gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Generating test cases for real-time software by time Petri nets model (2003)

During the execution of real-time software, a sequence of events due to time takes place between the concurrent process. Because of the unpredictability of concurrent processes, multiple executions of real-time software with the same test cases may produce different results. This nondeterministic execution behavior always creates problems in real-time software testing. This paper explores real-time software testing, which combines decomposition of Petri net model with expansion of its time criterion. It includes (1) guideline of how to handle the nondeterministic properties of real-time systems using time Petri nets model, (2) the rules of how to decompose the Petri net model into independent segment groups, and (3) the way test cases are generated using independent segment group and time variation methods.
Immune Network Theory (1989)

Theoretical ideas have played a profound role in the development of idiotypic network theory. Mathematical models can help in the precise translation of speculative ideas into quantitative predictions. They can also help establish general principles and frameworks for thinking. Using the idea of shape space, criteria were introduced for evaluating the completeness and overlap in the antibody repertoire. Thinking about the distribution of clones in shape space naturally leads to considerations of stability and controllability. An immune system which is too stable will be sluggish and unresponsive to antigenic challenge; one which is unstable will be driven into immense activity by internal fluctuations. This led us to postulate that the immune system should be stable but not too stable. In many biological contexts the development of pattern requires both activation and inhibition but on different spatial scales. Similar ideas can be applied to shape space. The principle of short-range activation and long-range inhibition translates into specific activation and less specific inhibition. Application of this principle in model immune systems can lead to the stable maintenance of non-uniform distributions of clones in shape space. Thus clones which are useful and recognize antigen or internal images of antigen can be maintained at high population levels whereas less useful clones can be maintained at lower population levels. Pattern in shape space is a minimal requirement for a model. Learning and memory correspond to the development and maintenance of particular patterns in shape space. Representing antibodies by binary strings allows one to develop models in which the binary string acts as a tag for a specific molecule or clone. Thus models with huge numbers of cells and molecules can be developed and analyzed using computers. Using parallel computers or finite state models it should soon be feasible to study model immune systems with 10(5) or more elements. Although idiotypic networks were the focus of this paper, these modeling strategies are general and apply equally well to non-idiotypic models. Using bit string or geometric models of antibody combining sites, the affinity of interaction between any two molecules, and hence the connections in a model idiotypic network, can be determined. This approach leads to the prediction of a phase transition in the structure of idiotypic networks. On one side of the transition networks are small localized structures much as might be predicted by clonal selection and circuit ideas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Activation of the Liver X Receptor Prevents Lipopolysaccharide-induced Lung Injury (2009)

The liver X receptors (LXRs) have been known as sterol sensors that impact cholesterol and lipid homeostasis, as well as inflammation. Although the hepatic functions of LXRs are well documented, whether and how LXRs play a pathophysiological role in the lung remain largely unknown. Here we show that LXRalpha and LXRbeta are expressed in both type I and type II mouse lung epithelial cells, as well as in human lung cancer cells. To study the role of LXRalpha in vivo including the pulmonary function of this LXR isoform, we created LXRalpha knock-in (LXR-KI) mice in which a constitutively activated LXRalpha (VP-LXRalpha) was inserted into the mouse LXRalpha locus. We show that activation of LXR in LXR-KI mice or LXR agonist-treated wild type mice induced pulmonary expression of genes encoding multiple antioxidant enzymes. Consistent with the induction of antioxidant enzymes, LXR-KI mice and LXR ligand-treated wild type mice showed a substantial resistance to lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury and decreased production of reactive oxygen species. In summary, we have uncovered a novel role of LXR in regulating antioxidant enzymes in the lung and the implication of this regulation in pulmonary tissue protection.
Critical Evaluation of Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) by NanoSight for the Measurement of Nanoparticles and Protein Aggregates (2010)

NTA is a powerful characterization technique that complements DLS and is particularly valuable for analyzing polydisperse nanosized particles and protein aggregates.
Cobalt Ultrathin Film Catalyzed Ethanol Chemical Vapor Deposition of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2006)

We report a simple and efficient chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process that can grow oriented and long single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) using a cobalt ultrathin film ( approximately 1 nm) as the catalyst and ethanol as carbon feedstock. In the process, millimeter- to centimeter-long, oriented and high-quality SWNTs can grow horizontally on various flat substrate surfaces, traverse slits as large as hundreds of micrometers wide, or grow over vertical barriers as high as 20 microm. Such observations demonstrate that the carbon nanotubes are suspended in the gas flow during the growth. The trace amount of self-contained water (0.2-5 wt %) in ethanol may act as a mild oxidizer to clean the nanotubes and to elongate the lifetime of the catalysts, but no yield improvement was observed at the CVD temperature of 850 degrees C. We found that tilting the substrates supporting the Co ultrathin film catalysts can grow more, longer carbon nanotubes. A mechanism is discussed for the growth of long SWNTs.
Human gait and posture analysis for diagnosing neurological disorders (2000)

This paper describes a number of new techniques to enhance the performance of a video analysis system, free from motion markers and complicated setup procedures, for the purpose of quantitatively identifying gait abnormalities in static human posture analysis. Visual features are determined from still frame images out of the entire walking sequence. The features are used as a guide to train a neural network, in an attempt to providing assistance to clinicians in diagnosing patients with neurological disorders.
Microstamping of freestanding bipolymer features (2001)

Microscale bipolymer features have been fabricated by microstamping. Rigid silicon stamps with microwells as small as 40 fl in volume were used. Bipolymer columns, 2 μm by 2 μm in cross section and 10 μm tall, were stamped from these small microwells. The top 1.5 μm of each column was made of polyetherimide with the remaining 8.5 μm being made from an ethyl cyanoacrylate. The ability to accurately fabricate microscale features consisting of more than one polymer has many potential uses. As an example, the potential use of bipolymer features in nerve guides is discussed.
Charge retention of MNOS devices limited by Frenkel-Poole detrapping (1978)

A simple analytical expression is derived for charge retention in MNOS memory devices assuming that retention loss is limited by Frenkel-Poole release from monoenergetic traps. This model shows that charge retention becomes eventually independent of the initial charge distribution. Experimental data obtained at elevated temperatures confirm this model and provide a trap depth of 1.5 eV, Frenkel-Poole coefficient of about 6×10−4 cm1/2 V−1/2 eV, and effective escape attempt rate factor of 1.2×108 sec−1.
Endogenous anxiogenic peptide, ODN-diazepam-binding inhibitor, and benzodiazepines enhance the production of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by human monocytes. (1991)

Benzodiazepines (BZD) have been described to interact with specific peripheral-type receptors on phagocytes. The present study demonstrates that pico- to nanomolar concentrations of BZD compounds enhance the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) by human monocytes, as determined by specific immunoreactive and biological assays for these cytokines. BZD remained ineffective in the absence of LPS. The activity of BZD was restricted to peripheral (Ro 5-4864) and mixed (diazepam, Valium) type ligands, while anxiogenic (beta-carbolines) or anxiolytic (clonazepam) central type ligands had no effect. Interestingly, peptide fragments of the endogenous anxiogenic ligand diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI), such as octadecaneuropeptide (ODN-DBI) and the octaneuropeptide corresponding to its COOH-terminal sequence, very efficiently modulated the LPS-induced production of both monokines. Similar results were obtained directly within whole blood samples. These results indicate that widely prescribed pharmacological compounds and endogenous anxiety modulators affect molecular mediators of human host defense mechanisms and inflammatory reactions.
Cycloadditionsreaktionen von Heterokumulenen, XXIII. Stickstoffhaltige Fünfring‐Heterocyclen aus Carbodiimiden oder Keteniminen mit 3‐Dimethylamino‐2 <i>H</i>‐azirinen (1981)

Abstract In Abhängigkeit von den Substituenten bewirken Carbodiimide 1 1,2‐ oder 1,3‐Ringöffnung der Aminoazirine 2 ; die Alkyl(sulfonyl)carbodiimide 1b‐d können dabei über beide C  N‐Bindungen in die Cycloaddition eintreten. So bilden sich ausgehend von Diphenylcarbodiimid ( 1a ) oder von den Sulfonylcarbodiimiden 1c, d unter C  N‐Spaltung von 2 Zwitterionen 5 , deren Reduktion, Hydrolyse, Thiolyse oder Aminolyse die Imidazolidine 7‐9 und 15 liefern. Mit Methyliodid werden 5a, b unspezifisch entweder am endo ‐ oder am exo ‐cyclischen Stickstoff des Anionteils alkyliert. In der Reaktion von 1c und d mit 2 konkurriert die 1,2‐ mit der 1,3‐Bindungsspaltung und führt zu den Acrylamidin‐Derivaten 17d‐g sowie den Imidazolinen 18d, 19c . Beim Mesyl(methyl)carbodiimid ( 1b ) wird ausschließlich 1,2‐Ringöffnung beobachtet und ergibt 17a‐c neben 19a, b . Auch für die Cycloaddition der Ketenimine 23a, b mit dem Azirin 2b läßt sich nur 1,2‐Bindungsspaltung zu den Pyrrolinen 26a, b bzw. den Imidazol‐Derivaten 28 nach‐weisen.
MMIC-oscillator designs for ultra low phase noise (2005)

Various balanced VCO-topologies like cross-connected (negative gm), coupled cross-connected, coupled Colpitt and Clapp oscillators, all with a fully integrated tank are reported. In this study, different MMIC/RFIC technologies such as SiGe HBT, InGaP-GaAs-HBT, PHEMT, MHEMT, and CMOS are represented and parameters such as phase-noise, output power, dc-power consumption, and tuning range are compared. All oscillators are designed for low phase noise. Low phase noise can be achieved by CMOS, PHEMT and MHEMT technologies although SiGe and InGaP-GaAs HBT based oscillators have demonstrated the lowest phase noise. Both fundamental and second harmonic VCOs are represented in the evaluation.
Multi-level placement for large-scale mixed-size IC designs (2003)

In this paper we study the large-scale mixed-size placement problem where there is a significant size variation between big and small placeable objects (the ratio can be as large as 10,000). We develop a multi-level optimization algorithm, MPGMS, for this problem which can efficiently handle both large-scale designs and large size variations. Compared with the recently published work [1] on large-scale mixed macro and standard cell placement benchmarks for wirelength minimization, our method can achieve 13% wirelength reduction on average with comparable runtime.
Introduction: Partnerships and New Alliances (2011)

As we go to press, Greece is poised on the brink, yet again it seems, of defaulting on its massive debt, with predictions and fears of local, regional, and perhaps ultimately global dire consequences. The interconnectedness of economies around the globe has come into sharp focus as the prospects of financial crisis, perhaps even collapse, in the eurozone threatens to drag down the weak economic recovery in the United States, and adversely affect Asian economic stability. The past few years have shown all too clearly that globalization has a very real downside. Yet we hope to avoid a major crisis, maintain our struggling economies, and grow to greater prosperity through globalization as well. Isolationism is not an option. International fi nancial soundness and increased global trade are a large part of the solution. Business partners need to understand each other’s business practices, and also the indigenous languages and cultures of the business community around the world. That is simply good business, and the stakes have never been so high. Again this year, we are pleased to present articles that examine a great variety of topics and cultures, reflecting the global connections of business and the business languages that support international commerce.
Synthesis and analgesic activity of pemedolac [cis-1-ethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-4-(phenylmethyl)pyrano[3,4-b]indole-1-acetic acid] (1988)

The synthesis of cis-1-ethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-4-(phenylmethyl)pyrano[3,4-b]indole -1-acetic acid, pemedolac (USAN), is described. This compound has been found to be a potent analgesic agent in primary screening. Pemedolac has been resolved and the active (+)-enantiomer assigned a 1S,4R absolute configuration on the basis of a crystallographic analysis of its (S)-(-)-borneol ester.
On the complexity of computing tests for CMOS gates (1989)

The following problems pertinent to testing CMOS gates are considered. CTSOF: the problem of computing a two-pattern test sequence that detects the fault 'T Stuck-Open' given a CMOS gate G and an FET T in G. CTSAF: the problem of computing an input vector that detects the fault in which the output of G is stuck at a given a CMOS gate G and a constant a epsilon (0, 1). It is shown that bounded degree fanout (bounded by 2) in unate CMOS gates is enough to make CTSOF CoNP-hard, CTSOF is harder than CTSAF, and an upper bound on the complexity of both CTSOF and CTSAF is O(2/sup f/*m), where f is the number of fanout variables and m is the number of FETs in the CMOS gate. It is also shown that there exists a CMOS gate realization of Boolean functions named BC-CMOS circuits such that for every Boolean function there exists a BC-CMOS circuit, there exists a linear time algorithm for both CTSOF and CTSAF for BC-CMOS circuits, and CMOS gates derived from Boolean expressions using Shannon's expansion are BC-CMOS circuits.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Hungary: Amended Church Law Remains at Variance with OSCE Standards and the European Convention on Human Rights (2015)

The statement was submitted by FOREF (Forum for Religious Freedom Europe) at the 2015 OSCE Human Dimension Implementation meeting held this past September in Warsaw, Poland. The statement calls attention to continuing concerns with the state of religious freedom in Hungary. As readers of OPREE will most likely recall, Hungary's anti-liberal government, led by Viktor Orbán, introduced a law on the "legal status of churches" in 2011 which, among other things, stripped numerous minority religious groups of legal status. In 2014 the European Court of Human Rights found that, in implementing this new law, Hungary had violated the right of religious freedom as protected in the European Convention on Human Rights. Those who observe Hungarian affairs have been waiting since that decision for the government's response. Finally, in September 2015, the Ministry of Justice released a new draft of the law on church status. The statement below from FOREF is one of the first expert analyses of the draft bill to be made public. According to FOREF, the new bill would largely repackage the old law, preserving its most problematic provisions. Should the bill become law, one can expect further legal challenges before the European court in Strasbourg.
Production of Xylitol from <scp>d</scp> -Xylose by a Xylitol Dehydrogenase Gene-Disrupted Mutant of <i>Candida tropicalis</i> (2006)

Xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) is one of the key enzymes in d-xylose metabolism, catalyzing the oxidation of xylitol to d-xylulose. Two copies of the XYL2 gene encoding XDH in the diploid yeast Candida tropicalis were sequentially disrupted using the Ura-blasting method. The XYL2-disrupted mutant, BSXDH-3, did not grow on a minimal medium containing d-xylose as a sole carbon source. An enzyme assay experiment indicated that BSXDH-3 lost apparently all XDH activity. Xylitol production by BSXDH-3 was evaluated using a xylitol fermentation medium with glucose as a cosubstrate. As glucose was found to be an insufficient cosubstrate, various carbon sources were screened for efficient cofactor regeneration, and glycerol was found to be the best cosubstrate. BSXDH-3 produced xylitol with a volumetric productivity of 3.23 g liter(-1) h(-1), a specific productivity of 0.76 g g(-1) h(-1), and a xylitol yield of 98%. This is the first report of gene disruption of C. tropicalis for enhancing the efficiency of xylitol production.
5‐<i>Enol</i>pyruvylshikimate‐3‐phosphate synthase of <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (1984)

The broad-spectrum, non-selective herbicide glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] is a potent inhibitor of highly purified 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase, EC 2.5.1.19) of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The inhibition is competitive with phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) with Ki = 1 microM at pH 6.8 and non-competitive with shikimate 3-phosphate, EPSP, and inorganic phosphate. Non-herbicidal analogues of glyphosate, such as aminomethylphosphonic acid, bis-N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine and iminodiacetic acid, do not inhibit the enzyme. Inhibition of EPSP synthase by glyphosate strongly increases with increasing pH. Glyphosate protects the enzyme against inactivation by phenylglyoxal, 3-bromopyruvate, and N-ethylmaleimide. It is proposed that glyphosate binds to the PEP-binding site of EPSP synthase as a transition-state analogue of PEP. Other PEP-utilizing enzymes were not found to be subject to inhibition by glyphosate.
Identification of a New Aspartic Proteinase Expressed by the Outer Chorionic Cell Layer of the Equine Placenta1 (1999)

The pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) are placental antigens that were initially characterized as pregnancy markers in the maternal circulation of domestic ruminant species. They are members of the aspartic proteinase gene family, having greatest sequence identity with pepsinogens. However, some are not capable of functioning as enzymes. The PAGs are associated with a large gene family within the Artiodactyla order (cattle, camels, pigs). So far, no members of this family have been characterized in species outside this order. This report describes the cloning and initial characterization of a PAG-like protein (equine PAG or ePAG) expressed in the placenta of the horse and zebra (order Perrisodactyla). Equine PAG is a proteinase capable of degrading 14C-hemoglobin and catalyzing the removal of its own pro-peptide. The ePAG mRNA is restricted to the chorion both prior to implantation and in the term placenta. Equine PAG is secreted from cultured placental tissue as both a processed (mature) and unprocessed (zymogen) form. Equine PAG shares similar identity with the PAGs and pepsinogens and probably arose from a pepsinogen-like precursor that gained the ability to be expressed in the placenta. The promoter of the ePAG gene shares sequence identity with the promoter from a bovine PAG gene but not with promoters of other aspartic proteinases. Therefore, we hypothesize that ePAG is a remnant of the pepsinogen-like progenitor gene that was expanded within the Artiodactyla to create the large and highly diverse PAG family.
Distraction Osteogenesis Enhanced by Osteoblastlike Cells and Collagen Gel (2002)

Femoral distraction was done in rats to determine whether the injection of osteoblastlike cells with collagen gel into the distracted callus was useful for new bone formation. The cells were obtained from the femoral marrow of Sprague-Dawley rats and cultured for approximately 3 weeks. These rats were divided into four groups. The rats in Group A received injections of physiologic saline, those in Group B received injections of collagen gel, those in Group C received injections of cells, and those in Group D received injections containing a mixture of cells and collagen gel. The distracted areas were harvested and evaluated by histologic analysis, radiography, three-point bending testing, and the weight of femoral ash. Histologic evaluation did not show an immunoreaction between the donor and recipient. Radiographs showed that Group D had the most callus, and the fracture strength in this group as determined by the three-point bending test was higher than in Group A at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after elongation was completed. Group D showed a significant difference in the ash weight of the distracted femurs at 2 weeks. The current study showed that osteoblastlike cells with collagen gel promoted new bone formation in the distracted gap, and shortened the consolidation period.
Deep europium-bound exciton in a ZnS lattice (1990)

Eu-related recombination processes in ZnS are discussed on the basis of electron-spin-resonance (ESR) and optical studies. The absence of any ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{2+}$ and/or ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}$ intra-ion emissions is explained as a consequence of the midgap position of ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{2+}$ in ZnS. A new Eu-related infrared emission is observed and attributed to a bound-exciton (BE) recombination. In the Eu-bound exciton the hole is strongly localized on the 4f shell of Eu, whereas the electron is either delocalized on the 12 nearest-neighbor Zn-cation sites (for isolated Eu) or trapped at a compensating ion (for Eu complexes). The BE dissociation energy is determined to be about 10 meV.
Identification and enumeration of bacteria assimilating dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in the North Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico (2004)

The algal‐derived compound dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), which is the precursor of the climatically active gas dimethylsulfide, is potentially an important source of carbon and sulfur to marine bacterioplankton. Currently, bacteria of the Roseobacter clade, a subgroup of ά;‐proteobacteria, are hypothesized to be the key participants in the metabolism of DMSP. To test this hypothesis, we used a combination of microautoradiography and fluorescence in situ hybridization (Micro‐FISH) to identify the bacteria assimilating 35 S DMSP in the Gulf of Mexico, the Gulf of Maine, and the Sargasso Sea. On average, half of the bacterial community assimilated DMSP in these environments. Members of the ά‐proteobacteria dominated DMSP assimilation, accounting for 35–40% of bacteria assimilating DMSP. Cytophaga ‐like bacteria andγ‐proteobacteria each accounted for 15–30% of DMSP‐assimilating cells. The ά‐proteobacteria accounted for a greater fraction of the DMSP‐assimilating community than expected based on their overall abundance, whereas Cytophaga ‐like bacteria were typically underrepresented in the DMSP‐assimilating community. Members of the Roseobacter clade assimilated more DMSP on a per‐cell basis than any other group, but they did not account for most of the DMSP assimilation, nor were they always present even when DMSP turnover was high. These results indicate that the biogeochemical flux of dissolved DMSP is mediated by a large and diverse group of heterotrophic bacteria.