gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Distribution of mathematical software via electronic mail (1987)

A large collection of public-domain mathematical software is now available via electronic mail. Messages sent to "netlib@anl-mcs" (on the Arpanet/CSNET) or to "research!netlib" (on the UNIX® network) wake up a server that distributes items from the collection. The one-line message "send index" causes a library catalog to be sent by return mail.
Selective stimulation of peripheral nerve fibers using dual intrafascicular electrodes (1993)

We have studied activation of nerve fibers by pairs of Pt-Ir wire electrodes implanted within single fascicles of the nerve innervating the gastrocnemius muscle in cats. The purpose of this study was to determine if these intrafascicular electrodes can activate nerve fibers in different fascicles independently of each other and if they can also be used to activate separate subsets of axonal populations within a single fascicle. The average overlap of activated nerve fiber populations was 5.5% between fascicles and 27% within a fascicle, indicating that such selective activation is possible with these electrodes.
Preclinical Pharmacology, Antitumor Activity, and Development of Pharmacodynamic Markers for the Novel, Potent AKT Inhibitor CCT128930 (2010)

AKT is frequently deregulated in cancer, making it an attractive anticancer drug target. CCT128930 is a novel ATP-competitive AKT inhibitor discovered using fragment- and structure-based approaches. It is a potent, advanced lead pyrrolopyrimidine compound exhibiting selectivity for AKT over PKA, achieved by targeting a single amino acid difference. CCT128930 exhibited marked antiproliferative activity and inhibited the phosphorylation of a range of AKT substrates in multiple tumor cell lines in vitro, consistent with AKT inhibition. CCT128930 caused a G(1) arrest in PTEN-null U87MG human glioblastoma cells, consistent with AKT pathway blockade. Pharmacokinetic studies established that potentially active concentrations of CCT128930 could be achieved in human tumor xenografts. Furthermore, CCT128930 also blocked the phosphorylation of several downstream AKT biomarkers in U87MG tumor xenografts, indicating AKT inhibition in vivo. Antitumor activity was observed with CCT128930 in U87MG and HER2-positive, PIK3CA-mutant BT474 human breast cancer xenografts, consistent with its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. A quantitative immunofluorescence assay to measure the phosphorylation and total protein expression of the AKT substrate PRAS40 in hair follicles is presented. Significant decreases in pThr246 PRAS40 occurred in CCT128930-treated mouse whisker follicles in vivo and human hair follicles treated ex vivo, with minimal changes in total PRAS40. In conclusion, CCT128930 is a novel, selective, and potent AKT inhibitor that blocks AKT activity in vitro and in vivo and induces marked antitumor responses. We have also developed a novel biomarker assay for the inhibition of AKT in human hair follicles, which is currently being used in clinical trials.
Helix stop signals in proteins and peptides: The capping box (1993)

The alpha-helix [Pauling, L., Corey, R. B., & Branson, H. R. (1951) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 37, 205-211] is a common motif in both proteins and peptides. Despite intense investigation, predictive understanding of helices is still lacking. A recent hypothesis [Presta, L. G., & Rose, G. D. (1988) Science 240, 1632-1641] proposed that the structural specificity of helices resides, in part, in those residues that flank helix termini. If so, then signals that arrest helix propagation--i.e., helix stop signals--should be found among these flanking residues. Evidence is presented for the existence of one such signal, a reciprocal backbone-side-chain hydrogen-bonding interaction, dubbed the capping box. In proteins, the capping box is found uniquely at helix N-termini. In peptides, the capping box can function as a helix stop signal, as shown in the work of Kallenbach and co-workers.
Virtual Worlds as Comparative Law (2018)

49 New York Law School Law Review 147 (2004)
Exploring the Relationship between User Empowerment and Enterprise System Success Measures (2004)

This paper reports a study designed to investigate the concept of User Empowerment in the context of Enterprise Systems (ES) across three hierarchical levels of management of a higher education organization in Australia 1 .The study focuses on how user empowerment can impact the potential components of Enterprise System Success (ESS) and the employee's immediate work environment.We have drawn from psychological and user empowerment theories to identify 6 components of empowerment that would, hypothetically, effect the individual's user empowerment experience: (1) meaning; (2) impact;(3) user autonomy; (4) computer self-efficacy; (5) self-determination; and (6) competence.To explore this conceptual user empowerment model, information was gathered from 154 respondents using Oracle Financials.The survey instrument included 55 questions based on the dimensions of psychological empowerment (Spreitzer, Kizilos and Nason 1997), dimensions of user empowerment (Doll, Deng and Metts 2003), and 28 measures of ESS (Sedera, Gable and Chan 2003).
Evaluation of the Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Potential of Mainstream Whole Smoke and Smoke Condensate from a Cigarette Containing a Novel Carbon Filter (1997)

A novel carbon filter has been developed which primarily reduces the amount of certain vapor phase constituents of tobacco smoke with greater efficiency than the charcoal filters of cigarettes currently in the market In vitro indicators of genotoxic and cytotoxic potential were used to compare the cigarette smoke condensate (particulate phase) or whole cigarette smoke (vapor phase and particulate phase) from cigarettes containing the novel carbon filter with smoke condensate or whole smoke from commercial or prototype cigarettes not containing the novel carbon filter. Ames bacterial mutagenicity, sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, and neutral red cytotoxicity assays in CHO cells were utilized to assess the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of the cigarette smoke condensates. SCE and neutral red cytotoxicity assays were utilized to assess the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of the whole smoke. As expected, the novel carbon filter did not significantly affect the genotoxic or cytotoxic activity of the smoke condensate, although we did observe that the use of low-nitrogen tobacco reduced the mutagenicity of the condensate in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98. However, the whole smoke from cigarettes containing the novel carbon filter demonstrated significant reductions in genotoxic and cytotoxic potential compared to cigarettes without the novel carbon filter. The toxicity of the smoke was correlated (r = 0.7662 for cytotoxicity and r = 0.7562 for SCE induction) to the aggregate mass of several vapor phase components (acetone, acetaldehyde, acrolein, acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, ammonia, NOx, HCN, benzene, isoprene, and formaldehyde) in the smoke of the cigarettes utilized in this study. In conclusion, this novel carbon filter, which significantly reduced the amount of carbonyls and other volatiles in mainstream cigarette smoke, resulted in significant reductions in the genotoxic and cytotoxic activity of the smoke as measured by these assays.
Control of turbulent boundary layers (2003)

The objective of this paper is to give an overview of recent progress on boundary layer control made by the author’s research group at University of California, Los Angeles. A primary theme is to highlight the importance of a certain linear mechanism and its contribution to skin-friction drag in turbulent boundary layers—and the implication that significant drag reduction can be achieved by altering this linear mechanism. Examples that first led to this realization are presented, followed by applications of linear optimal control theory to boundary-layer control. Results from these applications, in which the linear mechanism in turbulent channel flow was targeted, indirectly confirm the importance of linear mechanisms in turbulent—and hence, nonlinear—flows. Although this new approach has thus far been based solely on numerical experiments which are yet to be verified in the laboratory, they show great promise and represent a fundamentally new approach for flow control. The success and limitations of various controllers and their implications are also discussed.
Comprehensive analysis of the role of DNA repair gene polymorphisms on risk of glioma (2007)

Much of the variation in inherited risk of glioma is likely to be explained by combinations of common low risk variants. The established relationship between glioma risk and exposure to ionizing radiation led us to examine whether variants in the DNA repair genes contribute to disease susceptibility. We evaluated 1127 haplotype-tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) supplemented with 388 putative functional SNPs to capture most of the common variation in 136 DNA repair genes, in five unique case-control series from four different countries (1013 cases, 1016 controls). We identified 16 SNPs associated with glioma risk at the 1% significance level. The highest association observed across the five independent case-control datasets involved rs243356, which maps to intron 3 of CHAF1A (trend odds ratio, 1.32; 95% confidence interval 1.14-1.54; P = 0.0002; false-positive report probability = 0.055, based on a prior probability of 0.01). Our results provide additional support for the hypothesis that low penetrance variants contribute to the risk of developing glioma and suggest that a genetic variant located in or around the CHAF1A gene contributes to disease risk.
Poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase: Molecular biological aspects (1991)

A number of roles have been ascribed to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase* including involvement in DNA repair, cell proliferation, differentiation and transformation. Cloning of the gene has allowed the development of molecular biological approaches to elucidate the structure and the function(s) of this highly conserved enzyme. This article will review the recent results obtained in this field.
Modified Training System for Manual Arc Welding by Using Mixed Reality and Investigation of Its Effectiveness (2004)

While many of welding tasks are automatized nowadays, there is still much demand for skillful manual welding tasks. Therefore, the inheritance of manual welding skill and, safe and efficient training of unskilled welders are important. As a solution for them, a simulator by means of mixed reality technique and a training system with it have been proposed by now. In the simulator and training system, however, there were problems such as registration error of virtual objects, measurement error of gap between the electrode tip and the workpiece, slow refresh rate of image displayed to trainees, obscure teaching function of skill improvement, etc. In this research, first, the problems in the simulator have been solved by changing the camera lens, gap sensor setup and so on. As the result, reality of the simulator has been improved considerably. Secondly, in the teaching function, teaching items have been refined from the viewpoint of novice welder training. Applying the modified system to the training of ten unskilled subjects, it has been confirmed that the system is effective in the training.
Diagnostic behavior of the Wire Arc Plasma spray process (1992)

Laser two-focus (L2F) velocimetry has been used to measure particle velocities in the Wire Arc Plasma spray process. Particle velocities were measured for aluminum, stainless steel, and copper feedstock with wire diameters of 1.6 mm and 0.9 mm. The Wire Arc Plasma gun was operated in both a single-gas mode, using air, and in a two-gas mode, using a mixture of argon/35% hydrogen as the primary plasma gas with pure argon as the secondary gas. The results indicate that maximum particle velocities are as high as 180 m/s for aluminum sprayed using air and 130 m/s using the argon/hydrogen mixture. The results also show that arc current and wire feed rate have little effect on particle velocity; however, particle velocities increase significantly with decreasing wire diameter and with decreasing density of the feedstock material.
Analysis of drop intervals in jets modelling obstruction of the urinary tract (1974)

The external human urine stream breaks into drops, the sequence and properties of which contain information about the condition of the urinary outlet tract. These are studied wih an optical instrument, the Urinary Drop Spectrometer. One particular analysis, the distribution of time intervals between the drops, is made with data taken with a simplified brass model of the adult male urethra. A quantitative measure of the sensitivity of this analysis to the size and location of annular obstructions is presented. Similarities to results for several common types of obstruction in humans are exhibited and discussed.
West African HIV-2-Related Human Retrovirus with Attenuated Cytopathicity (1988)

Clinical and seroepidemiological studies in West Africa indicate that human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) is widespread and associated with immunodeficiency states of variable degree. In this study, an isolate of HIV-2 from a patient in Senegal was molecularly cloned and characterized. This isolate (HIV-2ST) was shown by hybridization and restriction enzyme analysis to be more related to the prototype HIV-2ROD than to other human or primate retroviruses. Cultures of HIV-2ST showed genotypic polymorphism, and clones of the virus had transmembrane envelope glycoproteins of 30 and 42 kilodaltons. Unlike other immunodeficiency viruses, HIV-2ST did not cause cell death or induce cell fusion in peripheral blood lymphocytes or in any of four CD4+ cell lines tested. Although HIV-2ST entered cells by a CD4-dependent mechanism and replicated actively, cell-free transmission of the virus was retarded at the level of cell entry. These findings suggest that immunodeficiency viruses prevalent in West African populations are members of the HIV-2 virus group and that certain strains of this virus have attenuated virulence.
Scalable feedback for large groups (1999)

We investigate the scalability of feedback in multicast communication and propose a new method of probabilistic feedback based on exponentially distributed timers. By analysis and simulation for up to 10/sup 6/ receivers, we show that feedback implosion is avoided while feedback latency is low. The mechanism is robust against the loss of feedback messages and works well in case of homogeneous and heterogeneous delays. We apply the feedback mechanism to reliable multicast and compare it to existing timer-based feedback schemes. Our mechanism achieves lower negative acknowledgment character (NAK) latency for the same performance in terms of NAK suppression. No topological information of the network is used, and data delivery is the only support required from the network. The mechanism adapts to a dynamic number of receivers and leads to a stable performance for implosion avoidance and feedback latency.
MURINE MOTOR NEURON DISEASE (THE WOBBLER MOUSE) (1982)

The study of the temporospatial pattern of lower motor neuronal generation in the wr/wr mouse demonstrated that the pathological changes started in the neuronal perikaryon in the spinal cord. Thus the wr/wr mouse suffers from a primary motor neuronopathy. Axonal pathology predominated at the level of the ventral root and suggested a focal proximal axonopathy. Microtubular segregation, neurofilamentous accumulation in the axon, and axonal or adaxonal vacuoles appeared to be closely related to subsequent axonal degeneration. Large myelinated fibres in the cervical ventral roots progressively degenerated and diminished in number with age. On the other hand, significant axonal regeneration coincided, with the axonal degeneration in the cervical ventral roots. A dying-back type of degeneration and axonal atrophy were not present. This study demonstrated that a primary disease of the perikaryon may express itself as a focal proximal axonopathy characterized by axonal degeneration and attempted axonal regeneration.
Soluble oligomers from a non‐disease related protein mimic Aβ‐induced tau hyperphosphorylation and neurodegeneration (2007)

Protein aggregation and amyloid accumulation in different tissues are associated with cellular dysfunction and toxicity in important human pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease and various forms of systemic amyloidosis. Soluble oligomers formed at the early stages of protein aggregation have been increasingly recognized as the main toxic species in amyloid diseases. To gain insight into the mechanisms of toxicity instigated by soluble protein oligomers, we have investigated the aggregation of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL), a normally harmless protein. HEWL initially aggregates into beta-sheet rich, roughly spherical oligomers which appear to convert with time into protofibrils and mature amyloid fibrils. HEWL oligomers are potently neurotoxic to rat cortical neurons in culture, while mature amyloid fibrils are little or non-toxic. Interestingly, when added to cortical neuronal cultures HEWL oligomers induce tau hyperphosphorylation at epitopes that are characteristically phosphorylated in neurons exposed to soluble oligomers of the amyloid-beta peptide. Furthermore, injection of HEWL oligomers in the cerebral cortices of adult rats induces extensive neurodegeneration in different brain areas. These results show that soluble oligomers from a non-disease related protein can mimic specific neuronal pathologies thought to be induced by soluble amyloid-beta peptide oligomers in Alzheimer's disease and support the notion that amyloid oligomers from different proteins may share common structural determinants that would explain their generic cytotoxicities.
Perturbations in Mitochondrial Dynamics Induced by Human Mutant PINK1 Can Be Rescued by the Mitochondrial Division Inhibitor mdivi-1 (2010)

Mutations in the mitochondrial encoded protein PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) cause autosomal recessive Parkinson disease (PD). In mammalian cells, mutant PINK1 has been reported to promote fission or inhibit fusion in mitochondria; however, the mechanism by which this process occurs remains elusive. Using an ecdysone-inducible expression system in mammalian dopaminergic neuronal cells, we report here that human mutant PINK1 (L347P and W437X) mediates an overall fission effect by increasing the ratio of mitochondrial fission over fusion proteins, leading to excessive dysfunctional fragmented mitochondria. Knocking down endogenous Pink1 produces similar effects. In contrast, overexpressing human wild type PINK1 produces a pro-fusion effect by increasing the ratio of mitochondrial fusion/fission proteins without resulting in functionally compromised mitochondria. Parkin knockdown blocks the imbalance in fission/fusion proteins. Furthermore, overexpressing parkin and ubiquitin increases degradation of the mitochondrial fission hFis1 protein, suggesting PINK1 and parkin maintain proper mitochondrial function and integrity via the fission/fusion machinery. Through genetic manipulations and treatment with the small molecule mitochondrial division inhibitor (mdivi-1), which inhibits DLP1/Drp1, both structural and functional mitochondrial defects induced by mutant PINK1 were attenuated, highlighting a potential novel therapeutic avenue for Parkinson disease.
Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system blockade for cardiovascular diseases: current status (2010)

Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) results in vasoconstriction, muscular (vascular and cardiac) hypertrophy and fibrosis. Established arterial stiffness and cardiac dysfunction are key factors contributing to subsequent cardiovascular and renal complications. Blockade of RAAS has been shown to be beneficial in patients with hypertension, acute myocardial infarction, chronic systolic heart failure, stroke and diabetic renal disease. An aggressive approach for more extensive RAAS blockade with combination of two commonly used RAAS blockers [ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)] yielded conflicting results in different patient populations. Combination therapy is also associated with more side effects, in particular hypotension, hyperkalaemia and renal impairment. Recently published ONTARGET study showed ACEI/ARB combination therapy was associated with more adverse effects without any increase in benefit. The Canadian Hypertension Education Program responded with a new warning: 'Do not use ACEI and ARB in combination'. However, the European Society of Cardiology in their updated heart failure treatment guidelines still recommended ACEI/ARB combo as a viable option. This apparent inconsistency among guidelines generates debate as to which approach of RAAS inhibition is the best. The current paper reviews the latest evidence of isolated ACEI or ARB use and their combination in cardiovascular diseases, and makes recommendations for their prescriptions in specific patient populations.
Flow quantification in valvular heart disease based on the integral of backscattered acoustic power using Doppler ultrasound (2000)

The noninvasive quantification of pathologic backflow, referred to as regurgitant flow, associated with valvular heart disease has been an elusive medical goal. To date, techniques based on ultrasound have been unsatisfactory due to weak assumptions and indirect estimations. Here, instead, we propose to estimate regurgitant flow directly from the Doppler spectrum of the backscattered ultrasound. Since backscattered spectral power is proportional to the sonified blood volume and spectral frequency is directly related to velocity, power times velocity should be proportional to flow. To date, however investigators have assumed this held only for laminar flow, not for regurgitant jets in which turbulence augments backscatter. We demonstrate that this challenge can be overcome by analyzing the Doppler spectrum at the origin of the regurgitant jet, where flow is laminar since turbulence has not yet developed. We present in vitro and in vivo data that demonstrate that there is a linear proportionality between regurgitant flow and the integral of Doppler power times velocity (PVI). Power measurements were also calibrated by applying a dual-beam technique, providing absolute values of flow rate and volume in vivo. In our work we demonstrate that in patients with valvular heart disease, this new PVI technique allows for the measurement of regurgitant flow directly and noninvasively for the first time, overcoming the limitations of current techniques.
Enzyme‐Based Nanoscale Composites for Use as Active Decontamination Surfaces (2009)

Abstract Perhydrolase S54V (AcT) effectively catalyzes the perhydrolysis of propylene glycol diacetate (PGD) to generate peracetic acid (PAA). PAA is a potent oxidant used for sanitization and disinfection, with broad effectiveness against bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and spores. In this study, active and stable composites are developed by incorporating AcT–carbon nanotube conjugates into polymer and latex‐based paint. At a conjugate loading of 0.16% (w/v), the composite generated 11 m M PAA in 20 min, capable of killing more than 99% spores initially charged at 10 6 colony‐forming units per milliliter.