gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Robust quantum computation by simulation (1999)

Simulation of quantum systems that provide intrinsically fault-tolerant quantum computation is shown to preserve fault tolerance. Errors committed in the course of simulation are eliminated by the natural error-correcting features of the systems simulated. Two examples are explored, toric codes and non-abelian anyons. The latter is shown to provide universal robust quantum computation via simulation.
The Function of SUT2/SUC3 Sucrose Transporters: The Debate Continues (2003)

Sucrose is the major product of photosynthesis in many higher plants and is transported from the source tissue (mature leaves) through the phloem to various sink tissues to support plant growth and development. Most plants studied contain multiple sucrose transporters (SUTs), also known as sucrose
Effects of video expression in videoconferencing (2003)

The impression of video is dependent on its expression. This has not been addressed very much in the context of research on videoconferencing. An experiment was conducted to find the video expression that suits a certain type of meeting. The videos that were made up of a combination of three visual elements of two choices each were shown to 207 college students and were evaluated by questionnaires. Analyses were made in three steps to examine the characteristics of each video, the relation between the elements and the evaluation of questions, and the contents of the questions. From the evaluation, principles for using appropriate video in certain types of meeting were suggested.
Guard cells in albino leaf patches do not respond to photosynthetically active radiation, but are sensitive to blue light, CO<sub>2</sub> and abscisic acid (2006)

Stomatal openings can be stimulated by light through two signalling pathways. The first pathway is blue light specific and involves phototropins, while the second pathway mediates a response to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). This second pathway was studied with the use of albino Vicia faba plants and variegated leaves of Chlorophytum comosum. Treatment of V. faba with norflurazon (Nf) inhibits the synthesis of carotenoids and leads to albino leaves with guard cells that lack functional green chloroplasts. Guard cells in albino leaf patches of C. comosum, however, do contain photosynthetically active chloroplasts. Stomata in albino leaf patches of both plants did not respond to red light, although blue light could still induce stomatal opening. This shows that the response to PAR is not functioning in albino leaf patches, even though guard cells of C. comosum harbour chloroplasts. Stomata of Nf-treated plants still responded to CO2 and abscisic acid (ABA). The size of Nf-treated guard cells was increased, but impalement studies with double-barrelled microelectrodes revealed no changes in ion-transport properties at the plasma membrane of guard cells. Blue light could hyperpolarize albino guard cells by triggering outward currents with peak values of 37 pA in albino plants and 51 pA in green control cells. Because of the inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis, Nf-treated V. faba plants contained only 4% of the ABA content found in green control plants. The ABA dose dependence of anion channel activation in guard cells was shifted in these plants, causing a reduced response to 10 microM ABA. These data show that despite the dramatic changes in physiology caused by Nf, the gross responsiveness of guard cells to blue light, CO2 and ABA remains unaltered. Stomata in albino leaf patches, however, do not respond to PAR, but require photosynthetically active mesophyll cells for this response.
Breakthrough in Reverse Flow Detection - A New Mass Air Flow Meter Using Micro Silicon Technology (1995)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A new mass air flow meter, using a sensor element based on micro silicon technology, is presented. The sensor is able to detect the amount and direction of air flow. It is located in an aerodynamic bypass, which acts as a nonlinear filter. This enables the mass air flow meter to correctly determine the air mass aspirated by a four cylinder engine, even in the case where, due to strong oscillations of the flow, timewise backflow occurs near the measuring position. Results of laboratory and engine tests will be presented.&lt;/div&gt;
A peer-to-peer architecture for secure data storage with query (2005)

Net-centric information systems such as the Air Force's Joint Battlespace Infosphere (JBI) require a secure, scalable, object repository to support the vision of a globally accessible, secure, distributed information “space.” Peer-to-peer (P2P) technology holds significant promise for these large-scale information repositories because of its demonstrated scalability and robustness. The development of a P2P object repository poses significant challenges: distributed query processing and security. This paper presents and discusses ORIS, a peer-to-peer object repository that not only stores objects but also supports database-type queries. The ORIS P2P technology ensures resilience and scalability and also employs secret sharing techniques and access control to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of objects even if a number of peers are physically or clandestinely compromised by an enemy attack. The Air Force Research Laboratory has developed the Distributed Information Enterprise Modeling and Simulation (DIEMS) framework that efficiently supports the modeling and simulation of large globally distributed computer networks. DIEMS has been used to model prototypes of the JBI and is currently being used to assess the system performance, scalability, and survivability of ORIS. Preliminary results indicate query performance to be acceptable given an adequate network configuration. We also present the results of this modeling and simulation assessment.
Mechanism Design: How to Implement Social Goals (2008)

Eric S. Maskin delivered his Prize Lecture on 8 December 2007 at Aula Magna, Stockholm University. He was introduced by Professor Jorgen Weibull, Chairman of the Economics Prize Committee.
Hardware-efficient fair queueing architectures for high-speed networks (2002)

In emerging communication networks (B-ISDN based on asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) technology), a single link may carry traffic for thousands of connections with different traffic parameters and quality-of-service requirements. High-speed links, coupled with small packet/cell sizes, require efficient switch architectures that can handle cell arrivals and departures every few microseconds, or faster. This paper presents a collection of self-clocked fair queueing (SCFQ) architectures amenable to efficient hardware implementation in network switches. Exact and approximate implementations of SCFQ efficiently handle a moderate range of connection bandwidth parameters, while hierarchical arbitration schemes scale to a large range of throughput requirements. Simulation experiments demonstrate that these architectures divide link bandwidth fairly on a small time scale, preserving connection bandwidth and burstiness properties.
A tutorial survey of architectures, algorithms, and applications for deep learning (2014)

In this invited paper, my overview material on the same topic as presented in the plenary overview session of APSIPA-2011 and the tutorial material presented in the same conference The previous and the updated materials cover both theory and applications, and analyze its future directions. The goal of this tutorial survey is to introduce the emerging area of deep learning or hierarchical learning to the APSIPA community. Deep learning refers to a class of machine learning techniques, developed largely since 2006, where many stages of non-linear information processing in hierarchical architectures are exploited for pattern classification and for feature learning. In the more recent literature, it is also connected to representation learning, which involves a hierarchy of features or concepts where higherlevel concepts are defined from lower-level ones and where the same lower-level concepts help to define higher-level ones. In this tutorial survey, a brief history of deep learning research is discussed first. Then, a classificatory scheme is developed to analyze and summarize major work reported in the recent deep learning literature. Using this scheme, I provide a taxonomy-oriented survey on the existing deep architectures and algorithms in the literature, and categorize them into three classes: generative, discriminative, and hybrid. Three representative deep architectures -deep autoencoders, deep stacking networks with their generalization to the temporal domain (recurrent networks), and deep neural networks (pretrained with deep belief networks)one in each of the three classes, are presented in more detail. Next, selected applications of deep learning are reviewed in broad areas of signal and information processing including audio/speech, image/vision, multimodality, language modeling, natural language processing, and information retrieval. Finally, future directions of deep learning are discussed and analyzed.
High-performance connected digit recognition using maximum mutual information estimation (1994)

Hidden markov models (HMM's) are one of the most powerful speech recognition tools available today. Even so, the inadequacies of HMM's as a "correct" modeling framework for speech are well known. In this context, it is argued in this paper that the maximum mutual information estimation (MMIE) formulation for training is more appropriate than maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) for reducing the error rate. Corrective MMIE training is introduced. It is a very efficient new training algorithm which uses a modified version of a discrete reestimation formula recently proposed by Gopalakrishnan et al.( see IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, Jan. 1991). Reestimation formulas are proposed for the case of diagonal Gaussian densities and their convergence properties are experimentally demonstrated. A description of how these formulas are integrated into our training algorithm is given. Using the MMIE framework for training, it is shown how weighting the contribution of different parameter sets in the computation of output probabilities introduces substantial recognition improvements. Using the TIDIGITS connected digit corpus, a large number of experiments are performed with the ideas, techniques, and algorithms presented in this paper. These experiments show that MMIE systematically provides substantial error rate reductions with respect to MLE alone and that, thanks to the new training techniques, these results can be obtained at an acceptable computational cost. The best results obtained in the experiments were 0.29% word error rate and 0.89% string error rate on the adult portion of the corpus.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Dual Discharge Modes Operation of an Argon Plasma Generated by Commercial Electronic Ballast for Remote Plasma Removal Process (2014)

An argon plasma generated between the cone-shaped electrode powered by commercial electronic ballast and grounded plane electrode has been investigated. Since the electronic ballast has positive and negative cycle in a period, two different discharge modes of remote plasma-the normal glow discharge mode and the hollow cathode discharge mode-have been observed. It is noted that the hollow cathode discharge mode has wider operation window in gas pressure than the glow discharge one. The glow discharge started to be extinguished at pressure higher than 4.1 torr and turned to the hollow cathode discharge mode in the holes on ground plate, while the hollow cathode discharge mode kept growing until 10 torr. These results show that the stable operation window of the system could be defined by the glow discharge mode rather than the hollow cathode discharge mode and could be improved by optimizing the applied voltage waveform and electrode configuration.
Identification of the Putative Transforming Protein of the Human T-Cell Leukemia Viruses HTLV-I and HTLV-II (1984)

The human T-cell leukemia viruses HTLV-I and HTLV-II are unique among the transforming retroviruses of vertebrates in their ability to transform human T cells in vitro and in their close association with human malignancies (T-cell lymphomas and leukemia). Their genomes are relatively simple, containing the genes gag, pol, env, and a 3' region termed "X." This 3' region may be responsible for the transforming potential of the viruses. The existence of proteins encoded by the 3' region has been postulated on the basis of multiple open reading frames. In the present study this region is shown to contain a gene encoding a protein of 40 kilodaltons in HTLV-I and 37 kilodaltons in HTLV-II. It is proposed that these proteins be called, respectively, p40xI and p37xII.
Vinculin Activators Target Integrins from Within the Cell to Increase Melanoma Sensitivity to Chemotherapy (2011)

Metastatic melanoma is an aggressive skin disease for which there are no effective therapies. Emerging evidence indicates that melanomas can be sensitized to chemotherapy by increasing integrin function. Current integrin therapies work by targeting the extracellular domain, resulting in complete gains or losses of integrin function that lead to mechanism-based toxicities. An attractive alternative approach is to target proteins, such as vinculin, that associate with the integrin cytoplasmic domains and regulate its ligand-binding properties. Here, we report that a novel reagent, denoted vinculin-activating peptide or VAP, increases integrin activity from within the cell, as measured by elevated (i) numbers of active integrins, (ii) adhesion of cells to extracellular matrix ligands, (iii) numbers of cell-matrix adhesions, and (iv) downstream signaling. These effects are dependent on both integrins and a key regulatory residue A50 in the vinculin head domain. We further show that VAP dramatically increases the sensitivity of melanomas to chemotherapy in clonal growth assays and in vivo mouse models of melanoma. Finally, we show that the increase in chemosensitivity results from increases in DNA damage-induced apoptosis in a p53-dependent manner. Collectively, these findings show that integrin function can be manipulated from within the cell and validate integrins as a new therapeutic target for the treatment of chemoresistant melanomas.
Stress‐induced visceral hypersensitivity to rectal distension in rats: role of CRF and mast cells (1997)

Stress enhances abdominal contractions in response to rectal distension in rats via pathways involving central CRF and intestinal mast cells.
The liver as a stem cell and lineage system (1992)

We propose that the liver is a stem cell and lineage system with many parallels to lineages in the bone marrow, gut, and epidermis, varying from them only in kinetics. All are organized with three compartments: a slow cycling stem cell compartment with cells expressing a fetal phenotype and responding slowly to injury; an amplification compartment with cells of intermediate phenotype rapidly proliferating in response to regenerative stimuli or acute injuries; and a terminal differentiation compartment in which cells increasingly differentiate and gradually lose their ability to divide. In all systems, both those with slow or rapid kinetics, the various compartments are positioned in a polarized organization, are associated with a gradient in the chemistry of the extracellular matrix, and show lineage-position-dependent growth responses, gene expression, pharmacological and toxicological responses, and reaction to viruses and radiation. In general, known oncogens selectively kill cells in the differentiation compartment inducing chronic regenerative responses of the cells in stem cell and/or amplification compartment. Tumors arise by subsequent transformation of the activated stem cells or early precursor cells. The evidence for a lineage model consists of the data implicating gradients in cell size, ploidy, growth potential, and antigenic and gene expression in the liver parenchyma along the sinusoidal plates. The traditional explanation for this heterogeneity is that it represents adaption of cells to a changing sinusoidal microenvironment dictated by the direction of blood flow. However, we review the extant data and suggest that it more readily supports a lineage model involving a maturation process beginning with stem cells and precursors in the periportal zone and ending with sensescing parenchyma near the central vein. Support for this theory is provided by the studies on phenotypic heterogeneity in liver, investigations into the embryology of the liver, and analyses of the responses of liver to chemical and viral oncogens that induce rapid proliferation of small cells with oval-shaped nuclei, "oval cells," now thought to be closely related to liver stem cells. The lineage model provides clarity and insights into many aspects of liver biology and disease including the limited proliferative ability of in vitro parenchymal cultures, liver regeneration, gene expression, viral infection, hepatocellular carcinogenesis, liver cell transplantation, and aging.
Characterizing the Effects of the Juxtamembrane Domain on Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 Enzymatic Activity, Autophosphorylation, and Inhibition by Axitinib (2009)

The catalytic domains of protein kinases are commonly treated as independent modular units with distinct biological functions. Here, the interactions between the catalytic and juxtamembrane domains of VEGFR2 are studied. Highly purified preparations of the receptor tyrosine kinase VEGFR2 catalytic domain without (VEGFR2-CD) and with (VEGFR2-CD/JM) the juxtamembrane (JM) domain were characterized by kinetic, biophysical, and structural methods. Although the catalytic parameters for both constructs were similar, the autophosphorylation rate of VEGFR2-CD/JM was substantially faster than VEGFR2-CD. The first event in the autophosphorylation reaction was phosphorylation of JM residue Y801 followed by phosphorylation of activation loop residues in the CD. The rates of activation loop autophosphorylation for the two constructs were determined to be similar. The autophosphorylation rate of Y801 was invariant on enzyme concentration, which is consistent with an intramolecular reaction. In addition, the first biochemical characterization of the advanced clinical compound axitinib is reported. Axitinib was found to have 40-fold enhanced biochemical potency toward VEGFR2-CD/JM (K(i) = 28 pM) compared to VEGFR2-CD, which correlates better with cellular potency. Calorimetric studies, including a novel ITC compound displacement method, confirmed the potency and provided insight into the thermodynamic origin of the potency differences. A structural model for the VEGFR2-CD/JM is proposed based on the experimental findings reported here and on the JM position in c-Kit, FLT3, and CSF1/cFMS. The described studies identify potential functions of the VEGFR2 JM domain with implications to both receptor biology and inhibitor design.
New intra luma prediction mode in H.264/AVC using collocated weighted chroma pixel value (2006)

Intra prediction in H.264/AVC uses 9 modes in 4×4 luma block, 4 in 16×16 luma and 8×8 chroma blocks. Intra prediction modes utilize similarity of current macroblock with pre-encoded neighboring macroblocks and directionality of image in pixel domain. Therefore its coding efficiency in H.264/AVC is improved compared to the conventional video codecs such as MPEG-2 and MPEG-4. However coding efficiency in intra-coded frame is much lower compared to that of inter slice since the intra prediction modes use only limited neighboring macro blocks and then to obtain good matched reference block image using intra prediction may be more difficult than inter prediction. Therefore for higher coding efficiency, it is very important to get good matched prediction block in a given envirionment. In general video codec which uses general 4:2:0 YCbCr format, overall coding efficiency issue is mainly focused on luma relative to chroma components. In this paper, we propose additional intra luma prediction mode using collocated chroma pixels and weight values. The proposed method utilizes collocated chroma macroblocks as reference image for more efficient intra luma prediction.
Plasma cytokine profiles in patients with celiac disease and selective IgA deficiency (2003)

Celiac disease (CD) and selective IgA deficiency (IgAD) are frequently associated, and share the same genetic background. The aim of the present study was to evaluate both Type 1 and 2 plasma cytokine levels in CD and in CD-IgAD. IL-2, TNF-alpha, IL-10, IL-4 and IL-13 plasma levels were measured both at diagnosis and after a gluten-free diet (GFD) in 32 CD patients, in 27 CD-IgAD patients and in 30 healthy controls. IFN-gamma levels were significantly higher in CD and CD-IgAD than in controls, TNF-alpha displayed significantly higher levels in CD-IgAD when compared both with controls and with CD, and IL-2 was in CD-IgAD significantly increased respect to controls. Kinetics of the Type 1 cytokine plasma levels did not show a clear relationship with the GFD in both groups of CD patients, and particularly in those with IgAD. IL-4 and IL-13, both at diagnosis and after a GFD, were not significantly different in controls and in celiac patients (with and without IgAD). IL-10, whose production is stimulated by the TNF-alpha, had significantly higher plasma levels in CD-IgAD, but not in CD patients, with a significant decrease after a GFD. CD and especially CD-IgAD patients display persistently higher pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, suggesting a persistent state of activation of pro-phlogistic signals in CD, particularly when IgAD coexists. Serial measurement of serum IL-10 may be an adjunctive evaluating criterion in the follow-up of CD-IgAD patients.
4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal, a Reactive Product of Lipid Peroxidation, and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Toxic Combination Illuminated by Redox Proteomics Studies (2011)

Research towards a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration together with identification of specific targets of oxidative damage is urgently required. Redox proteomics will contribute to broaden the knowledge in regard to potential biomarkers for disease diagnosis and may also provide insight into damaged metabolic networks and potential targets for modulation of disease progression.
Ultra-sensitive ethylene post-harvest monitor based on cavity ring-down spectroscopy (2006)

We describe the application of cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) to the detection of trace levels of ethylene in ambient air in a cold storage room of a fruit packing facility over a several month period. We compare these results with those obtained using gas chromatography (GC), the current gold standard for trace ethylene measurements in post-harvest applications. The CRDS instrument provided real-time feedback to the facility, to optimize the types of fruit stored together, and the amount of room ventilation needed to maintain sub-10 ppb ethylene levels for kiwi fruit storage. Our CRDS instrument achieved a detection limit of two parts-per-billion volume (ppbv) in 4.4 minutes of measurement time.