gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Variation among human 28S ribosomal RNA genes. (1985)

We report the complete 5025-base sequence of the human 28S rRNA gene. Variability within the species has been demonstrated by sequencing a variable region from six separately cloned genes. This region is one of three large subunit rRNA regions that show extreme sequence and size variation among species. The interspecies differences suggest species-specific functions for these sections, while the intraspecies heterogeneity indicates differences among ribosomes. Comparison of the human gene with a partial sequence from the chimpanzee 28S gene yields divergence rates for the two species: 0.8% for conserved regions of the gene and 3.7% for a variable region. The rapid divergence rates of variable regions in the ribosomal gene may permit answers to the question of time of separation of closely related species.
SYNTHESIS OF NEW 5-SUBSTITUTED 1,2,4-TRIAZOLE-3-THIONE DERIVATIVES (2000)

Abstract In the present paper we describe the preparation of series of new derivatives of 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol. As starting materials methyl 3-acyldxithiocarbazates were used, which on reaction with amines gave the corresponding 4,5-disubstituted 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol derivatives (3). Into the 4-position of the 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol system a β-hydroxyethyl substituent was introduced (compounds 4). These compounds were alkylated with methyl iodide to from 6, with N-substituted amides of chloroacetic acid (products 7 and 8), and aminomethylated with formation of Mannich bases (10), Some of the thiols 4 were desulfurized to 9. The new compounds were tested for their circulatory activity, but found not pharmacologically active.
Nucleotide Sequence of High-passage Hepatitis A Virus Strain HM175: Comparison with Wild-type and Cell Culture-adapted Strains (1989)

The nucleotide sequence of cDNA from a high-passage, cell culture-adapted variant of hepatitis A virus strain HM175 was compared with the previously determined sequences of wild-type virus and two other cell culture-adapted variants. A total of 42 nucleotide changes were detected when the sequence was compared with wild-type virus. Five of these changes were common to all cell culture-adapted strains and a further two changes were shared by the strains that had experienced the greatest number of cell culture passages. The mutations were distributed throughout the genome coding for amino acid substitutions in regions 2B, 2C and 3D with silent changes in 1C and the 5' non-coding region. The possible relevance of these mutations to cell culture adaptation and attenuation is discussed.
Contact resistance between carbon nanotubes (2001)

Fascinating properties of nanotubes arise when they form intermolecular junctions. In this rapid communication, we demonstrate that such nanotube junctions have atomic scale characteristics and the contact resistance between the tubes depends strongly on atomic structure in the contact region. Our calculations show that the optimal electronic transport between nanotubes occurs when the tubes are in atomic scale registry. The contact resistance can vary several orders of magnitude with atomic scale movements. Phenomena such as the negative differential resistance and nonlinear variation of resistance are found. These properties may lead to new device applications.
Thin Film Self-Assembly of Poly(trimethylsilylstyrene-<i>b</i>-<scp>d</scp>,<scp>l</scp>-lactide) with Sub-10 nm Domains (2012)

Integrating block copolymer self-assembly with existing lithography processes to enhance their patterning capability is a promising approach for manufacturing a variety of semiconductor devices and next-generation magnetic storage media. Sub-10 nm block copolymer domains are specifically targeted in many of these applications, yet there are relatively few block copolymers that can achieve these dimensions. Here the synthesis and self-assembly characteristics of a new block copolymer poly(trimethylsilylstyrene-b-d,l-lactide) (PTMSS-b-PLA) capable of forming domains as small as ∼5 nm are described. Several lamellar and cylinder forming diblocks were synthesized with bulk domain periodicities of 12–15 nm which are among the smallest domains yet reported for any neat block copolymer. Such small domains are possible because this new material has a large segment–segment interaction parameter which is an order of magnitude higher than poly(styrene-b-methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) and twice as large as poly(styrene-b-dimethylsiloxane) (PS-b-PDMS), two commonly studied polymers for these applications. Furthermore, the PTMSS-b-PLA blocks have glass transitions well above room temperature with a large reactive ion etch rate contrast between them (∼28) which is at least 4 times greater than PS-b-PMMA due to incorporation of a trimethylsilyl group into the styrene monomer.
Counting people in crowds with a real-time network of simple image sensors (2003)

Estimating the number of people in a crowded environment is a central task in civilian surveillance. Most vision-based counting techniques depend on detecting individuals in order to count, an unrealistic proposition in crowded settings. We propose an alternative approach that directly estimates the number of people. In our system, groups of image sensors segment foreground objects from the background, aggregate the resulting silhouettes over a network, and compute a planar projection of the scene's visual hull. We introduce a geometric algorithm that calculates bounds on the number of persons in each region of the projection, after phantom regions have been eliminated. The computational requirements scale well with the number of sensors and the number of people, and only limited amounts of data are transmitted over the network. Because of these properties, our system runs in real-time and can be deployed as an untethered wireless sensor network. We describe the major components of our system, and report preliminary experiments with our first prototype implementation.
An Online Attention-based Model for Speech Recognition (2018)

Attention-based end-to-end models such as Listen, Attend and Spell (LAS), simplify the whole pipeline of traditional automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems and become popular in the field of speech recognition. In previous work, researchers have shown that such architectures can acquire comparable results to state-of-the-art ASR systems, especially when using a bidirectional encoder and global soft attention (GSA) mechanism. However, bidirectional encoder and GSA are two obstacles for real-time speech recognition. In this work, we aim to stream LAS baseline by removing the above two obstacles. On the encoder side, we use a latency-controlled (LC) bidirectional structure to reduce the delay of forward computation. Meanwhile, an adaptive monotonic chunk-wise attention (AMoChA) mechanism is proposed to replace GSA for the calculation of attention weight distribution. Furthermore, we propose two methods to alleviate the huge performance degradation when combining LC and AMoChA. Finally, we successfully acquire an online LAS model, LC-AMoChA, which has only 3.5% relative performance reduction to LAS baseline on our internal Mandarin corpus.
Tissue Renin-Angiotensin System (1987)

The classical concept of the renin-angiotensin system as an endocrine system, whereby angiotensin is generated in the circulation and conveyed by blood to peripheral tissues, is being increasingly challenged by evidence that suggests that peripheral tissues are the major site of generation of angiotensin I and II. The concentrations of angiotensins I and II in arterial and venous blood, taken together with their efficient metabolic clearance by peripheral tissues and their slow rate of generation in blood, indicate that peripheral tissues are the major site of generation of these peptides. Most angiotensin I and II in blood is generated within tissues by the action of plasma-derived renin on plasma-derived angiotensinogen, and the action of tissue converting enzyme. In addition, there is increasing evidence for the synthesis of renin by tissues other than the kidney, and of angiotensinogen by tissues other than the liver. The relative contribution of plasma renin and angiotensinogen, and of locally synthesized renin (or renin-like enzyme) and angiotensinogen, to angiotensin generation in each tissue is unknown, and probably differs between tissues. These two mechanisms for local generation of angiotensin within tissues have the potential to produce changes in tissue concentrations of angiotensin that are independent of the circulating level of renin and angiotensin.
Colistin: an update on the antibiotic of the 21st century (2012)

The emergence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria that cause nosocomial infections is a growing problem worldwide. Colistin was first introduced in 1952 and was used until the early 1980s for the treatment of infections caused by Gram-negative bacilli. In vitro, colistin has demonstrated excellent activity against various Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, including multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Recent clinical findings regarding colistin activity, pharmacokinetic properties, clinical uses, emerging resistance, toxicities and combination therapy have been reviewed. Recent approaches to the use of colistin in combination with other antibiotics hold promise for increased antibacterial efficacy. It is probable that colistin will be the 'last-line' therapeutic drug against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens in the 21st century.
Age of fracture and clinical outcomes of percutaneous vertebroplasty. (2001)

PVP is a highly efficacious therapy for relief of pain and improvement in mobility, regardless of fracture age. PVP also is efficacious in reducing analgesic requirement, although this effect may be slightly blunted in patients who require narcotics before the procedure and in those who have older fractures.
Fidelity and Leakage of Josephson Qubits (1999)

The unit of quantum information is the qubit, a vector in a two-dimensional Hilbert space. On the other hand, quantum hardware often operates in two-dimensional subspaces of vector spaces of higher dimensionality. The presence of higher quantum states may affect the accuracy of quantum information processing. In this Letter we show how to cope with quantum leakage in devices based on small Josephson junctions. While the presence of higher charge states of the junction reduces the fidelity during gate operations we demonstrate that errors can be minimized by appropriately designing and operating the gates.
Controlled induction of GUS marked clonal sectors in Arabidopsis (2000)

Stably transformed Arabidopsis lines in which GUS marked cell clones are readily produced in response to heat‐shock have been established and characterized. Control of GUS activation is achieved by heat‐shock‐induced FLP recombinase activity which ‘switches on’ expression of a GUS marker gene previously held transcriptionally silent. To obtain efficient GUS sectoring, single insert Arabidopsis lines carrying FLP recombinase under the control of a heat‐shock‐inducible promoter and an FLP‐activatable GUS construct were generated. Analysis of GUS sectoring in lines hemizygous and homozygous for both inserts was conducted after various regimes of heat‐shock were given at various developmental stages. It is shown that GUS sectoring events can be efficiently induced in most vegetative, aerial and sexual structures in Arabidopsis . Furthermore, the frequency of sectoring events, sector size and, to some extent, the tissues in which sectors are generated can be readily controlled by choice of the conditions and timing of heat‐shock used.
Dynamics Modeling of PDC Bits (1995)

Abstract A numerical bit dynamics model has been developed for the purpose of predicting PDC drill bit performance under conditions of a full-scale drilling simulator test. The model accounts for the interaction of the PDC cutters with the bottom hole and side wall rock surface and bit impact energy loss and friction between the bit gage and hole wall. It also accounts for the induced vibration of the main mechanical components of the full-scale drilling simulator. The model has been validated by comparing predicted bit performance with full scale drilling experiments. Twenty bit designs (15 anti-whirl and five "conventional") ranging from 5 7/8" to 17 1/2" have been used in this validation. The numerical simulator correctly predicts for 18 out of the 20 bits whether or not the bit whirls and the rate of penetration at which the bit stops vibrating in the hole. This paper discusses the development, numerical implementation, and experimental validation of this PDC bit numerical drilling dynamics simulator.
Modulation of the vasopressin system for the treatment of CNS diseases. (2010)

Vasopressin (also known as arginine vasopressin [AVP]) is a small cyclic peptide that acts at the V1a, V1b and V2 GPCRs to regulate a wide range of physiological functions, including vasoconstriction, smooth muscle contractility, response to stress, and excretion of water and sodium via the kidney. The potential therapeutic applications of AVP receptor ligands have prompted significant interest in this target within the pharmaceutical research community, and several small-molecule drugs targeting the AVP receptor have reached the market, mainly for cardiovascular indications. The development of AVP receptor modulators for the treatment of CNS indications has proven more challenging, and is the focus of this review. The regulatory role of AVP on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis suggests potential uses for AVP receptor modulators in various CNS indications, including depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. Several clinical trials of V1a and V1b receptor antagonists in CNS indications have been conducted, but none of these drugs have reached the market. In recent years, the discovery of the key role of AVP in modulating complex social behaviors has provided a unique opportunity to understand the physiological mechanisms of social interactions. Ultimately, the ongoing research in this field may enable the development of treatments to alleviate the social deficits associated with conditions such as autism and schizophrenia. Given the large unmet medical need in these areas, a renewed interest in the field of CNS-penetrant AVP receptors modulators is expected.
West Nile virus envelope proteins: nucleotide sequence analysis of strains differing in mouse neuroinvasiveness. (1998)

Several neuroinvasive and non-neuroinvasive West Nile (WN) viruses were characterized by nucleotide sequencing of their envelope (E) protein regions. Prolonged passage in mosquito cells caused loss of neuroinvasiveness and acquisition of an N-linked glycosylation site, which is utilized. Limited passage in cell culture also caused glycosylation but not attenuation, suggesting that glycosylation may not be directly responsible for attenuation and that a second mutation (L68 --> P) may also be involved. A monoclonal antibody-neutralization escape mutant with a substitution at residue 307, a site common to other flavivirus escape mutants, was also attenuated. A partially neuroinvasive revertant regained the parental E sequence, implying that determinants outside of the E region may also influence attenuation. Data suggest that the neuroinvasive determinants may be similar to those for other flaviviruses. Also, sequence comparison with the WN virus (Nigeria) strain revealed considerable divergence of the E protein at the nucleotide and amino acid levels.
Identification of a new G-protein-linked receptor for growth hormone secretagogues. (1996)

The potential application of small molecules in GH therapy has recently become a topic of increasing interest. The spiroindoline MK-0677, the benzolactam L-692,429, and the peptides, GHRP-6 and hexarelin, have been shown to possess potent and selective GH-secretory activity in several species including human. Moreover, these synthetic GH secretagogues act on a signal transduction pathway distinct from that of GHRH. A specific high affinity binding site in porcine and rat anterior pituitary membranes that mediates the activity of these secretagogues has now been identified. The binding affinity of these structurally diverse secretagogues is tightly correlated with GH-secretory activity. The binding is Mg(2+)-dependent, is inhibited by GTP-gamma-S, and is not displaced by GHRH and somatostatin. The receptor is distinct from that for GHRH and has the properties of a new G-protein-coupled receptor. It is speculated that these GH secretagogues mimic an unidentified natural hormone that regulates GH secretion in concert with GHRH and somatostatin.
A Randomized Trial of Cholecalciferol versus Doxercalciferol for Lowering Parathyroid Hormone in Chronic Kidney Disease (2010)

This prospective, randomized trial demonstrated a within-group reduction in PTH in the doxercalciferol-treated patients but no significant difference between the doxercalciferol and cholecalciferol patients. Larger, long-term studies are needed to demonstrate efficacy of mineral-related and non-mineral-related end points and safety.
Issues in Model Based Troubleshooting (1987)

To determine why something has stopped working, it's helpful to know how it was supposed to work in the first place. This simple fact underlies recent work on a number of systems that do diagnosis from knowledge about the internal structure of behavior of components of the malfunctioning device. Recently much work has been done in this vein in many domains with an apparent diversity of techniques. But the variety of domains and the variety of computational mechanisms used to implement these systems tend to obscure two important facts. First, existing programs have similar mechanisms for generating and testing fault hypotheses. Second, most of these systems have similar built-in assumptions about both the devices being diagnosed and their failure modes; these assumptions in turn limit the generality of the programs. The purpose of this paper is to identify the problems and non-problems in model based troubleshooting. The non-problems are in generating and testing fault hypotheses about misbehaving components in simple static devices; a small core of largely equivalent techniques covers the apparent profusion of existing approaches. The problems occur with devices that aren't static, aren't simple and whose components fail in ways current programs don't hypothesize and hence can't diagnose.
Microfluidics Using Spatially Defined Arrays of Droplets in One, Two, and Three Dimensions (2011)

Spatially defined arrays of droplets differ from bulk emulsions in that droplets in arrays can be indexed on the basis of one or more spatial variables to enable identification, monitoring, and addressability of individual droplets. Spatial indexing is critical in experiments with hundreds to millions of unique compartmentalized microscale processes--for example, in applications such as digital measurements of rare events in a large sample, high-throughput time-lapse studies of the contents of individual droplets, and controlled droplet-droplet interactions. This review describes approaches for spatially organizing and manipulating droplets in one-, two-, and three-dimensional structured arrays, including aspiration, laminar flow, droplet traps, the SlipChip, self-assembly, and optical or electrical fields. This review also presents techniques to analyze droplets in arrays and applications of spatially defined arrays, including time-lapse studies of chemical, enzymatic, and cellular processes, as well as further opportunities in chemical, biological, and engineering sciences, including perturbation/response experiments and personal and point-of-care diagnostics.
Heart rate variability response to alcohol, placebo, and emotional picture cue challenges: Effects of 0.1‐Hz stimulation (2008)

Heart rate variability (HRV) supports emotion regulation and is reduced by alcohol. Based on the resonance properties of the cardiovascular system, a new 0.1-Hz methodology was developed to present emotional stimuli and assess HRV reaction in participants (N=36) randomly assigned to an alcohol, placebo, or control condition. Blocked picture cues (negative, positive, neutral) were presented at a rate of 5 s on, 5 s off (i.e., 0.1-Hz frequency). SDNN, pNN50, and HF HRV were reduced by alcohol, compared to the placebo and control. The 0.1-Hz HRV index was diminished by alcohol and placebo, suggesting that autonomic regulation can be affected by cognitive expectancy. The 0.1-Hz HRV index and pNN50 detected changes in arousal during emotional compared to neutral cues, and the 0.1-Hz HRV index was most sensitive to negative valence. The 0.1-Hz HRV methodology may be useful for studying the intersection of cognition, emotion, and autonomic regulation.
Oral a-tocopherol Supplementation Inhibits Lipid Oxidation in Established Human Atherosclerotic Lesions (2003)

These results suggest that within plasma and lesions alpha-tocopherol can act as an antioxidant. They may also explain why studies using < 500 IU alpha-tocopherol/day failed to demonstrate benefit of antioxidant therapy. Better understanding of the pharmacodynamics of oral antioxidants is required to guide future clinical trials.
Soybean basic 7 S globulin represents a protein widely distributed in legume species (1987)

The LII subunit of the soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merrill) basic 7 S globulin seed storage protein was purified, and its amino acid sequence was determined. This subunit contains a relatively high proportion of sulphur‐containing amino acids and an extremely low content of glutamic acid. The amino acid sequence was found to be homologous to that of conglutin γ from lupin seeds. Other legume species examined have a protein which cross‐reacts with antibody raised against the LII subunit. This suggests that the basic 7 S globulin‐like protein is widely distributed in the seeds of legume species.
Detection of THz pulses by phase retardation in lithium tantalate (1996)

Freely propagating THz pulses are recorded in a thin lithium tantalate crystal by monitoring the phase retardation of a femtosecond probe pulse. This technique permits the determination of the temporal shape of the THz pulse in the picosecond time domain and offers the exciting prospect of up-converting the spatial THz beam profile into the optical wavelength range in real time, with potential application in diagnostics.
IgE‐mediated allergy to phytase – a new animal feed additive (2002)

Our results demonstrate that powdered fungal phytase is a highly sensitizing substance whose inhalation exposure should be avoided. Hypersensitivity symptoms could be prevented by means of extensive hygienic measures and ongoing medical surveillance.
Apatitic Tricalcium Phosphate as Novel Smart Solids for Supported Aqueous Phase Catalysis (SAPC) (2002)

Apatitic tricalcium phosphate was used as support for supported aqueous phase catalysis (SAPC) in the hydroformylation reaction of oct-1-ene, at 80 °C in toluene using a dinuclear rhodium complex bearing TPPTS as hydrophilic ligands. The reaction yield is maximum and constant when the hydration rate of the support is ranging from 20 to 35%, before starting to decrease dramatically. The support was examined initially and after catalytic runs by XRD, FTIR, 1H and 31P NMR, SEM and EDS. No change was observed when the hydration rate is less than 35%. Beyond 35%, some decomposition of the support into monetite and stoichiometric apatite occurred; the drop in the yield is essentially due to a loss of droplets of water from the support. The outstanding yield observed with the apatitic tricalcium phosphate, when compared to silica usually used in SAPC, was attributed to the orientation of the catalytic molecule arising from the adsorption of some of the TPPTS ligands onto the hydrophilic surface of apatite.