gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The influence of the crystallinity of electrostatic spray deposition‐derived coatings on osteoblast‐like cell behavior, <i>in vitro</i> (2006)

This article describes the influence of the crystallinity of carbonate apatite (CA) coatings on osteoblast-like cell behavior. Porous CA coatings were produced with electrostatic spray deposition (ESD), and subsequently, received heat treatments of 400, 500, or 700 degrees C to induce various coating crystallinities. As a result, an amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), a crystalline CA (CCA), and a crystalline carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) structure were formed, respectively. Uncoated titanium substrates served as the control group. After seeding rat osteoblast-like cells, the initial cell attachment was similar between the groups, and approached 100% after 6 h. Between the various coatings, no differences were observed for proliferation, differentiation, or mineralization. However, proliferation of the osteoblast-like cells was lower on all coated substrates after longer culture periods, compared to the uncoated substrates, while at the same time differentiation was stimulated. Furthermore, after 8 and 16 days of incubation, scanning electron microscopy showed more signs of mineralization on coated substrates, compared to the uncoated substrates. In conclusion, porous ESD-derived CA coatings have a positive effect on the in vitro differentiation of osteoblast-like cells, compared to uncoated, as-machined titanium. However, this effect is not further enhanced by the degree of crystallinity of the ESD-derived CA coatings.
Ferrocene as an internal standard for electrochemical measurements (1980)

Electrochemistry is an increasingly popular technique for the characterization of new compounds. The basic thermodynamic quantity that is assigned to an electrode process is the standard or formal reduction potential (E^o or E^f). In aqueous solution the measurement of reduction potentials is facilitated by the use of reliable and universally accepted reference electrodes such as the normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) or the saturated calomel electrode (SCE). In many instances electrochemical measurements in water are impossible due to insolubility or instability of the compound. Unfortunately, no universal reference electrode exists for nonaqueous solvents.
A Si bipolar phase and frequency detector IC for clock extraction up to 8 Gb/s (1992)

A phase and frequency detector IC is presented that operates up to an NRZ bit rate of 8 Gb/s. The IC comprises a phase detector (PD), a quadrature phase detector (QPD), and frequency detector (FD). In the PD and QPD the VCO signal and the quadrature VCO signal are sampled by the NRZ input signal. The two beat notes provided by this operation are subsequently processed in the FD. The superposition of the FD output and the PD output signals are then fed into a passive loop filter (lag/lead filter). The loop filter and the VCO are external components. The measured pull-in range is >+or-100 MHz at 8 Gb/s. The measured r.m.s. time jitter of the extracted clock is less than 1.9 ps for a pseudorandom bit sequence (PRBS) length of 2/sup 23/-1. A 0.9- mu m 12-GHz f/sub T/ silicon bipolar process was used to fabricate the chip with a total power consumption of 1.4 W.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Intensity spatial filtering applied to defect detection in integrated circuit photomasks (1972)

An intensity spatial filter has been devised and used for the semiautomatic photoelectric detection of 2.5-µ defects in 5-cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> photolithography masks for silicon integrated circuits. The filter is based on a simple geometric approximation to the form factor or envelope function for the intensity in the Fourier-transform plane, and permits small-area diffraction-limited illumination. This approach complements the Watkins' method.
Enhanced cell-surface stability of rescued ΔF508 cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) by pharmacological chaperones (2008)

Misfolded proteins destined for the cell surface are recognized and degraded by the ERAD [ER (endoplasmic reticulum) associated degradation] pathway. TS (temperature-sensitive) mutants at the permissive temperature escape ERAD and reach the cell surface. In this present paper, we examined a TS mutant of the CFTR [CF (cystic fibrosis) transmembrane conductance regulator], CFTR DeltaF508, and analysed its cell-surface trafficking after rescue [rDeltaF508 (rescued DeltaF508) CFTR]. We show that rDeltaF508 CFTR endocytosis is 6-fold more rapid (approximately 30% per 2.5 min) than WT (wild-type, approximately 5% per 2.5 min) CFTR at 37 degrees C in polarized airway epithelial cells (CFBE41o-). We also investigated rDeltaF508 CFTR endocytosis under two further conditions: in culture at the permissive temperature (27 degrees C) and following treatment with pharmacological chaperones. At low temperature, rDeltaF508 CFTR endocytosis slowed to WT rates (20% per 10 min), indicating that the cell-surface trafficking defect of rDeltaF508 CFTR is TS. Furthermore, rDeltaF508 CFTR is stabilized at the lower temperature; its half-life increases from <2 h at 37 degrees C to >8 h at 27 degrees C. Pharmacological chaperone treatment at 37 degrees C corrected the rDeltaF508 CFTR internalization defect, slowing endocytosis from approximately 30% per 2.5 min to approximately 5% per 2.5 min, and doubled DeltaF508 surface half-life from 2 to 4 h. These effects are DeltaF508 CFTR-specific, as pharmacological chaperones did not affect WT CFTR or transferrin receptor internalization rates. The results indicate that small molecular correctors may reproduce the effect of incubation at the permissive temperature, not only by rescuing DeltaF508 CFTR from ERAD, but also by enhancing its cell-surface stability.
Directed evolution of a thermostable esterase (1998)

We have used in vitro evolution to probe the relationship between stability and activity in a mesophilic esterase. Previous studies of these properties in homologous enzymes evolved for function at different temperatures have suggested that stability at high temperatures is incompatible with high catalytic activity at low temperatures through mutually exclusive demands on enzyme flexibility. Six generations of random mutagenesis, recombination, and screening stabilized Bacillus subtilis p-nitrobenzyl esterase significantly (>14 degreesC increase in Tm) without compromising its catalytic activity at lower temperatures. Furthermore, analysis of the stabilities and activities of large numbers of random mutants indicates that these properties are not inversely correlated. Although enhanced thermostability does not necessarily come at the cost of activity, the process by which the molecule adapts is important. Mutations that increase thermostability while maintaining low-temperature activity are very rare. Unless both properties are constrained (by natural selection or screening) the evolution of one by the accumulation of single amino acid substitutions typically comes at the cost of the other, regardless of whether the two properties are inversely correlated or not correlated at all.
The link between heparan sulfate and hereditary bone disease: finding a function for the EXT family of putative tumor suppressor proteins (2001)

Although genetic linkage analysis is a vital tool for identifying disease genes, further study is often hindered by the lack of a known function for the corresponding gene products. In the case of hereditary multiple exostoses (HME), a dominantly inherited genetic disorder characterized by the formation of multiple cartilaginous tumors, extensive genetic analyses of affected families linked HME to mutations in two members of a novel family of putative tumor suppressor genes, EXT1 and EXT2. The biological function of the corresponding proteins, exostosin-1 (EXT1) and exostosin-2 (EXT2), has emerged in part by way of a serendipitous discovery made in the study of herpes simplex virology, which revealed that the pathogenesis of HME is linked to a defect in heparan sulfate (HS) biosynthesis. Biochemical analysis shows that EXT1 and EXT2 are type II transmembrane glycoproteins and form a Golgi-localized hetero-oligomeric complex that catalyzes the polymerization of HS. In this Perspective we will review the identification and characterization of the EXT family, with a particular focus on the biology of the EXT proteins in vivo, and we will explore their possible role(s) in both normal bone development and the formation of exostoses. Hereditary multiple exostoses Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME), an autosomal dominant bone disorder, is the most common type of benign bone tumor, with an estimated occurrence of 1 in 50,000‐100,000 in Western populations. It is
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Application of the Oxonium Acid [H(OEt<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>+</sup>[B(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>4</sub>]<sup>-</sup> (2000)

The reaction of LiB(C6F5)4 with HCl in diethyl ether afforded the new oxonium acid [H(OEt2)2]+[B(C6F5)4]- (1) as a colorless crystalline solid, which was characterized by NMR spectroscopy, by elemental analysis, and by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The application of 1 is demonstrated in the generation of the complex {[η5-C5H3(CH2CH2NMe2)CMe2-η5-C13H8]ZrCH3}+[B(C6F5)4]- (3), containing an intramolecularly donor-stabilized alkylzirconocene cation.
Fast Compressed Domain Motion Detection in H.264 Video Streams for Video Surveillance Applications (2009)

This paper presents a novel approach to fast motion detection in H.264/MPEG-4 advanced video coding (AVC) compressed video streams for IP video surveillance systems. The goal is to develop algorithms which may be useful in a real-life industrial perspective by facilitating the processing of large numbers of video streams on a single server. The focus of the work is on using the information in coded video streams to reduce the computational complexity and memory requirements, which translates into reduced hardware requirements and costs. The devised algorithm detects and segments activity based on motion vectors embedded in the video stream without requiring a full decoding and reconstruction of video frames. To improve the robustness to noise, a confidence measure based on temporal and spatial clues is introduced to increase the probability of correct detection. The algorithm was tested on indoor surveillance H.264 sequences.
The metabolism of L-arginine and its significance for the biosynthesis of endothelium-derived relaxing factor: cultured endothelial cells recycle L-citrulline to L-arginine. (1990)

We have investigated the mechanism by which cultured endothelial cells generate L-arginine (L-Arg), the substrate for the biosynthesis of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. When Arg-depleted endothelial cells were incubated in Krebs' solution for 60 min, L-Arg levels were significantly (9.7-fold) elevated. The generation of L-Arg coincided with a substantial decrease (90%) in intracellular L-glutamine (L-Gln), whereas all other amino acids were virtually unaffected. Changes in calcium, pH, or oxygen tension had no effect on L-Arg generation, which was, however, prevented when the cells were incubated in culture medium containing L-Gln. L-Arg generated by endothelial cells labeled with L-[14C]Arg was derived from an unlabeled intracellular source, for the specific activity of the intracellular L-Arg pool decreased substantially (8.8-fold) over 60 min. Arg-depleted endothelial cells did not form urea or metabolize L-ornithine but converted L-citrulline (L-Cit) to L-Arg possibly via formation of L-argininosuccinic acid. Nondepleted cells stimulated with the calcium ionophore A23187 showed only a transient accumulation of L-Cit, indicating that L-Cit is recycled to L-Arg during the biosynthesis of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. The generation of L-Arg by Arg-depleted endothelial cells was partially (45%) blocked by protease inhibitors, and various Arg-containing dipeptides were rapidly cleaved to yield L-Arg. Thus, cultured endothelial cells recycle L-Cit to L-Arg and possibly liberate peptidyl L-Arg. The Arg-Cit cycle appears to be the equivalent in the endothelial cell to the formation of urea by the liver. The biosynthesis of endothelium-derived relaxing factor may, therefore, not only produce a powerful vasodilator but also relieve the endothelial cell of excess nitrogen.
Associations between microbial species in dental root canal infections (1992)

The existence of commensal or antagonistic relationships between microorganisms in the root canals of teeth with apical periodontitis was investigated. Samples were taken from 65 infected human root canals and were analysed according to species, frequency of occurrence and proportion of the total isolated flora. The most frequent species were Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Peptostreptococcus micros, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Eubacterium alactolyticum, Eubacterium lentum and Wolinella recta. An odds ratio system was used to calculate positive or negative associations between the isolated bacteria. Strong positive associations were found between F. nucleatum and P. micros, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Selenomonas sputigena and W. recta. There was also a positive association between P. intermedia and P. micros, P. anaerobius and the eubacteria. In general, species of streptococci, Propionibacterium propionica, Capnocytophaga ochracea and Veillonella parvula showed no or negative associations with the other bacteria. The results are consistent with the concept of a special and selective environment occurring in the root canal that is due, in part, to the cooperative as well as antagonistic nature of the relationships between bacteria in the root canal.
High-voltage subscriber line interface LSIs (1982)

A high-voltage BORSHT LSI family for an all solid-state subscriber line interface circuit in a digital local switching system has been developed. The family consists of a 320 V dielectrically isolated RTLSI, a 60 V bipolar BSH-LSI, and a CMOS control LSI. Ringing, reverse, and network-test functions were implemented in the RT-LSI chip using a high-voltage current-controlled p-n-p-n-switch integration technology. Battery feed, supervision, and hybrid functions have been integrated into the BSH-LSI chip using a high-precision analog bipolar process technology. The CMOS logic LSI performs a digital interface function with the PCM highway, as well as a control function for the other LSIs. Using this BORSHT LSI family along with a codec, it has become possible to make a low-cost and small-size subscriber line interface circuit for central office use.
Fully untegrated EKG shirt based on embroidered electrical interconnections with conductive yarn and miniaturized flexible electronics (2006)

A T-shirt has been developed that measures an EKG signal. This work is different to other research in the field as it focuses more on advanced interconnection and integration technologies for electronics in textiles rather than on the EKG shirt as functionality. It is the first application using an interconnection technology based on embroidery of conductive yarn that has been developed recently and published in T. Linz et al. (2005).
Glutamine Preserves Liver Glutathione After Lethal Hepatic Injury (1992)

Glutathione (GSH) is a major antioxidant that protects tissues from free radical injury. Glutamine augments host defenses and may be important in GSH synthesis. Acetaminophen toxicity causes hepatic GSH depletion and hepatic necrosis. The authors hypothesized that glutamine-supplemented nutrition would enhance liver GSH stores and diminish hepatic injury and death after acetaminophen overdose. Wistar rats received either a standard total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solution (STD) or an isocaloric, isonitrogenous glutamine-supplemented solution (GLN). On the 5th day of feeding, animals were given acetaminophen (400 mg/kg intraperitoneally) and then killed at various time points. Standard TPN solution animals had a rapid depletion of hepatic glutathione, whereas GLN animals were resistant to this drop and rapidly repleted hepatic GSH stores. Glutamine-supplemented animals maintained higher plasma glutamine concentrations, had lesser elevations in hepatic enzymes, and sustained significantly fewer complications compared with STD animals. The authors conclude that glutamine-supplemented nutrition preserves hepatic glutathione, protects the liver, and improves survival during acetaminophen toxicity. Glutamine may augment host defenses by enhancing antioxidant protection.
자유학기제를 위한 도서관기반 진로 독서프로그램 효과성 분석 연구 (2017)

2016년부터 전면 실시되는 자유학기제를 위해 도서관은 시설 및 장서, 인력, 서비스를 활용하여 자유학기제의 취지에 맞도록 학생들에게 독서문화 활동을 통한 창의적이고 자율 학습의 기반이 되는 메타 인지능력을 개발하는데 기여할 수 있는 가장 적합한 기관이다. 이에 본 연구는 자유학기제를 위한 도서관기반 진로 독서프로그램을 독서활동중심 진로 독서프로그램과...
Application of a sliding mode control to anti-lock brake system (2008)

This paper presents application method of a sliding mode wheel slip controller for ABS that improves the vehicle response and increases the safety on slippery road. Sliding mode wheel slip controller receives wheel slip ratio, vehicle velocity, longitudinal acceleration, and tire forces from vehicle model to generate braking pressures. In general, two solenoid valves, so called normal open and normal close valves, have been used to generate the hydraulic pressure necessary to generate proper braking force. In this paper, the valve operating method is proposed to implement the sliding mode control output in hydraulic unit of the ABS. The control performance is verified by using a HILS System that has a vehicle braking system controlled with On/Off solenoid valves.
Positive and negative immunoselection for enrichment of two classes of osteoprogenitor cells. (1991)

The number of identifiable stages and expression of differentiation markers in cells of the osteoblast lineage are not well understood. In the present study, a mAb, designated rat bone marrow (RBM) 211.13, was prepared that stained selectively the osteogenic and preosteoblastic cells along the surfaces of bone in calvariae, femurs, and metatarsals. The staining was cell surface associated and coincided with that for alkaline phosphatase (APase) detected histochemically. Only cells positive for APase activity by biochemical assay and not those without APase activity (e.g., fetal rat skin) stained with RBM 211.13. By immunoblotting, RBM 211.13 recognized a band coinciding with APase activity on nonreducing/nondenaturing gels, and RBM 211.13 precipitated a protein which on reduced gels migrated with an apparent molecular mass of approximately 80 kD. RBM 211.13 labeling was abolished by phosphatidylinosital-specific phospholipase C, known to release APase from the cell surface. All of these data support the concept that RBM 211.13 recognizes the bone isoenzyme of APase. RBM 211.13 was used to sort by flow cytometry the APase-positive and APase-negative cells from mixed fetal rat calvaria (RC) cell populations. The osteoprogenitors we identified earlier that form bone nodules in vitro (Bellows, C. G., J. E. Aubin, J. N. M. Heersche, and M. E. Antosz. 1986. Calcif. Tissue Int. 36:143-154; Bellows, C. J., J. N. M. Heersche, and J. E. Aubin. 1990. Dev. Biol. 140:132-138) were found within the APase-positive pool. By immunopanning, RC cells were separated into APase-enriched (APase-positive, adherent) and APase-depleted (APase-negative, nonadherent) populations. The APase-positive fraction was enriched two-to-threefold for bone-forming osteoprogenitors compared to unfractionated cells, while the APase-negative population formed very few nodules under the same conditions. Both populations responded to the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) with an increase in bone nodule formation. However, the fold stimulation in bone formation in the APase-negative population was approximately 30-fold, while the fold stimulation in the APase-positive population was only approximately 5-fold. These data suggest that APase expression can be used for immunoselection to fractionate osteoblastic populations into an APase-positive population and a population initially APase-negative, that virtually all osteoprogenitors forming bone in vitro in the absence of added glucocorticoids reside in the APase-positive pool, and that the only osteoprogenitors present in the APase-negative pool are those requiring DEX to differentiate.
Bipolar circuit elements providing self-completion-indication (1990)

An ordinary synchronous system uses clocks to determine data signal validity. To avoid the problems of distributing high-speed clocks and partitioning logic to fit within clock cycles, asynchronous circuit elements must provide their own completion indication using self-timing. Basic bipolar circuit elements which modify differential current-steering gate styles to achieve completion indication without increasing the number of wires between gate stages and with only about a 50% cost in transistor density per stage are proposed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Unsupervised Disaggregation of Low Frequency Power Measurements (2011)

Fear of increasing prices and concern about climate change are motivating residential power conservation efforts. We investigate the effectiveness of several unsupervised disaggregation methods on low frequency power measurements collected in real homes. Specifically, we consider variants of the factorial hidden Markov model. Our results indicate that a conditional factorial hidden semi-Markov model, which integrates additional features related to when and how appliances are used in the home and more accurately represents the power use of individual appliances, outperforms the other unsupervised disaggregation methods. Our results show that unsupervised techniques can provide perappliance power usage information in a non-invasive manner, which is ideal for enabling power conservation efforts.
An artificial endocrine pancreas--problems awaiting solution for long-term clinical applications of a glucose sensor. (1991)

The artificial endocrine pancreas is a feedback controlled system regulating insulin delivery on a minute-by-minute basis according to measured blood glucose levels. The bedside-type artificial endocrine pancreas has been proven to be useful not only as a therapeutic tool for diabetic patients but also as an elegant research tool for investigating the pathophysiology of the disease. Recently, a wearable-type, closed-loop system has been developed, of which the breakthrough was the establishment of a needle-type glucose sensor. However, for the long-term clinical use of needle-type glucose sensors, several obstacles remain to be solved, such as oxygen dependency, biocompatibility of the membrane, etc. The most promising method for the non-invasive determination of blood glucose is infrared spectroscopy. The trend in the development of a closed-loop glycemic control system which enables perfectly physiological glycemic regulation on a long-term basis is directed to an implantable device. Much research is being conducted to realize such devices.