gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Markov Random Field Texture Models (1983)

We consider a texture to be a stochastic, possibly periodic, two-dimensional image field. A texture model is a mathematical procedure capable of producing and describing a textured image. We explore the use of Markov random fields as texture models. The binomial model, where each point in the texture has a binomial distribution with parameter controlled by its neighbors and ``number of tries'' equal to the number of gray levels, was taken to be the basic model for the analysis. A method of generating samples from the binomial model is given, followed by a theoretical and practical analysis of the method's convergence. Examples show how the parameters of the Markov random field control the strength and direction of the clustering in the image. The power of the binomial model to produce blurry, sharp, line-like, and blob-like textures is demonstrated. Natural texture samples were digitized and their parameters were estimated under the Markov random field model. A hypothesis test was used for an objective assessment of goodness-of-fit under the Markov random field model. Overall, microtextures fit the model well. The estimated parameters of the natural textures were used as input to the generation procedure. The synthetic microtextures closely resembled their real counterparts, while the regular and inhomogeneous textures did not.
Orphan Receptor TR3/nur77 and Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells (2002)

Abstract : A class of new synthetic retinoids related to 6-3-(L-ADAMANTYL)-4-HYDROXYPHENYL-2- naphthalene carboxylic acid (AHPN/CD437) effectively induce apoptosis of prostate cancer cells. Our previous study demonstrated that AHPN/CD437-induced apoptosis of LNCaP prostate cancer cells requires the expression of TR3 (also called nur77 or NGFI-B) that is an orphan member of the steroid/thyroid/retinoid receptor superfamily and its nuclear export and mitochondrial localization. In studying how TR3 nuclear export, mitochondrial targeting and apoptosis induction in prostate cancer cells are regulated, we have demonstrated that the migration of TR3 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm requires retinoid X receptor (RXR) through their heterodimerization. In addition, we show that the T3 cytoplasmic localization and apoptotic effect are inhibited by RXR ligand 9-cis retinoic acid. Moreover, we demonstrate that TR3 interacts with Bcl-2 and that the interaction is essential for TR3 to target mitochondria and to induce apoptosis. These data not only enhance our understanding the molecular mechanism by which TR3 nuclear export, mitochondrial targeting and apoptosis induction are regulated but also provide important information for developing novel strategies for inducing apoptosis of prostate cancer cells.
Model-driven development of ARINC 653 configuration tables (2010)

Model-driven development (MDD) has become a key technique in systems and software engineering, including the aeronautic domain. It facilitates on systematic use of models from a very early phase of the design process and through various model transformation steps (semi-)automatically generates source code and documentation. However, on one hand, the use of model-driven approaches for the development of configuration data is not as widely used as for source code synthesis. On the other hand, we believe that, particular systems that make heavy use of configuration tables like the ARINC 653 standard can benefit from model-driven design by (i) automating error-prone configuration file editing and (ii) using model based validation for early error detection. In this paper, we will present the results of the European project DIANA that investigated the use of MDD in the context of Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) and the ARINC 653 standard. In the scope of the project, a tool chain was implemented that generates ARINC 653 configuration tables from high-level architecture models. The tool chain was integrated with different target systems (VxWorks 653, SIMA) and evaluated during case studies with real-world and real-sized avionics applications.
Differential effects of two fluorescent probes on macrophage migration as assessed by manual and automated methods (1995)

Fluorescent probes have been utilized to label leukocytes for both in vivo and in vitro studies of cell migration; however, the effects of such probes on migration have not been determined. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of two commonly used fluorescent probes on leukocyte chemotaxis. J774 macrophages were labeled with either calcein-acetoxymethyl ester (calcein-AM) or 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and 6)-carboxyfluorescein, acetomethyl ester (BCECF-AM), then assayed for their ability to migrate to zymosan-activated serum (ZAS). Cell migration was quantified by two methods: visual counting of cells and measuring cell fluorescence. Using the cell counts, comparison of unlabeled and fluorescently labeled macrophages demonstrated that BCECF-AM decreased the number of cells responding to ZAS, while calcein-AM had essentially no effect. Neither probe significantly affected the number of cells migrating to medium alone. The inhibitory effects of BCECF-AM on cell migration increased with probe concentration (0.1-1.0 microM) and cell fluorescence. Cell viability was unaffected by either probe. In contrast to the results obtained by visual counting, measuring fluorescence of migrated cells did not reveal a significant difference between the chemotactic response of macrophages labeled with BCECF-AM and those labeled with calcein-AM. These experiments indicated that fluorescent probes can affect the chemotactic response and that inhibitory activity of these probes may not be detected when chemotaxis is quantified solely by automated methods.
High Gradient Accelerating Structures for Carbon Therapy Linac (2017)

Carbon therapy is the most promising among techniques for cancer treatment, as it has demonstrated significant improvements in clinical efficiency and reduced toxicity profiles in multiple types of cancer through much better localization of dose to the tumor volume. RadiaBeam, in collaboration with Argonne National Laboratory, are developing an ultra-high gradient linear accelerator, Advanced Compact Carbon Ion Linac (ACCIL), for the delivery of ion-beams with end-energies up to 450 MeV/u for 12C⁶⁺ ions and 250 MeV for protons. In this paper, we present a thorough comparison of standing and travelling wave designs for high gradient S-Band accelerating structures operating with ions at varying velocities, relative to the speed of light, in the range 0.3-0.7. In this paper we will compare these types of accelerating structures in terms of RF, beam dynamics and thermo-mechanical performance.
Herpes simplex type 2 virus deleted in glycoprotein D protects against vaginal, skin and neural disease (2015)

Subunit vaccines comprised of glycoprotein D (gD-2) failed to prevent HSV-2 highlighting need for novel strategies. To test the hypothesis that deletion of gD-2 unmasks protective antigens, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of an HSV-2 virus deleted in gD-2 and complemented allowing a single round of replication on cells expressing HSV-1 gD (ΔgD(-/+gD-1)). Subcutaneous immunization of C57BL/6 or BALB/c mice with ΔgD(-/+gD1) provided 100% protection against lethal intravaginal or skin challenges and prevented latency. ΔgD(-/+gD1) elicited no disease in SCID mice, whereas 1000-fold lower doses of wild-type virus were lethal. HSV-specific antibodies were detected in serum (titer 1:800,000) following immunization and in vaginal washes after intravaginal challenge. The antibodies elicited cell-mediated cytotoxicity, but little neutralizing activity. Passive transfer of immune serum completely protected wild-type, but not Fcγ-receptor or neonatal Fc-receptor knock-out mice. These studies demonstrate that non-neutralizing Fc-mediated humoral responses confer protection and support advancement of this attenuated vaccine.
Glycoprotein Nonmetastatic B Is an Independent Prognostic Indicator of Recurrence and a Novel Therapeutic Target in Breast Cancer (2010)

GPNMB expression is associated with the basal/triple-negative subtype and is a prognostic marker of poor outcome in patients with breast cancer. CDX-011 (glembatumumab vedotin) is a promising new targeted therapy for patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancers, a patient population that currently lacks targeted-therapy options.
ChemInform Abstract: Tetrapropylammonium Perruthenate, Pr4N+RuO4‐, TPAP: A Catalytic Oxidant for Organic Synthesis (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
PH-dependent Fusion between the Flavivirus West Nile and Liposomal Model Membranes (1986)

Fusion between purified [3H]uridine-labelled West Nile virus (WNV) particles and liposomes containing RNase, was assayed by degradation of the viral RNA to trichloroacetic acid-soluble material. Fusion of virus with liposomes containing phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin and cholesterol (at a molar ratio of 1:1:1:1.5) was found to be dependent on pH with maximum fusion occurring at pH 6.7 and below. At pH 6.6 fusion was rapid and was essentially complete within 2 min at 37 degrees C. At this time, approximately 50% of the viral RNA had been degraded and increasing the concentration of liposomes or time allowed for fusion increased this percentage only slightly. Fusion was dependent on temperature, was almost totally non-leaky and was not dependent on the presence of divalent cations. The lipid composition of liposomes was found to influence both the pH optimum for fusion and the maximum degree of fusion observed. Electron microscopy was used to visualize the fusion reaction between liposomes and virus particles.
Allosteric activation of the extracellular Ca2+-sensing receptor by<scp>L</scp>-amino acids enhances ERK1/2 phosphorylation (2007)

The calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) mediates feedback control of Ca2+o (extracellular Ca2+) concentration. Although the mechanisms are not fully understood, the CaR couples to several important intracellular signalling enzymes, including PI-PLC (phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C), leading to Ca2+i (intracellular Ca2+) mobilization, and ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2). In addition to Ca2+o, the CaR is activated allosterically by several subclasses of L-amino acids, including the aromatics L-phenylalanine and L-tryptophan. These amino acids enhance the Ca2+o-sensitivity of Ca2+i mobilization in CaR-expressing HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney) cells and normal human parathyroid cells. Furthermore, on a background of a physiological fasting serum L-amino acid mixture, they induce a small, but physiologically significant, enhancement of Ca2+o-dependent suppression of PTH (parathyroid hormone) secretion. The impact of amino acids on CaR-stimulated ERK1/2, however, has not been determined. In the present study, we examined the effects of L-amino acids on Ca2+o-stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation as determined by Western blotting and a newly developed quantitative assay (SureFire). L-Amino acids induced a small, but significant, enhancement of Ca2+o-stimulated ERK1/2. In CaR-expressing HEK-293 cells, 10 mM L-phenylalanine lowered the EC50 for Ca2+o from approx. 2.3 to 2.0 mM in the Western blot assay and from 3.4 to 2.9 mM in the SureFire assay. The effect was stereoselective (L>D), and another aromatic amino acid, L-tryptophan, was also effective. The effects of amino acids were investigated further in HEK-293 cells that expressed the CaR mutant S169T. L-Phenylalanine normalized the EC50 for Ca2+o-stimulated Ca2+i mobilization from approx. 12 mM to 5.0 mM and ERK1/2 phosphorylation from approx. 4.6 mM to 2.6 mM. Taken together, the data indicate that L-phenylalanine and other amino acids enhance the Ca2+o-sensitivity of CaR-stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation; however, the effect is comparatively small and operates in the form of a fine-tuning mechanism.
The Discovery of Tadalafil:  A Novel and Highly Selective PDE5 Inhibitor. 2: 2,3,6,7,12,12a-hexahydropyrazino[1‘,2‘:1,6]pyrido[3,4-<i>b</i>]indole-1,4-dione Analogues (2003)

Modification of the hydantoin ring in the previously described lead compound 2a has led to the discovery of compound 12a, tadalafil, a highly potent and highly selective PDE5 inhibitor. The replacement of the hydantoin in compound 2a by a piperazinedione ring led to compound cis-11a which showed similar PDE5 inhibitory potency. Introduction of a 3,4-methylenedioxy substitution on the phenyl ring in position 6 led to a potent PDE5 inhibitor cis-11c with increased cellular potency. Optimization of the chain on the piperazinedione ring led to the identification of the racemic cis-N-methyl derivative 11i. High diastereospecificity for PDE5 inhibition was observed in the piperazinedione series with the cis-(6R,12aR) enantiomer displaying the highest PDE5 inhibitory activity. The piperazinedione 12a, tadalafil (GF196960), has been identified as a highly potent PDE5 inhibitor (IC(50) = 5 nM) with high selectivity for PDE5 vs PDE1-4 and PDE6. Compound 12a displays 85-fold greater selectivity vs PDE6 than sildenafil 1. 12a showed profound and long-lasting blood pressure lowering activity (30 mmHg/>7 h) in the spontaneously hypertensive rat model after oral administration (5 mg/kg).
Mixed analog-digital VLSI devices and technology : an introduction (1996)

The MOSFET MOSFET DC modelling MOSFET small signal modelling the bipolar transistor technology, available circuit elements and layout layout.
Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to human lysyl hydroxylase and studies on the molecular heterogeneity of the enzyme (1988)

Human placental lysyl hydroxylase gave two bands in SDS/polyacrylamide-slab-gel electrophoresis: a broad, diffuse, major band corresponding to an apparent Mr of 80,000-85,000, and a sharp minor band with Mr 78,000. Mouse and chick-embryo lysyl hydroxylases gave only the broad, diffuse band, whereas the sharp band could not be detected. Polyclonal antibodies were prepared to the two bands of the human enzyme separately, and monoclonal antibodies were prepared to the whole purified enzyme preparation. Both types of polyclonal antibody inhibited and precipitated the enzyme activity, and both stained the two polypeptide bands in immunoblotting after SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Only one out of five monoclonal antibodies inhibited the enzyme activity, whereas they all precipitated the activity when studied with antibody coupled to Sepharose. All five monoclonal antibodies stained the whole broad band in immunoblotting, and at least three of them also stained the sharp band. Peptide maps produced from the two polypeptide species by digestion with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease were highly similar. Experiments with endoglycosidase H demonstrated that the Mr-80,000-85,000 polypeptide contains asparagine-linked carbohydrate units, which are required for maximal lysyl hydroxylase activity. The data suggest that the lysyl hydroxylase dimer consists of only one type of monomer, the heterogeneity of which is due to differences in glycosylation.
Death by Crowd Control (1998)

Cells often die by way of a controlled suicide called apoptosis. The proteins most responsible for the deed are caspases, specific proteases that are carefully regulated in the cell so that they only become activated when absolutely necessary. In his Perspective, Hengartner discusss results reported by Yang et al. in the same issue on how some of the central caspases responsible for cell death, such as CED-3, are activated by oligomerization, a process that is regulated by the anti-death protein CED-9, a member of the large Bcl-2 family.
Oral Solubilized Ursodeoxycholic Acid Therapy in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Randomized Cross-Over Trial (2012)

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) with oral solubilized formula in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients, patients with probable or definite ALS were randomized to receive oral solubilized UDCA (3.5 g/140 mL/day) or placebo for 3 months after a run-in period of 1 month and switched to receive the other treatment for 3 months after a wash-out period of 1 month. The primary outcome was the rate of progression, assessed by the Appel ALS rating scale (AALSRS), and the secondary outcomes were the revised ALS functional rating scale (ALSFRS-R) and forced vital capacity (FVC). Fifty-three patients completed either the first or second period of study with only 16 of 63 enrolled patients given both treatments sequentially. The slope of AALSRS was 1.17 points/month lower while the patients were treated with UDCA than with placebo (95% CI for difference 0.08-2.26, P = 0.037), whereas the slopes of ALSFRS-R and FVC did not show significant differences between treatments. Gastrointestinal adverse events were more common with UDCA (P < 0.05). Oral solubilized UDCA seems to be tolerable in ALS patients, but we could not make firm conclusion regarding its efficacy, particularly due to the high attrition rate in this cross-over trial.
Measurement of polarisation-dependent gain in EDFAsagainstinput degree of polarisation and gain compression (1995)

The dependence of polarisation dependent gain (PDG) in erbium-doped fibre amplifiers on both the degree of polarisation (DOP) of the input signal and gain compression is measured for the first time. PDG is found to depend quadratically on the input DOP.
Reversible or Irreversible Remodeling in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (2009)

Vascular remodeling is an important pathological feature of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), which leads to increased pulmonary vascular resistance, with marked proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (SMC) and/or endothelial cells (EC). Successful treatment of experimental PAH with a platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor offers the perspective of "reverse remodeling" (i.e., the regression of established pulmonary vascular lesions). Here we ask the question: which forms of pulmonary vascular remodeling are reversible and can such remodeling caused by angiogenic proliferation of EC be reversed? It is important to emphasize that the report showing reduction of vascular remodeling by PDGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor showed only a reduction of the pulmonary artery muscularization in chronic hypoxia and monocrotaline models, which lack the feature of clustered proliferated EC in the lumen of pulmonary arteries. The regression of vascular muscularization is an important manifestation, whereby proliferative adult SMC convert back to a nonproliferative state. In contrast, in vitro experiments assessing the contribution of EC to the development of PAH demonstrated that phenotypically altered EC generated as a consequence of a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor blockade did not reverse to normal EC. Whereas it is suggested that the proliferative state of SMC may be reversible, it remains unknown whether phenotypically altered EC can switch back to a normal monolayer-forming EC. This article reviews the pathogenetic concepts of severe PAH and explains the many forms in PAH with reversible or irreversible remodeling.
FDG-PET and Beyond: Molecular Breast Cancer Imaging (2005)

Positron emission tomography (PET) scanning has gained widespread acceptance for the diagnosis, staging, and management of a variety of malignancies, including breast cancer. This has heralded an exciting new era of molecular imaging research of which using FDG as the primary PET tracer is only the beginning. The fundamental strength of PET over conventional imaging is the ability to convey functional information that even the most exquisitely detailed anatomic image cannot provide. As the standard PET radiotracer in current clinical use, FDG is a glucose analog that is taken up by cells in proportion to their rate of glucose metabolism. The increased glycolytic rate and glucose avidity of malignant cells in comparison to normal tissue is the basis of the ability of FDG-PET imaging to accurately differentiate cancer from benign tissue irregardless of morphology. The level or intensity of FDG uptake on PET is semiquantified and reported as the standardized uptake value (SUV). A multitude of new PET tracers are under development, many of which are aimed at targeting cellular processes that are more specific than glucose metabolism. In relation to breast cancer, these tracers include thymidine analogs such as [F-18]fluoro-L-thymidine (FLT) that target DNA replication as a measure of cell proliferation, annexin V derivatives that evaluate apoptosis, estrogen receptor (ER) tracers such as 16 -[F-18]fluoroestradiol-17 (FES), and engineered antibody fragments that directly target HER-2/neu receptors. In addition to new tracers, scanner technology is also rapidly evolving. Chief among these is the advent of the dual modality PET/CT scanner, which at the very least increases patient convenience by permitting PET and computed tomography (CT) imaging in a single appointment. But perhaps more importantly, initial studies indicate that the sum of the two modalities is better than either used separately and also may be an extremely useful tool in preradiation therapy planning. Other new scanning devices are also being developed, including small gantry PET scanners designed specifically for breast imaging, and handheld PET probes for direct intraoperative localization of tracer-avid tumor foci.
Triazole Antifungals. V. Synthesis and Antifungal Activities of Some Amides Related to 3-Acylamino-2-aryl-1-triazolyl-2-butanol (1992)

Amides, 2 and 3 related to the potent antifungal triazole-amide 3-acylamino-2-aryl-1-triazolyl-butanol(1) were synthesized starting from the triazole-alcohol 6. The antifungal activity of 2 and 3 against a mouse systemic Candida albicans infection was found to be less potent than that of 1.
A novel bipolar imaging device with self-noise-reduction capability (1989)

A bipolar image sensor with charge amplification and noise-reduction capabilities in each unit cell is discussed. The dynamic range of linearity in the photoelectric conversion characteristics has been greatly extended by using capacitor-loaded emitter-follower circuitry and a readout operation in a deep forward-base-emitter-biasing condition. The fixed pattern noise and the random noise are reduced by introducing a hybrid reset operation that is a combination of the clamp reset and the transient reset.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>