gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhalation drug delivery devices: technology update (2015)

The pulmonary route of administration has proven to be effective in local and systemic delivery of miscellaneous drugs and biopharmaceuticals to treat pulmonary and non-pulmonary diseases. A successful pulmonary administration requires a harmonic interaction between the drug formulation, the inhaler device, and the patient. However, the biggest single problem that accounts for the lack of desired effect or adverse outcomes is the incorrect use of the device due to lack of training in how to use the device or how to coordinate actuation and aerosol inhalation. This review summarizes the structural and mechanical features of aerosol delivery devices with respect to mechanisms of aerosol generation, their use with different formulations, and their advantages and limitations. A technological update of the current state-of-the-art designs proposed to overcome current challenges of existing devices is also provided.
Role of toll-like receptor signalling in A  uptake and clearance (2006)

Deposits of amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) in neuritic plaques and cerebral vessels are a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Fibrillar Abeta deposits are closely associated with inflammatory responses such as activated microglia in brain with this disease. Increasing lines of evidence support the hypothesis that activated microglia, innate immune cells in the CNS, play a pivotal role in the progression of the disease: either clearing Abeta deposits by phagocytic activity or releasing cytotoxic substances and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern-recognition receptors in the innate immune system. Exogenous and endogenous TLR ligands activate microglia. To investigate the role of TLR4 in the amyloidogenesis in vivo, we determined the amounts of cerebral Abeta in Alzheimer's disease mouse models with different genotypes of TLR4 using three distinct methods. We show that mouse models (Mo/Hu APPswe PS1dE9 mice) homozygous for a destructive mutation of TLR4 (Tlr(Lps-d)/Tlr(Lps-d)) had increases in diffuse and fibrillar Abeta deposits by immunocytochemistry, fibrillar Abeta deposits by thioflavine-S staining and buffer-soluble and insoluble Abeta by ELISA in the cerebrum, as compared with TLR4 wild-type mouse models. Although the differences in these parameters were less significant, mouse models heterozygous for the mutation (Tlr(Lps-d)/) showed co-dominant phenotypes. Consistent with these observations in vivo, cultured microglia derived from Tlr(Lps-d)/Tlr(Lps-d) mice failed to show an increase in Abeta uptake after stimulation with a TLR4 ligand but not with a TLR9 ligand in vitro. Furthermore, activation of microglia (BV-2 cell) with a TLR2, TLR4 or TLR9 ligand, markedly boosted ingestion of Abeta in vitro. These results suggest that TLR signalling pathway(s) may be involved in clearance of Abeta-deposits in the brain and that TLRs can be a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease.
Architectural Design Challenges for Ground Vehicle CBM+ System of Systems (2009)

This briefing looks at interoperable software that allows individual platforms to feed forward information about itself up the enterprise to assist in fleet management, maintenance, logistics and data mining. There is a need to design architectures with openness, upgradeability, and scalability in mind. DoDAF Technical Views for systems with CBM+ community must be standardized by defining standards using trade-off studies and proof of concept demonstrations.
Standards for security associations in personal networks: a comparative analysis (2009)

Introducing a new device to a network or to another device is one of the most security critical phases of communication in personal networks. It is particularly challenging to make this process of associating devices easy-to-use, secure and inexpensive at the same time. A cornerstone of this process is key establishment. In this paper, we first present a taxonomy of protocols for key establishment in personal networks as well as describe and analyse specific protocols. We then use this taxonomy in surveying and comparing association models proposed in several emerging standards from security, usability and implementability perspectives.
Mathematical Treatment of Ocular Aberrations: a User’s Guide (2000)

We explain the nature of optical aberrations and how they may be represented mathematically. We describe the use of Zernike polynomials in a way that will aid understanding and provide potential tools for manipulating the wavefront aberration expressions given in this form.
A novel and simple coplanar waveguide-fed planar monopole antenna for ultra-wideband applications (2006)

在这份报纸，一篇小说和简单喂 CPW 的平面单极天线为 UWB 申请被介绍。天线在便宜 FR4 底层上被制作并且在一样的层上由 50 CPW 喂了。天线提供的测量数据表演大约为回来损失的 8GHz 的阻抗带宽不到 10dB。放射模式在全部频率范围上是将近全向的，这也被观察。建议天线的细节被介绍，并且模仿结果被介绍并且讨论。
Cellular expression of plasma prekallikrein in human tissues (2007)

Plasma prekallikrein (PPK) is synthesised in hepatocytes and secreted into the blood, where it participates in the surface-dependent activation of blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, kinin generation and inflammation. Recently we demonstrated by quantitative RT-PCR that the human PPK gene is transcribed not only in the liver, but also in various non-hepatic human tissues at significant levels. However, up to now no reliable information is available concerning protein synthesis in the corresponding human tissues. Here we demonstrate by immunohistochemical studies that PPK or plasma kallikrein (PK) is localised in cells of different embryologically derived human tissues. In the human nephron, single cells of the distal tubules stained intensely, while the cytoplasm of cells forming proximal tubules and collecting ducts stained uniformly. PPK/PK was localised in hepatic epithelial cells of the liver, in cells of the pancreatic islet of Langerhans, in the interstitial Leydig cells of the testes, in the follicular and thecal granulosa cells of the ovary, and in the parotid gland, oesophagus, skin, respiratory tract, prostate and breast. We conclude that the cellular localisation of PPK/PK in multiple different progenitor-derived cells indicates specific cellular functions of this enzyme, in addition to its known function in the blood.
Parametric built-in self-test of VLSI systems (1999)

Article Parametric built-in self-test of VLSI systems Share on Authors: D. Niggemeyer Laboratory for Information Technology, University of Hannover, Germany Laboratory for Information Technology, University of Hannover, GermanyView Profile , M. Rüffer Laboratory for Information Technology, University of Hannover, Germany Laboratory for Information Technology, University of Hannover, GermanyView Profile Authors Info & Claims DATE '99: Proceedings of the conference on Design, automation and test in EuropeJanuary 1999 Pages 78–eshttps://doi.org/10.1145/307418.307525Published:01 January 1999 0citation162DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations0Total Downloads162Last 12 Months3Last 6 weeks3 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteGet Access
Giant tunneling magnetoresistance in fully epitaxial body-centered-cubic Co∕MgO∕Fe magnetic tunnel junctions (2005)

Fully epitaxial bcc Fe1−xCox(001)∕MgO(001)∕Fe(001) magnetic tunnel junctions (x=0, 0.5, 1) were fabricated with molecular-beam epitaxy and microfabrication techniques. While the bcc Fe(001) and Fe0.5Co0.5(001) electrodes had similar magnetoresistance (MR) ratios of about 180% at room temperature, the bcc Co(001) electrode exhibited a higher MR ratio up to 271% at room temperature (353% at 20 K). The fact that the MR ratio for a bcc Co electrode is much higher than that for a bcc Fe electrode is consistent with first-principle calculations, indicating the importance of electrode band structure in the k‖=0 direction.
Imine-Bridged Planar Poly(p-phenylene) Derivatives for Maximization of Extended .pi.-Conjugation. The Common Intermediate Approach (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTImine-Bridged Planar Poly(p-phenylene) Derivatives for Maximization of Extended .pi.-Conjugation. The Common Intermediate ApproachJaydeep J. S. Lamba and James M. TourCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 26, 11723–11736Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00105a013https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00105a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2981Altmetric-Citations145LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Is Your Firm's Tech Portfolio Aligned with Its Business Strategy? (2003)

OVERVIEW:Considerable work has been done by the Industrial Research Institute and other organizations to improve the efficiency of the technology function within a company. Protocols have been developed to evaluate projects, transform them from ideas to products or processes, and generate a balanced project portfolio. However, very little has been done to determine whether or not the portfolio developed is aligned with the company's business strategy, to achieve the company objectives. Consequently, an IRI committee developed a tool for testing this alignment. Ten “Alignment Dimensions,” covering many necessary areas of alignment, have been formulated for use as a communication tool between the different functions within a company. It is believed that more and better discussion will lead to integrated planning and, in turn, better results.
Efficient Large-Scale Fleet Management via Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning (2018)

Large-scale online ride-sharing platforms have substantially transformed our lives by reallocating transportation resources to alleviate traffic congestion and promote transportation efficiency. An efficient fleet management strategy not only can significantly improve the utilization of transportation resources but also increase the revenue and customer satisfaction. It is a challenging task to design an effective fleet management strategy that can adapt to an environment involving complex dynamics between demand and supply. Existing studies usually work on a simplified problem setting that can hardly capture the complicated stochastic demand-supply variations in high-dimensional space. In this paper we propose to tackle the large-scale fleet management problem using reinforcement learning, and propose a contextual multi-agent reinforcement learning framework including two concrete algorithms, namely contextual deep Q-learning and contextual multi-agent actor-critic, to achieve explicit coordination among a large number of agents adaptive to different contexts. We show significant improvements of the proposed framework over state-of-the-art approaches through extensive empirical studies.
Building control and storage management with dynamic tariffs for shaping demand response (2011)

The results from a proof-of-concept study combining modern building automation systems (BAS) with dynamic electricity tariffs are presented. The use of a building automation system that optimizes the electricity demand of a retail end-consumer while managing a local battery unit and respecting all comfort constraints, e.g., on room temperature, illuminance, and indoor air quality, is proposed. The optimization is done in a fully automated fashion, i.e. without any need of action from an external operator. The study focuses on the situation of end-consumers in the city of Zurich, Switzerland. Demand shifting as well as effects on the cost of electricity consumption for different retail consumer groups, i.e. households and offices using their typical usage profiles are assessed. In-house battery systems are introduced as additional means of electricity demand flexibility. Extensive simulations (500+ full-year simulations) are performed for different building types, battery types, and usage profiles. The overall load shifting effect on the aggregated load curve of the city of Zurich is evaluated.
Characterization of Fusion Determinants Points to the Involvement of Three Discrete Regions of Both E1 and E2 Glycoproteins in the Membrane Fusion Process of Hepatitis C Virus (2007)

Infection of eukaryotic cells by enveloped viruses requires the merging of viral and cellular membranes. Highly specific viral surface glycoproteins, named fusion proteins, catalyze this reaction by overcoming inherent energy barriers. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an enveloped virus that belongs to the genus Hepacivirus of the family Flaviviridae. Little is known about the molecular events that mediate cell entry and membrane fusion for HCV, although significant progress has been made due to recent developments in infection assays. Here, using infectious HCV pseudoparticles (HCVpp), we investigated the molecular basis of HCV membrane fusion. By searching for classical features of fusion peptides through the alignment of sequences from various HCV genotypes, we identified six regions of HCV E1 and E2 glycoproteins that present such characteristics. We introduced conserved and nonconserved amino acid substitutions in these regions and analyzed the phenotype of HCVpp generated with mutant E1E2 glycoproteins. This was achieved by (i) quantifying the infectivity of the pseudoparticles, (ii) studying the incorporation of E1E2 and their capacity to mediate receptor binding, and (iii) determining their fusion capacity in cell-cell and liposome/HCVpp fusion assays. We propose that at least three of these regions (i.e., at positions 270 to 284, 416 to 430, and 600 to 620) play a role in the membrane fusion process. These regions may contribute to the merging of viral and cellular membranes either by interacting directly with lipid membranes or by assisting the fusion process through their involvement in the conformational changes of the E1E2 complex at low pH.
MAP-RSeq: Mayo Analysis Pipeline for RNA sequencing (2014)

Our software provides gene counts, exon counts, fusion candidates, expressed single nucleotide variants, mapping statistics, visualizations, and a detailed research data report for RNA-Seq. The workflow can be executed on a standalone virtual machine or on a parallel Sun Grid Engine cluster. The software can be downloaded from http://bioinformaticstools.mayo.edu/research/maprseq/.
Use of the optogalvanic effect and the uranium atlas for wavelength calibration of pulsed lasers (1982)

The optogalvanic effect in a commercial uranium hollow cathode discharge can be used in conjunction with the uranium atlas for wavelength calibration of pulsed lasers at wavelengths longer than 3500 A. At shorter wavelengths photoelectric emission from the cathode surface interferes with the measurements. The use of a tubular hollow cathode eliminates interference from photoelectric emission and permits wavelength calibration at shorter wavelengths. The photoelectric emission is measured as a function of wavelength.
Fenestrated Stent-Graft Repair:<b>Which Stent Should Be Used to Secure Target Vessel Fenestrations?</b> (2008)

There is a significant difference in the ability of different commercial "non-dedicated" stents to withstand a crushing force when deployed within endograft fenestrations, which has important implications for clinical practice.
Metastasis-Associated Gene Expression Changes Predict Poor Outcomes in Patients with Dukes Stage B and C Colorectal Cancer (2009)

PURPOSE: Colorectal cancer prognosis is currently predicted from pathologic staging, providing limited discrimination for Dukes stage B and C disease. Additional markers for outcome are required to help guide therapy selection for individual patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: A multisite single-platform microarray study was done on 553 colorectal cancers. Gene expression changes were identified between stage A and D tumors (three training sets) and assessed as a prognosis signature in stage B and C tumors (independent test and external validation sets). RESULTS: One hundred twenty-eight genes showed reproducible expression changes between three sets of stage A and D cancers. Using consistent genes, stage B and C cancers clustered into two groups resembling early-stage and metastatic tumors. A Prediction Analysis of Microarray algorithm was developed to classify individual intermediate-stage cancers into stage A-like/good prognosis or stage D-like/poor prognosis types. For stage B patients, the treatment adjusted hazard ratio for 6-year recurrence in individuals with stage D-like cancers was 10.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.3-80.0; P = 0.011). For stage C patients, the adjusted hazard ratio was 2.9 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-7.6; P = 0.016). Similar results were obtained for an external set of stage B and C patients. The prognosis signature was enriched for downregulated immune response genes and upregulated cell signaling and extracellular matrix genes. Accordingly, sparse tumor infiltration with mononuclear chronic inflammatory cells was associated with poor outcome in independent patients. CONCLUSIONS: Metastasis-associated gene expression changes can be used to refine traditional outcome prediction, providing a rational approach for tailoring treatments to subsets of patients. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(24):7642-51).
Dose-Response Effect of Elevated Plasma Free Fatty Acid on Insulin Signaling (2005)

The dose-response relationship between elevated plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels and impaired insulin-mediated glucose disposal and insulin signaling was examined in 21 lean, healthy, normal glucose-tolerant subjects. Following a 4-h saline or Liposyn infusion at 30 (n = 9), 60 (n = 6), and 90 (n = 6) ml/h, subjects received a 2-h euglycemic insulin (40 mU . m(-2) . min(-1)) clamp. Basal plasma FFA concentration ( approximately 440 micromol/l) was increased to 695, 1,251, and 1,688 micromol/l after 4 h of Liposyn infusion and resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (R(d)) by 22, 30, and 34%, respectively (all P < 0.05 vs. saline control). At the lowest lipid infusion rate (30 ml/h), insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 tyrosine phosphorylation, phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase activity associated with IRS-1, and Akt serine phosphorylation were all significantly impaired (P < 0.05-0.01). The highest lipid infusion rate (90 ml/h) caused a further significant reduction in all insulin signaling events compared with the low-dose lipid infusion (P < 0.05-0.01) whereas the 60-ml/h lipid infusion caused an intermediate reduction in insulin signaling. However, about two-thirds of the maximal inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal already occurred at the rather modest increase in plasma FFA induced by the low-dose (30-ml/h) lipid infusion. Insulin-stimulated glucose disposal was inversely correlated with both the plasma FFA concentration after 4 h of lipid infusion (r = -0.50, P = 0.001) and the plasma FFA level during the last 30 min of the insulin clamp (r = -0.54, P < 0.001). PI 3-kinase activity associated with IRS-1 correlated with insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (r = 0.45, P < 0.01) and inversely with both the plasma FFA concentration after 4 h of lipid infusion (r = -0.39, P = 0.01) and during the last 30 min of the insulin clamp (r = -0.43, P < 0.01). In summary, in skeletal muscle of lean, healthy subjects, a progressive increase in plasma FFA causes a dose-dependent inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal and insulin signaling. The inhibitory effect of plasma FFA was already significant following a rather modest increase in plasma FFA and develops at concentrations that are well within the physiological range (i.e., at plasma FFA levels observed in obesity and type 2 diabetes).
The scaling challenge (2003)

We present the results of scaling studies in the context of typical block-level wiring distributions, and study the impact of the identified trends on the post-RTL design process. In particular, we look at the implications of exponentially increasing repeater and clocked repeater counts on the algorithms and methodologies used for logic synthesis, technology mapping, layout, and full-chip assembly, and identify several new research problems relevant to future designs. Next, we introduce the basic principles of correct-by-construction (CbC) design. We look at some techniques for post-RTL design meeting CbC philosophy, and then construct a case for flexible, abstract fabrics. Finally, we suggest CbC approaches to tackle the new synthesis and layout challenges identified in this paper.
Strapdown INS error model for multiposition alignment (1996)

The relationship between quaternion errors and tilt angles from true navigation frame to analytic platform frame is newly derived for strapdown inertial navigation system (SDINS). Using the relationship it is shown that the quaternion error model for attitude and velocity is equivalent to the conventional perturbation error model. Based upon the equivalency, the quaternion errors during a multiposition alignment are determined and analyzed. Furthermore, it is shown that the heading rotation of 180 deg achieves the minimal quaternion error for 2-position ground alignment.
30. Modulation of Intracellular Calcium Enhances AAV Transduction in the CNS (2016)

Recent preclinical studies and clinical trials utilizing recombinant AAV vectors have highlighted vector dose-related toxicity as a potential safety concern. Therefore, strategies to enhance AAV transduction may mitigate this toxicity, as they may allow for administration of lower vector doses. While some strategies rely on modification of the capsid to achieve such, pharmacological modulation of the cellular environment often has the benefit of enhancing AAV transduction independent of capsid serotype. Intracellular calcium is important in the life cycles of several viruses, such as Ebola virus and rotavirus. Several small molecule drugs and biologics exist that can modify intracellular calcium levels in a specific manner. In the current study, we sought to determine if modulation of intracellular calcium levels affects AAV transduction. Increasing intracellular calcium levels using either thapsigargin or ionomycin decreased AAV transduction by an order of magnitude. Conversely, decreasing intracellular calcium levels using the cell permanent calcium chelator BAPTA-AM increased transduction by 10 to 100-fold in a cell independent fashion. In addition, the effects of modification of intracellular calcium are not dependent on AAV serotype. Furthermore, in vivo studies performed in mice demonstrate that BAPTA-AM augments transduction by different AAV serotypes, when administered intracranially. In summary, our results support the preclinical evaluation of drugs and biologics that modulate intracellular calcium in the CNS and evaluate their potential for affecting AAV transduction. Results from ongoing studies in mouse models of disease will be presented.