gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Positive and Negative Roles for Soybean MPK6 in Regulating Defense Responses (2014)

It has been well established that MPK6 is a positive regulator of defense responses in model plants such as Arabidopsis and tobacco. However, the functional importance of soybean MPK6 in disease resistance has not been investigated. Here, we showed that silencing of GmMPK6 in soybean using virus-induced gene silencing mediated by Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) caused stunted growth and spontaneous cell death on the leaves, a typical phenotype of activated defense responses. Consistent with this phenotype, expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and the conjugated form of salicylic acid were significantly increased in GmMPK6-silenced plants. As expected, GmMPK6-silenced plants were more resistant to downy mildew and Soybean mosaic virus compared with vector control plants, indicating a negative role of GmMPK6 in disease resistance. Interestingly, overexpression of GmMPK6, either transiently in Nicotiana benthamiana or stably in Arabidopsis, resulted in hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death. The HR-like cell death was accompanied by increased PR gene expression, suggesting that GmMPK6, like its counterpart in other plant species, also plays a positive role in cell death induction and defense response. Using bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis, we determined that GmMKK4 might function upstream of GmMPK6 and GmMKK4 could interact with GmMPK6 independent of its phosphorylation status. Taken together, our results indicate that GmMPK6 functions as both repressor and activator in defense responses of soybean.
Biologisch bedeutsame Strahlen in der Biosphäre (1970)

Der kurze Überblick über die biologischen Wirkungen der Strahlung in der Biosphäre ermöglicht die Auswahl der für das Leben auf der Erde besonders bedeutsamen Strahlungen. Nur diese sollen ausführlich behandelt werden. Es sind dies
Site‐Specific Radioiodination of HER2‐Targeting Affibody Molecules using 4‐Iodophenethylmaleimide Decreases Renal Uptake of Radioactivity (2015)

Affibody molecules are small scaffold-based affinity proteins with promising properties as probes for radionuclide-based molecular imaging. However, a high reabsorption of radiolabeled Affibody molecules in kidneys is an issue. We have shown that the use of (125)I-3-iodo-((4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl)maleimide (IHPEM) for site-specific labeling of cysteine-containing Affibody molecules provides high tumor uptake but low radioactivity retention in kidneys. We hypothesized that the use of 4-iodophenethylmaleimide (IPEM) would further reduce renal retention of radioactivity because of higher lipophilicity of radiometabolites. An anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) Affibody molecule (ZHER2:2395) was labeled using (125)I-IPEM with an overall yield of 45±3 %. (125)I-IPEM-ZHER2:2395 bound specifically to HER2-expressing human ovarian carcinoma cells (SKOV-3 cell line). In NMRI mice, the renal uptake of (125)I-IPEM-ZHER2:2395 (24±2 and 5.7±0.3 % IA g(-1)at 1 and 4 h after injection, respectively) was significantly lower than uptake of (125)I-IHPEM-ZHER2:2395 (50±8 and 12±2 % IA g(-1)at 1 and 4 h after injection, respectively). In conclusion, the use of a more lipophilic linker for the radioiodination of Affibody molecules reduces renal radioactivity.
First-Trimester Screening for Trisomies 21 and 18 (2003)

First-trimester screening for trisomies 21 and 18 on the basis of maternal age, maternal levels of free beta human chorionic gonadotropin and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, and measurement of fetal nuchal translucency has good sensitivity at an acceptable false positive rate.
Isocitrate Lyase and Malate Synthase Genes from Brassica napus L. Are Active in Pollen (1994)

To investigate if pollen possesses glyoxysomal function, we analyzed the activities of isocitrate lyase and malate synthase genes. Because the activities of these enzymes were exceedingly low in pollen extracts, we constructed fusion genes encoding [beta]-glucuronidase (GUS) that are regulated by isocitrate lyase or malate synthase promoters from Brassica napus L. to increase the sensitivity of our assays. Expression of the fusion genes in transgenic tobacco was qualitatively similar to that of the endogenous genes; GUS activity was low in dry seeds, maximal in seedlings, and very low or undetectable in leaves, indicating that the promoters are regulated correctly. We showed that isocitrate lyase and malate synthase genes are active at specific stages of pollen development and that their activities are not enhanced during pollen germination in transgenic tobacco. We also confirmed that the endogenous genes are active by showing that the corresponding mRNAs could be detected in pollen at specific stages of development. The activation of the isocitrate lyase and malate synthase genes suggests that glyoxysomal function is induced during pollen development.
Antitumor activity of the monoclonal antibody-Vinca alkaloid immunoconjugate LY203725 (KS1/4-4-desacetylvinblastine-3-carboxhydrazide) in a nude mouse model of human ovarian cancer. (1990)

The activity of the conjugate of monoclonal antibody KS1/4 with 4-desacetylvinblastine-3-carboxhydrazide (KS1/4-DAVLB-HY) was explored in the OVCAR-3 human ovarian xenograft tumor model. Multiple schedules of KS1/4-DAVLB-HY administration were employed, including a comparison of i.p. and i.v. routes of treatment. When inoculates of 6 x 10(7) OVCAR-3 cells were injected i.p. into female athymic nude mice, untreated control animals had a mean survival of 18-34 days, with the development of massive ascites and large intraabdominal tumors. Significant increases in survival were observed in KS1/4-DAVLB-HY conjugate-treated animals with all schedules utilized. Parallel therapy with equivalent doses of free DAVLB-HY or a non-antigen-binding immunoconjugate did not significantly increase the survival of the animals. These data demonstrate that the immunoconjugate KS1/4-DAVLB-HY significantly increases the survival of OVCAR-3 tumor-bearing mice and indicates that this immunoconjugate may be useful in the treatment of human ovarian cancer.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN EMAT IN-LINE INSPECTION SYSTEM FOR DETECTION, DISCRIMINATION, AND GRADING OF STRESS CORROSION CRACKING IN PIPELINES (2005)

This report describes prototypes, measurements, and results for a project to develop a prototype pipeline in-line inspection (ILI) tool that uses electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) to detect and grade stress corrosion cracking (SCC). The introduction briefly provides motivation and describes SCC, gives some background on EMATs and guided ultrasonic waves, and reviews promising results of a previous project using EMATs for SCC. The experimental section then describes lab measurement techniques and equipment, the lab mouse and prototypes for a mule, and scan measurements made on SCC. The mouse was a moveable and compact EMAT setup. The prototypes were even more compact circuits intended to be pulled or used in an ILI tool. The purpose of the measurements was to determine the best modes, transduction, and processing to use, to characterize the transducers, and to prove EMATs and mule components could produce useful results. Next, the results section summarizes the measurements and describes the mouse scans, processing, prototype circuit operating parameters, and performance for SH0 scans. Results are given in terms of specifications--like SNR, power, insertion loss--and parametric curves--such as signal amplitude versus magnetic bias or standoff, reflection or transmission coefficients versus crack depth. Initially, lab results indicated magnetostrictive transducers using both SH0 and SV1 modes would be worthwhile to pursue in a practical ILI system. However, work with mule components showed that SV1 would be too dispersive, so SV1 was abandoned. The results showed that reflection measurements, when normalized by the direct arrival are sensitive to and correlated with SCC. This was not true for transmission measurements. Processing yields a high data reduction, almost 60 to 1, and permits A and C scan display techniques and software already in use for pipeline inspection. An analysis of actual SH0 scan results for SCC of known dimensions showed that length and depth could be determined for deep enough cracks. Defect shadow and short length effects were apparent but may be taken into account. The SH0 scan was done with the mule prototype circuits and permanent magnet EMATs. These gave good enough results that this hardware and the processing techniques are very encouraging for use in a practical ILI tool.
The Novel Human Coronaviruses NL63 and HKU1 (2007)

In the mid-sixties of the previous century, the first two human coronaviruses (HCoV) were identified: HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 (29, 50, 70). These two human coronaviruses were studied extensively from approximately 1965 to the mid-1980s (7, 37, 49, 50, 57, 70). HCoV-229E is a member of the group I coronaviruses, and HCoV-OC43 is a member of group II. Besides the human coronaviruses, there are several group I and group II animal coronaviruses that infect cattle, pigs, cats, dogs, mice, and other animals (33). There is one additional branch, the group III coronaviruses, which are found exclusively in birds (33).
OpenPGP Message Format (1998)

This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the &amp;quot;Internet Official Protocol Standards &amp;quot; (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. This document is maintained in order to publish all necessary information needed to develop interoperable applications based on the OpenPGP format. It is not a step-by-step cookbook for writing an application. It describes only the format and methods needed to read, check, generate, and write conforming packets crossing any network. It does not deal with storage and implementation questions. It does, however, discuss implementation issues necessary to avoid security flaws. OpenPGP software uses a combination of strong public-key and
Peripheral Leukocytes in Psoriasis (1988)

The white blood cell (WBC) count and differential count, including the morphology and acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity of lymphocytes, in psoriatic patients of different types, stages, and extensiveness of skin lesions were analyzed. The number of total WBC and polymorphonuclear leukocytes was markedly increased in psoriasis erythrodermica and psoriasis pustulosa. Lymphocytopenia, especially T-lymphocytopenia, was noticed in all types of psoriasis. Antineoplastic drugs and immunosuppressants intensified the degree of T-lymphocytopenia. This might be the cause of recurrence and more recalcitrant course of the disease. Therefore, it is considered that these drugs should not be the first choice in the treatment of psoriasis.
Image Analysis for Mapping Immeasurable Phenotypes in Maize [Life Sciences] (2007)

This work will allow bio-informaticians to analyze the ever-increasing gene sequence data, discover valuable knowledge in maize biology and related plant; development, and understand subtle variations among different phenotypes. Furthermore, successful measuring of visual phenotypes will advance plant research by finding the genes and/or environmental factors that cause a given visual phenotype. In what follows, the field of plant genetics is introduced (particularly quantitative trait loci and disease scoring) to the signal processing community, discuss the challenges involved, and present an image analysis system for precisely quantifying and mapping immeasurable phenotypes in maize
Isolation of synaptotagmin as a receptor for types A and E botulinum neurotoxin and analysis of their comparative binding using a new microtiter plate assay. (1998)

Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin acts on nerve endings to block acetylcholine release. Binding of the neurotoxin to a membrane receptor through its heavy chain is the first essential step in its mode of toxin action. Type E botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT/E) or type A botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT/A) receptor was purified from rat brain synaptosomes employing a neurotoxin affinity column chromatography. The protein fraction eluted from the affinity column with 0.5 M NaCl contained a 57 kDa protein as a major eluant. Immunoblotting the eluant with anti-synaptotagmin antibodies revealed that the 57 kDa protein was synaptotagmin I. Rat synaptotagmin I has been suggested as the receptor for BoNT/B (Nishiki et al., J. Biol. Chem. 269, 10498-10503, 1994) in rat brain. In this study, binding of BoNT/A and BoNT/E to synaptotagmin I was studied by a microtiter plate-based method. Binding of synaptotagmin I to BoNT/A coated on the plate was competitively reduced upon preincubation of the proteins with BoNT/E, suggesting a competitive binding of BoNT/A and BoNT/E to the receptor. Taken together, these results suggest that the same receptor protein binds to all three BoNT serotypes tested.
GMCSF-Interleukin fusion cytokines induce novel immune effectors that can serve as biopharmaceuticals for treatment of autoimmunity and cancer (2010)

We created the GIFTs, fusions of granulocyte-colony macrophage-stimulating-factor with IL-2, or IL-15 or IL-21, in order to stimulate distinct, but complimentary elements of the immune response. We found that the physical coupling of two functionally distinct cytokines as a bifunctional hybrid allowed for synergistic bioactivity not seen by the simple combined use of parent components. Indeed, despite how these interleukins are pro-inflammatory cytokines that serve essential roles in the maturation of CD8(+) T cells and NK cells, the GIFTs were remarkably different from one another, with GIFT-2 and GIFT-21 promoting and GIFT-15 downregulating inflammation. The common denominator to the biochemistry of these fusokines was their ability to hijack the signalling machinery associated with common to their respective γ-chain interleukin receptors, radically altering the activation status of responding lymphomyeloid cells. By studying the GIFTs, we found that both secreted and cell surface factors presented by GIFT-activated lymphomyeloid cells were required to modulate the immune responses in murine models of multiple sclerosis and cancer. The ability of GIFTs to co-opt the normal signalling machinery of interleukin receptors leads to the acquisition of functional responder cell phenotypes unparalleled in nature. These novel properties provide opportunities to alter maladapted immune responses in health and disease.
Molecular organization of the genes required for the synthesis of type 1 capsular polysaccharide of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>: formation of binary encapsulated pneumococci and identification of cryptic dTDP‐rhamnose biosynthesis genes (1997)

We report here the molecular organization of the capsular locus (cap1) of the type 1 pneumococcus. This locus is located between dexB and aliA and flanked by IS1167 insertion elements. Sequence analysis showed that the cluster contains 11 genes (cap1A to cap1K), which are apparently arranged as a single transcriptional unit. The presence of a functional promoter (cap1p) located upstream of cap1A has been demonstrated and the transcription start point was mapped by primer-extension analysis. A 14.3 kb fragment containing the genes cap1ABCDEFGHIJK and including cap1p was sufficient to allow the synthesis of a type 1 capsule in Streptococcus pneumoniae. An internal deletion of cap1E leads to an unencapsulated phenotype demonstrating that this gene is essential for capsular production. The cap1K gene has been expressed in Escherichia coli resulting in UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UDP-GlcDH) activity. Moreover, this gene was able to restore the synthesis of type 3 capsule when cloned into a plasmid and introduced by transformation into S. pneumoniae cap3A mutants deficient in UDP-GlcDH. In marked contrast with what was previously thought, recombination between cap1K and cap3A does occur. We provide data on the molecular mechanism that leads to the formation of binary encapsulated pneumococcal cells, i.e. strains that simultaneously produce type 1 and type 3 capsules. Downstream of cap1K, one truncated and three complete open reading frames homologous to those involved in the biosynthesis of dTDP-rhamnose, a monosaccharide that does not participate in the formation of type 1 polysaccharide, have been identified in all the clinical strains of type 1 pneumococcus tested. Our results provide new insights into the generation of capsule diversity in pneumococci.
RIPng for IPv6 (1997)

This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Effects of Aging and Illness on the Pituitary Testicular Axis in Men: Qualitative as Well as Quantitative Changes in Luteinizing Hormone∗ (1985)

Decreased testicular function occurs as a concomitant of aging in men and is accentuated by the presence of systemic illness. Previous studies identified an intrinsic Leydig cell defect, as reflected by high LH to testosterone ratios and impaired hCG responsiveness in older men. This study questioned whether a qualitative change in LH secretion, as reflected by secretion of LH with an altered ratio of biological to immunological LH (B/I) activity, might occur during aging. To examine this possibility, we measured the levels of plasma LH by RIA and rat interstitial cell testosterone bioassay in 67 men, ranging from 20-80 yr of age. Mean LH levels measured by immunoassay were similar in healthy men older than 40 yr [11.4 +/- 1.0 (+/- SE) mIU/ml; n = 22] and those younger than 40 yr (9.4 +/- 0.6; n = 18; P less than 0.01). Mean bioactive LH levels were also similar (30.0 +/- 4.8 vs. 36.7 +/- 3.3). LH B/I ratios, however, were significantly lower in older men (2.52 +/- 0.33) compared to those in younger (4.10 +/- 0.34; P less than 0.01) men. Regression analysis confirmed the expected inverse relationship of B/I ratio with age (r = -0.47; P less than 0.01) and plasma testosterone with age (r = -0.35; P less than 0.05). Systemic illness independently lowered B/I LH ratios. Systemically ill men over 40 yr of age had lower ratios (1.05 +/- 0.08; n = 27) than age-matched healthy men (2.52 +/- 0.33; n = 22; P less than 0.01). The significant changes in B/I ratio among subgroups reflected modest changes in LH immunoactivity and larger alterations in LH bioactivity in certain subgroups. These findings indicate that the qualitative nature of LH secreted by the pituitary, as reflected by altered LH B/I ratios, may vary as a function of aging and illness in men.
Epitaxial Growth of GaN on (1 0 0) β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Substrates by Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (2004)

Epitaxial growth of nitride compounds by the metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) technique is demonstrated for the first time on β-Ga 2 O 3 single crystal substrates, which are near-UV transparent and n-type conductive. High-quality (0 0 0 1) GaN epi-layer with a narrow bandedge luminescence was obtained using a low temperature conductive buffer layer. InGaN multi-quantum well (MQW) structure was also successfully grown. The first blue light-emitting diode (LED) on β-Ga 2 O 3 with vertical current injection is demonstrated.
Just enough police presence: Reducing crime and disorderly behavior by optimizing patrol time in crime hot spots (1995)

Using observational data collected as part of a one-year preventive patrol study in Minneapolis, this investigation employs survival models to test hypotheses about the effects of specific instances of police patrol presence at high-crime locations on the time until the next occurrence of criminal or disorderly behavior at these locations. The results show that patrol stops must reach a threshold dosage of about 10 minutes in order to generate significantly longer survival times without disorder — i.e., greater residual deterrence — than that generated by driving through a hot spot. The optimal length for patrol stops appears to be 11 to 15 minutes. After that point, continued police presence brings diminishing returns. The theoretical and policy implications of these results are discussed.
Effect of a Different Formulation of Demulsifiers on the Efficiency of Chemical Demulsification of Heavy Crude Oil (2011)

The stability of water-in-oil emulsions formed during oil slicks or petroleum production operations is ensured by natural surfactant molecules (principally asphaltenes) that are present in the crude oil. These persistent emulsions may be broken by adding a suitable demulsifier at the proper concentration to attain a so-called optimum formulation at which the emulsion has the minimum stability. In this work, a new formulation for demulsifier has been developed which is more suitable for demulsification of heavy crude oil than the other formulations which are used nowadays. The factors affecting the demulsification are discussed, and the final formulation regardless of its price is achieved. The results confirm that the best single demulsifiers are those which cause a minimum in the interfacial tension of water and heavy crude oil. Composite demulsifier screening was used to analyze the best mixture of single demulsifiers which possess the best efficiency at water separation from heavy crude oil.
Phospholipid Scramblase 1 Is Imported into the Nucleus by a Receptor-Mediated Pathway and Interacts with DNA<sup>,</sup> (2004)

Phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) is a multiply palmitoylated, Ca(2+)-binding, endofacial plasma membrane protein originally identified by its capacity to accelerate transbilayer movement of membrane phospholipids. We recently reported that when palmitoylation of PLSCR1 does not occur, it is localized to the nucleus rather than the plasma membrane. Nuclear localization of PLSCR1 was also observed upon induction of its de novo synthesis by cytokines such as interferon alpha that activate the PLSCR1 gene. Despite its capacity to enter the nucleus, its sequence does not predict a nuclear localization signal. To gain insight into the mechanism and potential significance of nuclear PLSCR1, we investigated the conditions required for its import and retention in the nucleus. We show that nuclear localization of PLSCR1 is dependent on cytosolic factors and energy. Furthermore, we show that PLSCR1 is specifically transported into the nucleus by the importin alpha/beta import pathway, and binds directly and with high affinity to importin alpha. Analysis of deletion mutants suggested that the NLS of PLSCR1 is between residues 242 and 290 and, furthermore, that a peptide within this region encompassing residues (257)GKISKHWTGI(266) is sufficient for nuclear import when conjugated to BSA. In addition, in intact cells, mutation of positively charged amino acids within this putative NLS in the full-length protein completely blocked its entry into the nucleus, consistent with its role in targeting PLSCR1 to the nucleus. Release of PLSCR1 from the nucleus was only observed after treatment of cells with both detergent and an elevated NaCl concentration, or following DNase treatment of the nucleus, suggesting ionic interactions of PLSCR1 with a nuclear component bound to genomic DNA or directly with genomic DNA. Purified PLSCR1 was also found to bind directly to a genomic DNA-cellulose conjugate, and its elution from DNA also required an elevated NaCl concentration. These data support a mechanism of receptor-mediated nuclear import of PLSCR1 and suggest a potential nuclear function for this plasma membrane protein.