gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SLIM: Short Cycle Time and Low Inventory in Manufacturing at Samsung Electronics (2002)

SLIM is a set of methodologies and scheduling applications for managing cycle time in semiconductor manufacturing. SLIM includes methodology for calculating target cycle times and target WIP levels for individual manufacturing steps, heuristic algorithms for factory floor scheduling, and optimization-based capacity analysis. Between 1996 and 1999, Samsung Electronics Corp., Ltd., implemented SLIM in all its semiconductor manufacturing facilities. It reduced manufacturing cycle times to fabricate dynamic random access memory devices from more than 80 days to less than 30. Considering the decline of selling prices for dynamic random access memory devices, SLIM enabled Samsung to capture an additional $1 billion in sales revenue compared to the revenue it would have realized had cycle times not been reduced.
The transition to automated practitioner order entry in a teaching hospital: the VA Puget Sound experience. (1999)

We recently installed an automated practitioner order entry system on our busiest inpatient wards and critical care units. The installation followed 20 months preparation in which we created the workstation, network, and host infrastructure, developed requisite policies, recruited personnel to support the system, and installed the software in areas where the pace of order entry was less intense. Since implementing automated order entry, we have experienced problems such as an increase in time required for practitioners to enter orders, workflow changes on inpatient units, difficulties with patient transfers, and others. Our user support system has been heavily used during the transition period. Software tailoring and enhancements designed to address these problems are planned, as is installation of the order entry system in remaining clinical units in our medical centers.
Luminescence of Ca<sup>2+</sup>‐activated photoprotein obelin initiated by NaOCl and MnCl<sub>2</sub> (1993)

The luminescence of obelin is initiated by NaOCl in a reaction mixture containing no calcium. The addition of Mn2+ enhances the light emission > 300-fold. Sodium azide and histidine, as singlet oxygen quenchers, inhibit NaOCl-activated obelin luminescence in the presence or absence of Mn2+. This suggests that the addition of NaOCl to the mixture causes singlet oxygen formation (stimulated by Mn2+ ions), and singlet oxygen initiates the light-emitting reaction.
Endothelial Cells Undergoing Apoptosis Become Proadhesive for Nonactivated Platelets (1999)

Under normal conditions, platelets do not adhere to endothelium. However, when platelets or endothelial cells are stimulated by thrombin or cytokines, respectively, platelets bind avidly to endothelium. Because there is accumulating evidence that endothelial cells may become apoptotic under certain proinflammatory or prothrombotic conditions, we investigated whether endothelial cells undergoing apoptosis may become proadhesive for nonactivated platelets. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were induced to undergo apoptosis by staurosporine, a nonspecific protein kinase inhibitor, or by culture in suspension with serum-deprivation. After treatment of HUVEC or platelets with different receptor antagonists, nonactivated, washed human platelets were allowed to adhere to HUVEC for 20 minutes. To exclude matrix involvement, platelet binding was measured in suspension by using flow cytometry. Independent of the method of apoptosis induction, there was a marked increase in platelet binding to apoptotic HUVEC. Although HUVEC exhibited maximal adhesiveness for platelets after 2 to 4 hours, complete DNA fragmentation of HUVEC occurred only several hours later. Adhesion assays after blockade of different platelet receptors showed only involvement of β1-integrins. Platelet binding to apoptotic HUVEC was inhibited by more than 70% when platelets were treated with blocking anti-β1 antibodies. Treatment of apoptotic HUVEC with blocking antibodies to different potential platelet receptors, including known ligands for β1-integrins, did not affect platelet binding. As assessed by determination of β-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 in the supernatants, platelets bound to apoptotic HUVEC became slightly activated. However, significant expression of platelet P-selectin (CD62P) was not found. These data provide further evidence that endothelial cells undergoing apoptosis may contribute to thrombotic events.
Preparation of TaN&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;-TiN Films by CVD (1990)

TaNx-TiN films were prepared on fused silica substrates from the gas mixture of TaCl5-TiCl4-N2-H2 under an atmospheric pressure. The deposition rate, constituent phase, chemical composition and microstructure of the films were investigated as a function of deposition temperature and input gas composition. The films consisted of TaNx and TiN. At the deposition temperature of 900°C, the deposition rate and the composition of TaNx-TiN films were in good agreement with expectations based on each deposition behavior of TaNx and TiN films. On the other hand, at 1000° and 1100°C, the deposition of TaNx was suppressed in TaNx-TiN films compared with the expectation. TaNx-TiN films were consisted of finer particles comparing with TaNx and TiN films.
IN VIVO BIOSTABILITY STUDY ON A POLYARYLETHERKETONE BIOMATERIAL (2002)

This work was undertaken in order to investigate the long-term bio-stability of PEEK-OPTIMA® biomaterial in vivo. Developed specifically for the implant market, this material is a high strength thermoplastic polymer, which can be sterilised by all conventional methods including gamma radiation. Devices are made by injection moulding and/or machining from extruded stock. PEEK-OPTIMA polymer is already being used to manufacture implants in Europe and the US. Six PEEK-OPTIMA polymer samples, in the form of l0mm long, 3mm diameter rods (sterilised and conditioned to simulate 10-year real time ageing) machined from injection moulded plaques were implanted into the paravertabral muscles of each of 3 rabbits (total of 18 implanted pieces) for a period of one year. Excised samples were either fixed for histopathological examination or sterilised for chemical analysis. Chemical analysis of the excised material was by gas chromatography, using headspace and solvent extraction methods to examine volatile and medium volatile substances. Medium volatile substances were identified using GC with mass spectrometric coupling. Infrared spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) methods were used to investigate any changes in the composition and molecular weight of the polymer occurring as a result of the long-term in vivo implantation. The response to the implanted material in all sites was of minimal, mild or moderate fibrosis degree. There were no muscle degradations, no necroses, no marked inflammatory responses or any other significant changes (no negative response to the implant). Analysis shows no evidence of any change in polymer molecular composition or molecular weight, occurring as a result of implantation. The results of these tests strongly support the use of this material for long-term implantation.
ZnT-3, a putative transporter of zinc into synaptic vesicles (1996)

The murine ZnT3 gene was cloned by virtue of its homology to the ZnT2 gene, which encodes a membrane protein that facilitates sequestration of zinc in endosomal vesicles. ZnT-3 protein is predicted to have six transmembrane domains and shares 52% amino acid identity with ZnT-2, with the homology extending throughout the two sequences. Human ZnT-3 cDNAs were also cloned; the amino acid sequence is 86% identical to murine ZnT-3. The mouse ZnT3 gene has 8 exons and maps to chromosome 5. Northern blot and reverse transcriptase-PCR analyses demonstrate that murine ZnT-3 expression is restricted to the brain and testis. In situ hybridization reveals that within the brain, ZnT-3 mRNA is most abundant in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Antibodies raised against the C-terminal tail of mouse ZnT-3 react with the projections from these neurons and produce a pattern similar to that obtained with Timm's reaction, which reveals histochemically reactive zinc within synaptic vesicles. We propose that ZnT-3 facilitates the accumulation of zinc in synaptic vesicles.
Predicting unseen triphones with senones (1993)

In large-vocabulary speech recognition, there are always new triphones that are not covered in the training data. These unseen triphones are usually represented by corresponding diphones or context-independent monophones. It is proposed that decision-tree-based senones be used to generate needed senonic baseforms for unseen triphones. A decision tree is built for each individual Markov state of each phone, and the leaves of the trees constitute the senone codebook. A Markov state of any triphone traverses the corresponding tree until it reaches a leaf to find the senone it is to be associated with. The DARPA 5000-word peaker-independent Wall Street Journal dictation task is used to evaluate the proposed method. The word error rate is reduced by more than 10% when unseen triphones are modeled by the decision-tree-based senones.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
An Adjustable‐Rate Multilevel Coded Modulation System: Analysis and Implementation (1993)

Abstract We present the main results of a study devoted to efficient implementation of multilevel coded modulation schemes. The key point here is that the proposed design is flexible, in the sense that the same hardware allows for the implementation of several coded schemes. This goal is achieved by associating a two‐dimensional binary partition chain with a set of punctured convo‐lutional codes. System performance is evaluated through its error probability. This is derived from the weight enumerators of the coded modulation, and the results are confirmed by computer simulation. Hardware implementation is also described briefly.
Production of a polyhydroxyalkanoate biopolymer in insect cells with a modified eucaryotic fatty acid synthase (1996)

A novel pathway for the synthesis of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate has been engineered by simultaneous delivery of two genes into insect cells (Spodoptera frugiperda) by use of individual baculovirus vectors. This system includes expression of a dehydrase-domain mutant rat fatty acid synthase cDNA and the phbC gene encoding polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase from Alcaligenes eutrophus. The dehydrase-deficient fatty acid synthase provides de novo synthesis of R-(-)-3-hydroxybutyryl-coenzyme A as a premature termination product rather than palmityl-coenzyme A, the normal product of wild-type rat fatty acid synthase. High levels of this mutant multifunctional protein provide a suitable precursor pool of R-(-)-3-hydroxybutyryl-coenzyme A for conversion to poly-3-hydroxybutyrate in insect cells coexpressing the phbC gene product. This strategy for redesigning a poly-3-hydroxybutyrate biosynthetic pathway suggests a new method for generating structurally diverse polyhydroxyalkanoates by metabolic engineering.
Kronecker product‐based codebook design and optimisation for correlated 3D channels (2014)

Abstract Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) codebook has been favoured by long term evolution because of its simplicity and effectiveness for two‐dimensional multi‐input multi‐output channels. In order to further explore vertical freedom, a Kronecker product‐based codebook (KPC), which is the Kronecker product of a horizontal DFT codebook and a vertical one, has been proposed. However, how to effectively design the codebook is still a challenge, because neither its effectiveness nor optimisation has been studied. In this paper, we demonstrate that the codewords in the KPC approximately match the distribution of the optimal beamforming vectors under spatially correlated three‐dimensional channels, showing the effectiveness of such codebook structure. Moreover, because the maximal cross‐correlation amplitude ( I m a x ) of the original KPC is high, we investigate the structure of the codebook and then find a criterion of constructing the optimal KPC to achieve the lowest I m a x , namely the Welch bound. Furthermore, considering the optimal codebook only exists under certain conditions, a modified discrete stochastic approximation algorithm is used to construct a near‐optimal codebook. Simulation results show that our algorithm greatly reduces I m a x and respectively provides 1 and 0.5 dB coding gain compared to the traditional DFT codebook and the original KPC, which confirms the efficiency of the codebook design. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Fluorine-NMR Experiments for High-Throughput Screening:  Theoretical Aspects, Practical Considerations, and Range of Applicability (2003)

Competition ligand-based NMR screening experiments have recently been introduced to overcome most of the problems associated with traditional ligand-based NMR screening. Molecules with marginal solubility and high affinity for a given target can be easily identified in a high-throughput manner by screening chemical mixtures against the target in the presence of a weak- to medium-affinity ligand of known binding constant. While the original competition-based approaches utilized (1)H detection, significant advantages are obtained using (19)F detection. The absence of spectral overlap permits the screening of large chemical mixtures and allows for automated analysis of the spectra, even in the presence of protonated buffers, solvents, and detergents. The large chemical shift anisotropy of fluorine and the significant exchange contribution allow for the selection of a weak-affinity spy molecule, thus resulting in a lower binding affinity threshold for the identified NMR hits. The method, labeled FAXS (fluorine chemical shift anisotropy and exchange for screening) is rapid and requires only a limited amount of protein and, therefore, compares favorably with the other established non-NMR techniques used in high-throughput screening. Herein the theoretical aspects of this powerful (19)F-based approach are presented and discussed in detail. The experimental conditions together with the detection limits and binding constant measurements are investigated using human serum albumin as the target.
Murine Developmental Control Genes (1990)

Various strategies have been used to isolate genes that participate in the regulation of mouse development. Gene families that have been identified on the basis of their homology to motifs within Drosophila control genes or human transcription factor genes, namely homeobox (Hox), paired-box (Pax), and POU genes, can be compared with respect to gene organization, structure, and expression patterns. The functions of these genes can be analyzed molecularly in vitro and in vivo with the use of available mouse mutants or transgenic mice. In addition, it has been possible to generate gain- or loss-of-function mutations by random or targeted introduction of transgenes. Models derived from these studies can reveal the successive steps of developmental control on a genetic level.
A novel process for the manufacturing of porous grafts: Process description and product evaluation (1983)

A novel process has been developed for the manufacture of porous vascular grafts from solutions or melts of polymers. It allows the manufacture of grafts with controllable porosity, pore size, and mechanical properties. In this process, the polymer melt or polymer solution is extruded through fine orifices; the fibers are then stretched and wound on a rotating mandril. Fiber-fiber bonding takes place, resulting in the formation of stable porous tubes. The effects of the process variables on the physical properties of the resulting graft have been studied and preliminary in vivo evaluation in dogs has demonstrated graft patency with a thin, stable neointima in both small (4 mm) and large (10 mm) caliber configurations.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Entry into Host Cells: Reconstitution of Capsid Binding and Uncoating at the Nuclear Pore Complex In Vitro (2000)

During entry, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) releases its capsid and the tegument proteins into the cytosol of a host cell by fusing with the plasma membrane. The capsid is then transported to the nucleus, where it docks at the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), and the viral genome is rapidly released into the nucleoplasm. In this study, capsid association with NPCs and uncoating of the viral DNA were reconstituted in vitro. Isolated capsids prepared from virus were incubated with cytosol and purified nuclei. They were found to bind to the nuclear pores. Binding could be inhibited by pretreating the nuclei with wheat germ agglutinin, anti-NPC antibodies, or antibodies against importin beta. Furthermore, in the absence of cytosol, purified importin beta was both sufficient and necessary to support efficient capsid binding to nuclei. Up to 60 to 70% of capsids interacting with rat liver nuclei in vitro released their DNA if cytosol and metabolic energy were supplied. Interaction of the capsid with the nuclear pore thus seemed to trigger the release of the viral genome, implying that components of the NPC play an active role in the nuclear events during HSV-1 entry into host cells.
Formal verification of content addressable memories using symbolic trajectory evaluation (1997)

In this paper we report on new techniques for verifying contentaddressable memories (CAMs), and demonstrate that these techniqueswork well for large industrial designs. It was shown in [Formal verification of PowerPC(TM) arrays using symbolic trajectory evaluation], that theformal verification technique of symbolic trajectory evaluation (STE)could be used successfully on memory arrays. We have extended thatwork to verify what are perhaps the most combinatorially difficultclass of memory arrays, CAMs. We use new Boolean encodings toverify CAMs, and show that these techniques scale well, in that spacerequirements increase linearly, or sub-linearly, with the various CAMsize parameters.In this paper, we describe the verification of two CAMs froma recentPowerPC microprocessor design, a Block Address Translation unit(BAT), and a Branch Target Address Cache unit (BTAC). The BATis a complex CAM, with variable length bit masks. The BTAC is a64-entry, 64-bits per entry, fully associative CAM and is part of thespeculative instruction fetch mechanism of the microprocessor. Webelieve that ours is the first work on formally verifying CAMs, and webelieve our techniques make it feasible to efficiently verify the varietyof CAMs found on modern processors.
Hydraulic Fracture Reorientation in Primary and Secondary Recovery from Low-Permeability Reservoirs (1995)

ABSTRACT Hydraulic fracture orientation is critical to both primary and secondary oil recovery in low-permeability reservoirs. Incomplete and often overlapping drainage patterns under primary recovery, as well as inefficient sweep and premature water (or steam) breakthrough under secondary recovery are some of the common production problems that often result from hydraulic fracture reorientation. Often, hydraulic fracture orientation is measured on a few wells, and then generalized across the entire field under development. This characterization of regional fracture (stress) orientation is then assumed constant over the development life of the field. A wealth of recent' observations have definitively shown that fracture (stress) orientation in low-permeability reservoirs can be profoundly affected by production activities. Hydraulic fracture reorientation has been observed on dozens of staged fracture treatments (in several fields) under both primary and secondary recovery. A summary of collected field data from three extensive field studies is presented. The production impact of fracture reorientation on both primary and secondary recovery schemes is addressed; and strategies are presented which utilize the recent findings for both enhancing primary recovery and mitigating some common problems with secondary recovery. The discussion of reorientation mechanisms is greatly enlightened by recent data which reveals a startling correlation between observed fracture reorientation and indirect measurements of reservoir compaction.
Efficient support for content-based routing in web server clusters (1999)

Clustered server architectures have been employed for many years on the Internet as a way to increase performance, reliability and scalability in the presence of the Internet's explosive growth. A routing mechanism for mapping requests to individual servers within cluster is at the heart of any server clustering techniques. In this paper, we first analyze the deficiencies of existing request-routing approaches. Based on these observations, we argue that the request routing mechanism in a cluster-based server should factor in the content of a request in making decisions. Thus, we designed and implemented a new mechanism to efficiently support content-aware routing in Web server clusters. With this mechanism, we also built in a number of sophisticated content-aware intelligence for making routing decision. Performance evaluation on a prototype implementation demonstrates substantial performance improvements over contemporary routing schemes. The proposed mechanism can also enable many new capabilities in cluster-based servers, such as sophisticated load balancing, differentiated service, special content deployment, session integrity, etc.
Modulation of regulatory T cell immunity by the neuropeptide alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone. (2003)

Although many immunosuppressive factors have been identified in the eye, one of these factors, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), both suppresses the activation of inflammatory activity by primed T cells and induces the activation of regulatory T cells (Treg cells). This neuropeptide alone at its ocular physiological concentration can account for most of the immunosuppressive activity of aqueous humor (the fluid filing the anterior chamber of the eye). Aqueous humor made devoid of alpha-MSH no longer suppresses IFN-gamma production by Th1 cells. It is alpha-MSH that mediates aqueous humor induction of regulatory T cells. What we have found is that alpha-MSH mediates the induction of C4+ CD25+ Treg cells, and that if the alpha-MSH Treg cells are specific to an autoantigen they can be used to suppress autoimmune disease. It is the objective of this review to demonstrate how we came to discover that alpha-MSH could have such an important role in the extreme regional immunity of the immune privileged eye and how this discovery could be applied to create or reestablish tolerance to prevent autoimmune disease.
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathies: from clinical relevance to preclinical evidence (2011)

Neurotoxic anticancer drugs can affect specific peripheral nervous system structures (neuronopathy, axonopathy or myelinopathy) leading to CIPN, often with pain. Gaining deeper insights into neurotoxic mechanisms is critical to the development of new CIPN treatment and prevention strategies.
Small amounts of superantigen on dendritic cells are sufficient to initiate T cell responses (1993)

Bhardwaj, N., Young, J.W., Nisanian, A.J., Baggers, J., and Steinman, R.M. Small amounts of superantigen on dendritic cells are sufficient to initiate T cell responses. J. Exp. Med. 178: 633-642, 1993