gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Hepatic and Splenic Colonization by an Attenuated Strain of Salmonella typhimurium Containing the Gene for Human Interleukin-2: A Novel Anti-Tumor Agent (1997)

Currently, there is no effective treatment for unresectable hepatic malignancies. Salmonella sp. are known to naturally track to the liver during active infection. A live biological vector was developed for delivery of Interleukin-2 (IL-2) to the liver for anti-tumor purposes. The avirulent and highly immunogenic c4550 strain of Salmonella typhimurium was used to express the IL-2 protein [renamed c4550(pIL-2)]. We have previously demonstrated that the c4550(pIL-2) produces biologically active IL-2 (up to 46.2 IU/ml) and that a single gavage feeding of 10(7) colony forming units (cfu) of c4550(pIL-2) significantly reduced the number of hepatic metastases when compared to animals fed salmonella lacking the IL-2 gene or non-treated controls. The goal of the current studies was to determine the pattern of splenic and hepatic colonization of Salmonella-IL2. Hepatic and splenic colonization was determined following administration of 10(7) cfu of c4550(pIL-2) and c4550(pYA292) via a single gavage feeding to C57BL/6 mice. Five experiments of antibiotic regimen administration were conducted where splenic and hepatic homogenates were cultured after 14 days of parenteral and/or oral antibiotics. The natural history of hepatic and splenic colonization was also determined for animals without antibiotic treatment. Despite administration of various antibiotic regimens using different routes, eradication of salmonella with and without IL-2 was not achieved. Salmonella, however, was not cultured from hepatic and splenic tissue at 4 months after a single gavage feeding of salmonella with no specific treatment. In conclusion, oral administration of c4550(pIL-2) may represent a novel form of in vivo biotherapy for unresectable hepatic malignancies. Antibiotics do not accelerate eradication of this bacteria and it appears that c4550(pIL-2) follows the natural pathophysiological of salmonella infection in which eradication from the splenic and hepatic tissue occurs over a period of 2-4 months.
CELLULAR MECHANISM OF INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY ALTERATIONS PRODUCED BY CHELATION DEPLETION (1967)

The absorption of phenolsulfonphthalein (phenol red) was used as a measure in vivo of intestinal permeability in anesthetized rats. A chelating agent, sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (NaEDTA), placed in the lumen evoked a fivefold increase in membrane permeability; at the same time the mucosal content of magnesium and calcium decreased significantly. Making either magnesium or calcium available to the luminal surface of the membrane in isotonic solution restored normal permeability and brought the cation contents above the original levels. Electron micrographs of tissues treated in vivo with NaEDTA revealed (a) rounded swellings on the microvilli in the area of the junctional complexes between adjacent epithelial cells, (b) widening of intercellular channels particularly in the region of the intermediate junctions (zonulae adhaerentes), and (c) loss of architectural detail in the region of the desmosomes (maculae adhaerentes) with separation of their dense borders. All of these alterations in fine structure could be reversed by in vivo cation replacements which reinstated normal permeability. The implications of these findings on mechanisms of fluid transport across epithelial membranes are discussed, and a working hypothesis for the role of divalent cations in membrane permeability regulation is presented.
Chondrocyte Phenotype in Engineered Fibrous Matrix Is Regulated by Fiber Size (2006)

A biomaterial scaffold acting as a functional substitute for the native extracellular matrix provides space for cell accommodation. In this study, we seeded chondrocytes, isolated from 4- to 6-month-old calves, in 2 types of poly(L-lactide) scaffolds, composed of micro- and nanofibers, and compared the effects on cellular activities. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a well-spread morphology for chondrocytes grown on microfibers. In contrast, chondrocytes on the nanofibers were found to have a rounded morphology and displayed a disorganized actin cytoskeletal structure compared to the organized cytoskeleton seen in well-spread chondrocytes culture on the microfibrous scaffold. Both scaffolds supported chondrocyte proliferation, with a higher rate seen in cultures in nanofibrous scaffold. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that both cultures supported expression of collagen types I and II and aggrecan. Biochemical analysis showed a higher level of sulfated glycosaminoglycan in the nanofiber culture, confirmed by more intense alcian blue histologic staining. The nanofiber cultures also showed higher immunostaining for collagen types II and IX, aggrecan, and cartilage proteoglycan link protein. Based on these results, we conclude that chondrocytes respond differently to fibrous scaffolds of varying diameters, and that the scaffolds made of nanofibrous biomaterial promote efficient cell-based cartilage tissue engineering.
Comorbidity of Fibromyalgia and Psychiatric Disorders (2006)

There is substantial lifetime psychiatric comorbidity in individuals with fibromyalgia. These results have important clinical and theoretical implications, including the possibility that fibromyalgia might share underlying pathophysiologic links with some psychiatric disorders.
A mechanically flexible tunneling contact operating at radio frequencies (1998)

We report on a nanomachined electromechanical resonator applied as a mechanically flexible tunneling contact. The resonator was machined out of a single-crystal silicon-on-insulator substrate and operates at room temperature with frequencies up to some 73 MHz, transferring electrons by mechanical motion.
Model checking invariant security properties in OpenFlow (2013)

The OpenFlow (OF) switching specification represents an innovative and open standard for enabling the dynamic programming of flow control policies in production networks. Unfortunately, thus far researchers have paid little attention to the development of methods for verifying that dynamic flow policies inserted within an OpenFlow network do not violate the network's underlying security policy. We introduce Flover, a model checking system which verifies that the aggregate of flow policies instantiated within an OpenFlow network does not violate the network's security policy. We have implemented Flover using the Yices SMT solver, which we then integrated into NOX, a popular OpenFlow network controller. Flover provides NOX a formal validation of the OpenFlow network's security posture.
Induction of HSP70 in cultured rat neonatal cardiomyocytes by hypoxia and metabolic stress. (1993)

It has been postulated recently that the decrease in intracellular ATP content in cells under stress may be the trigger that leads to the induction of HSP70i by reducing the pool of free HSP70, thus activating the stress response. Our results indicate that although this may be the case during metabolic stress, another route of activation must be used during the early stages of hypoxia in cardiomyocytes. The induction of HSP70i also appears to precede the onset of cellular damage as measured by the release of cytoplasmic enzymes and preincorporated arachidonic acid. This indicates that cardiomyocytes are able to respond to hypoxia/reoxygenation and metabolic stress with increased HSP70i production and points to a potential protective role of heat shock proteins during ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Extracellular production of singlet oxygen by stimulated macrophages quantified using 9,10-diphenylanthracene and perylene in a polystyrene film (1993)

The extracellular production of singlet oxygen (O2(1 delta g)) by stimulated macrophages was measured using a modification of our quantitative method initially developed to measure the intracellular production of O2(1 delta g) by neutrophils (Steinbeck, M. J., Khan, A. U., and Karnovsky, M. J. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 13425-13433). Glass coverslips were coated with the specific chemical trap for O2(1 delta g), 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) and perylene, which is an internal standard, in a methylene chloride solution containing 0.3 mg/ml polystyrene. On evaporation, the polystyrene formed an even coating of DPA and perylene over the surface of a glass coverslip (PDP film). Unstimulated macrophages or macrophages stimulated with 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) were then added to the PDP film in a darkened room and incubated at 37 degrees C for 30 min in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere. Both unstimulated and stimulated cells adhered to the PDP film in approximately equivalent numbers. Only stimulated cells produced measurable amounts of O2(1 delta g) in a dose-dependent response to either PMA or fMLP. The production of O2(1 delta g) by macrophages stimulated with PMA was maximal in response to 25 ng, 17.8 +/- 1.3 nmol of O2(1 delta g)/approximately 1.00 x 10(6) cells. The maximal response for fMLP was at a concentration of 1 microM, 18.4 +/- 1.0 nmol of O2(1 delta g)/approximately 1.00 x 10(6) cells. The specific detection of O2(1 delta g) by this method was confirmed by thermally releasing O2(1 delta g) from the DPA-O2(1 delta g) reaction product, DPA-endoperoxide, regenerating the original DPA compound. Production of O2(1 delta g) by the stimulated cells was inhibited 80-89% by the addition of 60-120 micrograms of superoxide dismutase, an enzyme that converts superoxide to hydrogen peroxide and ground state molecular oxygen or 79-84% with the addition of 2 mM histidine, an avid quencher of O2(1 delta g). Neither of these additions interfered with adhesion of the cells to the PDP film. The ability of superoxide dismutase to inhibit the production of O2(1 delta g) suggested that O2(1 delta g) was produced via a superoxide-dependent route. The ability of an oxidase to produce O2(1 delta g) secondary to superoxide production was substantiated further using a xanthine oxidase-acetaldehyde system. Purified xanthine oxidase produced both superoxide and O2(1 delta g), and their production was inhibited by the addition of superoxide dismutase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Industrielle Synthese von (+)-cis-Methyldihydrojasmonat durch enantioselektive katalytische Hydrierung; Identifizierung des Präkatalysators [Ru((−)-Me-DuPHOS)(H)(η6-1,3,5-cyclooctatrien)](BF4) (2000)

Prototypen neuer Familien von Präkatalysatoren und Katalysatoren, [Ru((−)-Me-DuPHOS)(H)(η6-1,3,5-cyclooctatrien)](BF4) und der daraus zugängliche Komplex „[Ru((−)-Me-DuPHOS)(H)(sol)](BF4), werden in einer industriellen katalytischen enantioselektiven Hydrierung verwendet, die zu (+)-cis-Methyldihydrojasmonat führt [Gl. (1)]. Dieses Stereoisomer ist die riechende Komponente einer wichtigen, in großen Tonnagen hergestellten Parfümchemikalie. P-P=Diphosphanligand (z. B. Me-DuPHOS=1,2-Bis((2R,5R)-2,5-dimethylphospholanyl)benzol); sol=Lösungsmittel.
Image feature analysis and computer-aided diagnosis in digital radiography. I. Automated detection of microcalcifications in mammography (1987)

We have investigated the application of computer-based methods to the detection of microcalcifications in digital mammograms. The computer detection system is based on a difference-image technique in which a signal-suppressed image is subtracted from a signal-enhanced image to remove the structured background in a mammogram. Signal-extraction techniques adapted to the known physical characteristics of microcalcifications are then used to isolate microcalcifications from the remaining noise background. We employ Monte Carlo methods to generate simulated clusters of microcalcifications that are superimposed on normal mammographic backgrounds. This allows quantitative evaluation of detection accuracy of the computer method and the dependence of this accuracy on the physical characteristics of the microcalcifications. Our present computer method can achieve a true-positive cluster detection rate of approximately 80% at a false-positive detection rate of one cluster per image. The potential application of such a computer-aided system to mammographic interpretation is demonstrated by its ability to detect microcalcifications in clinical mammograms.
A 40ns 64Mb DRAM With Current-sensing Data-bus Amplifier (1991)

This 64Mb DRAM with a current-sensing data bus amplifier combined with bus-line-on-cell chip architecture provides parallel wide-band data processing of 64b compressed test functions. Column-select lines are separated for read and write operations to enable immediate operation change. In ad­ dition, sense amplifiers are isolated from data bus lines so that column selection can be independent of sense amplifier activa­ tion timing. 40ns typical RAS access time is obtained.
Prospective evaluation of vitamin E for hot flashes in breast cancer survivors. (1998)

Although this trial was able to show a statistically significant hot flash reduction with vitamin E compared to a placebo, the clinical magnitude of this reduction was marginal.
Cloning and expression of Chromobacterium violaceum phenylalanine hydroxylase in Escherichia coli and comparison of amino acid sequence with mammalian aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. (1991)

The complete amino acid sequence (296 amino acids) of Chromobacterium violaceum phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) was determined by nucleotide analysis of a DNA clone isolated using both a synthetic oligonucleotide probe based on the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence and an antibody against this enzyme. The ApaL I fragment (approximately 1.9 kilobase pairs) containing the entire PAH gene was subcloned in pBluescript II and induced by isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside. In order to eliminate fusion proteins the XbaI/ClaI fragment which contained the PAH gene from the Bluescript construct was subcloned into pMAC 5-8 containing the TAC promoter. The recombinant protein reacts with antibody raised to authentic C. violaceum PAH and its NH2-terminal 20-amino acid sequence and COOH-terminal amino acid residue were identical with the wild-type protein. Key physical and chemical characteristics of the recombinant protein, i.e. its copper content and Michaelis-Menten parameters, were the same as wild-type. Comparison of amino acid sequences revealed a highly conserved region between C. violaceum PAH and three different mammalian aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. This conserved area may well be a catalytically important domain of these pterin- and metal-requiring aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. The over-expression of C. violaceum PAH in Escherichia coli will facilitate the analysis of the enzyme mechanism by various spectroscopic methods.
Characteristics of contrast agents and 2D imaging (2002)

Small (encapsulated) gas bubbles in a contrast medium react on an external oscillating pressure field with volume pulsations. Depending on the magnitude of the ultrasound wave the pulsation will be: (1) linear to the applied pressure, or (2) non-linear to the applied pressure. The latter can be split into stationary and transient scattering. For low amplitudes of the acoustic field the instantaneous radius of the bubbles is linearly related to the amplitude of the applied external pressure field. For higher amplitudes of the external field the pulsation of the bubbles becomes nonlinear with the amplitude of the external field. The spectrum of the scattered ultrasound wave contains also higher harmonics of the ground frequency. For even higher amplitudes of the acoustic field the noticed scatter properties of encapsulated bubbles in a contrast medium increase dramatically and become transient. The scattered frequency spectrum containing second and third harmonics broadens. The properties of the encapsulated bubbles change due to rupture, disappearance, change of gas content, etc. Conventional 2D imaging machinery limits the capability of ultrasound contrast agents. Stationary and transient non-linear scattering occurs at acoustic pressures currently employed. Absorption, acoustic velocity, resonance behaviour, frequency and pressure dependency are different from normal tissue. Using these specific characteristics of the agents will open new perspectives in both imaging and analysis for medical diagnosis.
Space-time interest points (2003)

Local image features or interest points provide compact and abstract representations of patterns in an image. We propose to extend the notion of spatial interest points into the spatio-temporal domain and show how the resulting features often reflect interesting events that can be used for a compact representation of video data as well as for its interpretation. To detect spatio-temporal events, we build on the idea of the Harris and Forstner interest point operators and detect local structures in space-time where the image values have significant local variations in both space and time. We then estimate the spatio-temporal extents of the detected events and compute their scale-invariant spatio-temporal descriptors. Using such descriptors, we classify events and construct video representation in terms of labeled space-time points. For the problem of human motion analysis, we illustrate how the proposed method allows for detection of walking people in scenes with occlusions and dynamic backgrounds.
The Search of DNA-Intercalators as Antitumoral Drugs: What it Worked and What did not Work (2005)

The discovery of new compounds with antitumoral activity has become one of the most important goals in medicinal chemistry. One interesting group of chemotherapeutic agents used in cancer therapy comprises molecules that interact with DNA. Research in this area has revealed a range of DNA recognizing molecules that act as antitumoral agents, including groove binders, alkylating and intercalator compounds. DNA intercalators (molecules that intercalate between DNA base pairs) have attracted particular attention due to their antitumoral activity. For example, a number of acridine and anthracycline derivatives are excellent DNA intercalators that are now on the market as chemotherapeutic agents. Commercially available acridine and anthracycline derivatives have been widely studied from a variety of viewpoints, such as physicochemical properties, structural requirements, synthesis and biological activity. However, the clinical application of these and other compounds of the same class has encountered problems such as multidrug resistance (MRD), and secondary and/or collateral effects. These shortcomings have motivated the search for new compounds to be used either in place of, or in conjunction with, the existing compounds. Unfortunately, the results of this search have not met expectations. The vast majority of candidate intercalator compounds tested for use as anticancer agents have shown little or no biological activity. Research in this area has not been without benefits, however, for it has produced much information on the synthesis and antitumoral properties of hundreds of compounds, which have been tested on diverse tumoral cell lines. This review considers the structural and biological considerations relevant to the use of DNA intercalators and bis-intercalators as antitumoral agents, with an emphasis on the relationship between structure and activity, produced in last decade.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns in<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa:</i>Data from a Multicenter Intensive Care Unit Surveillance Study (ISS) in the United States (2004)

The objectives of this study were to analyze susceptibility rates and patterns in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from patients in intensive care units (ICU). A total of 2209 isolates in 1995/1996 and 2672 in 2001/2002 were tested at United States sites participating in the ICU Surveillance Study. In both periods, of the agents tested, amikacin was the most active and ciprofloxacin, the least. Resistance to common antipseudomonal agents tested increased from 1995/1996 to 2001/2002; the rise was least for amikacin (2%) and greatest for ciprofloxacin (16%). The proportion of isolates susceptible to all six antipseudomonal agents tested since 1996 decreased from 60.4% to 48.9% in 2001/2002. Examination of MIC distributions for the two periods showed that for some drugs, e.g. imipenem and ceftazidime, the populations of susceptible and resistant isolates remained distinct, although the resistant population increased. For other drugs, e.g. amikacin and piperacillin-tazobactam, the MIC distribution shifted upward over time. The categorical agreement between agents of the same or like classes for isolates tested in 2001/2002 was highest for ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin (93.2%, with 1.2% major errors) and lowest for the aminoglycosides (81.3%, with 10.2% major errors). We can conclude that resistance to antipseudomonal agents among ICU isolates of P. aeruginosa, especially fluoroquinolones, is increasing. The resistance rate for some antipseudomonal agents may not accurately reflect shifts in the MIC distribution curve.
Effect of Interchain Hydrogen Bonding on Electron Transfer through Alkanethiol Monolayers Containing Amide Bonds (2000)

Two-component self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) were designed as model systems for the studies of the factors controlling long-range electron-transfer processes. The monolayers, which were attached to a gold electrode, consisted of two components: an alkanethiol with an amide moiety in the chain and an electroactive terminal ferrocene group and a nonelectroactive thiol acting as the diluent of the electroactive centers. The diluent was either a simple alkanethiol or an alkanethiol containing an amide group. The rates of electron transfer for the electroactive ferrocene group were calculated using the data obtained by voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Upon substitution of the diluent alkanethiol for an alkanethiol containing an amide group, the rate constant of the oxidation of ferrocene headgroups increased more than 3 times, while the reorganization energy remained unchanged. The increased electronic coupling between ferrocene and the electrode was ascribed as due to the contribution of the hydrogen bond network linking internal amide groups in the monolayer.
Structure of zwitterionic surfactant micelles: micellar size and intermicellar interactions (1992)

International audience