gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis. 2. 3,5-Dihydroxy-7-(N-pyrrolyl)-6-heptenoates, a novel series of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (1993)

A series of 7-[2,3-diaryl-5-(1-methylethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]-3,5- dihydroxy-6-heptenoates was prepared and evaluated for its ability to inhibit the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase in vitro. Maintaining a 5-(1-methylethyl) substituent found to be optimal in related studies, structure-activity relationships were established for compounds modified at positions 2, 3, and 4 of the pyrrole ring. The 4-fluorophenyl group was preferred at the pyrrole 2-position, while incorporation of a range of substituted phenyl groups and pyridyl substituents at the 3-position provided compounds with equivalent enzyme inhibitory activities and widely different lipophilicities. Pentasubstituted pyrrole 3h was found to have a 10-fold greater potency than lovastatin.
Self-assembled microstructures from a polymerizable ammonium surfactant: di(hexacosa-12,14-diynyl)dimethylammonium bromide (1988)

A. Singh, P. E. Schoen and J. M. Schnur, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1988, 1222 DOI: 10.1039/C39880001222
Cerebral metabolic and cognitive decline in persons at genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease (2000)

The major known genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD), apolipoprotein E-4 (APOE-4), is associated with lowered parietal, temporal, and posterior cingulate cerebral glucose metabolism in patients with a clinical diagnosis of AD. To determine cognitive and metabolic decline patterns according to genetic risk, we investigated cerebral metabolic rates by using positron emission tomography in middle-aged and older nondemented persons with normal memory performance. A single copy of the APOE-4 allele was associated with lowered inferior parietal, lateral temporal, and posterior cingulate metabolism, which predicted cognitive decline after 2 years of longitudinal follow-up. For the 20 nondemented subjects followed longitudinally, memory performance scores did not decline significantly, but cortical metabolic rates did. In APOE-4 carriers, a 4% left posterior cingulate metabolic decline was observed, and inferior parietal and lateral temporal regions demonstrated the greatest magnitude (5%) of metabolic decline after 2 years. These results indicate that the combination of cerebral metabolic rates and genetic risk factors provides a means for preclinical AD detection that will assist in response monitoring during experimental treatments.
VCre/VloxP and SCre/SloxP: new site-specific recombination systems for genome engineering (2011)

We developed two new site-specific recombination systems named VCre/VloxP and SCre/SloxP for genome engineering. Their recognition sites are different from Cre recognition sites because VCre and SCre recombinases share less protein similarity with Cre, even though the basic 13-8-13 structures of their recognition sites are identical. Mutant VloxP and SloxP, which have the same uses as mutant loxP, were also developed. VCre/VloxP and SCre/SloxP in combination with Cre/loxP and Flp/FRT systems can serve as powerful tools for genome engineering, especially when used to genetically modify both alleles of a single gene in mouse and human cells.
Practical Poissonian-Gaussian Noise Modeling and Fitting for Single-Image Raw-Data (2008)

We present a simple and usable noise model for the raw-data of digital imaging sensors. This signal-dependent noise model, which gives the pointwise standard-deviation of the noise as a function of the expectation of the pixel raw-data output, is composed of a Poissonian part, modeling the photon sensing, and Gaussian part, for the remaining stationary disturbances in the output data. We further explicitly take into account the clipping of the data (over- and under-exposure), faithfully reproducing the nonlinear response of the sensor. We propose an algorithm for the fully automatic estimation of the model parameters given a single noisy image. Experiments with synthetic images and with real raw-data from various sensors prove the practical applicability of the method and the accuracy of the proposed model.
Array-Based Comparative Genomic Hybridization Identifies Localized DNA Amplifications and Homozygous Deletions in Pancreatic Cancer (2005)

Pancreatic cancer, the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States, is frequently associated with the amplification and deletion of specific oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes (TSGs), respectively. To identify such novel alterations and to discover the underlying genes, we performed comparative genomic hybridization on a set of 22 human pancreatic cancer cell lines, using cDNA microarrays measuring approximately 26,000 human genes (thereby providing an average mapping resolution of <60 kb). To define the subset of amplified and deleted genes with correspondingly altered expression, we also profiled mRNA levels in parallel using the same cDNA microarray platform. In total, we identified 14 high-level amplifications (38-4934 kb in size) and 15 homozygous deletions (46-725 kb). We discovered novel localized amplicons, suggesting previously unrecognized candidate oncogenes at 6p21, 7q21 (SMURF1, TRRAP), 11q22 (BIRC2, BIRC3), 12p12, 14q24 (TGFB3), 17q12, and 19q13. Likewise, we identified novel polymerase chain reaction-validated homozygous deletions indicating new candidate TSGs at 6q25, 8p23, 8p22 (TUSC3), 9q33 (TNC, TNFSF15), 10q22, 10q24 (CHUK), 11p15 (DKK3), 16q23, 18q23, 21q22 (PRDM15, ANKRD3), and Xp11. Our findings suggest candidate genes and pathways, which may contribute to the development or progression of pancreatic cancer.
Cloning and characterization of cDNA for human adenylate kinase 2A (1996)

We have isolated and characterized a cDNA clone encoding human adenylate kinase 2A (AK2A) from cDNA libraries of fetal liver origin. The complete nucleotide sequence of the cloned 889 nucleotide cDNA fragment indicated that the deduced gene product of human AK2A is composed of 239 amino acids with a molecular weight of 26 kD. Comparison of these nucleotide and amino acid sequences with the corresponding sequences of bovine AK2A and rat AK2 revealed a high degree of conservation. It showed 91% and 98% homologies in DNA and amino acid sequences, respectively, with bovine AK2A throughout the full open reading frame. RNA blot analysis revealed that three species of mRNA were present with approximate sizes of 3.4, 2.1, and 1.0 kb. This gene was expressed in E. coli cells and the recombinant protein was enzymatically active.
Promotion of tumorigenesis by heterozygous disruption of the beclin 1 autophagy gene (2003)

Malignant cells often display defects in autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved pathway for degrading long-lived proteins and cytoplasmic organelles. However, as yet, there is no genetic evidence for a role of autophagy genes in tumor suppression. The beclin 1 autophagy gene is monoallelically deleted in 40-75% of cases of human sporadic breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer. Therefore, we used a targeted mutant mouse model to test the hypothesis that monoallelic deletion of beclin 1 promotes tumorigenesis. Here we show that heterozygous disruption of beclin 1 increases the frequency of spontaneous malignancies and accelerates the development of hepatitis B virus-induced premalignant lesions. Molecular analyses of tumors in beclin 1 heterozygous mice show that the remaining wild-type allele is neither mutated nor silenced. Furthermore, beclin 1 heterozygous disruption results in increased cellular proliferation and reduced autophagy in vivo. These findings demonstrate that beclin 1 is a haplo-insufficient tumor-suppressor gene and provide genetic evidence that autophagy is a novel mechanism of cell-growth control and tumor suppression. Thus, mutation of beclin 1 or other autophagy genes may contribute to the pathogenesis of human cancers.
Membrane-associated forms of the beta A4 amyloid protein precursor of Alzheimer's disease in human platelet and brain: surface expression on the activated human platelet (1994)

The amyloid protein precursor (APP) of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is abundantly expressed in platelets, where its primary function remains undetermined. As an integral transmembrane protein, the release of APP from the membrane may be a critical event in AD. We examined the association of APP with human platelet membranes using a combination of alkali treatment and immunoprecipitation of the carboxyl-terminus of APP. Most of the platelet membrane-associated APP (APPMem) with molecular mass of 100 to 130 kD is removed with alkali treatment and is also truncated at the carboxyl-terminus. APPMem is present at least in part on the surface of the platelet. The full-length transmembrane form of APP, as a 140- to 150-kD minor species, is alkali resistant and is also present on the plasma membrane. In contrast, most of the APPMem from brain is full-length (possessing the carboxyl-terminus) with a molecular mass of 105 to 130 kD and is resistant to alkali treatment. Immunoelectron microscopy shows platelet APP to be localized to the alpha-granule. Activation of platelets results in a threefold increase in surface APP detectability. In plasma, the 130-kD APP-reactive band is increased in AD. We find that in the gray platelet syndrome, platelets contain reduced amounts of APP, with a corresponding reduction in plasma APP levels, suggesting that platelets are the major source of plasma APP. Our studies also identify an interaction of APP with platelet membranes which differs from that found in the brain, and raise the possibility of a receptor for APP in platelet membranes. Quantitative differences in the amounts of APPMem in platelets compared with brain also indicate regulation of the pathways that determine the cleavage of APP near its transmembrane domain. These pathways are a therapeutic target in AD, and may be easily amenable to investigation in platelets.
Evaluation of Influenza Virus A/H3N2 and B Vaccines on the Basis of Cross-Reactivity of Postvaccination Human Serum Antibodies against Influenza Viruses A/H3N2 and B Isolated in MDCK Cells and Embryonated Hen Eggs (2012)

The vaccine strains against influenza virus A/H3N2 for the 2010-2011 season and influenza virus B for the 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 seasons in Japan are a high-growth reassortant A/Victoria/210/2009 (X-187) strain and an egg-adapted B/Brisbane/60/2008 (Victoria lineage) strain, respectively. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests with postinfection ferret antisera indicated that the antisera raised against the X-187 and egg-adapted B/Brisbane/60/2008 vaccine production strains poorly inhibited recent epidemic isolates of MDCK-grown A/H3N2 and B/Victoria lineage viruses, respectively. The low reactivity of the ferret antisera may be attributable to changes in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of production strains during egg adaptation. To evaluate the efficacy of A/H3N2 and B vaccines, the cross-reactivities of postvaccination human serum antibodies against A/H3N2 and B/Victoria lineage epidemic isolates were assessed by a comparison of the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of HI and neutralization (NT) tests. Serum antibodies elicited by the X-187 vaccine had low cross-reactivity to both MDCK- and egg-grown A/H3N2 isolates by HI test and narrow cross-reactivity by NT test in all age groups. On the other hand, the GMTs to B viruses detected by HI test were below the marginal level, so the cross-reactivity was assessed by NT test. The serum neutralizing antibodies elicited by the B/Brisbane/60/2008 vaccine reacted well with egg-grown B viruses but exhibited remarkably low reactivity to MDCK-grown B viruses. The results of these human serological studies suggest that the influenza A/H3N2 vaccine for the 2010-2011 season and B vaccine for the 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 seasons may possess insufficient efficacy and low efficacy, respectively.
Performance of Sidelobe Blanking Systems (1968)

Sidelobe blanking systems are useful in preventing acquisition of strong targets in the antenna sidelobes and also in rejecting pulsed interference originating in the sidelobes. The analysis of a common two-channel system is presented in which the relationship between the probability of main-lobe detection and the probability of sidelobe detection are given in terms of false-alarm probability, signal-to-noise ratio, and the ratio of sidelobe levels of the two channels. The numerical results given provide a basis for the selection of the sidelobe blanking channel antenna gain and threshold levels.
A Proposal for Electronic Medical Records in U.S. Primary Care (2003)

Delivery of excellent primary care-central to overall medical care-demands that providers have the necessary information when they give care. This paper, developed by the National Alliance for Primary Care Informatics, a collaborative group sponsored by a number of primary care societies, argues that providers' and patients' information and decision support needs can be satisfied only if primary care providers use electronic medical records (EMRs). Although robust EMRs are now available, only about 5% of U.S. primary care providers use them. Recently, with only modest investments, Australia, New Zealand, and England have achieved major breakthroughs in implementing EMRs in primary care. Substantial benefits realizable through routine use of electronic medical records include improved quality, safety, and efficiency, along with increased ability to conduct education and research. Nevertheless, barriers to adoption exist and must be overcome. Implementing specific policies can accelerate utilization of EMRs in the U.S.
Improving state-of-the-art OCR through high-precision document-specific modeling (2010)

Optical character recognition (OCR) remains a difficult problem for noisy documents or documents not scanned at high resolution. Many current approaches rely on stored font models that are vulnerable to cases in which the document is noisy or is written in a font dissimilar to the stored fonts. We address these problems by learning character models directly from the document itself, rather than using pre-stored font models. This method has had some success in the past, but we are able to achieve substantial improvement in error reduction through a novel method for creating nearly error-free document-specific training data and building character appearance models from this data. In particular, we first use the state-of-the-art OCR system Tesseract to produce an initial translation. Then, our method identifies a subset of words that we have high confidence have been recognized correctly and uses this subset to bootstrap document-specific character models. We present theoretical justification that a word in the selected subset is very unlikely to be incorrectly recognized, and empirical results on a data set of difficult historical newspaper scans demonstrating that we make only two errors in 56 documents. We then relax the theoretical constraint in order to create a larger training set, and using document-specific character models generated from this data, we are able to reduce the error over properly segmented characters by 34.1% overall from the initial Tesseract translation.
New, simple medium for selective recovery of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca from human feces (1984)

A culture medium was developed which selectively favored the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca in Escherichia coli-rich fecal cultures, without the use of antibiotics. The discriminative capacity of this medium was based on the presence of only two carbon sources, citrate and inositol, which can be utilized by nearly all K. pneumoniae and K. oxytoca strains but not by E. coli. The medium consisted of Simmons citrate agar (SCA) with 1% inositol (SCAI). Klebsiella strains from fecal samples subcultured on SCAI grew unhampered as yellow, dome-shaped, often mucoid colonies, whereas E. coli appeared as tiny, watery colonies. Apart from some Enterobacter strains, no other types of bacteria were found to mimic the typical appearance of klebsiellae. Recovery experiments from stool samples revealed a limiting ratio of Klebsiella to E. coli of 1:10(6) or more when samples were plated on SCAI versus ratios of 1:10(2) to 1:10(3) on blood agar or Macconkey agar. Compared with an existing Klebsiella culture method, the combination of SCA and MacConkey-inositol-carbenicillin (MIC) agar, Klebsiella yields with SCAI were not lower than those with the combination of MIC and SCA. Furthermore, the efficiency of the SCAI method was twice that of the latter combination. The SCAI plate could be a valuable tool in studies on the epidemiology of K. pneumoniae and K. oxytoca, for example in nosocomial infections, especially those concerning immunocompromised patients.
Una Revisión crítica de las teorías migratorias desde la perspectiva de género (1998)

espanolEl articulo realiza una critica de las principales teorias migratorias hasta los anos 1970 desde la perspectiva de genero y analiza las nuevas aportaciones sobre los factores determinates y el proceso decisorio realizadas desde dicho enfoque. De los determinantes se trata, en primer lugar, los factores macro, que afectan de manera mas general la persona que migra, para despues introducir los que le tocan mas directamente; los micro. Ademas, se han estudiado las aportaciones hechas sobre el proceso decisorio, introduciendo las relaciones de poder establecidas dentro de la familia. Finalmente, se analzan los modelos multinivel que ponen en relacion dichos elementos. EnglishThe present article criticises, from a gender perspective, the most important migration theories introduced in the literature before the 1970's and analyses the two factors introduced in migration studies that take the gender perspective: determinants and the decision process. Out of the former, those that affect the person who migrates in the most general way, that is to say the macro, are analysed first. After, those that affect migrants most directly, the micro, are treated. On the other hand, the literature on the decision process is reviewed, stressing the importance of considering the different levels of power that family women have within it. Finally, the article introduces multilevel models, those that combine all these factors.
Oversampling and sigma-delta strategies for data conversion (1998)

This paper presents an introduction to oversampling techniques and the theory and advantages of sigma-delta (ΣΔ) devices for digital-to-analogue conversion (DAC) and analogue-to-digital conversion (ADC) in digital signal processing (DSP) systems. It begins with a discussion of conventional Nyquist-sampling-rate DSP, which is followed by an overview of oversampling and decimation/interpolation techniques to reduce the anti-alias and reconstruction filter specifications. Oversampling strategies to increase the resolution of an N-bit ADC or DAC by reducing the baseband quantisation noise are then presented, and this is followed by a description of the use of ΣΔ noise-shaping techniques and the design of ΣΔ converters. The paper concludes with comments on a few of the application and research areas where ΣΔ devices are having a major impact.
Small molecules induce efficient differentiation into insulin-producing cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells (2011)

Human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells have potential uses for drug discovery and cell therapy, including generation of pancreatic β-cells for diabetes research and treatment. In this study, we developed a simple protocol for generating insulin-producing cells from hiPS cells. Treatment with activin A and a GSK3β inhibitor enhanced efficient endodermal differentiation, and then combined treatment with retinoic acid, a bone morphogenic protein inhibitor, and a transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) inhibitor induced efficient differentiation of pancreatic progenitor cells from definitive endoderm. Expression of the pancreatic progenitor markers PDX1 and NGN3 was significantly increased at this step and most cells were positive for anti-PDX1 antibody. Moreover, several compounds, including forskolin, dexamethasone, and a TGF-β inhibitor, were found to induce the differentiation of insulin-producing cells from pancreatic progenitor cells. By combined treatment with these compounds, more than 10% of the cells became insulin positive. The differentiated cells secreted human c-peptide in response to various insulin secretagogues. In addition, all five hiPS cell lines that we examined showed efficient differentiation into insulin-producing cells with this protocol.
Performance and perceptual responses of collegiate female soccer players to a practical external and internal cooling protocol (2015)

International Journal of Exercise Science 8(4): 331-340, 2015. This study examined practical pre- and mid practice cooling interventions on running performance, perceived exertion (RPE), and thermal sensation (TS) during soccer. During two formal pre-season practices female, NCAA Division II soccer players participated in three, 15 min scrimmage bouts followed by a 4th 10 min bout. Following the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd bouts, 8 field position players completed competitive sets of two, 30 yard sprints against other team members with time recorded between 5 and 30 yards. After the 4th bout, players completed an indoor shuttle running beep test (BT). In the treatment group (COOL) ice towels (IT) were applied to the head and neck regions and draped across both legs for 10 min following a standardized warm-up and for 10 min during a 15 min break between the 2nd and 3rd scrimmage sessions. Sport beverage slurries (350 mL; -0.3 °C, ~6% carbohydrate) were also served during IT cooling for COOL; while the control (CON) received no IT and drank the same ,uncooled sport beverage. No main effect was found for sprint performance (COOL = 3.55 ± 0.16 s; CON = 3.51 ± 0.07 s; P = 0.51) or numbers of reps completed in the BT (COOL = 17.6 ± 5.6; CON = 17.3 ± 6.0; P = 0.88). RPE did not differ following any performance test, but TS was lower following the 3rd sprint bout (P = 0.04) and the BT (P = 0.005) for COOL. COOL promoted lower TS, but had no effect on performance.
Studies on Reactions of a Nickel Complex of a New Completely Conjugated Macrocyclic Ligand (1987)

The macrocyclic nickel complex of the molecular formula[Ni()] has been synthesized from the template condensation reaction between 1-benzoylacetone and o-phenylenediamine in the presence of nickel acetate. Protonation and deuterium exchange reactions of the demetallated macrocyclic ligand and the nickel complex have been carried out. The infrared, electronic and proton magnetic resonance spectral data of both compounds are compared and discussed; protonation of the macrocyclic ligand take place at the nitrogen atoms and all the amine protons undergo very rapid deuterium exchange while the methine protons undergo very slow exchange. On the other hand, protonation of the nickel complex occurs at the nitrogen atoms and only amine protons undergo rapid deuterium exchange. Protonation and deprotonation of the nickel complexes proceed reversibly.
A comparison of the MOS-HIV and SF-12v2 for measuring health-related quality of life of men and women living with HIV/AIDS (2011)

This analysis validates the SF-12v2 for measuring HRQoL in adult men and women living with HIV/AIDS.