gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Management of spasticity in stroke (2000)

Spasticity treatment must be considered in relation to other impairments with functional goals defined prior to intervention. The effects of muscle co-contraction and involuntary limb movement associated with exaggerated cutaneous reflexes or effort as well as stretch reflex hyperexcitability need to be considered. Exacerbating factors such as pain must be identified. Physical therapy and conventional orthoses are the mainstays of spasticity management during acute rehabilitation. Botulinum toxin shows promise but needs further evaluation in the context of acute rehabilitation. Phenol chemodenervation can produce good results in spasticity refractory to standard treatments. Muscle strengthening exercises may be appropriate in chronic hemiparesis without adversely affecting tone. Electrical stimulation may be a useful adjunct to other spasticity treatments. Difficulty demonstrating functional benefit from antispasticity treatment may imply that interventions directed at single motor impairments whether weakness or spasticity are not likely to result in functional benefit, but it is their combination that is important.
Reservoir monitoring of the Magnus Field through 4D time-lapse seismic analysis (1996)

During 10 years of production, crestal fluid pressures in the Magnus Field (UKCS) have dropped from 6650 psi to under 3500 psi leading to a two- to three-fold increase in the effective stress on the rock fabric. Petroacoustic measurements on cores indicate that this leads to a 12% increase in the acoustic impedance which, in theory, should be detectable using time-lapse seismic data. We analyse the difference between two 3D surveys shot over Magnus and relate this to dynamic changes in fluid pressure and saturation through time. The results demonstrate that, under certain conditions, fluid pressure changes may be detected in the reservoir and that fluid transmissibilities across faults can be deduced. Further, 4D seismic data may detect other dynamic processes, including thermal effects and cold water fracturing around injectors, and stress relaxation and fluid compositional changes around producers.
Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition (iCVD) of Highly Cross<i>-</i>Linked Polymer Films for Advanced Lithium-Ion Battery Separators (2015)

We report an initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) process to coat polyethylene (PE) separators in Li-ion batteries with a highly cross-linked, mechanically strong polymer, namely, polyhexavinyldisiloxane (pHVDS). The highly cross-linked but ultrathin pHVDS films can only be obtained by a vapor-phase process, because the pHVDS is insoluble in most solvents and thus infeasible with conventional solution-based methods. Moreover, even after the pHVDS coating, the initial porous structure of the separator is well preserved owing to the conformal vapor-phase deposition. The coating thickness is delicately controlled by deposition time to the level that the pore size decreases to below 7% compared to the original dimension. The pHVDS-coated PE shows substantially improved thermal stability and electrolyte wettability. After incubation at 140 °C for 30 min, the pHVDS-coated PE causes only a 12% areal shrinkage (versus 90% of the pristine separator). The superior wettability results in increased electrolyte uptake and ionic conductivity, leading to significantly improved rate performance. The current approach is applicable to a wide range of porous polymeric separators that suffer from thermal shrinkage and poor electrolyte wetting.
SiO 2 / TiO 2 omnidirectional reflector and microcavity resonator via the sol-gel method (1999)

Thin films of SiO2 and TiO2 were used to fabricate one-dimensional photonic crystal devices using the sol-gel method: an omnidirectional reflector and microcavity resonator. The reflector consisted of six SiO2/TiO2 bilayers, designed with a stopband in the near infrared. Reflectivity over an incident angle range of 0°–80° showed an omnidirectional band of 70 nm, which agrees with theoretical predictions for this materials system. The microcavity resonator consisted of a TiO2 Fabry–Perot cavity sandwiched between two SiO2/TiO2 mirrors of three bilayers each. We have fabricated a microcavity with resonance at λ=1500 nm and achieved a quality factor of Q=35. We measured a resonance frequency modulation with a change in incident angle of light and defect layer thickness.
Non-Equilibrium Behavior of Some Brain Enzyme and Receptor Systems (1984)

Heme oxygenases (HO) catabolize free heme, that is, iron (Fe) protoporphyrin (IX), into equimolar amounts of Fe2+, carbon monoxide (CO), and biliverdin. The stress-responsive HO-1 isoenzyme affords protection against programmed cell death. The mechanism ...Read More
Effects of Testosterone Replacement in Hypogonadal Men<sup>1</sup> (2000)

Treatment of hypogonadal men with testosterone has been shown to ameliorate the effects of testosterone deficiency on bone, muscle, erythropoiesis, and the prostate. Most previous studies, however, have employed somewhat pharmacological doses of testosterone esters, which could result in exaggerated effects, and/or have been of relatively short duration or employed previously treated men, which could result in dampened effects. The goal of this study was to determine the magnitude and time course of the effects of physiological testosterone replacement for 3 yr on bone density, muscle mass and strength, erythropoiesis, prostate volume, energy, sexual function, and lipids in previously untreated hypogonadal men. We selected 18 men who were hypogonadal (mean serum testosterone +/- SD, 78 +/- 77 ng/dL; 2.7 +/- 2.7 nmol/L) due to organic disease and had never previously been treated for hypogonadism. We treated them with testosterone transdermally for 3 yr. Sixteen men completed 12 months of the protocol, and 14 men completed 36 months. The mean serum testosterone concentration reached the normal range by 3 months of treatment and remained there for the duration of treatment. Bone mineral density of the lumbar spine (L2-L4) increased by 7.7 +/- 7.6% (P < 0.001), and that of the femoral trochanter increased by 4.0 +/- 5.4% (P = 0.02); both reached maximum values by 24 months. Fat-free mass increased 3.1 kg (P = 0.004), and fat-free mass of the arms and legs individually increased, principally within the first 6 months. The decrease in fat mass was not statistically significant. Strength of knee flexion and extension did not change. Hematocrit increased dramatically, from mildly anemic (38.0 +/- 3.0%) to midnormal (43.1 +/- 4.0%; P = 0.002) within 3 months, and remained at that level for the duration of treatment. Prostate volume also increased dramatically, from subnormal (12.0 +/- 6.0 mL) before treatment to normal (22.4 +/- 8.4 mL; P = 0.004), principally during the first 6 months. Self-reported sense of energy (49 +/- 19% to 66 +/- 24%; P = 0.01) and sexual function (24 +/- 20% to 66 +/- 24%; P < 0.001) also increased, principally within the first 3 months. Lipids did not change. We conclude from this study that replacing testosterone in hypogonadal men increases bone mineral density of the spine and hip, fat-free mass, prostate volume, erythropoiesis, energy, and sexual function. The full effect of testosterone on bone mineral density took 24 months, but the full effects on the other tissues took only 3-6 months. These results provide the basis for monitoring the magnitude and the time course of the effects of testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men.
Analysing financing policies: theory and concepts (2011)

Our analysis of financing policies is grounded in the conceptual framework provided by economic theory. In the following two chapters, we provide an overview of the key theoretical elements and concepts upon which our analysis is based.
Innovations and strategies for the development of anticancer vaccines (2000)

In 1893, William Coley reported the spontaneous regression of a soft tissue sarcoma in several patients suffering from acute bacterial infections. Although this observation occurred over a century ago, the concept of anticancer vaccines and the immunotherapy of cancer has only recently seemed plausible. A myriad of specific and non-specific immunostimulatory approaches have been tested throughout the years with only a modicum of success. Most of these approaches were doomed from the outset since they were based on false or inadequate knowledge of tumour immunology. Recent advances in our understanding, most notably the identification of genes encoding for cancer regression antigens, currently permit investigators to pursue a more cogent strategy to develop novel and specific anticancer vaccine approaches. Several of these approaches are currently being tested in clinical trials and have already yielded exciting results. However, a number of immunologic and host obstacles to the successful application of anticancer vaccines remain. This editorial will provide an update on the clinical status of anticancer vaccines and review areas of promising research initiatives.
Ultrafast opto-terahertz photonic crystal modulator (2007)

We present an agile optically controlled switch or modulator of terahertz (THz) radiation. The element is based on a one-dimensional photonic crystal with a GaAs wafer inserted in the middle as a defect layer. The THz electric field is enhanced in the photonic structure at the surfaces of the GaAs wafer. Excitation of the front GaAs surface by ultrashort 810 nm laser pulses then leads to an efficient modulation of the THz beam even at low photocarrier concentrations (approximately 10(16) cm(-3)). The response time of the element to pulsed photoexcitation is about 130 ps.
Clean catalysis with ionic solvents—phosphonium tosylates for hydroformylation (1998)

High-melting phosphonium tosylates are synthesised and applied for the first time as solvents in catalytic hydroformylation reactions; variation in the substituents attached to phosphorus can lead to markedly different results; the catalyst systems are non-corrosive, easily manipulated and can readily be recovered and reused.
Migratory paths of neurons and glia in the embryonic chick spinal cord (1995)

To study the migration of chick spinal cord neurons, we labeled individual cells in the ventricular zone with recombinant retroviruses, then identified their progeny histochemically. First, we analyzed cell mixing in the ventricular zone. Some clones labeled at early neural tube stages spread widely along both the dorsoventral and rostrocaudal axes. However, clones labeled later were confined to narrow domains along both axes. These results imply that displacement of cells within the ventricular zone becomes progressively restricted. Second, we studied the migration of cells out of the ventricular zone by infecting embryos at a fixed stage and varying the time of analysis. At first, most clones consisted of radial arrays of cells, suggesting that the initial migration is predominantly radial. In many clones, however, neurons turned orthogonally from parental radial arrays and migrated along the path of circumferentially oriented axons. By hatching, clonally related cells in the gray matter were usually distributed in narrow transverse slabs, but some white matter glial cells had migrated longitudinally for up to several segments. We conclude that the dispersal of clonally related cells results from (1) early mixing of progenitors within the neural tube; (2) radial stacking of progeny in the ventricular zone; (3) migration of progeny from the ventricular zone in spoke-like routes; (4) circumferential migration of some neurons along axons; (5) short-distance dispersal of differentiating neurons; and (6) a late, longitudinal migration of glia through white matter tracts. Finally, we show that floor plate cells differ from other spinal cord cells in both their lineage and migration patterns.
Whole genome analysis of halotolerant and alkalotolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Klebsiella sp. D5A (2016)

This research undertook the systematic analysis of the Klebsiella sp. D5A genome and identification of genes that contribute to plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits, especially genes related to salt tolerance and wide pH adaptability. The genome sequence of isolate D5A was obtained using an Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencing system with average coverages of 174.7× and 200.1× using the paired-end and mate-pair sequencing, respectively. Predicted and annotated gene sequences were analyzed for similarity with the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enzyme database followed by assignment of each gene into the KEGG pathway charts. The results show that the Klebsiella sp. D5A genome has a total of 5,540,009 bp with 57.15% G + C content. PGP conferring genes such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, acetoin and 2,3-butanediol synthesis, and N2 fixation were determined. Moreover, genes putatively responsible for resistance to high salinity including glycine-betaine synthesis, trehalose synthesis and a number of osmoregulation receptors and transport systems were also observed in the D5A genome together with numerous genes that contribute to pH homeostasis. These genes reveal the genetic adaptation of D5A to versatile environmental conditions and the effectiveness of the isolate to serve as a plant growth stimulator.
Expression cloning of SR-BI, a CD36-related class B scavenger receptor. (1994)

Scavenger receptors are integral membrane proteins that mediate the endocytosis of modified lipoproteins. The first of these to be purified and cloned were the type I and II macrophage scavenger receptors (SR-AI and SR-AII; class A scavenger receptors). Subsequently, the cell surface protein CD36 was shown to bind oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxidized LDL). From a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell variant we have cloned by expression the cDNA for a new member of the CD36 family of membrane proteins, SR-BI, whose predicted protein sequence of 509 amino acids is approximately 30% identical to those of the four previously identified family members. Both SR-BI and CD36 displayed high affinity binding for acetylated LDL with an apparent dissociation constant on the order of approximately 5 micrograms of protein/ml. The ligand binding specificities of CD36 and SR-BI, determined by direct binding or competition assays, were similar, but not identical; both bind modified proteins (acetylated LDL, oxidized LDL, maleylated bovine serum albumin), but not the broad array of other polyanions (e.g. fucoidin, polyguanosinic acid, carrageenan) which are ligands of the class A receptors. Thus, SR-BI and CD36 define a second class of scavenger receptors, designated class B. Native LDL, which does not bind to either class A receptors or CD36, unexpectedly bound with high affinity to SR-BI. Northern blot analysis of murine tissues showed that SR-BI was most abundantly expressed in fat and was present at moderate levels in lung and liver. Furthermore, SR-BI mRNA expression was induced upon differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells into adipocytes. Thus, the tissue distribution of expression and ligand binding properties of SR-BI raise the possibility that this cell surface receptor may play an important role in lipid metabolism.
Measurement and Correlation of the Solubility of Penicillin V Potassium in Ethanol + Water and 1-Butyl Alcohol + Water Systems (2014)

The solubility of penicillin V potassium (PVK) in binary ethanol + water and 1-butyl alcohol + water solvent mixtures was measured at temperatures ranging from (278.15 to 313.15) K. The solubility in ethanol + water was measured by a static analytical method while in 1-butyl alcohol + water a dynamic method was adopted. It was found that the solubility of PVK increased with increasing temperature as well as the increase of the initial mole fraction of water. The modified Apelblat equation, the CNIBS/R-K equation, the combined version of the Jouyban-Acree and van’t Hoff model, and the hybrid model were used to correlate the solubility data in ethanol + water solvent mixtures, among which the CNIBS/R-K equation gave the best correlation results. The experimental solubility data in 1-butyl alcohol + water were correlated well by the van’t Hoff equation and the modified Apelblat equation. The dissolution enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs energy of PVK in these solvent mixtures were obtained based on the van’t Hoff equation.
An Antibody against a Novel and Conserved Epitope in the Hemagglutinin 1 Subunit Neutralizes Numerous H5N1 Influenza Viruses (2010)

The spread of the recently emerged, highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus has raised concern. Preclinical studies suggest that passive immunotherapy could be a new form of treatment for H5N1 virus infection. Here, a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the hemagglutinin (HA) of the influenza A/chicken/Hatay/2004 H5N1 virus, MAb 9F4, was generated and characterized. MAb 9F4 binds both the denatured and native forms of HA. It was shown to recognize the HA proteins of three heterologous strains of H5N1 viruses belonging to clades 1, 2.1, and 2.2, respectively. By use of lentiviral pseudotyped particles carrying HA on the surface, MAb 9F4 was shown to effectively neutralize the homologous strain, Hatay04, and another clade 1 strain, VN04, at a neutralization titer of 8 ng/ml. Furthermore, MAb 9F4 also neutralized two clade 2 viruses at a neutralizing titer of 40 ng/ml. The broad cross-neutralizing activity of MAb 9F4 was confirmed by its ability to neutralize live H5N1 viruses of clade 2.2.2. Epitope-mapping analysis revealed that MAb 9F4 binds a previously uncharacterized epitope below the globular head of the HA1 subunit. Consistently, this epitope is well conserved among the different clades of H5N1 viruses. MAb 9F4 does not block the interaction between HA and its receptor but prevents the pH-mediated conformational change of HA. MAb 9F4 was also found to be protective, both prophylactically and therapeutically, against a lethal viral challenge of mice. Taken together, our results showed that MAb 9F4 is a neutralizing MAb that binds a novel and well-conserved epitope in the HA1 subunit of H5N1 viruses.
X-Compact: An Efficient Response Compaction Technique (2004)

X-Compact is an X-tolerant test response compaction technique. It enables up to exponential reduction in the test response data volume and the number of pins required to collect test response from a chip. The compaction hardware requires negligible area, does not add any extra delay during normal operation, guarantees detection of defective chips even in the presence of unknown logic values (often referred to as X's), and preserves diagnosis capabilities for most practical scenarios. The technique has minimum impact on current design and test flows, and can be used to reduce test time, test-data volume, test-input/output pins and tester channels, and also to improve test quality.
What’s Really Happening in Housing Markets? (2007)

Most of the public concern about
housing markets is based on claims
that house prices have increased at
historically anomalous rates and
that house prices have outpaced
incomes. The first claim is based on
inaccurate historical data. The second
is linked to relaxed credit constraints.
House prices are likely to
fall further, but not for the reasons
usually proposed.
2E8 Binds to the High Affinity I-domain in a Metal Ion-dependent Manner (2010)

The activation of leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) plays a critical role in regulating immune responses. The metal ion-dependent adhesion site on the I-domain of LFA-1 α(L) subunit is the key recognition site for ligand binding. Upon activation, conformation changes in the I-domain can lead LFA-1 from the low affinity state to the high affinity (HA) state. Using the purified HA I-domain locked by disulfide bonds for immunization, we developed an mAb, 2E8, that specifically binds to cells expressing the HA LFA-1. The surface plasmon resonance analysis has shown that 2E8 only binds to the HA I-domain and that the dissociation constant (K(D)) for HA I-domain is 197 nm. The binding of 2E8 to the HA I-domain is metal ion-dependent, and the affinity decreased as Mn(2+) was replaced sequentially by Mg(2+) and Ca(2+). Surface plasmon resonance analysis demonstrates that 2E8 inhibits the interaction of HA I-domain and ICAM-1. Furthermore, we found that 2E8 can detect activated LFA-1 on both JY and Jurkat cells using flow cytometry and parallel plate adhesion assay. In addition, 2E8 inhibits JY cell adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells and homotypic aggregation. 2E8 treatment reduces the proliferation of both human CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells upon OKT3 stimulation without the impairment of their cytolytic function. Taken together, these data demonstrate that 2E8 is specific for the high affinity form of LFA-1 and that 2E8 inhibits LFA-1/ICAM-1 interactions. As a novel activation-specific monoclonal antibody, 2E8 is a potentially useful reagent for blocking high affinity LFA-1 and modulating T cell activation in research and therapeutics.
FORMATION AND DETECTION OF RNA-DNA HYBRID MOLECULES IN CYTOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS (1969)

A technique is described for forming molecular hybrids between RNA in solution and the DNA of intact cytological preparations. Cells in a conventional tissue squash are immobilized under a thin layer of agar. Next they are treated with alkali to denature the DNA and then incubated with tritium-labeled RNA. The hybrids are detected by autoradiography. The technique is illustrated by the hybridization of ribosomal RNA to the amplified ribosomal genes in oocytes of the toad Xenopus. A low level of gene amplification was also detected in premeiotic nuclei (oogonia).
Deforming a Preoperative Volume to Represent the Intraoperative Scene (2002)

Soft-tissue deformation can be a problem if a preoperative modality is used to help guide a surgical or interventional procedure. We present a method that can-warp a preoperative CT image to represent the intraoperative scene shown by an interventional fluoroscopy image. The method is a novel combination of a 2D-3D image registration algorithm and a deformation algorithm that allows rigid bodies to be incorporated into a nonlinear deformation based on radial basis functions. The 2D-3D registration algorithm is used to obtain information on relative vertebral movements between preoperative and intraoperative images. The deformation algorithm uses this information to warp the preoperative image to represent the intraoperative scene more accurately. Images from an aortic stenting procedure were used. The observed deformation in our experiment was 5° flexion and 5 mm lengthening of the lumbar spine over a distance of four vertebrae. The vertebral positions in the warped CT volume represent the intraoperative scene more accurately than in the preoperative CT volume. Although we had no gold standard with which to assess the registration accuracy of soft-tissue structures, the position of such structures within the warped CT volume appeared visually realistic.