gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selective enhancement of GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-8 production by monocytes and macrophages of asthmatic subjects (1994)

Previous work has demonstrated an increase in the production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) by monocytes derived from asthmatic individuals. We have suggested that monocytes and macrophages enhance airways inflammation by augmented cytokine production. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the production of GM-CSF and macrophage-derived cytokines, namely interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-8 (IL-8), from unstimulated and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages in 31 asthmatic and 11 normal, control subjects. The basal production of GM-CSF was four fold higher in the monocytes of asthmatic individuals, but there was no significant difference in the basal production of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-8. After stimulation with LPS, asthmatic monocytes produced twofold more GM-CSF and fourfold more IL-1 beta than the monocytes from control subjects. Unstimulated macrophages from asthmatic subjects produced significantly less GM-CSF and TNF-alpha than macrophages from controls, and there was no difference in either IL-1 beta or IL-8 production. When stimulated by LPS, macrophages from asthmatic subjects produced twofold more GM-CSF, threefold more TNF-alpha and fourfold more IL-8. The levels of IL-8 produced by both monocytes and macrophages were at least 20 fold higher than those of the other cytokines measured. There is selectivity in the upregulation of cytokine production by monocytes and macrophages in asthma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Exine Development in Gerbera jamesonii (Asteraceae: Mutisieae) (1983)

The development of the pollen wall in Gerbera jamesonii was studied using light and electron microscopy and histochemical stains. The primexine is patterned while the microspores are encased in the special cell wall. Bacules form at projections of the plasma membrane. Numerous ribosomes and large, single-membrane bound vesicles containing fibrillar material are observed near the developing bacule bases. The tectum and nonhomogeneous layer form simultaneously with the bacules, but do not appear to be outgrowths of them. Following dissolution of the callose cell wall, the lamellate exine-2 is laid down beginning in the apertural region. Polysaccharides are associated with the developing exine-1 and the pore regions of the exine-2. After exine-2 deposition, the exine-1 thickens by the addition of sporopollenin. When the exine is completed, a vacuole forms which displaces the nucleus, compresses the exine-2 and expands the incurved exine-1. As the vacuole shrinks, the intine and storage polysaccharides form.
A neuroattenuated ICP34.5-deficient herpes simplex virus type 1 replicates in ependymal cells of the murine central nervous system. (1998)

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) variant 1716 is deleted in the gene encoding ICP34.5 and is neuroattenuated after intracranial inoculation of mice. Although the mechanism of attenuation is unclear, this property has been exploited to eliminate experimental brain tumours. Previously, it was shown that infectious 1716 was recoverable for up to 3 days after intracranial inoculation suggesting that there may be limited replication in the central nervous system (CNS). Here it is demonstrated that 1716 replicates in specific cell types (predominantly CNS ependymal cells) of BALB/c mice, using immunohistochemical, immunofluorescence, in situ hybridization and virus titration studies. While 1716-infected mice exhibited no overt signs of encephalitis, histological analysis showed a persistent loss of the ependymal lining. Thus, although ICP34.5-deficient viruses are neuroattenuated, they do retain the ability to replicate in and destroy the ependyma of the murine CNS. A detailed understanding of the mechanism(s) of neuroattenuation and limited replication could lead to the rational design of safe HSV vectors for cancer and gene therapy in the CNS.
Implicit time integration for the material point method: Quantitative and algorithmic comparisons with the finite element method (2003)

Abstract An implicit integration strategy was developed and implemented for use with the material point method (MPM). An incremental‐iterative solution strategy was developed around Newton's method to solve the equations of motion with Newmark integration to update the kinematic variables. Test problems directly compared the implicit MPM solutions with those obtained using an explicit MPM code and implicit finite element (FE) code. Results demonstrated very good agreement with FE predictions and also illustrated several advantages in comparison to calculations using the explicit MPM code. In particular, the accuracy of the implicit solution was superior to the explicit MPM when compared to validated FE solutions, and by definition the implicit time integration is unconditionally stable. Similarities between the assembly of the implicit MPM equations and those of the FE method were identified and should allow further algorithmic improvement. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Intravenous Albumin on Renal Impairment and Mortality in Patients with Cirrhosis and Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (1999)

In patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, treatment with intravenous albumin in addition to an antibiotic reduces the incidence of renal impairment and death in comparison with treatment with an antibiotic alone.
Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Behavior of Novel Polythiophene Derivatives Functionalized with Disperse Red 19 Chromophore (2015)

Two copolymers of 3-alkylthiophene (alkyl = hexyl, octyl) and a thiophene functionalized with disperse red 19 (TDR19) as chromophore side chain were synthesized by oxidative polymerization. The synthetic procedure was easy to perform, cost-effective, and highly versatile. The molecular structure, molecular weight distribution, film morphology, and optical and thermal properties of these polythiophene derivatives were determined by NMR, FT-IR, UV-Vis GPC, DSC-TGA, and AFM. The third-order nonlinear optical response of these materials was performed with nanosecond and femtosecond laser pulses by using the third-harmonic generation (THG) and Z -scan techniques at infrared wavelengths of 1300 and 800 nm, respectively. From these experiments it was observed that although the TRD19 incorporation into the side chain of the copolymers was lower than 5%, it was sufficient to increase their nonlinear response in solid state. For instance, the third-order nonlinear electric susceptibility (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>χ</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mfenced separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>) of solid thin films made of these copolymers exhibited an increment of nearly 60% when TDR19 incorporation increased from 3% to 5%. In solution, the copolymers exhibited similar two-photon absorption cross sections<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mtext>PA</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>with a maximum value of 8545 GM and 233 GM (1 GM = 10 −50 cm 4 s) per repeated monomeric unit.
Relating statistical MOSFET model parameter variabilities to IC manufacturing process fluctuations enabling realistic worst case design (1994)

The implementation of a viable statistical circuit design methodology requiring detailed knowledge of the variabilities of, and correlations among, the circuit simulator model parameters utilized by designers, and the determination of the important relationships between these CAD model parameter variabilities and the process variabilities causing them is presented. This work addresses the above requirements by detailing a new framework which was adopted for a 2-/spl mu/m CMOS technology to enable realistic statistical circuit performance prediction prior to manufacture. Issues relating to MOSFET modeling, the derivation of fast "direct" parameter extraction methodologies suitable for rapid parameter generation, the employment of multivariate statistical techniques to analyze statistical parametric data, and the linking of the CAD model parameter variations to variabilities in process quantities are discussed. In this approach the correlated set of model parameters is reduced to a smaller and more manageable set of uncorrelated process-related factors. The ensuing construction and validation of realistic statistical circuit performance procedures is also discussed. Comparisons between measured and simulated variabilities of device characteristics is utilized to demonstrate the accuracy of the techniques described. The advantages of the proposed approach over more traditional "worst case" design methodologies are demonstrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Platelet protein kinase C isoform content in type 2 diabetes complicated with retinopathy and nephropathy (2001)

It has been reported that platelet aggregation in diabetic patients with microangiopathy is increased compared with healthy subjects. Chronic hyperglycemia is known to cause an increase in diacylglycerol level in various tissues. We examine whether protein kinase C (PKC) isoform content in platelets from diabetic patients is increased compared with healthy subjects, as previously described in the retina, aorta, and heart of diabetic rats. Platelet PKCalpha, beta and zeta immunoreactivity in cytosol, membrane and cytoskeleton (CS) fractions were analyzed by immunoblotting in 20 type 2 diabetic patients (who had been treated with diet alone, sulphonylureas or insulin, and whose condition was complicated with retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and/or macroangiopathy) and in five healthy subjects. PKCalpha, beta and zeta immunoreactivity in cytosol, membrane and CS fractions in platelets from diabetic subjects were not significantly higher than those from healthy subjects. However, platelet PKCbeta immunoreactivity in cytosol fraction was significantly higher in diabetic patients with normal serum creatinine (Cr) level than in diabetic patients with abnormal Cr level (Cr > or =1.5 mg/dl) or in healthy subjects. Moreover, significant negative correlation between PKCbeta immunoreactivity in cytosol fraction of platelets and serum Cr level was found in diabetic patients (P < 0.05). To clarify the effect of treatment for diabetes, PKC isoform immunoreactivity in platelets was measured in type 2 diabetic patients treated with diet alone, sulphonylurea or insulin treatment. Serum creatinine level in diabetic patients with insulin treatment was significantly higher than in diabetic patients with sulphonylurea treatment and diet alone. In addition, PKCbeta immunoreactivity in diabetic patients with insulin treatment was significantly suppressed compared with that in patients treated by sulphonylurea treatment. These results suggest that chronic hyperglycemia may activate platelet PKCbeta isoform, and that insulin treatment may decrease platelet PKCbeta activity. Finally, not only PKCbeta antagonists, but also glycemic control by insulin may prevent development of diabetic microangiopathy.
Characterizations of strip-line microwave micro atmospheric plasma and its application to neutralization (2009)

In this work, we estimate the plasma parameters of strip-line microwave micro atmospheric plasma (SMMAP) such as rotational temperature (Tr) both from OH and N2 rotational transitions (610–770 and 770–980 K in Ar, respectively), electron density (Ne) from Stark broadening (about 1013/cm3 in mixture of Ar and H2), and the distribution of electric field before ignition of SMMAP (5×104 V/m at maximum, and applied voltage less than 5 V). Since the lower applied voltage of SMMAP might enable us to conduct efficient processing without electrostatic damage (ESD), we applied jet-type SMMAP to neutralization. The result of neutralization showed that it can reduce surface charge from ±1000 to ±100 V for 0.2 s at 10 W with Ar gas flow within 4 V offset voltage, which provides efficient plasma processing without ESD.
Expression of T‐ and L‐type calcium channel mRNA in murine sinoatrial node (2000)

At the cellular level, cardiac pacemaking which sets the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat is produced by the slow diastolic depolarization. Several ion channels contribute to this pacemaker depolarization, including T-type and L-type calcium currents. To evaluate the molecular basis of the currents involved, we investigated the cellular distribution of various low voltage activated (LVA) and high voltage activated (HVA) calcium channel mRNAs in the murine sinoatrial (SA) node by in-situ hybridization. The most prominently expressed LVA calcium channel in the SA node is Ca(v)3.1, whereas Ca(v)3.2 is present at moderate levels. The dominant HVA calcium channel transcript is Ca(v)1.2; only traces of Ca(v)1.3 mRNA are detectable in SA myocytes of mice.
Ambipolar-to-Unipolar Conversion of Carbon Nanotube Transistors by Gate Structure Engineering (2004)

The switching behavior of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNFETs) can be improved by decreasing the gate oxide thickness. However, decreasing the oxide thickness also results in more pronounced ambipolar transistor characteristics and higher off-currents. To achieve high-performance unipolar CNFETs as required for CMOS logic gates, we have fabricated partially gated CNFETs with an asymmetric gate structure with respect to the source and drain electrodes. With our gate structure engineering concept, p-type CNFETs have been fabricated from an ambipolar CNFET. It is also found that fringing fields from source and drain are important in determining the CNFET behavior as the device size decreases.
Development of a Reference Standard for Particulate Matter Mass in Ambient Air (2001)

Particulate matter (PM) in ambient air is composed of many chemical species of varying vapor pressures. A direct mass measurement of PM mass on filters is the basis of regulatory PM reference methods. The loss of semi-volatile PM mass collected on filters and filter sampling artifacts can produce nonquantifiable biases in reference method measurements depending on the thermodynamic history of the filter; therefore, a reference method cannot be considered a scientific reference standard. A new technique is introduced which has the potential to overcome the difficulties inherent in PM mass measurement and holds the promise of the measurement of PM mass as it exists in ambient air at ambient temperature. While comprehensive laboratory and field studies of the instrument and its components are needed to fully characterize the system, preliminary data have been obtained to provide a basic proof of concept for the technique.
Base-free aqueous-phase oxidation of non-activated alcohols with molecular oxygen on soluble Pt nanoparticles (2009)

Seven soluble metal nanoparticle catalysts including Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, Ag and Au were synthesized and studied for the aqueous-phase selective oxidation of non-activated alcohols under atmospheric pressure of O2. The effects of particle size were examined on the Pt catalysts with mean diameters of 1.5–4.9 nm. Pt nanoparticles efficiently catalyze the aerobic oxidation of alicyclic and aliphatic alcohols, in particular, primary aliphatic alcohols in the absence of any base. The particle sizes of the Pt catalysts strongly influence their activities, and the one of 1.5 nm exhibits much higher turnover frequencies. In comparison with the other metals examined in this work, it is concluded that Pt is the best metal of choice for the aerobic alcohol oxidation. Aliphatic primary alcohols reacts on the Pt catalysts more preferentially over their isomeric secondary alcohols with increasing their chain length or as they coexist. These steric effects, and the observed kinetic isotope effects with 1-C4H9OD and 1-C4D9OD are consistent with the general alcohol oxidation mechanism, which includes a sequence of elementary steps involving the formation of the alcoholate intermediates in quasi-equilibrated 1-C4H9OH dissociation on the Pt surfaces and the rate-determining hydrogen abstraction from the alcoholates. The inhibiting effects of hydroquinone, a typical radical scavenger, are indicative of the formation of radical intermediates in the H-abstraction step.
Chlamydia pneumoniae in arteries: the facts, their interpretation, and future studies. (1998)

Chlamydiae are small bacteria that, as part of their growth cycle, have an obligate intracellular existence. The small infectious or elementary bodies, about 300 nm in diameter, attach to and are taken into cells where they develop into larger reticulate bodies. These divide by binary fission and are converted into new elementary bodies that are released from the cell. The cycle takes 48 to 72 hours. There are four chlamydial species: Chlamydia psittaci occurs in several diVerent animal species; in humans it causes pneumonia occasionally and abortion rarely. C pecorum is also an animal species, having no known human associations. C trachomatis causes trachoma, as its name implies, and certain serovars cause genital tract disease. C pneumoniae commonly causes a spectrum of lower and upper respiratory tract disease in humans. The first association between this microorganism and coronary heart disease came from a study in Finland, in which it was shown that high titres of IgG and IgA antibodies to C pneumoniae occurred significantly more often in men with myocardial infarction and in those with chronic coronary heart disease than in age matched, randomly selected controls. A metaanalysis of other serological studies has upheld the association between antibody and coronary heart disease, and overall it seems that the relative risk of disease occurring in patients with C pneumoniae antibody is twofold greater than in those without antibody.
Recognizing mathematical expressions using tree transformation (2002)

We describe a robust and efficient system for recognizing typeset and handwritten mathematical notation. From a list of symbols with bounding boxes the system analyzes an expression in three successive passes. The Layout Pass constructs a Baseline Structure Tree (BST) describing the two-dimensional arrangement of input symbols. Reading order and operator dominance are used to allow efficient recognition of symbol layout even when symbols deviate greatly from their ideal positions. Next, the Lexical Pass produces a Lexed BST from the initial BST by grouping tokens comprised of multiple input symbols; these include decimal numbers, function names, and symbols comprised of nonoverlapping primitives such as "=". The Lexical Pass also labels vertical structures such as fractions and accents. The Lexed BST is translated into L/sup A/T/sub E/X. Additional processing, necessary for producing output for symbolic algebra systems, is carried out in the Expression Analysis Pass. The Lexed BST is translated into an Operator Tree, which describes the order and scope of operations in the input expression. The tree manipulations used in each pass are represented compactly using tree transformations. The compiler-like architecture of the system allows robust handling of unexpected input, increases the scalability of the system, and provides the groundwork for handling dialects of mathematical notation.
Speech-Based Interactive Games for Language Learning: Reading, Translation, and Question-Answering (2009)

This paper concerns a framework for building interactive speech-based language learning games. The core of the framework, the dialogue manager, controls the game procedure via a control script. The control script allows the developers to have easy access to the natural language process capabilities provided by six core building blocks. Using the framework, three games for Mandarin learning were implemented: a reading game, a translation game, and a question-answering game. We verified the effectiveness and usefulness of the framework by evaluating the three games. In the in-lab and public evaluation phases, we collected a total of 4025 utterances from 31 subjects. The evaluation showed that the game systems responded to the users' utterances appropriately about 89% of the time, and assessment of the users' performances correlated well with their human-judged proficiency.
Blockade of the αvβ3 Integrin Adversely Affects Implantation in the Mouse1 (2000)

The role of endometrial and embryonic integrins during implantation remains unresolved although work in animal models and in humans supports their involvement in this process. Temporal and spatial distribution of the alpha(v)beta(3) integrin on both embryo and endometrium in women and mice coincides with the time of initial attachment during implantation. In mice, the endometrial and embryonic alpha(v)beta(3) integrin is present at the time of implantation, as shown by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. In situ hybridization demonstrates the presence of the alpha(v)beta(3) integrin on the subluminal stromal cells of the uterus. Functional blockade of this integrin on the day of implantation by intrauterine injection of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against alpha(v) or beta(3) integrin subunits, arg-gly-asp (RGD)-containing peptides, or of the disintegrin echistatin, reduced the number of implantation sites compared to controls receiving BSA. These studies demonstrate that, like the human, the murine alpha(v)beta(3) integrin is expressed at the time of implantation in the endometrium and on the blastocyst, and may play a critical role in the cascade of events leading to successful implantation.
Particle-Stabilized Defect Gel in Cholesteric Liquid Crystals (1999)

Dispersions of colloidal particles in cholesteric liquid crystals form an unusual solid by stabilizing a network of linear defects under tension in the ideal layered structure of the cholesteric. The large length scales of the cholesteric liquid crystals allowed direct observation of the network structure, and its properties were correlated with rheological measurements of elasticity. This system serves as a model for a class of solids formed when particles are mixed with layered materials such as thermotropic and lyotropic smectic liquid crystals and block copolymers.
Stereochemistry of bimolecular nucleophilic opening of a dioxolenium ring fused to an anchored cyclohexane system (1969)

This paper describes the characterization of certain dioxolenium salts in which the heterocyclic ring is fused (via positions-4 and -5) to an anchored cyclohexane ring, and the steric course of their bimolecular cleavage with nucleophilic reagents. It was found that diaxial opening is normally favored strongly over diequatorial; this is accounted for in terms of differences in angle strain in the transition states. The presence of an axial (angular) methyl group gave a preference for diequatorial opening; on the other hand an analogous investigation of the diaxial: diequatorial opening ratio with epoxides showed the stereochemistry of the reaction to be virtually insensitive to an angular methyl group. These observations are interpreted in terms of the different non-bonded interactions arising from the different geometrical arrangements of epoxides and dioxolenium ions. The variation in the diaxial: diequatorial opening ratio is shown to be of significance in the interpretation of rates of diaxial → diequatorial rearrangement.