gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular and cellular aspects of immunologic tolerance (1991)

This review seeks to explain the most exciting recent data concerning the nature of self/non-self discrimination by the immune system in a manner accessible to a biochemical readership. The nature of recognition in the two great lymphocyte families, B cells and T cells, is described with special emphasis on the nature of the ligands recognized by each. The history of the field of immunologic tolerance is surveyed, as are the key experiments on conventional mice which provided a conceptual framework. This suggested that tolerance was essentially due to 'holes' in the recognition repertoires of both the T and B cell populations so that lymphocytes competent to react to self antigens were not part of the immunologic dictionary. There were essentially two ways to achieve this situation. On the one hand, self antigens might 'catch' developing lymphocytes early in their ontogeny and delete the cell, a process of clonal abortion. On the other hand, self antigens might signal lymphocytes (particularly immature cells) in a negative manner, reducing or abolishing their capacity for later responses, without causing death. This process is referred to as clonal anergy. Evidence for both processes exists. Special emphasis is placed on a wave of experimentation beginning in 1988 which imaginatively uses transgenic mouse technology to study tolerance. Transgenic manipulations can produce mice which synthesize foreign antigens in a constitutive and/or inducible manner, sometimes only in specific locations; mice which possess T or B lymphocytes almost all expressing a given receptor of known specificity; and mice which are an immunologic time bomb in that the antigen is present and so too are lymphocytes all endowed with receptors for that antigen. These experiments have vindicated the possibility of both clonal abortion and clonal anergy in both T and B cell populations, the choice of which phenomenon occurs depending on a number of operational circumstances. For T cell tolerance, clonal abortion occurs if the self antigenic determinant concerned is present within the thymus; if not, clonal anergy is more likely. For B cell tolerance, the strength of the negative signal and therefore the choice between abortion and anergy depends on the molar concentration of the self antigen, the capacity for multivalent presentation to a B cell, and the affinity of the B cell's receptor for the antigen in question. Some B cells with low affinity for self antigens certainly escape censorship and remain capable of secreting low affinity anti-self antibodies, which however do no harm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Contrast-mammography (1965)

A complete report is given of 200 patients examined with contrast-mammography at The Norwegian Radium Hospital. The technique of the examination is presented and a review of all cases examined is presented. The accuracy of the examination, particularly in regard to demonstration of intraductal papillomata, is discussed. Many histologically demonstrated papillomata (over 20 per cent) were not demonstrated by this procedure. Positive findings on examination are of help in surgical treatment by localising the pathological areas.
Thyromimetics: a review of recent reports and patents (2004 – 2009) (2010)

Some thyromimetics are subtype- or tissue-selective TR agonists and antagonists, and such compounds have the potential to become novel therapeutic agents, especially in the field of metabolic diseases.
Human circulating AC133+ stem cells restore dystrophin expression and ameliorate function in dystrophic skeletal muscle (2004)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a common X-linked disease characterized by widespread muscle damage that invariably leads to paralysis and death. There is currently no therapy for this disease. Here we report that a subpopulation of circulating cells expressing AC133, a well-characterized marker of hematopoietic stem cells, also expresses early myogenic markers. Freshly isolated, circulating AC133(+) cells were induced to undergo myogenesis when cocultured with myogenic cells or exposed to Wnt-producing cells in vitro and when delivered in vivo through the arterial circulation or directly into the muscles of transgenic scid/mdx mice (which allow survival of human cells). Injected cells also localized under the basal lamina of host muscle fibers and expressed satellite cell markers such as M-cadherin and MYF5. Furthermore, functional tests of injected muscles revealed a substantial recovery of force after treatment. As these cells can be isolated from the blood, manipulated in vitro, and delivered through the circulation, they represent a possible tool for future cell therapy applications in DMD disease or other muscular dystrophies.
Coalbed Methane - A Decade of Success (1994)

Abstract Between 1983 and 1993, the coalbed methane (CBM) industry changed from a high cost operation to a competitive main line gas resource. In 1983, there were approximately 165 coalbed methane wells in the United States with an estimated total annual production of 6 BCF. Between 1983 and 1993, industry drilled an estimated 6600 CBM wells that account for nearly 5% of domestic annual natural gas production. The rapid growth in production from this resource required technology advances in reservoir characterization, stimulation and production. These technology advances have reduced the cost of production from this resource, allowing production to expand from the sweet spots of two basins to multiple basins.
Multidentate Catechol-Based Polyethylene Glycol Oligomers Provide Enhanced Stability and Biocompatibility to Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (2011)

We have designed, prepared, and tested a new set of multidentate catechol- and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-derivatized oligomers, OligoPEG-Dopa, as ligands that exhibit strong affinity to iron oxide nanocrystals. The ligands consist of a short poly(acrylic acid) backbone laterally appended with several catechol anchoring groups and several terminally functionalized PEG moieties to promote affinity to aqueous media and to allow further coupling to target molecules (bio and others). These multicoordinating PEGylated oligomers were prepared using a relatively simple chemical strategy based on N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC) condensation. The ability of these catechol-functionalized oligomers to impart long-term colloidal stability to the nanoparticles is compared to other control ligands, namely, oligomers presenting several carboxyl groups and monodentate ligands presenting either one catechol or one carboxyl group. We found that the OligoPEG-Dopa ligands provide rapid ligand exchange, and the resulting nanoparticles exhibit greatly enhanced colloidal stability over a broad pH range and in the presence of excess electrolytes; stability is notably improved compared to non-catechol presenting molecular or oligomer ligands. By inserting controllable fractions of azide-terminated PEG moieties, the nanoparticles (NPs) become reactive to complementary functionalities via azide-alkyne cycloaddition (Click), which opens up the possibility of biological targeting of such stable NPs. In particular, we tested the Click coupling of azide-functionalized nanoparticles to an alkyne-modified dye. We also measured the MRI T(2) contrast of the OligoPEG-capped Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles and applied MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay to test the potential cytotoxicity of these NPs to live cells; we found no measurable toxicity to live cells.
Structure and properties of polyaniline as modeled by single-crystal oligomers (1988)

A single-crystal charge–transfer complex of a phenyl-end-capped tetramer of polyaniline has been synthesized and studied along with a similar dimer of polyaniline. Structural, optical, and electrochemical studies of these oligomers in various oxidation states provide detailed information which has been used to model the structure of polyaniline and its evolution during electronic doping. These studies of the polymer and its oligomers suggest that the emeraldine salt form of the polymer (50% doping per nitrogen) is a preferred low-energy structure. The preference for this structure leads to phase segregation in doped compositions having average doping levels less than 50%.
Design and implementation of an agent-based intermediary infrastructure for electronic markets (2000)

Article Design and implementation of an agent-based intermediary infrastructure for electronic markets Share on Authors: Gaurav Tewari MIT Media Lab, E15-305, 20 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA MIT Media Lab, E15-305, 20 Ames Street, Cambridge, MAView Profile , Pattie Maes MIT Media Lab, E15-305, 20 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA MIT Media Lab, E15-305, 20 Ames Street, Cambridge, MAView Profile Authors Info & Claims EC '00: Proceedings of the 2nd ACM conference on Electronic commerceOctober 2000 Pages 86–94https://doi.org/10.1145/352871.352881Online:17 October 2000Publication History 19citation818DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations19Total Downloads818Last 12 Months2Last 6 weeks0 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteGet Access
HISTORY: The Use of the Kalman Filter for Human Motion Tracking in Virtual Reality (2009)

In 1960 Rudolph E. Kalman published his now famous article describing a recursive solution to the discrete-data linear filtering problem (Kalman, “A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems,” Transactions of the ASME—Journal of Basic Engineering, 82 (D), 35–45, 1960). Since that time, due in large part to advances in digital computing, the Kalman filter has been the subject of extensive research and applications, particularly in the area of autonomous or assisted navigation. The purpose of this paper is to acknowledge the approaching 50th anniversary of the Kalman filter with a look back at the use of the filter for human motion tracking in virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR). In recent years there has been an explosion in the use of the Kalman filter in VR/AR. In fact, at technical conferences related to VR these days, it would be unusual to see a paper on tracking that did not use some form of a Kalman filter, or draw comparisons to those that do. As such, rather than attempt a comprehensive survey of all uses of the Kalman filter to date, what follows focuses primarily on the early discovery and subsequent period of evolution of the Kalman filter in VR, along with a few examples of modern commercial systems that use the Kalman filter. This paper begins with a very brief introduction to the Kalman filter, a brief look at the origins of VR, a little about tracking in VR—in particular the work and conditions that gave rise to the use of the filter, and then the evolution of the use of the filter in VR.
Cyclometalated Tantalum Diphenolate Pincer Complexes:  Intramolecular C−H/M−CH<sub>3</sub> σ-Bond Metathesis May Be Faster than O−H/M−CH<sub>3</sub> Protonolysis (2007)

A diphenol linked at the ortho positions to a benzene ring was metalated with TaCl2(CH3)3. Deuterium labeling of the phenol hydrogens and of the linking 1,3-benzenediyl ring reveals an unexpected mechanism involving protonolysis of a methyl group, followed by C−H/Ta−CH3 σ-bond metathesis, leading to cyclometalation of the linking ring and finally protonation of the cyclometalated group by the pendant phenol.
Collision-free topology-dependent channel access scheduling (2002)

We propose a topology-dependent transmission scheduling algorithm that automatically schedules collision-free channel access at each node without repetitious contention phase(s) once all nodes know who are their two-hop neighbors. The bandwidth of the channel is completely devoted for data traffic, except for synchronization and occasional neighbor updates. Unique qualitative features of the protocol are presented and its performance is analyzed by simulation.
Biocidal Efficacy of Silver-Impregnated Contact Lens Storage Cases In Vitro (2010)

Current silver-impregnated CL storage cases show variation in their in vitro antimicrobial activity. Broadly, the MicroBlock case demonstrated robust activity against most Gram-negative bacteria, whereas the i-clean case was more effective against S. aureus. Silver-release data suggest different modes of action for different cases.
Synthesis of the Phosphoramidite Derivative of 2‘-Deoxy-2‘<i>-C-</i>β-methylcytidine (2003)

2'-Deoxy-2'-C-beta-methylnucleosides elicit interest as potential therapeutic agents and as analogues for the analysis of nucleic acid structure and function. An efficient route for the synthesis of 2'-deoxy-2'-C-methyluridine (11), 2'-deoxy-2'-C-methylcytidine (12), and the phosphoramidite derivative of 2'-deoxy-2'-C-beta-methylcytidine (10, 46% overall yield) from 1,2,3,5-tetra-O-benzoyl-2-C-beta-methylribofuranose (1) is described.
Thin-film shape-memory alloy actuated micropumps (1998)

Micropumps capable of precise handling of low-fluid volumes have the potential to revolutionize applications in fields such as drug delivery, fuel injection, and micrototal chemical analysis systems (/spl mu/TAS). Traditional microactuators used in micropumps suffer from low strokes and, as a result, are unsuitable for achieving large fluid displacement. They also suffer low-actuation work densities, which translate to low forces. We investigate the use of the shape-memory effect (SMA) in sputter-deposited thin-film shape-memory alloy (SMA) titanium nickel (TiNi) as an actuator for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based microfluidic devices, as it is capable of both high force and high strains. The resistivity of the SMA thin film is suitable for Joule heating, which allows direct electrical control of the actuator. Two micropump designs were fabricated-one with a novel complementary actuator and the other with a polyimide-biased actuator-which provided thermal isolation between the heated microactuator and the fluid being pumped. A maximum water flow rate of 50 /spl mu/l/min was achieved.
High current density 800-V 4H-SiC gate turn-off thyristors (1999)

4H-SiC gate turn-off thyristors (GTOs) were fabricated using the recently developed inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) dry etching technique. DC and ac characterisation have been done to evaluate forward blocking voltage, leakage current, on-state voltage drop and switching performance. GTOs over 800 V dc blocking capability has been demonstrated with a blocking layer thickness of 7 μm. The dc on-state voltage drops of a typical device at 25 and 300/spl deg/C were 4.5 and 3.6 V, respectively, for a current density of 1000 A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The devices can be reliably turned on and turned off under an anode current density of 5000 A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> without observable degradation.
Facial feature point extraction method based on combination of shape extraction and pattern matching (1998)

In this paper, we propose a method for fast and accurate extraction of feature points such as pupils, nostrils, mouth edges, and the like from dynamic images with the purpose of face recognition. Accuracy of face extraction with these feature points used as criteria greatly affects the capabilities of face recognition methods based on pattern matching. This processing must be performed rapidly, considering the large number of recognition trials required for dynamic images and the requirements of real-time registration. In various extraction methods proposed in the past, steady extraction was difficult due to influences such as individual differences, expression variations, face direction or illumination variations, and so forth. These methods are far from satisfactory in terms of extraction accuracy and processing speed. The proposed method achieves high position accuracy at a low computing cost by combining shape extraction with pattern matching. In particular, it uses a separability filter to extract feature point candidates for pupils, nostrils, mouth edges, and the like. Next, it uses pattern matching based on the subspace method to select the correct feature points from the candidates. Results of testing facial images under various conditions using an evaluation system demonstrated that for 1700 static images the feature point extraction rate was 99%, and in the case of dynamic images the extraction rate for 9880 frames was 98% at a speed of 10 trials/s, without using hardware. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 29(6): 49–58, 1998
Tumour Markers in Prostatic Carcinoma. A Comparison of Prostate‐specific Antigen with Acid Phosphatase (1987)

A study was performed on 130 men to compare the level of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in controls, patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and patients with prostatic carcinoma. The results showed that all 30 normal controls below 40 years of age had values less than 10 ng/ml. Of the 40 patients with BPH, all aged over 40 years, 13 (32.5%) had raised levels above 10 ng/ml. In the 60 patients with prostatic carcinoma, all over 40 years, 24 had localised disease (MO) and 36 had metastatic spread (M1), as judged by isotope bone scan. In patients with MO disease, 16 (66.6%) had raised PSA levels compared with 34 (94.5%) of those with M1 disease. The corresponding figures for raised prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) values were 4% in the MO group and 52.7% in the M1 group. PSA levels reflected neither the histological grade nor the local stage of the tumour and were of no value in estimating tumour burden. PSA was found to be a valuable index in the management of prostatic cancer because of this sensitivity. Stable disease not requiring hormonal manipulation was reflected by unchanging levels of PSA, whereas progressive disease requiring hormonal therapy was reflected by an alteration in the PSA levels corresponding to the patients' response. The same group of progressive disease patients showed only a 50% rise in serum PAP levels, confirming the greater sensitivity of PSA as a measure of prostate cancer. PSA measurements should be included in any further trials on prostatic carcinoma and should be regarded as a standard marker for evaluating response to therapy.
[Flurbiprofen in gel: study of acceptability, tolerability and evaluation of its allergenic potential]. (1989)

The study aimed to assess the allergenic capacity of gel-based flurbiprofen in healthy volunteers, and then evaluate its acceptance and tolerability in patients affected by various skin diseases. Twenty-five healthy volunteers of both sexes (age range: 19-35 years) were included in the first phase of the study. Allergenic capacity was evaluated using Kligman's maximization test in which 5 patch tests were carried out on the same site using a solution of 2.5% lauryl sulphate, followed by patch tests using gel-based flurbiprofen. Control tests were performed 15 days later. The second phase of the study comprised 15 hospitalised patients, with an age range of between 18 and 70 years, affected by psoriasis and eczema. All patients were treated with gel-based 5% flurbiprofen twice daily for 2 weeks. Patients were asked to fill in a questionnaire in order to assess the acceptance and tolerability of the drug. Only one subject in the first group showed an allergic response to the drug. Adverse effects were observed in two patients in the second group. Drug acceptance was excellent.
Microscopic Model of the Metal–Organic Framework/Polymer Interface: A First Step toward Understanding the Compatibility in Mixed Matrix Membranes (2015)

An innovative computational methodology integrating density functional theory calculations and force field-based molecular dynamics simulations was developed to provide a first microscopic model of the interactions at the metal-organic framework (MOF) surface/polymer interface. This was applied to the case of the composite formed by the polymer of intrinsic microporosity, PIM-1, and the zeolitic imidazolate framework, ZIF-8, as a model system. We found that the structure of the composite at the interface is the result of both the chemical affinity between PIM-1 and ZIF-8 and the rigidity of the polymer. Specifically, there is a preferential interaction between the -CN groups of PIM-1 and the NH terminal functions of the organic linker at the ZIF-8 surface. Additionally, the resulting conformation of the polymer gives rise to interfacial microvoids at the vicinity of the MOF surface. The porosity, rigidity, and density of the interfacial polymer were analyzed and compared to those for the bulk polymer. It was shown that the polymer still feels the impact of the MOF surface even at long distances above 15-20 Å. Further, both the polydispersity of the polymer and the flexibility of the MOF surface were revealed to only slightly affect the properties of the MOF/interface. This work, which delivers a microscopic picture of the MOF surface/polymer interactions at the interface, would lead, in turn, to the understanding of the compatibility in MOF-based mixed-matrix membranes.
Content-based video parsing and indexing based on audio-visual interaction (2001)

A content-based video parsing and indexing method is presented in this paper, which analyzes both information sources (auditory and visual) and accounts for their inter-relations and synergy to extract high-level semantic information. Both frame- and object-based access to the visual information is employed. The aim of the method is to extract semantically meaningful video scenes and assign semantic label(s) to them. Due to the temporal nature of video, time has to be accounted for. Thus, time-constrained video representations and indices are generated. The current approach searches for specific types of content information relevant to the presence or absence of speakers or persons. Audio-source parsing and indexing leads to the extraction of a speaker label mapping of the source over time. Video-source parsing and indexing results in the extraction of a talking-face shot mapping over time. Integration of the audio and visual mappings constrained by interaction rules leads to higher levels of video abstraction and even partial detection of its context.
Energy-efficient graphical user interface design (2006)

Mobile computers, such as cell phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs), have dramatically increased in sophistication. At the same time, the desire of consumers for portability limits batters size. As a result, many researchers have targeted hardware and software energy optimization. However, most of these techniques focus on compute-intensive applications rather than interactive applications, which are dominant in mobile computers. These systems frequently use graphical user interfaces (GUIs) to handle human-computer interaction. This paper is the first to explore how GUIs can be designed to improve system energy efficiency. We investigate how GUI design approaches should be changed to improve system. Energy efficiency and provide specific suggestions to mobile computer designers to enable them to develop more energy-efficient systems. We demonstrate that energy-efficient GUI (E/sup 2/GUI) design techniques can improve the average system energy of three benchmarks (text-viewer, personnel viewer, and calculator) by 26.9, 45.2, and 16.4 percent, respectively. Average performance is simultaneously improved by 23.7, 34.6, and 19.3 percent, respectively.