gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Guest Editorial: are diabetes‐related wounds and amputations worse than cancer? (2007)

Certainly one of the most feared complications of diabetes is the lower extremity amputation 1. This fear is not unwarranted. Diabetes-related ulcer and amputation may be associated with surprisingly high 5-year mortality. Moulik et al.2 reported a 5-year mortality of 45%, 18% and 55% for neuropathic, neuroischaemic and ischaemic ulcers, respectively. As expected, mortality was higher in ischaemic ulcers than neuropathic ulcers. However, it is fairly evident based on these data that all types of diabetic foot ulcers are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Similarly, approximately half the persons receiving a diabetes-related amputation will not be alive in 5 years. Certainly, peripheral vascular disease may be implicated as a significant factor associated with shorter life span. Criqui reported the 10-year mortality in patients with peripheral arterial disease and found a substantially higher risk of mortality among patients with large vessel peripheral arterial disease – a factor that may be even more profound today than when it was reported in the early 1990s 3, 4. Faglia et al. related this high mortality with the absence of revascularisation, citing a 1.7-fold greater risk for death in ischaemic subjects who might have benefited from intervention 5. How do these data compare with other serious medical conditions, such as cancer? If one reviews Figure 1, one might conclude that persons with lower extremity complications of diabetes have 5-year mortality rates similar or worse than many common types of cancer 6-10. In fact, some high-risk subgroups such as persons with renal disease requiring distal bypass may have 5-year mortality rates approaching 95% 10. Five-year mortality (%). Perhaps now is the time to change our discussion with health-care administrators, policy makers and especially ourselves. The disease state that many of us treat routinely is, quite literally, killing our patients at a rate comparable to cancer. Addressing this issue aggressively may alter this and make a difference for millions of people worldwide.
Role of glnB and glnD gene products in regulation of the glnALG operon of Escherichia coli (1985)

We have isolated insertion and deletion mutants in glnB, the structural gene of PII, a member of the adenylylation system for glutamine synthetase of Escherichia coli, to study the role of PII in the regulation of the synthesis of glutamine synthetase and of histidase in response to nitrogen deprivation or excess. We have studied the effects of this mutation alone and combined with null mutations resulting from the insertion of transposons or from a deletion in the other genes affecting this regulation, glnD, glnF (ntrA), glnG (ntrC), and glnL (ntrB). Our results confirm that only the products of glnF and glnG are essential for this regulation. In cells of the wild type, the response is mediated by the products of glnD and glnB via the product of glnL. In the condition of nitrogen excess, PII, the product of glnB, appears to convert the product of glnL to a form that prevents the activation of transcription of the structural genes for glutamine synthetase and for histidase by the products of glnF and glnG. During nitrogen deprivation, uridylyltransferase, the product of glnD, is activated by the intracellular excess of 2-ketoglutarate over glutamine and converts PII to PII-UMP and changes the form of the glnL product to one that stimulates the activation of transcription of glutamine synthetase and histidase by the products of glnF and glnG.
Chip PCR. II. Investigation of different PCR amplification systems in microbabricated silicon-glass chips (1996)

We examined PCR in silicon dioxide-coated silicon-glass chips (12 microl in volume with a surface to volume ratio of approximately 17.5 mm(2)/microl) using two PCR reagent systems: (i) the conventional reagent system using Taq DNA polymerase; (ii) the hot-start reagent system based on a mixture of TaqStart antibody and Taq DNA polymerase. Quantitative results obtained from capillary electrophoresis for the expected amplification products showed that amplification in microchips was reproducible (between batch coefficient of variation 7.71%) and provided excellent yields. We also used the chip for PCR directly from isolated intact human lymphocytes. The amplification results were comparable with those obtained using extracted human genomic DNA. This investigation is fundamental to the integration of sample preparation, polynucleotide amplification and amplicate detection on a microchip.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Redox‐Active Esters with Boronic Acids (2016)

A transformation analogous in simplicity and functional group tolerance to the venerable Suzuki cross-coupling between alkyl-carboxylic acids and boronic acids is described. This Ni-catalyzed reaction relies upon the activation of alkyl carboxylic acids as their redox-active ester derivatives, specifically N-hydroxy-tetrachlorophthalimide (TCNHPI), and proceeds in a practical and scalable fashion. The inexpensive nature of the reaction components (NiCl2 ⋅6 H2 O-$9.5 mol(-1) , Et3 N) coupled to the virtually unlimited commercial catalog of available starting materials bodes well for its rapid adoption.
Thermoelastically Actuated Acoustic Proximity Sensor with Integrated Through-Wafer Interconnects (2002)

This paper presents the development of a micromachined acoustic sensor/actuator for real-time cavity monitoring for highspeed, supercavitating vehicles (HSSV). Low-resistance polysilicon through-wafer electrical interconnects have been integrated with the sensor to enable backside contacts for drive and sense circuitry. The sensor and interconnects were fabricated in a CMOS compatible process using a deep reactive ion etch (DRIE), producing a 1 mm diameter, 10 m thick diaphragm and 20 m diameter high aspect ratio through-wafer vias on a SOI wafer. The diaphragm incorporates a central resistive heater for thermoelastic actuation and diffused piezoresistors for sensing acoustic pressure perturbations. Measured results indicate an acoustic transmitting sensitivity of 22 mPa/V at a distance of 10 mm and a frequency of 60 kHz, a receiving sensitivity of 0.98 V/(V.Pa), a flat frequency response over the measured range of 1-20 kHz, a linear response from 60-140 dB, negligible leakage current for the junctionisolated diffused piezoresistors (<2 nA at -10 V), low interconnect resistance of 14 , and a noise floor of 1.4 x 10 -16 V 2 /Hz at a bias of 9 V, in the frequency range of operation.
Targeting Sonic Hedgehog: A New Way to Mow Down Pancreatic Cancer? (2004)

Despite continuing development of new therapies, the prognosis for patients with pancreatic cancer remains extremely poor. In part, this may relate to molecular abnormalities that stimulate pancreatic tumorigenesis and also contribute to reduced sensitivity to standard treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Two recent reports in Nature suggest that Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) overexpression may contribute to pancreatic tumorigenesis and that cyclopamine, a specific inhibitor of Shh signaling, can reduce pancreatic cancer cell growth and viability. This discovery is exciting and suggests that targeting Shh signaling may be an effective novel approach to therapy in patients with this devastating disease.
Conductivity of Textile Fibers Treated with Aniline (2000)

Various textile fibers in yam forms were treated with aniline at different oxidative polymerization conditions to improve their electrical conductivities . In addition to the measurement of the electrical resistance, surface texture and fiber cross-sections were examined by an optical and a scanning electron microscope . Attenuated total reflection infra-red spectroscopy was used to detect the formation of polyaniline on the surface of fibers . An attempt was made to correlate the perceived colour of the treated samples via visible light reflection spectroscopy with electrical resistance . At proper condition of treatment, polyaniline formed on the surface of fibers improve the yams conductivity . The decreases of electrical resistance in nylon, cotton and acrylics were found to be more than polyester and wool yams . The changes in the mechanical properties of yams after treatment were insignificant . The stability of different coating processes of polyaniline on the surface of cotton and acrylic yams were compared . It goes further to explain the results based on the pertinent literature.
The hydrogen bond and crystal engineering (1993)

The first page of this article is displayed as the abstract.
Death pathways triggered by activated Ras in cancer cells (2010)

Ras GTPases are best known for their ability to serve as molecular switches regulating cell growth, differentiation and survival. Gene mutations that result in expression of constitutively active forms of Ras have been linked to oncogenesis in animal models and humans. However, over the past two decades, evidence has gradually accumulated to support a paradoxical role for Ras proteins in the initiation of cell death pathways. In this review we survey the literature pointing to the ability of activated Ras to promote cell death under conditions where cancer cells encounter apoptotic stimuli or Ras is ectopically expressed. In some of these cases Ras acts through known effectors and well defined apoptotic death pathways. However, in other cases it appears that Ras operates by triggering novel non-apoptotic death mechanisms that are just beginning to be characterized. Understanding these mechanisms and the factors that go into changing the nature of Ras signaling from pro-survival to pro-death could set the stage for development of novel therapeutic approaches aimed at manipulating pro-death Ras signaling pathways in cancer.
Effect of Electrically Mediated Intratumor and Intramuscular Delivery of a Plasmid Encoding IFN α on Visible B16 Mouse Melanomas (2002)

Interferon alpha may be used as a single agent therapy for metastatic malignant melanoma or as an adjuvant to chemotherapy. Delivery of interferon alpha by gene therapy offers an alternative to recombinant protein therapy. Electrically mediated delivery enhances plasmid expression in a number of tissues, for instance skin, liver, muscle and tumors including melanomas. Here we compare the effect of delivery of a plasmid encoding mouse interferon alpha on growth of visible B16 mouse melanomas following electrically mediated delivery to muscle or directly to the tumor. Intratumoral delivery of interferon alpha plasmid not only slows melanoma growth, but induces complete, long term, regression. This effect was not observed after intramuscular delivery.
Capillary columns with in situ formed porous monolithic packing for micro high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography (1999)

Capillary columns with monolithic stationary phase were prepared from silanized fused-silica capillaries of 75 microns I.D. by in situ copolymerization of divinylbenzene either with styrene or vinylbenzyl chloride in the presence of a suitable porogen. The porous monolithic support in this study was used either directly or upon functionalization of the surface to obtain a stationary phase that was appropriate for the separation of peptides by capillary electrochromatography (CEC). The main advantages of monolithic columns are as follows. They do not need retaining frits, they do not have charged particles that can get dislodged in high electric field, and they have relatively high permeability and stability. Whereas such columns are designed especially for CEC, they find application in micro high-performance liquid chromatography (mu-HPLC) as well. Five different porogens were employed to prepare the monolithic columns that were examined for permeability and porosity. The flexibility of fused-silica capillaries was not adversely affected by the monolithic packing and the longevity of the columns was satisfactory. This may also be due to the polymerization technique, which resulted in a fluid-impervious outer layer of the monolith that precluded contact between the fused-silica surface and the liquid mobile phase. For the most promising columns, the conductivity ratios and the parameters of the simplified van Deemter equation, both in mu-HPLC and CEC, were evaluated. It was found that the efficiency of the monolithic columns in CEC was significantly higher than in mu-HPLC in the same way as observed with capillary columns having conventional particulate packing. This is attributed to the relaxation of band-broadening with electroosmotic flow (EOF) with respect to that with viscous flow. It follows then that the requirement of high packing uniformity to obtain high efficiency may also be relaxed in CEC. Angiotensin-type peptides were separated by CEC with columns packed with a monolithic stationary phase having fixed n-octyl chains and quaternary ammonium groups at the surface. Plate heights of about 8 microns were routinely obtained. The mechanism of the separation is based on the interplay between EOF, chromatographic retention and electrophoretic migration of the positively charged peptides. The results of the complex migration process, with highly nonlinear dependence of the migration times on the organic modifier and the salt concentration, cannot be interpreted within the framework of classical chromatography or electrophoresis.
Association of the SLC11A1 Gene Polymorphisms With Susceptibility to Mycobacterium Infections in a Japanese Population (2008)

Genetic factors may be involved in the susceptibility to mycobacterium infection. We studied the association of polymorphisms in the candidate gene, SLC11A1 (solute carrier family 11 member 1; formerly NRAMP1), which controls immune reactions to intracellular pathogens, with susceptibility to active Mycobacterium tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterium infections in a Japanese population, who was admitted to a local hospital in the Kanagawa prefecture. A case-control study was performed by comparing the frequency of polymorphisms in the SLC11A1 gene in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (57 cases) or with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection (17 cases) and ethnically matched healthy controls (51 cases). Three SLC11A1 genetic polymorphisms, G/C at intron 4 (496+14G/C), transformation of aspartic acid to asparagine at 543 codon (D543N), and TGTG deletion in 3′ untranslated region (1729+55del4) were examined, using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of polymerase chain reaction products. The polymorphism of D543N wasfound closely associated with both pulmonary tuberculosis (P = 0.009) and M. avium-intracellulare infection (P = 0.01). The polymorphism of intron 4 was closely associated only with pulmonary tuberculosis (P = 0.05). The polymorphisms in SLC11A1 may partly explain the susceptibility to active M. tuberculosis and M. avium-intracellulare infections without predisposing factors in a Japanese population.
LC2, the<i>Chlamydomonas</i>Homologue of the<i>t</i>Complex-encoded Protein Tctex2, Is Essential for Outer Dynein Arm Assembly (1999)

Tctex2 is thought to be one of the distorter genes of the mouse t haplotype. This complex greatly biases the segregation of the chromosome that carries it such that in heterozygous +/t males, the t haplotype is transmitted to >95% of the offspring, a phenomenon known as transmission ratio distortion. The LC2 outer dynein arm light chain of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a homologue of the mouse protein Tctex2. We have identified Chlamydomonas insertional mutants with deletions in the gene encoding LC2 and demonstrate that the LC2 gene is the same as the ODA12 gene, the product of which had not been identified previously. Complete deletion of the LC2/ODA12 gene causes loss of all outer arms and a slow jerky swimming phenotype. Transformation of the deletion mutant with the cloned LC2/ODA12 gene restores the outer arms and rescues the motility phenotype. Therefore, LC2 is required for outer arm assembly. The fact that LC2 is an essential subunit of flagellar outer dynein arms allows us to propose a detailed mechanism whereby transmission ratio distortion is explained by the differential binding of mutant (t haplotype encoded) and wild-type dyneins to the axonemal microtubules of t-bearing or wild-type sperm, with resulting differences in their motility.
Anesthetic Properties of 4-Iodopropofol (2001)

Propofol and 4-iodopropofol produced similar actions on several previously identified cellular and molecular targets of general anesthetic action, and both compounds induced anesthesia in tadpoles and rats. The failure of 4-iodopropofol to induce anesthesia in rodents after intraperitoneal injection is attributed to a pharmacokinetic difference from propofol rather than to major pharmacodynamic differences.
Integrating parallel functions into the manipulation for distributed persistent objects (2002)

Integrating parallel functions into the manipulation of persistent objects on a network-based shared memory architecture is a proposal under consideration. The cost associated with manipulating a large amount of distributed persistent objects is expected to improve from sequential to parallel processing. However, it is a complex task to combine persistence with the capability of parallel and distributed processing. We put forward the design and implementation methods concerning this. Based on a C++ based language called INADA, in which functions for handling persistent objects are introduced, we present a language construct for accessing distributed persistent objects in parallel, and a new approach for supporting transparent parallel and distributed processing. The transparency assures that distributed persistent objects are manipulated in parallel on multiple threads of remote computers as if they were manipulated in a local multiprocessor machine. A key point of this proposal is that we have made a combination of persistence, multithread primitives, network-based shared-memory, and the agent-oriented paradigm.
Amplicon DNA Melting Analysis for Mutation Scanning and Genotyping: Cross-Platform Comparison of Instruments and Dyes (2006)

Different instruments and dyes vary widely in their ability to genotype homozygous variants and scan for heterozygotes by whole-amplicon melting analysis.
Deterministic equivalents (2011)

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A modulation technique for active interference design under downlink cellular OFDMA networks (2014)

In cellular systems, the interference has been the most critical issue that practically limits the performance of overall networks. Furthermore, the distribution of the inter-cell interference (ICI) in conventional cellular networks employing orthogonal frequency-division multiple-access (OFDMA) with quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) tends to approach a Gaussian distribution, which is known to be the worst-case distribution of the ICI as additive noise resulting in poor channel capacity. Thus, a dramatic enhancement of the channel capacity for the cellular network is expected when the ICI could be designed properly so that it has a non-Gaussian distribution. In this context, a cellular OFDMA system with a novel modulation scheme, frequency and quadrature-amplitude modulation (FQAM), is proposed in this paper. The statistical distribution of the ICI is shown to deviate far from the Gaussian distribution for the proposed FQAM-based system. Accordingly, it is shown that the non-Gaussian distribution of the ICI incurred with FQAM results in significantly improved transmission rates for the cell-edge users. Also, from the measurement results using practically implemented FQAM-based OFDMA systems, it is verified that the transmission rate for the cell-edge users could be increased significantly over the conventional QAM-based OFDMA system.
Reactive oxygen species and rosacea. (2004)

Although the fundamental pathogenesis of rosacea remains unknown, inflammation is a central process in this disorder. Recent evidence suggests that this inflammation is associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are released by inflammatory cells such as neutrophils. In vitro studies suggest that certain core therapies for rosacea, including metronidazole and the tetracyclines, show antioxidant effects, and this may be one aspect of their mechanism of action.
Desulfurisation of oils using ionic liquids: selection of cationic and anionic components to enhance extraction efficiency (2007)

Extraction of dibenzothiophene from dodecane using ionic liquids as the extracting phase has been investigated for a range of ionic liquids with varying cation classes (imidazolium, pyridinium, and pyrrolidinium) and a range of anion types using liquid–liquid partition studies and QSPR (quantitative structure–activity relationship) analysis. The partition ratio of dibenzothiophene to the ionic liquids showed a clear variation with cation class (dimethylpyridinium > methylpyridinium > pyridinium ≈ imidazolium ≈ pyrrolidinium), with much less significant variation with anion type. Polyaromatic quinolinium-based ionic liquids showed even greater extraction potential, but were compromised by higher melting points. For example, 1-butyl-6-methylquinolinium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl}amide (mp 47 °C) extracted 90% of the available dibenzothiophene from dodecane at 60 °C.
Quality of Quality Measurement (2016)

Nonhierarchical modeling frequently misclassified average-quality hospitals as low quality. Hierarchical modeling commonly misclassified low-quality hospitals as average. Assuming that the consequences of misclassifying an average-quality hospital as low quality outweigh the consequences of misclassifying a low-quality hospital as average, hierarchical modeling may be the better choice for quality measurement.
Adherence to buccal epithelial cells, enzymatic and hemolytic activities of<i>Candida isolates</i>from HIV-infected individuals (2010)

Candida spp., along with other microorganisms are usually found in the normal flora of the human oral mucosa. However in HIV-infected individuals these yeasts can become opportunistic pathogens and lead to mucosal infections. The transformation from a harmless commensal to a virulent pathogen under conditions of dysfunctional host defense system is attributable to an extensive repertoire of selectively expressed virulence determinants. The present study was undertaken to analyze the production of four important virulence factors viz. adherence to buccal epithelial cells (BEC), proteinase activity, phospholipase activity and hemolysis, and to evaluate the correlation between these virulence factors in 65 Candida isolates from HIV-infected individuals with oral candidiasis. A total of 95.3%, 67.7%, 41.5% and 100% of the Candida isolates showed adherence to BEC, and proteinase, phospholipase and hemolytic activities, respectively. Production of proteinase and phospholipase enzymes was seen in 89.7% and 59.0% of C. albicans isolates and 34.6% and 15.4% of non-Candida albicans Candida (NAC) isolates, respectively. C. albicans showed significantly greater level of virulence factor expression with regards to adherence to BEC (P < 0.001), phospholipase production (P < 0.044) and hemolysis (P = 0.037) as compared to NAC. A correlative relationship between proteinase activity and adherence to BEC, as well as phospholipase production was noted.