gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Accelerating Research into Bio-Based FDCA-Polyesters by Using Small Scale Parallel Film Reactors (2011)

High Throughput experimentation has been well established as a tool in early stage catalyst development and catalyst and process scale-up today. One of the more challenging areas of catalytic research is polymer catalysis. The main difference with most non-polymer catalytic conversions is the fact that the product is not a well defined molecule and the catalytic performance cannot be easily expressed only in terms of catalyst activity and selectivity. In polymerization reactions, polymer chains are formed that can have various lengths (resulting in a molecular weight distribution rather than a defined molecular weight), that can have different compositions (when random or block co-polymers are produced), that can have cross-linking (often significantly affecting physical properties), that can have different endgroups (often affecting subsequent processing steps) and several other variations. In addition, for polyolefins, mass and heat transfer, oxygen and moisture sensitivity, stereoregularity and many other intrinsic features make relevant high throughput screening in this field an incredible challenge. For polycondensation reactions performed in the melt often the viscosity becomes already high at modest molecular weights, which greatly influences mass transfer of the condensation product (often water or methanol). When reactions become mass transfer limited, catalyst performance comparison is often no longer relevant. This however does not mean that relevant experiments for these application areas cannot be performed on small scale. Relevant catalyst screening experiments for polycondensation reactions can be performed in very efficient small scale parallel equipment. Both transesterification and polycondensation as well as post condensation through solid-stating in parallel equipment have been developed. Next to polymer synthesis, polymer characterization also needs to be accelerated without making concessions to quality in order to draw relevant conclusions.
A practical guide to preventing and treating nappy rash (2000)

Most midwives, particularly those working in the community, will have encountered a baby with nappy rash. This common skin condition may cause concern to new parents and discomfort to babies, yet can be easily prevented. A wide variety of effective treatments are also available. This article will explore the advice midwives can give to parents to assist them to make an informed choice in the prevention and treatment of nappy rash.
Decreased probability of neurotransmitter release underlies striatal long-term depression and postnatal development of corticostriatal synapses (1997)

Changes in synaptic efficacy are crucial for the development of appropriate neural circuits and brain information storage. We have investigated mechanisms underlying long-term depression (LTD) at glutamatergic synapses in the striatum, a brain region important in motor performance and cognition, and a target for Huntington and Parkinson diseases. Induction of striatal LTD is dependent on postsynaptic depolarization and calcium influx through L-type channels. Surprisingly, LTD maintenance appears to involve a decrease in the probability of neurotransmitter release from presynaptic terminals as evidenced by increases in paired-pulse facilitation and the coefficient of variation of synaptic responses that are tightly associated with LTD expression. Furthermore, both the apparent probability of neurotransmitter release and the magnitude of LTD decrease concomitantly during postnatal development, consistent with the idea that striatal LTD is involved in a developmental decrease in the probability of neurotransmitter release at corticostriatal synapses. The presynaptic changes that underlie striatal LTD may also be important for motor performance and certain forms of learning and memory.
Study on the suppression effect of natural zeolite on expansion of concrete due to alkali-aggregate reaction (1998)

The effect and mechanism of natural zeolite on preventing expansion due to alkali-aggregate reaction are studied in this paper. The resultsconfirm that the expansion can be minimized by increasing the fineness of natural zeolite powder (even to superfineness) or by a previous heat treatment for the zeolite additive.
Physical and architectural considerations in quantum repeaters (2008)

Quantum repeaters enable us to distribute entanglement between remote parties by relying on a network of quantum memory units that exhibit efficient coupling to light, scalability, and long coherence times. Entanglement is initially distributed between nearest neighbors and then extended to the far-end nodes using entanglement swapping techniques. For real-time applications, such as quantum key distribution, the above tasks must be repeated successively, according to a proper protocol, to generate entangled states at a certain rate. This paper studies a number of such protocols and the interplay between the rate of entanglement generation, the number of employed memories, and the coherence time of memory units.
THE HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF LEUCINE AMINOPEPTIDASE (1957)

1. A method is described for the histochemical localization of leucine aminopeptidase in fresh frozen and paraffin embedded tissues. 2. Evidence is offered which supports the idea that the substrate l-leucyl-β-naphthylamide is hydrolyzed by leucine aminopeptidase. 3. A comparison is made between the various diazonium salts used to demonstrate the enzyme in tissue sections. The shortcomings of each coupling agent are given. While the one recommended in this report has many favorable properties, its slow rate of coupling constitutes a serious drawback in localization at the cellular level. Experiments are in progress to overcome this deficiency in the method. 4. The value and future potential of chelations with metal ions in histochemical methodology is discussed. 5. Leucine aminopeptidase was found to be present histochemically in many organs of man, guinea pig, dog, and rat.
Mary Davys, The Merry Wanderer (2009)

Mary Davys (1674–1732) is one of those enigmatic writers about whom nothing is known, not even her maiden name, prior to her marriage to Peter Davys, a Dublin Church of Ireland clergyman and schoolmaster who was a friend and correspondent of Jonathan Swift. Even her place of birth cannot be definitely identified. Although Siobhán Kilfeather describes her as ‘the first known Irish woman writing in English to explore national and sexual identities’,1 Martha Bowden draws attention to the significant contradiction between Davys’s suggestion in The Fugitive; Or, The Country Ramble (1705) that she was born in England and her unequivocal claim to Irish birth in The Merry Wanderer (1725), a reworking of The Fugitive in which she records her travels through provincial England and Wales.2 We do know that Davys was widowed in Dublin in 1698, shortly after which she settled in York, where she began her writing career. The commercial success of her social comedy, The Northern Heiress; Or, The Humours of York (1715), marked a career turning-point, not only in being the first publication to bear her name, but also by providing her with the financial and psychological resources to continue writing into her fifties, at a time when there was much social opprobrium attached to the category of professional woman writer. The income Davys derived from the play’s London production also enabled her to open a coffee-house in Cambridge, where she spent the rest of her life and where she was buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre on 3 July 1732. The fact that her clothes were posthumously valued at less than five pounds suggests that she died in penury.3
Neuroprotective Effects of the Spin Trap Agent Disodium-[(tert-butylimino)methyl]benzene-1,3-disulfonate <i>N</i> -Oxide (Generic NXY-059) in a Rabbit Small Clot Embolic Stroke Model (2002)

This study suggests that NXY-059G is neuroprotective and can increase behavioral ratings if administered early after an embolic stroke. In addition, the study shows that NXY-059G can be used in combination with tPA without negative side effects. The drug combination can improve behavioral function and increase ES50 values. However, during the short time course of the behavioral analysis, the combination was not statistically better than either drug alone.
Development of a novel osteochondral graft for cartilage repair (1998)

This study reports the development of a novel osteochondral graft for cartilage repair. A technique of proteoglycan extraction via timed enzymatic digestion with hyaluronidase and trypsin and subsequent processing with a chloroform-methanol solution to remove cellular debris from a fresh-frozen bovine osteochondral sample is a method described to prepare a stable biological carrier of low immunogenicity. Lyophilization of the carrier followed by rehydration in a suspension of lapine chondrocytes produced a chimeric xenograft that succeeded in vivo in enhancing cartilage repair. In a pilot study, full-thickness articular cartilage defects treated with these xenografts demonstrated improved healing compared to untreated defects or defects treated with unseeded grafts at 2, 6, and 12 weeks postimplantation. The xenograft provoked a mild inflammatory response; however this did not impede the repair process. Further investigation of this novel chimeric xenograft eventually may yield a method of cartilage repair superior to current methods of treatment.
A Family of Zirconium Complexes Having Two Phenoxy−Imine Chelate Ligands for Olefin Polymerization (2001)

A zirconium complex having two phenoxy−imine chelate ligands, bis[N-(3-tert-butylsalicylidene)anilinato]zirconium(IV)dichloride (1), was found to display a very high ethylene polymerization activity of 550 kg of polymer/mmol of cat·h with a viscosity average molecular weight (Mv) value of 0.9 × 104 at 25 °C at atmospheric pressure using methylalumoxane (MAO) as a cocatalyst. This activity is 1 order of magnitude larger than that exhibited by Cp2ZrCl2 under the same polymerization conditions. The use of Ph3CB(C6F5)4/i-Bu3Al in place of MAO as a cocatalyst resulted in extremely high molecular weight polyethylene, Mv 505 × 104, with an activity of 11 kg of polymer/mmol of cat·h at 50 °C. This Mv value is one of the highest values displayed by homogeneous olefin polymerization catalysts. Complex 1, using Ph3CB(C6F5)4/i-Bu3Al as a cocatalyst, provided a high molecular weight ethylene−propylene copolymer, Mv 109 × 104, with 8 kg of polymer/mmol of cat·h activity at a propylene content of 20.7 mol %. X-ray analysis revealed that complex 1 adopts a distorted octahedral coordination structure around the zirconium metal and that two oxygen atoms are situated in trans position while two nitrogen atoms and two chlorine atoms are situated in cis position. DFT calculations suggest that the active species derived from complex 1 possesses two available cis-located sites for efficient ethylene polymerization. Changing the tert-butyl group in the phenoxy benzene ring enhanced the polymerization activity. Bis[N-(3-cumyl-5-methylsalicylidene)cyclohexylaminato]zirconium(IV)dichloride (7) with MAO displayed an ethylene polymerization activity of 4315 kg of polymer/mmol of cat·h at 25 °C at atmospheric pressure. This activity corresponds to a catalyst turnover frequency (TOF) value of 42 900/s·atm. This TOF value is one of the largest not only for olefin polymerization but also for any known catalytic reaction. Ligands with additional steric congestion near the polymerization reaction center gave increased Mv values. The maximum Mv value, 220 × 104 using MAO, was obtained with bis[N-(3,5-dicumylsalicylidene)-2‘-isopropylanilinato]zirconium(IV)dichloride (15). Thus, polyethylenes ranging from low to exceptionally high molecular weights can be obtained from these zirconium complexes by changing the ligand structure and the choice of cocatalyst.
Digital Cellular Radio (1988)

From the Publisher:
Offers synthesized information on the rapidly evolving technology of digital cellular radio, including historical development, current status, and future trends of the mobile telephone field.
Biomineralization: An Overview (2003)

Biomineralization describes the deposition of mineral within or outside the cells of living organisms. Examples include iron and gold deposits in bacteria and other unicellular organisms, silicates in algae and diatoms, carbonates in diatoms and nonvertebrates, and calcium phosphates and carbonates in vertebrates. The formation of these deposits involves similar mechanisms, but there are distinctions in each case, and those similarities and distinctions are the subject of this overview. A comparison of the apatitic mineral in bones and teeth is presented as a model for understanding these factors.
24.2 Direct View Active Matrix VGA OLED‐on‐Crystalline‐Silicon Display (2001)

Abstract This paper describes the pixel and array circuitry, which includes a CMOS SRAM cell and a precision current source at each pixel, of a direct view VGA active matrix OLED‐on‐crystalline‐silicon display, developed jointly by IBM Research Division and eMagin Corporation. The display has applications for low‐power personal information appliances such as a computer wristwatch. The display obtains data and control signals directly from the memory bus of the appliance's processor.
Effect of thickness on the transverse thermal conductivity of thin dielectric films (1994)

The transverse thermal conductivities of SiO2 thin films are determined as a function of film thickness. The results indicate that the apparent thermal conductivities of SiO2 thin films are much lower than the thermal conductivity of bulk SiO2. In addition, a slight decrease in the thermal conductivity is observed as the average temperature within the dielectric film increases. The average transverse thermal conductivity decreases drastically as the film thickness is reduced. This strong thickness dependence is explained in terms of an interfacial thermal resistance that develops at the SiO2/Si interface. The experimentally determined value for the interfacial thermal resistance, Rint, is 2.05 mm2 °C W−1.
A Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Method for Monitoring Anaerobic, Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria Based on a Catabolic Gene (2002)

We have developed a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method that can quantify hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in sediment samples based on a catabolic gene associated with the first step of anaerobic toluene and xylene degradation. The target gene, bssA, codes for the alpha-subunit of benzylsuccinate synthase. The primer-probe set for real-time PCR was based on consensus regions of bssA from four denitrifying bacterial strains; bssA sequences for two of these strains were determined during this study. The method proved to be sensitive (detection limit ca. 5 gene copies) and had a linear range of >7 orders of magnitude. We used the method to investigate how gasohol releases from leaking underground storage tanks could affect indigenous toluene-degrading bacteria. Microcosms inoculated with aquifer sediments from four different sites were incubated anaerobically with BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) and nitrate in the presence and absence of ethanol. Overall, population trends were consistent with observed toluene degradation activity: the microcosms with the most rapid toluene degradation also had the largest numbers of bssA copies. In the microcosms with the most rapid toluene degradation, numbers of bssA copies increased 100-to 1000-fold over the first 4 days of incubation, during which time most of the toluene had been consumed. These results were supported by slot blot analyses with unamplified DNA and by cloning and sequencing of putative bssA amplicons, which confirmed the real-time PCR method's specificity for bssA. Use of a companion real-time PCR method for estimating total eubacterial populations (based on 16S rDNA) indicated that, in some cases, ethanol disproportionately supported the growth of bacteria that did not contain bssA. The real-time PCR method for bssA could be a powerful tool for monitored natural attenuation of BTEX in fuel-contaminated groundwater. To our knowledge, this is the first reported molecular method that targets anaerobic, hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria based on a catabolic gene.
Multiple range imaging camera operation with minimal performance impact (2010)

Time-of-flight range imaging cameras operate by illuminating a scene with amplitude modulated light and measuring the phase shift of the modulation envelope between the emitted and reflected light. Object distance can then be calculated from this phase measurement. This approach does not work in multiple camera environments as the measured phase is corrupted by the illumination from other cameras. To minimize inaccuracies in multiple camera environments, replacing the traditional cyclic modulation with pseudo-noise amplitude modulation has been previously demonstrated. However, this technique effectively reduced the modulation frequency, therefore decreasing the distance measurement precision (which has a proportional relationship with the modulation frequency). A new modulation scheme using maximum length pseudo-random sequences binary phase encoded onto the existing cyclic amplitude modulation, is presented. The effective modulation frequency therefore remains unchanged, providing range measurements with high precision. The effectiveness of the new modulation scheme was verified using a custom time-of-flight camera based on the PMD19-K2 range imaging sensor. The new pseudo-noise modulation has no significant performance decrease in a single camera environment. In a two camera environment, the precision is only reduced by the increased photon shot noise from the second illumination source.
Attenuation of a vaccine strain of vaccinia virus via inactivation of interferon viroceptor (2006)

The replication-competent virus VV-RG8 carrying a mutation at the B8R gene is less pathogenic for mice than the parental vaccine virus. We anticipate that step-wise inactivation of VV vaccine genes involved in evasion of host immune response may provide an alternative approach for generation of hyper-attenuated replication-competent vaccines.
Generation of mirage effect by heated carbon nanotube thin film (2014)

Mirage effect, a common phenomenon in nature, is a naturally occurring optical phenomenon in which lights are bent due to the gradient variation of refraction in the temperature gradient medium. The theoretical analysis of mirage effect generated by heated carbon nanotube thin film is presented both for gas and liquid. Excellent agreement is demonstrated through comparing the theoretical prediction with published experimental results. It is concluded from the theoretical prediction and experimental observation that the mirage effect is more likely to happen in liquid. The phase of deflected optical beam is also discussed and the method for measurement of thermal diffusivity of medium is theoretically verified. Furthermore, a method for measuring the refractive index of gas by detecting optical beam deflection is also presented in this paper.
Components in the Pipeline (2011)

State-of-the-art scientific instruments and simulations routinely produce massive datasets requiring intensive processing to disclose key features of the artifact or model under study. Scientists commonly call these data-processing pipelines, which are structured according to the pipe and-filter architecture pattern.1 Different stages typically communicate using files; each stage is an executable program that performs the processing needed at that point in the pipeline.The MeDICi (Middleware for Data-Intensive Computing) Integration Framework supports constructing complex software pipelines from distributed heterogeneous components and controlling qualities of service to meet performance, reliability and communication requirements.
Preparation and Evaluation of a Compressed Tablet Rapidly Disintegrating in the Oral Cavity. (1996)

In order to make a compressed tablet which can rapidly disintegrate in the oral cavity, microcrystalline cellulose and low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose were used as disintegrants, and ethenzamide and ascorbic acid were chosen as poorly and easily water soluble model drugs, respectively. The mixture of microcrystalline cellulose and low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose was compressed at 100--500 kgf in the absence of an active ingredient. The properties of these tablets, such as hardness, porosity, the time required for complete wetting of a tested tablet (wetting time), water uptake and disintegration time determined by a new disintegration apparatus, were investigated to elucidate the wetting and disintegration characteristics of these tablets, When the MCC/L-HPC ratio was in the range of 8:2 to 9:1, the shortest disintegration time was observed. The disintegration of tablets containing ethenzamide or ascorbic acid was examined next. Tablet disintegration time in the oral cavity was also tested, and good correlation between the disintegration behaviors in vitro and in the oral cavity was recognized.
Prospects for cytokine and chemokine biotherapy. (1997)

Cytokines with immunostimulating effects have the capacity to induce tumor immunity in animal models, whereas some cytokines interfere with tumor growth based on their angiostatic effects. Despite these capabilities, cytokines, such as IFN-, IFN-, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-2, have had limited clinical efficacy and many undesirable side effects. In preclinical models, cytokines can even promote tumor growth and increase metastatic spread. Although chemokines have had limited clinical evaluation, studies of animal models show that they can also have tumor-suppressive or tumor-enhancing effects. In mice, chemokines, such as IP-10, RANTES, and TCA3, have resulted in tumor regression and immunity to subsequent tumor challenge. Those chemokines that are angiostatic (e.g., PF4, IP-10, and MIG) can also induce tumor regression by reducing the tumor blood supply. Conversely, IL-8, which is angiogenic, can promote tumor growth. Our studies show that nasopharyngeal cell line cells (FADU) show a chemotactic as well as a proliferative response to MCP-1. In addition, a variant murine T cell lymphoma cell line Esb-MP, unlike the parental variant Esb, was selectively chemoattracted by murine MCP-1/JE. When injected s.c. into mice, the Esb-MP variant metastasized to the kidney with much higher frequency than the Esb variant. Both cultured kidneys from normal mice and a mesangial cell line constitutively produced chemoattractants that acted on Esb-MP but not Esb parental cells. Purification to homogeneity of these chemoattractants led to the identification of RANTES and JE. These results demonstrate that some chemokines may promote tumor growth and organ-specific metastatic spread of those tumors that have adapted and become responsive to chemokines. Finally, tumors appear to use numerous adaptive mechanisms to subvert and suppress the immune system. More effective therapy with cytokines and chemokines will require better characterization of the means by which tumors develop resistance to cytokines and overcome the immune system. Only then can we develop appropriate therapeutic approaches to antagonize cancer-induced immunosuppression.