gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Persisten of Epstein–Barr virus in Reed–Sternberg cells throughout the course of Hodgkin's disease (1991)

Non-isotopic in situ hybridization employing digoxigenin-labelled DNA probes has been used to localize Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in 55 cases of Hodgkin's disease (HD). The virus was found in Reed-Sternberg (RS) and mononuclear Hodgkin's cells in nine patients (16 per cent). Further samples taken at different times from three patients also showed the presence of EBV in the malignant cell population. Estimations of the number of EBV genomes present per cell suggested wide variations between different patients, but relatively constant amounts in different samples from the same patient. These findings are compatible with a stable infection of the neoplastic cells and support the notion that EBV may play a role in the development of HD in these patients. We also found evidence for the presence of EBV in a small percentage of non-neoplastic cells in 8 of the 55 samples. This suggests that isolation of EBV from HD tissue does not always signify a pathogenetic role for the virus. Furthermore, it is apparent that a high percentage of HD tissues do not contain demonstrable EBV, and the virus is therefore unlikely to be a causative agent for all cases of HD.
Social behavior in Fmr1 knockout mice carrying a human FMR1 transgene. (2008)

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) results from the loss of expression of the fragile X mental retardation (FMR1) gene. Individuals affected by FXS experience many behavioral problems, including cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, social anxiety, and autistic-like behaviors. A mouse model of Fmr1 deficiency (Fmr1KO) exhibits several similar behavioral phenotypes, including alterations in social behavior. In an earlier study, Fmr1 knockout mice carrying a yeast-artificial chromosome (YAC) transgene that over-expresses normal human FMRP (KOYAC) showed a correction or overcorrection of some behavioral responses, such as hyperactivity and anxiety-related responses. This report presents results from a study examining transgenic rescue of abnormal social responses in Fmr1KO mice. Relative to their wild-type (WT) littermates, Fmr1KO mice made more active social approaches to standard C57BL/6 partner mice in a direct social interaction test, a result consistent with a previous study. KOYAC mice showed fewer active approaches to partners than the WT or Fmr1KO littermates, indicating correction of this phenotype. This finding expands the number of murine behavioral responses caused by Fmr1 deficiency and corrected by overexpression of human FMRP.
Antibiotics from Gram-negative bacteria: a comprehensive overview and selected biosynthetic highlights (2017)

Covering: up to 2017The overwhelming majority of antibiotics in clinical use originate from Gram-positive Actinobacteria. In recent years, however, Gram-negative bacteria have become increasingly recognised as a rich yet underexplored source of novel antimicrobials, with the potential to combat the looming health threat posed by antibiotic resistance. In this article, we have compiled a comprehensive list of natural products with antimicrobial activity from Gram-negative bacteria, including information on their biosynthetic origin(s) and molecular target(s), where known. We also provide a detailed discussion of several unusual pathways for antibiotic biosynthesis in Gram-negative bacteria, serving to highlight the exceptional biocatalytic repertoire of this group of microorganisms.
Solid‐phase synthesis of polymyxin B1 and analogues via a safety‐catch approach (2003)

As part of a program towards the development of novel antibiotics, a convenient method for solid-phase synthesis of the cyclic cationic peptide polymyxin B1 and analogues thereof is described. The methodology, based on cleavage-by-cyclization using Kenner's safety-catch linker, yields crude products with purities ranging from 37-67%. Antibacterial assays revealed that analogues 23-26, in which the (S)-6-methyloctanoic acid moiety is replaced with shorter acyl chains, exhibit distinct antimicrobial activity. The results suggest that the length of the acyl chain is rather critical for antimicrobial activity. On the other hand, substitution of the hydrophobic ring-segment D-Phe-6/Leu-7 in polymyxin B1 with dipeptide mimics (i.e. analogues 27-33) resulted in almost complete loss of antimicrobial activity.
A Novel Chimpanzee Adenovirus Vector with Low Human Seroprevalence: Improved Systems for Vector Derivation and Comparative Immunogenicity (2012)

Recombinant adenoviruses are among the most promising tools for vaccine antigen delivery. Recently, the development of new vectors has focused on serotypes to which the human population is less exposed in order to circumvent pre-existing anti vector immunity. This study describes the derivation of a new vaccine vector based on a chimpanzee adenovirus, Y25, together with a comparative assessment of its potential to elicit transgene product specific immune responses in mice. The vector was constructed in a bacterial artificial chromosome to facilitate genetic manipulation of genomic clones. In order to conduct a fair head-to-head immunological comparison of multiple adenoviral vectors, we optimised a method for accurate determination of infectious titre, since this parameter exhibits profound natural variability and can confound immunogenicity studies when doses are based on viral particle estimation. Cellular immunogenicity of recombinant E1 E3-deleted vector ChAdY25 was comparable to that of other species E derived chimpanzee adenovirus vectors including ChAd63, the first simian adenovirus vector to enter clinical trials in humans. Furthermore, the prevalence of virus neutralizing antibodies (titre >1:200) against ChAdY25 in serum samples collected from two human populations in the UK and Gambia was particularly low compared to published data for other chimpanzee adenoviruses. These findings support the continued development of new chimpanzee adenovirus vectors, including ChAdY25, for clinical use.
Acoustoelasticity in 7075-T651 Aluminum and Dependence of Third Order Elastic Constants on Fatigue Damage. (2005)

Interrogating metals with ultrasonic waves can be used to evaluate their microstructural and mechanical properties. These techniques analyze ultrasonic wave features in order to make inferences on the medium of interest. Current research is being conducted to determine higher order elastic properties and characterize material degradation of 7075-T651 aluminum with ultrasonics. This thesis topic will use acoustoelasticity, the stress dependency of acoustic velocity, to accomplish these goals. &#13;\nAcoustoelasticity is a manifestation of the inherent nonlinearity in the interatomic binding energy, which appears mathematically as higher order elastic terms in the stress strain constitutive relation. The acoustoelasticity will be determined for longitudinal and shear waves propagating through a sample under uni-axial stress. Experimentally, specific techniques and tooling will be designed to insure accurate measurements of acoustic wave velocity as a function of stress. &#13;\nUsing acoustoelasticity the third order elastic constants of 7075-T651 aluminum will be determined. Further, Al samples will be fatigue damaged and acoustoelasticity and third order elastic constants will be mapped versus damage. &#13;\nLiterature will be used to verify measured values of acoustoelasticity as well as provide theoretical models for acoustoelastic dependence on damage.
One Year Sustainability of Risk Factor Change from a 9-Week Workplace Intervention (2009)

We examined the effect of a 9-week diet and physical activity intervention provided in the workplace by a group education session where personal dietary and physical activity goals were proposed. Measurements of anthropometry, fasting blood lipids, glucose and insulin, assays for antioxidant activity (AOA) and questionnaires were completed at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks in 50 healthy workers (50% male, mean age 46y). Followup measurements in 39 (56% male) were possible at 52 weeks. At week 3 a group dietary and physical activity "motivational seminar" was held. At week 6, half the group were supplied daily kiwifruit for 3 weeks with cross over at week 9 until week 12. Compared to baseline, lipid, glucose, insulin and AOA measurements were improved at 12 and 52 weeks. Body measurements did not change. Group diet and physical activity advice reinforced over 9 weeks is associated with a sustained improvement in cardiovascular risk factors at 52 weeks.
Synthesis of novel 3, 5-disubstituted-4,5-dihydroisoxazoles and 3,4,5- trisubstituted isoxazoles and their biological activity (2011)

1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of nitrile oxide generated from substituted pyridinyloxy benzaldoximes with styrene or α,βunsaturated ketones produces a series of 3,5-disubstituted-4,5-dihydroisoxazoles and 3,4,5-trisubstituted isoxazoles. On the other hand, C-chlorooxime reacts with α,β-unsaturated ketones yielding 3,4,5-trisubstituted isoxazoles. All the compounds are evaluated for their antimicrobial and antifungal activity and action on isolated frog heart. Aldoxime derivatives 2e, 2f have been found to show good inhibitiory activity where as compounds 4g, 4h show better inhibition of sodium calcium exchange ion on isolated frog heart studies.
Some features of the spasmogenic actions of acetylcholine and histamine in guinea‐pig isolated trachealis (1984)

Intracellular electrophysiological recording showed that acetylcholine (1 mumol l-1) and histamine (2 mumol l-1) depolarized trachealis cells and often increased the frequency of slow waves. Higher concentrations of these agents caused greater depolarization and abolition of slow waves. Marked depolarization was often associated with the appearance of electrical 'noise'. These electrical phenomena were accompanied by tonic tension development in a contiguous segment of trachea. Electrical 'noise' and tension evoked by high concentrations of acetylcholine or histamine could be dissipated by washing the agonist from the tissue. Acetylcholine-induced 'noise' was resistant to tetrodotoxin (3 mumol l-1) and to hexamethonium (1 mmol l-1). Neither acetylcholine (10-1,000 mumol l-1) nor histamine (2-200 mumol l-1) increased the lanthanum-resistant calcium fraction of muscle-containing strips of trachea. It is concluded that, while developing tension under the influence of acetylcholine or histamine, trachealis cells depolarize markedly but there is relatively little cellular influx of Ca2+.
<i>Q</i>-switched operation of a coupled-resonator vertical-cavity laser diode (2000)

We report Q-switched operation from an electrically injected monolithic coupled-resonator structure which consists of an active cavity with InGaAs quantum wells optically coupled to a passive cavity. The passive cavity contains a bulk GaAs region which is reverse biased to provide variable absorption at the lasing wavelength of 990 nm. Cavity coupling is utilized to effect large changes in output intensity with only very small changes in passive cavity absorption. The device is shown to produce pulses as short as 150 ps at repetition rates as high as 4 GHz. A rate equation approach is used to model the Q-switched operation yielding good agreement between the experimental and theoretical pulse shape. Small-signal frequency response measurements also show a transition from a slower (∼300 MHz) forward-biased modulation regime to a faster (∼2 GHz) modulation regime under reverse-bias operation.
A Study of the Peroxide-Catalyzed Chlorination of the Bromotoluenes with Sulfuryl Chloride (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA Study of the Peroxide-Catalyzed Chlorination of the Bromotoluenes with Sulfuryl ChlorideGordon L. Goerner and Richard C. NametzCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 6, 2940–2941Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01150a509https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01150a509research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views147Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Taste reception (1996)

Recent research on cellular mechanisms of peripheral taste has defined transduction pathways involving membrane receptors, G proteins, second messengers, and ion channels. Receptors for organic tastants received much attention, because they provide the specificity of a response. Their future cloning will constitute a major advance. Taste transduction typically utilizes two or more pathways in parallel. For instance, sweet-sensitive taste cells of the rat appear to respond to sucrose with activation of adenylyl cyclase, followed by adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent membrane events and Ca2+ uptake. The same cells respond differently to some artificial sweeteners, i.e., with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) followed by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-dependent Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. Some bitter tastants block K+ channels or initiate the cascade receptor G1 protein, PLC, IP3, and Ca2+ release or the cascade receptor alpha-gustducin, phosphodiesterase (PDE), cAMP decrease, and opening of cAMP-blocked channels. Membrane-permeant bitter tastants may elicit a cellular response by interacting with G protein, PLC, or PDE of the above cascades. Salt taste is initiated by current flowing into the taste cell through cation channels located in the apical membrane, even though basolateral channels may also contribute (following salt diffusion through paracellular pathways). In rodents, the Na+-specific component of salt taste is typically mediated by apical amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels, but less specific and not amiloride-sensitive taste components exist in addition. Sour taste may in part be mediated by amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels conducting protons, but other mechanisms certainly contribute. Thus the transduction of taste cells generally comprises parallel pathways. Furthermore, the transduction pathways vary with the location of taste buds on the tongue and, of course, across species of animals. To identify these pathways, to understand how they are controlled and why they evolved to this complexity are major goals of present research.
Illumination-based normalization for wave-equation depth migration (2003)

Abstract Illumination problems caused by finite-recording aperture and lateral velocity lensing can bias amplitudes in migration results. In this paper, I develop a normalization scheme appropriate for wave-equation migration algorithms that compensates for irregular illumination. I generate synthetic seismic data over a reference reflectivity model, using the adjoint of wave-equation shot-profile migration as the forward modeling operator. I then migrate the synthetic data with the same shot-profile algorithm. The ratio between the synthetic migration result and the initial reference model is a measure of seismic illumination. Dividing the true data migration result by this illumination function mitigates the illumination problems. The methodology can take into account reflector dip as well as both shot and receiver geometries, and, because it is based on wave-equation migration, it naturally models the finite-frequency effects of wave propagation. The reference model should be as close to the true model as possible; good choices include the migrated image, or a synthetic image with a single known dip that corresponds to the expected dip of a reflector of interest. Computational shortcuts allow the illumination functions to be computed at about the cost of a single migration. Results indicate that normalization can significantly reduce amplitude distortions due to irregular subsurface illumination.
Quantitative analysis of total mitochondrial DNA: Competitive polymerase chain reaction versus real‐time polymerase chain reaction (2004)

An efficient and effective method for quantification of small amounts of nucleic acids contained within a sample specimen would be an important diagnostic tool for determining the content of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in situations where the depletion thereof may be a contributing factor to the exhibited pathology phenotype. This study compares two quantification assays for calculating the total mtDNA molecule number per nanogram of total genomic DNA isolated from human blood, through the amplification of a 613-bp region on the mtDNA molecule. In one case, the mtDNA copy number was calculated by standard competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique that involves co-amplification of target DNA with various dilutions of a nonhomologous internal competitor that has the same primer binding sites as the target sequence, and subsequent determination of an equivalence point of target and competitor concentrations. In the second method, the calculation of copy number involved extrapolation from the fluorescence versus copy number standard curve generated by real-time PCR using various dilutions of the target amplicon sequence. While the mtDNA copy number was comparable using the two methods (4.92 +/- 1.01 x 10(4) molecules/ng total genomic DNA using competitive PCR vs 4.90 +/- 0.84 x 10(4) molecules/ng total genomic DNA using real-time PCR), both inter- and intraexperimental variance were significantly lower using the real-time PCR analysis. On the basis of reproducibility, assay complexity, and overall efficiency, including the time requirement and number of PCR reactions necessary for the analysis of a single sample, we recommend the real-time PCR quantification method described here, as its versatility and effectiveness will undoubtedly be of great use in various kinds of research related to mitochondrial DNA damage- and depletion-associated disorders.
Driver modeling and alignment for worst-case delay noise (2001)

In this paper, we present a new approach to model the impact of cross-coupling noise on interconnect delay. We introduce a new linear driver model that accurately models the noise pulse induced on a switching signal net due to cross coupling capacitance. The proposed model effectively captures the non-linear behavior of the victim driver gate during the transition and has an average error below 8% whereas the traditional approach using a Thevenin model incurs an average error of 48%. We also discuss the worst case alignment of the aggressor net transitions with respect to the victim net transition, emphasizing the need to maximize not merely the delay of the interconnect alone but the combined delay of the interconnect and receiver gate. We show that the worst case alignment of an aggressor net transition is a function of the receiver gate output loading, victim transition edge rate, and the noise pulse width and height and hence propose a pre-characterization approach to efficiently predict the worst-case alignment. The proposed methods were implemented in an industrial noise analysis tool called ClariNet. Results on industrial designs are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
Novel salivary and genetic biomarkers of risk for NEC or death in premature infants (2009)

Objective Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) or death often occur in very low birthweight (VLBW, &lt; 1500 g) infants. Intestinal maturation and normal bacterial colonization, which help prevent these outcomes, induce FUT2 ["secretor"] and dampen sialyltransferase gene expression. We tested whether a low secretor, high sialylglycan phenotype predicts risk of NEC or death. Methods Salivary secretor and sialylglycans and FUT2 genotype, indirect measures of intestinal phenotype, were analyzed in 385 VLBW infants. Saliva samples collected on day 9 were analyzed by enzyme immunoassay using monoclonal antibodies. Risk cut‐points were identified by Classification and Regression Tree analysis. NEC was defined as Bell's stage &gt; 2. Results NEC or death occurred in 39 infants. Of infants with low secretor (H‐2), high sialyl (sialyl Lewis a [sLe a ], n=104), 23% developed NEC and 18% died; of those with the reciprocal phenotype (high H‐2/low sLe a , n=73), no NEC or death occurred; risk was intermediate when H‐2 and sLe a were both high or low (p&lt;0.0001; predictive value=0.73). FUT2 genotype was strongly associated with death (13% of non‐secretors [AA], 5% of heterozygotes [AG], 1% of secretor dominant [GG], p=0.001) but not NEC. Conclusions Salivary glycans and FUT2 genotype are associated with risk of NEC and death in VLBW infants, and provide powerful biomarkers for clinical research and practice.
New insights in minimally invasive valve replacement: description of a cooperative approach for the off-pump replacement of mitral valves (2005)

Surgically implanted bioprosthetic valves provide excellent support for off-pump insertion of a valved stent. Further experiments are necessary, in particular with appropriate valve size, before considering this approach for percutaneous mitral valvular replacement in patients with a dysfunctional bioprosthesis.
NETWORKING PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS FOR INTERNET OF THINGS (2016)

This chapter highlights Internet of Things (IoT) protocols that are operating at different layers of the networking stack, including Medium Access Control (MAC) layer, network layer, and session layer. Generally, the most widely used standards in IoT are Bluetooth and ZigBee. IEEE 802.11ah, on the other hand, is the easiest to be used due to the existing and widely separated infrastructure of IEEE 802.11 which is the most used infrastructure in other wireless applications. The chapter discusses some standard and non-standard protocols that are used for routing in IoT applications. Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is the most commonly used routing protocols in IoT. Cognitive RPL (CORPL) is a non-standard extension of RPL that is designed for cognitive networks. Security is an aspect of IoT applications which is critical and can be found in all almost all layers of the IoT protocols. The chapter also discusses the security mechanisms built in the IoT protocols.
Room‐Temperature Autoconversion of Free‐Base Corrole into Free‐Base Porphyrin (2006)

As easy as AB2C: Irradiation of a solution of the free-base corrole 1 with a 400-W lamp led to its conversion into the corresponding trans-AB2C-porphyrin 2 and an open-chain biliverdin-type by-product.