gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Corrosion Problems in the Manufacture Of Phosphoric Acid From Elemental Phosphorus (1958)

The principal materials used in the construction of equipment for the manufacture of phosphoric acid (55-60 percent P2O5) from elemental phosphorus are described in this paper. This process involves the combustion of phosphorus to form P2O5 which is then reacted with water to form the acid. The general application of various metals, ceramics, and plastics in the construction of the processing equipment are discussed. The high temperatures characteristic of the process, as well as the impurities in the phosphorus burned, accelerate corrosion in parts of the system. Mist and impurities in the gas stream also cause some erosion. Methods of coping with these problems have been derived from large-scale tests and from plant operating experience. A highly concentrated phosphoric acid (containing 76 percent P2O5) also can be made in the regular equipment. The corrosion problems incurred in the production of this acid are discussed. Typical operating data are given for a phosphoric acid production unit. Other data reported include corrosion rates of Type 316 stainless steel exposed to phosphoric acid at various temperatures and corrosion rates of this material in a Venturi scrubber. Relative corrosion rates of 11 metals are computed with respect to Type 316 stainless steel. 8.8.1
Gold Nanoelectrodes of Varied Size: Transition to Molecule-Like Charging (1998)

A transition from metal-like double-layer capacitive charging to redox-like charging was observed in electrochemical ensemble Coulomb staircase experiments on solutions of gold nanoparticles of varied core size. The monodisperse gold nanoparticles are stabilized by short-chain alkanethiolate monolayers and have 8 to 38 kilodaltons core mass (1.1 to 1.9 nanometers in diameter). Larger cores display Coulomb staircase responses consistent with double-layer charging of metal-electrolyte interfaces, whereas smaller core nanoparticles exhibit redox chemical character, including a large central gap. The change in behavior is consistent with new near-infrared spectroscopic data showing an emerging gap between the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied orbitals of 0.4 to 0.9 electron volt.
Optimal Treatment Regimens for 5′‐Deoxy‐5‐fluorouridine, with or without (<i>E</i>)‐5‐(2‐Bromovinyl)‐2′‐deoxyuridine, against Various Tumors in Mice (1990)

The antitumor activity of 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (DFUR), a prodrug of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), is markedly enhanced if DFUR treatment is combined with (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (BVDU). Combined oral administration of DFUR (10 mg/kg) and BVDU (10 mg/kg) three times (every 3 h) per day for 5 days afforded greater antitumor activity than a single dose of DFUR (300 mg/kg/day) for 5 days in mice bearing either adenocarcinoma 755 or Lewis lung carcinoma, while in the colon 26 system the antitumor effects of both treatment regimens were equivalent. Thus, a low-dose regimen of DFUR when combined with BVDU provides a similar or greater antitumor activity than a high-dose regimen of DFUR that is not combined with BVDU. The area under the curve of plasma 5-FU following a treatment with the combination of DFUR (10 mg/kg) and BVDU (10 mg/kg) was equal to that following DFUR (300 mg/kg) treatment.
Pyran derivatives XIX. (Dialkylamino) substituted 1-benzopyranones and naphthopyranones with platelet antiaggregating activity. (1995)

2-(Dialkylamino)chromones 4 and 4-(1-piperazinyl)coumarins 11, as well as their angular benzo-fused derivatives 1, 2 and 12, 13, respectively, were synthesized and tested in vitro for their inhibitory activity on human platelet aggregation induced in platelet-rich plasma by ADP (5.0 microM), collagen (10.0 micrograms/ml), and A 23187 (calcimycin) (20.0 microM). Among the dialkylamino substituents used, and the ring systems examined, 1-piperazinyl and 1-benzopyran or naphtho[2,1-b]pyran, respectively, resulted the most effective ones for antiplatelet activity, both in the chromone and coumarin fields. 7-Ethoxy-4-(1-piperazinyl)coumarin 11b showed the highest activity, and higher than those of all reference compounds (ASA, trifluoperazine, propranolol, and dipyridamole) towards all platelet aggregation inducers.
A Java-based visual mining infrastructure and applications (2003)

Many real-world KDD (Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining) applications involve the navigation of large volumes of information on the web, such as, Internet resources, hot topics, and telecom phone switches. Quite often users feel lost, confused and overwhelmed with displays that contain too much information. This paper discusses a new content-driven visual mining infrastructure called VisMine, that uses several innovative techniques: (1) hidden visual structure and relationships for uncluttering displays; (2) simultaneous visual presentations for high-dimensional knowledge discovery; and (3) a new visual interface to plug in existing graphic toolkits for expanding its use in a wide variety of visual applications. We have applied this infrastructure to three data mining visualization applications-topic hierarchy for document navigation, web-based trouble shooting, and telecom switch mining.
Conducting Polymers and Their Applications to Biosensors: Emphasizing on Foodborne Pathogen Detection (2009)

Detection of microbial pathogens in food is the solution to the prevention and recognition of problems related to health and safety. New biomolecular approaches for foodborne pathogen detection are being developed to improve the biosensor characteristics such as sensitivity and selectivity, also which is rapid, reliable, cost-effective, and suitable for <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in situ</i> analysis. Recently, conducting polymers have drawn attention in the development of biosensors. The electrically conducting polymers have numerous features, which allow them to act as excellent materials for immobilization of biomolecules. Also, their unique properties make them appealing alternatives for specific materials currently employed for the fabrication of biosensors. Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive literature review detailing the salient features of conducting polymers and their application to biosensors with an emphasis on foodborne pathogen detection.
Quantitative model for gene regulation by lambda phage repressor. (1982)

A statistical thermodynamic model has been developed to account for the cooperative interactions of the bacteriophage lambda repressor with the lambda right operator. The model incorporates a general theory for quantitatively interpreting cooperative site-specific equilibrium binding data. Values for all interaction parameters of the model have been evaluated at 37 degrees C, 0.2 M KCl, from results of DNase protection experiments in vitro [A. D. Johnson, B. J. Meyer, & M. Ptashne, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1979) 76, 5061-5065]. With these values, the model predicts repression curves at the divergent promoters PR and PRM that control transcription of genes coding for the regulatory proteins cro and repressor, respectively. At physiological repressor concentrations, repression at PR is predicted to be nearly complete whereas PRM is predicted to remain highly active. The results demonstrate the importance of cooperative interactions between repressor dimers bound to the adjacent operator sites OR1 and OR2 in maintaining a stable lysogenic state and in allowing efficient switchover to the lytic state during induction.
Transepithelial Resistance and Inulin Permeability as Endpoints in <i>In Vitro</i> Nephrotoxicity Testing (2002)

Transepithelial electrical resistance (RT) and the flux of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) across Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) strain 1 cells and porcine epithelial kidney (LLC-PK1) monolayers were compared between three laboratories for a range of nephrotoxins. The precision of the REMS AutoSampler was similar to that of the Ussing chamber and the ENDOHM technique, but superior to using chopstick electrodes, for measurements of resistance. The nephrotoxins used were selective for the proximal tubule, and in all cases, LLC-PK1 cells were more sensitive than MDCK cells. In most cases, change in RT was a more sensitive indicator of damage than alterations in FITC flux. The REMS system provides high intra-plate precision for RT measurements and is a higher throughput system, which is applicable to screening for nephrotoxicity in vitro.
Cross-polarization coupling measured for 800 MHz radio transmission in and around houses and large buildings (1986)

The scatterers and reflectors that produce multipath propagation in the portable radiotelephone environment also scatter energy from the transmitted polarization into the orthogonal polarization. This cross-polarization coupling improves the signal quality on portable radio links by mitigating the effects of random antenna orientation and by providing an additional signal path for diversity combining. Measurements were made of cross-polarization coupling at 800 MHz within and around eight suburban houses and within two commercial buildings. Nearly complete coupling between polarization was seen for all propagation paths except for a few residential paths having high co-polarized signal levels. Because of the high cross-polarization coupling, random orientation of portable radio sets will not cause significant degradation of signal quality.
Importance of the Ornibactin and Pyochelin Siderophore Transport Systems in <i>Burkholderia cenocepacia</i> Lung Infections (2004)

Previously, orbA, the gene encoding the outer membrane receptor for ferric-ornibactin, was identified in Burkholderia cenocepacia K56-2, a strain which produces ornibactin, salicylic acid, and negligible amounts of pyochelin. A K56-2 orbA mutant was less virulent than the parent strain in a rat agar bead infection model. In this study, an orbA mutant of B. cenocepacia Pc715j which produces pyochelin in addition to ornibactin and salicylic acid was constructed. The gene encoding the outer membrane receptor for ferric-pyochelin (fptA) was also identified. An fptA mutant was constructed in Pc715j and shown to be deficient in [(59)Fe]pyochelin uptake. A 75-kDa iron-regulated protein was identified in outer membrane preparations of Pc715j that was absent in outer membrane preparations of Pc715jfptA::tp. Pc715jfptA::tp and Pc715jorbA::tp produced smaller amounts of their corresponding siderophores. Both Pc715jorbA::tp and Pc715jfptA::tp were able to grow in iron starvation conditions in vitro. In the agar bead model, the Pc715jorbA::tp mutant was cleared from the lung, indicating that the pyochelin uptake system does not compensate for the absence of a functional ornibactin system. Pc715jfptA::tp persisted in rat lung infections in numbers similar to those of the parent strain, indicating that the ferric-ornibactin uptake system could compensate for the defect in ferric-pyochelin uptake in vivo. These studies suggest that the ornibactin uptake system is the most important siderophore-mediated iron transport system in B. cenocepacia lung infections.
A Study of Electrode Passivation during Aqueous Phenol Electrolysis (1993)

The process of electrode passivation during phenol electrolysis at a platinum electrode was studied in a sulfuric acid electrolyte (pH0‐1). Passive film growth and the effects of concentration and potential were investigated using chronoamperometry, x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. The main products of the phenol oxidation are oligomers/polymers with weight‐averaged molecular weights typically around 1000 g/mol after a 30 ms anodic pulse. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that the passivating polymer film is oxidized incompletely with many hydroxyl groups present. Increased potential increased the polymerization rate, but above 1.0 V vs. SCE film decomposition reactions also occurred. Increased phenol concentration increased the charge required to initiate passivation. Potential steps to the open‐circuit potential or to more cathodic values can interfere with the passivation process. Chronoamperometric results show that the current decay at the passivated electrode is roughly inversely proportional to time and that the currents for a fixed amount of polymerization reaction follow a Tafel relationship. This type of decay is not due to a limitation caused by reactant diffusion through, nor IR drop across, a growing film but is more characteristic of electron tunneling through a growing insulating barrier layer. The model proposed for the observed behavior involves the formation of a region of high molecular weight, oxidized material at the electrode surface which blocks further reaction at the electrode. The rate‐determining step at the passivated electrode is therefore electron tunneling through this unreactive material.
Proxy-sharing proxy servers (2002)

A proxy server is a Web server that caches Internet resources for re-use by a set of client machines. CERN's Web server implements proxy services and CERN-based proxy servers are in wide use at the enterprise level. This paper presents the design and implications of an extended proxy server that shares cache resources with near neighbors. A substantial reduction in internetwork load can be obtained from proxy sharing, with a corresponding increase in performance. Good performance comes from a simple implementation model that is non-hierarchical; proxies access each other using the natural topology of the Internet.
Vasodilatory Effects of Troglitazone Improve Blood Pressure at Rest and During Mental Stress in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (1999)

The present study examined the hemodynamic mechanisms of blood pressure (BP) lowering by troglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) at rest and during a mental arithmetic test (MAT). Twenty-two patients with DM with normal to high-normal BP and 12 controls matched for age, gender, glucose tolerance, and BP were studied. DM subjects showed significantly higher systolic BP response during MAT than controls (157 versus 139 mm Hg; P<0.01). All 22 DM patients and 5 of 12 controls had systolic BP >140 mm Hg during MAT. Heart rate and diastolic BP were not significantly different between the 2 groups. The DM group was then randomized to receive troglitazone (n=10; 400 mg/d) or glyburide (n=12; 20 mg/d). MAT was repeated after 6 months of treatment. Both treatments reduced glucose equally (-1.7 mmol/L for troglitazone and -1.5 mmol/L for glyburide), but only troglitazone reduced insulin (-15 microU/mL; P<0.001) and C-peptide (-0.9 ng/mL; P<0.02) levels. Troglitazone significantly reduced BP at baseline (P<0.05) and systolic BP response to MAT (P<0.01), whereas glyburide did not affect BP at baseline or during MAT. Stroke volume and cardiac output did not change with either drug, but troglitazone decreased peripheral vascular resistance (-112 dyne. s. cm(-5); P<0.05). Improved insulin resistance rather than an improved glycemic control is associated with lower resting and stress BP values in patients with DM. A reduction in vascular resistance may be a primary hemodynamic mechanism of the manner in which troglitazone lowers BP. Insulin sensitizers may offer potential therapeutic advantage in subjects with DM with elevated BP.
Control of the in vivo Biodistribution of Hybrid Nanoparticles with Different Poly(ethylene glycol) Coatings (2009)

Fluorescent nanoparticles containing a gadolinium oxide core are very attractive because they are able to combine both imaging (fluorescence imaging, magnetic resonance imaging) and therapy (X-ray therapy and neutron-capture therapy) techniques. The exploitation of these multifunctional particles for in vivo applications requires accurate control of their biodistribution. The postfunctionalization of these particles by four different poly(ethylene glycol) derivatives, which differ by chain length and end group, exerts a great influence on the zeta potential of the nanoparticles and on their biodistribution after intravenous injection to HEK-beta3-tumor-bearing mice. This study reveals that the behavior of PEGylated nanoparticles, which was monitored by in vivo fluorescence imaging, depends on both the chain length and the end group of the PEG chain.
Lack of <i>BIC</i> and microRNA miR‐155 expression in primary cases of Burkitt lymphoma (2005)

We previously demonstrated high expression of primary-microRNA BIC (pri-miR-155) in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and lack of expression in most non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes including some Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cases. Recently, high expression of BIC was reported in BL in comparison to pediatric leukemia and normal peripheral-blood samples. In this study, we extended our series of BL cases and cell lines to examine expression of BIC using RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and of miR-155 using Northern blotting. Both BIC RNA ISH and qRT-PCR revealed no or low levels of BIC in 25 BL tissue samples [including 7 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive cases] compared to HL and normal controls. In agreement with these findings, no miR-155 was observed in BL tissues. EBV-negative and EBV latency type I BL cell lines also showed very low BIC and miR-155 expression levels as compared to HL cell lines. Higher levels of BIC and miR-155 were detected in in vitro transformed lymphoblastoid EBV latency type III BL cell lines. An association of latency type III infection and induction of BIC was supported by consistent expression of BIC in 11 and miR-155 in 2 posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) cases. In summary, we demonstrated that expression of BIC and miR-155 is not a common finding in BL. Expression of BIC and miR-155 in 3 latency type III EBV-positive BL cell lines and in all primary PTLD cases suggests a possible role for EBV latency type III specific proteins in the induction of BIC expression.
Induction of <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Transmission-blocking Antibodies by Recombinant Vaccinia Virus (1991)

Many candidate antigens of malaria vaccines have limited immunological recognition. One exception is Pfs25, a cysteine-rich, 25-kilodalton sexual stage surface protein of Plasmodium falciparum. Pfs25 is a target of monoclonal antibodies that block transmission of malaria from vertebrate host to mosquito vector. The surface of mammalian cells infected with a recombinant vaccinia virus that expressed Pfs25 specifically bound transmission-blocking monoclonal antibodies. Furthermore, major histocompatibility complex-disparate congenic mouse strains immunized with recombinant Pfs25 elicited transmission-blocking antibodies, demonstrating that the capacity to develop transmission-blocking antibodies is not genetically restricted in mice. Live recombinant viruses may provide an inexpensive, easily administered alternative to subunit vaccines prepared from purified recombinant proteins to block transmission of malaria in developing countries.
Cloning and expression of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I, the medial Golgi transferase that initiates complex N-linked carbohydrate formation. (1990)

This laboratory has previously identified a human gene encoding N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GlcNAc-TI; EC 2.4.1.101) by complementation of the glycosylation defect in the Lec1 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell mutant. A phage lambda library prepared from genomic DNA of a tertiary Lec1 transfectant (3 degrees T) has now been used to obtain clones encoding an active GlcNAc-TI enzyme. A small genomic DNA fragment [approximately 4.6 kilobases (kb)], isolated from an Alupositive lambda clone, conferred human GlcNAc-TI activity upon transfection into Lec1 cells. An approximately 1.3-kb probe generated from this DNA fragment detected unique but distinct DNA fragments in human and CHO genomic DNA. The probe also hybridized to a poly(A)+ RNA of approximately 2.7 kb in human and CHO cells and allowed the isolation of a full-length cDNA encoding human GlcNAc-TI activity. The overall features of the cDNA and deduced protein sequence (445 amino acids) are typical of other Golgi transferases that are type II transmembrane proteins. Northern blot analysis with the same probe showed that Lec1 mutant cells also possessed an approximately 2.7-kb poly(A)+ RNA, indicating that the lec1 mutation is a point mutation.
One Resin, Multiple Products: A Green Approach to Purification (2013)

Protein A affinity chromatography is a key purification step used during the purification of recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) harvested from cell culture fluid (HCCF). During this purification process typically a single Protein A resin is dedicated to purify a specific mAb of interest. For clinical manufacturing and pilot plant runs this can result in significant resin underuse, such that the Protein A resin is only used 10% of its potential lifetime. Herein we demonstrate that significant cost savings can be achieved (annually) if the Protein A resin is reused for multiple products. In this study, a cleaning procedure called the MabSelect SuRe™ Campaign Changeover Procedure (MSSCCP) was developed on lab-scale to reduce protein carryover during the reuse of the Protein A resin for purification of multiple products. Use of the MSSCCP cleaning procedure results in less than 1 ppm carryover of intact IgG into subsequent purification samples. This low protein carryover is 103 fold less protein carryover than that set in safety margins, and demonstrates that the same Protein A resins can be used to purify multiple products. The reuse procedure was successfully implemented on lab scale, and on pilot plant scale for the production of mAb drug substances.
Specific systemic nonviral gene delivery to human hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts in SCID mice (2002)

Systemic tumor-targeted gene delivery is attracting increasing attention as a promising alternative to conventional therapeutical strategies. To be considered as a viable option, however, the respective transgene has to be administered with high tumor specificity. Here, we describe novel polyethylenimine (PEI)-based DNA complexes, shielded by covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG), that make use of epidermal growth factor (EGF) as a ligand for targeting gene delivery to EGF receptor-expressing human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. In vitro transfection of luciferase reporter DNA resulted in high levels of gene expression in the human HCC cell lines Huh-7 and HepG2. An excess of free EGF during transfection clearly reduced expression levels, indicating a specific EGF receptor-mediated uptake of the DNA particles. Following intravenous injection into human HCC xenograft-bearing SCID mice, luciferase expression was predominantly found in the tumor, with levels up to 2 logs higher than in the liver, which was the highest expressing major organ. Histologic investigation showed reporter gene expression (beta-galactosidase) localized to tumor cells. Assessing DNA distribution within the tumor by immunofluorescence microscopy, rhodamine-labelled transgene DNA was found to be mainly associated with HCC cells. In the liver, DNA was taken up almost exclusively by Kupffer cells and, as indicated by the low expression, subsequently degraded. In conclusion, we have shown that intravenous injection of PEGylated EGF-containing DNA/PEI complexes allows for highly specific expression of a transgene in human HCC tumors.
Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy and Orthodontic Tooth Movement on Dental Pulps in Rats (2009)

The orthodontic-induced tooth movement and LLLT association showed reversible hyperemia as a tissue response to the stimulus. LLLT leads to a faster repair of the pulpal tissue due to orthodontic movement.
Self-similar and Stretched-pulse Operation of Erbium-doped Fiber Lasers with Carbon Nanotubes Saturable Absorber (2009)

We report self-similar and stretched -pulse operations in an all-fiber erbium-doped laser using carbon nanotube saturable absorber, for the first time. Pulses as short as 115fs are achieved in the stretched-pulse regime.