gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stimulation of Excitable Tissues (2004)

Chapter 7 looks at the principles and clinical applications of electrical stimulation of excitable tissues. This chapter contains detailed tables for the stimulation signal parameters used for a very large number of clinical and research applications. The chapter also presents various circuit implementation alternatives for constant-current, constant-voltage and capacitor-discharge stimulator stages. In addition, the chapter also details some of the more exotic tissue stimulation methods such as interferential stimulation and pulsed-magnetic stimulation. Design examples for this chapter include the design of stimulation circuits for implantable pulse generators, the fabrication of implantable stimulation electrodes, various external neuromuscular stimulators, a TENS device for pain relief, and a transcutaneous/transcranial pulsed-magnetic neural stimulator.
Adenovirus-mediated transfer of regulable gene expression. (2000)

The past several years have seen significant progress in the development of adenoviral vectors with markedly decreased pathological potential and greatly increased capacity for incorporation of foreign DNA. Paralleling these developments in gene transfer technology have been remarkable advances in both the design and optimization of gene regulatory systems. Ultimately, the goal of these gene regulatory systems is control of transgene expression in vivo by the administration of an exogenous compound. With the prospect of clinical human gene therapy on the horizon, the co-evolution of safe and efficient gene transfer strategies, with effective regulation of transgene expression, represents an essential step towards therapeutically viable gene transfer protocols. This review introduces recent advances in both adenoviral-based vectors and gene regulatory systems, and examines those studies in which adenoviral vectors and gene-regulatory systems have been combined in vivo.
2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation (2017)

The ESC Guidelines represent the views of the ESC and were produced after careful consideration of the scientific and medical knowledge and the evidence available at the time of their publication. The ESC is not responsible in the event of any contradiction, discrepancy and/or ambiguity between the ESC Guidelines and any other official recommendations or guidelines issued by the relevant public health authorities, in particular in relation to good use of healthcare or therapeutic strategies. Health professionals are encouraged to take the ESC Guidelines fully into account when exercising their clinical judgment, as well as in the determination and the implementation of preventive, diagnostic or therapeutic medical strategies; however, the ESC Guidelines do not override, in any way whatsoever, the individual responsibility of health professionals to make appropriate and accurate decisions in consideration of each patient's health condition and in consultation with that patient and, where appropriate and/or necessary, the patient's caregiver. Nor do the ESC Guidelines exempt health professionals from taking into full and careful consideration the relevant official updated recommendations or guidelines issued by the competent public health authorities, in order to manage each patient's case in light of the scientifically accepted data pursuant to their respective ethical and professional obligations. It is also the health professional's responsibility to verify the applicable rules and regulations relating to drugs and medical devices at the time of prescription.
Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain-Transfer Polymerization for the Synthesis of Poly(4-acetoxystyrene) and Poly(4-acetoxystyrene)-block-polystyrene by Bulk, Solution and Emulsion Techniques (2001)

The living radical polymerization of 4-acetoxystyrene via the RAFT process has been achieved employing bulk, solution and emulsion techniques. The rate of polymerization was studied between 60°C and 90°C. Increasing the temperature increases the rate of polymerization without affecting the polydispersity. Poly(4-acetoxystyrene) with narrow polydispersity (1.08) was obtained. Various novel dithiocarboxylic esters and dithiocarbamates were screened as chain-transfer agents for the RAFT polymerization of 4-acetoxystyrene. The block copolymerization of poly(4-acetoxystyrene) with styrene leading to poly(4-acetoxystyrene)-block-polystyrene confirmed the presence of active chain ends in the first block. The acetoxy polymers were hydrolyzed to the corresponding hydroxy polymers under mild basic conditions.
Microorganism Identification by Mass Spectrometry and Protein Database Searches (1999)

A method for rapid identification of microorganisms is presented, which exploits the wealth of information contained in prokaryotic genome and protein sequence databases. The method is based on determining the masses of a set of ions by MALDI TOF mass spectrometry of intact or treated cells. Subsequent correlation of each ion in the set to a protein, along with the organismic source of the protein, is performed by searching an Internet-accessible protein database. Convoluting the lists for all ions and ranking the organisms corresponding to matched ions results in the identification of the microorganism. The method has been successfully demonstrated on B. subtilis and E. coli, two organisms with completely sequenced genomes. The method has been also tested for identification from mass spectra of mixtures of microorganisms, from spectra of an organism at different growth stages, and from spectra originating at other laboratories. Experimental factors such as MALDI matrix preparation, spectral reproducibility, contaminants, mass range, and measurement accuracy on the database search procedure are addressed too. The proposed method has several advantages over other MS methods for microorganism identification.
Light-scattering methods for the chemical characterisation of polymers. A review (1960)

F. W. Peaker, Analyst, 1960, 85, 235 DOI: 10.1039/AN9608500235
Topoisomerase activity associated with SV40 large tumor antigen (1993)

Purified preparations of simian virus 40 (SV40) large tumor antigen (LT) from three different sources, including LT expressed from a recombinant baculovirus, were found to relax negatively supercoiled cyclic DNA molecules, whether or not they contained SV40 sequences. Relaxation was stimulated by MgCl2 but not by ATP, and inhibited by camptothecin, suggesting the involvement of an enzymatic activity similar to that of topoisomerase I (topo I). However, the pH requirements for relaxation by respectively LT and topo I are different. Also, antibodies reacting with LT inhibited relaxation by preparations of LT but not topo I, whereas antibodies inhibiting relaxation by topo I had no effect on relaxation by LT. Reconstruction experiments suggested that both procedures used to purify LT, immunoaffinity chromatography and DEAE-Sepharose chromatography, separate topo I from LT. Finally, relaxing activity was found in over 40 preparations of LT, and in the few instances where activity could not be found, it probably had been lost during storage, rather than absent from the start. Whereas these results seem to exclude that the activity being detected is that of a contaminant of LT, they would be consistent with this activity being that of a stable topo-LT complex, or else intrinsic to LT itself.
Complex T Cell Memory Repertoires Participate in Recall Responses at Extremes of Antigenic Load (2006)

The CD8 T cell memory response to the HLA-A2-restricted influenza epitope M1(58-66) can be an instructive model of immune memory to a nonevolving epitope of a frequently encountered pathogen that undergoes clearance. This memory repertoire can be complex, composed of a large number of clonotypes represented at low copy numbers, while maintaining a focus on the use of VB17 T cell receptors with identified Ag recognition motifs. Such a repertoire structure might provide a panoply of clonotypes whose differential avidity for the epitope would allow responses under varying antigenic loads. This possibility was tested experimentally by characterizing the responding repertoire in vitro while varying influenza Ag concentration over five orders of magnitude. At higher and lower Ag concentrations there was increased cell death, yet a focused but diverse response could still be observed. Thus, one of the characteristics of complex memory repertoires is to provide effector function at extremes of Ag load, a characteristic that is not generally considered in vaccination development but may be important in measuring its efficacy.
Positive Displacement Reciprocating Pump Fundamentals - Power And Direct Acting Types (2008)

This tutorial is intended to provide an understanding of the fundamental principles of positive displacement reciprocating pumps of both power and direct acting types.Topics include: A definition and overview of the pump types-Including the differences between single acting and double acting pumps, how both types work, where they are used, and how they are applied. Component options-Covers aspects of valve designs and when they should be used; describes the various stuffing box designs available with specific reference to their function and application, and points out the differences between plungers and pistons and their selection criteria. Specification criteria and methodology-What application information is needed by pump suppliers to correctly size and supply appropriate equipment? Additional topics-Volumetric and mechanical efficiency, net positive suction head available and required, plus piping systems (suction and discharge) basic principles for reciprocating pumps, which are different from those of centrifugal machines.
The application of packet switching techniques to combat net radio (1987)

The narrow-band Packet Radio system which is the subject of this paper is a highly flexible and survivable data communications system for the Forward Area tactical environment achieved by applying packet switching techniques to Army Combat Net Radio. The User requirements driving this development are outlined. It is important that this system is not viewed as being in competition with other Packet Radio systems, but as one system or building block in an integrated electronic battlefield, hence the emphasis on internetworking. Important design considerations such as survivabifity and the abifity to operate with random network topologies are discussed. A detailed description of the algorithms for Channel Access, Routing, and Network Control which were developed using finite-state-machine simulation techniques is then given followed by a summary of the simulator performance predictions for various scenarios. Packet Radio is a synergism of signal processing and communications protocols implemented on real-time systems. The signal processing requirements and architecture adopted for signaling in the VHF environment are described in the context of the hardware for a prototype network. Early experience resulting from trials and demonstrations with this network are used to point to refinements in the next iteration of system design.
Arylation of Unsaturated Systems by Free Radicals. I. Arylation of Alkylbenzenes (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTArylation of Unsaturated Systems by Free Radicals. I. Arylation of AlkylbenzenesChristian S. Rondestvedt Jr. and Harry S. BlanchardCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 7, 1769–1774Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1955https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01612a015https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01612a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views342Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
An amino-terminal fragment of the Friend murine leukemia virus envelope glycoprotein binds the ecotropic receptor (1991)

Retrovirus entry into cells is mediated by specific binding of the envelope glycoprotein to a cell membrane receptor. Constitutive envelope gene expression prevents infection by interfering with the binding of viruses which recognize the same receptor. We have used this property to investigate the receptor binding capacities of deleted or truncated murine leukemia virus ecotropic envelope glycoproteins. Friend murine leukemia virus envelope glycoproteins bearing internal amino-terminal deletions, or a soluble 245-amino-acid gp70 amino-terminal fragment, were expressed in NIH 3T3 cells. The susceptibility of these cells to ecotropic and amphotropic virus infection was determined. We observed that both membrane-bound and soluble forms of the gp70 245-amino-acid amino-terminal domain induced resistance to ecotropic virus, indicating that this fragment binds the ecotropic receptor. Binding occurs both at the cell surface and in the endoplasmic reticulum, as shown by the use of soluble envelope fragments either secreted in the culture supernatants or retained in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen by a KDEL sequence. These results suggest that the gp70 amino-terminal domain folds into a structure which recognizes the ecotropic receptor regardless of the carboxy-terminal part of the molecule.
Trypsin-like neutral protease associated with soluble elastin (1977)

&lt;p&gt;A method to control the hydrophobicity and dielectric constant of mesoporous silica films for ultralow-k-applications is described. Several surfactants have been used as sacrificial materials in (organo)silicate matrixes, prepared from tetraethoxysilane and methyltrimethoxysilane. To elucidate the relation between the composition of the films and their structure, the synthesis, chemical composition, mechanical properties, pore structure, crystallinity, and dielectric constant of the films were investigated. The high extent to which organic groups can be incorporated in these thin films opens the possibility to obtain a fully hydrophobic surface. Further, a combination of tetraethoxysilane and methyltrimethoxysilane leads to dense matrixes. The film properties were optimized for low-A- applications by varying the processing conditions. Films containing 50-60% methyltrimethoxysilane in tetraethoxysilane and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide as a surfactant appear most attractive as a low-A- material. These films are hydrophobic, have a dense matrix, and exhibit the smallest pore sizes (∼3 nm), which may facilitate integration issues.&lt;/p&gt;
Anti-OX40 (CD134) Administration to Nonhuman Primates: Immunostimulatory Effects and Toxicokinetic Study (2006)

The immune-stimulatory properties of anti-CD134 (OX40) antibodies have been well documented in rodents, including their ability to enhance antitumor immunity. In this study, an anti-OX40 antibody (Ab) known to costimulate monkey T cells in vitro, was infused into rhesus macaque monkeys during immunization with the simian immunodeficiency virus protein, gp130. The draining lymph nodes from immunized monkeys treated with anti-OX40 were enlarged compared with immunized monkeys injected with mouse Ig. Anti-OX40-treated monkeys had increased gp130-specific Ab titers, and increased long-lived T-cell responses, compared with controls. There were no overt signs of toxicity in the anti-OX40-treated monkeys. The encouraging immune-stimulatory effects led to the good manufacturing practice production of an anti-OX40 Ab for clinical trials in cancer patients. A detailed toxicology study was performed with anti-OX40 in nonhuman primates. Three groups of 8 monkeys received anti-OX40 at 1 of 3 dose levels (0.4, 2.0, and 10 mg/kg) and a control group received saline. No clinical toxicity was observed, but acute splenomegaly and enlarged gut-associated lymph nodes were observed in the anti-OX40-treated animals; splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy resolved by day 28. These studies demonstrate the immune-stimulatory properties and safety of anti-OX40 in primates and provide a strong scientific rationale to pursue clinical trials in humans.
Ligand-Accelerated Cu-Catalyzed Azide−Alkyne Cycloaddition:  A Mechanistic Report (2007)

The experimental rate law for the Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction was found to vary in complex ways with concentration, the presence of chloride ion, and the presence of accelerating ligands. Several examples of discontinuous ("threshold behavior") kinetics were observed, along with a decidedly nonlinear correlation of electronic substituent parameter with the rate of CuAAC reaction with p-substituted arylazides. The previously observed tendency of the CuAAC reaction to provide ditriazoles from a conformationally constrained 1,3-diazide was found to be affected by a class of polybenzimidazole ligands introduced in the accompanying article. Various lines of evidence suggest that the standard tris(triazolylmethyl)amine ligand binds less strongly to Cu(I) than its benzimidazole analogues. On the basis of these observations, it is proposed that (a) a central nitrogen donor provides electron density at Cu(I) that assists the cycloaddition reaction, (b) the three-armed motif bearing relatively weakly coordinating heterocyclic ligands serves to bind the metal with sufficient strength while providing access to necessary coordination site(s), (c) at least two active catalysts or mechanisms are operative under the conditions studied, and (d) pendant acid or ester arms in the proper position can assist the reaction by speeding the protiolysis step that cleaves the Cu-C bond of a Cu.triazolyl intermediate.
Serine proteases as targets for antithrombotic therapy (2003)

Pathological activation of the hemostatic system, resulting in thromboembolic complications, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Unfractionated heparins and low-molecular-weight heparins, both suitable only for parenteral administration, as wall as vitamin K antagonists, represent the current cornerstone of antithrombetic therapy. Although orally active and very efficaclous, the latter class of drugs has a narrow therapeutic window and requires frequent monitoring. Due to their apparent pivotal role in the coagulation cascade, the serine proteases factor Xa and thrombin have attracted the greatest attention in thrombosis research. The recently launched fondaparinux, an antithrombin-III-dependent pentasaccharide and highly selective factor Xa inhibitor, has demonstrated impressive clinical results and may play an important role in the future. On the other hand, the search for low-mclecular-weight, orally active direct serine protease inhibitors has been the focus of intense research for more than a decade. However, only a very limited number of comounds are under late clinical development to date. The most advanced compound, the orally active, selective thrombin inbibitor ximelagatran, is in the preregistration phase for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis. Factor Vlla and factor IXa have gained less attention as pharmacological targets, factor Xla and factor Xlla play only a minor role in thrombosis research.
Recent Advances in Serine Protease Inhibitors as Anticoagulant Agents (2006)

The drawbacks and limitations of existing anticoagulant therapy which may result in serious adverse effects and a high mortality rate, have given rise to many anticoagulant development programmes in the last decade, focusing mainly at development of thrombin and FXa low-molecular weight inhibitors. A detailed understanding of blood coagulation pathways, functioning of the serine proteases thrombin, FXa, FVIIa and FIXa and elucidation of their crystal structures resulted in many potent compounds, among which some have entered the clinical phase or have been approved for use in clinical practice. Recently, the focus of anticoagulant research turned to inhibition of the TF:FVIIa complex, with some promising clinical candidates on the horizon. This article provides an overview of the current development status of serine protease inhibitors as anticoagulants, including new trends such as dual coagulation factor inhibitors.
Comparative Analysis of Prothrombin Activators from the Venom of Australian Elapids (2005)

A key component of the venom of many Australian snakes belonging to the elapid family is a toxin that is structurally and functionally similar to that of the mammalian prothrombinase complex. In mammals, this complex is responsible for the cleavage of prothrombin to thrombin and is composed of factor Xa in association with its cofactors calcium, phospholipids, and factor Va. The snake prothrombin activators have been classified on the basis of their requirement for cofactors for activity. The two major subgroups described in Australian elapid snakes, groups C and D, are differentiated by their requirement for mammalian coagulation factor Va. In this study, we describe the cloning, characterization, and comparative analysis of the factor X- and factor V-like components of the prothrombin activators from the venom glands of snakes possessing either group C or D prothrombin activators. The overall domain arrangement in these proteins was highly conserved between all elapids and with the corresponding mammalian clotting factors. The deduced protein sequence for the factor X-like protease precursor, identified in elapids containing either group C or D prothrombin activators, demonstrated a remarkable degree of relatedness to each other (80%-97%). The factor V-like component of the prothrombin activator, present only in snakes containing group C complexes, also showed a very high degree of homology (96%-98%). Expression of both the factor X- and factor V-like proteins determined by immunoblotting provided an additional means of separating these two groups at the molecular level. The molecular phylogenetic analysis described here represents a new approach for distinguishing group C and D snake prothrombin activators and correlates well with previous classifications.
Object-oriented high level synthesis based on SystemC (2002)

The introduction of object-oriented modelling techniques into the development of hardware seems to open a promising way for mastering the increasing complexity of today's hardware systems. Furthermore it provides the possibility of transferring well known and approved object-oriented modelling techniques from software development to hardware development. Since there is a major difference between the nature of software and the nature of hardware the direct adaptation of common object-oriented programming languages to describing hardware is not possible in general. SystemC is a C++ class library and a methodology that introduces some of the missing typical hardware features in C/C++. This paper describes an extended SystemC based methodology and synthesis techniques allowing the use of object-oriented concepts like classes, polymorphism and inheritance for the description of synthesisable hardware models.