gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Minireview: Liver X Receptor β: Emerging Roles in Physiology and Diseases (2008)

Liver X receptors, LXRalpha and LXRbeta, are nuclear receptors belonging to the large family of transcription factors. After activation by oxysterols, LXRs play a central role in the control of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism as well as inflammation. The role of LXRalpha has been extensively studied, particularly in the liver and macrophages. In the liver it prevents cholesterol accumulation by increasing bile acid synthesis and secretion into the bile through ATP-binding cassette G5/G8 transporters, whereas in macrophages it increases cholesterol reverse transport. The function of LXRbeta is still under investigation with most of the current knowledge coming from the study of phenotypes of LXRbeta-/- mice. With these mice new emerging roles for LXRbeta have been demonstrated in the pathogenesis of diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and chronic pancreatitis. The present review will focus on the abnormalities described so far in LXRbeta-/- mice and the insight gained into the possible roles of LXRbeta in human diseases.
Is there an Equilibrium between A scorbic and Dehydroascorbic Acids ? (1981)

Abstract The previously reported interaction between ascorbate monoanion and dehydroascorbic acid yielding semidehy-droascorbic acid has been shown to be therm odynamically unfeasible and non-existent. No evidence for radical formation in the reinvestigation of the reaction using ESR spectroscopy under careful exclusion of air could be found. Our results show that the detection of the free radical in earlier studies resulted from the reaction of ascorbate with traces of oxygen and/or metals.
A Cell Line Assay System for Predicting the Response of Human Blood to Endotoxin (2003)

Some parenteral drugs augment the in vivo action of endotoxin. It is necessary to regulate the overall toxic action of contaminating endotoxin by developing a clinically relevant test method for the safety control of such drugs. Although the responses of human peripheral blood cells (hPBC) to endotoxins to produce tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-1beta showed considerable variation depending on the endotoxin and also on the individuals used as sources of blood, the responses to each of the endotoxins evaluated relative to that to the Japanese reference standard endotoxin were found to be highly reproducible irrespective of the sources of hPBC. The evaluation procedure based on the relative responsiveness to various endotoxins was shown to be highly effective to detect differences in responsiveness among the endotoxin test, the pyrogen test, and the cytokine induction in hPBC. When eight human monocytoid cell lines were examined, only THP-1 and 28SC cells showed a significant dose-dependent IL-6 production. However, THP-1 failed to show consistency with hPBC in responses to the panel of endotoxins. 28SC cells showed appropriate consistency with hPBC not only in terms of respective responses to the endotoxins but also with regard to detection of the effect of human interferons to augment endotoxin to induce IL-6.
Verification of register transfer level (RTL) designs (1991)

The authors' verification method is based on the translation of the specification and design representation to graph models, where the nodes and edges have a symbolic representation. These labeled graphs are then simplified and by solving the all node-pair path expression problem for them, a pair of regular expressions is obtained for every two nodes in the graphs. The verification is carried out by checking whether or not every pair of regular expressions of the specification has a corresponding one in the design.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Insomnia and Health Problems in Canadians (2001)

Insomnia was highly prevalent among the non-institutionalized Canadian population age 15 and older. A very stressful life, severe pain and dissatisfaction with one's health demonstrated the highest odds ratios associated with insomnia. Increasing age per se and lifestyle factors were not significantly associated with insomnia.
Airborne measurements of atmospheric methane column abundance using a pulsed integrated-path differential absorption lidar (2012)

We report airborne measurements of the column abundance of atmospheric methane made over an altitude range of 3-11 km using a direct detection integrated-path differential-absorption lidar with a pulsed laser emitting at 1651 nm. The laser transmitter was a tunable, seeded optical parametric amplifier pumped by a Nd:YAG laser, and the receiver used a photomultiplier detector and photon-counting electronics. The results follow the expected changes with aircraft altitude, and the measured line shapes and optical depths show good agreement with theoretical calculations.
Mutant PFN1 causes ALS phenotypes and progressive motor neuron degeneration in mice by a gain of toxicity (2016)

Mutations in the profilin 1 (PFN1) gene cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disease caused by the loss of motor neurons leading to paralysis and eventually death. PFN1 is a small actin-binding protein that promotes formin-based actin polymerization and regulates numerous cellular functions, but how the mutations in PFN1 cause ALS is unclear. To investigate this problem, we have generated transgenic mice expressing either the ALS-associated mutant (C71G) or wild-type protein. Here, we report that mice expressing the mutant, but not the wild-type, protein had relentless progression of motor neuron loss with concomitant progressive muscle weakness ending in paralysis and death. Furthermore, mutant, but not wild-type, PFN1 forms insoluble aggregates, disrupts cytoskeletal structure, and elevates ubiquitin and p62/SQSTM levels in motor neurons. Unexpectedly, the acceleration of motor neuron degeneration precedes the accumulation of mutant PFN1 aggregates. These results suggest that although mutant PFN1 aggregation may contribute to neurodegeneration, it does not trigger its onset. Importantly, these experiments establish a progressive disease model that can contribute toward identifying the mechanisms of ALS pathogenesis and the development of therapeutic treatments.
Chemical, physical, and toxicological characterization of fumes produced by heating tetrafluoroethene homopolymer and its copolymers with hexafluoropropene and perfluoro (propyl vinyl ether) (1991)

Submicrometer solid-particle (fume) aerosols with up to about 10(8) particles/cm3 are formed when dilute vapors of low molecular weight (MW) (ca. 5000-10,000) perfluoro polymers condense in air. The aerosol (e.g., 0.2 mg/m3) formed from these vapors is highly toxic to laboratory rats by inhalation (30-min exposure) when fresh but loses toxicity in minutes, apparently owing to coagulation. These fumes may result from (a) pyrolysis of tetrafluoroethene homopolymer or tetrafluoroethene-hexafluoropropene copolymer or (b) evaporation, at 200-320 degrees C, of isolated low MW polymer or low MW polymer present in perfluoro polymer resins. Some perfluoro polymer fume aerosols contain reactive functional groups, but others without detectable reactive groups are at least as toxic.
Progesterone receptors - animal models and cell signaling in breast cancer: Expression and transcriptional activity of progesterone receptor A and progesterone receptor B in mammalian cells (2002)

Progesterone is an essential regulator of normal female reproductive function. Its effects are mediated by two nuclear progesterone receptor (PR) proteins, PRA and PRB, which are identical except for an additional 164 amino acids at the N-terminal end of PRB. Transcriptional analyses of the two receptor forms have assigned strikingly distinct functional signatures to the two PRs, despite their apparent physical similarity. The basis of these differences is yet to be fully understood. Furthermore, these differences are strongly influenced by the cell type and the promoter used. We review the mammalian transcriptional studies of PRA and PRB, and compare them with what is known about their expression and function in target tissues.
Smartphone-Based Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections With Colorimetric Assays in Centrifuge Tubes (2019)

A smartphone-based platform for the diagnosis of parasitic infections has been developed, tested and validated. The system is capable of making automatic and accurate analysis of millimetric colorimetric arrays in centrifuge collection tubes, which are well established tools used in clinical analysis. To that end, an Android-based software application has been developed, making use of the smartphone rear camera, enabling precise image processing of the colorimetric spot arrays. A low-cost plastic accessory has been developed using 3D-printing to provide controlled illumination, fixed sample positioning and cell phone attachment. The platform was then tested repeatedly for its size detection, edge blurriness and colour detection capabilities. A minimum spot radius of 175 μm is detectable when using the developed app, with a tolerance of 15%, corresponding to 0.25% of the area where the spot array is printed. Spot edge definition has been studied up to 40% of blurriness, resulting in a low average percentage error of 1.24%. Colour detection follows the well-known Gamma correction function. Finally, the whole platform was tested and validated using real DNA to analyse for accurate discrimination of Trypanosomatid species, which are responsible for devastating diseases in humans and livestock. The smartphone-based platform can be further extended to other clinical analysis. Its simplicity and reliable performance mean it can be used in remote, limited-resource settings by relatively unskilled technicians/nurses, where diagnostic laboratories are sparsely distributed. The results can however be sent easily via the smartphone to medical experts as well as government health agencies.
Integrating Subject Field Codes into WordNet (2000)

Our new methodologies for CNV detection and their evaluation will help in extracting additional information from the large amount of SNP-genotyping data on various cohorts and use this to explore structural variants and their impact on complex traits.
Quantitative neuropathology by high resolution magic angle spinning proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1997)

We describe a method that directly relates tissue neuropathological analysis to medical imaging. Presently, only indirect and often tenuous relationships are made between imaging (such as MRI or x-ray computed tomography) and neuropathology. We present a biochemistry-based, quantitative neuropathological method that can help to precisely quantify information provided by in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HMRS), an emerging medical imaging technique. This method, high resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) 1HMRS, is rapid and requires only small amounts of unprocessed samples. Unlike chemical extraction or other forms of tissue processing, this method analyzes tissue directly, thus minimizing artifacts. We demonstrate the utility of this method by assessing neuronal damage using multiple tissue samples from differently affected brain regions in a case of Pick disease, a human neurodegenerative disorder. Among different regions, we found an excellent correlation between neuronal loss shown by traditional neurohistopathology and decrease of the neuronal marker N-acetylaspartate measured by HRMAS 1HMRS. This result demonstrates for the first time, to our knowledge, a direct, quantitative link between a decrease in N-acetylaspartate and neuronal loss in a human neurodegenerative disease. As a quantitative method, HRMAS 1HMRS has potential applications in experimental and clinical neuropathologic investigations. It should also provide a rational basis for the interpretation of in vivo 1HMRS studies of human neurological disorders.
Corticosteroids in advanced cancer. (2001)

Despite the fact that there are only a few controlled trials demonstrating the benefits associated with the use of corticosteroids in specific situations, these agents are administered frequently to patients with advanced cancer. Corticosteroids may be used alone or as adjuvants in combination with other palliative or antineoplastic treatments. For example, corticosteroids may help prevent nausea, vomiting, and hypersensitivity reactions to treatment with chemotherapy or radiation. They are also commonly used as appetite stimulants in patients with advanced cancer. In the adjuvant setting, corticosteroids help to alleviate pain in advanced cancer patients, including specific situations such as back pain related to epidural compression. This article reviews the evidence supporting the use of corticosteroids in a broad range of situations seen in patients with advanced cancer.
Table detection in heterogeneous documents (2010)

Detecting tables in document images is important since not only do tables contain important information, but also most of the layout analysis methods fail in the presence of tables in the document image. Existing approaches for table detection mainly focus on detecting tables in single columns of text and do not work reliably on documents with varying layouts. This paper presents a practical algorithm for table detection that works with a high accuracy on documents with varying layouts (company reports, newspaper articles, magazine pages, ...). An open source implementation of the algorithm is provided as part of the Tesseract OCR engine. Evaluation of the algorithm on document images from publicly available UNLV dataset shows competitive performance in comparison to the table detection module of a commercial OCR system.
Implications Surrounding Girding the Loins in Light of Gender, Body, and Power (2011)

Offering an analysis of the use of girding the loins as a signal of power negotiations at work in the biblical text, this article expands on traditional notions that when loins are girded, it is in preparation for strenuous activity. The action of girding the loins signals not only upcoming physical exertion, but also indicates an expectation of a gendered masculine performance. Furthermore, social systems imprint certain symbols onto the body in terms of girded loins. The article first considers some cultural assumptions about girded loins, followed by a discussion of select texts dealing with the phrase. In light of the gendered body, a complex interaction between social, theological, and political negotiations surround the action of girding the loins.
ERBB receptor signaling promotes ependymoma cell proliferation and represents a potential novel therapeutic target for this disease. (2002)

This study suggests that ERBB receptor signaling results in aggressive disease behavior in ependymoma by promoting tumor cell proliferation. An analysis of ERBB2 and ERBB4 expression, in association with Ki-67 LI and the degree of surgical resection, may provide an accurate tool for assessing disease risk in children with this disease. In addition, these receptors may serve as a target for novel therapeutic approaches in ependymoma.
Social Anxiety Disorder (2006)

A 28-year-old man reports feeling anxious and self-conscious around people in school, work, and social situations since his early teens. He appears shy and, on questioning, describes avoidance of speaking up in work meetings, attending social gatherings, and dating. He desperately wants to be more socially active but fears he will appear nervous and embarrass himself. How should he be evaluated and treated?
Dynamic Task-Scheduling in Grid Computing using Prioritized Round Robin Algorithm (2011)

Over the years, grid computing has emerged as one of the most viable and scalable alternatives to high performance supercomputing, tapping into computing power of the order of Gigaflops. However, the inherent dynamicity in grid computing has made it extremely difficult to come up with near-optimal solutions to efficiently schedule tasks in grids. The present paper proposes a novel grid-scheduling heuristic that adaptively and dynamically schedules tasks without requiring any prior information on the workload of incoming tasks. The approach models the grid system in the form of a state-transition diagram, employing a prioritized round-robin algorithm with task replication to optimally schedule tasks, using prediction information on processor utilization of individual nodes. Simulations, comparing the proposed approach with the roundrobin heuristic, have shown the given heuristic to be more effective in scheduling tasks as compared to the latter.
Arginine Operator Binding by Heterologous and Chimeric ArgR Repressors from<i>Escherichia coli</i>and<i>Bacillus stearothermophilus</i> (2002)

Bacillus stearothermophilus ArgR binds efficiently to the Escherichia coli carAB operator, whereas the E. coli repressor binds very poorly to the argCo operator of B. stearothermophilus. In order to elucidate this contradictory behavior between ArgRs, we constructed chimeric proteins by swapping N-terminal DNA-binding and C-terminal oligomerization domains or by exchanging the linker peptide. Chimeras carrying the E. coli DNA-binding domain and the B. stearothermophilus oligomerization domain showed sequence-nonspecific rather than sequence-specific interactions with arg operators. Chimeras carrying the B. stearothermophilus DNA-binding domain and E. coli oligomerization domain exhibited a high DNA-binding affinity for the B. stearothermophilus argCo and E. coli carAB operators and repressed the reporter-gene transcription from the B. stearothermophilus PargCo control region in vitro; arginine had no effect on, and indeed even decreased, their DNA-binding affinity. With the protein array method, we showed that the wild-type B. stearothermophilus ArgR and derivatives of it containing only the exchanged linker from E. coli ArgR or carrying the B. stearothermophilus DNA-binding domain along with the linker and the alpha4 regions were able to bind argCo containing the single Arg box. This binding was weaker than binding to the two-box operator but was no longer arginine dependent. Several lines of observations indicate that the alpha4 helix in the oligomerization domain and the linker peptide can contribute to the recognition of single or double Arg boxes and therefore to the operator DNA-binding specificity in similar but not identical ArgR repressors from two distant bacteria.
Editor's Note (1973)

Recurrent discussion of Marxism per se in philosophical writings of mainland China—its origin, its merits, its differences from its predecessors and their demerits and causes for decline—serves several important functions: (1) it preserves the distinctive identity of Scientific Marxism as a working ideology for social reconstruction; (2) it warns and criticizes the idealistic, the Utopian, the dogmatic or the scientific-mechanistic revisions of Marxism as a current Party platform; (3) it reminds the followers of Marxism of the importance and the significance of the historical development from early forms of socialism to the socialist philosophy of Marxism and the appropriateness and necessity of the application of Marxist principles to the Chinese revolution and Chinese history. These discussions also make it possible for Chinese ideologists to claim authenticity and orthodoxy of the Marxist heritage in their struggle with contemporary Soviet Russian political and ideological authorities. Finally, one can also see that the discussions of Saint-Simon, Fourier, Owen, Mach and their doctrines, besides being a source of justification for philosophy workers in China, provide us with a clue to an understanding of the attack on and purge of some of the political and cultural views of Confucianism (notably the theory of government by virtuous ruler, the theory of universal human nature, and the theory of love or benevolence) before, during, and after the period of the Great Cultural Revolution in China.
Novel β-Hydroxyacid Dehydrogenases in Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae (2000)

Our laboratory has previously reported a structurally and mechanistically related family of beta-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases with significant homology to beta-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase. A large number of the members of this family are hypothetical proteins of bacterial origin with unknown identity in terms of their substrate specificities and metabolic roles. The Escherichia coli beta-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase homologue corresponding to the locus was cloned and expressed with a 6-histidine tag for specific purification. The purified recombinant protein very specifically catalyzed the NAD(+)-dependent oxidation of d-glycerate and the NADH-dependent reduction of tartronate semialdehyde, identifying this protein as a tartronate semialdehyde reductase. Further evidence for identification as tartronate semialdehyde reductase is the observation that the coding region for this protein is directly preceded by genes coding for hydroxypyruvate isomerase and glyoxylate carboligase, two enzymes that synthesize tartronate semialdehyde, producing an operon clearly designed for d-glycerate biosynthesis from tartronate semialdehyde. The single beta-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase homologue from Haemophilus influenzae was also cloned, expressed, and purified with a 6-histidine tag. This protein also catalyzed the NAD(+)-dependent oxidation of d-glycerate but was significantly more efficient in the oxidation of four-carbon beta-hydroxyacids like d-hydroxybutyrate and d-threonine. This enzyme differs from all the presently known beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenases which are well established members of the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily.
Split-Tee Power Divider (1965)

A new type of power divider is described which provides two in-phase isolated outputs with a constant arbitrary power division over a wide bandwidth. The derivation of the formulas from which the unit may be deisgned and its performance predicted are given. The bandwidth characteristics of a two-third, one-third power divider are given along with experimental verification.
Higher Plant Mitochondria (1999)

Over the past 20 years, researchers investigating the mitochondria of plants have been astonished by the phenomenal variation these organelles display relative to their mammalian and fungal counterparts. Plant mitochondria have evolved distinct strategies for genome maintenance, genetic decoding,
Targeted-Microbubble Binding Selectively to GPIIb IIIa Receptors of Platelet Thrombi (2002)

The use of receptor selective targeted microbubbles improved binding to vascular thrombi in both in vitro and in vivo settings.
Capped and polyadenylated low-molecular-weight RNA synthesized by vaccinia virus in vitro (1980)

In the presence of ATP plus two other ribonucleoside triphosphates or in reactions containing all four ribonucleoside triphosphates and actinomycin D, vaccinia virus synthesizes in vitro discrete low-molecular-weight RNA molecules ranging in size from about 20 to several hundred bases. A novel feature of these small RNA molecules is that they are capped and methylated at the 5' terminus, containing both mGpppGm and mGpppAm type cap structures, and in addition these molecules are polyadenylated at the 3' terminus. Hybridization of these RNAs to restriction fragments derived from vaccinia virus DNA indicates a considerable degree of complexity, suggesting the presence of a large number of promoters throughout the genome. However, measurable sensitivity to pancreatic RNase of the 5' capped end of these RNAs while in hybrid form to the DNA suggests other possible roles for these small RNAs in vaccinia virus mRNA biogenesis.