gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The advantages of metalenses over diffractive lenses (2020)

Optical elements play a crucial role in many modern systems, from cellphones to missiles. The miniaturization trend poses a challenge to optics, since classical lenses and mirrors tend to be bulky. One way of dealing with this challenge is using flat optics. For many years flat optics has been implemented using diffractive optics technology, but in the last two decades a new technology called metasurfaces has emerged. This technology does not replace diffractive optics, but rather expands on it, leveraging the new ability to manufacture subwavelength features on optical substrates. For imaging and focusing applications, diffractive lenses and metalenses are used, as a subset of diffractive optics and metasurfaces, respectively. Recently there has been debate over whether metalenses offer any real advantages over diffractive lenses. In this commentary we will try to gain some insight into this debate and present our opinion on the subject.
Privacy-preserving matrix factorization (2013)

Recommender systems typically require users to reveal their ratings to a recommender service, which subsequently uses them to provide relevant recommendations. Revealing ratings has been shown to make users susceptible to a broad set of inference attacks, allowing the recommender to learn private user attributes, such as gender, age, etc. In this work, we show that a recommender can profile items without ever learning the ratings users provide, or even which items they have rated. We show this by designing a system that performs matrix factorization, a popular method used in a variety of modern recommendation systems, through a cryptographic technique known as garbled circuits. Our design uses oblivious sorting networks in a novel way to leverage sparsity in the data. This yields an efficient implementation, whose running time is O(Mlog^2M) in the number of ratings M. Crucially, our design is also highly parallelizable, giving a linear speedup with the number of available processors. We further fully implement our system, and demonstrate that even on commodity hardware with 16 cores, our privacy-preserving implementation can factorize a matrix with 10K ratings within a few hours.
Mechanisms of selective motor neuron death in ALS: insights from transgenic mouse models of motor neuron disease (1996)

Concerning the mechanism(s) of disease underlying amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), transgenic mouse models have provided (i) a detailed look at the pathogenic progression of disease, (ii) a tool for testing hypotheses concerning the mechanism of neuronal death, and (iii) a host appropriate for testing therapeutic strategies. Thus far, these efforts have proved that mutation in a neurofilament subunit can cause progressive disease displaying both selective motor neuron death and aberrant neurofilament accumulation similar to that reported in human disease. Additional mice expressing point mutations in the cytoplasmic enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD1), the only known cause of ALS, have proved that disease arises from a toxic property of the mutant enzyme rather than loss of enzymatic activity.
Time-multiplexed autostereoscopic camera system (1997)

A camera system has been developed to provide live 3D video input for a time-multiplexed autostereoscopic display. The system is capable of taking video input from up to sixteen sources and multiplexing these into a single video output stream with a pixel rate an order of magnitude faster than the individual input streams. Both monochrome and color versions of the system have been built. Testing of the system with eight cameras and a Cambridge autostereo display has produced excellent live autostereoscopic video. The basic operation of the camera system is to digitize multiple input video streams, one for each view direction, and to multiplex these into a single autostereoscopic video stream. A simple circuit boards (the camera board) can digitize, process and buffer the video input from a single video source. Several of these are connected together via a backplane to another circuit board (the multiplexer board) which contains all the circuitry necessary for generating the output video and synchronization signals and for controlling the rest of the system. Alignment and synchronization were two major challenges in the design of the system. Pixel-level control of camera alignment is provided by an image processing chip on each camera board, while synchronization is provided by a number of carefully designed control mechanisms.
TrafficAV: An effective and explainable detection of mobile malware behavior using network traffic (2016)

Android has become the most popular mobile platform due to its openness and flexibility. Meanwhile, it has also become the main target of massive mobile malware. This phenomenon drives a pressing need for malware detection. In this paper, we propose TrafficAV, which is an effective and explainable detection of mobile malware behavior using network traffic. Network traffic generated by mobile app is mirrored from the wireless access point to the server for data analysis. All data analysis and malware detection are performed on the server side, which consumes minimum resources on mobile devices without affecting the user experience. Due to the difficulty in identifying disparate malicious behaviors of malware from the network traffic, TrafficAV performs a multi-level network traffic analysis, gathering as many features of network traffic as necessary. The proposed method combines network traffic analysis with machine learning algorithm (C4.5 decision tree) that is capable of identifying Android malware with high accuracy. In an evaluation with 8,312 benign apps and 5,560 malware samples, TCP flow detection model and HTTP detection model all perform well and achieve detection rates of 98.16% and 99.65%, respectively. In addition, for the benefit of user, TrafficAV not only displays the final detection results, but also analyzes the behind-the-curtain reason of malicious results. This allows users to further investigate each feature's contribution in the final result, and to grasp the insights behind the final decision.
A microwave enhanced cross-metathesis approach to peptidomimetics (2007)

Functionalization of amino acid C- and N-termini with appropriate olefinic moieties allows for the generation of a peptidomimetic via a stereoselective cross-metathesis.
Targeting gene expression selectively in cancer cells by using the progression-elevated gene-3 promoter (2005)

One impediment to effective cancer-specific gene therapy is the rarity of regulatory sequences targeting gene expression selectively in tumor cells. Although many tissue-specific promoters are recognized, few cancer-selective gene promoters are available. Progression-elevated gene-3 (PEG-3) is a rodent gene identified by subtraction hybridization that displays elevated expression as a function of transformation by diversely acting oncogenes, DNA damage, and cancer cell progression. The promoter of PEG-3, PEG-Prom, displays robust expression in a broad spectrum of human cancer cell lines with marginal expression in normal cellular counterparts. Whereas GFP expression, when under the control of a CMV promoter, is detected in both normal and cancer cells, when GFP is expressed under the control of the PEG-Prom, cancer-selective expression is evident. Mutational analysis identifies the AP-1 and PEA-3 transcription factors as primary mediators of selective, cancer-specific expression of the PEG-Prom. Synthesis of apoptosis-inducing genes, under the control of the CMV promoter, inhibits the growth of both normal and cancer cells, whereas PEG-Prom-mediated expression of these genes kills only cancer cells and spares normal cells. The efficacy of the PEG-Prom as part of a cancer gene therapeutic regimen is further documented by in vivo experiments in which PEG-Prom-controlled expression of an apoptosis-inducing gene completely inhibited prostate cancer xenograft growth in nude mice. These compelling observations indicate that the PEG-Prom, with its cancer-specific expression, provides a means of selectively delivering genes to cancer cells, thereby providing a crucial component in developing effective cancer gene therapies.
Prognostic Significance of Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor II in Estrogen Receptor-Negative Breast Cancer Patients (2004)

The results of this exploratory study show that TbetaRII is an independent, highly significant prognostic indicator for overall survival in ER-negative patients. In addition our results are supportive of a mechanism of breast cancer progression in which a selective loss of the tumor inhibitory action of TGFbeta takes place, whereas tumor- promoting aspects remain intact.
Mullerian-Inhibiting Substance Regulates Androgen Synthesis at the Transcriptional Level (1999)

Mu llerian-inhibiting substance (MIS) is a hormone produced by Sertoli cells of the fetal testes that causes regression of the Mu llerian ducts, the precursors to female reproductive tract structures that are present in the bipotential urogenital ridge.MIS is also produced in the adult gonads of both males and females, albeit at much lower levels than those measured during the fetal and perinatal periods.Adult transgenic mice chronically overexpressing MIS exhibit severe gonadal abnormalities and, in males, dramatically reduced levels of testosterone, which might lead to the incomplete virilization observed in some of the males.To understand the roles played by MIS in the adult gonad, we performed Northern analyses to show that the MIS type II receptor is expressed in purified Leydig cells and in two rodent Leydig cell lines, R2C and MA-10.Addition of purified recombinant human MIS to cultures of both R2C and MA-10 cells reduced steroid production.With MA-10 cells, the reduction of testosterone secretion into the medium was reduced to 1/10th of that in the control culture, which provided us with a means to study the molecular mechanisms underlying MIS-mediated suppression of testosterone synthesis.Northern analysis revealed that after stimulation with cAMP, the expression of messenger RNA for P450c17 hydroxylase/lyase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of progesterone to androstenedione, was reduced to background levels in the presence of MIS.Addition of cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, did not prevent the effect of MIS, indicating a direct effect of MIS signal transduction on the expression of P450c17.Analysis of the transcriptional activity of Cyp17, the gene for murine P450c17, with Cyp17 promoter/ luciferase reporter constructs shows that MIS regulates the transcription of Cyp17 in a concentration-and time-dependent manner.From our results, we conclude that MIS might play a physiological role in maintaining testosterone homeostasis.These findings will allow us in the future to use the transcriptional regulation of Cyp17 as a model to uncover the signal transduction pathways of MIS and the molecular mechanisms of its suppression of androgen synthesis.
The electronic and electrochemical properties of poly(phenylene vinylenes) and poly(thienylene vinylenes): An experimental and theoretical study (1989)

The electronic and electrochemical properties of poly(p-phenylene vinylene), poly(thienylene vinylene), and their derivatives with electron donating moieties such as methyl, methoxy, and ethoxy are studied using the newly developed electrochemical potential spectroscopy (ECPS) and optical spectroscopy. It is shown that electrochemically derived band gaps agree well with band gap values obtained from optical measurements. Substitution with electron donating groups substantially lowers the ionization potentials and band gaps. A similar effect can be attributed to the incorporation of a vinylene linkage between rings of the polymer backbone. Our results imply that through a proper choice of substituents and backbone structure one can adjust the electrochemical potentials over a wide range as well as red shift the absorption edge of these polymers. In the case of the alkoxythienylene vinylenes the absorption edge is shifted through the visible range of the spectrum into the near infrared (NIR) yielding polymers which become transparent and substantially colorless upon doping with electron donors or acceptors. The structure and the substitution effects of these polymers were modeled using the semiempirical quantum chemical modified neglect of differential overlap (MNDO) method. The MNDO-determined structure served as basis for the valence effective Hamiltonian (VEH) technique which was employed to calculate band structures, ionization potentials, and band gaps, and to study theoretically the effect of substituents on the band structure. Good agreement between experimental and theoretical values of ionization potentials, band gaps and the change of these parameters with substitution is found with the exception of methoxy (or ethoxy) groups. This fact is attributed to a failure of VEH to correctly account for the role of the oxygen atoms in these groups.
Reduced Contraction and Altered Frequency Response of Isolated Ventricular Myocytes From Patients With Heart Failure (1995)

Reduced contraction, slowed relaxation, and impaired frequency response occurring at the level of the individual ventricular myocyte can be demonstrated in human heart failure. This demonstrates that disruption of myocyte function can contribute to both the systolic and the diastolic abnormalities that occur in the failing human heart.
Nonlinear ill-posed problems (1996)

Preface Introduction Topics from Topology, Functional Analysis, and Linear Algebra Variational Methods for Solving Ill-Posed Extremal Problems. Variational Algorithms for Solving Nonlinear Operator Equations. Finite-Dimensional Variants of Algorithms. Piece-Uniform Regularization of Ill-Posed Problems with Discontinuous Solutions Applications to Solving Linear Algebraic Problems Numerical Solution of Nonlinear Ill-Posed Problems References Author Index Subject Index
Sustained expression of <i>Hif‐1α</i> in the diabetic environment promotes angiogenesis and cutaneous wound repair (2007)

Impaired wound healing in diabetic patients is associated with deficiencies in the production of factors involved in cell proliferation and migration, such as vascular endothelial growth factor. However, it remains unclear how the transcriptional regulation of the genes encoding these factors is affected by the diabetic environment. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (Hif-1alpha), the regulatory subunit of the Hif-1 transcription factor, plays an important role in activating many of these genes. Therefore, we tested whether Hif-1alpha function is impaired in the diabetic wound environment and whether restoring Hif-1 function improves wound healing. Here, we show that Hif-1alpha protein levels are dramatically reduced in wounds of leptin receptor-deficient diabetic mice compared with nondiabetic littermates. Reduction in Hif-1alpha levels results in decreased DNA-binding activity and in decreased expression of several Hif-1 target genes, including vascular endothelial growth factor, heme oxygenase-1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Furthermore, we demonstrate that sustained expression of Hif-1alpha in leptin receptor-deficient diabetic wounds restores expression of these factors, enhances angiogenesis, and significantly accelerates wound healing. Taken together, these results suggest that Hif-1alpha function plays a significant role in wound healing and reduced levels of Hif-1alpha may contribute to impaired healing.
Constitutive production of inflammatory and mitogenic cytokines by rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. (1991)

Conditioned media obtained from fibroblasts cultured from rheumatoid and certain other inflammatory synovia were observed to stimulate [3H]thymidine incorporation in an indicator murine fibroblast line. Synovial fibroblasts derived from the joints of patients with osteoarthritis did not display this property. This effect persisted in culture for many weeks and occurred in the absence of co-stimulatory immune cells. Antibody neutralization studies implicated a role for basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) in the increased proliferative activity of synovial fibroblast-conditioned media. Synovial cell synthesis of bFGF, TGF beta 1, GM-CSF, IL-1 beta, and IL-6 was confirmed by 35S-methionine labeling and immunoprecipitation. The constitutive production of inflammatory and mitogenic cytokines by synovial fibroblasts may represent the result of long-term, phenotypic changes that occurred in vivo. Persistent cytokine production by synovial fibroblasts may play an important role in the continued recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells in chronic arthritis and in the formation of rheumatoid pannus.
Development of a pH-responsive particulate drug delivery vehicle for localized biologic therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. (2011)

The treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) recently has been revolutionized by the introduction of protein-based biologic therapies. However, biologic therapy is complicated by the requirement for administration with a needle, systemic side effects, and high cost. Particulate drug delivery systems have been shown to deliver drugs locally to the intestinal mucosa via oral administration. However, these systems have been largely unexplored for the delivery of biologics due to harsh particle fabrication conditions and the tendency of many particulate formulations to dissolve in the acidic upper GI tract. We have, therefore, fabricated an inexpensive and non-toxic novel microparticle capable of encapsulating proteins. We establish that the particle retains its contents at acidic pH and releases them at neutral pH. We also demonstrate particulate encapsulation of interleukin-10 (IL-10), a protein relevant to the treatment of IBD, at an encapsulation efficiency of 14.3 percent. Such a vehicle is promising for its oral route of administration and potential to decrease side effects and increase potency of biologics.
Wellbore instability of Shale Formation; Zuluf field, Saudi Arabia (2006)

Abstract Significant wellbore instability problems are being experienced during the drilling of horizontal wells in a shaly sand member of the Khafji reservoir in Zuluf field. This paper presents the results from a case study that integrates detailed rock mechanics and swelling tests with information from petrophysical logs and core properties acquired to evaluate, define and predict the instability mechanism in this portion of the Khafji reservoir. The study has tackled the effect of drilling fluid on shale strength and swelling. Additionally the effects of water activity, osmosis and hydraulic diffusion on shale stability were investigated. The mechanical properties and stress field in the khafji shale was determined. The results provided recommendations to minimize instability problems encountered during drilling. All drilling fluids that have water phase including the oil-based drilling fluid were found to cause instability problems. However all-oil drilling fluid was found to maintain shale strength. Drilling mud salinity to encourage resverse osmosis was determined based on measurement of shale-pore-water salinity. The critical mud weight window was calculated considering the Chemoporoelastic properties of the Khafji shale.
Cell-to-Cell Scanning in Capillary Electrophoresis (1996)

A widespread limitation in using cell-based biosensors for repetitive chemical analysis is loss of agonist-induced response caused by receptor desensitization. We overcome this problem by scanning an array of immobilized cells underneath a capillary electrophoresis column outlet. In this way, electrophoretically fractionated components that exit the separation capillary are always directed onto cells previously unexposed to receptor agonists. To demonstrate this concept of response recovery using a scanning format, we have chosen the bradykinin B2 receptor system in the NG108-15 cell line, which is known to undergo desensitization. Whereas four subsequent injections of 250 microM bradykinin separated by 120 s are found to reduce the NG108-15 cell response markedly, scanning to new cells can fully restore the response during the separation. Furthermore, by pretesting individual NG108-15 cells for an agonist response and then later scanning back to the same cell, we achieved a 100% success rate in detecting bradykinin in subsequent electrophoretic separations.
Central Nervous System Injury–Induced Repulsive Guidance Molecule Expression in the Adult Human Brain (2005)

This is the first study of RGM in the human central nervous system. Following central nervous system injury, RGM, a novel, potent axonal growth inhibitor, is present in axonal growth impediments: the mature myelin, choroid plexus, and components of the developing scar.
Unesterified Long Chain Fatty Acids Inhibit the Binding of Single Chain Urokinase to the Urokinase Receptor (1996)

The interaction of single chain urokinase with its receptor accelerates plasminogen activator activity on cell surfaces and induces intracellular signalling in several cell types. To date, no physiologic inhibitor of this binding has been identified. We report that the binding of scuPA to its cellular receptor is inhibited by long chain fatty acids such as oleic acid (C18, delta 9) at physiological plasma concentrations. Inhibition of single chain urokinase binding to human trophoblastic cells by long chain fatty acids was dose-dependent and saturable. Fifty percent of the binding was inhibited at an oleic acid concentration of 27 microM, while inhibition was maximal (75%) at 150 microM oleic acid. The inhibitory potency of oleic acid was unaffected by fatty acid free albumin or human plasma. Inhibition of single chain urokinase binding by free fatty acid analogues was critically dependent on chain length (> C14 required for inhibition) and was proportional to the extent of unsaturation. Only the fraction of specific scuPA binding to trophoblasts that was dependent on uPAR was susceptible to inhibition by oleic acid, while binding of scuPA to vitronectin, thombospondin, and the alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor/low-density lipoprotein-related receptor was not. [3H]Oleic acid bound specifically to recombinant soluble uPAR in a 1:1 molar ratio in the presence or absence of plasma and totally blocked its specific binding to a cell line expressing glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-linked single chain urokinase. These results indicate that oleic acid and other unsaturated long chain free fatty acids may serve as physiologic regulators of proteolytic events and intracellular signalling that depend upon the interaction of urokinase with its receptor.
Task decomposition in dynamic agent societies (2002)

A framework for task decomposition in dynamic societies of autonomous agents is presented. A general model of task decomposition in multiagent systems is introduced. Then, starting from the contract net model for task decomposition and allocation, two stages of higher decentralization are developed: the decentralized task decomposition and the completely decentralized model. These models provide greater flexibility in cooperative problem-solving processes and more adequate forms of communication and coordination between agents having equal rights. It is indicated how negotiation can be applied for task decomposition problems in a concrete scenario, the MARS scenario of shipping companies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Absolute Myocardial Perfusion in Canines Measured by Using Dual-Bolus First-Pass MR Imaging (2004)

Dual-bolus MR imaging enabled accurate measurement of absolute epicardial and endocardial perfusion across a wide range of blood flow rates (0 to >5.0 mL/min/g). Use of qualitative MR imaging measures such as the contrast enhancement ratio led to substantially underestimated hyperemic blood flow measurements.