gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biofouling Resistance of Ultrafiltration Membranes Controlled by Surface Self-Assembled Coating with PEGylated Copolymers (2011)

Block and random PEGylated copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) and polystyrene (PS) were synthesized with a controlled polydispersity using an atom transfer radical polymerization method and varying molar mass ratios of PS/PEGMA. Two types of PEGylated copolymers were self-assembly coated onto the surface of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) ultrafiltration membranes for enhancing biofouling resistance. It was found that the adsorption capacities of random copolymers on PVDF membranes were all higher than those of block copolymers. However, the specific and overall protein resistance of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on PVDF membranes coated with block copolymers was much higher than that with random copolymers. The increase in styrene content in copolymer increased the amount of polymer coating on the membrane, and the increase in PEGMA content enhanced the protein resistance of membranes. The optimum PS/PEGMA ratio was found to be close to 2 for the best resistance of protein adsorption and bacterial adhesion on the PEGylated diblock copolymer-coated membranes. The PVDF membrane coated with such a copolymer owned excellent biofouling resistance to BSA, humic acid, negatively surface charged bacteria E. coli, and positively surface charged bacteria S. maltophilia.
Abbreviations and Symbols for the Description of the Conformation of Polypeptide Chains (1970)

These rules are based on "A proposal of standard conventions and nomenclature for the description of polypeptide conformation" (Edsall et al., 1966) and have been prepared by a subcommission set up by the IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature in 1966.lThe original proposals have been modified so as to bring them as far as possible into line with the system of nomenclature current in the fields of organic and polymer chemistry.Two recommendations are appended to the rules, the first dealing with the terms configuration and conformation and the second with primary, secondary, and tertiary structure.These are formulated as recommendations rather than rules because there is' at present no general agreement about their definition.Note.Two alternative notations are recommended throughout.That with superscripts and subscripts may be used when it is unlikely to cause confusion, e.g., in printed or manuscript material; that without is to be used where superscripts or subscripts may cause confusion or are technically difficult or impossible, e.g., in computer outputs.In the latter connection the following Roman equivalents of Greek
Circulating donor-derived cell-free DNA: a true biomarker for cardiac allograft rejection? (2015)

Heart transplantation remains a lifesaving therapy for adults and children with end-stage heart disease. Since the first heart transplant was performed in 1967, advances in peri-operative care and long term immunosuppression have dramatically improved post-transplant outcomes (1). Currently, adult recipients can expect a median allograft survival of greater than 10 years and infant recipients can expect a median allograft survival that is greater than 20 years (2,3).
ADR â a generic, holistic concept (2002)

Extract: The ADR evolution has progressed in recent decades to the point where the letters âADRâ have acquired a generic significance. In the early days the letters emerged as an acronym for alternative dispute resolution. Concerns have been expressed that this not only cloaks a looseness of meaning but that it can be positively misleading.
Strong Decrease in Invasive Ability and Outer Membrane Vesicle Release in Crohn's Disease-Associated Adherent-Invasive <i>Escherichia coli</i> Strain LF82 with the <i>yfgL</i> Gene Deleted (2005)

Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli strain LF82 recovered from a chronic lesion of a patient with Crohn's disease is able to invade cultured intestinal epithelial cells. Three mutants with impaired ability to invade epithelial cells had the Tn5phoA transposon inserted in the yfgL gene encoding the YfgL lipoprotein. A yfgL- negative isogenic mutant showed a marked decrease both in its ability to invade Intestine-407 cells and in the amount of the outer membrane proteins OmpA and OmpC in the culture supernatant, as shown by analysis of the culture supernatant protein contents by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Transcomplementation of the LF82-DeltayfgL isogenic mutant with the cloned yfgL gene restored invasion ability and outer membrane protein release in the culture supernatant. The outer membrane proteins in the culture supernatant of strain LF82 resulted from the formation of vesicles. This was shown by Western blot analysis of periplasmic and outer membrane fraction markers typically found in outer membrane vesicles and by transmission electron microscopic analysis of ultracentrifuged cell-free LF82 supernatant pellets, indicating the presence of vesicles with a bilayered structure surrounding a central electron-dense core. Thus, deletion of the yfgL gene in strain LF82 resulted in a decreased ability to invade intestinal epithelial cells and a decreased release of outer membrane vesicles.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell–Based Gene Therapy for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Efficient Transduction and Expression of RevM10 in Myeloid Cells In Vivo and In Vitro (1997)

Gene delivery via the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) offers an attractive means to introduce antiviral genes into both T cells and macrophages for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) gene therapy. An amphotropic retroviral vector encoding a bicistronic gene coexpressing RevM10 and the murine CD8alpha' chain (lyt2) was developed to transduce HSC/progenitor cells. After transduction of CD34+ cells isolated from human umbilical cord blood, the lyt2 molecule detected by flow cytometry was used to monitor the level of gene transduction and expression and to enrich RevM10-expressing cells by cell sorting without drug selection. Using this quantitative method, high levels of gene transduction and expression (around 20%) were achieved by high-speed centrifugation of CD34+ cells with the retroviral supernatant (spinoculation). After reconstitution of human bone marrow implanted in SCID mice (SCID-hu bone) with the transduced HSC/progenitor cells, a significant number of donor-derived CD14+ bone marrow cells were found to express the RevM10/lyt2 gene. Finally, replication of a macrophage-tropic human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) isolate was greatly inhibited in the lyt2+/CD14+ cells differentiated from transduced CD34+ cells after the enrichment of lyt2+ population. Thus, the RevM10 gene did not appear to inhibit the differentiation of HSC/progneitor cells into monocytes/macrophages. The level of retrovirus-mediated RevM10 expression in monocytes/macrophages derived from transduced HSCs is sufficient to suppress HIV-1 replication.
Genome engineering via TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9 systems: challenges and perspectives (2014)

The ability to precisely modify genome sequence and regulate gene expression patterns in a site-specific manner holds much promise in plant biotechnology. Genome-engineering technologies that enable such highly specific and efficient modification are advancing with unprecedented pace. Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) provide customizable DNA-binding modules designed to bind to any sequence of interest. Thus, TALEs have been used as a DNA targeting module fused to functional domains for a variety of targeted genomic and epigenomic modifications. TALE nucleases (TALENs) have been used with much success across eukaryotic species to edit genomes. Recently, clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) that are used as guide RNAs for Cas9 nuclease-specific digestion has been introduced as a highly efficient DNA-targeting platform for genome editing and regulation. Here, we review the discovery, development and limitations of TALENs and CRIPSR/Cas9 systems as genome-engineering platforms in plants. We discuss the current questions, potential improvements and the development of the next-generation genome-editing platforms with an emphasis on producing designer plants to address the needs of agriculture and basic plant biology.
Release of interleukin‐1 from human synovial tissue in vitro (1985)

During the enzymatic disaggregation of human synovium, used in the process of isolating synoviocytes, a factor was liberated into the culture medium that exhibited the thymocyte mitogenic properties of interleukin-1. Like interleukin-1, this synovial-derived mitogen could be isolated using an affinity column of antihuman leukocytic pyrogen. By gel filtration and isoelectric focusing, the mitogen cofractionated with human monocyte-derived interleukin-1. Finally, the isolated mitogen was shown to exhibit other properties of interleukin-1: stimulation of the secretion of interleukin-2, enhancement of the titer of acute-phase proteins in vivo, and stimulation of the release of prostaglandin E2 from human synoviocyte cultures. These observations suggest that interleukin-1 can be derived from the human synovium.
HEFES: An Hybrid Engine for Facial Expressions Synthesis to control human-like androids and avatars (2012)

Nowadays advances in robotics and computer science have made possible the development of sociable and attractive robots. A challenging objective of the field of humanoid robotics is to make robots able to interact with people in a believable way. Recent studies have demonstrated that human-like robots with high similarity to human beings do not generate the sense of unease that is typically associated to human-like robots. For this reason designing of aesthetically appealing and socially attractive robots becomes necessary for realistic human-robot interactions. In this paper HEFES (Hybrid Engine for Facial Expressions Synthesis), an engine for generating and controlling facial expressions both on physical androids and 3D avatars is described. HEFES is part of a software library that controls a human robot called FACE (Facial Automaton for Conveying Emotions). HEFES was designed to allow users to create facial expressions without requiring artistic or animatronics skills and it is able to animate both FACE and its 3D replica. The system was tested in human-robot interaction studies aimed to help children with autism to interpret their interlocutors' mood through facial expressions understanding.
Independent Factor Analysis (1999)

We introduce the independent factor analysis (IFA) method for recovering independent hidden sources from their observed mixtures. IFA generalizes and unifies ordinary factor analysis (FA), principal component analysis (PCA), and independent component analysis (ICA), and can handle not only square noiseless mixing but also the general case where the number of mixtures differs from the number of sources and the data are noisy. IFA is a two-step procedure. In the first step, the source densities, mixing matrix, and noise covariance are estimated from the observed data by maximum likelihood. For this purpose we present an expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, which performs unsupervised learning of an associated probabilistic model of the mixing situation. Each source in our model is described by a mixture of gaussians; thus, all the probabilistic calculations can be performed analytically. In the second step, the sources are reconstructed from the observed data by an optimal nonlinear estimator. A variational approximation of this algorithm is derived for cases with a large number of sources, where the exact algorithm becomes intractable. Our IFA algorithm reduces to the one for ordinary FA when the sources become gaussian, and to an EM algorithm for PCA in the zero-noise limit. We derive an additional EM algorithm specifically for noiseless IFA. This algorithm is shown to be superior to ICA since it can learn arbitrary source densities from the data. Beyond blind separation, IFA can be used for modeling multidimensional data by a highly constrained mixture of gaussians and as a tool for nonlinear signal encoding.
Induction of Migraine-Like Photophobic Behavior in Mice by Both Peripheral and Central CGRP Mechanisms (2016)

The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a central player in migraine pathogenesis, yet its site(s) of action remains unknown. Some preclinical studies have pointed to central sites in the brain and brainstem. However, a peripheral site of action is indicated by the ability of intravenous CGRP to trigger migraine in humans and the efficacy of CGRP receptor antagonists that evidently do no penetrate the CNS in effective amounts. Resolving this issue is particularly important given recent clinical trials showing that anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies can reduce and even prevent migraine attacks. In this study, we report that CGRP can act in both the brain and the periphery of the mouse to cause migraine-like photophobia by apparently distinct mechanisms.
Design of a substrate integrated waveguide H plane Horn antenna on a PTFE substrate for automotive radar application (2011)

Short range radar sensors for automotive radar applications are operating in the frequency range of 22GHz to 29 GHz band in the United States. UWB sensors in the frequency domain of 24 GHz based on GaAs technology are already established in the automotive radar market. Recently automotive radar sensors based on SiGe technology chipset have also been reported in this frequency band. Thus our effort is to design a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) based H plane Horn antenna on a PTFE substrate, with an end-fire beam, which would be better suited for automotive radar applications. Rectangular dielectric loaded substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) H-plane sectoral horn antennas, operating at various frequencies in the range of 21 GHz to 28 GHz have been fabricated and tested. These antennas have been simulated and fabricated on a substrate of thickness 3.2mm and the dielectric material used is PolyTetraFluoroEthylene (PTFE). The SIW H plane horn antenna with dielectric loading resulted in improved gain and beamwidth. The length of the H Plane sectoral horn antenna was reduced further after optimizing the dielectric loading which resulted in further increase of gain and also narrow beam widths in the E- plane and H- plane. The results from the simulation and those from the measurement which are in good agreement are presented in the paper. The antenna prototypes that have been fabricated are not only compact but also low cost and they can be integrated with the high speed digital technology required for all the other subsystems of the automotive radar on the same PTFE substrate.
Breast Image Fusion Using Biomechanics (2011)

Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer mortality in women worldwide. Biomechanical models of the breast have shown promising results in their ability to predict the deformation of breast tissues under different conditions of compression and gravity loading. A novel multimodality framework was developed and validated using MR and X-ray images of a breast phantom before being applied to clinical breast images. Using this framework, it was shown that the parameters (boundary conditions and mechanical properties) of the biomechanical breast models could be estimated and image alignment improved. This biomechanical modelling framework was shown to simulate reliably deformations arising from both prone-to-supine reorientation, and prone-to-mammographic compression. This capability has the potential to help breast radiologists interpret information from MR and X-ray mammographic imaging in a common visualisation environment. In the future, ultrasound imaging could also be incorporated into this modelling framework to aid clinicians in the diagnosis and management of breast cancer.
Transcutaneous β-amyloid immunization reduces cerebral β-amyloid deposits without T cell infiltration and microhemorrhage (2007)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) immunotherapy accomplished by vaccination with beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptide has proved efficacious in AD mouse models. However, "active" Abeta vaccination strategies for the treatment of cerebral amyloidosis without concurrent induction of detrimental side effects are lacking. We have developed a transcutaneous (t.c.) Abeta vaccination approach and evaluated efficacy and monitored for deleterious side effects, including meningoencephalitis and microhemorrhage, in WT mice and a transgenic mouse model of AD. We demonstrate that t.c. immunization of WT mice with aggregated Abeta(1-42) plus the adjuvant cholera toxin (CT) results in high-titer Abeta antibodies (mainly of the Ig G1 class) and Abeta(1-42)-specific splenocyte immune responses. Confocal microscopy of the t.c. immunization site revealed Langerhans cells in areas of the skin containing the Abeta(1-42) immunogen, suggesting that these unique innate immune cells participate in Abeta(1-42) antigen processing. To evaluate the efficacy of t.c. immunization in reducing cerebral amyloidosis, transgenic PSAPP (APPsw, PSEN1dE9) mice were immunized with aggregated Abeta(1-42) peptide plus CT. Similar to WT mice, PSAPP mice showed high Abeta antibody titers. Most importantly, t.c. immunization with Abeta(1-42) plus CT resulted in significant decreases in cerebral Abeta(1-40,42) levels coincident with increased circulating levels of Abeta(1-40,42), suggesting brain-to-blood efflux of Abeta. Reduction in cerebral amyloidosis was not associated with deleterious side effects, including brain T cell infiltration or cerebral microhemorrhage. Together, these data suggest that t.c. immunization constitutes an effective and potentially safe treatment strategy for AD.
The Human Protein Atlas—a tool for pathology (2008)

Tissue-based diagnostics and research is incessantly evolving with the development of new molecular tools. It has long been realized that immunohistochemistry can add an important new level of information on top of morphology and that protein expression patterns in a cancer may yield crucial diagnostic and prognostic information. We have generated an immunohistochemistry-based map of protein expression profiles in normal tissues, cancer and cell lines. For each antibody, altogether 708 spots of tissues and cells are analysed and the resulting images and data are presented as freely available in the Human Protein Atlas (www.proteinatlas.org). The new version 4 of the atlas, including more than 5 million images of immunohistochemically stained tissues and cells, is based on 6122 antibodies, representing 5011 human proteins encoded by approximately 25% of the human genome. The gene-centric database includes a putative classification of proteins in various protein classes, both functional classes, such as kinases or transcription factors and project-related classes, such as candidate genes for cancer or cardiovascular diseases. For each of the internally generated antibodies, the exact antigen sequence is presented, together with a visualization of application-specific validation data, including a protein array assay, western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry and, in most cases, immunofluorescent-based confocal microscopy. The updated version also includes new search algorithms to allow complex queries regarding expression profiles, protein classes and chromosome location. Thus, the presented Human Protein Atlas provides a resource for pathology-based biomedical research, including protein science and biomarker discovery.
Magnetic resonance imaging with respiratory gating: techniques and advantages (1984)

Respiratory motion is an important problem in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the thorax and upper abdomen. This study assessed several approaches for practical respiratory gating. Methods of acquiring respiratory signals, gated sequencing methods, duration of examination, strategies for reducing examination time, diagnostic quality of gated images, and the influence of respiratory gating on relaxation time measurements were evaluated. Of three different devices for acquiring the respiratory signal, a belt containing a displacement transducer placed around the upper abdomen was found to be most effective and practical. Two pulse-gating modes were implemented, as well as a method for combining cardiac and respiratory gating. Gating methods were tested using phantoms and human volunteers. A spin-conditioned mode of respiratory gating was found to be superior to a more simply implemented triggered mode in which spin-echo (SE) sequencing was interrupted. The time penalty for respiratory gating is technique-dependent. Gated studies with uncontrolled tidal breathing took two to four times longer than nongated studies. When the time between respirations was voluntarily prolonged, gated studies could be only 30%-50% longer than nongated. The standard deviation of relaxation-time measurements for organs that are displaced during respirations was substantially reduced by respiratory gating. Gating acquisition without spin-conditioning gating. Respiratory gating is a practical and useful technique for improving the contrast and spatial resolution of SE images of the upper abdomen and chest. SE images produced with short repetition times were particularly improved by respiratory gating.
Phosphate Buffered Saline Containing Calcium and Magnesium Elicits Increased Secretion of Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist (2009)

Objective: Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solutions are commonly used in laboratories for dilutions, washing cell suspensions, and rinsing, as well as additives to cell culture Formulations of phosphate buffered saline solutions (data supplied by Invitrogen Inc., USA)
DAG-consistent distributed shared memory (2002)

Introduces DAG (directed acyclic graph) consistency, a relaxed consistency model for distributed shared memory which is suitable for multithreaded programming. We have implemented DAG consistency in software for the Cilk multithreaded runtime system running on a CM5 Connection Machine. Our implementation includes a DAG-consistent distributed cactus stack for storage allocation. We provide empirical evidence of the flexibility and efficiency of DAG consistency for applications that include blocked matrix multiplication, Strassen's (1969) matrix multiplication algorithm and a Barnes-Hut code. Although Cilk schedules the executions of these programs dynamically, their performances are competitive with statically scheduled implementations in the literature. We also prove that the number F/sub P/ of page faults incurred by a user program running an P processors can be related to the number F/sub 1/ of page faults running serially by the formula F/sub P//spl les/F/sub 1/+2Cs, where C is the cache size and s is the number of thread migrations executed by Cilk's scheduler.