gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
&lt;title&gt;Table analysis for multiline cell identification&lt;/title&gt; (2000)

A table in a document is a rectilinear arrangement of cells where each cell contains a sequence of words. Several lines of text may compose one cell. Cells may be delimited by horizontal or vertical lines, but often this is not the case. A table analysis system is described which reconstructs table formatting information from table images whether or not the cells are explicitly delimited. Inputs to the system are word bounding boxes and any horizontal and vertical lines that delimit cells. Using a sequence of carefully-crafted rules, multi-line cells and their interrelationships are found even though no explicit delimiters are visible. This robust system is a component of a commercial document recognition system.
Juxtavascular microglia migrate along brain microvessels following activation during early postnatal development (2002)

Some parenchymal microglia in mammalian brain tissues, termed "juxtavascular microglia," directly contact the basal lamina of blood vessels; however, the functional consequences of this unique structural relationship are unknown. Here we used a rat brain slice model of traumatic brain injury to investigate the dynamic behavior of juxtavascular microglia following activation. Juxtavascular microglia were identified by confocal 3D reconstruction in tissue slices stained with a fluorescent lectin (FITC-IB4) that labels both microglia and blood vessel endothelial cells. Immunolabeling confirmed that juxtavascular cells were true parenchymal microglia (OX42+, ED2-) and not perivascular cells or pericytes. Time-lapse imaging in live tissue slices revealed that activating juxtavascular microglia withdraw most extant branches but often maintain contact with blood vessels, usually moving to the surface of a vessel within 1-4 h. Subsequently, some microglia migrate along the parenchymal surface of vessels, moving at rates up to 40 microm/h. Activated juxtavascular microglia sometimes repeatedly extend veil-like protrusions into the surrounding tissue, consistent with a role in tissue surveillance. Juxtavascular cells were twice as likely as nonjuxtavascular cells to be locomotory by 10 h in vitro, suggesting an enhanced activation response. Moreover, 38% of all juxtavascular cells migrated along a vessel, whereas this was never observed for a nonjuxtavascular cell. These observations identify a mobile subpopulation (10%-30%) of parenchymal microglia that activate rapidly and are preferentially recruited to the surfaces of blood vessels following brain tissue injury. The dynamic and sustained interaction of microglia with brain microvessels may facilitate signaling between injured brain parenchyma and components of the blood-brain barrier or circulating immune cells of the blood in vivo.
Handbook for Sound Engineers The New Audio Cyclopedia (1991)

The most complete audio information available. A major reference, ideal for sound engineers. Written by some of the top experts in the field, including F. Alton Everest on acoustics and audio room design and Glen Ballou on electronic components, circuits and equipment. Ken Pohlmann explains compact discs, Dale Manquen covers magnetic recording and digital recording, and Dave Huber provides a new chapter on MIDI. In addition, there is update coverage of sound system design and installation, hard-to-find details on loudspeaker and enclosure design, and coverage of typical audio circuitry.
Synthesis of Todorokite (1986)

Todorokite of chemical composition (Mg(0.77)Na(0.03))(Mg(0.18)Mn(2+)(0.60)Mn(4+)(5.22)22) O(12).3.07 H(2)O was synthesized by a two-step procedure. First, sodium birnessite was synthesized and magnesium was exchanged for sodium to form magnesium birnessite, which was autoclaved under a saturated steam pressure at 155 degrees C for 8 hours to form well-crystallized todorokite. Synthesized todorokite particles consisted of fibers extending from a central plate. The plate itself was made of twinned fibers forming a trilling pattern. The infrared spectra and x-ray diffraction patterns were similar to those of natural todorokite samples. Calcium birnessite and nickel birnessite, when autoclaved under conditions similar to those for magnesium birnessite, yielded a todorokite structure. However, the formation of todorokite from calcium and nickel birnessite was less extensive.
Linking a Domain-Specific Ontology to a General Ontology (2011)

Ontologies have been criticized because they are not sufficiently flexible, and thus cannot capture the dynamism and complexity of reality. However, they have increasingly come into focus because of the need for knowledge management in both general and specialized knowledge domains. EcoLexicon is a frame-based visual thesaurus on the environment that is gradually evolving towards the status of a formal ontology. For this purpose, the information in its relational database is in the process of being linked to the ontological system of FunGramKB, a multipurpose knowledge base that has been specifically designed for natural language understanding with modules for lexical, grammatical, and conceptual knowledge. This enables the explicitation of specialized knowledge as an extension of general knowledge through its representation in the domain-specific satellite ontology of a main general ontology. 1.
MDx-MAC and Building Fast MACs from Hash Functions (1995)

Abstract. We consider the security of message authentication code (MAC) algorithms, and the construction of MACs from fast hash func-tions. A new forgery attack applicable to all iterated MAC algorithms is described, the ¯rst known such attack requiring fewer operations than ex-haustive key search. Existing methods for constructing MACs from hash functions, including the secret pre¯x, secret su±x, and envelope meth-ods, are shown to be unsatisfactory. Motivated by the absence of a secure, fast MAC algorithm not based on encryption, a new generic construction (MDx-MAC) is proposed for transforming any secure hash function of the MD4-family into a secure MAC of equal or smaller bitlength and comparable speed. 1
The case for dynamic difficulty adjustment in games (2005)

Conventional wisdom suggests that while players enjoy unpredictability or novelty during gameplay experiences, they will feel "cheated" if games are adjusted during or across play sessions. In order for adjustment to be effective, it must be performed without disrupting or degrading the core player experience. This paper examines basic design requirements for effective dynamic difficulty adjustment (DDA) given this constraint, presents an interactive DDA system (Hamlet), and offers preliminary evaluation results which challenge common assumptions about player enjoyment and adjustment dynamics.
Administration of a Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase Inhibitor Attenuates Sarcoma-Induced Nerve Sprouting, Neuroma Formation and Bone Cancer Pain (2010)

Pain often accompanies cancer and most current therapies for treating cancer pain have significant unwanted side effects. Targeting nerve growth factor (NGF) or its cognate receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) has become an attractive target for attenuating chronic pain. In the present report, we use a mouse model of bone cancer pain and examine whether oral administration of a selective small molecule Trk inhibitor (ARRY-470, which blocks TrkA, TrkB and TrkC kinase activity at low nm concentrations) has a significant effect on cancer-induced pain behaviors, tumor-induced remodeling of sensory nerve fibers, tumor growth and tumor-induced bone remodeling. Early/sustained (initiated day 6 post cancer cell injection), but not late/acute (initiated day 18 post cancer cell injection) administration of ARRY-470 markedly attenuated bone cancer pain and significantly blocked the ectopic sprouting of sensory nerve fibers and the formation of neuroma-like structures in the tumor bearing bone, but did not have a significant effect on tumor growth or bone remodeling. These data suggest that, like therapies that target the cancer itself, the earlier that the blockade of TrkA occurs, the more effective the control of cancer pain and the tumor-induced remodeling of sensory nerve fibers. Developing targeted therapies that relieve cancer pain without the side effects of current analgesics has the potential to significantly improve the quality of life and functional status of cancer patients.
Acoustic imaging using a 64-node microphone array and beamformer system (2015)

Acoustic imaging is difficult to achieve in noisy and reverberant environments. Microphone arrays offer an effective approach to obtaining a clean recording of desired acoustic signals in these environments. In this paper, we have designed, implemented, and evaluated a 64-node microphone array system for acoustic imaging. We have applied a delay-and-sum beamforming algorithm for sound source amplification in a noisy environment, and have explored the uses of the array and beamformer by generating the sound intensity map to reconstruct the acoustic scene of interest. Our experimental results show a mean error of 1.1 degrees for sound source localization, and a mean error of 13.1 degrees for source separation. In addition, we also used the system to image seven different materials with audible sound, and obtained their reconstructed acoustic maps as well as frequency response curves, from which we are able to detect the differences between textures based on their acoustic response powers.
Crystal and Molecular Structures of the Isomeric Dipeptides alpha-L-Aspartyl-L-alanine and beta-L-Aspartyl-L-alanine. (1987)

The crystal and molecular structures of the alpha- and beta-L-Asp isomers of L-aspartyl-L-alanine have been determined at 120 K using 1226 and 1609 reflections (I greater than 2.5 sigma I), respectively. The space group for the alpha-isomer is P2(1), with cell parameters a = 4.788(1), b = 16.943(4), c = 5.807(1) A and beta = 107.55(2) degrees; final R factor 0.042. The space group for the beta-isomer is P2(1)2(1)2(1) with a = 4.845(1), b = 9.409(2) and c = 19.170(3) A; final R-factor 0.047. The two peptides crystallize as zwitterions with the side-chain acidic groups ionized. Each molecule adopts a trans configuration at the peptide bond with both carboxyl groups situated on the same side of the peptide plane. The geometries of the aspartyl moieties do, however, differ in the two structures. The peptide bond is significantly longer in the beta-isomer than in the alpha-isomer, with C-N 1.344(3) and 1.328(4) A, respectively. A very short intermolecular carboxyl...carboxyl hydrogen bond (O...O = 2.502(4) A) is observed in the crystals of the alpha-isomer.
Monolithic integration of vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser and diffractive optical element for advanced beam shaping (1999)

We have demonstrated a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) with a monolithically integrated diffractive optical element (DOE) for advanced beam shaping. The DOE is a two-level surface relief, etched into the GaAs substrate beneath a bottom-emitting VCSEL. The combination generates a 4×4 array of focused spots 10 mm from the substrate with spot sizes down to less than 400 μm, almost at the diffraction limit. Diffraction efficiencies of 29% and uniformity errors of 14% were measured.
An Escherichia coli mutation preventing degradation of abnormal periplasmic proteins. (1988)

A fusion between tsr (encoding the inner membrane protein Tsr) and phoA (encoding the periplasmic protein alkaline phosphatase, AP) generates a membrane-bound hybrid protein (Tsr-AP 2) with AP enzymatic activity. The hybrid protein is proteolytically unstable and is broken down to yield a smaller, soluble species with AP activity. We devised a genetic screen to distinguish between cells containing only membrane-bound AP and those containing soluble AP. The screen depends on diffusion of soluble AP away from cells with a leaky outer membrane to produce a halo of AP activity around colonies on solid growth medium. Several mutants lacking this halo show reduced degradation of Tsr-AP 2. One mutant is also defective in breakdown of five other abnormal periplasmic proteins but not of two cytoplasmic proteins. The mutation in this strain, degP4::Tn5, defines a locus distinct from previously identified loci that affect protein stability or protease activities. This strain may be useful for preventing the breakdown of unstable foreign proteins in Escherichia coli.
Identification of Respiratory Viruses in Adults: Nasopharyngeal versus Oropharyngeal Sampling (2009)

ABSTRACT The optimal method for identifying respiratory viruses in adults has not been established. The objective of the study was to compare the sensitivities of three sampling methods for this purpose. One thousand participants (mean age, 63.1 ± 17.8 years) were included. Of these, 550 were patients hospitalized for acute febrile lower respiratory tract infections and 450 were controls. Oropharyngeal swabs (OPS), nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS), and nasopharyngeal washings (NPW) were obtained from each participant and were tested for 12 respiratory viruses by a multiplex hydrolysis probes-based quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Patients were defined as positive for a specific virus if the virus was identified by at least one sampling method. In all, 251 viruses were identified in 244 participants. For the detection of any virus, the sensitivity rates for OPS, NPS, and NPW were 54.2%, 73.3%, and 84.9%, respectively (for OPS versus NPS and NPW, P &lt; 0.00001; for NPS versus NPW, P &lt; 0.003). Maximal sensitivity was obtained only with sampling by all three methods. The same gradation of sensitivity for the three sampling methods was found when influenza viruses, coronaviruses, and rhinoviruses were analyzed separately. The three sampling methods yielded equal sensitivity rates for respiratory syncytial virus. We conclude that nasopharyngeal sampling has a higher rate of sensitivity than oropharyngeal sampling and that the use of NPW has a higher rate of sensitivity than the use of NPS with a rigid cotton swab for the identification of respiratory viruses in adults. Sampling by all three methods is required for the maximal detection of respiratory viruses.
Detection of biological and chemical agents using differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) technology (2005)

With international concern growing over the potential for chemical and biological terrorism, there is an urgent need for a sensor that can quickly and accurately detect chemical and biological agents. Such a sensor needs to be portable, robust, and sensitive, with fast sample analysis time. We will demonstrate the use of a micromachined differential mobility spectrometer (DMS) with these characteristics that can detect multiple agents simultaneously on a time scale of seconds. In this study, we have demonstrated the ability of the DMS to detect Bacillus subtilis spores, a surrogate for Bacillus anthracis spores, the causative agent of anthrax. Pyrolysis was used as the sample introduction method to volatilize the spores before introducing material into the DMS. Additionally, we examined the effect of pyrolysis on B. subtilis spores suspended in sterile water using SDS-PAGE. These experiments showed that the spores must be heated at 650/spl deg/C or greater for 5 s or at 550/spl deg/C for at least 10 s to be fragmented into particles considerably smaller than 10 kDa, which the DMS can detect. Several major biomarkers can be easily distinguished above the background of the sterile water in which the spores are suspended, and we hypothesize that additional biomarkers could be liberated by further optimizing conditions. The DMS also has shown promise as a detector for chemical weapon agents, and we have demonstrated the ability of the DMS to detect nerve and blister agent simulants at clinically relevant levels.
Pulmonary dysfunction in cystic fibrosis is associated with oxidative stress (1996)

The aim of this study was to determine whether a relationship exists between the circulating concentration of antioxidants, or markers of oxidative stress, and pulmonary function in cystic fibrosis patients. Plasma was obtained from 34 patients attending a cystic fibrosis clinic. Oxidative stress was investigated by measuring the concentrations of circulating lipid hydroperoxides and malondialdehyde (lipid peroxidation) and protein carbonyls (protein oxidation). Antioxidant status was determined from the plasma concentrations of alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, uric acid and total sulphydryls. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced mid-expiratory flow (FEF25-75) were measured in 25 of the subjects by spirometry, and expressed as percentage predicted for normal height, weight and age. Lung function decreased significantly with age and was associated with decreased plasma alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid and sulphydryl concentrations. The reduction in pulmonary function correlated with elevated plasma malondialdehyde, but not with lipid hydroperoxide or protein carbonyl concentrations. Patients with severe lung dysfunction (FEV1 < 50% predicted) had higher plasma concentrations of lipid hydroperoxides than those with mild-to-moderate lung dysfunction (FEV1 > 50% pred). This study provides evidence that cystic fibrosis patients have inadequate antioxidant defences to cope with the elevated oxidative stress that they regularly experience. We believe that recurring oxidative lung injury contributes to the decline in pulmonary function in these patients.
2011년도 동계학술대회 발표논문 : 시미즈 효조[청수병삼(淸水兵三)]의 조선 민요,설화론에 대한 고찰 (2011)

최근 근대초기에 일본어로 간행된 조선 민간전승 자료에 관한 연구가 계속되고 있다. 필자는 이에 영향을 받고 선행연구를 참고로 서지를 보충했다. 지금까지는 단행본을 중심으로 연구되어 왔으나, 앞으로는 잡지 신문 등의 자료도 함께 검토되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. 그러한 점에서 본고에서 다루는 시미즈 효조(1890-1965년)는 매우 중요한 인물로 판단된다. 시미즈는 조선 민간전승에 관한 단행본 출판은 확인되지 않지만, 단행본 이상으로 많은 업적을 남긴 인물이다. 시미즈는 동경 외국어학교 조선어과 재학시절부터 당대의 대표적 일본민속학인 다카기 도시오, 야나기타 구니오, 미나가타 구마구스 등과 교류를 맺고, 민요와 설화를 수집 보고했다. 특히, 다카기 도시오의 비교 설화론에 영향을 받았다. 필자의 서지조사에 의하면, 시미즈는 1920년대를 중심으로 20편 이상의 민요, 동요, 설화(동화)론을 발표했다. 중요한 사실은 시미즈의 조선 민요론은 손진태의 논의에 커다란 영향을 받았다는 점이다. 한국어에 능통했던 시미즈는 손진태의 일본어 논문뿐만 아니라 한국어 논문을 읽고 자신의 논점을 확립했다는 점에서 주목된다. 손진태의 위상에 대한 재해석이 요구된다. 시미즈의 조선 설화론은 다카기의 영향 아래서 비교연구에 관심을 보였다. 조선의 특수한 설화보다 한일 공통의 보편적 설화에 관심을 지녔다. 본고에서는 과 을 검토하며 시미즈의 설화론을 살펴보았다. 한편, 시미즈의 자료를 소개한 야나기타의 상반된 해석을 분석하고, 시미즈의 성격을 명확히 했다.
Thermally Developable, Positive Resist Systems with High Sensitivity (1989)

Poly(4‐chloro and bromophthalaldehydes) sensitized with triphenylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate develop to the substrate upon postbaking at >100°C for 1 min after exposure to less than 1 mJ/cm2 of 254 nm radiation or less than 1 μC/cm2 of 18 keV E‐beam radiation, providing submicron resolution with vertical wall profiles and full thickness retention. The resists do not self‐develop under these exposure conditions and do not exhibit any thermal flow when postbaked at 160°C.
The CD47-SIRP  signalling system: its physiological roles and therapeutic application (2014)

Signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα), also known as SHPS-1/BIT/ CD172a, is an immunoglobulin superfamily protein that binds to the protein tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2 through its cytoplasmic region. CD47, another immunoglobulin superfamily protein, is a ligand for SIRPα, with the two proteins constituting a cell-cell communication system (the CD47-SIRPα signalling system). SIRPα is particularly abundant in the myeloid-lineage hematopoietic cells such as macrophages or dendritic cells (DCs), whereas CD47 is expressed ubiquitously. Interaction of CD47 (on red blood cells) with SIRPα (on macrophages) is thought to prevent the phagocytosis by the latter cells of the former cells, determining the lifespan of red blood cells. Recent studies further indicate that this signalling system plays important roles in engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells as well as in tumour immune surveillance through regulation of the phagocytic activity of macrophages. In the immune system, the CD47-SIRPα interaction is also important for the development of a subset of CD11c(+)DCs as well as organization of secondary lymphoid organs. Finally, the CD47-SIRPα signalling system likely regulates bone homeostasis by osteoclast development. Newly emerged functions of the CD47-SIRPα signalling system thus provide multiple therapeutic strategies for cancer, autoimmune diseases and bone disorders.
Depth adaptive hierarchical hole filling for DIBR-based 3D videos (2012)

In this paper we introduce a depth adaptive approach for disocclusion removal in depth image-based rendering (DIBR). This approach extends the hierarchical hole-filling (HHF) presented in an earlier work. Similar to HHF, the depth adaptive approach results in synthesized 3D videos that are free of geometric distortions. Furthermore, the edges and texture around the disoccluded areas can be sharpened and enhanced through adding the depth adaptive preprocessing step before applying the hierarchal hole-filling. The subjective and objective results show a significant improvement in quality for the synthesized views using the depth adaptive approach.
Cells encapsulated in alginate: a potential system for delivery of recombinant proteins to malignant brain tumours (1999)

Growth and progression of malignant brain tumours occurs in a micromilieu consisting of both tumour and normal cells. Several proteins have been identified with the potential of interfering directly with tumour cells or with the neovascularisation process, thereby inhibiting tumour growth. A continuous delivery of such inhibitory proteins to the tumour microenvironment by genetically engineered cells could theoretically be of considerable therapeutic importance. In this study we have investigated the growth characteristics of cells encapsulated in alginate, which represents a potential delivery system for recombinant proteins that may have antitumour effects. Three different cell lines, NHI 3T3, 293 and BT4C were encapsulated in alginate, which is an immuno-isolating substance extracted from brown seaweed. The encapsulated cells were observed at specific intervals during a 4-month period after in vitro propagation and as transplants into the cortex of BD-IX rats. Morphological studies showed that encapsulated cells proliferated and formed spheroids within the alginate in the in vitro cultures and after implantation into the brain. Even after 4 months in vivo a substantial amount of living cells were observed within the alginate beads. A vigorous infiltration of mononuclear cells was observed in the brain bordering the alginate beads, one week after implantation. However, there was a gradual decrease of mononuclear cells at the border zone beyond the first week of implantation. The majority of inflammatory cells were reactive microglia and invading monocytes, as verified by immunohistochemistry. The data further shows that alginate encapsulated cells can be frozen in liquid N2 and will retain their viability and proliferative capacity.