gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Object-specific figure-ground segregation (2003)

We consider the problem of segmenting an image into foreground and background, with foreground containing solely objects of interest known a priori. We propose an integration model that incorporates both edge detection and object part detection results. It consists of two parallel processes: low-level pixel grouping and high-level patch grouping. We seek a solution that optimizes a joint grouping criterion in a reduced space enforced by grouping correspondence between pixels and patches. Using spectral graph partitioning, we show that a near global optimum can be found by solving a constrained eigenvalue problem. We report promising experimental results on a dataset of 15 objects under clutter and occlusion.
ALD of Rhodium Thin Films from Rh(acac)[sub 3] and Oxygen (2005)

Rhodium thin films were grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) from and oxygen. The film growth rate at was independent of the oxygen pulse time but showed some dependence on the pulse time. The films were metallic rhodium with a preferred (111) orientation, and had low resistivities and low impurity contents. The film thickness depended linearly on the number of the deposition cycles.
Vinylierung höherer Carbonsäuren an Katalysatorschmelzen (1966)

Abstract Nach einigen Hinweisen auf die Verwendungsmöglichkeiten von Vinylestern höherer Carbonsäuren werden bekannte Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung kurz beschrieben. Weiterhin wird über ein neues Verfahren berichtet, wobei auch auf die Vinylierung von in α‐Stellung verzweigten höheren Carbonsäuren eingegangen wird.
A Routing Architecture for the Airborne Network (2007)

In this paper we present a candidate routing architecture for the future IP-based Airborne Network (AN). This routing architecture implements each tactical mobile network and each widebody platform as separate autonomous system (AS) domains internetworked via the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). The advantages and disadvantages of this architecture are presented. The future AN will consist of multiple IP-enabled airborne platforms with wireless connections to each other and to multiple surface network domains. For example, Air Force platforms may connect to each other and may connect directly to Air Force domain ground sites. These Air Force platforms may wish to use Navy platforms as relays to access Navy ground sites and connect via SIPRNET to Air Force ground sites. Similarly, the best path may be to connect via an Army ground site to gain access to the Air Force Intranet via SIPRNET. Given the dynamically changing topology and the bandwidth-limited channel conditions corresponding to airborne networking versus terrestrial networking, it will be critical to develop effective link access protocols, routing protocols, and management strategies which can accommodate the unique characteristics of the Airborne Network. Various IP-enabled radios (e.g., TTNT) would be used to establish these connections. Military satellite links, as well as various commercial satellite links, such as INMARSAT and Iridium, would also be available. The specific IP-radios that will be available for both the air and the ground nodes of the AN certainly will influence the eventual choice of routing architecture.
Insular dysfunction within the salience network is associated with severity of symptoms and aberrant inter-network connectivity in major depressive disorder (2014)

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by altered intrinsic functional connectivity within (intra-iFC) intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs), such as the Default Mode- (DMN), Salience- (SN) and Central Executive Network (CEN). It has been proposed that aberrant switching between DMN-mediated self-referential and CEN-mediated goal-directed cognitive processes might contribute to MDD, possibly explaining patients' difficulties to disengage the processing of self-focused, often negatively biased thoughts. Recently, it has been shown that the right anterior insula (rAI) within the SN is modulating DMN/CEN interactions. Since structural and functional alterations within the AI have been frequently reported in MDD, we hypothesized that aberrant intra-iFC in the SN's rAI is associated with both aberrant iFC between DMN and CEN (inter-iFC) and severity of symptoms in MDD. Twenty-five patients with MDD and 25 healthy controls were assessed using resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) and psychometric examination. High-model-order independent component analysis (ICA) of rs-fMRI data was performed to identify ICNs including DMN, SN, and CEN. Intra-iFC within and inter-iFC between distinct subsystems of the DMN, SN, and CEN were calculated, compared between groups and correlated with the severity of symptoms. Patients with MDD showed (1) decreased intra-iFC within the SN's rAI, (2) decreased inter-iFC between the DMN and CEN, and (3) increased inter-iFC between the SN and DMN. Moreover, decreased intra-iFC in the SN's rAI was associated with severity of symptoms and aberrant DMN/CEN interactions, with the latter losing significance after correction for multiple comparisons. Our results provide evidence for a relationship between aberrant intra-iFC in the salience network's rAI, aberrant DMN/CEN interactions and severity of symptoms, suggesting a link between aberrant salience mapping, abnormal coordination of DMN/CEN based cognitive processes and psychopathology in MDD.
The role of mitochondria in inherited neurodegenerative diseases (2006)

In the past decade, the genetic causes underlying familial forms of many neurodegenerative disorders, such as Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Friedreich ataxia, hereditary spastic paraplegia, dominant optic atrophy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2A, neuropathy ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa, and Leber's hereditary optic atrophy have been elucidated. However, the common pathogenic mechanisms of neuronal death are still largely unknown. Recently, mitochondrial dysfunction has emerged as a potential 'lowest common denominator' linking these disorders. In this review, we discuss the body of evidence supporting the role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of hereditary neurodegenerative diseases. We summarize the principal features of genetic diseases caused by abnormalities of mitochondrial proteins encoded by the mitochondrial or the nuclear genomes. We then address genetic diseases where mutant proteins are localized in multiple cell compartments, including mitochondria and where mitochondrial defects are likely to be directly caused by the mutant proteins. Finally, we describe examples of neurodegenerative disorders where mitochondrial dysfunction may be 'secondary' and probably concomitant with degenerative events in other cell organelles, but may still play an important role in the neuronal decay. Understanding the contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction to neurodegeneration and its pathophysiological basis will significantly impact our ability to develop more effective therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.
Acne vulgaris: a review of antibiotic therapy (2005)

Antibiotic therapy has been integral to the management of inflammatory acne vulgaris for many years. Systemic antibiotics work via antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory modes of action, and have been found to be useful in managing moderate-to-severe acne. Commonly prescribed antibiotics include tetracyclines, erythromycin and trimethoprim, with or without sulfamethoxazole. In selecting the appropriate antibiotic for patients needing to receive topical or systemic antibiotic therapy, the clinician should take into account the severity of the acne, cost-effectiveness, the safety profile of the drug and the potential for development of resistance. The widespread and long-term use of antibiotics over the years has unfortunately led to the emergence of resistant bacteria. The global increase in the antibiotic resistance of Propionibacterium acnes may be a significant contributing factor in treatment failures. It is therefore essential that clinicians prescribing antibiotics for the treatment of acne adopt strategies to minimise further development of bacterial resistance. This includes addressing compliance issues, using combination therapies, avoiding prolonged antibiotic treatment, and avoiding concomitant topical and oral antibiotics with chemically dissimilar antibiotics.
Oncogenic Kras is required for both the initiation and maintenance of pancreatic cancer in mice (2012)

Pancreatic cancer is almost invariably associated with mutations in the KRAS gene, most commonly KRASG12D, that result in a dominant-active form of the KRAS GTPase. However, how KRAS mutations promote pancreatic carcinogenesis is not fully understood, and whether oncogenic KRAS is required for the maintenance of pancreatic cancer has not been established. To address these questions, we generated two mouse models of pancreatic tumorigenesis: mice transgenic for inducible KrasG12D, which allows for inducible, pancreas-specific, and reversible expression of the oncogenic KrasG12D, with or without inactivation of one allele of the tumor suppressor gene p53. Here, we report that, early in tumorigenesis, induction of oncogenic KrasG12D reversibly altered normal epithelial differentiation following tissue damage, leading to precancerous lesions. Inactivation of KrasG12D in established precursor lesions and during progression to cancer led to regression of the lesions, indicating that KrasG12D was required for tumor cell survival. Strikingly, during all stages of carcinogenesis, KrasG12D upregulated Hedgehog signaling, inflammatory pathways, and several pathways known to mediate paracrine interactions between epithelial cells and their surrounding microenvironment, thus promoting formation and maintenance of the fibroinflammatory stroma that plays a pivotal role in pancreatic cancer. Our data establish that epithelial KrasG12D influences multiple cell types to drive pancreatic tumorigenesis and is essential for tumor maintenance. They also strongly support the notion that inhibiting KrasG12D, or its downstream effectors, could provide a new approach for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Use of the crosspower-spectrum phase in acoustic event location (1997)

The article reports on the use of crosspower-spectrum phase (CSP) analysis as an accurate time delay estimation (TDE) technique. It is used in a microphone array system for the location of acoustic events in noisy and reverberant environments. A corresponding coherence measure (CM) and its graphical representation are introduced to show the TDE accuracy. Using a two-microphone pair array, real experiments show less than a 10 cm average location error in a 6 m/spl times/6 m area.
Teach Yourself Web Publishing with HTML 3.2 in 14 Days (1995)

Keywords: Langage de programmation Reference Record created on 2004-09-07, modified on 2016-08-08
Structural characterization of a 2:1 distamycin A.d(CGCAAATTGGC) complex by two-dimensional NMR. (1989)

Two-dimensional NMR has been used to study the 2:1 distamycin A.d(CGCAAATTGGC).d(GCCAATTTGCG) complex. The nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) experiment was used to assign the aromatic and C1'H DNA protons and to identify drug-DNA contacts. These data indicate that two drug molecules bind simultaneously in the minor groove of the central 5'-AAATT-3' segment and are in close contact with both the DNA and one another. One drug binds with the formyl end close to the second adenine base of the A-rich strand, while the other drug binds with the formyl end close to the second adenine of the complementary strand. With this binding orientation, the positively charged propylamidinium groups are directed toward opposite ends of the helix. Molecular modeling shows that the minor groove must expand relative to the 1:1 complex to accommodate both drugs. Energy calculations suggest that electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals forces contribute to the stability of the complex.
Effect of particle size based separation of milled corn stover on AFEX pretreatment and enzymatic digestibility (2006)

Abstract Particle size and compositional variance are found to have a substantial influence on ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Corn stover was milled and fractionated into particle sizes of varying composition. The larger particle size fractions (rich in corn cob and stalk portions) were found to be more recalcitrant to hydrolysis compared to the smaller size fractions (rich in leaves and husk portion). Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used for biomass surface and bulk compositional analysis, respectively. The ESCA results showed a 15–30% decrease in the O/C (oxygen to carbon) ratio after the pretreatment indicating an increase in the hydrophobic nature of biomass surface. FTIR results confirmed cleavage of the lignin–carbohydrate complex (LCC) for the AFEX‐treated fractions. The spectroscopic results indicate the extraction of cleaved lignin phenolic fragments and other cell wall extractives to the biomass surface upon AFEX. Water washing of AFEX‐treated fractions removed some of the hydrophobic extractives resulting in a 13% weight loss (dry weight basis). Phenolic content of wash stream was evaluated by the modified Prussian blue (MPB) method. Removal of ligno‐phenolic extractives from the AFEX‐treated biomass by water washing vastly improved the glucan conversion as compared to the unwashed samples. Reduction in substrate particle size was found to affect the AFEX process and rate of hydrolysis as well. Implications of the stover particle size, composition, and inhibitory role of the phenolic fragments on an integrated biorefinery are discussed. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 219–231. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The potential of copy number gains and losses, detected by array-based comparative genomic hybridization, for computational differential diagnosis of B-cell lymphomas and genetic regions involved in lymphomagenesis (2008)

Our computer algorithm based on array CGH data successfully classified diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and mantle cell lymphomas and activated B-cell and germinal center-B-cell subtypes with high accuracy. An important finding is that the regions automatically identified by the computer algorithm were located in the critical regions that are likely to be involved in the development of lymphoma.
Torque fill-in for an automated shift manual transmission in a parallel hybrid electric vehicle (2002)

An automated shift manual transmission (ASM) is utilized in a post-transmission parallel hybrid electric vehicle to take advantage of its high efficiency and lower cost compared to that of a fully automatic transmission with torque converter. However, a disadvantage of the ASM transmission is that the torque to the drive wheels is disrupted during gear shifts when the clutch is disengaged from the engine, resulting in degraded shift quality over an automatic transmission/torque converter combination. In the hybrid configuration presented here, an electric motor is utilized to provide torque directly to the drive wheels during gear upshifts when the engine is disengaged from the transmission. This torque applied during the shift is referred to as fill-in torque and, if properly applied, can emulate the continuous torque provided by the automatic transmission with torque converter. Effectively, the shift quality of an ASM transmission can be made to approach that of a fully automatic one via proper control of the fill-in torque and engine clutch slip. The amount of motor torque applied and the length of time it is applied are optimized by minimizing an objective metric of transmission shift quality. This paper presents such a control scheme, parameter optimization process, simulation results, and vehicle data that validates the simulation.
Enteropathogenic <i>E. coli</i> Exploitation of Host Epithelial Cells<sup>a</sup> (1996)

Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) is a leading cause of neonatal diarrhea worldwide. These organisms adhere to the intestinal cell surface, causing rearrangement in the epithelial cell surface and underlying cytoskeleton, resulting in a structure termed an attaching/effacing (A/E) lesion. A/E lesion formation is thought necessary for EPEC-mediated disease. EPEC secretes several proteins that trigger signal transduction, intimate adherence, and cytoskeletal rearrangements in epithelial cells. Additionally, it produces intimin, an outer membrane product that mediates intimate adherence. Together these various bacterial molecules contribute to the intimate relationship that is formed by EPEC with host epithelial cells which results in A/E lesion formation and diarrhea.
Filtration of Organic Solutes by Dynamically Formed Membranes (1967)

Abstract Dynamically formed hydrous Zr(IV) oxide membranes partially filter neutral organic solutes from aqueous solutions in a hyperfiltration, or reverse osmosis, experiment. The degree of filtration depends primarily on the size of the solute and the history of the membrane.
Le roman européen au 18e siècle et la statistique bibliographique (1993)

Angus Martin : The European novel in the isth century and bibliographical statistics. The progress of the novel in the 18th century was extremely varied in different parts of Europe : rapid and impressive in the Western countries, slower and more sparse in the East, the North and the South. An analysis of the retrospective bibliographies of the genre undertaken to date for a number of national literatures enables us to make a first attempt at a quantitative estimation of this development. A closer examination of the data available for France, England and Germany during the decade 1750-59 leads both to conclusions concerning the output of novels in these three countries and to a comparative thematic study based on the vocabulary in the titles.
Optical Coherence Tomography: Potential Clinical Applications (2012)

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a novel intravascular imaging modality using near-infrared light. By OCT it is possible to obtain high-resolution cross-sectional images of the vascular wall structure and assess the acute and long-term effects of percutaneous coronary intervention. For the time being OCT has been mainly used in research providing new insights into the pathophysiology of the atheromatic plaque and of the vascular response to stenting, however, it seems that there is potential for clinical application of OCT in various fields, such as pre-interventional evaluation of coronary arteries, procedural guidance in coronary interventions, and follow-up assessment of vascular healing after stent implantation. This review will focus on the potential and advantages of OCT in the clinical practice of a catheterization laboratory.
Copolymers of 2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) as biomaterials (2004)

Copolymers of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) showed good hemocompatibility as hypothesized. The hypothesis was surfaces having phosphorylcholine groups by polymerization of MPC could accumulate phospholipids from blood stream and show good blood compatibility. We designed and prepared a methacylate having a phosphorylcholine group. While it was possible to introduce them by polymer reactions, polymer reaction is not always good method to prepare the desired pure surface. This must be very important point to consider biomaterials, as we have to apply them in our body without any adverse effects. The hypothesis was confirmed by changing copolymer composition. The adsorption amount of phospholipids on the surfaces increased with increasing the MPC units in the copolymers. On the other hand, increasing MPC units in MPC copolymers decreased adsorption amount of peptides. There is limitation in blood compatibility tests in vitro due to unstable characteristics of blood itself. We evaluated them with series of blood compatibility tests, in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo, on coated PMMA beads, modified hollow fibers for hemodialysis and 2 mm small diameter blood vessels, respectively. These data suggested MPC is a promising methacrylate to develop good blood contacting devises, which may not require systemic anticoagulation. Conventional blood compatible biomaterials were not suitable to make permeable membranes. But MPC is soluble in water and we could prepare permeable membranes to various solutes by the copolymerization. Introduction of MPC copolymers on cellulose and polysulfone hollow fiber membranes gave them nonthrombogenicity but it did not give adverse effect on their permeability. These data suggested that it is possible to apply them to hemodialyzers, oxygenators and percutaneous glucose sensors to keep diabetic patients easier. MPC surfaces are good hydrogel to minimize damage on tissues by lubricating between organs and the coated devices. They do not induce denaturation of peptides, which is beneficial to keep activities of enzymes longer. And poly-MPC dissolved is applicable to stabilize several bioactive peptides in aqueous phase. So MPC polymers are useful to minimize fouling by inhibiting the adsorption of bioactive proteins. MPC has high potential to develop many varieties of new biomaterials useful in so-called biotechnology. MPC and their copolymers are commercially available from NOF (Tokyo, Japan) and Biocompatibles (UK, as PC technology).
Potent 7-Hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic Acid-Based Macrocyclic Inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Protease (2005)

The NS3 protease of hepatitis C virus (HCV) has emerged as one of the best characterized targets for next-generation HCV therapy. The tetrapeptide 1 and pentapeptide 2 are alpha-ketoamide-type HCV serine protease inhibitors with modest potency. We envisioned that the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylamide (Tic) moiety could be cyclized to the P3 capping group. The resulting macrocycle could enhance the binding through its extra contact with the Ala156 methyl group. Macrocyclization could also provide a less peptidic HCV inhibitor. Synthesis started from dipeptide 5, which was obtained via a coupling of two amino acid derivatives. The N-terminal was capped as hept-6-enoylamide to give 6. Hydroboration of the double bond afforded alcohol 7, the precursor to the macrocycle 8. The macrocyclization was achieved under Mitsunobu conditions (PPh(3), ADDP). The macrocyclic acid 9 was then combined with appropriate right-hand fragments 12, 14, or 16, which was prepared from common intermediate 11. Finally, oxidation of alpha-hydroxyamide provided target molecule alpha-ketoamides 17, 18, and 21. The C-terminal esters were then elaborated to carboxylic acids 19 and 20, and amides 20 and 23. The inhibitors 17-23 were tested in HCV NS3 protease continuous assay. Tripeptide 17 was more potent than the larger acyclic tetrapeptide 1. The tetrapeptides 18-20 were as active as 17. Most significantly, the pentapeptides (21-23) were much better inhibitors (K(i) = 0.015-0.26 microM). The carboxylic acid (22) and amide (23) were 57-80 times more potent than the acyclic analogue 2. The X-ray crystal structure of compound 23 bound to the protease revealed that the macrocycle adopted a donutlike conformation and had close contact with the Ala156 methyl group. The ketone carbonyl formed a reversible covalent bond with Ser139. The n-propyl of P1 novaline and the aromatic ring of P2' phenylglycine formed a C-shaped clamp around the Lys136 side chain.