gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Cell Survival Mechanisms in Alzheimer′s Disease by Glycogen Synthase Kinase‐3 (2011)

A pivotal role has emerged for glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) as an important contributor to Alzheimer's disease pathology. Evidence for the involvement of GSK3 in Alzheimer's disease pathology and neuronal loss comes from studies of GSK3 overexpression, GSK3 localization studies, multiple relationships between GSK3 and amyloid β-peptide (Aβ), interactions between GSK3 and the microtubule-associated tau protein, and GSK3-mediated apoptotic cell death. Apoptotic signaling proceeds by either an intrinsic pathway or an extrinsic pathway. GSK3 is well established to promote intrinsic apoptotic signaling induced by many insults, several of which may contribute to neuronal loss in Alzheimer's disease. Particularly important is evidence that GSK3 promotes intrinsic apoptotic signaling induced by Aβ. GSK3 appears to promote intrinsic apoptotic signaling by modulating proteins in the apoptosis signaling pathway and by modulating transcription factors that regulate the expression of proteins involved in apoptosis. Thus, GSK3 appears to contribute to several neuropathological mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease, including apoptosis-mediated neuronal loss.
Inhaling to mitigate exhaled bioaerosols (2004)

Humans commonly exhale aerosols comprised of small droplets of airway-lining fluid during normal breathing. These "exhaled bioaerosols" may carry airborne pathogens and thereby magnify the spread of certain infectious diseases, such as influenza, tuberculosis, and severe acute respiratory syndrome. We hypothesize that, by altering lung airway surface properties through an inhaled nontoxic aerosol, we might substantially diminish the number of exhaled bioaerosol droplets and thereby provide a simple means to potentially mitigate the spread of airborne infectious disease independently of the identity of the airborne pathogen or the nature of any specific therapy. We find that some normal human subjects expire many more bioaerosol particles than other individuals during quiet breathing and therefore bear the burden of production of exhaled bioaerosols. Administering nebulized isotonic saline to these "high-producer" individuals diminishes the number of exhaled bioaerosol particles expired by 72.10 +/- 8.19% for up to 6 h. In vitro and in vivo experiments with saline and surfactants suggest that the mechanism of action of the nebulized saline relates to modification of the physical properties of the airway-lining fluid, notably surface tension.
Functionalization of Porous Carbon Materials with Designed Pore Architecture (2008)

Abstract Recent progress in syntheses of porous carbons with designed pore architecture has rejuvenated the field of carbon chemistry and promises to provide new advanced materials. In order to reap the full benefit of designer carbons, it is necessary to develop chemistries for functionalizing the porous carbon surfaces. This Review examines methods of functionalizing porous carbon through direct incorporation of heteroatoms in the carbon synthesis, surface oxidation and activation, halogenation, sulfonation, grafting, attachment of nanoparticles and surface coating with polymers. Methods of characterizing the functionalized carbon materials and applications that benefit from functionalized nanoporous carbons with designed architecture are also highlighted.
Expert systems and the pancreatic cancer problem: decision support in the pre-operative diagnosis (1989)

In this paper, after reviewing the main issue in artificial intelligence, decision support systems, medical decision-making, expert systems and some of their applications in medicine, we focus on the diagnostic aspect of pancreatic cancer. We briefly examine the most significant applications both from the oncological and from the diagnostic point of view. We discuss the medical problems mentioning incidence and mortality, aetiological factors and diagnosis, considering the roles of surgery and adjuvant therapies. Finally we justify the decision to develop an expert system in such a medical domain and discuss the SPES (Surgical Pancreatic Expert System) project, its parts dealing with the different medical phases of pancreatic cancer diagnosis and therapy: pre-operative, intra-operative and adjuvant therapies. In particular we discuss diagnostic aspects of pancreatic cancer disease, pointing out the aims of the project, methodologies, tools used and future developments.
Response to immunization with recall and neoantigens after prolonged administration of an HIV-1 protease inhibitor-containing regimen (2000)

Most HIV-infected patients treated with potent combination antiretrovirals develop responses to recall and presumed neoantigens after immunization. Functional immune restoration in response to immunization is related to control of viral replication, decreased immune activation as well as to both quantitative and qualitative restoration of circulating T- lymphocyte subpopulations.
Binary intersymbol interference channels: gallager codes, density evolution, and code performance bounds (2003)

We study the limits of performance of Gallager codes (low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes) over binary linear intersymbol interference (ISI) channels with additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). Using the graph representations of the channel, the code, and the sum-product message-passing detector/decoder, we prove two error concentration theorems. Our proofs expand on previous work by handling complications introduced by the channel memory. We circumvent these problems by considering not just linear Gallager codes but also their cosets and by distinguishing between different types of message flow neighborhoods depending on the actual transmitted symbols. We compute the noise tolerance threshold using a suitably developed density evolution algorithm and verify, by simulation, that the thresholds represent accurate predictions of the performance of the iterative sum-product algorithm for finite (but large) block lengths. We also demonstrate that for high rates, the thresholds are very close to the theoretical limit of performance for Gallager codes over ISI channels. If C denotes the capacity of a binary ISI channel and if C/sub i.i.d./ denotes the maximal achievable mutual information rate when the channel inputs are independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) binary random variables (C/sub i.i.d.//spl les/C), we prove that the maximum information rate achievable by the sum-product decoder of a Gallager (coset) code is upper-bounded by C/sub i.i.d./. The last topic investigated is the performance limit of the decoder if the trellis portion of the sum-product algorithm is executed only once; this demonstrates the potential for trading off the computational requirements and the performance of the decoder.
Effects of crystallization and dopant concentration on the emission behavior of TiO2:Eu nanophosphors (2012)

Uniform, spherical-shaped TiO2:Eu nanoparticles with different doping concentrations have been synthesized through controlled hydrolysis of titanium tetrabutoxide under appropriate pH and temperature in the presence of EuCl3·6H2O. Through air annealing at 500°C for 2 h, the amorphous, as-grown nanoparticles could be converted to a pure anatase phase. The morphology, structural, and optical properties of the annealed nanostructures were studied using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy [EDS], and UV-Visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy techniques. Optoelectronic behaviors of the nanostructures were studied using micro-Raman and photoluminescence [PL] spectroscopies at room temperature. EDS results confirmed a systematic increase of Eu content in the as-prepared samples with the increase of nominal europium content in the reaction solution. With the increasing dopant concentration, crystallinity and crystallite size of the titania particles decreased gradually. Incorporation of europium in the titania particles induced a structural deformation and a blueshift of their absorption edge. While the room-temperature PL emission of the as-grown samples is dominated by the 5D0 - 7Fj transition of Eu+3 ions, the emission intensity reduced drastically after thermal annealing due to outwards segregation of dopant ions.
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) and its impact on the Beneficiaries (2014)

Unemployment and poverty are the hallmark of the Indian rural society. No doubt, the government has initiated a number of developmental programs. to relieve the vulnerable sections of rural society from the clutches of poverty and unemployment. The study aims to find out the social and economic impact of the MGNREGA on the life of rural poor and it is revealed that the employment guarantee provided under MGNREGA not only has its effect on income of the beneficiaries but this has been also responsible for a change in the social position to better one.
Withdrawal from nicotine dependence using mecamylamine: comparison of three-week and six-week dosage schedules. (1984)

Mecamylamine (MCL) has been shown to extinguish nicotine dependence in animals and produce smoking cessation in some humans. This study was done to determine if MCL may be more effective and have fewer side-effects when administered at low dosages over a six-week period than at high dosages given over a three-week period. Subjects in the high-dose, three-week group demonstrated significantly more reduction of nicotine intake as evidenced by self-report and presence of nicotine in urine although side-effects were more pronounced. Although MCL's numerous side-effects should limit its clinical use to recalcitrant smokers who have failed other types of treatment, its nicotine antagonist property indicates it can be an effective agent to withdraw some persons from nicotine dependence.
A Phenomenological Model of Bulk Force in a Li-Ion Battery Pack and Its Application to State of Charge Estimation (2014)

A phenomenological model of the bulk force exerted by a lithium ion cell during various charge, discharge, and temperature operating conditions is developed. The measured and modeled force resembles the carbon expansion behavior associated with the phase changes during intercalation, as there are ranges of state of charge (SOC) with a gradual force increase and ranges of SOC with very small change in force. The model includes the influence of temperature on the observed force capturing the underlying thermal expansion phenomena. Moreover the model is capable of describing the changes in force during thermal transients, when internal battery heating due to high C-rates or rapid changes in the ambient temperature, which create a mismatch in the temperature of the cell and the holding fixture. It is finally shown that the bulk force model can be very useful for a more accurate and robust SOC estimation based on fusing information from voltage and force (or pressure) measurements.
Bio-Medical Applications of Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma (2006)

Non-Thermal Floating Electrode Dielectric Barrier Discharge (FE-DBD) Plasma in Direct Contact with Living Tissue The focus of this work is direct application of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma to human tissue, where this tissue serves as a second active electrode. Such use has significant advantages over the existing technologies. Ultra Violet (UV) radiation, especially high energy Vacuum UV (VUV), does not have good penetration depth in air and VUV exists only in the discharge area. Short-lived active species and radicals (like OH, NO, O2( + Δ g 1 ) and other electronically excited species, atomic Oxygen, etc.) do not,
Integrated Management Of Multiple Reservoir Field Developments (1995)

Summary This paper describes the coupling of a pipeline network model to a reservoir simulator and its application to optimize the production strategy of two Mobil field developments. Mobil's PEGASUS simulator is an integrated, all-purpose reservoir simulator that handles black-oil, compositional, faulted, and naturally fractured reservoirs. We have extended the simulator to allow simultaneous modeling of multiple reservoirs coupled with surface pipeline networks and processes. This allows us to account for the effects of geology, well placement, and surface production facilities on well deliverability in a fully integrated fashion. We have also developed a gas-contract allocation system that takes the user-specified constraints, target rates, and swing factors and automatically assigns rates to the individual wells of each reservoir. This algorithm calculates the overall deliverability and automatically reduces the user-specified target rates to meet the deliverability constraints. The algorithm and solution technique are described. This enhanced simulator has been applied to model a Mobil field development in the Southern gas basin offshore the U.K., which consists of three separate gas reservoirs connected by means of a pipeline network. The simulator allowed us to determine accurately the effect of varying the development timing of these reservoirs on individual reservoir and total field performance. Several development scenarios are shown to illustrate the capabilities of PEGASUS. Another application of this technology is in our field developments in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Here the objective is to optimize the development of multiple fields economically to feed the P.T. Arun liquid natural gas (LNG) facility. A range of gas compositions, well productivities, and facilities constraints are considered in an integrated fashion, resulting in improved management of these assets. Model specifics are discussed. Introduction Optimal exploitation of oil and gas fields requires an integrated approach. Several reservoirs in a field development typically compete for limited surface production capacity. Typically, as fields mature, the development of additional satellite reservoirs increases the competition for capacity in the surface facilities. This is especially true in expensive offshore projects. Historically, engineers have used reservoir simulators to develop an exploitation scheme for a given hydrocarbon reservoir. This approach optimizes the development of a single reservoir but neglects the total effect on surface-capacity limits from other reservoirs sharing the same surface facilities.
Space, Time, Parallelism and Noise Requirements for Reliable Quantum Computing (1998)

Quantum error correction methods use processing power to combat noise. The noise level which can be tolerated in a fault-tolerant method is therefore a function of the computational resources available, especially the size of computer and degree of parallelism. I present an analysis of error correction with block codes, made fault-tolerant through the use of prepared ancilla blocks. The preparation and verification of the ancillas is described in detail. It is shown that the ancillas need only be verified against a small set of errors. This, combined with previously known advantages, makes this ’︁ancilla factory‚ the best method to apply error correction, whether in concatenated or block coding. I then consider the resources required to achieve 2 · 1010 computational steps reliably in a computer of 2150 logical qubits, finding that the simplest [[n, 1, d]] block codes can tolerate more noise with smaller overheads than the 7L-bit concatenated code. The scaling is such that block codes remain the better choice for all computations one is likely to contemplate.
Map of 16 polymorphic loci on the short arm of chromosome 16 close to the polycystic kidney disease gene (PKD1). (1990)

To define the PKD1 locus further, the gene involved in the most frequent form of adult polycystic kidney disease, probes from 16 polymorphic loci were mapped on 16p13.1-pter with the combined use of cell lines containing rearranged chromosomes and family studies. Five breakpoints in the distal part of 16p arbitrarily subdivided the loci into five groups. By analysing 58 recombination events among 259 informative meioses in 12 large families with PKD, we were able to construct a linkage map for the distal part of 16p. The order of the markers obtained with chromosomal rearrangements was confirmed by the family studies. The D16S85 locus near alpha globin, D16S21, and D16S83 map distal, or telomeric, to PKD1. The polymorphic red cell enzyme phosphoglycolate phosphatase (PGP), D16S84, D16S259, and D16S246 showed no recombination with PKD1. The remaining nine RFLPs all map proximal to the PKD1 gene. By cosmid walking, additional RFLPs were detected at the D16S21 locus. A single intrahaplotype recombination observed defines the orientation of D16S21 relative to PKD1. The new polymorphisms are valuable for presymptomatic and prenatal diagnosis of PKD1. Furthermore, our map is both a good starting point for the physical map of 16p and a useful tool for the isolation of the PKD1 gene.
Biomechanical and Biochemical Pulping of Sugarcane Bagasse with <i>Ceriporiopsis subvermispora </i>Fungal and Xylanase Pretreatments (2001)

Sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with both the white-rot fungus, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, and xylanase enzyme for 2 weeks before soda chemithermomechanical (CTMP) and soda chemical (CP) cooking. For fungi-CTMP (BCTMP) and enzyme-fungi-CTMP (EBCTMP), the bagasse, after bio-pretreatment, was cooked with 5% sodium hydroxide, at 130 degrees C for 20 min. For the chemical pulping (CP), after fungi pretreatment (BCP) or after xylanase and fungal pretreatment (EBCP), the bagasse was cooked with 14.5% sodium hydroxide. With the BCTMP, the Klason lignin was reduced, all of the pulp strength properties were increased, and a 28% savings in refining energy consumption was obtained, but the brightness was reduced 5 points compared to the control. With the EBCTMP, the brightness losses were overcome but with a mild reduction in the pulp strength properties compared to the BCTMP. The energy savings were 5% greater than from BCTMP and 33% over the control. The BCP treatment increases somewhat the pulp strength properties, reduces the energy consumption 23%, and reduces the brightness by 9 points compared to the control; however, the kappa no. was 5.5 points higher than the control. EBCP treatment reduces brightness losses and increases the pulp yield 2% compared to the control, but with some reduction in the strength properties compared to BCP.
Tumor-Host Interactions: A Far-Reaching Relationship (2010)

Carcinomas are composed of neoplastic epithelial cells, which form the heart of the tumor, as well as a variety of mesenchymal cell types and extracellular matrix components that comprise the tumor stroma, often termed its microenvironment. The normal counterparts of some stromal cells are thought to limit tumor growth, while tumor-associated stromal cells have been convincingly shown to actively promote tumor progression via complex heterotypic interactions with the nearby carcinoma cells. More recent advances have revealed that tumor-host interactions extend well beyond the local tissue microenvironment (ie, interactions between the neoplastic cells and the nearby stroma) and that tumors not only respond to, but actively perturb host organs at distant anatomic sites. This indicates that many aspects of tumor biology can only be explained by a detailed understanding of both local and systemic interactions, yet we currently have only a fragmentary understanding of both processes. In this review, we address the recent advances in our understanding of the contributions of local and systemic environments to cancer progression, the ability of tumors to actively perturb the host environment, and current therapeutic approaches that are designed to disrupt tumor-host relationships.
Methylation‐Specific PCR Unraveled (2004)

Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) is a simple, quick and cost-effective method to analyze the DNA methylation status of virtually any group of CpG sites within a CpG island. The technique comprises two parts: (1) sodium bisulfite conversion of unmethylated cytosine's to uracil under conditions whereby methylated cytosines remains unchanged and (2) detection of the bisulfite induced sequence differences by PCR using specific primer sets for both unmethylated and methylated DNA. This review discusses the critical parameters of MSP and presents an overview of the available MSP variants and the (clinical) applications.
Heterojunction CdS/CdTe solar cells based on electrodeposited <i>p</i>-CdTe thin films: Fabrication and characterization (1985)

The electrodeposition technique previously developed by the present authors for in situ growth of p-type CdTe thin films, has been further improved using As as an acceptor dopant. Photovoltaic-quality films were grown on conducting glass and Mo substrates and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalyses, and Auger electron spectroscopy. These films were subsequently utilized in the construction of inverted photovoltaic cell structures comprising the n-CdS/p-CdTe heterojunction. Efficiencies approaching the 5% level (AM1 insolation) have been obtained thus far on small-area (∼0.20 cm2) devices.
2-Amino-6-chloro-4-(N-methylpiperazino)pyrimidines, inhibitors of spiroperidol binding (1982)

A series of 30 6-chloro-2,4-diaminopyrimidines was synthesized and tested in vitro as inhibitors of [3H]spiroperidol binding. The affinity for the dopamine receptor was shown to be related to the 6-chloro-4-(N-methyl-piperazine)pyrimidine structure bearing a NH2 or NHR1 group as a substituent in position 2, provided that R1 was not an alpha branched alkyl group. The nature of the substituent in position 5 is also of importance for the affinity; 2-(benzylamino)-6-chloro-4-(N-methylpiperazino)-5-(methylthio)pyrimidine (22) is the most active member of the series. Molecular structures of three compounds were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and PCILO computation.
Neuropilin 1 Directly Interacts with Fer Kinase to Mediate Semaphorin 3A-induced Death of Cortical Neurons (2010)

Neuropilins (NRPs) are receptors for the major chemorepulsive axonal guidance cue semaphorins (Sema). The interaction of Sema3A/NRP1 during development leads to the collapse of growth cones. Here we show that Sema3A also induces death of cultured cortical neurons through NRP1. A specific NRP1 inhibitory peptide ameliorated Sema3A-evoked cortical axonal retraction and neuronal death. Moreover, Sema3A was also involved in cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal death. Expression levels of Sema3A and NRP1, but not NRP2, were significantly increased early during brain reperfusion following transient focal cerebral ischemia. NRP1 inhibitory peptide delivered to the ischemic brain was potently neuroprotective and prevented the loss of motor functions in mice. The integrity of the injected NRP1 inhibitory peptide into the brain remained unchanged, and the intact peptide permeated the ischemic hemisphere of the brain as determined using MALDI-MS-based imaging. Mechanistically, NRP1-mediated axonal collapse and neuronal death is through direct and selective interaction with the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase Fer. Fer RNA interference effectively attenuated Sema3A-induced neurite retraction and neuronal death in cortical neurons. More importantly, down-regulation of Fer expression using Fer-specific RNA interference attenuated cerebral ischemia-induced brain damage. Together, these studies revealed a previously unknown function of NRP1 in signaling Sema3A-evoked neuronal death through Fer in cortical neurons.