gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Onion routing (1999)

not only hiding the content of messages, but also hiding who is talking to whom (traffic analysis). Much like a physical envelope, the simple application of cryptography within a packet-switched network hides the contents of messages being sent, but can reveal who is talking to whom, and how often. Onion Routing is a general-purpose infrastructure for private communication over a public network It provides anonymous connections that are strongly resistant to both eavesdropping and traffic analysis. The connections are bidirec-tional, near real-time, and can be used for both connection-based and connectionless traffic.
Studies on the mechanism of fatty acid synthesis. XXIV. The acetyl- and malonyltransacylase activities of pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase. (1970)

Abstract Evidence is presented to show that the transacylase components of the pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase complex catalyze the transacylations of acetyl and malonyl groups from their CoA thioesters to the thioesters of Escherichia coli acyl carrier protein (ACP). The acetyl- and malonyltransacylase activities are inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide, although it appears that a sulfhydryl group is not directly involved in the transacylations of acetyl and malonyl groups to ACP. Protection of both transacylase activities against N-ethylmaleimide inhibition can be achieved by previously incubating the synthetase with either acetyl-CoA or malonyl-CoA. Indoacetamide, while totally inhibiting triacetic acid lactone formation and fatty acid synthesis, has no effect on the acetyl- and malonyltransacylase activities. Acetyl-CoA competitively inhibits the malonyltransacylase activity and malonyl-CoA competitively inhibits the acetyltransacylase activity. CoA is an inhibitor of both transacylase activities, inhibiting competitively with respect to E. coli ACP. Treatment of the synthetase with 0.5 m guanidine hydrochloride followed by diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography results in the separation of the acetyl- and malonyltransacylase activities from the bulk of the synthetase protein. Further separation from synthetase protein is achieved by Sephadex G-200 chromatography, but very low yields of the purified transacylase activities are obtained. It has not been possible to separate the acetyl- and malonyltransacylase activities from each other.
An Immunotoxin Composed of Monoclonal Anti-Thy 1.1 Antibody and a Ribosome-Inactivating Protein From &lt;italic&gt;Saponaria officinalis:&lt;/italic&gt; Potent Antitumor Effects In Vitro and In Vivo (1985)

The ribosome-inactivating protein saporin, from Saponaria officinalis, was coupled by a disulfide bond to monoclonal anti-Thy 1.1 antibody (OX7) and to its F(ab')2 fragment. The immunotoxins were at least as toxic as the plant toxin ricin to the Thy 1.1-expressing cell lines AKR-A and BW5147 in tissue culture. They reduced the rate at which the cells incorporated [3H]leucine into protein by 50% at cell concentrations of 1.5-3 X 10(-11) and 3 X 10(-12) M, respectively. The toxic effect was specific. No toxicity was seen when the immunotoxins were applied to Thy 1.2-expressing EL 4 lymphoma cells at 3 X 10(-8) M, and a control immunotoxin made from an antibody (R10) of irrelevant specificity was without effect on AKA-A cells. Further, the treatment of spleen cells from AKR mice with OX7-saporin at 10(-8) M abolished their response to the T-lymphocyte mitogen concanavalin A, without impairing their response to the B-lymphocyte mitogen lipopolysaccharide. A single iv injection of OX7-saporin into nu/nu randombred mice bearing peritoneal AKR-A lymphoma cells prolonged the survival time of the animals by an extent corresponding to that expected if 99.999% of the tumor cells had been eradicated by the immunotoxin. None of the control materials (unconjugated OX7, unconjugated saporin, OX7 plus saporin, or R10-saporin) delayed tumor growth. The OX7 F(ab')2-saporin conjugate was also highly effective as an antitumor agent, although significantly less so than the conjugate made with intact OX7. Unexpectedly, the acute toxicity of saporin to mice (median lethal dose = 6.8 mg/kg) was elevated eightfold to sixteenfold by conjugation to OX7, R10, or OX7 F(ab')2. Histologic examination of recipients of the immunotoxin revealed gross damage to hepatic parenchymal cells and to the white pulp of the spleen, neither of which was caused by unconjugated saporin. Ricin A-chain coupled to OX7 antibody was one hundredfold to one thousandfold less effective than OX7-saporin as an antitumor agent in vivo, although the two immunotoxins were equally cytotoxic to AKR-A cells in vitro.
The Structurally Optimal Dual Graph Pyramid and its Application in Image Partitioning (2007)

A widely used hierarchical representation in many areas of computer vision and pattern recognition is the (regular) image pyramid, which employs both coarse to fine and fine to coarse processing strategies. Regular pyramids rapidly compute global information in a recursive manner, because their height is logarithmically bounded by the size of the input. Regular image pyramids lack shift invariance as a result of the fixed inter-level neighborhood. Irregular hierarchical structures (irregular pyramids) overcome shift invariance, among others. However, their logarithmic height cannot be guaranteed in general, as well as the computational efficiency. Main topics of this work are irregular graph pyramids and their application in image partitioning.We introduce two new decimationconcepts, maximal independent edge set (MIES) and maximal independent directed edge set (MIDES), both based on the maximal independent set principle.We show that the construction of stochastic irregular pyramids bounds logarithmically the height of the pyramid.Within this irregular graph pyramid framework, we introduce a time efficient image partitioning method based on the minimum spanning tree principle.
Major bacterial lineages are essentially devoid of CRISPR-Cas viral defence systems (2016)

Current understanding of microorganism-virus interactions, which shape the evolution and functioning of Earth's ecosystems, is based primarily on cultivated organisms. Here we investigate thousands of viral and microbial genomes recovered using a cultivation-independent approach to study the frequency, variety and taxonomic distribution of viral defence mechanisms. CRISPR-Cas systems that confer microorganisms with immunity to viruses are present in only 10% of 1,724 sampled microorganisms, compared with previous reports of 40% occurrence in bacteria and 81% in archaea. We attribute this large difference to the lack of CRISPR-Cas systems across major bacterial lineages that have no cultivated representatives. We correlate absence of CRISPR-Cas with lack of nucleotide biosynthesis capacity and a symbiotic lifestyle. Restriction systems are well represented in these lineages and might provide both non-specific viral defence and access to nucleotides.
Flow injection spectrophotometric determination of As(III) and As(V) using molybdate reagent with solid phase extraction in-valve column (2003)

Flow injection (PI) spectrophotometry for speciation of As(III) and As(V) has been investigated. As(ill) in a mixture of As02' and AS04 3 . merging with 103' will convert into As(V). The total As04 3 • forms heteropoly acids with molybdate reagent. Mo(VI) is subsequently reduced to Mo(V). The compound in the stream flows into an in-valve microcolumn packing with CI S resin . The sorbed As-complex is eluted and continuously monitored by an LED colorimeter. The signal corresponds to the sum of As02' and AsO/. A signal obtained without merging with 103' is that of the AsO/ alone in the mixture. Optimization for the conditions has been investigated. Single standard As(V) calibration is possible. Application to a sample free from phosphate such as water leachates of zinc ores has been demonstrated. Arsenic compounds are used in agriculture as insecticides, herbicides and also in veterinary medicine. Arsenic acid is used as desiccant for the defoliation of cotton boll prior to harvesting and for the preparation of wood preservative salts . Arsanilic acid is used as a feed additive for pOUltry. Arsenic alloyed with aluminium, gallium or indium forms III­ V semiconductors for integrated circuit, diode, infrared detector and laser technology. The toxicity of arsenic depends on its chemical state. Trivalent arsenic compounds (AS20 3) are usually more toxic to mammalian tissues than the pentavalent compounds (As20S)1'3 . Various techniques have been proposed for the determination of arsenic, for example, spectrophotometry4,s, ~G_AAS6
Lifting-Line Analysis of Roll Control and Variable Twist (2004)

A more practical form of an analytical solution that can be used to predict the roll response for a wing of arbitrary planform with arbitrary spanwise variation of control surface deflection and wing twist is presented. This infinite series solution is based on Prandtl 's classical lifting-line theory and the Fourier coefficients are presented in a form that only depends on wing geometry. The solution can be used to predict rolling and yawing moments as well as the lift and induced drag, which result from control surface deflection, rolling rate, and wing twist. The analytical solution can be applied to wings with conventional ailerons or to wings utilizing wing-warping control. The method is also applied to full-span twisting control surfaces, named twisterons, which can be simultaneously used to provide roll control, high-lift, and minimum induced drag. A closed-form solution for optimum twist in a wing with linear taper is also presented. Nomenclature An = coefficients in the infinite series solution to the lifting-line equation an = planform contribution to the coefficients in the infinite series solution to the lifting-line equation b =w ingspan bn = twist contribution to the coefficients in the infinite series solution to the lifting-line equation Di C = induced drag coefficient L C = lift coefficient α , L C = wing lift slope α , ~ L C = airfoil section lift slope f L C δ , = change in wing lift coefficient with respect to flap deflection t L C δ , = change in wing lift coefficient with respect to twisteron deflection C = rolling moment coefficient p C , = change in rolling moment coefficient with respect to dimensionless rolling rate δ , C = change in rolling moment coefficient with respect to control surface deflection m
Towards the next generation of bug tracking systems (2008)

Developers typically rely on the information submitted by end-users to resolve bugs. We conducted a survey on information needs and commonly faced problems with bug reporting among several hundred developers and users of the APACHE, ECLIPSE and MOZILLA projects. In this paper, we present the results of a card sort on the 175 comments sent back to us by the responders of the survey. The card sort revealed several hurdles involved in reporting and resolving bugs, which we present in a collection of recommendations for the design of new bug tracking systems. Such systems could provide contextual assistance, reminders to add information, and most important, assistance to collect and report crucial information to developers.
An automated laser prober to determine VLSI internal node logic states (1984)

A laser probing system for VLSI internal functional test and debug is introduced and described. Advances in the detection circuitry allows maximum clock speed testing and high sensitivity. Computer control of beam position permits automated operation suitable for a fast turnaround environment.
Relationship between hepatocellular injury and transfusional iron overload prior to and during iron chelation with desferrioxamine: a study in adult patients with acquired anemias (2002)

The role of iron overload as cause of liver dysfunction has never been studied in detail in patients without concomitant hepatotropic infections who receive multiple transfusions. We therefore investigated the relationship between the extent of hepatocellular injury as reflected by serum levels of aminotransferases (alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and aspartate aminotransferase [AST]) and several iron status indices in 39 anti-hepatitis C virus-negative (HCV(-)) nonthalassemic patients with transfusional iron overload owing to acquired anemias. In 12 patients, we monitored aminotransferase levels and indices of iron status during iron chelation treatment. Before treatment, elevated aminotransferase activity was seen only at liver iron concentrations more than 300 microM/g. During treatment all aminotransferase values were normal if the liver iron concentration returned below 350 microM/g. At the start of treatment, ALT (R(2) = 0.64, P =.006) and AST activity (R(2) = 0.57, P =.01) were closely related to urinary iron excretion, reflecting the size of the chelatable or the labile iron pool. During treatment, a comparable pattern was seen and the urinary iron excretion was also directly related to the liver iron concentration at concentrations above approximately 400 microM/g. All elevated ALT values were associated with a urinary iron excretion more than 15 mg/24 h. In conclusion, our data suggest the existence of a critical liver iron concentration range, above which hepatocellular injury is seen. The extent of the injury seems to be determined mainly by the size of the chelatable or labile iron pool, supporting the concept of the labile iron pool as the compartment directly involved in iron toxicity. Our findings may be helpful in establishing criteria for safety from complications of transfusional iron overload.
Soluble and highly ionically conducting interpolyelectrolyte complexes prepared via chemical template polymerization of aniline in the presence of perfluorinated polysulfonic acid (2014)

Proton conductivity of the PANI–MF-4SC composites<italic>vs</italic>. [ANI]:[MF-4SC] ratio. Template polymerization of aniline in the presence of MF-4SC is carried out in water/2-propanol and results in the formation of the complexes with high proton conductivity.
The Analgesic Efficacy of Celecoxib, Pregabalin, and Their Combination for Spinal Fusion Surgery: Retracted (2006)

The perioperative administration of the combination of celecoxib and pregabalin improved analgesia and caused fewer side effects, than either analgesic drug alone after spinal fusion surgery.
Traffic-Known Urban Vehicular Route Prediction Based on Partial Mobility Patterns (2009)

Travel route analysis and prediction are essential for the success of many applications in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). Yet it is quit challenging to make accuracy route prediction for general vehicles in urban settings due to several practical issues such as very complicated traffic networks, the highly dynamic real-time traffic conditions and their interaction with drivers' route selections. In this paper, we undertake a systematic study on the vehicular route prediction in urban environments where the traffic conditions on complicated road networks keep changing from time to time. Inspired by the observation that a vehicle often has its own route selection flavor when traversing between its sources and destinations, we define a mobility pattern as a consecutive series of road segment selections that exhibit frequent appearance along all the itineraries of the vehicle. We further leverage Variable-order Markov Models (VMMs) to mine mobility patterns from the real taxi GPS trace data collected in Shanghai. In addition, considering the tremendous impact of dynamic traffic conditions to the accuracy of route prediction, we deploy multiple VMMs differentiating different traffic conditions in daytime. Our extensive trace-driven simulation results show that notable patterns can be mined from routes of common vehicles though they usually have no constraints when selecting routes. Given a specific taxi, around 40% next road segments are predictable using our model with a confidence weight of 60%. With multiple VMMs a high route prediction accuracy is achievable from the real traffic trace.
Template Oligomerization of DNA-Bound Cations Produces Calibrated Nanometric Particles (1998)

International audience
Dispensing Rates of Four Common Hearing Aid Product Features: Associations With Variations in Practice Among Audiologists (2010)

The purpose of the study was to develop and examine a list of potential variables that may account for variability in the dispensing rates of four common hearing aid features. A total of 29 potential variables were identified and placed into the following categories: (1) characteristics of the audiologist, (2) characteristics of the hearing aids dispensed by the audiologist, (3) characteristics of the audiologist's patient population, and (4) evidence-based practice grades of recommendation for each feature. The potentially associative variables then were examined using regression analyses from the responses of 257 audiologists to a dispensing practice survey. There was a direct relation between price and level of hearing aid technology with the frequency of dispensing product features. There was also a direct relation between the belief by the audiologist that a feature might benefit patients and the frequency of dispensing that feature. In general, the results suggested that personal differences among audiologists and the hearing aids audiologists choose to dispense are related more strongly to dispensing rates of product features than to differences in characteristics of the patient population served by audiologists. An additional finding indicated that evidence-based practice recommendations were inversely related to dispensing rates of product features. This finding, however, may not be the result of dispensing trends as much as hearing aid manufacturing trends.
Comparison of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and multiple chemical sensitivities (1994)

<h3>Background:</h3> Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), fibromyalgia (FM), and multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS) are conditions associated with fatigue and a variety of other symptoms that appear to share many clinical and demographic features. Our objectives were to describe the similarities and differences among patients with CFS, FM, and MCS. Additional objectives were to determine how frequently patients with MCS and FM met the criteria for CFS and if they differed in their health locus of control. <h3>Methods:</h3> Demographic, clinical, and psychosocial measures were prospectively collected in 90 patients, 30 each with CFS, FM, and MCS. Patients were recruited from a university-based referral clinic devoted to the evaluation and treatment of chronic fatigue and three private practices. Variables included demographic features, symptoms characteristic of each condition, psychological complaints, a measure of health locus of control, and information on health care use. <h3>Results:</h3> Overall, the three patient groups were remarkably similar in demographic characteristics and the presence of specific symptoms. Patients with CFS and FM frequently reported symptoms compatible with MCS. Likewise, 70% of patients with FM and 30% of those with MCS met the criteria for CFS. Health care use was substantial among patients with CFS, FM, and MCS, with an average of 22.1, 39.7, and 23.3 visits, respectively, to a medical provider during the prior year. Health locus of control did not differ among the three populations. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> In general, demographic and clinical factors and health locus of control do not clearly distinguish patients with CFS, FM, and MCS. Symptoms typical of each disorder are prevalent in the other two conditions. (Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:2049-2053)
Field devices-models and their realisations (2003)

Device descriptions are necessary for the integration of intelligent field devices in commissioning and maintenance tools, engineering systems or MES/ERP systems. Device Descriptions comprise of device models and presentations based on the models (e.g. ASCII files). The XML concept may help to enlarge the application scope of device description because it is becoming one of the basic technologies of the fast growing Internet and various e-engineering activities. Other realisations have to be based on the same device model (e.g. component interfaces). These issues are addressed from a modelling and implementation/realisation point of view.
Human Papillomavirus DNA versus Papanicolaou Screening Tests for Cervical Cancer (2007)

As compared with Pap testing, HPV testing has greater sensitivity for the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. (Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN57612064 [controlled-trials.com].).
User- and process-driven dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (2009)

We describe and evaluate two new, independently-applicable power reduction techniques for power management on processors that support dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS): user-driven frequency scaling (UDFS) and process-driven voltage scaling (PDVS). In PDVS, a CPU-customized profile is derived offline that encodes the minimum voltage needed to achieve stability at each combination of CPU frequency and temperature. On a typical processor, PDVS reduces the voltage below the worst-case minimum operating voltages given in datasheets. UDFS, on the other hand, dynamically adapts CPU frequency to the individual user and the workload through direct user feedback. Our UDFS algorithms dramatically reduce typical operating frequencies and voltages while maintaining performance at a satisfactory level for each user. We evaluate our techniques independently and together through user studies conducted on a Pentium M laptop running Windows applications. We measure the overall system power and temperature reduction achieved by our methods. Combining PDVS and the best UDFS scheme reduces measured system power by 49.9% (27.8% PDVS, 22.1% UDFS), averaged across all our users and applications, compared to Windows XP DVFS. The average temperature of the CPU is decreased by 13.2degC. User trace-driven simulation to evaluate the CPU only indicates average CPU dynamic power savings of 57.3% (32.4% PDVS, 24.9% UDFS), with a maximum reduction of 83.4%. In a multitasking environment, the same UDFS+PDVS technique reduces the CPU dynamic power by 75.7% on average.
Information Geometry and Statistical Pattern Recognition (2004)

This paper discusses a geometry associated with U-divergence including ideas of U-models, U-loss functions of two versions. On the basis of the geometry we observe that U-divergence projection of a data distribution p onto U-model MU associates with the Pythagorean relation for the triangle connection of p q and q∗, for any q of the U-model where q ∗ denotes the point of MU projected from p. This geometric consideration is implemented on the problem of sta-tistical pattern recognition. U-Boost algorithm proposed in the practical application is shown to pursue iteratively the U-divergence projection onto U-model evolving by one dimension according to one iteration. In particular U-Boost algorithm released from the probability con-straint reveals a novel property of statistical property beyond the notion of Fisher consistency, which helps us to understand the statistical meaning of AdaBoost. Key words AdaBoost, exponential family, logistic model, maximum likelihood, U-divergence,
Gelatin Encapsulated Nitrogen Microbubbles as Ultrasonic Contrast Agents (1980)

Gelatin encapsulated nitrogen microbubbles were effective ultrasonic contrast agents in in vitro phantom and in vivo rabbit V2 carcinoma studies. Intra-arterial injection of 80-micrometer gelatin encapsulated nitrogen microbubbles appeared to improve tumor visualization by rim enhancement, which persisted for several minutes.