gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mutant superoxide dismutase-1 indistinguishable from wild-type causes ALS (2012)

A reason for screening amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients for mutations in the superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) gene is the opportunity to find novel mutations with properties that can give information on pathogenesis. A novel c.352C>G (L117V) SOD1 mutation was found in two Syrian ALS families living in Europe. The disease showed unusually low penetrance and slow progression. In erythrocytes, the total SOD1 activity, as well as specific activity of the mutant protein, was equal in carriers of the mutation and family controls lacking SOD1 mutations. The structural stabilities of the L117V mutant and wild-type SOD1 under denaturing conditions were likewise equal, but considerably lower than that of murine SOD1. As analyzed with an ELISA specific for misfolded SOD1 species, no differences were found in the content of misfolded SOD1 protein between extracts of fibroblasts from wild-type controls and from an L117V patient. In contrast, elevated levels of misfolded SOD1 protein were found in fibroblasts from ALS patients carrying seven other mutations in the SOD1 gene. We conclude that mutations in SOD1 that result in a fully stable protein are associated with low disease penetrance for ALS and may be found in cases of apparently sporadic ALS. Wild-type human SOD1 is moderately stable, and was found here to be within the stability range of ALS-causing SOD1 variants, lending support to the hypothesis that wild-type SOD1 could be more generally involved in ALS pathogenesis.
Impact of package delivery rate on the safety of highway vehicle platoons (2014)

Packet loss in block erasure channels creates a randomly switching networked system that impacts control performance significantly. This paper employs safety of highway vehicle platoons as a platform to study such impact. By autonomous inter-vehicle coordination, a platoon can potentially enhance safety, improve highway utility, increase fuel economy, and reduce emission. By comparing different information structures which utilize radar distance sensors and wireless communication channels, we are able to characterize some intrinsic relationships between communication resources and control performance. The findings of this paper provide useful guidelines on communication resource allocations and vehicle coordinations in vehicle safety problems.
PopFactor: Live-Streamer Behavior and Popularity (2018)

Live video-streaming platforms such as Twitch enable top content creators to reap significant profits and influence. To that effect, various behavioral norms are recommended to new entrants and those seeking to increase their popularity and success. Chiefly among them are to simply put in the effort and promote on social media outlets such as Twitter, Instagram, and the like. But does following these behaviors indeed have a relationship with eventual popularity? In this paper, we collect a corpus of Twitch streamer popularity measures --- spanning social and financial measures --- and their behavior data on Twitch and third party platform. We also compile a set of community-defined behavioral norms. We then perform temporal analysis to identify the increased predictive value that a streamer's future behavior contributes to predicting future popularity. At the population level, we find that behavioral information improves the prediction of relative growth that exceeds the median streamer. At the individual level, we find that although it is difficult to quickly become successful in absolute terms, streamers that put in considerable effort are more successful than the rest, and that creating social media accounts to promote oneself is effective irrespective of when the accounts are created. Ultimately, we find that studying the popularity and success of content creators in the long term is a promising and rich research area.
The Intrusion Detection System AID - Architecture, and Experiences in Automated Audit Analysis. (1996)

Intrusion detection systems identify unauthorized use, misuse and abuse of computer systems. Some applications have shown that they are capable of detecting a large amount of security violations. The detection of network based attacks, however, has been solved insufficiently. In addition there are inaccessibilities concerning privacy of the monitored users. In this paper we present the intrusion detection system AID which provides new features for network and privacy oriented auditing, and a sophisticated real-time analysis using knowledge based techniques. The paper describes the objectives and the main features of the AID development.
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for optical soft tissue differentiation as remote feedback control for tissue‐specific laser surgery (2010)

Analyzing diffuse reflectance spectroscopy with PCA and LDA allows for remote differentiation of biological tissue. Considering the limitations of the ex vivo conditions, the obtained results are promising and set a basis for the further development of a feedback system for tissue-specific laser surgery.
Geometric Tools for Multicamera Surveillance Systems (2007)

DOTS (dynamic object tracking system), our multicamera system designed to aid surveillance workers, has over 20 cameras spread throughout our building, and has been in constant use for over a year. This demo focuses on the system tools that use 3D building geometry. The geometric input to DOTS is a floor plan and information such as cubicle heights. From this input we construct an enhanced 2D floor plan and a 3D model upon which more specific visualization and analysis tools are built.
Direct Observation of C−O Reductive Elimination from Palladium Aryl Alkoxide Complexes To Form Aryl Ethers (1997)

Reaction of KOCH2CMe3 with [(R)-Tol-BINAP]Pd(p-C6H4CN)Br formed [(R)-Tol-BINAP]Pd(p-C6H4CN)(OCH2CMe3) (5) in quantitative yield (1H NMR spectroscopy). Thermolysis of 5 in THF-d8 at 47 °C led to C−O reductive elimination with formation of p-neopentoxybenzonitrile (85 ± 2%). A secondary P−C bond-cleavage process led to formation of 4,4‘-dimethylbiphenyl (16 ± 2%). Kinetic analysis of the decomposition of 5 at 47 °C in the presence of excess potassium neopentoxide established the two-term rate law, rate = k[5] + k‘[5][KOCH2CMe3], where k = 1.50 ± 0.07 × 10-3 s-1 and k‘ = 6.2 ± 0.4 × 10-3 s-1 M-1, consistent with reductive elimination via competing alkoxide-dependent and alkoxide-independent pathways. In addition, excess KOCH2CMe3 exchanged rapidly with the palladium-bound alkoxide ligand of 5 at 47 °C according to the rate law: rate exchange = kex[5][KOCH2CMe3], where kex = 1.0 ± 0.1 × 102 s-1 M-1. Thermolysis of the related palladium p-cyanophenyl alkoxide complexes (P−P)Pd(p-C6H4CN)(OR) [P−P = (S)-BINAP, R = CH2CMe3; P−P = (R)-Tol-BINAP, R = CHMe2, CMe3; P−P = dppf, R = CH2CMe3, CMe3] to aryl ether formation in 46−91% yield.
Signaling Mechanisms Underlying the Vascular Myogenic Response (1999)

The vascular myogenic response refers to the acute reaction of a blood vessel to a change in transmural pressure. This response is critically important for the development of resting vascular tone, upon which other control mechanisms exert vasodilator and vasoconstrictor influences. The purpose of this review is to summarize and synthesize information regarding the cellular mechanism(s) underlying the myogenic response in blood vessels, with particular emphasis on arterioles. When necessary, experiments performed on larger blood vessels, visceral smooth muscle, and even striated muscle are cited. Mechanical aspects of myogenic behavior are discussed first, followed by electromechanical coupling mechanisms. Next, mechanotransduction by membrane-bound enzymes and involvement of second messengers, including calcium, are discussed. After this, the roles of the extracellular matrix, integrins, and the smooth muscle cytoskeleton are reviewed, with emphasis on short-term signaling mechanisms. Finally, suggestions are offered for possible future studies.
New medium-dispersion fiber with large effective area and low dispersion slope (2002)

We designed and fabricated MDF with a dualring index profile. The fiber realized a large effective area of approximately 100 /spl mu/m/sup 2/, small dispersion slope of 0.065 ps/nm/sup 2//km, low attenuation of 0.212 dB/km. The splice loss between the fiber and a SM fiber was 0.12 dB. Consequently, the MDF is suitable for high bit rate and long haul systems over S-, C-, L- bands.
Site specificity of the inhibitory effects of oligo(nucleoside methylphosphonate)s complementary to the acceptor splice junction of herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate early mRNA 4. (1989)

Oligo(nucleoside methylphosphonate)s complementary to the splice junction of herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate early pre-mRNAs 4 and 5 caused specific inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 growth. The dodecamer d(TpTCCTCCTGCGG) (deoxynucleoside methylphosphonate residues in italic) caused 50% and 98% decreases in herpes simplex virus type 1 titers at concentrations of 15 microM and 100 microM, respectively. d(TpTCCTCCTGCGG) inhibited viral but not cellular protein synthesis and decreased splicing of immediate early pre-mRNAs 4 and 5. Inhibition was highly sequence specific. A psoralen derivative of d(TpTCCTCCTGCGG) that can covalently bind to complementary sequences after exposure to 365-nm irradiation caused 90-98% inhibition of virus growth in cells treated with oligomer (5 microM) and irradiated at 1-3 hr postinfection. The data suggest that oligo(nucleoside methylphosphonate)s of appropriate sequence and derivatization may be effective as antiviral agents.
Design and Testing of a Motion Controlled Gait Enhancing Mobile Shoe (GEMS) for Rehabilitation (2011)

Persons suffering central nervous system damage, such as a stroke, coma patients, or individuals that have suffered damage to the spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, and motor cortex, sometimes develop an asymmetric walking pattern where one leg does not fully swing backward. This uneven gait hinders these individuals in properly and efficiently moving through everyday life.\nPrevious research in humans and various animals has introduced a split belt treadmill to analyze possible rehabilitation, which can recreate a correct gait pattern by altering the speed of each track. Gait adaptation was achieved by having the split belt treadmill move each leg at a different velocity relative to the ground and thus forcing a symmetric gait. Test subjects‟ gait would adapt to the speeds and a normal gait pattern could be conditioned while on the split belt treadmill. However, after short trials, individuals were unable to neurologically store these feed-forward walking patterns once walking over ground. Also, test subjects would have difficulty adapting their learned walking gait over different walking environments.\nThe gait enhancing mobile shoe (GEMS) makes it possible to adjust an asymmetric walking gait so that both legs move at a relatively symmetric speed over ground. It alters the wearers walking gait by forcing each foot backwards during the stance phase, operating solely by mechanical motion, transferring the wearer‟s downward force into a horizontal backwards motion. Recreating the split belt treadmill effect over ground by using the GEMS will potentially enable me to test the long term effects of a corrected gait, which is impossible using a split belt treadmill.\nA previous prototype of the GEMS [1] successfully generated a split belt treadmill walking pattern, but had various drawbacks, such as variable motion from step to step. My new design of this rehabilitation shoe promises to alter the user‟s gait as a split belt treadmill does, and to be mechanically stable operating without any external power sources.\nI designed and constructed a new motion controlled gait enhancing mobile shoe that improves the previous version‟s drawbacks. While mimicking the asymmetric gait motion experienced on a split-belt treadmill, this version of the GEMS has motion that is continuous, smooth, and regulated with on-board electronics. An interesting aspect of this new design is the Archimedean spiral wheel shape that redirects the wearer‟s downward force into a horizontal backward motion. The design is passive and does not utilize any motors and actuators. Its motion is only regulated by a small magnetic pthesis brake. Initial tests show the shoe operates as desired, but further experimentation is needed to evaluate the long-term after-effects.
HMGB1 in Cancer: Good, Bad, or Both? (2013)

Forty years ago, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was discovered in calf thymus and named according to its electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gels. Now, we know that HMGB1 performs dual functions. Inside the cell, HMGB1 is a highly conserved chromosomal protein acting as a DNA chaperone. Outside of the cell, HMGB1 is a prototypical damage-associated molecular pattern, acting with cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. During tumor development and in cancer therapy, HMGB1 has been reported to play paradoxical roles in promoting both cell survival and death by regulating multiple signaling pathways, including inflammation, immunity, genome stability, proliferation, metastasis, metabolism, apoptosis, and autophagy. Here, we review the current knowledge of both HMGB1's oncogenic and tumor-suppressive roles and the potential strategies that target HMGB1 for the prevention and treatment of cancer.
Zur Reaktivität elektronenreicher Olefine, 9.Synthese von Hydroxybenzaldehyden mit Ethylentetraminen (1978)

Abstract Elektronenreiche Olefine vom Typ 1,1′,3,3′‐Tetraphenyl‐2,2′‐biimidazolidinyliden (1) reagieren mit Phenolen zu Imidazolidin‐2‐ylphenolen, die sich leicht zu den entsprechenden Hydroxybenzaldehyden hydrolysieren lassen. Die Imidazolidinylgruppe tritt bevorzugt in p ‐Stellung zur phenolischen OH‐Gruppe ein. Ist diese blockiert oder sterisch gehindert, verläuft die Reaktion selektiv über die o ‐substituierten Phenole zu Salicylaldehyden. Bei Hydroxy‐ und Aminophenolen werden häufig mehr als eine Aldehydgruppe in den Benzolkern eingeführt.
Percutaneous Stenting of the Internal Carotid Artery: The European CAST I Study (1999)

The results of this trial support the contention that carotid stenting of short ICA lesions can be performed with a low neurological complication rate.
Evaluation of the metabolic balance in type 2 diabetes by assay of the hair glucose. (2003)

The authors used a relative new method of long term retrospective evaluation of metabolic balance in type 2 diabetes. This method was based on the variations of the glucose in the hair with the variations of HbA1c (r=+0.96; p<0.001). In this way the authors could follow up the diabetic's metabolic balance on longer time periods than by determination of the HbA1 values.
Cardiovascular Risk of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: An Under-Recognized Public Health Issue (2017)

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are drugs with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activity. Their effect is achieved by the reduction in synthesis of prostanoids. Inhibition of prostanoids is responsible for a substantial risk of adverse effects. The risk of side effects affecting the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys has long been known. The possibilities of blood pressure elevation and the development of congestive heart failure are also widely recognized. Increased incidence of acute myocardial infarction in clinical trials with rofecoxib drew attention to the potential cardiotoxicity of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, and similarly, concerns have been raised regarding the cardiovascular safety of non-selective NSAIDs. The safety of NSAIDs with regards to cardiovascular events has been studied in recent years in a large number of retrospective and prospective clinical studies and meta-analyses. The results indicate that cardiotoxicity is a class effect, but the magnitude of the risk is widely variable between individual NSAID drugs. This article aims to summarize the available data on the risk of adverse cardiovascular events with NSAIDs, the clinical impact of these events and possible underlying mechanisms.
Exploded Views for Volume Data (2006)

Exploded views are an illustration technique where an object is partitioned into several segments. These segments are displaced to reveal otherwise hidden detail. In this paper we apply the concept of exploded views to volumetric data in order to solve the general problem of occlusion. In many cases an object of interest is occluded by other structures. While transparency or cutaways can be used to reveal a focus object, these techniques remove parts of the context information. Exploded views, on the other hand, do not suffer from this drawback. Our approach employs a force-based model: the volume is divided into a part configuration controlled by a number of forces and constraints. The focus object exerts an explosion force causing the parts to arrange according to the given constraints. We show that this novel and flexible approach allows for a wide variety of explosion-based visualizations including view-dependent explosions. Furthermore, we present a high-quality GPU-based volume ray casting algorithm for exploded views which allows rendering and interaction at several frames per second.
The dynamic range of TMJ sounds (2003)

It is of clinical interest to record the amplitudes of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) sounds. The aim was to test the hypothesis that sealing the meatus, when placing a microphone in the ear canal affects such recording by increasing the sound pressure level (SPL). Bilateral recordings of 249 TMJ clickings were made from three subjects, using sampling rates of 48 or 96 kHz and 24 bits A/D conversion, with and without the ear canals sealed by Silicone putty. The peak-to-peak equivalent sound pressure level (peSPL) was higher (P < 0.001) when the ear canal was sealed (range of mean differences was 8.3-24.9 dB peSPL). This means that the signal to noise ratio can be improved by sealing the meatus because the electronic noise level is not increased. Most important is that the dynamic range of the clicking sounds was 62 dB that is larger than the effective dynamic range of a 16 bits sound card. Future studies are needed to establish normative peSPL values. However, cards with at least 24 bits A/D conversion will be required, especially in patients with suspected disc displacement with reduction, where the difference in loudness between opening and closing clicking often is large.
Defining the Reference Range for Oxygen Saturation for Infants After Birth (2010)

These data represent reference ranges for Spo(2) in the first 10 minutes after birth for preterm and term infants.
Lattice structures for optimal design and robust implementation of two-channel perfect-reconstruction QMF banks (1988)

A lattice structure and an algorithm are presented for the design of two-channel QMF (quadrature mirror filter) banks, satisfying a sufficient condition for perfect reconstruction. The structure inherently has the perfect-reconstruction property, while the algorithm ensures a good stopband attenuation for each of the analysis filters. Implementations of such lattice structures are robust in the sense that the perfect-reconstruction property is preserved in spite of coefficient quantization. The lattice structure has the hierarchical property that a higher order perfect-reconstruction QMF bank can be obtained from a lower order perfect-reconstruction QMF bank, simply by adding more lattice sections. Several numerical examples are provided in the form of design tables.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Molecular mechanisms of endothelium-mediated vasodilation. (1988)

cGMP appears to be the intracellular messenger involved in smooth muscle relaxant effects of three major groups of vasodilators, the ANFs, the nitrovasodilators (such as nitroglycerin, sodium nitroprusside, sodium nitrite, isosorbide dinitrate), and the endothelium-dependent vasodilators (such as ACh, histamine, bradykinin, adenosine triphosphate, A23187). The endothelium-dependent vasodilators apparently act by stimulating the release of EDRF from endothelial cells, which in turn activates soluble guanylate cyclase in vascular smooth muscle cells. Because of similarities between EDRF and the nitrovasodilators, EDRF has been termed the "endogenous nitrovasodilators." Very recent evidence suggests that EDRF may be identical with nitric oxide, the intermediate substance generated by the nitrovasodilators, thus further illustrating the similarities between nitrovasodilator-induced and endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Following the elevation of cGMP levels in smooth muscle, cGMP-kinase becomes activated and phosphorylates cellular protein or proteins involved in the regulation of cytosolic free Ca2+ concentrations. This mechanism vasoconstrictor. In the absence of vasoconstrictors, cGMP, even at basal levels, seems to be important for maintaining cytosolic Ca2+ at low concentrations and for keeping the vascular smooth muscle in a relatively relaxed state. Future experiments will need to clarify further the role of cGMP and cGMP-kinase in physiologic and pathophysiologic regulation of blood vessels. Of prime interest is the identity of functional substrates for cGMP-kinase in vascular smooth muscle.
Boosting the scalability of botnet detection using adaptive traffic sampling (2011)

Botnets pose a serious threat to the health of the Internet. Most current network-based botnet detection systems require deep packet inspection (DPI) to detect bots. Because DPI is a computational costly process, such detection systems cannot handle large volumes of traffic typical of large enterprise and ISP networks. In this paper we propose a system that aims to efficiently and effectively identify a small number of suspicious hosts that are likely bots. Their traffic can then be forwarded to DPI-based botnet detection systems for fine-grained inspection and accurate botnet detection. By using a novel adaptive packet sampling algorithm and a scalable spatial-temporal flow correlation approach, our system is able to substantially reduce the volume of network traffic that goes through DPI, thereby boosting the scalability of existing botnet detection systems. We implemented a proof-of-concept version of our system, and evaluated it using real-world legitimate and botnet-related network traces. Our experimental results are very promising and suggest that our approach can enable the deployment of botnet-detection systems in large, high-speed networks.
High-Performance Integrated Dual-Gate AlGaN/GaN Enhancement-Mode Transistor (2010)

In this letter, we present a new AlGaN/GaN enhancement-mode (E-mode) transistor based on a dual-gate structure. The dual gate allows the transistor to combine an E-mode behavior with low on-resistance and very high breakdown voltage. The device utilizes an integrated gate structure with a short gate controlling the threshold voltage and a long gate supporting the high-voltage drop from the drain. Using this new dual-gate technology, AlGaN/GaN E-mode transistors grown on a Si substrate have demonstrated a high threshold voltage of 2.9 V with a maximum drain current of 434 mA/mm and a specific on-resistance of 4.3 m Ω·cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> at a breakdown voltage of 643 V.
A preliminary study of dietary aluminium intake and risk of Alzheimer's disease (1999)

past consumption of foods containing large amounts of aluminium additives differed between people with Alzheimer's disease and controls, suggesting that dietary intake of aluminium may affect the risk of developing this disease. Larger studies are warranted to corroborate or refute these preliminary findings.