gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
3-D traveltime computation using the fast marching method (1999)

Abstract We present a fast algorithm for solving the eikonal equation in three dimensions, based on the fast marching method. The algorithm is of the order O(N log N), where N is the total number of grid points in the computational domain. The algorithm can be used in any orthogonal coordinate system and globally constructs the solution to the eikonal equation for each point in the coordinate domain. The method is unconditionally stable and constructs solutions consistent with the exact solution for arbitrarily large gradient jumps in velocity. In addition, the method resolves any overturning propagation wavefronts. We begin with the mathematical foundation for solving the eikonal equation using the fast marching method and follow with the numerical details. We then show examples of traveltime propagation through the SEG/EAGE salt model using point-source and planewave initial conditions and analyze the error in constant velocity media. The algorithm allows for any shape of the initial wavefront. While a point source is the most commonly used initial condition, initial plane waves can be used for controlled illumination or for downward continuation of the traveltime field from one depth to another or from a topographic depth surface to another. The algorithm presented here is designed for computing first-arrival traveltimes. Nonetheless, since it exploits the fast marching method for solving the eikonal equation, we believe it is the fastest of all possible consistent schemes to compute first arrivals.
Aromatic or oriental tobaccos. (1962)

and of the chemical composition of the cured leaf in comparison with that of other types of tobaccos.These studies have been continued up to the present.
The spatio‐temporal characteristics of action potential initiation in layer 5 pyramidal neurons: a voltage imaging study (2011)

The spatial pattern of Na(+) channel clustering in the axon initial segment (AIS) plays a critical role in tuning neuronal computations, and changes in Na(+) channel distribution have been shown to mediate novel forms of neuronal plasticity in the axon. However, immunocytochemical data on channel distribution may not directly predict spatio-temporal characteristics of action potential initiation, and prior electrophysiological measures are either indirect (extracellular) or lack sufficient spatial resolution (intracellular) to directly characterize the spike trigger zone (TZ). We took advantage of a critical methodological improvement in the high sensitivity membrane potential imaging (V(m) imaging) technique to directly determine the location and length of the spike TZ as defined in functional terms. The results show that in mature axons of mouse cortical layer 5 pyramidal cells, action potentials initiate in a region ∼20 μm in length centred between 20 and 40 μm from the soma. From this region, the AP depolarizing wave invades initial nodes of Ranvier within a fraction of a millisecond and propagates in a saltatory fashion into axonal collaterals without failure at all physiologically relevant frequencies. We further demonstrate that, in contrast to the saltatory conduction in mature axons, AP propagation is non-saltatory (monotonic) in immature axons prior to myelination.
LEVELS OF CAUSATION (1992)

Having constructed a theory of causation, it is time to apply it. In the next three chapters, I shall focus on various areas where matters can be advanced by adopting some of the theses and making some of the distinctions already introduced. In this chapter, it is the relationship between the different sciences which concerns me, in chapter 7 the problem of deviant causal chains and in chapter 8 the explanation of human action. Each of these issues may be made more tractable by bringing my apparatus to bear on it.
Convergence of Hippocampal Pathophysiology in <i>Syngap</i> <sup>+/−</sup> and <i>Fmr1</i> <sup> −/ <i>y</i> </sup> Mice (2015)

As the genetics of intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are unraveled, a key issue is whether genetically divergent forms of these disorders converge on common biochemical/cellular pathways and hence may be amenable to common therapeutic interventions. This study compares the pathophysiology associated with the loss of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) and haploinsufficiency of synaptic GTPase-activating protein (SynGAP), two prevalent monogenic forms of ID. We show that Syngap(+/-) mice phenocopy Fmr1(-/y) mice in the alterations in mGluR-dependent long-term depression, basal protein synthesis, and dendritic spine morphology. Deficits in basal protein synthesis can be rescued by pharmacological interventions that reduce the mGlu5 receptor-ERK1/2 signaling pathway, which also rescues the same deficit in Fmr1(-/y) mice. Our findings support the hypothesis that phenotypes associated with genetically diverse forms of ID/ASDs result from alterations in common cellular/biochemical pathways.
An Eye Detection Technique for Clock and Data Recovery Applications (2006)

An eye detection technique to detect maximum vertical eye opening points for data recovery circuit (CDR) applications and the circuit implementation of an eye detector (ED) are reported in this paper. The ED samples the incoming data to generate the retimed data and produces an error signal indicating whether the sampling point leads or lags the maximum eye opening point, where the lowest BER is expected. The ED is implemented in CMOS 0.18/spl mu/m technology, and its feasibility is confirmed by transistor-level simulations.
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES OF A PINCH PLASMA ACCELERATOR (1963)

Characteristics of a pinch plasma accelerator were investigated by measuring the total discharge current, capacitor voltage, magnetic field distribution, and light front velocity. The current distribution and J X B force on the plasma were calculated. The results show that a current sheet resulting from the first half-cycle of current propagates along the electrodes, becoming more diffuse with time. It was observed that there are regions in the sheet where the direction of current density shows local reversals. Magnetic probes indicate that the motion of the current sheet turns from an initially radial direction to an axial direction and that the magnetic force on the current sheet is essentially in the direction of plasma motion. The impulse produced by J X B forces in the accelerator was computed and was found to be the principal contribution to the thrust. All of the net energy output of the capacitor bank was transferred to the accelerator in the first 2.4 jusec.
A dose finding study with 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4% glyceryl trinitrate ointment in patients with chronic anal fissures (2003)

The results of this study have demonstrated the significant benefit of topical GTN when applied to patients suffering from chronic anal fissures but acute fissures showed a tendency to resolve spontaneously. The high proportion of fissures which healed in the placebo group suggests that the definition of "chronicity" needs to be reassessed. Further studies are required to confirm the optimal therapeutic strategy.
Expression of uncoupling protein mRNA in thermogenic or weakly thermogenic brown adipose tissue. Evidence for a rapid beta-adrenoreceptor-mediated and transcriptionally regulated step during activation of thermogenesis. (1986)

A cloned cDNA sequence for the unique mitochondrial uncoupling protein of rat brown adipose tissue has been used to assay the corresponding mRNA in several situations. When thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue is stimulated (exposure of adult rats to the cold, birth) a rapid and prolonged increase in the level of uncoupling protein mRNA is observed. Such an increase can be mimicked by injection of animals with a new beta-adrenoreceptor agonist BRL 26830A. Conversely it is known that mice and rats with genetic or surgical obesity have a weakly thermogenic brown adipose tissue with a reduced norepinephrine turnover. A reduced level of uncoupling protein mRNA was measured in obese fa/fa rats 10 days or 10 weeks old and in obese rats with a lesion of the ventromedial hypothalamic area but not in obese ob/ob mice. Moreover, exposure of obese animals to cold or dosing with BRL 26830A strikingly increased the level of uncoupling protein mRNA. Measurement of the relative concentration of nascent Ucp transcripts in nuclei isolated from brown adipose tissue indicates that Ucp gene is acutely (within 15 min) regulated at the level of transcription and is controlled via activation of beta-adrenoreceptors of plasma membrane. Ucp gene transcription is decreased in obese fa/fa rats but can be fully and rapidly turned on after injection of BRL 26830A.
Complexity-reduced digital nonlinear compensation for coherent optical system (2013)

The high complexity of conventional intra-channel nonlinearity compensation algorithms, such as back-propagation, is considered as the major obstacle for the implementation. To reduce the complexity, perturbation analysis is applied because it considers multi-span transmission as one stage. In those perturbation based algorithms, such as perturbation back-propagation (PBP) and perturbation pre-distortion, the number of required compensation stage is much less than that of conventional back-propagation. To reduce the complexity further, the multi-tap finite impulse response filter (FIR) in PBP is replaced with one-tap infinite impulse response (IIR) filter. The number of required compensation stage of IIR PBP is only 15% of conventional back-propagation, whereas the complexity of each stage is almost same. In perturbation pre-distortion, the proposed perturbation combination reduces the number of terms from 19732 to 41, whereas no performance degradation is observed.
Synthesis of well‐defined and end‐polymerizable star‐shaped polysulfides and their application to negative photoresist (2010)

Abstract Various star‐shaped poly(phenoxy propylene sulfide)s (PPSs) bearing curable end groups were synthesized by the functionalization of the propagating ends of star‐shaped poly(PPS) with various electrophilies. The functionalization with chloromethyl styrene proceeded quantitatively, and afforded polymers with M n almost agreed with theoretical value and narrow M w / M n . The photocuring conditions were optimized, and the addition of 10 wt % of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate was effective to attain sufficient crosslinking. The photocuring reaction of the end‐functionalized poly(PPS) films cast on silicon wafers was conducted by UV irradiation. The cured poly (PPS)s became insoluble in THF, supporting the sufficient crosslinking. Developing of a cured polymer yielded a negative photoresist pattern. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Atrophy of the soleus muscle by hindlimb unweighting (1990)

The unweighting model is a unique whole animal model that will permit the future delineation of the mechanism(s) by which gravity maintains contractile mass in postural (slow-twitch) skeletal muscle. Since the origination of the model of rodent hindlimb unweighting almost one decade ago, about half of the 59 refereed articles in which this model was utilized have been published in the Journal of Applied Physiology. Thus the purpose of this review is to provide, for those researchers with an interest in the hindlimb unweighting model, a summation of the data derived from this model to data and hopefully to stimulate research interest in aspects of the model for which data are lacking. The stress response of the animal to hindlimb unweighting is transient, minimal in magnitude, and somewhat variable. After 1 wk of unweighting, the animal exhibits no chronic signs of stress. The atrophy of the soleus muscle, a predominantly slow-twitch muscle, is emphasized because unweighting preferentially affects it compared with other calf muscles, which are mainly fast-twitch muscles. The review considers the following information about the unweighted soleus muscle: electromyogram activity, amount and type of protein lost, capillarization, oxidative capacity, glycolytic enzyme activities, fiber cross section, contractile properties, glucose uptake, sensitivity to insulin, protein synthesis and degradation rates, glucocorticoid receptor numbers, responses of specific mRNAs, and changes in metabolite concentrations.
Whispering gallery mode lithium niobate microresonators for photonics applications (2003)

We review various photonics applications of whispering gallery mode (WGM) dielectric resonators and focus on the capability of generating trains of short optical pulses using WGM lithium niobate cavities. We introduce schemes of optical frequency comb generators, actively mode-locked lasers, and coupled opto-electronic oscillators where WGM cavities are utilized for the light amplification and modulation.
Technology in bloom (1997)

article Free Access Share on Technology in bloom: implications for the next 50 years Author: Larry Press California State Univ. at Dominguez Hills California State Univ. at Dominguez HillsView Profile Authors Info & Claims Communications of the ACMVolume 40Issue 2Feb. 1997 pp 11–17https://doi.org/10.1145/253671.253678Online:01 February 1997Publication History 7citation1,399DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations7Total Downloads1,399Last 12 Months5Last 6 weeks0 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my Alerts New Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
[Destabilase: an enzyme of medicinal leech salivary gland secretion hydrolyzes the isopeptide bonds in stabilized fibrin]. (1985)

The salivary gland secretion of the leech Hirudo medicinalis contains an enzyme termed by us as destabilase, which hydrolyzes the epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine bonds as a result of fibrin stabilization by factor XIIIa in the presence of Ca2+. This hydrolysis, apart from the original lysine and glutamine, is characterized by an appearance of lysine and glutamic acid residues. The accumulation of glutamic acid residues leads to spontaneous depolymerization of the destabilized fibrin. As a result, fluid "spots" of destabilized fibrin depolymerization (DFD) begin to appear at the sites of leech secretion application on the surface of stabilized fibrin plates. The DFD activity of the leech salivary gland secretion manifests itself only in case of stabilized fibrin and increases with an increase in the stabilization degree. Treatment of leech secretion with diisopropylfluorophosphate does not affect the enzyme activity, which is completely blocked by monoiodoacetate. The mechanism of action of leech salivary gland secretion and the enzyme isolated from it, i. e., destabilase, was studied, using a synthetic chromogenic substrate - p-nitroanilide-gamma-glutamic acid. The amidolytic activity of leech salivary gland secretion is 2.2 +/- 0.18 nkat/ml, Km(app) for destabilase is 0.6 X 10(-5) M, V = 5.4 X 10(-3) mol/min.
Transient Tests on a Voltage-Regulated Controlled-Current PWM Converter (1987)

The controlled-current PWM converter has the capability of delivering near sinusoidal current waveforms with unity and even leading power factors. This paper describes its transient characteristics when operated with a simple proportional feedback control to ensure regulated dc voltage output. Experimental tests show that it has fast step response and that it survives abnormal operational conditions such as brown-outs and loss of a single phase.
Serum Bile Acids Are Higher in Humans With Prior Gastric Bypass: Potential Contribution to Improved Glucose and Lipid Metabolism (2009)

The multifactorial mechanisms promoting weight loss and improved metabolism following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (GB) surgery remain incompletely understood. Recent rodent studies suggest that bile acids can mediate energy homeostasis by activating the G-protein coupled receptor TGR5 and the type 2 thyroid hormone deiodinase. Altered gastrointestinal anatomy following GB could affect enterohepatic recirculation of bile acids. We assessed whether circulating bile acid concentrations differ in patients who previously underwent GB, which might then contribute to improved metabolic homeostasis. We performed cross-sectional analysis of fasting serum bile acid composition and both fasting and post-meal metabolic variables, in three subject groups: (i) post-GB surgery (n = 9), (ii) without GB matched to preoperative BMI of the index cohort (n = 5), and (iii) without GB matched to current BMI of the index cohort (n = 10). Total serum bile acid concentrations were higher in GB (8.90 +/- 4.84 micromol/l) than in both overweight (3.59 +/- 1.95, P = 0.005, Ov) and severely obese (3.86 +/- 1.51, P = 0.045, MOb). Bile acid subfractions taurochenodeoxycholic, taurodeoxycholic, glycocholic, glycochenodeoxycholic, and glycodeoxycholic acids were all significantly higher in GB compared to Ov (P < 0.05). Total bile acids were inversely correlated with 2-h post-meal glucose (r = -0.59, P < 0.003) and fasting triglycerides (r = -0.40, P = 0.05), and positively correlated with adiponectin (r = -0.48, P < 0.02) and peak glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) (r = 0.58, P < 0.003). Total bile acids strongly correlated inversely with thyrotropic hormone (TSH) (r = -0.57, P = 0.004). Together, our data suggest that altered bile acid levels and composition may contribute to improved glucose and lipid metabolism in patients who have had GB.
Linkage mapping by simultaneous screening of multiple polymorphic loci using Alu oligonucleotide-directed PCR. (1992)

We present the use of our recently described multiple-loci polymorphic DNA markers ("alumorphs") for linkage mapping of the human genome. By using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with an Alu-specific primer we could reveal, in a single experiment, up to 20 genomic polymorphisms seen as the presence or absence of amplified DNA fragments originating from genomic segments flanked by Alu repeats. Using this approach we examined genomic DNA samples from two families with a history of pseudovitamin D-deficiency rickets (PDDR), an autosomal recessive disorder. An indication of linkage with the PDDR phenotype was found for one of the polymorphic bands, denoted 30A. A significant linkage [logarithm-of-odds (lod) score greater than 3.0] was obtained between this polymorphism and a number of chromosome 12q markers tightly linked to PDDR. The 30A band specifically hybridized to DNA digests from hybrid cell lines carrying a human chromosome 12, thus independently assigning the 30A marker to this chromosome. Since Alu elements are ubiquitous in human DNA, the use of alternative Alu-specific primers, which reveal different sets of Alu-flanked loci, should provide an efficient and rapid approach to human genetic mapping.
Surface Orientation From Polarization Images (1988)

It is demonstrated that measurement of local surface orientation for a wide variety of isotropically rough material surfaces can be achieved from knowledge of the polarization states of both incident and reflected light radiation upon and from the surface respectively. The reflection model used is the Torrance-Sparrow model assuming combined specular and diffuse reflection. The specular and diffuse reflection components have distinct polarization states which makes it possible to resolve intersecting specular and diffuse equireflection curves in gradient space thereby measuring surface orientation. The light source incident orientation and the viewer orientation are assumed to be known along with the complex index of refraction of the material surface and the root mean square slope of planar microfacets characterizing surface roughness. The theoretical development is very comprehensive with respect to the nature of the incident and reflected light radiation which is assumed to be quasi-monochromatic having arbitrary degree of polarization. Thus determination of surface orientation is feasible using incident incoherent natural sunlight which is completely unpolarized, using incident partially polarized light such as specularly reflected natural sunlight, or using completely polarized incident light such as light which is elliptically polarized including circular and linear polarizations.
Adherence of slime-producing strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis to smooth surfaces (1982)

Slime production is not a generally recognized feature of Staphylococcus epidermidis. In a recent outbreak of S. epidermidis intravascular catheter-associated sepsis, we noted that 63% of clinically implicated strains grew as a slimy film coating the culture tube walls when propagated in tryptic soy broth. Only 37% of randomly collected blood culture contaminants and skin isolates demonstrated a similar phenomenon (p less than 0.05). Transmission electron micrographs of these coating bacteria showed them to be encased in an extracellular matrix that stained with alcian blue. Slime production was most evident in autoclaved media containing Casamino Acids and glucose supplementation (0.25% wt/vol). There were strain and media preparation variability of slime production in the presence of other carbohydrates. Some strains were not able to produce slime under any of the tested conditions. The production or nonproduction of slime did not influence growth rate. When grown in vitro, slime producers accumulated on the surface of intravascular catheters as macrocolonies, whereas non-slime, producers did not. Transmission and scanning electron micrographs showed slime producers to be encased in an adhesive layer on the catheter surface, whereas nonproducers were not encased. These results suggest that slime-mediated adherence may be a critical factor in the pathogenesis of S. epidermidis infections of medical devices.
A cell based vaccine strategy that enhances dendritic cell activation, migration and antigen uptake (2004)

684 Dendritic cells (DC) are potent antigen presenting cells capable of inducing a primary T-cell response. In the context of antigen presentation, GM-CSF and immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides synergistically enhance a tumor antigen-specific immune response. We have previously shown that our whole tumor cell vaccine strategy based on irradiated (20Gy) GM-CSF-secreting B16 cells admixed with CpG 1826 (200ug) significantly inhibited tumor growth and resulted in complete cure in 40% of mice. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of this strategy on DC activation, migration and Ag uptake. Control (un-vaccinated) mice were compared to mice receiving irradiated cells with GM-CSF alone or with CpG alone or with a combination of GM-CSF plus CpG. The vital dye CFSE was used to track intra-peritoneal DC in vivo. Briefly, 150ul of CFSE (5mM) was administered with vaccine (Irradiated GM-CSF-secreting B16 cells plus CpG) or alone. Eighteen hours later, splenocytes were harvested, stained with CD11c-PE and analyzed by flow cytometry. GM-CSF plus CpG synergistically enhanced splenic DC expression of activation markers including MHCII, CD86, CD40 and CD54. DC migration from the vaccination site (peritoneal cavity) to the spleen was enhanced 7 fold by GM-CSF and CpG. Furthermore, by double staining B16 tumor cells with CFSE (cytoplasm) and DiD (cell membrane) we found that CD11c+ DC’s engulfed both components of the irradiated cells and effectively transported them to the spleen. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR revealed that splenic DCs from mice receiving both GM-CSF and CpG expressed the highest levels of TLR9, IL-12, IL-6, and IFN-γ. These findings suggest that our in vivo vaccine strategy targets DCs for activation, migration and antigen uptake. GM-CSF and CpG synergistically enhance the favorable environment for T-cell activation induced by expression of co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines.