) fibrin ECM. A monolayer of fibroblasts, which provides pro-angiogenic factors, is cultured on top of the gel. Variations in fibrin gel density, along with a library of pharmacological agents that inhibit forces generated by the actin cytoskeleton, were used to prove the necessity of cell-generated tractional forces in blood vessel formation. Our data demonstrate that cell-generated forces not only play a crucial role in the early sprouting stages of capillary morphogenesis but are also required in the later maintenance stages, and thereby suggest a broader interdependence among tissue stiffness, cell contractile forces, and angiogenesis.