gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automatic generation of tourist maps (2008)

Tourist maps are essential resources for visitors to an unfamiliar city because they visually highlight landmarks and other points of interest. Yet, hand-designed maps are static representations that cannot adapt to the needs and tastes of the individual tourist. In this paper we present an automated system for designing tourist maps that selects and highlights the information that is most important to tourists. Our system determines the salience of map elements using bottom-up vision-based image analysis and top-down web-based information extraction techniques. It then generates a map that emphasizes the most important elements, using a combination of multiperspective rendering to increase visibility of streets and landmarks, and cartographic generalization techniques such as simplification, deformation, and displacement to emphasize landmarks and de-emphasize less important buildings. We show a number of automatically generated tourist maps of San Francisco and compare them to existing automated and manual approaches.
Custom-designed orthopedic implants evaluated using finite element analysis of patient-specific computed tomography data: femoral-component case study (2007)

The proposed custom femoral component design has the following advantages compared with a conventional femoral component. (i) Since the articulating surface closely mimics the shape of the distal femur, there is no need for resurfacing of the patella or gait change. (ii) Owing to the resulting stress distribution, bone remodeling is even and the risk of premature loosening might be reduced. (iii) Because the bone-implant interface can accommodate anatomical abnormalities at the distal femur, the need for surgical interventions and fitting of filler components is reduced. (iv) Given that the bone-implant interface is customized, about 40% less bone must be removed. The primary disadvantages are the time and cost required for the design and the possible need for a surgical robot to perform the bone resection. Some of these disadvantages may be eliminated by the use of rapid prototyping technologies, especially the use of Electron Beam Melting technology for quick and economical fabrication of custom implant components.
Functional T cells in athymic nude mice. (1984)

After passage of spleen cells from nu/nu mice over a nylon wool column, concanavalin A-responsive cells can be detected in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol, and specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes can be generated without exposure to interleukin 2 (IL-2). The spleen cells of the nu/nu mice born of nu/nu parents and nursed by nu/nu mothers had significantly fewer Thy-1+ T cells and a lesser capacity to generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes than did the conventionally bred nu/nu mice. Nonetheless, such cells were clearly present. IL-2 may act to cause these post-thymic T cells to proliferate. Therefore, it seems inappropriate to consider IL-2 as an inducer of the differentiation of T cells in the absence of thymic influence on the basis of the capacity of IL-2 to induce the appearance of a T-lymphocyte population in nu/nu mice.
Analysis of PTHRP binding and signal transduction mechanisms in benign and malignant squamous cells (1992)

We have explored a potential autocrine role for parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHRP) in malignant squamous carcinoma cells (SqCC) and their nonmalignant counterpart, human epidermal keratinocytes (HK). Specific binding of Tyr36 human PTHRP-(1-36)NH2 (125I-[Tyr36]hPTHRP-(1-36)NH2) was identified in 75% of unselected SqCC lines. In contrast, no binding was detected on the mouse keratinocyte line BALB-MK or on five different HK lines. Although each SqCC and keratinocyte line secreted immunoreactive PTHRP into its medium, there was no correlation between PTHRP concentration and number of binding sites. Inhibition of binding by [Tyr36]hPTHRP-(1-36)NH2 yielded half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of approximately 100 nM in all SqCC lines. Affinity cross-linking of SqCC cells revealed 98- and 70-kDa binding proteins with similar affinity (approximately 100 nM). Exposure of fura-2-loaded SqCC cells to PTHRP and PTH resulted in equivalent, dose-dependent transient increases in intracellular calcium [half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) = 0.08 nM]. PTHRP also increased intracellular calcium in HK (EC50 = 0.05 nM). No adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) response to PTHRP or PTH was elicited in either SqCC or HK, despite brisk isoproterenol responses in both. We conclude that high-capacity low-affinity binding sites for PTHRP are detectable in the majority of SqCC lines but not in HK. These low-affinity binding sites are unlikely to represent receptors. The sensitive intracellular calcium response suggests the additional presence of high-affinity receptors on SqCC as well as on HK. However, the failure of PTHRP or PTH to stimulate cAMP production in otherwise cyclase-competent cells suggests that these are not classical PTH receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Optical fibers with depressed claddings for suppression of coupling into cladding modes in fiber Bragg gratings (1997)

A new method for suppression of coupling from guided optical modes into cladding modes in an optical fiber Bragg grating using a fiber with a strongly depressed cladding is proposed. Strong suppression of the coupling has been demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally.
Set reconciliation with nearly optimal communication complexity (2002)

We consider the problem of efficiently reconciling two similar sets held by different hosts while minimizing the communication complexity. This type of problem arises naturally from gossip protocols used for the distribution of information, but has other applications as well. We describe an approach to such reconciliation based on the encoding of sets as polynomials. The resulting protocols exhibit tractable computational complexity and nearly optimal communication complexity. Moreover, these protocols can be adapted to work over a broadcast channel, allowing many clients to reconcile with one host based on a single broadcast.
Aloe vera as a biologically active vehicle for hydrocortisone acetate (1991)

Aloe vera, as a biological vehicle for hydrocortisone 21-acetate, was tested topically and systemically against acute inflammation. Systemically, the combination of A. vera and hydrocortisone produced a maximum 88.1% inhibition of edema. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration was reduced 91.1%. The topical inhibition of edema peaked at 97%. The possibility that A. vera has significant potential as a biologically active vehicle for steroids is discussed.
Determination of the chemical mechanism of neurotransmitter receptor-mediated reactions by rapid chemical kinetic techniques (1993)

Rapid chemical reaction techniques play an important role in unraveling the mechanism of reactions mediated by soluble proteins, including enzymes involved in the regulation of intracellular processes and the biosynthesis of proteins and nucleic acids. Regulatory proteins change conformation rapidly and must, therefore, be studied in the microsecond-to-millisecond time region. Similar techniques for investigating reactions mediated by membrane-bound neurotransmitter receptors were not available, and the mechanisms of the reactions are poorly understood. These proteins must be studied in a membrane-bound form in cells or vesicles, over a wide range of reactant concentrations, and in the microsecond-to-millisecond time region. Four rapid-mixing techniques for making kinetic measurements in the microsecond and millisecond time regions have now been developed for investigating neurotransmitter receptors in the membranes of neurons and muscle cells, thus extending chemical kinetic approaches to membrane-bound proteins and intercellular processes. Neurotransmitter receptors regulate transmission of signals between neurons (approximately 10(12) in the human nervous system), thereby allowing perception of stimuli, integration and storage of information, and reaction to the environment. Six structurally related neurotransmitter receptors, and many isoforms, have been identified by use of recombinant DNA technology. Modern electrophysiological techniques show that these different proteins, upon binding a specific chemical signal (neurotransmitter), transiently open transmembrane channels, which are characterized by their ion selectivity, conductance, and lifetime. To be able to account for the receptor-mediated voltage changes that trigger signal transmission between cells, we still need to know the concentration of open receptor-channels. This concentration changes with time and is affected by the concentration of neurotransmitter. Rapid reaction techniques are particularly suitable for determining the relationship between neurotransmitter concentration and the time-dependent concentration of the open receptor-channels. The four rapid reaction techniques adapted or developed for studying receptor mechanisms are quench- and stopped-flow, adapted for use with vesicles, and cell-flow and laser-pulse photolysis for use with single cells. The approach was initiated when it was found that the neurotransmitter receptors desensitize (become transiently inactive) faster, by almost two orders of magnitude, than was believed. Before fast reaction techniques were used, the chemical properties of only desensitized forms were investigated, although this was not recognized. So far, the chemical mechanism(s) of the excitatory (cation-specific) acetylcholine receptor in membrane vesicles, electroplax cells, and single clonal cells, and the inhibitory (anion-specific) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor in primary cerebral cortical cells have been investigated with the new techniques.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Micromachined force sensors for the study of cell mechanics (2005)

A technique using micromachined mechanical force sensors to measure the force response of living cells is introduced. The force sensors consist of a probe and flexible beams. The probe is used to indent and stretch the cells, and the flexible beams are used to measure the cell force response. The stiffness of the sensors is designed at several nanonewtons per micrometer, but can be varied over a wide range. The sensors are fabricated by the SCREAM process. The deformation of the cells and the deflection of flexible beams are measured by an optical microscope coupled with a charge-coupled device camera. Experimental demonstrations show the feasibility, simplicity, and versatility of this technique. It addresses several disadvantages of existing related techniques, and is complementary to many of them. We expect that this new technique will attract significant attention and be employed much more in the study of cell mechanics.
Security of cloud computing, storage, and networking (2012)

Convergence and ubiquity are the key characteristics of tomorrows service provision infrastructures. Cloud architectures will constitute cost-efficient backbones that will support the transmission, storage, and computing of the applications contents. These architectures can be used for business, scientific, and pervasive computing purposes. The diversity of the services delivered through cloud infrastructures increases their vulnerability to security incidents and attacks. The cost and complexity reduction requirements render the design and development of protection mechanisms even more challenging. In addition, key design features such as confidentiality, privacy, authentication, anonymity, survivability, dependability, and fault-tolerance are, in some extent, conflicting. The objective of this tutorial is to present the state-of-the-art of security and explore research directions and technology trends to address the protection of cloud communications and networking infrastructures. An emphasis will be made on the collaboration of mobile devices in cloud based infrastructures. The fundamental concepts of cloud computing security will be explored, including cloud security services, cloud security principles, cloud security requirements, and testing techniques.
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: An overview (2000)

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is characterized by amyloid deposition in cortical and leptomeningeal vessels. Several cerebrovascular amyloid proteins (amyloid beta-protein (Abeta), cystatin C (ACys), prion protein (AScr), transthyretin (ATTR), gelsolin (AGel), and ABri (or A-WD)) have been identified, leading to the classification of several types of CAA. Sporadic CAA of Abeta type is commonly found in elderly individuals and patients with Alzheimer's disease. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is an important cause of cerebrovascular disorders including lobar cerebral hemorrhage, leukoencephalopathy, and small cortical hemorrhage and infarction. We review the clinicopathological and molecular aspects of CAA and discuss the pathogenesis of CAA with future perspectives.
Calorimetric Observations of Protein Conformation at Solid—Liquid Interfaces (1995)

Proteins of varying stability were adsorbed to polystyrene latex spheres, and the adsorption complexes were examined for structural transitions by means of microcalorimetry. Transition temperatures and enthalpy measurements were compared between given amounts of proteins in free and adsorbed form. From these measurements it appears that under the chosen adsorption conditions, serum albumin, fibrinogen and lysozyme may loose essentially all of their cooperatively folded structure, while proteins of greater structural stability, such as streptavidin, retain full structure and remain biologically active on the latex surface. Certain hydrogels of use as contact lens materials are known to adsorb lysozyme. From calorimetric observations on typical lens loads of lysozyme the enzyme appears to retain about half of its folded structure on the lens, although in a destabilized form to judge from the six degree reduction in transition temperature.
Intestinal Bacteria And The Hydrolysis Of Glycosidic Bonds (1971)

SUMMARY As part of a study of the metabolic activities of intestinal bacteria, the activity of the principal glycosidases produced by the major groups of intestinal bacteria has been estimated. The results are discussed in terms of the toxicological and pharmacological effects of various ingested glycosides and of the enterohepatic circulation of compounds by four laboratory animal species commonly used in toxicological studies.
Human Hemopexin (1974)

Abstract A simplified method based on ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography has been developed for the preparation of large quantities of human apohemopexin from Cohn Fraction IV-7. The method results in a 30% over-all recovery, and avoids exposure of the protein to low pH or to perchlorate. When saturated with heme, the electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of hemopexin is characteristic of low spin Fe(III) in an asymmetrical environment, with principal values of the g tensor of 2.89, 2.27, and 1.55. This is confirmed by static magnetic susceptibility measurements which show good agreement with Curie's law in the temperature range 1.5–77 K. A ligand field analysis of the g tensor indicates that the axial and rhombic distortion parameters are typical of a low spin ferriheme complex in which both apical sites are occupied by histidine residues.
Convergence of Ets- and Notch-Related Structural Motifs in a Heteromeric DNA Binding Complex (1991)

Analysis of the heteromeric DNA binding protein GABP has revealed the interaction of two distinct peptide sequence motifs normally associated with proteins located in different cellular compartments. The alpha subunit of GABP contains an 85-amino acid segment related to the Ets family of DNA binding proteins. The ETS domain of GABP alpha facilitates weak binding to DNA and, together with an adjacent segment of 37 amino acids, mediates stable interaction with GABP beta. The beta subunit of GABP contains four imperfect repeats of a sequence present in several transmembrane proteins including the product of the Notch gene of Drosophila melanogaster. These amino-terminal repeats of GABP beta mediate stable interaction with GABP alpha and, when complexed with GABP alpha, directly contact DNA. These observations provide evidence for a distinct biochemical role for the 33-amino acid repeats, and suggest that they may serve as a module for the generation of specific dimerization interfaces.
Attenuation of Apoptosis Underlies B Lymphocyte Stimulator Enhancement of Humoral Immune Response (2000)

B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) is a newly identified monocyte-specific TNF family cytokine. It has been implicated in the development of autoimmunity, and functions as a potent costimulator with antiimmunoglobulin M in B cell proliferation in vitro. Here we demonstrate that BLyS prominently enhances the humoral responses to both T cell-independent and T cell-dependent antigens, primarily by attenuation of apoptosis as evidenced by the prolonged survival of antigen-activated B cells in vivo and in vitro. BLyS acts on primary splenic B cells autonomously, and directly cooperates with CD40 ligand (CD40L) in B cell activation in vitro by protecting replicating B cells from apoptosis. Moreover, although BLyS alone cannot activate the cell cycle, it is sufficient to prolong the survival of naive resting B cells in vitro. Attenuation of apoptosis by BLyS correlates with changes in the ratios between Bcl-2 family proteins in favor of cell survival, predominantly by reducing the proapoptotic Bak and increasing its prosurvival partners, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. In either resting or CD40L-activated B cells, the NF-kappaB transcription factors RelB and p50 are specifically activated, suggesting that they may mediate BLyS signals for B cell survival. Together, these results provide direct evidence for BLyS enhancement of both T cell-independent and T cell-dependent humoral immune responses, and imply a role for BLyS in the conservation of the B cell repertoire. The ability of BLyS to increase B cell survival indiscriminately, at either a resting or activated state, and to cooperate with CD40L, further suggests that attenuation of apoptosis underlies BLyS enhancement of polyclonal autoimmunity as well as the physiologic humoral immune response.
Complete blocking of Mn3+ ion dissolution from a LiMn2O4 spinel intercalation compound by Co3O4 coating (2001)

Complete elimination of Mn3+ dissolution from a LiMn2O4 spinel compound at 60 °C has been achieved by enclosing each particle with a LiMn2−xCoxO4 solid-solution thin film having a high Co concentration at the surface.
Progress in semiconducting oxide-based thin-film transistors for displays (2005)

Recent progress in the development of transparent thin-film transistors for integration with flexible displays is discussed. Specifically, the fabrication and properties of ZnO-based thin-film transistors on glass are described. Top-gate-type thin-film transistors with transparent n-type ZnO as the active channel layer have been fabricated via wet photolithography processing. The ZnO layers were deposited using pulsed laser deposition. A low leakage current of 10−7 A cm−2 was realized with amorphous HfO2 or (Ce, Tb)MgA11O19 as the gate dielectric. N-channel depletion-mode operation was shown for the undoped ZnO thin-film transistors. Phosphorus-doped ZnO and (Zn, Mg)O were also utilized as channel materials in order to realize a reduction in carrier density. The current–voltage measurements demonstrate an enhancement-mode device operation for the thin-film transistors with P-doped (Zn, Mg)O as the active channel layer and HfO2 serving as the gate dielectric.
Optical Methods of Temperature Measurement (1966)

The history of the laws of thermal radiation is briefly reviewed, and the theoretical relations basic to some of the optical methods of temperature measurement are given. Comments on a number of optical methods are presented, as well as a selected reference with each method where more detail is available. In conclusion, several problems, in areas of uncertainty in the field of optical methods of temperature measurement, are suggested in the belief that a solution to these problems will greatly enhance the technical value of this field.
Formal design of an asynchronous DSP counterflow pipeline: a case study in handshake algebra (2002)

Two recent developments in asynchronous circuit design are explored by means of a case study (polynomial division) in digital signal processing. The first development is a new formal method, the handshake algebra of M.B. Josephs, J.T. Udding and J.T. Yantchev (1993), that is suitable for specifying, deriving, and verifying circuits that follow a handshaking protocol. The second development is an architecture, counterflow pipelines, that R.F. Sproull (1994) has recently suggested, which is attractive to implement asynchronously.
Ribosome recycling factor (ribosome releasing factor) is essential for bacterial growth. (1994)

Ribosome releasing factor, product of the frr gene in Escherichia coli, is responsible for dissociation of ribosomes from mRNA after the termination of translation. It functions to "recycle" ribosomes and is renamed ribosome recycling factor in this paper. An E. coli strain was constructed (MC1061-2), which carried frame-shifted frr in the chromosome and wild-type frr on a temperature-sensitive plasmid. MC1061-2 is temperature-sensitive in its growth and does not segregate its frr-carrying plasmid under the plasmid incompatibility pressure. In contrast, isogenic E. coli carrying wild-type frr in the chromosome and mutated frr on the temperature-sensitive plasmid is not temperature-sensitive in its growth and segregates its plasmid from incompatible plasmids. All spontaneously formed thermoresistant colonies derived from MC1061-2 carried wild-type frr that resided either in the bacterial chromosome by re-exchange or in the plasmid, which became temperature-resistant. These observations establish that frr is an essential gene for cell growth.
Peripheral nerve growth within a hydrogel microchannel scaffold supported by a kink‐resistant conduit (2017)

Nerve repair in several mm-long nerve gaps often requires an interventional technology. Microchannel scaffolds have proven effective for bridging nerve gaps and guiding axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Nonetheless, fabricating microchannel scaffolds at this length scale remains a challenge and/or is time consuming and cumbersome. In this work, a simple computer-aided microdrilling technique was used to fabricate 10 mm-long agarose scaffolds consisting of 300 µm-microchannels and 85 µm-thick walls in less than an hour. The agarose scaffolds alone, however, did not exhibit adequate stiffness and integrity to withstand the mechanical stresses during implantation and suturing. To provide mechanical support and enable suturing, poly caprolactone (PCL) conduits were fabricated and agarose scaffolds were placed inside. A modified salt-leaching technique was developed to introduce interconnected porosity in PCL conduits to allow for tuning of the mechanical properties such as elastic modulus and strain to failure. It was shown that the PCL conduits were effective in stabilizing the agarose scaffolds in 10 mm-long sciatic nerve gaps of rats for at least 8 weeks. Robust axon ingress and Schwann cell penetration were observed within the microchannel scaffolds without using growth factors. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 3392-3399, 2017.