gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-frequency disruption of the N-myc gene in embryonic stem and pre-B cell lines by homologous recombination. (1990)

Identification of gene function has often relied on isolation of mutant cells in which expression of the gene was inactivated. Gene targeting by homologous recombination in tissue culture now may provide a technology to rapidly and directly produce such mutant mammalian cells. We demonstrate that selection of embryonic stem and pre-B cell lines for expression of a promoterless construct containing murine N-myc genomic sequences fused to a gene encoding neomycin resistance allows highly efficient recovery of variants in which the endogenous N-myc gene is disrupted. The high frequency of N-myc gene disruption by this method should permit targeted disruption of both allelic N-myc copies in various cell lines to study N-myc function.
Development and Evaluation of Multilead Wavelet-Based ECG Delineation Algorithms for Embedded Wireless Sensor Nodes (2011)

This work is devoted to the evaluation of multilead digital wavelet transform (DWT)-based electrocardiogram (ECG) wave delineation algorithms, which were optimized and ported to a commercial wearable sensor platform. More specifically, we investigate the use of root-mean squared (RMS)-based multilead followed by a single-lead online delineation algorithm, which is based on a state-of-the-art offline single-lead delineator. The algorithmic transformations and software optimizations necessary to enable embedded ECG delineation notwithstanding the limited processing and storage resources of the target platform are described, and the performance of the resulting implementations are analyzed in terms of delineation accuracy, execution time, and memory usage. Interestingly, RMS-based multilead delineation is shown to perform equivalently to the best single-lead delineation for the 2-lead QT database (QTDB), within a fraction of a sample duration of the Common Standards for Electrocardiography (CSE) committee tolerances. Finally, a comprehensive evaluation of the energy consumption entailed by the considered algorithms is proposed, which allows very relevant insights into the dominant energy-draining functionalities and which suggests suitable design guidelines for long-lasting wearable ECG monitoring systems.
Electronic structures and doping of InN,<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">In</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ga</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">−</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>N, and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">In</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Al</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">−</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>N (1989)

The electronic structures of InN, ${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$N, and ${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$N are predicted and these materials are found to be direct-band-gap semiconductors with fundamental band gaps ranging from orange through the blue-green to the ultraviolet. The deep levels associated with substitutional s- and p-bonded impurities are predicted, and, for InN we find (i) that the native defect responsible for naturally occurring n-type InN is a nitrogen vacancy (not ${\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{In}}$); (ii) that the nitrogen vacancy also produces a deep level just below the conduction-band edge, which is responsible for an observed 0.2-eV optical-absorption feature; (iii) that p-type doping should be achievable by inserting column-II impurities on In sites; (iv) that n-type conductivity should result from oxygen atoms on N sites; (v) that ${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathrm{N}}$ produces s- and p-like deep levels near midgap that are responsible for an optical-absorption feature near 1 eV; (vi) that column-IV impurities on either anion or cation sites will tend to make the material semi-insulating, and (vii) that an isoelectronic electron trap should be produced by ${\mathrm{B}}_{\mathrm{In}}$, whereas column-V impurities on the N site should produce deep isoelectronic hole traps. Similar results hold for the alloys ${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$N and ${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$N. Some impurities undergo shallow-deep transitions in the alloys, as functions of alloy composition.
Strategies for Stabilization of Enzymes in Organic Solvents (2013)

One of the major barriers to the use of enzymes in industrial biotechnology is their insufficient stability under processing conditions. The use of organic solvent systems instead of aqueous media for enzymatic reactions offers numerous advantages, such as increased solubility of hydrophobic substrates or suppression of water-dependent side reactions. For example, reverse hydrolysis reactions that form esters from acids and alcohols become thermodynamically favorable. However, organic solvents often inactivate enzymes. Industry and academia have devoted considerable effort into developing effective strategies to enhance the lifetime of enzymes in the presence of organic solvents. The strategies can be grouped into three main categories: (i) isolation of novel enzymes functioning under extreme conditions, (ii) modification of enzyme structures to increase their resistance toward nonconventional media, and (iii) modification of the solvent environment to decrease its denaturing effect on enzymes. Here we discuss successful examples representing each of these categories and summarize their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we highlight some potential future research directions in the field, such as investigation of novel nanomaterials for immobilization, wider application of computational tools for semirational prediction of stabilizing mutations, knowledge-driven modification of key structural elements learned from successfully engineered proteins, and replacement of volatile organic solvents by ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents.
Two-dimensional transmitarray beamsteering using stacked tunable metamaterials (2014)

A new 2D-beamsteering antenna technique using an electronically controlled transmitarray is presented in this paper. When coupled to a conventional horn or an array patch antenna, the proposed transmitarray has the ability to steer the main lobe of the original antenna radiation pattern in both elevation and azimuth planes, with ranges up to 30° and 30°, respectively. The transmitarray is implemented using varactor-diode controlled unit-cells with bandpass filtering characteristics around 5.35 GHz. Electromagnetic simulations are presented to prove the concept.
Effect of Botanical Aromatic Compounds and Seed-surface pH on Growth and Colonization of Cotton Plant Growth-promoting Rhizobacteria (1997)

Citral (3 , 7 - dimethyl - 2 , 6 - octadienal) , furfural (2 - furaldehyde) and benzaldehyde (benzoic adel hyde) previously demonstrated control activity against Meloidogyne incognita and fungal diseases on cotton . Plant growth - promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) applied to cotton were previously found to promote plant growth and reduce seedling disease . Studies were under taken to determine if these compounds were compatible with PGPR . In tests with 12 PGPR strains , vapor of citral inhibited in vitro growth of most strains , and vapor of furfural and benzaldehyde , with one exception , killed all but the Bacillus spp . tested . When 0 . 35 ml kg 1 soil of each compound were applied to the soil 9 - 10 days prior to planting the cotton cultivar Deltapine 51 , only furfural significantly reduced rhizosphere colonization across all strains from 4 . 70 colony - forming units (CFUs) / g of root to 4 . 42 CFUs / g root . In greenhouse studies , the low seed - surface pH (2 . 3) of commercial seed did not reduce root colonization , compared with colonization on roots from seed at pH 5 . 4 . There were no synergistic interactions between seed - surface pH and any of the compounds . Although previous research indicated that application of both furfural and benzaldehyde increased the proportion of Burkholderia spp . in the soil , there is no indication that they increased cotton root colonization by the B. cepacia strain tested . These results indicate PGPR can be combined with citral and benzaldehyde in integrated management systems and that the low seed - surface pH of acid - delinted cotton will not limit their application .
Evolution of bicrystal media development (1997)

A general review of studies on microstructure, magnetic properties and recording performance of bicrystal media grown on single crystal substrates, a NiP/AI substrate and a glass substrate is given. With similar magnetic properties, a direct experimental comparison of recording performance of CoCrPtTa /Cr/NiP films between the media with Cr (200) and Cr (110) textures on glass ceramic substrate is provided. Typically, 5-6 dB SNR improvement is observed for medium with Cr (200) texture from recording densities of 40kfci to 140kfci. Medium with Cr (200) texture has ~100 % bicrystal cluster microstructure and has smaller and more uniform Cr grains. A noise mechanism is discussed that relates the bicrystal microstructure to an effective random anisotropy field magnitude. Micromagnetic simulations show the latter will reduce medium noise when there is relatively large intergranular exchange coupling between the grains. However, when the intergranular exchange coupling is small, the introduction of random anisotropy field magnitude will increase the medium noise. The other noise mechainsm could be due to larger Cr grain size. A bigger magnetic cluster could be formed because more CO alloy grains on a larger Cr grain are coupled together through stronger inner intergranular exchange force, which leads to higher media noise.
Constitutive activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 correlates with cyclin D1 overexpression and may provide a novel prognostic marker in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. (2002)

The precise mechanism responsible for the frequent overexpression of cyclinD1 in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is not known. In view of the fact that signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (Stat3) is often activated in HNSCC cells, we examined the effects of Stat3 on cyclin D1 expression and cell proliferation in the YCU-H891 HNSCC cell line that displays constitutive activation of Stat3. Expression of a dominant negative Stat3 construct in YCU-H891 cells inhibited proliferation, cyclin D1 promoter activity, and cellular levels of cyclin D1 mRNA and protein. The levels of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) proteins were also inhibited. In 51 primary tumor samples from patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the p.o. tongue, there was a significant correlation between increased levels of the activated form of Stat3, phosphorylated-Stat3, and increased levels of cyclin D1 (P < 0.0001). Increased tumor levels of phosphorylated-Stat3 were also associated with lower survival rates (P < 0.01). This study provides the first evidence that in HNSCC, constitutive activation of Stat3 plays a causative role in overexpression of cyclin D1, and in clinical studies, Stat3 activation may provide a novel prognostic factor. Furthermore, agents that target Stat3 may be useful in the treatment of HNSCC.
The AT&t large vocabulary conversational speech recognition system. (1999)

We describe the AT&T recognition system used in the DARPA Large Vocabulary Conversational Speech Recognition (LVCSR98) evaluation. It is based on multi-pass rescoring of weighted Finite State Machines (FSMs) using progressively more accurate acoustic models. Acoustic models used in the system are all gender independent. They are based on three state contextdependent hidden Markov models using Gaussian mixtures. The recognition paradigm uses the baseline system to generate a set of word lattices. Subsequent passes use Vocal Tract Normalization (VTN), Maximum Likelihood Linear Regression (MLLR) adaptation and ROVER to further refine the recognition output. All the acoustic models (except for one of the additional models used in the ROVER experiments) employed models of alternative pronunciations to improve recognition performance. The overall recognition word error rate on the LVCSR-98 evaluation set was 44.1 %.
In Vivo Evaluation of Recombinant Human Osteogenic Protein (rhOP-1) Implants As a Bone Graft Substitute for Spinal Fusions (1994)

The results indicated that recombinant human osteogenic protein-1 is an effective bone graft substitute for achieving stable posterior spinal fusions in a significantly more rapid fashion than can be achieved with autogenous bone graft.
Molecular cloning, chromosomal localization, and bacterial expression of a murine macrophage metalloelastase. (1992)

Murine macrophages have previously been shown to secrete a zinc-dependent proteinase that can degrade elastin. In this report, we identify murine macrophage elastase (MME) cDNA and show that it is a distinct member of the metalloproteinase gene family. Small amounts of MME were purified to homogeneity, and N-terminal amino acid sequence was obtained. This sequence was used to obtain a partial cDNA clone by the polymerase chain reaction; a cDNA library derived from a mouse macrophage-like cell line (P388D1) was screened with this probe. A full-length MME cDNA spanning approximately 1.8 kilobases contained an open reading frame of 1386 base pairs; the predicted molecular mass of the MME proenzyme is 53 kDa. The gene encoding MME is represented only once in the mouse genome and is located on chromosome 9. Despite a size that is similar to other metalloproteinases, MME is distinct, sharing only 33-48% amino acid homology with other metalloproteinases. In contrast to other metalloenzymes, MME appears to be rapidly processed to an active truncated form (N-terminal and C-terminal cleavage). We expressed recombinant MME in Escherichia coli and demonstrated that it has significant elastolytic activity that is specifically inhibited by the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases. MME is therefore a true metalloproteinase that may be involved in tissue injury and remodeling.
<i>Blu-Ice</i>and the<i>Distributed Control System</i>: software for data acquisition and instrument control at macromolecular crystallography beamlines (2002)

The Blu-Ice and Distributed Control System (DCS) software packages were developed to provide unified control over the disparate hardware resources available at a macromolecular crystallography beamline. Blu-Ice is a user interface that provides scientific experimenters and beamline support staff with intuitive graphical tools for collecting diffraction data and configuring beamlines for experiments. Blu-Ice communicates with the hardware at a beamline via DCS, an instrument-control and data-acquisition package designed to integrate hardware resources in a highly heterogeneous networked computing environment. Together, Blu-Ice and DCS provide a flexible platform for increasing the ease of use, the level of automation and the remote accessibility of beamlines. Blu-Ice and DCS are currently installed on four Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory crystallographic beamlines and are being implemented at sister light sources.
Inhibition of Hyaluronan Synthesis Accelerates Murine Atherosclerosis (2010)

The data suggest that systemic inhibition of hyaluronan synthesis by 4-MU interferes with the protective function of the endothelial glycocalyx, thereby facilitating leukocyte adhesion, subsequent inflammation, and progression of atherosclerosis.
Semiconducting Tin and Lead Iodide Perovskites with Organic Cations: Phase Transitions, High Mobilities, and Near-Infrared Photoluminescent Properties (2013)

A broad organic-inorganic series of hybrid metal iodide perovskites with the general formulation AMI3, where A is the methylammonium (CH3NH3(+)) or formamidinium (HC(NH2)2(+)) cation and M is Sn (1 and 2) or Pb (3 and 4) are reported. The compounds have been prepared through a variety of synthetic approaches, and the nature of the resulting materials is discussed in terms of their thermal stability and optical and electronic properties. We find that the chemical and physical properties of these materials strongly depend on the preparation method. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of 1-4 classifies the compounds in the perovskite structural family. Structural phase transitions were observed and investigated by temperature-dependent single crystal X-ray diffraction in the 100-400 K range. The charge transport properties of the materials are discussed in conjunction with diffuse reflectance studies in the mid-IR region that display characteristic absorption features. Temperature-dependent studies show a strong dependence of the resistivity as a function of the crystal structure. Optical absorption measurements indicate that 1-4 behave as direct-gap semiconductors with energy band gaps distributed in the range of 1.25-1.75 eV. The compounds exhibit an intense near-IR photoluminescence (PL) emission in the 700-1000 nm range (1.1-1.7 eV) at room temperature. We show that solid solutions between the Sn and Pb compounds are readily accessible throughout the composition range. The optical properties such as energy band gap, emission intensity, and wavelength can be readily controlled as we show for the isostructural series of solid solutions CH3NH3Sn(1-x)Pb(x)I3 (5). The charge transport type in these materials was characterized by Seebeck coefficient and Hall-effect measurements. The compounds behave as p- or n-type semiconductors depending on the preparation method. The samples with the lowest carrier concentration are prepared from solution and are n-type; p-type samples can be obtained through solid state reactions exposed in air in a controllable manner. In the case of Sn compounds, there is a facile tendency toward oxidation which causes the materials to be doped with Sn(4+) and thus behave as p-type semiconductors displaying metal-like conductivity. The compounds appear to possess very high estimated electron and hole mobilities that exceed 2000 cm(2)/(V s) and 300 cm(2)/(V s), respectively, as shown in the case of CH3NH3SnI3 (1). We also compare the properties of the title hybrid materials with those of the "all-inorganic" CsSnI3 and CsPbI3 prepared using identical synthetic methods.
Friction-Stir Processing (2006)

Abstract : Friction-stir processing (FSP) is an emerging surface-engineering technology that can locally eliminate casting defects and refine microstructures, thereby improving strength and ductility, increase resistance to corrosion and fatigue, enhance formability, and improve other properties. FSP can also produce fine-grained microstructures through the thickness to impart superplasticity. The technology involves plunging a rapidly rotating, non-consumable tool, comprising a profiled pin and larger diameter shoulder, into the surface and then traversing the tool across the surface. Large surface areas can be traversed rapidly by using the appropriate tool design accompanied by rastering. Frictional heating and extreme deformation occurs causing plasticised material (constrained by the shoulder) to flow around the tool and consolidate in the tool's wake. FSP zones can be produced to depths of 0.5 to 50mm, with a gradual transition from a fine-grained, thermodynamically worked microstructure to the underlying original microstructure. FSP has been applied to Al, Cu, Fe, and Ni-based alloys with resulting property improvements. Details of the benefits and limitations of FSP, along with examples of current and potential applications are presented below. Some examples of benefits include (1) a doubling of strength of cast nickel-aluminium-bronze, (2) a five-fold increase in ductility of Al alloy A356, (3) increased fatigue life by friction stir processing the surface of fusion welds, (4) depending on the microstructure, a 3 to 20 times increase in the corrosion resistance of a Cu-Mn alloy, and (5) bending of 25 mm thick 2519 Al plate to 85 at room temperature without surface cracking. The additional advantages of low-plasticity burnishing (LPB) following FSP, to change any residual near-surface tensile stresses introduced by FSP to compressive residual stresses, are also discussed.
Handwritten Digit Recognition with a Back-Propagation Network (1989)

We present an application of back-propagation networks to handwritten digit recognition. Minimal preprocessing of the data was required, but architecture of the network was highly constrained and specifically designed for the task. The input of the network consists of normalized images of isolated digits. The method has 1% error rate and about a 9% reject rate on zipcode digits provided by the U.S. Postal Service.
Floating Dosage Systems in Drug Delivery (2002)

The identification of new diseases and the resistance shown toward existing drugs calls for the introduction of new therapeutic molecules. In response, a large number of chemical entities have been introduced, of which some have absorption over the entire gastrointestinal tract (GIT), some have absorption windows (i.e., absorption sites, especially the upper part of the small intestine), and some have poor solubility in intestinal media altogether. The drugs belonging to the second and third categories, and the drugs required for local action in the stomach, require a specialized delivery system. All the above requirements can be met and effective delivery of the drugs to the absorption window, for local action and for treatment of gastric disorders such as gastro-esophageal reflux, can be achieved by floating dosage systems (FDS). To date, a number of FDS involving various technologies, carrying their own advantages and limitations, were developed, such as single- and multiple-unit hydrodynamically balanced systems (HBS), single- and multiple-unit gas-generating systems, hollow microspheres, and raft-forming systems. Various factors such as gastrointestinal physiology, dosage form characteristics, and patient-related factors control the behavior of FDS. This review discusses the anatomy and physiology of the stomach, the gastric emptying process, factors affecting the gastric retention of dosage forms, and various techniques adopted in the development of FDS.
Human parainfluenza virus-associated hospitalizations among children less than five years of age in the United States (2001)

We provide broad, serotype-specific estimates of US childhood hospitalizations associated with HPIV infections. More precise estimates of HPIV-associated hospitalizations would require large prospective studies of HPIV-associated diseases by more sensitive viral testing methods, such as polymerase chain reaction techniques.
Injectable Materials with Magnetically Controlled Anisotropic Porosity (2012)

We propose a method to create aligned porosity in injectable materials by using magnetically responsive microrods as pore forming sacrificial templates. Rod alignment occurs through the application of an external magnetic field after injecting the material into the desired end location. Removal of the sacrificial templates through dissolution or resorption generates porosity in deliberately tuned orientations after injection, offering a powerful method to design the porous architecture of injectable materials.