gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Demonstration of an ion-figuring process (1990)

The Kodak 2 .5m Ion Figuring System (IFS), intended for the final figuring of large optics using a directed inert neutralized ion beam, has been installed and is operational. Process development and production implementation efforts are currently underway. Thermal heating effects due to exposure to the ion beam removal function are discussed. Details of processing and results from an ion figuring correction of a 0.Sm lightweighted optic are presented.
Laboratory techniques in the investigation of human papillomavirus infection. (1992)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <h3>Background</h3> Estimates of seroprevalence to SARS-CoV-2 vary widely and may influence vaccination response. We ascertained IgG levels across a single US metropolitan site, Chicago, from June 2020 through December 2020. <h3>Methods</h3> Participants (n=7935) were recruited through electronic advertising and received materials for a self-sampled dried blood spot assay through the mail or a minimal contact in person method. IgG to the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 was measured using an established highly sensitive and highly specific assay. <h3>Results</h3> Overall seroprevalence was 17.9%, with no significant difference between method of contact. Only 2.5% of participants reported having had a diagnosis of COVID-19 based on virus detection, consistent with a 7-fold greater exposure to SARS-CoV-2 measured by serology than detected by viral testing. The range of IgG level observed in seropositive participants from this community survey overlapped with the range of IgG levels associated with COVID-19 cases having a documented positive PCR positive test. From a subset of those who participated in repeat testing, half of seropositive individuals retained detectable antibodies for 3-4 months. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Quantitative IgG measurements with a highly specific and sensitive assay indicate more widespread exposure to SARS-CoV-2 than observed by viral testing. The range of IgG concentration produced from these asymptomatic exposures is similar to IgG levels occurring after documented non-hospitalized COVID-19, which is considerably lower than that produced from hospitalized COVID-19 cases. The differing ranges of IgG response, coupled with the rate of decay of antibodies, may influence response to subsequent viral exposure and vaccine. <h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>
Spatial patterns of brain amyloid-  burden and atrophy rate associations in mild cognitive impairment (2011)

Amyloid-β accumulation in the brain is thought to be one of the earliest events in Alzheimer's disease, possibly leading to synaptic dysfunction, neurodegeneration and cognitive/functional decline. The earliest detectable changes seen with neuroimaging appear to be amyloid-β accumulation detected by (11)C-labelled Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography imaging. However, some individuals tolerate high brain amyloid-β loads without developing symptoms, while others progressively decline, suggesting that events in the brain downstream from amyloid-β deposition, such as regional brain atrophy rates, play an important role. The main purpose of this study was to understand the relationship between the regional distributions of increased amyloid-β and the regional distribution of increased brain atrophy rates in patients with mild cognitive impairment. To simultaneously capture the spatial distributions of amyloid-β and brain atrophy rates, we employed the statistical concept of parallel independent component analysis, an effective method for joint analysis of multimodal imaging data. Parallel independent component analysis identified significant relationships between two patterns of amyloid-β deposition and atrophy rates: (i) increased amyloid-β burden in the left precuneus/cuneus and medial-temporal regions was associated with increased brain atrophy rates in the left medial-temporal and parietal regions; and (ii) in contrast, increased amyloid-β burden in bilateral precuneus/cuneus and parietal regions was associated with increased brain atrophy rates in the right medial temporal regions. The spatial distribution of increased amyloid-β and the associated spatial distribution of increased brain atrophy rates embrace a characteristic pattern of brain structures known for a high vulnerability to Alzheimer's disease pathology, encouraging for the use of (11)C-labelled Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography measures as early indicators of Alzheimer's disease. These results may begin to shed light on the mechanisms by which amyloid-β deposition leads to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline and the development of a more specific Alzheimer's disease-specific imaging signature for diagnosis and use of this knowledge in the development of new anti-therapies for Alzheimer's disease.
MICROTUBULE POLYMERIZATION DYNAMICS (1997)

The polymerization dynamics of microtubules are central to their biological functions. Polymerization dynamics allow microtubules to adopt spatial arrangements that can change rapidly in response to cellular needs and, in some cases, to perform mechanical work. Microtubules utilize the energy of GTP hydrolysis to fuel a unique polymerization mechanism termed dynamic instability. In this review, we first describe progress toward understanding the mechanism of dynamic instability of pure tubulin and then discuss the function and regulation of microtubule dynamic instability in living cells.
Bovine Cerebellum Endothelin Receptor: Solubilization and Indentification (1990)

Endothelin receptors were solubilized from bovine cerebellum membrane preparations in an active form by using the zwitterionic detergent CHAPS, [3-(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propane sulfonic acid. The solubilized receptors displayed high affinity, saturability, and specificity. The dissociation constant (Kd) for endothelin was 7 +/- 2 nM, and the number of binding sites was 600 +/- 200 fmol/mg protein. These results are similar to those obtained for the membrane-bound receptor and suggest that during solubilization the binding characteristics of the receptor are preserved. Attempts to purify the solubilized receptors in an active form using affinity chromatography techniques, i.e. Affi-gel 15 column coupled to endothelin, were not successful. Nevertheless, identification of the receptors was achieved by affinity chromatography of the solubilized proteins and subsequent iodination. Autoradiographic analysis of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a major protein with an apparent mol wt of 50 kD. Taken together with our previous findings, this result suggests that the 50-kD band represents the endothelin receptor.
Nucleotide Sequence of the Gene Encoding Murine Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2 (2000)

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI-2), also known as placental protein 5, is a 32 kDa extracellular matrix-associated serine proteinase inhibitor consisting of three tandemly-arranged Kunitz-type domains. Two overlapping genomic clones containing sequences encoding murine TFPI-2 were isolated from a lambda FIXII 129 SVJ mouse genomic library, and the complete nucleotide sequence of the gene was determined. The murine TFPI-2 gene spans approximately 9.3 kilobases and consists of five exons and four introns. The nucleotide sequences surrounding all the exon-intron boundaries are highly conserved and obey the GT-AG rule. Each Kunitz-type domain is encoded by a single exon, similar to that observed for other Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitors. A total of 1,577 bp of the 3'-flanking region contains a probable polyadenylation site (ATTAAA) at +5,759 and an apparent cleavage or termination site (CATTG) at +6,170. The 5'-flanking region of the murine TFPI-2 gene contains a prototypical TATA box, a GC box and two CAAT boxes. In addition, several candidate transcription factor binding sites responsible for placenta-, endothelial cell-, and smooth muscle cell-specific expression of the TFPI-2 gene were also identified.
MEMS-based pico projector display (2008)

A pico-projector based on scanned 3-color laser light has been developed. The scanning element is a dual-axis MEMS scanning mirror that produces WVGA display resolution. The laser light sources are red and blue laser diodes and a second harmonic green laser. Use of a MEMS and laser light sources leads to a small volume and a thickness of 7mm, enabling the use of the projector system as a component embedded into portable consumer electronics.
Functional and Pharmacological Analysis of Cardiomyocytes Differentiated from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear-Derived Pluripotent Stem Cells (2014)

Advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology have set the stage for routine derivation of patient- and disease-specific human iPSC-cardiomyocyte (CM) models for preclinical drug screening and personalized medicine approaches. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are an advantageous source of somatic cells because they are easily obtained and readily amenable to transduction. Here, we report that the electrophysiological properties and pharmacological responses of PBMC-derived iPSC CM are generally similar to those of iPSC CM derived from other somatic cells, using patch-clamp, calcium transient, and multielectrode array (MEA) analyses. Distinct iPSC lines derived from a single patient display similar electrophysiological features and pharmacological responses. Finally, we demonstrate that human iPSC CMs undergo acute changes in calcium-handling properties and gene expression in response to rapid electrical stimulation, laying the foundation for an in-vitro-tachypacing model system for the study of human tachyarrhythmias.
Adhesion to Vitronectin and Collagen I Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (2004)

The mechanisms controlling human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) differentiation are not entirely understood. We hypothesized that the contact with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins normally found in bone marrow would promote osteogenic differentiation of hMSC in vitro. To test this hypothesis, we cultured hMSC on purified ECM proteins in the presence or absence of soluble osteogenic supplements, and assayed for the presence of well‐established differentiation markers (production of mineralized matrix, osteopontin, osteocalcin, collagen I, and alkaline phosphatase expression) over a 16‐day time course. We found that hMSC adhere to ECM proteins with varying affinity (fibronectin &gt; collagen I ≥ collagen IV ≥ vitronectin &gt; laminin‐1) and through distinct integrin receptors. Importantly, the greatest osteogenic differentiation occurred in cells plated on vitronectin and collagen I and almost no differentiation took place on fibronectin or uncoated plates. We conclude that the contact with vitronectin and collagen I promotes the osteogenic differentiation of hMSC, and that ECM contact alone may be sufficient to induce differentiation in these cells.
Highly explosive nanosilicon‐based composite materials (2005)

Abstract We present a highly explosive binary system based on porous silicon layers with their pores filled with solid oxidizers. The porous layers are produced by a standard electrochemical etching process and exhibit properties that are different from other energetic materials. Its production is completely compatible with the standard silicon technology and full bulk silicon wafers can be processed and therefore a large number of explosive elements can be produced simultaneously. The application‐relevant parameters: the efficiency and the long‐term stability of various porous silicon/oxidizer systems have been studied in details. Structural properties of porous silicon, its surface termination, the atomic ratio of silicon to oxygen and the chosen oxidizers were optimized to achieve the highest efficiency of the explosive reaction. This explosive system reveals various possible applications in different industrial fields, e.g. as a novel, very fast airbag igniter. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Daytime Titers of Testosterone, LH, Estrone, Estradiol, and Testosterone-Binding Protein: Acute Effects of LH and LH-Releasing Hormone in Men (1975)

Four normal 18−20 yr-old men were studied on 3 occasions, from 0830 h to 1500 h. The baseline for each study consisted of 3 or 4 measurements of the respective hormone obtained between 0830 and 0900 h. In the control studies mean testosterone (T) fell by 43% (P < 0.01) during the final 30 min. The fall was gradual throughout the day and was significant by 1100 h (P < 0.05). Administration of LH and LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) at 0900 h resulted in 9-fold (5 min) and 3-fold (30 min) higher concentrations of LH respectively. LH declined more slowly after LHRH. Titers of T rose to the 0830−0900 h mean 130 min after LH but were never significandy elevated; the occurrence of a significant drop in mean T was delayed for 70 min. After LHRH there was a non-significant 24% increase of the mean T followed by a slow decline; however, T did not fall significantly below the mean baseline level. In contrast, in 2 of the 4 subjects LHRH resulted in rises in T levels (P < 0.05) above the basal titers. Testosterone–binding globulin (TeBG) mean titers showed no diurnal rhythm in the control studies. There were statistically significant elevations of mean TeBG 150 min after LH and 340 to 370 min after LHRH, as well as sustained increases during the final 30 to 210 min of 1 or 2 individuals in each group. The reason for these increases in TeBG is not presently known. Estrogen analyses performed in all studies on 2 of the subjects revealed: 1) afternoon titers of estrone were lower than baseline in all 6 studies, 2) there was no diurnal rhythm for estradiol in control studies, and 3) estradiol increased during the final 2.5 to 3 h after LHRH (P < 0.01), but after LH it was not altered in 1 man and was lower in the other.
Flexible Length Polar Codes through Graph Based Augmentation (2016)

The structure of polar codes inherently requires block lengths to be powers of two. In this paper, we investigate how different block lengths can be realized by coupling of several short-length polar codes. For this, we first analyze "code augmentation" to better protect the semipolarized channels, improving the BER performance under belief propagation decoding. Several serial and parallel augmentation schemes are discussed. A coding gain of $0.3$ dB at a BER of $10^{-5}$ can be observed for the same total rate and length. Further, we extend this approach towards coupling of several "sub-polar codes", leading to a reduced computational complexity and enabling the construction of flexible length polar codes.
Synthesis and Applications of Covalent Protein-DNA Conjugates (2009)

Synthetic protein-DNA conjugates are valuable tools with applications in fields including nanobiotechnology, bioanalytical chemistry, and molecular diagnostics, and various synthetic methods for their production have been developed during the past three decades. The present article reviews current methodologies for the synthesis of covalent protein-DNA conjugates with particular focus on the regiospecificity and stoichiometry of these reactions.
Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Piperonyl-4-Acrylic Isobutyl Amide, an Extractive from Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (1982)

The anti-inflammatory activity of piperonyl-4-acrylicisobutyl-amide (fagaramide) has been studied. Fagaramide was effective against carrageenan paw oedema in rats and was approximately twenty times less potent than indomethacin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent. Fagaramide was effective against the prostaglandin phase of an acute experimental inflammatory reaction. It dose-dependently inhibited prostaglandin synthesis IN VITRO but had no effect on PGE 1 - induced potentiation of carrageenan oedema in indomethacin treated rats. It is thus suggested that at least part of the anti-inflammatory activity of fagaramide is mediated via inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.
Biodiesel generation from oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula glutinis with xylose assimilating capacity (2007)

&nbsp; This study explored a strategy to convert agricultural and forestry residues into microbial lipid, which could be further transformed into biodiesel. Among the 250 yeast strains screened for xylose assimilating capacity, eight oleaginous yeasts were selected by Sudan Black B test. The lipid content of these 8 strains was determined by soxhlet extraction method. One strain (T216) was found to produce lipids up to 36.6%, and it was identified as&nbsp;Rhodotorula glutinis. The optimal fermentation conditions were obtained as follows: glucose as carbon source 100 g/L; yeast extract and peptone as nitrogen sources at, respectively, 8 and 3 g/L; initial pH of 5.0; inoculation volume of 5%; temperature at 28oC, shaking speed of 180 r/min, cultivated for 96 h. Under these conditions,&nbsp;R. glutinis&nbsp;accumulated lipids up to 49.25% on a cellular biomass basis and the corresponding lipid productivity reached 14.66 g/L. Experiments with a 5-L bioreactor under the optimal culture conditions showed that&nbsp;R. glutinis&nbsp;accumulated lipids up to 60.69%, resulting in 23.41 g/L in lipid productivity. More encouraging results were observed for the lipid production with alternative carbon sources. Corn stalk and&nbsp;Populus euramevicana&nbsp;leaves hydrolysate could be used to substitute glucose. Chemical analysis indicated that biodiesel obtained by transesterification possessed similar composition to that from vegetable oil, one of the widely used feedstock for biodiesel. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Oleaginous yeast,&nbsp;Rhodotorula glutinis, culture optimization&nbsp;biodiesel.
BatVision: Learning to See 3D Spatial Layout with Two Ears (2020)

Many species have evolved advanced non-visual perception while artificial systems fall behind. Radar and ultrasound complement camera-based vision but they are often too costly and complex to set up for very limited information gain. In nature, sound is used effectively by bats, dolphins, whales, and humans for navigation and communication. However, it is unclear how to best harness sound for machine perception.Inspired by bats' echolocation mechanism, we design a low- cost BatVision system that is capable of seeing the 3D spatial layout of space ahead by just listening with two ears. Our system emits short chirps from a speaker and records returning echoes through microphones in an artificial human pinnae pair. During training, we additionally use a stereo camera to capture color images for calculating scene depths. We train a model to predict depth maps and even grayscale images from the sound alone. During testing, our trained BatVision provides surprisingly good predictions of 2D visual scenes from two 1D audio signals. Such a sound to vision system would benefit robot navigation and machine vision, especially in low-light or no-light conditions. Our code and data are publicly available.
Highly efficient liquid crystal based diffraction grating induced by polarization holograms at the aligning surfaces (2006)

Low-scattering and highly efficient orientational gratings are obtained, exploiting polarization holography to modulate the in-plane anchoring axis at both surfaces of a planar nematic cell. Polarization-sensitive azo-dye-doped polyimide films are used as aligning layers. For proper values of cell thickness and spatial periodicity of the gratings, the director configuration in the nematic bulk is a perfect replica of the polarization gratings recorded on the aligning layers. High first-order diffraction efficiency, up to 98%, is observed in thin grating regime. External ac voltage allows to adjust the efficiency over the whole range for arbitrary cell thickness.
Role of the site of protonation in the low-energy decompositions of gas-phase peptide ions (1996)

The dissociation of singly or multiply protonated peptide ions by using low-energy collisional activation (CA) is highly dependent on the sites of protonation. The presence of strongly basic amino acid residues in the peptide primary structure dictates the sites of protonation, which generates a precursor ion population that is largely homogeneous with respect to charge sites. Attempts to dissociate this type of precursor ion population by low-energy CA result in poor fragmentation via few pathways. The work described here represents a systematic investigation of the effects of charge heterogeneity in the precursor ion population of a series of model peptides in low-energy CA experiments. Incorporation of acidic residues in the peptide RLC*IFSC*FR (where C* indicates a cysteic acid residue), for example, balances the charge on the basic arginine residues, which enables the ionizing protons to reside on a number of less basic sites along the peptide backbone. This results in a precursor ion population that is heterogeneous with respect to charge site. Low-energy CA of these ions results in diverse and efficient fragmentation. Molecular modeling has been utilized to demonstrate that energetically preferred conformations incorporate an intraionic interaction between arginine and cysteic acid residues.
Viral clearance by flow‐through mode ion exchange columns and membrane adsorbers (2013)

Anion exchange (AEX) is a common downstream purification operation for biotechnology products manufactured in cell culture such as therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and Fc-fusion proteins. We present a head-to-head comparison of the viral clearance efficiency of AEX adsorbers and column chromatography using the same process fluids and comparable run conditions. We also present overall trends from the CDER viral clearance database. In our comparison of multiple brands of resins and adsorbers, clearance of three model viruses (PPV, X-MuLV, and PR772) was largely comparable, with some exceptions which may reflect run conditions that had not been optimized on a resin/membrane specific basis.
Concerning RNA-guided gene drives for the alteration of wild populations (2014)

Gene drives may be capable of addressing ecological problems by altering entire populations of wild organisms, but their use has remained largely theoretical due to technical constraints. Here we consider the potential for RNA-guided gene drives based on the CRISPR nuclease Cas9 to serve as a general method for spreading altered traits through wild populations over many generations. We detail likely capabilities, discuss limitations, and provide novel precautionary strategies to control the spread of gene drives and reverse genomic changes. The ability to edit populations of sexual species would offer substantial benefits to humanity and the environment. For example, RNA-guided gene drives could potentially prevent the spread of disease, support agriculture by reversing pesticide and herbicide resistance in insects and weeds, and control damaging invasive species. However, the possibility of unwanted ecological effects and near-certainty of spread across political borders demand careful assessment of each potential application. We call for thoughtful, inclusive, and well-informed public discussions to explore the responsible use of this currently theoretical technology.