gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The synthesis of the simplest meliacins (limonoids) from tetranortirucallane triterpenoids containing a β-substituted furyl side-chain (1969)

J. G. St. C. Buchanan and T. G. Halsall, J. Chem. Soc. D, 1969, 242 DOI: 10.1039/C29690000242
Surface Organometallic Chemistry on Metals:  Formation of a Stable ⋮Sn(<i>n</i>-C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>9</sub>) Fragment as a Precursor of Surface Alloy Obtained by Stepwise Hydrogenolysis of Sn(<i>n</i>-C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>9</sub>)<sub>4</sub> on a Platinum Particle Supported on Silica (1998)

Selective hydrogenolysis of Sn(n-C4H9)4 on a Pt/SiO2 catalyst has been carried out at various temperatures and coverages of the metallic surface to prepare via surface organometallic chemistry a well-defined class of bimetallic catalysts. The stoichiometry and kinetics of the reaction was followed by the careful analysis of reagents and products, including extraction of unreacted reagents, and elemental analysis of the samples. The various surface species formed were characterized by electron microscopy (CTEM and TEM EDAX) and EXAFS analysis. Possible structures of the surface organometallic fragments were considered using molecular modeling. At 50 °C, the hydrogenolysis reaction occurs selectively on the platinum surface with exclusive evolution of n-butane. There is first formation of a Sn(n-C4H9)3 fragment grafted on the platinum particle which undergoes a stepwise cleavage of two tin−carbon σ-bonds to form a stable Pt−Sn(n-C4H9) fragment. Regardless of the reaction time, surface coverage, or loading, the number of grafted butyl fragments per platinum is never greater than unity, that is to say that when Sn(n-C4H9)3 is formed the platinum coverage by tin is 0.3 whereas when Sn(n-C4H9) is formed the platinum coverage is closer to 1. It is therefore suggested that the surface composition is governed by the bulkiness of the alkyl chains which are “close packed” on the surface. At 100 °C, the reaction takes place both on the platinum and the silica surface. On the platinum surface, the same fragments (namely Sn(n-C4H9)3, Sn(n-C4H9)2, and Sn(n-C4H9)) were identified, but simultaneously on the silica surface, the well-described ⋮SiOSn(n-C4H9)3 species was also formed. Thermal treatment under hydrogen of Pts−Sn(n-C4H9) lead to alkyl-free tin atoms which are located at the periphery of the particle as evidenced by Sn K edge EXAFS (Pt−Sn distance of 2.75 Å with a coordination number of ca. 4). Even if the organotin fragments are grafted with a coverage of unity, after their complete hydrogenolysis at 300 °C, about 40% of the platinum is still accessible to H2 chemisorption. This could be explained by the increase of the particle diameter (+0.5 Å) which prevents a close packing of the tin atoms around the particle and leaves some platinum atoms still accessible to the hydrogen. After treatment of the catalyst at higher temperatures, typically 500 °C, the structure of the catalyst is slightly changed since the tin atoms migrate into the first monolayer of the particle, as evidenced by a significant increase of the tin coordination number (ca. 4.4−5.6) as determined by EXAFS. Hypothetical surface structures have been proposed on the basis of molecular modeling of platinum particles covered by various surface organotin fragments.
Non-chronological scheduling (2002)

A nonchronological scheduling approach used to develop powerful, generic scheduling capabilities that can be used in the implementation of a broad spectrum of space shuttle and space station scheduling applications is discussed. It is shown that reliance on chronological (simulation-based) scheduling methods may fail to satisfy important requirements or may result in exceptionally complex software. Nonchronological scheduling methods satisfy major requirements and provide a unified approach to the resolution of constraints and requirements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Automatic generation of assertions for formal verification of PowerPC microprocessor arrays using symbolic trajectory evaluation (1998)

For verifying complex sequen tialbloc ks such as microprocessor embedded arrays, the formal method of symbolic trajectory ev aluation (STE) has achieved great success in the past [[3], [5], [6]]. P ast STE methodology for arrays requires manual creation of “assertions” to which both the RTL view and the actual design should be equivalent. In this paper, w e describe a novel method to automate the assertion creation process which improves the efficiency and the quality of array verification. Encouraging results on recent P owerPC arrays will be presented.
Low-complexity video encoding for UAV reconnaissance and surveillance (2011)

Most video compression schemes like H.264/AVC have a high-complexity encoder with a block motion estimation (ME) engine and a low-complexity decoder. However, applications such as unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) reconnaissance and surveillance require low-complexity video encoders. Furthermore, in such applications, the majority of the motion in the video sequences is due to the movement of the UAV and the camera mounts which is known. Motivated by this, we propose and investigate a low-complexity encoder with global motion compensation and spectral entropy based bit allocation, but without block ME. The spectral entropy based bit allocation exploits latency to look ahead at data before choosing and coding the coefficients most important for retaining signal fidelity. We show that the proposed encoder achieves better quality at lower bit rates with lower quality variation than that of the H.264 encoder with ME block size restricted to 8×8 for videos typical of UAV flyovers. Compared to the H.264 encoder with 8×8 ME blocks, the proposed encoder requires fewer computations and memory accesses.
Enabling the 45nm node by hyper-NA polarized lithography (2006)

The introduction of immersion step and scan systems has opened the road for hyper-NA lenses (NA > 1). At these NA's polarization control becomes a key parameter in imaging. Application of polarized illumination leads to an increase of contrast and exposure latitude. The resulting resolution enhancement offered by polarized illumination enables 45nm node lithography with an ArF, NA=1.2 system. Hyper-NA systems utilizing polarized illumination must be fully compatible with all requirements for a volume production tool: maintaining imaging performance at full throughput, overlay and focus control; flexibility and ease-of-use are essential features. Adequate polarization control is realized by employing polarization-preserving optics, and by automated in-line metrology to optimize the system for any selected polarization state. In this paper we address the improvements of polarization for the 65nm and 45nm imaging node applications. Experimental results describing the imaging effects while using polarized illumination on high-NA (NA=0.93) and hyper-NA (NA=1.2) exposure tools will be shown. These data will also be compared to simulations. In addition, this paper includes a short section that deals with the issues of reticle birefringence. Finally, system control and in-line metrology under high-volume production conditions will be discussed.
Philosophy in literature (1992)

This study examines several traditional philosophical problems as they are presented in works of literature and cinema. Instead of reading through dry, classical discourse, the book examines the same philosophical topics in dramatic settings. Works include Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass and The Hunting of the Snark, Michelangelo Antonioni's Blow-Up, and Joseph Heller's Catch-22.
Multiresolution tomographic reconstruction using wavelets (2002)

We show how the separable two-dimensional wavelet representation leads naturally to an efficient multiresolution tomographic reconstruction algorithm. This algorithm is similar to the conventional filtered backprojection algorithm, except that the filters are now angle dependent, and the backprojection gives us the wavelet coefficients of the reconstruction, which are then used to synthesize the reconstruction at various resolution levels. By reconstructing only a small localized region at high resolution, radiation exposure and computation can be significantly reduced, compared to a standard reconstruction.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Cisplatin: a review of toxicities and therapeutic applications (2008)

Cisplatin is a platinum chemotherapeutic used in a variety of malignancies. The antineoplastic activity occurs from DNA cross-links and adducts, in addition to the generation of superoxide radicals. Nephrotoxicity is the most well-known and potentially most clinically significant toxicity. Unfortunately, the mechanism for cisplatin nephrotoxicity has not been completely elucidated; however, many theories have been developed. Other toxicities include gastrointestinal, myelosuppression, ototoxicity and neurotoxicity. Saline diuresis is currently the most accepted way to prevent cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Research has focused on pharmaceuticals and enzyme/molecular alterations as alternatives to long-term diuresis. No agents have currently been identified that can protect from all toxicities. Cisplatin has shown activity against osteosarcoma, transitional cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), melanoma, mesothelioma, carcinomatosis and germinal cell tumours in the dog. In the cat, cisplatin cannot be utilized because of fulminant pulmonary oedema that occurs at standard doses. Intralesional cisplatin has been utilized in horses for the treatment of SCC and sarcoids.
Possibility of Integrated Data Mining of Clinical Data (2007)

The CODATA&nbsp;Data Science Journal&nbsp;is a peer-reviewed, open access, electronic journal, publishing papers on the management, dissemination, use and reuse of research data and databases across all research domains, including science, technology, the humanities and the arts. The scope of the journal includes descriptions of data systems, their implementations and their publication, applications, infrastructures, software, legal, reproducibility and transparency issues, the availability and usability of complex datasets, and with a particular focus on the principles, policies and practices for open data.All data is in scope, whether born digital or converted from other sources.
Characteristics of human gastric carcinoma cell lines with induced multidrug resistance. (1998)

In contrast to intrinsic drug resistance, induced multidrug resistance in gastric cancer cells has not been well studied. Therefore, two doxorubicin-resistant cell lines, (SNU-1DOX, SNU-16DOX), were derived in vitro from gastric carcinoma cell lines (SNU-1, SNU-16) respectively, and their characteristics were investigated. These resistances were not associated with overexpression of mdrl, multidrug resistance associated protein 1 (MRP1), pi or liver class of glutathione S transferase (GST pi, GSTL), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), p53 or transglutaminase C (TGC). Levels of p21WAF1 RNA and topoisomerase II protein were decreased in the SNU-16DOX, but not in SNU-1DOX. However, the subsequent enzyme activity of topoisomerase II in SNU-16DOX was not decreased, but rather increased in SNU-16DOX. Furthermore, both resistant cell lines showed lower uptake and higher efflux of doxorubicin and induced cross-resistance to etoposide and vincristine in addition to doxorubicin, indicating a multi-drug resistance phenotype. In summary, we report two gastric carcinoma cell lines exhibiting induced multidrug resistance phenotype and suggest that mdrl, MRP1, GST, TGC, HSP70 and p53 do not play important roles in induced drug resistance in these cell lines. The role of changes in topoisomerase II activity and/or protein is still inconclusive, and p21WAF1 is associated with induced multidrug resistance in the SNU-16DOX gastric carcinoma cell line.
Detecting cancer biomarkers in blood: challenges for new molecular diagnostic and point-of-care tests using cell-free nucleic acids (2015)

As we move into the era of individualized cancer treatment, the need for more sophisticated cancer diagnostics has emerged. Cell-free (cf) nucleic acids (cf-DNA, cf-RNA) and other cellular nanoparticulates are now considered important and selective biomarkers. There is great hope that blood-borne cf-nucleic acids can be used for 'liquid biopsies', replacing more invasive tissue biopsies to analyze cancer mutations and monitor therapy. Conventional techniques for cf-nucleic acid biomarker isolation from blood are generally time-consuming, complicated and expensive. They require relatively large blood samples, which must be processed to serum or plasma before isolation of biomarkers can proceed. Such cumbersome sample preparation also limits the widespread use of powerful, downstream genomic analyses, including PCR and DNA sequencing. These limitations also preclude rapid, point-of-care diagnostic applications. Thus, new technologies that allow rapid isolation of biomarkers directly from blood will permit seamless sample-to-answer solutions that enable next-generation point-of-care molecular diagnostics.
Unusual sequence organization in CenB, an inverting endoglucanase from Cellulomonas fimi (1991)

The nucleotide sequence of the cenB gene was determined and used to deduce the amino acid sequence of endoglucanase B (CenB) of Cellulomonas fimi. CenB comprises 1,012 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 105,905. The polypeptide is divided by so-called linker sequences rich in proline and hydroxyamino acids into five domains: a catalytic domain of 607 amino acids at the N terminus, followed by three repeats of 98 amino acids each which are greater than 60% identical, and a C-terminal domain of 101 amino acids which is 50% identical to the cellulose-binding domains of C. fimi cellulases Cex and CenA. A deletion mutant of the cenB gene encodes a polypeptide lacking the C-terminal 333 amino acids of CenB. The truncated polypeptide is catalytically active and, like intact CenB, binds to cellulose, suggesting that CenB has a second cellulose-binding site. The sequence of amino acids 1 to 461 of CenB is 35% identical, with a further 15% similarity, to that of a cellulase from avocado, which places CenB in cellulase family E. CenB releases mostly cellobiose and cellotetraose from cellohexaose. Like CenA, CenB hydrolyzes the beta-1,4-glucosidic bond with inversion of the anomeric configuration. The pH optimum for CenB is 8.5, and that for CenA is 7.5.
Studies on the chemical nature of feeding stimulants for rainbow trout, <i>Salmo gairdneri</i> Richardson (1978)

Rainbow trout trained to operate a demand feeder showed a marked preference for a diet flavoured with a synthetic mixture of chemicals over the unfavoured diet. The gustatory feeding stimulant activity resided in the amino acid fraction and was stereospeciflc for the L‐forms. Certain mixtures of L‐amino acids were stimulatory, while the individual components of the mixtures were inactive or repellent.
Modeling Airfield Ground Lighting Systems for Narrowband Power-Line Communications (2010)

Airfield ground lighting (AGL) systems are responsible for providing visual reference to aircrafts in the airport neighborhood. In an AGL system, a large number of lamps are organized in serial circuits and connected to current regulators that supply energy to the lamps. Controlling and monitoring lamps (including detection and location of burnt-out lamps) are critical for cost-saving maintenance and operation of AGL systems. Power-line Communications (PLC) is an attractive technology to connect elements of the AGL, reusing the power distribution cable as a transmission medium. PLC technologies avoid the installation of new wires throughout the airport infrastructure. This paper proposes a new model for power-line communication links in AGL systems. Every element (isolation transformer, primary circuit cable, and lamps) has been analyzed in laboratory and modeled using SPICE. The resulting models have been integrated to build a complete power-line link model. Simulation results are compared to experimental results obtained in real conditions in the Airport of Seville (Spain).
Bringing Out the Best Features of Expression Data (2001)

Scientists are constantly classifying objects based on observation: A Drosophila geneticist sexes flies; a taxonomist sorts butterflies according to genus and species; a physician interviews patients, observing symptoms and rapidly classifying patients according to their disease, and predicting how they will respond to various therapies. The most successful patient interview is accompanied by prior knowledge of what questions to ask, and which observable variables (“features”) are most salient to the classification problem at hand. Although the process of learning salient features in biology and medicine has traditionally been based on a combination of experience, intuition, and anecdotal evidence, it has increasingly been approached from a statistical perspective. However, choosing patient features salient to diagnosis from among tens of thousands of potential features, after drawing on experience from only tens of patients, is a whole new ball game. This is the challenge facing those who seek to derive diagnostic markers from gene expression array data.
Identification of a High-Copy-Number Plasmid Suppressor of a Lethal Phenotype Caused by Mutant DnaA Protein Which Has Decreased Intrinsic ATPase Activity. (1999)

The induction of a mutant DnaA protein (DnaA E204Q) with decreased intrinsic ATPase activity in cells causes a lethal phenotype. Based on our results that the decreased ATPase activity of DnaA E204Q is activated to the level of a wild-type protein in the presence of partially purified stimulating factors for DnaA ATPase, we tested the hypothesis that genes encoding the stimulating factors can be cloned as high-copy-number plasmid suppressors for the lethality caused by DnaA E204Q. We isolated a number of high copy-number plasmids that suppress the lethal phenotype. The genes responsible for the suppression of the lethal phenotype were revealed to be dnaN, relA, pcnB and cyaA by subcloning, and a site-directed mutational analysis. The mechanisms by which these genes suppressed the lethal phenotype were examined in vivo and in vitro.
Adsorption of cationic dye onto Moroccan natural rock (2019)

This paper evaluates the ability of a natural rock found in Morocco to remove the pollutant properties of methylene blue (MB) dye. In this regard, the experiments were conceived to test the hypothesis that the rock native of the country’s region of Khenifra can be used as a new abundant adsorbent to remove cationic dyes from water through the adsorption technique in order to avoid extra cost and contribute to the valorization of this material. For this, several factors such as pH of the solution, granulometry, mass of adsorbent, initial dye concentration and stirring rate were tested. The adsorption kinetics process was tested through three models, namely, the pseudo-first-order model, pseudo-second-order model and the intraparticle diffusion model, to predict which type of adsorption is best suited in the removal of dye pollution. The batch study proves that only the granulometry (G ≤ 63µm = 91%, G ≤ 80µm = 88.4% and G ≤ 100µm=70.7%) and the adsorbent mass (the more the mass of the adsorbent increases the more the elimination is achieved) can influence the elimination rate of our rock. Meanwhile, the data of the adsorption kinetics test show that the experimental adsorption could be described by the mechanism of the pseudo-second-order model (correlation coefficients near the unit ‘R 2 = 0.99’ ), confirming chemical sorption as a rate-limiting step of the intraparticle diffusion mechanism. According to the results of this study, the rock collected from the area of Khenifra can be used as a new and efficient adsorbent in the field of wastewater treatment.
A two-phase switching hybrid supply modulator for polar transmitters with 9% efficiency improvement (2010)

A two-phase switching hybrid amplifier for polar transmitters, implemented in 0.35 ¿m CMOS, lowers output ripple voltage by ripple cancellation, and boosts static efficiency by 9% due to halved switching loss and reduced ripple current flowing through the linear section of the amplifier. Dynamic efficiency improves by 8 to 12% with an on-chip feedforward bandpass filter.
Metallic Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Conductive Nanocomposites (2008)

This article reports an unambiguous demonstration that bulk-separated metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes offer superior performance (consistently and substantially better than the as-produced nanotube sample) in conductive composites with poly(3-hexylthiophene) and also in transparent conductive coatings based on PEDOT:PSS. The results serve as a validation on the widely held view that the carbon nanotubes are competitive in various technologies currently dominated by conductive inorganic materials (such as indium tin oxide).
Molecular mechanisms of a t(8;14)(q24;q11) translocation juxtaposing c-myc and TcR-alpha genes in a T-cell leukaemia: involvement of a V alpha internal heptamer. (1988)

We have recently described a t(8;14)(q24;q11) translocation which appeared secondarily in a non-established acute T-cell leukaemia and involved the 3' region of c-myc proto-oncogene and the alpha chain of the T-cell receptor gene (TcR-alpha). In order to elucidate the mechanism of the translocation, we have isolated breakpoint regions from normal and recombinant chromosomes. Our results show that the translocation occurred at the 3' end of a V alpha segment in the proximity of recombination signal sequences (5'-heptamer-23bp spacer-nonamer-3'). Interestingly, an inverted heptamer internal to the V alpha segment was found at two nucleotides 5' of the break. Nucleotide sequence analysis also revealed the presence of homologous signal sequences on chromosome 8, suggesting that the recombination enzymatic system played an important role in the generation of the translocation. This hypothesis is supported by the addition of N nucleotides and the loss of only three nucleotides during the rejoining process. These data established the involvement of a V alpha segment and its recombination signals in the mechanisms of t(8;14) translocations in T-cell leukaemias.
&lt;title&gt;Objective video quality assessment method for freeze distortion based on freeze aggregation&lt;/title&gt; (2006)

With the development of the broadband network, video communications such as videophone, video distribution, and IPTV services are beginning to become common. In order to provide these services appropriately, we must manage them based on subjective video quality, in addition to designing a network system based on it. Currently, subjective quality assessment is the main method used to quantify video quality. However, it is time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, we need an objective quality assessment technology that can estimate video quality from video characteristics effectively. Video degradation can be categorized into two types: spatial and temporal. Objective quality assessment methods for spatial degradation have been studied extensively, but methods for temporal degradation have hardly been examined even though it occurs frequently due to network degradation and has a large impact on subjective quality. In this paper, we propose an objective quality assessment method for temporal degradation. Our approach is to aggregate multiple freeze distortions into an equivalent freeze distortion and then derive the objective video quality from the equivalent freeze distortion. Specifically, our method considers the total length of all freeze distortions in a video sequence as the length of the equivalent single freeze distortion. In addition, we propose a method using the perceptual characteristics of short freeze distortions. We verified that our method can estimate the objective video quality well within the deviation of subjective video quality.