gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
HyperTree: a structural approach to web authoring (1997)

The expansion of the World Wide Web (WWW) has created an increasing need for tools capable of supporting WWW authors in composing documents using the HyperText Markup Language (HTML). Currently, most web authors use tools which are basically ordinary text editors and have additional features to facilitate the easy and correct use of HTML tags. This approach places the burden on the web author to design and then create the entire web site in a top-down fashion, without any explicit support for the structural design of the site. In this paper we discuss an alternative structural approach to Web authoring, which is based on the use of the HyperTree hypermedia system as the central authoring tool. The advantages of using HyperTree are two-dimensional. Firstly, web authors can manage a web site as a single complete hypermedia database. For example, HyperTree provides facilities like the automatic creation of indices and the discovery of link inconsistencies. Additionally, it organizes the web pages in an easy to understand hierarchy without using any HTML directly. Secondly, web end-users can benefit from the use of HyperTree, since seeking information in structured web sites is generally less disorientating and develops fewer cognitive overheads. ©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Broadband and omnidirectional antireflection employing disordered GaN nanopillars (2008)

Disordered GaN nanopillars of three different heights: 300, 550, and 720 nm are fabricated, and demonstrate broad angular and spectral antireflective characteristics, up to an incident angle of 60? and for the wavelength range of lambda=300-1800 nm. An algorithm based on a rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) method is developed to investigate the correlations between the reflective characteristics and the structural properties of the nanopillars. The broadband and omnidirectional antireflection arises mainly from the refractive-index gradient provided by nanopillars. Calculations show excellent agreement with the measured reflectivities for both s- and p- polarizations.
Biosynthetic Processing of neu Differentiation Factor (1995)

new differentiation factor (NDF), also known as heregulin, is structurally related to the epidermal growth factor family of growth factors; it stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of the neu/HER-2 oncogene and causes differentiation of certain human breast cancer cell lines. Alternative splicing of a single gene gives rise to multiple isoforms of NDF/heregulin, as well as the neuronal homologues, designated ARIA (acetylcholine receptor inducing activity) and GGF (glial growth factor); at least 15 structural variants are known. All but two of the NDF/heregulin cDNAs are predicted to encode transmembrane, glycosylated precursors of soluble NDF. In this report we characterized the biosynthetic processing of different NDF isoforms in stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing individual NDF isoforms, and in the native cell line Rat 1-EJ, which expresses at least six different NDF isoforms. We found that the precursors for NDF undergo typical glycosylation and trafficking. A portion of the molecules are proteolytically cleaved intracellularly leading to the constitutive secretion of soluble, mature NDF into the culture media. However, a significant portion of the newly synthesized NDF precursor molecules escape intracellular cleavage and are transported to the cell surface of both transfected and native cells, where they reside as full-length, transmembrane proteins. Finally we show that these full-length, transmembrane NDF molecules can undergo phorbol ester regulated cleavage from the membrane, releasing the soluble growth factor into the medium.
[The use of liposomes as intravitreal drug delivery system]. (2003)

Liposomes are vesicular lipidic systems allowing encapsulation of drugs. This article reviews the relevant issues in liposome structure (composition and size), and their influence on intravitreal pharmacokinetics. Liposome-mediated drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye via intravitreal administration has been addressed by several authors and remains experimental. Liposomes have been used for intravitreal delivery of antibiotics, antivirals, antifungal drugs, antimetabolites, and cyclosporin. Encapsulation of these drugs within liposomes markedly increased their intravitreal half-life, and reduced their retinal toxicity. Liposomes have also shown an attractive potential for retinal gene transfer by intravitreal delivery of plasmids or oligonucleotides.
Investigation of RTP and belt fired screen printed AL-BSF on textured and planar back surfaces of silicon solar cells (2003)

Presented at the 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion; Osaka, Japan; May 11-18, 2003.
One cell, two chemotaxis systems (2006)

![Graphic][1] 

PI3K is needed for hemocytes (green) to migrate to a wound. During fly development, macrophage-like cells called hemocytes move along a stereotyped migration route relying on PDGF chemotactic ligands. Yet, in response to injury in embryos, hemocytes require
Rapid tests for the diagnosis of Legionella infections. (1994)

Three rapid tests are now available for the diagnosis of Legionella infections: direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) assay, culture on selective media, and urinary antigen detection. A combination of the three tests constitutes a "Legionella Panel." The objective of this article is to present our experience with these assays and to discuss experimental tests that may further improve our capability to diagnose Legionnaires' disease. Diagnoses of Legionella infections were done in 11 of 549 Legionella panels submitted to our reference laboratory. Six were positive for urinary antigen with corresponding negative DFA and culture; three had a positive DFA with negative culture and urinary antigen; and two had positive reactions for all three tests. The use of the Legionella panel offers a rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnosis of infection. The amplification of Legionella DNA in respiratory samples by the polymerase chain reaction method is a new diagnostic test that will further improve our ability to recognize and treat patients with Legionella infections.
Oxotremorine-m potentiation of glucose-induced insulin release from rat islets involves M3 muscarinic receptors (1995)

cDNAs encoding for M1 and M3 muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors were detected in rat pancreatic islet cells by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification techniques. A new cholinergic agonist, oxotremorine-m (oxo-m), in the presence of glucose (5.6 mM), produced a dose-dependent potentiation of insulin secretion saturating at approximately 5 microM. This effect was suppressed by the L-type Ca2+ channel blocker nifedipine. Higher doses of oxo-m (50 microM) induced a biphasic insulin response both at low (5.6 mM) or high (16.7 mM) glucose concentrations. In a Ca(2+)-deficient medium containing glucose (5.6 mM), oxo-m evoked only a reduced first phase of insulin secretion. The potentiating effects of oxo-m were inhibited by the muscarinic receptor antagonists 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (M3), hexahydro-sila-difenidol hydrochloride, p-fluoro analogue (M3 > M1 > M2), and pirenzepine (M1) in a dose-dependent manner; half-maximal inhibitory concentration values were approximately 5, 20, and 340 nM, respectively. The PCR results demonstrate the presence of M1 and M3 muscarinic ACh receptors in the islet tissue, and the secretion data strongly suggest that the potentiation of glucose-induced insulin release evoked by oxo-m depends on the activation of a muscarinic M3-subtype receptor present in the beta-cell membrane.
Isolation and initial characterization of thermotolerant methylotrophic<i>Bacillus</i>strains (1988)

Using inocula from a variety of sources, mixed cultures of methanol-utilizing Bacillus strains were enriched readily at 55C. Isolation of pure cultures was difficult; the six strains that were obtained eventually in pure culture all possessed the RuMP pathway, grew rapidly on methanol at temperatures up to 60C, and were tolerant to very high methanol concentrations. An NAD-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase appeared to be involved in the initial oxidation of methanol.
Structural basis of species-specific endotoxin sensing by innate immune receptor TLR4/MD-2 (2012)

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also known as endotoxin, activates the innate immune response through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and its coreceptor, MD-2. MD-2 has a unique hydrophobic cavity that directly binds to lipid A, the active center of LPS. Tetraacylated lipid IVa, a synthetic lipid A precursor, acts as a weak agonist to mouse TLR4/MD-2, but as an antagonist to human TLR4/MD-2. However, it remains unclear as to how LPS and lipid IVa show agonistic or antagonistic activities in a species-specific manner. The present study reports the crystal structures of mouse TLR4/MD-2/LPS and TLR4/MD-2/lipid IVa complexes at 2.5 and 2.7 Å resolutions, respectively. Mouse TLR4/MD-2/LPS exhibited an agonistic "m"-shaped 2:2:2 complex similar to the human TLR4/MD-2/LPS complex. Mouse TLR4/MD-2/lipid IVa complex also showed an agonistic structural feature, exhibiting architecture similar to the 2:2:2 complex. Remarkably, lipid IVa in the mouse TLR4/MD-2 complex occupied nearly the same space as LPS, although lipid IVa lacked the two acyl chains. Human MD-2 binds lipid IVa in an antagonistic manner completely differently from the way mouse MD-2 does. Together, the results provide structural evidence of the agonistic property of lipid IVa on mouse TLR4/MD-2 and deepen understanding of the ligand binding and dimerization mechanism by the structurally diverse LPS variants.
Cutting Edge: cGAS Is Required for Lethal Autoimmune Disease in the Trex1-Deficient Mouse Model of Aicardi–Goutières Syndrome (2015)

Detection of intracellular DNA triggers activation of the stimulator of IFN genes-dependent IFN-stimulatory DNA (ISD) pathway, which is essential for antiviral immune responses. However, chronic activation of this pathway is implicated in autoimmunity. Mutations in TREX1, a 3' repair exonuclease that degrades cytosolic DNA, cause Aicardi-Goutières syndrome and chilblain lupus. Trex1 (-/-) mice develop lethal, IFN-driven autoimmune disease that is dependent on activation of the ISD pathway, but the DNA sensors that detect the endogenous DNA that accumulates in Trex1 (-/-) mice have not been defined. Multiple DNA sensors have been proposed to activate the ISD pathway, including cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS). In this study, we show that Trex1 (-/-) mice lacking cGAS are completely protected from lethality, exhibit dramatically reduced tissue inflammation, and fail to develop autoantibodies. These findings implicate cGAS as a key driver of autoimmune disease and suggest that cGAS inhibitors may be useful therapeutics for Aicardi-Goutières syndrome and related autoimmune diseases.
Solution Infrared Spectroscopic Studies on Equilibrium Reactions of CO with the Decamethylmetallocenes Cp*<sub>2</sub>M<sup>II</sup>, Where M<sup>II</sup> = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sm, Eu, Yb (2002)

The reaction of CO with the alkaline-earth decamethylmetallocenes Cp*2MII, where MII is Mg, Ca, Sr, or Ba, and the bivalent lanthanide decamethylmetallocenes, where MII is Sm, Eu, or Yb, have been studied in toluene or methylcyclohexane solution in a high-pressure infrared cell. In all cases, except for Mg and Ba, the monocarbonyl complex Cp*2MCO is observed to form under CO pressure. The CO stretching frequencies for Cp*2CaCO (2158 cm-1), Cp*2SrCO (2159 cm-1), Cp*2SmCO (2153 cm-1), and Cp*2EuCO (2150 cm-1) are greater than that of free CO (2134 cm-1 in toluene or methylcyclohexane). In contrast, Cp*2YbCO has νCO 2114 cm-1, below that of free CO. This 1:1 complex is formed at low CO pressure (<2 bar); at higher CO pressures the 1:2 adduct Cp*2Yb(CO)2 with an even lower νCO value of 2072 cm-1 predominates. Equilibrium constants were determined as a function of pressure and temperature for the equilibria Cp*2MII(solv) + nCO(gas or solv) ⇌ Cp*2MII(CO)n(solv), with MII = Ca, Eu, Yb. The thermodynamic constants ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG° for the formation of each species, extracted from the changes in the intensity of the corresponding ΙR absorption bands, indicate weak MII−CO binding. Models to account for the bonding in these metallocene CO adducts are discussed.
Safety and Immunologic Response of a Viral Vaccine to Prostate-Specific Antigen in Combination with Radiation Therapy when Metronomic-Dose Interleukin 2 Is Used as an Adjuvant (2008)

Metronomic-dose IL-2 in combination with vaccine and radiation therapy is safe, can induce prostate-specific immune responses, and has immunologic activity similar to low-dose IL-2, with markedly reduced toxicities.
Health and Illness (1998)

Health and Illness provides a comprehensive, concise and accessible introduction to the topic, presented in an attractive manner, with relevant activities and exercises to ensure that students' learni
Increased Single‐Nucleotide Discrimination in Allele‐Specific Polymerase Chain Reactions through Primer Probes Bearing Nucleobase and 2′‐Deoxyribose Modifications (2007)

The diagnosis of genetic dissimilarities between individuals is becoming increasingly important due to the discovery that these variations are related to complex phenotypes like the predisposition to certain diseases or compatibility with drugs. The most common among these sequence variations are single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The availability of reliable and efficient methods for the interrogation of the respective genotypes is the basis for any progress along these lines. Many methods for the detection of nucleotide variations in genes exist, in which amplification of the target gene is required before analysis can take place. The allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (asPCR) combines target amplification and analysis in a single step. The principle of asPCR is based on the formation of matched or mismatched primer-target complexes. The most important parameter in asPCR is the discrimination of these matched or mismatched pairs. In recent publications we have shown that the reliability of SNP detection through asPCR is increased by employing chemically modified primer probes. In particular, primer probes that bear a polar 4'-C-methoxymethylene residue at the 3' end have superior properties in discriminating single-nucleotide variations by PCR. Here we describe the synthesis of several primer probes that bear nucleobase modifications in addition to the 4'-C-methoxymethylenated 2'-deoxyriboses. We studied the effects of these alterations on single-nucleotide discrimination in allele-specific PCR promoted by a DNA polymerase and completed these results with single-nucleotide-incorporation kinetic studies. Moreover, we investigated thermal denaturing of the primer-probe-template complexes and recorded circular dichroism (CD) spectra for inspecting the thermodynamic and photophysical duplex behaviour of the introduced modifications. In short, we found that primer probes bearing a 4'-C-methoxymethylene residue at the 2'-deoxyribose moiety in combination with a thiolated thymidine moiety have synergistic effects and display significantly increased discrimination properties in asPCR.
A drug targeting only p110α can block phosphoinositide 3-kinase signalling and tumour growth in certain cell types (2011)

Genetic alterations in PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) signalling are common in cancer and include deletions in PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10), amplifications of PIK3CA and mutations in two distinct regions of the PIK3CA gene. This suggests drugs targeting PI3K, and p110α in particular, might be useful in treating cancers. Broad-spectrum inhibition of PI3K is effective in preventing growth factor signalling and tumour growth, but suitable inhibitors of p110α have not been available to study the effects of inhibiting this isoform alone. In the present study we characterize a novel small molecule, A66, showing the S-enantiomer to be a highly specific and selective p110α inhibitor. Using molecular modelling and biochemical studies, we explain the basis of this selectivity. Using a panel of isoform-selective inhibitors, we show that insulin signalling to Akt/PKB (protein kinase B) is attenuated by the additive effects of inhibiting p110α/p110β/p110δ in all cell lines tested. However, inhibition of p110α alone was sufficient to block insulin signalling to Akt/PKB in certain cell lines. The responsive cell lines all harboured H1047R mutations in PIK3CA and have high levels of p110α and class-Ia PI3K activity. This may explain the increased sensitivity of these cells to p110α inhibitors. We assessed the activation of Akt/PKB and tumour growth in xenograft models and found that tumours derived from two of the responsive cell lines were also responsive to A66 in vivo. These results show that inhibition of p110α alone has the potential to block growth factor signalling and reduce growth in a subset of tumours.
Within-class covariance normalization for SVM-based speaker recognition (2006)

This paper extends the within-class covariance normalization (WCCN) technique described in [1, 2] for training generalized linear kernels. We describe a practical procedure for applying WCCN to an SVM-based speaker recognition system where the input feature vectors reside in a high-dimensional space. Our approach involves using principal component analysis (PCA) to split the original feature space into two subspaces: a low-dimensional “PCA space” and a high-dimensional “PCA-complement space.” After performing WCCN in the PCA space, we concatenate the resulting feature vectors with a weighted version of their PCAcomplements. When applied to a state-of-the-art MLLR-SVM speaker recognition system, this approach achieves improvements of up to 22% in EER and 28% in minimum decision cost function (DCF) over our previous baseline. We also achieve substantial improvements over an MLLR-SVM system that performs WCCN in the PCA space but discards the PCA-complement.
Constitutive neutrophil apoptosis: Mechanisms and regulation (2007)

Neutrophil constitutive death is a critical cellular process for modulating neutrophil number and function, and it plays an essential role in neutrophil homeostasis and the resolution of inflammation. Neutrophils die due to programmed cell death or apoptosis. In this article, we review recent studies on the mechanism of neutrophil apoptosis. The involvement of caspase, calpain, reactive oxygen species, cellular survival/death signaling pathways, mitochondria, and BCL-2 family member proteins are discussed. The fate of neutrophils can be influenced within the inflammatory microenvironment. We summarize the current understanding regarding the modulation of neutrophil apoptotic death by various extracellular stimuli such as proinflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion, phagocytosis, red blood cells, and platelets. The involvement of neutrophil apoptosis in infectious and inflammatory diseases is also addressed.
Training for advanced laparoscopic surgical skills: suturing, knotting, and anastomosis techniques. (1994)

If surgical art can be defined as the operative relationship between the surgeon and the living tissue then it is easy to conclude that this relationship has changed. On the one hand, changed for the better as far as the end result is concerned, but on the other hand, for the worse, as far as it relates to the surgeon's effort, that is, the method by which this improved result is obtained. In essence, the surgeon will have to work a great deal harder to provide the added benefit for the patient.
Uric acid and evolution (2010)

Uric acid (UA) is the end product of purine metabolism in humans due to the loss of uricase activity by various mutations of its gene during the Miocene epoch, which led to humans having higher UA levels than other mammals. Furthermore, 90% of UA filtered by the kidneys is reabsorbed, instead of being excreted. These facts suggest that evolution and physiology have not treated UA as a harmful waste product, but as something beneficial that has to be kept. This has led various researchers to think about the possible evolutionary advantages of the loss of uricase and the subsequent increase in UA levels. It has been argued that due to the powerful antioxidant activity of UA, the evolutionary benefit could be the increased life expectancy of hominids. For other authors, the loss of uricase and the increase in UA could be a mechanism to maintain blood pressure in times of very low salt ingestion. The oldest hypothesis associates the increase in UA with higher intelligence in humans. Finally, UA has protective effects against several neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting it could have interesting actions on neuronal development and function. These hypotheses are discussed from an evolutionary perspective and their clinical significance. UA has some obvious harmful effects, and some, not so well-known, beneficial effects as an antioxidant and neuroprotector.
Study of 1.3-μm tapered waveguide spotsize transformers (1997)

Laterally tapered waveguide structures have been fabricated using a novel, though simple fabrication technique to achieve spot-size transformation. The effect of mesa shape on the far-field pattern and the coupling efficiency to a single-mode fiber (SMF) is reported. A tapered active region having both tensile and compressive quantum wells has been used and dual polarization characteristics are observed for the first time. An experimental analysis of the waveguide losses due to the taper has also been shown.
Exogenous Application of Ribozymes for Inhibiting Gene Expression (2007)

Sequence-specific inhibition of gene expression is an attractive concept for the development of a new generation of therapeutics. Two alternatives can be envisaged for the introduction of ribozymes into cells: endogenous or exogenous delivery. In the latter, the ribozyme is prepared by chemical synthesis or transcription and delivered to the cell either unaided or with the help of liposomes. A problem with this approach is the abundance of RNases in the serum, and thus the stabilization of the ribozyme is necessary but without the impairment of catalytic efficiency. This has been achieved by several groups by 2'-modification of the pyrimidine nucleosides and the introduction of a few phosphorothioates at the termini. The selection of ribozyme-accessible sites on the target and the attachment of cholesterol and peptides to the ribozymes will be discussed. Examples of the application of these modified ribozymes in cell cultures will be presented, including the inhibition of expression of the multiple drug resistance gene, after unaided as well as liposome-aided delivery, and studies of animal models demonstrating the potential of this particular application strategy.
Surface-emitting laser diode with distributed Bragg reflector and buried heterostructure (1990)

A surface-emitting laser diode (SELD) with distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) and buried heterostructure (BH) is fabricated by the metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD), reactive ion beam etching (RIBE) and liquid phase epitaxial(LPE) regrowth techniques. An Al0.1 Ga0.9As/Al0.7Ga0.3As multilayer is employed for the lower reflector. The active region is embedded with Al0.4Ga0.6As current blocking layers. The threshold current is 28 mA, and the spectral width is 2.5 Å. A 2 × 2 array is also demonstrated.