gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A calcineurin-dependent transcriptional pathway controls skeletal muscle fiber type (1998)

Slow- and fast-twitch myofibers of adult skeletal muscles express unique sets of muscle-specific genes, and these distinctive programs of gene expression are controlled by variations in motor neuron activity. It is well established that, as a consequence of more frequent neural stimulation, slow fibers maintain higher levels of intracellular free calcium than fast fibers, but the mechanisms by which calcium may function as a messenger linking nerve activity to changes in gene expression in skeletal muscle have been unknown. Here, fiber-type-specific gene expression in skeletal muscles is shown to be controlled by a signaling pathway that involves calcineurin, a cyclosporin-sensitive, calcium-regulated serine/threonine phosphatase. Activation of calcineurin in skeletal myocytes selectively up-regulates slow-fiber-specific gene promoters. Conversely, inhibition of calcineurin activity by administration of cyclosporin A to intact animals promotes slow-to-fast fiber transformation. Transcriptional activation of slow-fiber-specific transcription appears to be mediated by a combinatorial mechanism involving proteins of the NFAT and MEF2 families. These results identify a molecular mechanism by which different patterns of motor nerve activity promote selective changes in gene expression to establish the specialized characteristics of slow and fast myofibers.
The performance of depressed-cladding single-mode fibers with different b/a ratios (1991)

Depressed-cladding single-mode fibers with a first cladding-to-core ratio (b/a) ranging from seven to one and relative refractive-index differences of the core from 0.25 to 0.35% and of the cladding from 0 to -0.2% are investigated experimentally with respect to the LP/sub 11/ mode cutoff properties, the mode-field diameter, the dispersion, and the bending attenuation. Numerical calculations based on actual profile parameters of the bend loss and the mode-field diameter agree well with experiment. It is demonstrated that low attenuation and bend losses independent of b/a can be obtained if the cutoff wavelength is kept constant by adjusting the core radius, the core index or the index of the first cladding.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Clock Mesh Network Design with Through-Silicon Vias in 3D Integrated Circuits (2014)

Many methodologies for clock mesh networks have been introduced for two-dimensional integrated circuit clock distribution networks, such as methods to reduce the total wirelength for power consumption and to reduce the clock skew variation through consideration of buffer placement and sizing. In this paper, we present a methodology for clock mesh to reduce both the clock skew and the total wirelength in three-dimensional integrated circuits. To reduce the total wirelength, we construct a smaller mesh size on a die where the clock source is not directly connected. We also insert through-silicon vias (TSVs) to distribute the clock signal using an effective clock TSV insertion algorithm, which can reduce the total wirelength on each die. The results of our proposed methods show that the total wirelength was reduced by 12.2%, the clock skew by 16.11%, and the clock skew variation by 11.74%, on average. These advantages are possible through increasing the buffer area by 2.49% on the benchmark circuits.
A compact representation for file versions: a preliminary report (2003)

A system is presented for the compact representation of multiple versions of a file. The presentation is in terms of vectors and matrices, which results in conceptual simplicity. Algebraic transformations enable the retrieval process to be optimized for any given version or set of versions, in contrast to always optimizing for the most recent or least recent version. Moreover, any version can be added or deleted without affecting any other. File differencing and dictionary compaction are unified, and data compression can be included. A compact representation for the (sparse) matrices is presented, and the main algorithms are described in terms of this representation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Gas Turbine/Solar Parabolic Trough Hybrid Designs (2011)

A strength of parabolic trough concentrating solar power (CSP) plants is the ability to provide reliable power by incorporating either thermal energy storage or backup heat from fossil fuels. Yet these benefits have not been fully realized because thermal energy storage remains expensive at trough operating temperatures and gas usage in CSP plants is less efficient than in dedicated combined cycle plants. For example, while a modern combined cycle plant can achieve an overall efficiency in excess of 55%; auxiliary heaters in a parabolic trough plant convert gas to electricity at below 40%. Thus, one can argue the more effective use of natural gas is in a combined cycle plant, not as backup to a CSP plant. Integrated solar combined cycle (ISCC) systems avoid this pitfall by injecting solar steam into the fossil power cycle; however, these designs are limited to about 10% total solar enhancement. Without reliable, cost-effective energy storage or backup power, renewable sources will struggle to achieve a high penetration in the electric grid. This paper describes a novel gas turbine / parabolic trough hybrid design that combines solar contribution of 57% and higher with gas heat rates that rival that for combined cycle natural gas plants. The design integrates proven solar and fossil technologies, thereby offering high reliability and low financial risk while promoting deployment of solar thermal power.
Role of CD3 gamma in T cell receptor assembly. (1996)

The T cell receptor (TCR) consists of the Ti alpha beta heterodimer and the associated CD3 gamma delta epsilon and zeta 2 chains. The structural relationships between the subunits of the TCR complex are still not fully known. In this study we examined the role of the extracellular (EC), transmembrane (TM), and cytoplasmic (CY) domain of CD3 gamma in assembly and cell surface expression of the complete TCR in human T cells. A computer model indicated that the EC domain of CD3 gamma folds as an Ig domain. Based on this model and on alignment studies, two potential interaction sites were predicted in the EC domain of CD3 gamma. Site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that these sites play a crucial role in TCR assembly probably by binding to CD3 epsilon. Mutagenesis of N-linked glycosylation sites showed that glycosylation of CD3 gamma is not required for TCR assembly and expression. In contrast, treatment of T cells with tunicamycin suggested that N-linked glycosylation of CD3 delta is required for TCR assembly. Site-directed mutagenesis of the acidic amino acid in the TM domain of CD3 gamma demonstrated that this residue is involved in TCR assembly probably by binding to Ti beta. Deletion of the entire CY domain of CD3 gamma did not prevent assembly and expression of the TCR. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that specific TCR interaction sites exist in both the EC and TM domain of CD3 gamma. Furthermore, the study indicated that, in contrast to CD3 gamma, glycosylation of CD3 delta is required for TCR assembly and expression.
Robust classification of modulation types using spectral features applied to HMM (2002)

A robust method for asynchronous modulation recognition without a priori knowledge about modulation and transmission parameters is proposed. The generated features are based on modulation dependent spectral lines observed in the estimated spectra of m-th law transformations of the received signal. A twofold robust normalisation scheme is introduced, which is adequate to build significant feature vectors for linear and nonlinear (FSK) digital modulation types. The series of spectral line occurrences is mapped by a vector quantiser to a series of discrete states. Following this the feature vectors are classified using separate hidden-Markov models (HMM) for each modulation type. The classification results for the modulation types ASK, BPSK, QPSK, 2FSK, MSK and CW, obtained from computer simulations, prove the robustness of the classifier. Furthermore, it clearly outperforms a decision-tree based classifier.
Screening of Natural Extracts for Inhibitors against Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection (2019)

The mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes serious illness worldwide that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Currently, there are no effective drugs approved for the treatment of JEV infection. Drug-repurposing screening is an alternative approach to discover potential antiviral agents. In this study, high-content screening (HCS) of a natural extracts library was performed, and two hit FDA-approved Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase inhibitors, ouabain and digoxin, were identified as having robust efficiency against JEV infection with the selectivity indexes over 1,000. The results indicated that ouabain and digoxin blocked the JEV infection at the replication stage by targeting the Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase. Furthermore, it was proven that ouabain significantly reduced the morbidity and mortality caused by JEV in a BALB/c mouse model. This work demonstrated that Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase could serve as the target of treatment of JEV infection, and ouabain has the potential to be developed as an effective anti-JEV drug.
3-Quinolinecarboxamides. A series of novel orally-active antiherpetic agents (1993)

A series of novel 3-quinolinecarboxamides that are structurally similar to the quinolone class of antibacterial agents possess excellent antiherpetic properties. By modifying the quinoline ring at the 1-, 2-, 3-, and 7-positions, analogues were identified that have up to 5-fold increased HSV-2 plaque-reduction potency relative to acyclovir. In a single-dose mouse model of infection, one of the most potent derivatives in vitro, 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(4-pyridinyl)-3-quinolinecarbo xamide (97), displayed comparable oral antiherpetic efficacy to acyclovir at 1/16 the dose; in a multiple-dose regimen, however, 97 was 2-fold less potent. In mice dosed orally with 97, sustained plasma drug levels were evident that may account for the high efficacy observed. The molecular mechanism of action of these agents is not known; however, based on in vitro studies with acyclovir resistant mutants, it is likely that the mechanism differs from that of acyclovir. In vitro plaque-reduction potency was not generally predictive of oral efficacy in mice. An X-ray crystal structure of 97 corroborated the assignment of structure and provided useful insights as to the effect of conformation on plaque-reduction potency.
Influence of Composition and Texture on the Failure Properties of Clastic Rocks (1994)

Abstract New relationships are identified between the composition and texture of clastic rocks and their Coulomb failure parameters, unconfined compressive strength and friction angle. Rocks examined in this study have porosities that vary from 0% to 40% and the volume fraction of clay minerals varies from 0% to 72%. Results show that unconfined compressive strength depends on porosity, clay content and the degree of cementation. Young's modulus was found to be a better indicator of unconfined compressive strength than porosity. Friction angle depends on porosity, clay content and effective confining pressure. These results indicate that measurements of porosity, clay content, cementation and in-situ stress are required to evaluate strength variations among rocks typically encountered in a single well.
Information theoretic framework of trust modeling and evaluation for ad hoc networks (2006)

The performance of ad hoc networks depends on cooperation and trust among distributed nodes. To enhance security in ad hoc networks, it is important to evaluate trustworthiness of other nodes without centralized authorities. In this paper, we present an information theoretic framework to quantitatively measure trust and model trust propagation in ad hoc networks. In the proposed framework, trust is a measure of uncertainty with its value represented by entropy. We develop four Axioms that address the basic understanding of trust and the rules for trust propagation. Based on these axioms, we present two trust models: entropy-based model and probability-based model, which satisfy all the axioms. Techniques of trust establishment and trust update are presented to obtain trust values from observation. The proposed trust evaluation method and trust models are employed in ad hoc networks for secure ad hoc routing and malicious node detection. A distributed scheme is designed to acquire, maintain, and update trust records associated with the behaviors of nodes' forwarding packets and the behaviors of making recommendations about other nodes. Simulations show that the proposed trust evaluation system can significantly improve the network throughput as well as effectively detect malicious behaviors in ad hoc networks.
Segmented handwritten text recognition with recurrent neural network classifiers (2015)

Recognition of handwritten text is a useful technique that can be applied in different applications, such as signature recognition, bank check recognition, etc. However, the off-line handwritten text recognition in an unconstrained situation is still a very challenging task due to the high complexity of text strokes and image background. This paper presents a novel segmented handwritten text recognition technique that ensembles recurrent neural network (RNN) classifiers. Two RNN models are first trained that take advantage of the widely used geometrical feature and the Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG) feature, respectively. Given a handwritten word image, the optimal recognition result is then obtained by integrating the two trained RNN models together with a lexicon. Experiments on public datasets show the superior performance of our proposed technique.
Correcting for water-column variations (2009)

Marine surveys are acquired as a collection of independent sail lines that can be shot days, months, and (in the case of 4D) years apart. Even when the acquisition is well managed (for example, source and receiver positions can be accurately defined for coverage in 3D or for repeatability in 4D), one key element cannot be controlled: the properties of the water column that can change significantly during the course of the acquisition.
Capillary electrophoresis based immunoassays: A critical review (1997)

The purpose of this article is to review and evaluate the uses and potentials of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in immunoassay analysis (IA). This review will be divided into four sections. First, a brief summary of the fundamentals, applications and requirements of immunoassays in both research and clinical diagnostics will be given. This section will also cover the rationale behind the current research to combine CE and IA. Also, the specific needs to CE in this field will be addressed. Second, the modes of use of CE in IA will be discussed and typical applications for each will be given. Third, a separate section will be devoted to the investigation of performing immunoassays on micro fabricated devices, an interesting alternative to the conventional capillary-based approach. Finally, a critical assessment of the current status and merits of this technology will be presented.
Wireless power at a distance is still far away [Electrons Unplugged (2010)

This article talks about the transmission of power without the wires.
Preparation of Oxygen-Containing Pt and Pt Oxide Thin Films by Reactive Sputtering and Their Characterization (1998)

Oxygen-containing Pt and Pt oxide thin films were prepared by reactive sputtering in Ar and O 2 gas atmosphere and effects of oxygen flow ratio on crystallinity, chemical bonding state and resistivity were studied. Polycrystalline oxygen-containing Pt and amorphous Pt oxide thin films were obtained at O 2 flow ratios below 20% and above 30%, respectively. It is confirmed that these films are composed of the mixture of Pt, PtO and PtO 2 and the oxygen content in these films increases with an increase in the O 2 flow ratio. Though PtO x films with x ≤0.6 show low resistivity with metallic conduction, those with higher oxygen content show semiconducting characteristics and their resistivity increases with increasing oxygen content.
Inflammatory bowel disease: new insights into pathogenesis and treatment (2002)

Despite all the advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we do not know the cause. Some of the most recently available data have been discussed here and yet it is now becoming increasingly accepted that immunogenetics play an important role in the predisposition, modulation, and perpetuation of IBD. The mucosal immune system is the central effector of intestinal inflammation and injury, with cytokines playing a central role in modulating inflammation. The role of intestinal milium, and enteric flora in particular, appears to be of greater significance than previously held. A review is made of the main areas of research exploring the mechanisms more intimately associated with the development of IBD, providing advances in the agents currently used, and identifying a host of new therapeutic agents potentially interacting with or interrupting specific targets in the genesis of IBD.
Steroids in Germfree and Conventional Rats (1968)

Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry has been used to identify nine C 19 and six C 21 steroids in faeces from conventional rats. The compounds characterized were: 3β‐hydroxyandrost‐5‐en‐17‐one; 3α,11β‐dihydroxy‐ and 3α,7α‐dihydroxy‐5α‐androstan‐17‐one; 5α‐androstane‐3α,7α,17β‐triol; 5α‐androstane‐3α,15α,17β‐triol; 3α(and 3β),19‐dihydroxy‐5α‐androstan‐17‐one; 5α‐androstane‐3α(and 3β),17β‐diol; 3α(and 3β),16α‐dihydroxy‐5α‐pregnan‐20‐one; 3α(and 3β),15α‐dihydroxy‐5α‐pregnan‐20‐one and 3α(and 3β),19‐dihydroxy‐5α‐pregnan‐20‐one. Their chromatographic behaviour and ready solvolysis in ethyl acetate acidified with sulphuric acid indicate that the steroids were present in faeces as monosulphates. These findings are discussed in relation to the results obtained from analyses of steroids in faeces from germfree rats.
Continuous anti-aliased rotation and zoom of raster images (1980)

Raster graphics images are difficult to smoothly rotate and zoom because of geometric digitization error. A new algorithm is presented for continuous rotation and zoom, free from the disturbing aliasing artifacts introduced by traditional methods. Applications include smooth animation. No matrix multiplication of pixel coordinates is executed. Instead row and column parallel operations which resemble local digital filters are used. This suggests real time implementation with simple hardware. Anti-aliasing is inherent in the algorithm which operates solely on pixel data, not the underlying geometric structures whose images the pixels may depict. Zoom magnification is achieved without replicating pixels and is easily attained for any rational scale factor including but not restricted to the integer values which most existing commercial raster graphics systems use. The algorithm is based on a digitized code for lines on rasters, generalized to an interpolation scheme capable of executing all linear geometric transformations. Samples of images which have been rotated and zoomed by a software implementation of the algorithm are presented.
Total Synthesis of the Cyclic Heptapeptide Argyrin B:  A New Potent Inhibitor of T-Cell Independent Antibody Formation (2002)

[structure: see text] The total synthesis of Argyrin B (1) is presented using a synthetic plan that is convergent and flexible and conserves the stereogenic centers. The unusual amino acid 4-methoxy tryptophan (6) was obtained via an enzymatic resolution. Cyclization followed by oxidative elimination of the phenylseleno cysteine to the sensitive dehydroalanine afforded synthetic 1.
Route optimization for multiple searchers (2010)

Abstract We consider a discrete time‐and‐space route‐optimization problem across a finite time horizon in which multiple searchers seek to detect one or more probabilistically moving targets. This article formulates a novel convex mixed‐integer nonlinear program for this problem that generalizes earlier models to situations with multiple targets, searcher deconfliction, and target‐ and location‐dependent search effectiveness. We present two solution approaches, one based on the cutting‐plane method and the other on linearization. These approaches result in the first practical exact algorithms for solving this important problem, which arises broadly in military, rescue, law enforcement, and border patrol operations. The cutting‐plane approach solves many realistically sized problem instances in a few minutes, while existing branch‐and‐bound algorithms fail. A specialized cut improves solution time by 50[percnt] in difficult problem instances. The approach based on linearization, which is applicable in important special cases, may further reduce solution time with one or two orders of magnitude. The solution time for the cutting‐plane approach tends to remain constant as the number of searchers grows. In part, then, we overcome the difficulty that earlier solution methods have with many searchers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2010
A Blocker Filtering Technique for SAW-Less Wireless Receivers (2007)

An active filtering technique to remove the out-of-band blockers in wireless receivers is presented. The circuit employs a feed-forward filtering path to produce an arbitrarily narrow frequency response in the low-noise amplifier (LNA), eliminating the need for an external surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter at the receiver front-end. The required notch filtering in the feed-forward path is realized through a receiver translational loop, driven by the same local oscillator (LO) signals used in the main receiver. For the proof of concept, a prototype amplifier in 65 nm standard CMOS, intended for Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) applications, is implemented. When the filtering is enabled, the amplifier 3-dB bandwidth reduces from 220 MHz to about 4.5 MHz, and a stop-band rejection of over 21 dB is achieved.
Nonpolarizing edge filters (1981)

Multiple half-wave filters can be detuned to provide a nonpolarizing edge at a specific angle of incidence. For the case of quarter-wave layers, an analytic expression for the necessary amount of detuning can be derived. For non-quarter-wave layers, a more empirical design approach is used. The resulting two-material producible designs improve current limitations in wavelength-division multiplex transmission over multimode optical fibers.
Policy-driven licensing model for component software (2004)

Today, it is almost inevitable that software is licensed, rather than sold outright. As a part of the licensing policy, some protection mechanisms, whether hardware, legal or code-based, are invariably built into the license. The application of such mechanisms has primarily been in the realm of off-the-shelf, packaged, consumer software. However, as component-based software gradually becomes mainstream in software development, new component-oriented licensing systems are required. We propose an enterprise component licensing model for the management of software component licenses. The model provides a comprehensive license management framework allowing for extensibility and flexibility. Furthermore, we identify differences between standalone software and component software, describe a high level model for policy-driven component licensing, and discuss both the benefits and drawbacks of the enterprise component licensing model for the management of software component licenses.