gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Study of blend membranes consisting of NafionR and vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (1998)

An attempt to modify membranes for direct methanol fuel cells by blending NafionR with a (vinylidene fluoride)–hexafluoropropylene copolymer (VDF–HFP copolymer) from their solutions is reported. The purpose of this work was to reduce the methanol transport while still retaining the essential proton conductivity in a water-containing environment. The apparent conductivity, methanol barrier property, and equilibrium contact angle as a function of the membrane compositions are discussed. The blend membranes were also investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Compared with the pure NafionR membrane, the NafionR/VDF–HFP copolymer blend membrane with 62.5 vol % of the VDF–HFP copolymer shows a decrease in the apparent conductivity by about 2 orders of magnitude, and the methanol barrier properties increase substantially when only 25 vol % of the VDF–HFP-copolymer is incorporated. The equilibrium contact angles of water drops on the NafionR/VDF–HFP copolymer blend membranes as a function of the VDF–HFP copolymer content are rather similar to the plot of the advancing angle versus the percentage of the lower-surface-energy phase. X-ray diffraction studies indicate that these two polymers crystallize separately when blended and cast from their solutions, and the crystallization behavior is equivalent to that of the unblended state. DSC reveals that when the VDF–HFP copolymer is mixed with NafionR in their solution forms, an interdiffusion or other interaction takes place at the interfaces between their noncrystalline regions. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 70: 121–127, 1998
Evidence for a switching mechanism in the invasion of erythrocytes by Plasmodium falciparum. (1990)

The human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum demonstrates variability in its dependence upon erythrocyte sialic acid residues for invasion. Some lines of P. falciparum invade neuraminidase-treated or glycophorin-deficient red blood cells poorly, or not at all, while other lines invade such cells at substantial rates. To explore the molecular basis of non-sialic acid dependent invasion, we selected parasite lines from a clone (Dd2) that initially exhibited low invasion of neuraminidase-treated erythrocytes. After maintaining Dd2 for several cycles in neuraminidase-treated erythrocytes, parasite lines were recovered that invaded both untreated and neuraminidase-treated erythrocytes at equivalently high rates (Dd2/NM). The change in phenotype was maintained after removal of selection pressure. Four subclones of Dd2 were isolated and each readily converted from sialic acid dependence to non-sialic acid dependence during continuous propagation in neuraminidase-treated erythrocytes. The neuraminidase-selected lines and the Dd2 clone demonstrated identical restriction fragment length polymorphism markers indicating that the Dd2 clone was not contaminated during the selection process. Parasite proteins that bound to neuraminidase-treated and untreated erythrocytes were indistinguishable among the parent Dd2 clone and the neuraminidase-selected lines. The ability of the Dd2 parasite to change its invasion requirements for erythrocyte sialic acid suggests a switch mechanism permitting invasion by alternative pathways.
Humus bacteria of Norway spruce stands: plant growth promoting properties and birch, red fescue and alder colonizing capacity (2000)

We studied the potential of the humus layer of the Norway spruce stands to supply beneficial rhizobacteria to birch (Betula pendula), alder (Alnus incana) and fescue grass (Festuca rubra), representatives of pioneer vegetation after clear-cutting of the coniferous forest. Axenically grown seedlings of these species were inoculated with the acid spruce humus, pH 3.7-5.3. Actinorhizal propagules, capable of nodulating alder, were present in high density (10(3) g(-1)) in humus of long-term limed plots, whereas plots with nitrogen fertilization contained almost none (</=10 g(-1)). The genera most frequently found in the humus were Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Arthrobacter, Nocardia, Rhodococcus and Pseudomonas, independently of prior liming or fertilization of the plots. The taxa found in the seedling roots differed from that in humus by the prevalence of the Gram-negative genera Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes and Comamonas. Enrichment cultures of the roots on nitrogen-free media yielded Paenibacillus and Rhodococcus species. Nitrogen-fixing R. erythropolis and a novel Paenibacillus, closest by full sequence of 16S rDNA to P. durus, represented new classes of nitrogen-fixing rhizosphere bacteria. In addition, nitrogen-fixing R. fascians was found in the humus. The rhizoflora and humus contained high proportions of bacteria antagonistic towards plant pathogenic Rhizoctonia sp., Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium culmorum. The antagonistic isolates also commonly produced siderophores and/or cell wall degrading enzymes.
Preparation of β-Keto Sulfones by Condensation of Aromatic Esters with Dimethyl Sulfone<sup>1,2</sup> (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation of β-Keto Sulfones by Condensation of Aromatic Esters with Dimethyl Sulfone1,2Hans-Dieter Becker and Glen A. RussellCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1963, 28, 7, 1896–1898Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1963https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01042a503https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01042a503research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views214Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Identification of human leukemic glucocorticoid receptors using affinity labeling and anti-human glucocorticoid receptor antibodies. (1984)

Antisera raised against human lymphoid glucocorticoid receptors were used in combination with the glucocorticoid receptor affinity label [3H]dexamethasone 21-mesylate [( 3H]DM) to identify the glucocorticoid receptors of the human B-lymphoblastoid cell line IM-9 and the human T-cell leukemic cell line CEM-C7. Antisera were obtained following immunization of New Zealand White rabbits with [3H]triamcinolone acetonide [( 3H]TA)-glucocorticoid receptor complexes partially purified by two-stage DNA-cellulose chromatography. The presence of anti-human glucocorticoid receptor antibodies was verified by: (a) adsorption of [3H]TA-receptor-antibody complexes to Protein A; (b) a shift to higher apparent molecular weight in the elution position from Sephacryl S300 of [3H]TA-receptor complexes incubated with immune serum; and (c) the ability of immune serum to displace [3H]TA-receptor complexes on sucrose gradients. These antibodies also recognized rat liver and murine S49 cell glucocorticoid receptors. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of [3H]DM-labeled IM-9 cytosol identified a major competable band with a molecular weight of approximately 90,000, three minor competable components with molecular weights of approximately 78,000, approximately 51,000, and approximately 38,500, and at least 21 other noncompetable components. Following immunoprecipitation of [3H]DM-labeled cytosol with immune serum, only the Mr 90,000 and 78,000 components were seen. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of [3H]DM-labeled CEM-C7 cytosol revealed a larger number of [3H]DM-labeled components. However, after immunoprecipitation of [3H]DM-labeled CEM-C7 cytosol, a predominant competable component with a molecular weight of 90,000 was easily identified. This component was markedly diminished when cytosols from the glucocorticoid receptor-deficient cell line ICR-27 were used. Thus, the combination of affinity labeling and anti-human glucocorticoid receptor antibodies is capable of providing direct physical identification of human lymphoid glucocorticoid receptors.
Construction of a multivalent meningococcal vaccine strain based on the class 1 outer membrane protein (1992)

Outer membrane complexes (OMCs) are promising vaccine candidates for protection against meningococcal disease. However, a major obstacle to this approach is the fact that the protective antibodies induced are generally type specific. In an attempt to overcome this problem, we have investigated the possibility of constructing a multivalent vaccine strain by insertion of an additional class 1 outer membrane protein-encoding gene. Starting with a derivative of strain H44/76 deficient in class 3 outer membrane protein, a second class 1 gene was inserted into the chromosome, through homologous recombination with a suicide plasmid carrying the class 1 gene from strain 2996 placed within a class 5 gene. In this way, a strain was obtained in which a class 3 protein was in effect replaced by a class 1 protein from another subtype, i.e. P1.5,2 in addition to the P1.7,16 protein of H44/76. Immunization of mice with such OMCs resulted in high bactericidal titers against both H44/76 and 2996, where normally only strain-specific antibodies are induced. Mutational removal of class 3 protein from the immunizing OMCs had no detectable effect on the bactericidal titer against H44/76, whereas removal of class 1 protein led to a strong reduction. These results demonstrate the dominant role of the subtype-specific sequences of class 1 protein in the induction of bactericidal antibodies and show that construction of a multivalent OMC-based vaccine should be feasible.
Anomaly detection in computer networks: A state-of-the-art review (2014)

The ever-lasting challenge of detecting and mitigating failures in computer networks has become more essential than ever; especially with the enormous number of smart devices that get connected to all sorts of network everyday. Whether the root cause of a given anomaly is a security breach, a component failure, an environmental factor, or even any combination of these reasons, anomalies need to be detected and mitigated timely and properly. In this paper, we review and evaluate the state-of-the-art studies on the problem of anomaly detection in computer networks. We provide an elaborate description of the anomaly detection problem, and depict the different categorizations of its solutions. We also illustrate some recent state-of-the-art solutions on the network level, and depict current trends in handling malware-induced anomalies in smartphone networks. Additionally, we evaluate the presented solutions and highlight their shortcomings.
B cell activator. Effects on B cell expression of CD23, proliferation, and antibody secretion (1992)

The studies herein describe a B cell hybridoma-derived, low m.w. (less than 1000 Da), hydrophilic mediator denoted B cell activator (BCA). BCA stimulates B cell expression of IgE-specific FcR (Fc epsilon RII or CD23) in a manner similar to IL-4. However, BCA can be readily distinguished from IL-4 because it does not 1) enhance B cell Ia expression; 2) bind 11B11 anti-IL-4 mAb; or 3) elicit superinduction of Fc epsilon RII expression or IgE production in cultures of LPS-activated B cells. Moreover, BCA is considerably more mitogenic than IL-4 for LPS-activated B cells and, in contrast to IL-4, lacks mitogenicity for anti-mu-activated B cells. BCA can enhance IgG2b and IgG3 production by LPS-activated B cells, responses that are suppressed by IL-4. BCA alone did not stimulate IgE and IgG1 production by LPS-activated B cells, but exerted synergistic activity when combined with IL-4 in stimulating secretion of these antibody isotypes. Finally, secondary Ag-driven IgG1, IgE, and IgA antibody responses can be stimulated by BCA in vitro. Thus, BCA appears to be a novel mediator with broad B cell activation properties.
Approximate matching of textual domain attributes for information source integration (2005)

A key problem in the integration of information sources is the identification of related attributes or objects across independent sources. Inferring such meta-information from source data (rather than a-priori available meta-data, such as attribute names) is sometimes possible. For example, existing algorithms attempt to integrate information sources by finding patterns such as Inclusion Dependencies (INDs) across them. However, INDs are based on exact set inclusion and are thus very strict patterns that rarely hold across independent real-world databases.We propose two error-tolerant measures, termed Similarity Score and Distribution Score, that help identify related attributes across two independent databases, based on similarities in their data. Those measures specifically address the problem of identifying semantic relationships between textual attributes of databases that have few or no equal values.We also present implementations of those measures and some experimental results.
The Molecular and Ionic Specificity of Antiarrhythmic Drug Actions (1999)

Virtually all clinical antiarrhythmic agents act by reducing ion channel conductance, with sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and calcium (Ca++) channels the primary targets. Na+ channel blockers increase the risk of ischemic ventricular fibrillation and are relatively contraindicated in the presence of active coronary heart disease. Ca++ channel blockers suppress AV nodal conduction and are used to terminate reentrant supraventricular arrhythmias and control the ventricular response to atrial fibrillation. K+ channels constitute the most diverse group of cardiac ion channels. They are the primary targets of Class III antiarrhythmic drugs, the category of such agents presently undergoing the most active development. The rapid delayed rectifier, IKr, plays a key role in repolarization of all cardiac tissues and is the most common (and often only) target of action potential-prolonging drugs. Unfortunately, because of the ubiquity of IKr and the reverse use-dependent action potential prolongation that results from blocking it, IKr blockers are likely to cause torsades de pointes ventricular proarrhythmia. K+ channel blockers, such as amiodarone and azimilide, that affect the slow delayed rectifier IKs as well as IKr, appear to produce a more desirable rate-dependent profile of Class III action. Recently, much has been learned about the molecular basis of K+ channels based on their role in the congenital long QT syndrome. The availability of molecular clones that encode many of the channels in the human heart allows for the rapid screening of many potential new drugs, making possible the development of "designer" antiarrhythmic drugs with specific profiles of channel-blocking selectivity.
Neural Network Ensemble Selection using a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm in Processing Pulsed Neutron Data (2005)

Recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of predicting open-hole triple combo data from cased-hole pulsed neutron data using neural networks. For a single network realization, it is desirable to select methodically an individual model, developed from a training well or wells, that furnishes the best predictions of new data from application wells. However, the robustness of a single model may be a problem because of the limited availability and diversity of the training well data. A possible solution is to use neural network ensembles (NNE) to reduce the risk of inadvertently applying a single neural network (NN) that is rendered statistically inferior as a result of early termination of the training, lack of generalization, and other uncertainties associated with network configuration and data partitioning. One open question in NNE studies is how to construct or select member networks. Pre-existing methods have shown significant limitations in their compatibility with conventional training software and in their credibility in processing well logging data. This paper presents a new method that allows the use of conventional algorithms to generate a number of individual NNs from the training well(s), followed by ensemble selection utilizing a novel multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA). The multi-objective function (MOF) is formulated as a weighted sum of the prediction error on the ensemble validation data, the ensemble complexity, and the negative correlation of the member networks. The weighting coefficients of the MOF can be either pre-selected according to the nature of the training well data or can be automatically determined if the data from an additional test well are available and if high computational overhead of the automatic selection process is not an issue. Implementation of the proposed method and testing the results with different data partitions and MOF weighting factors are discussed through case studies. Compared with single NN realizations and random NNE generation, the MOGA-selected neural-network ensembles are more robust in producing accurate open-hole triple-combo logs using acquired cased-hole pulsed neutron inputs. The method developed from this study and the principles in selecting MOF coefficients could be extended to many other applications.
Putting innovation to work (1991)

Multimedia communication systems promise better support for widely distributed workgroups. Their benefits for complex communication—problem-solving, negotiating, planning, and design —seem obvious, introducing appealing new technologies into the marketplace, however, can require years of Investment [13, 22]. In particular, finding productive uses for new systems takes time. Adoption strategies are needed to guide and accelerate the process.
Fucosylation of Disaccharide Precursors of Sialyl LewisX Inhibit Selectin-mediated Cell Adhesion (1997)

We showed previously that HL-60 and F9 mouse embryonal carcinoma cells will take up and deblock peracetylated Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta-O-naphthalenemethanol (Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-NM) and use the disaccharide as a primer of oligosaccharide chains (Sarkar, A. K., Fritz, T. A., Taylor, W. H., and Esko, J. D. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92, 3323-3327). We now report that another disaccharide, acetylated GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal-naphthalenemethanol (GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal-NM), has even greater potency and that both compounds will inhibit sialyl LewisX (sLex)-dependent cell adhesion. When fed to U937 cells, acetylated forms of Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-NM and GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal-NM primed oligosaccharides in a dose-dependent manner. Analysis of compounds assembled on Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-NM showed only one product, namely Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAc-NM. In contrast, GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal-NM generated Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal-NM, Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal-NM, NeuAcalpha2-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal-NM, and NeuAcalpha2-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAcbeta1- 3Gal-NM. Both compounds decreased the incorporation of [3H]fucose into cellular glycoconjugates, without affecting the incorporation of [3H]mannosamine, a precursor of sialic acid residues. Moreover, the overall extent of sialylation was not affected based on the reactivity of cells to fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated Maackia amurensis lectin. Priming inhibited expression of sLex on cell surface glycoconjugates, which reduced E-selectin-dependent cell adhesion to tumor necrosis factor-alpha-activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells. GlcNAcbeta1-3Gal-NM and Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-NM represent starting points for making enzyme-specific, site-directed inhibitors of glycosyltransferases that could act in living cells.
Metrics for TRUST in Integrated Circuits (2008)

In this paper we report on metrics approaches adapted for the DARPA TRUST in ICs program. A metrics approach initially focused on detection of malicious alterations in integrated circuit die has been adapted for use on FPGA bitstreams and the ASIC design process. We also discuss metrics for techniques focused on prevention of malicious alterations.
Fragile X‐associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS) (2004)

Carriers of fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) premutation alleles (55 to 200 CGG repeats) are generally spared the more serious neurodevelopmental problems associated with the full-mutation carriers (>200 repeats) of fragile X syndrome. However, some adult male premutation carriers (55-200 repeats) develop a neurological syndrome involving intention tremor, ataxia, dementia, parkinsonism, and autonomic dysfunction. In excess of one-third of male premutation carriers over 50 years of age develop the fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). FXTAS also represents a new form of inclusion disease, with eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions found throughout the brain in both neurons and astrocytes. Because FXTAS appears to be relatively specific to male premutation carriers, who are known to possess elevated levels of FMR1 mRNA, the neuropathology may arise as a consequence of a toxic gain-of-function of the mRNA itself, although this proposal requires additional direct testing. One of the critical needs at present is a better estimate for the prevalence of this disorder, because FXTAS is likely to be underdiagnosed in the adult movement disorders clinics.
Synthetic microbial communities (2014)

While natural microbial communities are composed of a mix of microbes with often unknown functions, the construction of synthetic microbial communities allows for the generation of defined systems with reduced complexity. Used in a top-down approach, synthetic communities serve as model systems to ask questions about the performance and stability of microbial communities. In a second, bottom-up approach, synthetic microbial communities are used to study which conditions are necessary to generate interaction patterns like symbiosis or competition, and how higher order community structure can emerge from these. Besides their obvious value as model systems to understand the structure, function and evolution of microbial communities as complex dynamical systems, synthetic communities can also open up new avenues for biotechnological applications.