gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interaction of Clostridium difficile and Escherichia coli with microfloras in continuous-flow cultures and gnotobiotic mice (1986)

We studied the interactions between the entire cecal flora of hamsters and the pathogens Clostridium difficile and Escherichia coli in gnotobiotic mice and in a continuous-flow (CF) culture system in which the growth medium consisted of an extract of fecal pellets from germfree mice. CF cultures and germfree mice were colonized first with C. difficile and E. coli and then with the cecal flora of hamsters. Both in vivo and in vitro hamster flora markedly suppressed the potential pathogens. Contents of CF cultures inoculated with hamster flora were introduced into gnotobiotic mice previously colonized with C. difficile and E. coli. These mice were compared with mice given homogenates of hamster ceca. In both groups, the C. difficile population decreased by a factor of more than 10(6) and the E. coli population decreased by a factor of 10(4) to 10(5). CF culture contents also reduced the size of the dilated germfree mouse cecum to normal. When veal infusion broth was used as a medium, contents of CF cultures colonized with hamster flora failed to eliminate C. difficile from mice. Thus, the extract of fecal pellets appeared to contain a substance important for sustained colonization by important components of the cecal flora. We also studied the ability of collections of isolates to suppress the potential pathogens in both gnotobiotic mice and CF cultures. A total of 150 isolates obtained from predominant hamster flora at the ecologic climax stage (C flora) suppressed C. difficile and E. coli to 10 and 1 to 3%, respectively, of the population sizes attained in monoassociated mice. A total of 67 isolates obtained during ecologic succession combined with a C flora consisting of 100 isolates suppressed the potential pathogens to 0.3 and 0.03% of their original levels, respectively. Similar degrees of suppression occurred in CF cultures, further indicating that anaerobic CF cultures are promising models for investigation of the microbial ecology of C. difficile.
Mcl‐1 expression in gestational trophoblastic disease correlates with clinical outcome (2004)

The current results demonstrated that Mcl-1, as identified by a cyclic DNA array, may play a role in the pathogenesis of HMs and may have potential as a useful marker for predicting the clinical behavior of HMs.
Spectroscopy and Imaging with Diffusing Light (1995)

Visually opaque media are ubiquitous in nature. While some materials are opaque because they strongly absorb visible light, others, such as loam, white paint, biological tissue and milk, are opaque because photons traveling within them are predominantly scattered rather than absorbed. A vanishingly small number of photons travel straight through such substances. Instead, light is transported through these materials in a process similar to heat diffusion (figure 1).
Financing local government in Hungary (1992)

Hungary has undertaken a bold and far-ranging reform of its system of subnational finances. This paper outlines the changes introduced in the system of local finance as a result of the 1990 Local Self-Government Act, and the 1990 Act on Local Taxes and provides a preliminary assessment of their implications as well as the need for further reform. These Acts, together with the annual Act on the Budget, define the overall scope and authorities of Hungary's approximately 3100 new local self-governments. These Acts: (i) define the new assignment of expenditures between central and local government; (ii) define the new local revenue sources; and (iii) establish the economic foundation, property rights and entrepreneurial functions of the localities. The paper outlines the historical evolution of the system, provides international comparisons, and describes its present-day form. Drawing on this background, it suggests some revised policies that should not only both help avert the potentially undesirable outcomes of the current system but, more positively, help Hungary to achieve its goal of a smaller, more efficient government sector without unduly exacerbating social inequalities. In turn, issues and recommendations are discussed in the following areas: local finance; assignment of expenditures; assignment of taxes; design of the transfer system; role of the localities in property management; capital investment; and other requisites for sound local finance.
Mercury cadmium telluride material requirements for infrared systems (1992)

High-quality semiconductor material is essential to the production of high performance, affordable semiconductor components. With infrared (IR) components, the maturity and quality of the material has an increased significance, affecting not only component characteristics, but also system performance and cost. The criteria for selection of the focal plane material involves consideration of the system cooling requirements, spectral band, nonuniformity correction, and even system reliability. Each of these system parameters has a direct relationship to the IR material. The system requirements place demands on the quality and cost of the starting material and help to define the appropriate material growth technique, wafer size, the requirements for on-chip signal processing, and relevant material figures-of-merit. A concurrent engineering approach to IR material development is necessary, taking into account both the material limitations and the demands of the infrared imaging system for the proposed application. In addition to the material performance figures-of-merit, the impact of the material on device fabrication and system cost must be taken into account. Ideally, a quantitative assessment of the effect of IR material characteristics on detector module cost and on system complexity should guide this process. Mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) has been the dominant IR material for a broad range of system applications. However, the cost and availability of the MCT are major considerations in the production of affordable IR local plane arrays. This article discusses these general issues relative to the state-of-the-art of this IR material, and provides generic guidelines for the selection of material for IR imaging applications.
Smart Home Mobile RFID-Based Internet-of-Things Systems and Services (2008)

Smart homes can apply new Internet-Of-Things concepts along with RFID technologies for creating ubiquitous services. This paper introduces a novel read-out method for a hierarchical wireless master-slave RFID reader architecture of multi standard NFC (Near Field Communication) and UHF (Ultra High Frequency) technologies to build a smart home service system that benefits in terms of cost, energy consumption and complexity. Various smart home service use cases such as washing programs, cooking, shopping and elderly health care are described as examples that make use of this system.
Alteration of collagen-dependent adhesion, motility, and morphogenesis by the expression of antisense α2 integrin mrna in mammary cells (1995)

Although integrins are known to mediate adhesive binding of cells to the extracellular matrix, their role in mediating cellular growth, morphology, and differentiation is less clear. To determine more directly the role of the alpha 2 beta 1 integrin, a collagen and laminin receptor, in mediating the collagen-dependent differentiation of mammary cells, we reduced expression of the integrin by the well differentiated human breast carcinoma cell line, T47D, by stably expressing alpha 2 integrin antisense mRNA. Flow cytometry demonstrated that the antisense-expressing clones had levels of alpha 2 beta 1 integrin on their surfaces that were decreased by 30-70%. Adhesion of antisense-expressing clones to both collagens I and IV was decreased relative to controls in a manner that correlated with the level of cell surface alpha 2 beta 1 integrin expression. Adhesion to fibronectin and laminin were not affected. Motility across collagen-coated filters in haptotaxis assays was increased for only those clones that exhibited intermediate levels of adhesion to collagen, suggesting that an intermediate density of cell-surface alpha 2 beta 1 integrin optimally supports cell motility. When cultured in three-dimensional collagen gels, T47D cells organized in a manner suggestive of a glandular epithelium. In contrast, antisense-expressing clones with decreased alpha 2 beta 1 integrin were not able to organize in three-dimensional collagen gels. The growth rate of T47D cells was reduced when the cells were cultured in three-dimensional collagen gels. Unlike adhesion, motility, and morphogenesis, growth rates were unaffected by reduction of alpha 2 beta 1 integrin expression. Our results suggest that adhesive interactions mediated by a critical level of surface alpha 2 beta 1 integrin expression are key determinants of the collagen-dependent morphogenetic capacity of mammary epithelial cells.
Development of a robotically-based automated biodosimetry tool for high-throughput radiological triage (2010)

To provide the best opportunities for life-saving interventions in the event of a radiological or nuclear threat, there is an urgent need to improve the speed and efficiency of biodosimetric assays for triage and therapy. A rapid automated biodosimetric system used to assess thousands of individual radiation exposure doses is helpful to curb mass panic, and to conserve limited medical resources. This paper presents the development of a new robotically-based automated biodosimetry tool (RABiT). The RABiT is capable of automating two mature biodosimetry assays: the micronucleus and γ-H2AX assay. The design considerations guiding the hardware and software architecture are presented with focus on ease of implementation, methods of communication and need for real-time control versus soft time control cycles. Advanced technological developments for the RABiT including multipurpose gripper, non-contact laser cutting, automated biology protocols and transferring of the samples to a transparent substrate and high-speed multiple camera imaging are described in detail. The evaluation results show that the RABiT prototype has a throughput of 5,859 samples in an 18-hour duty cycle.
Strategies for in vivo imaging of enzyme activity: an overview and recent advances (2011)

Imaging of enzyme activity in living subjects promises many applications in both basic and translational researches from helping elucidate the enzyme function and mechanism in biology to better disease detection and monitoring, but the complexity and dynamics of enzymatic reactions in living systems present unique challenges for probe design. This critical review examines the approaches in recent literature to in vivo imaging of the activity of a variety of enzyme targets with an emphasis on the chemical perspective of probe design, structure and function. Strategies for designing enzyme-activated probes based on a variety of molecular scaffolds including small molecules, organic and inorganic nanoparticles, and genetically encoded proteins for commonly used molecular imaging modalities--whole body optical (fluorescence, bioluminescence) imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, and radionuclide-based tomographic imaging, are critically evaluated. Recent advances in combining multiple modalities to imaging enzyme activity in living subjects are also highlighted (255 references).
Antiretroviral chemotherapy of human immunodeficiency virus infections other than with azidothymidine (1992)

The intense research effort to develop molecules with the ability to inhibit the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 was greatly facilitated by the elucidation of the viral life cycle. This information engendered the production of novel antiretroviral agents that inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 at different points in its replicative cycle. The nucleoside analogue 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (azidothymidine) inhibits reverse transcriptase, and it was the first compound tested in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Considerable knowledge of the activity and toxicity of this class of drugs has accumulated. Less well-characterized compounds inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 binding and absorption to target cells, prevent the expression of viral genetic material critical for the construction of new infectious viral progeny, and inhibit the posttranslational modification of viral polypeptides. In additional, biologic response, modifiers act to restore immune function by a number of diverse mechanisms. The ultimate goal is the discovery of compounds capable of inducing a complete and permanent remission of infection. (<i>Arch Intern Med.</i>1992;152:485-501)
Alfentanil Slightly Increases the Sweating Threshold and Markedly Reduces the Vasoconstriction and Shivering Thresholds (1995)

The observed pattern of thermoregulatory impairment is similar to that produced by most general anesthetics: a slight increase in the sweating threshold and a substantial, linear decrease in the vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds.
Highly ordered mesoporous NiO anode material for lithium ion batteries with an excellent electrochemical performance (2011)

In this work, we have synthesized highly ordered mesoporous NiO materials by a nanocasting method using mesoporous silica KIT-6 as the hard templates. Mesoporous NiO particles were characterized by small angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption/desorption, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results demonstrated that the as-prepared mesoporous NiO had an ordered Ia3d symmetric mesostructure, with a high surface area of 96 m2/g. Mesoporous NiO materials were tested as an anode material for lithium ion batteries, exhibiting much lower activation energy (20.75 kJ mol−1) compared to the bulk NiO (45.02 kJ mol−1). We found that the mesoporous NiO electrode has higher lithium intercalation kinetics than its bulk counterpart. The specific capacity of mesoporous NiO after 50 cycles was maintained 680 mAh/g at 0.1 C, which was much higher than that of the commercial bulk NiO (188 mAh/g). Furthermore, at a high rate of 2C, the discharge capacity of mesoporous NiO was as high as 515 mAh/g, demonstrating the potential to be used for high power lithium ion batteries.
Mutagenic analysis of the v-crk oncogene: requirement for SH2 and SH3 domains and correlation between increased cellular phosphotyrosine and transformation (1990)

We have constructed a series of mutants with deletion, linker insertion, and point mutations in the v-crk oncogene of avian sarcoma virus CT10. The v-crk gene contains no apparent catalytic domain, but does contain two blocks of homology to putative regulatory domains, termed SH2 and SH3, found in a variety of proteins implicated in signal transduction. Infection with CT10 causes a dramatic increase in the level of tyrosine phosphorylation of several cellular proteins. We found that mutation of either the SH2 or SH3 domain of v-crk reduced or eliminated transforming activity, whereas mutation of regions outside the conserved domains had no effect. Deletion of amino-terminal gag sequences caused a partial loss of transforming activity and a change in subcellular distribution of the crk protein. In all cases, there was an absolute correlation between increased cellular phosphotyrosine and transformation.
Compact, high‐brightness LED illumination for projection systems (2009)

Abstract— An arrangement consisting of a polarizing beam splitter, retarders, and dichroic mirrors provides a compact and efficient combiner for red, green, and blue light from separate LED packages. The resulting illuminating beam is unpolarized. In initial tests, a 0.55‐in. DMD engine based on this illuminator produced an on‐screen flux of 188 lm from 58 W of LED input power, using an f /2.4 pupil. Subsequent work with the same imager and LED set has resulted in a compact and efficient 300‐lm projector.
Mechanisms of Plant Tolerance to Photodynamic Herbicides (1994)

Phytotoxicity of photodynamic herbicides is the result of a highly complicated set of biochemical and biophysical reactions, elements of which may play significant roles in promoting or antagonizing tissue damage. Plant tolerance is primarily influenced by the ability of the plant to escape deleterious concentrations of the herbicide and the active oxygen species that are generated in treated tissues. The key role of the glutathione-conjugation system in the metabolic detoxication of nitrodiphenyl ether herbicides and the importance of the antioxidant systems to counteract photodynamic damage in several tolerant plants have been clearly established. Levels of accumulated protoporphyrin IX following protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase inhibition are as important in determining selective photodynamic toxicity as the ability of the herbicide to inhibit the enzyme.
Scalability and accuracy in a large-scale network emulator (2002)

This paper presents ModelNet, a scalable Internet emulation environment that enables researchers to deploy unmodified software prototypes in a configurable Internet-like environment and subject them to faults and varying network conditions. Edge nodes running user-specified OS and application software are configured to route their packets through a set of ModelNet core nodes, which cooperate to subject the traffic to the bandwidth, congestion constraints, latency, and loss profile of a target network topology.This paper describes and evaluates the ModelNet architecture and its implementation, including novel techniques to balance emulation accuracy against scalability. The current ModelNet prototype is able to accurately subject thousands of instances of a distrbuted application to Internet-like conditions with gigabits of bisection bandwidth. Experiments with several large-scale distributed services demonstrate the generality and effectiveness of the infrastructure.
Effect of nicotine and nicotinic receptors on anxiety and depression (2002)

Nicotine has been shown to have effects on anxiety and depression in both human and animal studies. These studies suggest that nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) can modulate the function of pathways involved in stress response, anxiety and depression in the normal brain, and that smoking can result in alterations of anxiety level and mood. The effects of nicotine are complex however, and nicotine treatment can be either anxiolytic or anxiogenic depending on the anxiety model tested, the route of nicotine administration and the time course of administration. The paradoxical effects of nicotine on emotionality are likely due to the broad expression of nAChRs throughout the brain, the large number of nAChR subtypes that have been identified and the ability of nicotine treatment to both activate and desensitize nAChRs. Activation of nAChRs has been shown to modulate many systems associated with stress response including stress hormone pathways, monoaminergic transmission and release of classical neurotransmitters throughout the brain. Local administration studies in animals have identified brain areas that may be involved in the anxiogenic and anxiolytic actions of nicotine including the lateral septum, the dorsal raphe nuclei, the mesolimbic dopamine system and the hippocampus. The ensemble of studies to date suggest that under certain conditions nicotine can act as an anxiolytic and an antidepressant, but that following chronic use, adaptations to nicotine can occur resulting in increased anxiety and depression following withdrawal.
(<i>R</i>)-3,<i>N</i>-Dimethyl-<i>N</i>-[1-methyl-3-(4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]benzenesulfonamide:  The First Selective 5-HT<sub>7</sub>Receptor Antagonist (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUELetterNEXT(R)-3,N-Dimethyl-N-[1-methyl-3-(4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]benzenesulfonamide: The First Selective 5-HT7 Receptor AntagonistIan T. Forbes, Steven Dabbs, D. Malcolm Duckworth, Andrew J. Jennings, Frank D. King, Peter J. Lovell, Anthony M. Brown, Lissa Collin, Jim J. Hagan, Derek N. Middlemiss, Graham J. Riley, David R. Thomas, and Neil UptonView Author Information SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex, England, CM19 5AW Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 1998, 41, 5, 655–657Publication Date (Web):February 6, 1998Publication History Received4 August 1997Published online6 February 1998Published inissue 1 February 1998https://doi.org/10.1021/jm970519eCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views575Altmetric-Citations89LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (67 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Agonists,Antagonists,Central nervous system,Receptors,Rodent models Get e-Alerts
Pulmonary hypertension and fenfluramine (1990)

Fenfluramine is a widely prescribed anorectic drug as adjuvant therapy for obesity. Pulmonary vascular hypertension after use of fenfluramine is rarely reported. We present a patient with pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure after treatment with fenfluramine. Pulmonary hypertension resolved after withdrawal of the drug.
Assessment of messenger RNA of beta 1-->4-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-transferase as a molecular marker for metastatic melanoma. (1998)

Gangliosides GM2 [GalNAc beta 1-4(NeuAc alpha 2-3)Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1Cer] and GD2 [GalNAc beta 1-4(NeuAc alpha 2-8NeuAc alpha 2-3)Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1Cer] are cell surface tumor-associated antigens and have been demonstrated to be important markers of human malignant melanoma progression. Expression of these glycolipid antigens on melanoma tissues can be assessed by immunohistochemistry or biochemical analysis. These methodologies, however, are not logistically practical or sensitive for testing metastatic melanoma cells in blood or in tissue biopsies. In the present study, we hypothesized that the enzyme involved in GM2 and GD2 synthesis, beta 1-->4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (beta 1-->4GalNac-T), can be a useful marker for detection of occult metastatic melanoma. A reverse transcription PCR and Southern blot assay to detect beta 1-->4GalNac-T mRNA expression was developed. Beta 1-->4GalNac-T mRNA was detected in all 13 melanoma cell lines tested. Metastatic melanoma of lymph nodes and different organ sites expressed beta 1-->4GalNac-T mRNA at various levels. Detection sensitivity of the reverse transcription PCR assay was 1 ng of total RNA extracted from tumor specimens and approximately 5 melanoma cells in 20 million normal donor peripheral blood lymphocytes. In assessment of blood from 126 melanoma patients, beta 1-->4GalNac-T mRNA was more frequently found in advanced-stage melanomas and in patients showing more aggressive tumor progression. Normal donor blood samples (n = 37) were all negative for beta 1-->4GalNac-T mRNA expression. These results suggest that beta 1-->4GalNac-T mRNA is a promising molecular marker for detecting melanoma cells, characterizing antigen expression, and monitoring tumor progression.