gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PARADISE: A Framework for Evaluating Spoken Dialogue Agents (1997)

This paper presents PARADISE (PARAdigm for DIalogue System Evaluation), a general framework for evaluating spoken dialogue agents. The framework decouples task requirements from an agent's dialogue behaviors, supports comparisons among dialogue strategies, enables the calculation of performance over subdialogues and whole dialogues, specifies the relative contribution of various factors to performance, and makes it possible to compare agents performing different tasks by normalizing for task complexity.
Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 Facilitates Insulin-Like Growth Factor Bioavailability through Its Proteinase Activity on Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 (2004)

Matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) secreted by cancer cells has been implicated classically in the basement membrane destruction associated with tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Recent epidemiologic studies have established a correlation between high levels of circulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and low levels of IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), and relative risk of developing colon, breast, prostate, and lung cancer, which are known to produce MMP-7. In this study, IGFBP-3 was assessed as a candidate for the physiologic substrate of MMP-7. MMP-7 proteolysis generated four major fragments (26 kDa, 17 kDa, 15.5 kDa, and 15.5 kDa), and two cleavage sites were identified: one at the site of hydrolysis of the K(144)-I(145) peptide bond and one at the R(95)-L(96) peptide bond. The former site is different from the previously reported site of cleavage of IGFBP-3 by other proteases. Addition of IGFBP-3 inhibited IGF-I-mediated IGF type 1 receptor (IGF-IR) phosphorylation and activation of the downstream molecule Akt in BALB/c 3T3 fibroblasts overexpressing human IGF-IR (3T3-IGF-IR) and in two human colon cancer cell lines (COLO201 and HT29). Coincubation of the IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex with MMP-7 restored IGF-I-mediated IGF-IR phosphorylation and activation of Akt in these cell lines. The IGF-I signal recovered by MMP-7 protected against apoptosis induced by anoikis in 3T3-IGF-IR cells. These results indicate that MMP-7 proteolysis of IGFBP-3 plays a crucial role in regulating IGF-I bioavailability, thereby promoting cell survival. This mechanism may contribute to the tumorigenesis of MMP-7-producing IGF-IR-expressing tumors in the primary site and to organ-specific metastasis in a paracrine manner.
Non-hydrothermal synthesis of copper-, zinc- and copper-zinc hydrosilicates (2001)

Cu/SiO2, Zn/SiO2 and Cu-Zn/SiO2 samples have been prepared by the homogeneous deposition-precipitation method. The samples were analyzed by thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy after various heat treatments and compared with data obtained for several minerals. It has been shown that interaction between the components occurs through formation of hydrosilicates. Copper-silica system at a Cu:Si ratio ≤ 1, gives rise to a hydrosilicate stable up to a calcination temperature of 930 K resembling the mineral Chrisocolla; at higher ratios a hydroxonitrate (gerhardite type) is also formed. Zinc-silica interaction produces two hydrosilicates such as a well crystallized Hemimorphite at Zn:Si = 2 and highly dispersed Zincsilite at Zn:Si ≤ 0.75, both stable up to 1073 K. The Zincsilite structure consists of three layered sheets (an octahedral layer sandwiched by two tetrahedral ones) like the Stevensite mineral group. For the copper-zinc-silica system no copper hydrosilicate is formed. Copper merely enters the Zincsilite structure independenly of the applied (Cu + Zn):Si ratio. Resulting layered copper-zinc hydrosilicate may be described by formula Znx-yCuy(Zn3-x-zCuz-y□x)[Si4O10](0H)2.nH2O, where Zn3-x-zCuz-y—ions are located in octahedral sites, Znx-yCuy-ions in the interlayer; □x are vacancies in the layers. Copper and zinc in excess of the Zincsilite ratio of Me:Si = 0.75, gives rise to copper and copper-zinc hydroxonitrates.
Magnetic Properties of Isolated FePt-C Nanocomposited Films (2010)

The microstructures and magnetic properties of FePtC films grown on MgO/CrRu/glass substrates under different sputtering parameters were systematically investigated. Increased temperature induced chemical ordering and the increase of coercivity. The microstructures of FePtC film showed a two-layer structure with a granular layer above a continuous underlying layer. With increasing sputtering pressure (P¿¿), the intensity of FePt (001) peak initially increased, and then decreased when P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Ar</sub> ¿ 20 mTorr. At 20 mTorr, H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> value increased to ~9.5 kOe, and only one magnetic layer was observed with increase of P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Ar</sub> ~ 50 mTorr. An increase of sputtering power at high pressures will further improve the magnetic isolation of FePt grains.
Comparison of calcium fluoride and lanthanum fluoride as host lattices for the determination of lanthanides by selective excitation of probe ion luminescence (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTComparison of calcium fluoride and lanthanum fluoride as host lattices for the determination of lanthanides by selective excitation of probe ion luminescenceStephen K. Doorn and John C. WrightCite this: Anal. Chem. 1985, 57, 14, 2869–2873Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00291a028https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00291a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views103Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Complete Amino Acid Sequence of a Kunitz Family Trypsin Inhibitor from Seeds of Acacia confusa1 (1993)

The complete amino acid sequence of a Kunitz-type two-chain trypsin inhibitor was determined for the first time. The sequence of the inhibitor from Acacia confusa (ACTI) was determined by analysis of peptides obtained from the reduced and S-carboxymethylated protein by digestion with endopeptidase Lys-C, endopeptidase Arg-C, and V8 endopeptidase. ACTI is comprised of two chains, namely A and B chains linked by the disulfide bridge between Cys(133) and Cys(141), and the inhibitor consists of 175 amino acid residues, 136 residues in the A-chain and 39 residues in the B-chain. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of ACTI shows extensive homology to the trypsin inhibitors from Acacia elata and Albizzia julibrissin, while the whole amino acid sequence of ACTI has a high degree of homology to the other Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitors from soybeans, winged bean seeds [Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L) DC.], and seeds of Erythrina species.
Removing methane (degasification) from the Pittsburgh coalbed in northern West Virginia (1962)

To determine whether the level of fibronectin in lung secretions correlates with the severity of lung injury or with the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, or both, serial tracheal aspirate samples were collected from 32 preterm infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome. Levels of total fibronectin, cellular fibronectin, plasma fibronectin, albumin, and secretory component of IgA (SC) were determined for the first 1 to 2 weeks of life in the 14 infants who recovered without pulmonary sequelae, and for weeks 1 to 4 in the 18 infants in whom bronchopulmonary dysplasia developed. Secretory component was chosen as the reference protein because its concentration in lung secretions is minimally influenced by capillary leak and does not vary with gestational or postnatal age. Albumin/SC and plasma fibronectin/SC ratios in tracheal aspirates were significantly higher (p less than 0.05) during the first 2 weeks of life in infants in whom bronchopulmonary dysplasia developed, suggesting greater capillary permeability in these infants. Cellular fibronectin/SC ratios in aspirates from infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia were also significantly higher in the first 2 weeks, 9.0 +/- 1.7 and 7.4 +/- 2.0 micrograms/microgram SC in weeks 1 and 2, respectively, in comparison with values from infants without bronchopulmonary dysplasia, 1.6 +/- 0.4 and 1.1 +/- 0.8 micrograms/microgram SC (p less than 0.01), suggesting increased synthesis of fibronectin in the lungs of infants with subsequent bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Elevated levels of both plasma and cellular fibronectin in tracheal aspirate samples may provide an early index of the severity of lung injury in infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome.
A Novel Smooth Muscle-specific Enhancer Regulates Transcription of the Smooth Muscle Myosin Heavy Chain Gene in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (1995)

Transient DNA transfection analysis of 5' end deletion mutants of the rabbit smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMHC) gene promoter was performed in primary cultures of rabbit vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). A positive element located at position -1,332 upstream of the transcription start site consistently gave the highest relative chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activity (6.3 +/- 1.5-fold over the minimal SMHC promoter), suggesting that inclusion of the extra 107-base pair (bp) DNA fragment between -1,332 and -1,225 could significantly enhance CAT activity in VSMC. Transfection of mutants into several muscle and nonmuscle cell lines did not show any significant CAT activity above control, showing that factors unique to smooth muscle cells were required for SMHC expression. Gel shift analysis indicated that multiple factors interacted with the 107-bp element, two of which appeared to show smooth muscle specificity. Tests of enhancer function in transfected VSMC indicated that the 107-bp fragment behaved as a classical enhancer, i.e. independently of position and orientation. These results indicate that a novel DNA element may regulate the tissue-restricted expression of the SMHC gene and provides the first example of a role for a smooth muscle-specific enhancer in VSMC.
Resilient authentication using path independence (1998)

Authentication using a path of trusted intermediaries, each able to authenticate the next in the path, is a well-known technique for authenticating channels in a large distributed system. In this paper, we explore the use of multiple paths to redundantly authenticate a channel and focus on two notions of path independence-disjoint paths and connective paths-that seem to increase assurance in the authentication. We give evidence that there are no efficient algorithms for locating maximum sets of paths with these independence properties and propose several approximation algorithms for these problems. We also describe a service we have deployed, called PathServer, that makes use of our algorithms to find such sets of paths to support authentication in PGP applications.
Fundamental tradeoffs among reliability, latency and throughput in cellular networks (2014)

We address the fundamental tradeoffs among latency, reliability and throughput in a cellular network. The most important elements influencing the KPIs in a 4G network are identified, and the inter-relationships among them is discussed. We use the effective bandwidth and the effective capacity theory as analytical framework for calculating the maximum achievable rate for a given latency and reliability constraint. The analysis is conducted in a simplified LTE network, providing baseline - yet powerful - insight of the main tradeoffs. Guidelines to extend the theory to more complex systems are also presented, including a semi-analytical approach for cases with intractable channel and traffic models. We also discuss the use of system-level simulations to explore the limits of LTE networks. Based on our findings, we give some recommendations for the imminent 5G technology design phase, in which latency and reliability will be two of the principal KPIs.
Evaluating alternative display sharing system architectures (2002)

One cost effective approach for sharing a current local X Window display with other workstations lies with the X Window graphics system itself. A software solution for display sharing can be realized by intercepting the X protocol a client generates, passing the X protocol out of the local workstation and into the display sharing system, and then routing it on to interested receiver workstations. Two methods exist for intercepting X protocol transmission between client and server: a modification to the X server itself, or an intermediary process, referred to as a Wedge, which interposes itself between the client and server, thus gaining access to the protocol stream. Four alternative display sharing system architectures were evaluated in terms of cost, performance, and impact to both the user and the workstation itself. One was selected for further study, with a prototype display sharing system developed based on that architecture.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A single-layer permeation barrier for organic light-emitting displays (2008)

Films of a hybrid material with part-SiO2 part-silicone character are deposited as environmental barriers on bottom-emitting and on transparent organic light-emitting diodes. Devices coated with this barrier have lifetimes of up to ∼7500h when stored at 65°C and 85% relative humidity, by far exceeding the industrial requirement of 1000h. The intensity of the Si–O–Si absorption at the wavenumber of 1075cm−1, the wetting angle by water, and the indentation hardness support the interpretation of a homogeneous material with the properties of a SiO2-silicone hybrid. The films remain intact over 58600cycles of bending to ∼0.2% tensile strain.
Viewing stemming as recall enhancement (1996)

Previous research on stemming has shown both positive and negative effects on retrieval performance.
One‐Pot Multienzymatic Synthesis of 12‐Ketoursodeoxycholic Acid: Subtle Cofactor Specificities Rule the Reaction Equilibria of Five Biocatalysts Working in a Row (2009)

Abstract magnified image The hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDHs)‐catalyzed one‐pot enzymatic synthesis of 12‐ketoursodeoxycholic acid (3α,7β‐dihydroxy‐12‐oxo‐5β‐cholanoic acid), a key intermediate for the synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid, from cholic acid has been investigated. This goal has been achieved by alternating oxidative and reductive steps in a one‐pot system employing HSDHs with different cofactor specificity, namely NADH‐dependent HSDHs in the oxidative step and an NADPH‐dependent 7β‐HSDH in the reductive one. Coupled in situ regeneration systems have been exploited not only to allow the use of catalytic amounts of the cofactors, but also to provide the necessary driving force to opposite reactions (i.e., oxidation and reduction) acting on different sites of the substrate molecule. Biocatalysts suitable for the set‐up of this process have been selected and their kinetic behaviour in respect of the reactions of interest has been evaluated. Finally, the process has been studied employing the enzymes both in free and compartmentalized form.
Combining low-, high-level and empirical domain knowledge for automated segmentation of ultrasonic breast lesions (2003)

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of mortality in women. In the last decade, ultrasound along with digital mammography has come to be regarded as the gold standard for breast cancer diagnosis. Automatically detecting tumors and extracting lesion boundaries in ultrasound images is difficult due to their specular nature and the variance in shape and appearance of sonographic lesions. Past work on automated ultrasonic breast lesion segmentation has not addressed important issues such as shadowing artifacts or dealing with similar tumor like structures in the sonogram. Algorithms that claim to automatically classify ultrasonic breast lesions, rely on manual delineation of the tumor boundaries. In this paper, we present a novel technique to automatically find lesion margins in ultrasound images, by combining intensity and texture with empirical domain specific knowledge along with directional gradient and a deformable shape-based model. The images are first filtered to remove speckle noise and then contrast enhanced to emphasize the tumor regions. For the first time, a mathematical formulation of the empirical rules used by radiologists in detecting ultrasonic breast lesions, popularly known as the "Stavros Criteria" is presented in this paper. We have applied this formulation to automatically determine a seed point within the image. Probabilistic classification of image pixels based on intensity and texture is followed by region growing using the automatically determined seed point to obtain an initial segmentation of the lesion. Boundary points are found on the directional gradient of the image. Outliers are removed by a process of recursive refinement. These boundary points are then supplied as an initial estimate to a deformable model. Incorporating empirical domain specific knowledge along with low and high-level knowledge makes it possible to avoid shadowing artifacts and lowers the chance of confusing similar tumor like structures for the lesion. The system was validated on a database of breast sonograms for 42 patients. The average mean boundary error between manual and automated segmentation was 6.6 pixels and the normalized true positive area overlap was 75.1%. The algorithm was found to be robust to 1) variations in system parameters, 2) number of training samples used, and 3) the position of the seed point within the tumor. Running time for segmenting a single sonogram was 18 s on a 1.8-GHz Pentium machine.
Genetic and environmental influences of surfactant protein D serum levels (2005)

The collectin surfactant protein D (SP-D) is an important component of the pulmonary innate immune system, but SP-D is also present on extrapulmonary epithelial surfaces and in serum, where it has been used as a biomarker for pulmonary disease states. In this study, we investigate the mechanisms defining the constitutional serum level of SP-D and determine the magnitude of the genetic contribution to serum SP-D in the adult population. Recent studies have demonstrated that serum SP-D concentrations in children are genetically determined and that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located in the NH(2)-terminal region (Met11Thr) of the mature protein is significantly associated with the serum SP-D levels. A classic twin study was performed on a twin population including 1,476 self-reported healthy adults. The serum SP-D levels increased with male sex, age, and smoking status. The intraclass correlation was significantly higher for monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs than for dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs. Serum SP-D variance was influenced by nonshared environmental effects and additive genetic effects. Multivariate analysis of MZ and DZ covariance matrixes showed significant genetic correlation among serum SP-D and metabolic variables. The Met11Thr variant explained a significant part of the heritability indicating that serum SP-D variance could be decomposed into non-shared environmental effects (e(2) = 0.19), additive genetic effects (h(2) = 0.42), and the effect of the Met11Thr variations (q(2) = 0.39).
Partition coefficients and their uses (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPartition coefficients and their usesAlbert Leo, Corwin Hansch, and David ElkinsCite this: Chem. Rev. 1971, 71, 6, 525–616Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr60274a001https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60274a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views17110Altmetric-Citations3802LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A C/EBP-binding site in the transferrin promoter is essential for expression in the liver but not the brain of transgenic mice. (1993)

The gene for the iron-binding protein transferrin is transcribed at a high level in liver hepatocytes but is also active in several other cell types, including oligodendrocytes in the brain. Enhancer elements between bp -560 and -44 of the transferrin gene promoter specifically activated transcription from a heterologous promoter in transgenic mouse liver and brain. Within this region, a potent cis-acting element between bp -98 and -83 was found to be essential for gene activity in both cultured hepatocytes and transgenic mouse liver. The -98 to -83 element contains a CCAAT sequence and is specifically bound by a nuclear factor from mouse liver that is homologous to rat liver C/EBP (CAAT enhancer-binding protein). Point mutations within this binding site inhibit factor binding and abolish transcription in transfected hepatoma cells. When placed in the context of the 3,000-bp transferrin promoter, the C/EBP binding site mutation causes a complete loss of transcription in transgenic mouse liver; however, transgene expression in the brain of the same animals was unaffected. These results suggest a modular structure for the transferrin promoter and demonstrate that deletions or specific point mutations can be used to generate transgene promoters with an activity more restricted than that of their endogenous counterparts.