gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Shape matching: similarity measures and algorithms (2002)

Shape matching is an important ingredient in shape retrieval, recognition and classification, alignment and registration, and approximation and simplification. This paper treats various aspects that are needed to solve shape matching problems: choosing the precise problem, selecting the properties of the similarity measure that are needed for the problem, choosing the specific similarity measure, and constructing the algorithm to compute the similarity. The focus is on methods that lie close to the field of computational geometry.
Text generation from keywords (2002)

We describe a method for generating sentences from "keywords" or "headwords". This method consists of two main parts, candidate-text construction and evaluation. The construction part generates text sentences in the form of dependency trees by using complementary information to replace information that is missing because of a "knowledge gap" and other missing function words to generate natural text sentences based on a particular monolingual corpus. The evaluation part consists of a model for generating an appropriate text when given keywords. This model considers not only word n-gram information, but also dependency information between words. Furthermore, it considers both string information and morphological information.
Rapid Verification of Candidate Serological Biomarkers Using Gel-based, Label-free Multiple Reaction Monitoring (2011)

Stable isotope dilution-multiple reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry (SID-MRM-MS) has emerged as a promising platform for verification of serological candidate biomarkers. However, cost and time needed to synthesize and evaluate stable isotope peptides, optimize spike-in assays, and generate standard curves quickly becomes unattractive when testing many candidate biomarkers. In this study, we demonstrate that label-free multiplexed MRM-MS coupled with major protein depletion and 1D gel separation is a time-efficient, cost-effective initial biomarker verification strategy requiring less than 100 μL of serum. Furthermore, SDS gel fractionation can resolve different molecular weight forms of targeted proteins with potential diagnostic value. Because fractionation is at the protein level, consistency of peptide quantitation profiles across fractions permits rapid detection of quantitation problems for specific peptides from a given protein. Despite the lack of internal standards, the entire workflow can be highly reproducible, and long-term reproducibility of relative protein abundance can be obtained using different mass spectrometers and LC methods with external reference standards. Quantitation down to ~200 pg/mL could be achieved using this workflow. Hence, the label-free GeLC-MRM workflow enables rapid, sensitive, and economical initial screening of large numbers of candidate biomarkers prior to setting up SID-MRM assays or immunoassays for the most promising candidate biomarkers.
VirtualTour (2006)

With the popularity of both travel and Web, more and more people use online travel services to facilitate their travel activities or share their travel experiences. Considering that existing services emphasize more on the textual content with the pictorial content only as supplement, we propose the VirtualTour system. It is an online travel service dedicated on high quality images, which helps travelers plan their trip. The images of VirtualTour are from photo forum sites. They have rich and accurate metadata which could be used to extract geographic location information of them and assess the quality of them. A representative sights identification algorithm is also proposed to automatically identify the possible related sights of a region. Based on the map services that seamlessly integrated into the system, a wieldy UI is designed to support several useful features, e.g. query by map, location or path.
Role of Liver in Pathophysiology of NIDDM (1992)

Glucose homeostasis is physiologically maintained by the balance between glucose production by the liver and glucose utilization by the peripheral tissues. Insulin controls hepatic glucose production and promotes glucose utilization by the skeletal muscle. In non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), postabsorptive hepatic glucose production is increased and exhibits a positive correlation with fasting plasma glucose concentration. This increase in hepatic glucose production is the main cause of fasting hyperglycemia in NIDDM. Between the two processes by which the liver produces glucose (gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis), gluconeogenesis appears to be drastically increased in NIDDM. The increase in gluconeogenesis accounts for most of the increased hepatic glucose production in this condition, and a positive correlation has been found in NIDDM subjects between the rates of gluconeogenesis and fasting plasma glucose concentration. Increased production of gluconeogenic precursors (lactate, alanine, glycerol) fuels this increased gluconeogenesis, but some type of intrahepatic mechanism is also present in NIDDM that increases the hepatic conversion of these substrates into glucose. Hyperglucagonemia and increased hepatic free fatty acid oxidation might be responsible for this increase hepatic gluconeogenic efficiency in NIDDM. Reduced suppression of hepatic glucose production after carbohydrate ingestion also plays an important role in the impairment in postprandial glucose homeostasis in NIDDM. In NIDDM subjects splanchnic extraction of an oral glucose load is not decreased, but hepatic glucose production is suppressed less than in nondiabetic subjects after the load. Residual hepatic glucose production after glucose ingestion is also correlated with fasting plasma glucose in NIDDM. Preliminary data suggest that in the postprandial state increased gluconeogenesis represents the primary mechanism responsible for impaired suppression of hepatic glucose production. Given the primary role of increase hepatic gluconeogenesis in the pathogenesis of hyperglycemia in NIDDM, development of new drugs aimed at correcting the factors that might cause increased gluconeogenesis (e.g., increased free fatty acid oxidation and hyperglucagonemia) might open the way for new form of treatment of this disorder.
Oxazaborolidine‐Derived Lewis Acid Assisted Lewis Acid as a Moisture‐Tolerant Catalyst for Enantioselective Diels–Alder Reactions (2005)

Reactive, selective, and tough, the chiral Lewis acid generated from 1 and SnCl4 catalyzes the enantioselective Diels–Alder reactions of various classes of substrates (see scheme). The reactive species preserves its asymmetric induction ability even in the presence of a large excess of SnCl4. Importantly, this catalyst system is tolerant to a small amount of moisture, oxygen, and Lewis bases. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2005/z461319_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Immune responses to the lipopolysaccharides and capsular polysaccharides of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae in convalescent and immunized pigs (1986)

The immunologic responses to a smooth-type lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (HpS-LPS), a rough-type LPS (HpR-LPS), and a capsular-enriched polysaccharide preparation (HpC-PS) purified from Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae were determined in pigs immunized with a commercial H. pleuropneumoniae cellular vaccine, in pigs experimentally infected with H. pleuropneumoniae, in control pigs, and in immunized rabbits. The ability of the preparations to induce lymphocyte blastogenesis and B-cell activation was determined in the pigs and compared with the responses induced by the LPS of Escherichia coli O111:B4 and the LPS of Salmonella minnesota Re595. All the LPS preparations acted to induce proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from all pigs. The blastogenic response of PBL from H. pleuropneumoniae-infected pigs to HpS-LPS and HpR-LPS was significantly (P less than 0.05) greater than that of PBL from immunized and control pigs. HpC-PS did not induce a blastogenic response in the PBL of control pigs but did in PBL from H. pleuropneumoniae-infected pigs and to a greater degree in immunized pigs. An increase in the response of PBL to the S. minnesota LPS occurred only in the H. pleuropneumoniae-infected pigs. Significantly more (P less than 0.05) immunoglobulin-secreting cells (ISC) were induced in a reverse hemolytic plaque assay by stimulation with HpS-LPS and HpC-PS of PBL isolated from pigs infected with H. pleuropneumoniae than of PBL from immunized pigs. Increasing the number of T cells increased the number of ISC induced by HpS-LPS in control and immunized pigs, but not in convalescent pigs. The presence of macrophages reduced activation of ISC by HpS-LPS in control pigs and to a lesser degree in immunized pigs, whereas in H. pleuropneumoniae-infected pigs macrophages enhanced the induction of ISC by HpS-LPS. In immunized pigs, macrophages acted to inhibit the ability of HpC-PS to induce ISC. Serologic studies indicate that HpC-PS contains strain- and serotype-specific antigens; that HpS-LPS has both serotype-specific and cross-reacting species-specific antigens; and that HpR-LPS does not contain detectable serotype-specific antigens but does have both non species- and species-specific antigens. These studies show that the serotype-specific protection provided by immunization of pigs with an H. pleuropneumoniae cellular vaccine is principally the result of immunity to capsular antigens and that a weak cellular immune response occurs as compared with that induced by infection with H. pleuropneumoniae.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
NATO STANAG 4479: a standard for an 800 bps vocoder and channel coding in HF-ECCM system (2002)

This paper presents a new voice coder for applications in very low bit rate communication systems normalized by NATO under STANAG agreement 4479. The originality of this standardization is the description of both the source and the channel coding. It is the natural continuation of the well known LPC10e 2400 bps voice coder normalized under STANAG 4198. The analysis and synthesis are the same as in the LPC10e vocoder but the quantization process is specific. The main points of innovation are presented. An associated error correcting scheme increases the source bit rate from 800 up to 2400 bps. It has been optimized in the framework of HF-ECCM system (HF-electronic counter counter measure), to take into account all possible channel perturbations as well as system constraints especially in terms of minimization of the delay and turn around time.
SR31747A is a sigma receptor ligand exhibiting antitumoural activity both in vitro and in vivo (2003)

SR31747A is a recently described sigma receptor ligand that binds SR31747A-binding protein 1 (SR-BP) and emopamil-binding protein (EBP) (also called the sigma 1 receptor and the human sterol isomerase (HSI), respectively), and has immunoregulatory and antiproliferative activities. To further investigate its antitumour activity and focusing on cancers, which are sensitive to the molecule, we measured the proliferation of different human epithelial breast or prostate cancer cell lines following in vitro and in vivo SR31747A treatment. Firstly, in vitro, we found that nanomolar concentrations of SR31747A dramatically inhibited cell proliferation in both hormono-responsive and -unresponsive cancer cell lines. Secondly, tumour development was significantly decreased in mice treated with SR31747A. In an attempt to decipher the SR31747A mode of action, we found that the two binding sites may not fully account for this activity. Indeed, while competitive experiments indicated that EBP prevails in mediating SR31747A antiproliferative activity, an analysis of the expression of both receptors indicated that the cellular sensitivity to SR31747A is not correlated with either EBP or SR-BP expression. These data suggest that additional binding sites may exist. Preliminary binding studies demonstrated that SR31747A also binds to sigma 2, a protein that has not yet been cloned, but which is considered as a potential marker of the proliferative status of tumour cells. Altogether, our data demonstrate the antitumoural activity of SR31747A both in vitro and in vivo in two different cancer models, broaden the spectrum of its binding proteins and enhance the potential for further therapeutic development of the molecule.
Vaginal drug delivery for the localised treatment of cervical cancer (2017)

Cervical cancer is usually treated by surgery, with the more advanced cancers requiring adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The location of the cervix makes it easily accessible through the vagina for the localised delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs. Localised delivery has the advantage of direct delivery to the site of action resulting in a lower dose having to be required and a reduction in systemic side effects. This approach would be advantageous for fertility sparing surgery, whereby localised delivery could be used to reduce tumour size allowing for a much smaller tumour to be removed, reducing the risk of preterm birth. Furthermore, localised delivery could be used after surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence, which is significantly higher in fertility sparing surgery compared to standard surgery. In this paper, we discuss the number of vaginal dosage forms that have investigated for this purpose, including tablets, rings, bioadhesive and cervical caps. APIs under investigation have ranged from well-established chemotherapeutic drugs to more experimental compounds.
Lipase‐catalyzed esterification of lactic acid with straight‐chain alcohols (2005)

Abstract Enzymatic synthesis of esters of lactic acid and straight‐chain alcohols with different chain lengths (C 6 –C 18 ) were investigated in batch reactions with hexadecanol (C 16 ) as the model alcohol. Cyclohexane was the best solvent for higher ester yields, and the best biocatalyst was the immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (Novozym 435) as well as the textile‐immobilized Candida sp. lipase. A method was established to obtain ester yields in the range of 71 to 82% for the different alcohols, and the most favorable conditions for the esterification reaction using Novozym 435 were an equimolar ratio of lactic acid to alcohol, each at a concentration of 120 mM each; a 50°C reaction temperature; 190 rpm shaking speed; and the addition of 100 mg molecular sieves (4 Å) for drying. The ester yield increased with increasing lipase load, and a yield of 79.2% could be obtained after 24 h of reaction at 20 wt% of Novozym 435. The immobilized Candida sp. lipase prepared in the laboratory also could be used to produce esters of lactic acid and straight‐chain alcohols, but it had a much lower activity than Novozym 435 with a temperature optimum of 40°C.
Prophylaxis in factor IX deficiency product and patient variation (2003)

To determine the dosing needed to maintain a prophylactic level of factor IX (FIX) >/=2%, 15 non-inhibitor severe (</=1% FIX) deficient subjects participated in a double-blind, two-period crossover study to assess the pharmacokinetics of two FIX concentrates, Mononine (pd-FIX), an ultra-high-purity plasma-derived concentrate, and BeneFix (r-FIX), a recombinant product. The median recovery in the pd-FIX group was 1.67 IU dL(-1) per IU kg-1+/-1.07 vs. 0.86 IU dL(-1) per IU kg(-1)+/-0.32 in the r-FIX group (P = 0.0002). The median half-life for pd-FIX was 12.9 +/-1.7 h compared with 13.7 +/- 2.9 h for r-FIX (P = 0.016). Fitted dose activity curves were computer-simulated to depict multiple-dose activity curves for each patient with each product that would maintain prophylactic levels of >/=2%. Based on pharmacokinetic analysis the median amount of concentrate needed to maintain a prophylactic level >/=2% for 30 days when administered every third day is 677 IU kg(-1) pd-FIX (range 388-6005 IU kg(-1) pd-FIX) compared with 1168 IU kg(-1) r-FIX (range 268-13085 IU kg(-1) r-FIX). The median cost for 30 days of prophylaxis of an average 25-kg 8-year-old child at the current University of Iowa Price (0.87 US dollars Mononine/0.86 US dollars BeneFix as of December 2002) if given every third day would be 19,972 US dollars and 34,456 US dollars for r-FIX. However, because of wide inter-patient variability in recovery and half-life, pharmacokinetic evaluation of each patient is necessary to determine the appropriate dosing schedule and product best suited for prophylaxis.
Carrier distribution in silicon devices by atomic force microscopy on etched surfaces (1994)

The selective chemical etching of silicon containing an impurity profile was used to obtain surface topography related to the local carrier concentration. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was then used to image this topography. Through a calibration curve of etched depth versus carrier concentration, established by etching uniformly doped epitaxial silicon layers, it is possible to convert the AFM topographical data into carrier concentration. The technique was applied to measure directly the carrier distribution in submicron devices.
Mid-rate coding based on a sinusoidal representation of speech (2005)

In this paper a sinusoidal model for the speech waveform is used to develop a new analysis/synthesis technique that is characterized by the amplitudes, frequencies, and phases of the component sine waves. The resulting synthetic waveform preserves the waveform shape and is essentially perceptually indistinguishable from the original speech. Furthermore, in the presence of noise the perceptual characteristics of the speech and the noise are maintained. Based on this system, a coder operating at 8 kbps is developed that codes the amplitudes and phases of each of the sine wave components and uses a harmonic model to code all of the frequencies. Since not all of the phases can be coded, a high frequency regeneration technique is developed that exploits the properties of the sinusoidal representation of the coded baseband signal. Based on a relatively limited data base, computer simulation has demonstrated that coded speech of good quality can be achieved. A real-time simulation is being developed to provide a more thorough evaluation of the algorithm.
Wideband Reflectance in Newborns: Normative Regions and Relationship to Hearing-Screening Results (2010)

Referrals in OAE-based infant hearing screening were strongly associated with increased wideband reflectance, suggesting middle-ear dysfunction at birth. Reflectance improved significantly during the first 4 days after birth with normalization of middle-ear function. Reflectance scores can be achieved within seconds using the same equipment used for OAE screening. Newborns with high reflectance scores at stage I screening should be rescreened within a few hours to a few days, because most middle-ear problems are transient and resolve spontaneously. If reflectance and OAE are not passed upon stage II screening, referral to an otologist for ear examination is suggested along with diagnostic testing. Newborns with normal reflectance and a refer result for the OAE screen should be referred immediately to an audiologist for diagnostic testing with threshold auditory brainstem response because of higher risk for permanent hearing loss.
Apolipoprotein-mediated Transport of Nanoparticle-bound Drugs Across the Blood-Brain Barrier (2002)

Recent studies have shown that drugs that are normally unable to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) following intravenous injection can be transported across this barrier by binding to poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles and coating with polysorbate 80. However, the mechanism of this transport so far was not known. In the present paper, the possible involvement of apolipoproteins in the transport of nanoparticle-bound drugs into the brain is investigated. Poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles loaded with the hexapeptide dalargin were coated with the apolipoproteins AII, B, CII, E, or J without or after precoating with polysorbate 80. In addition, loperamide-loaded nanoparticles were coated with apolipoprotein E alone or again after precoating with polysorbate 80. After intravenous injection to ICR mice the antinociceptive threshold was measured by the tail flick test. Furthermore, the antinociceptive threshold of polysorbate 80-coated dalargin-loaded nanoparticles was determined in ApoEtm1Unc and C57BL/6J mice. The results show that only dalargin or loperamide-loaded nanoparticles coated with polysorbate 80 and/or with apolipoprotein B or E were able to achieve an antinociceptive effect. This effect was significantly higher after polysorbate-precoating and apolipoprotein B or E-overcoating. With the apolipoprotein E-deficient ApoEtm1Unc mice the antinociceptive effect was considerably reduced in comparison to the C57BL/6J mice. These results suggest that apolipoproteins B and E are involved in the mediation of the transport of drugs bound to poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles across the BBB. Polysorbate 80-coated nanoparticles adsorb these apolipoproteins from the blood after injection and thus seem to mimic lipoprotein particles that could be taken up by the brain capillary endothelial cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Bound drugs then may be further transported into the brain by diffusion following release within the endothelial cells or, alternatively, by transcytosis.
Recent Progress and Challenges in Graphene Nanoribbon Synthesis (2012)

Graphene, the thinnest two-dimensional material in nature, has abundant distinctive properties, such as ultrahigh carrier mobility, superior thermal conductivity, very high surface-to-volume ratio, anomalous quantum Hall effect, and so on. Laterally confined, thin, and long strips of graphene, namely, graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), can open the bandgap in the semimetal and give it the potential to replace silicon in future electronics. Great efforts are devoted to achieving high-quality GNRs with narrow widths and smooth edges. This minireview reports the latest progress in experimental and theoretical studies on GNR synthesis. Different methods of GNR synthesis-unzipping of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), cutting of graphene, and the direct synthesis of GNRs-are discussed, and their advantages and disadvantages are compared in detail. Current challenges and the prospects in this rapidly developing field are also addressed.
Which Hotel attributes Matter? A review of previous and a framework for future research (2003)

A lot of effort has been made in the last decades to reveal, which hotel attributes guest care about. Due to the high costs that are typically involved with investments in the hotel industry, it makes a lot of sense to study, which product components the travellers appreciate. This study reveals that hotel attribute research turns out to be a wide and extremely heterogeneous field of research. The authors review empirical studies investigating the importance of hotel attributes, provide attribute rankings and suggest a framework for past and future research projects in the field, based on the dimensions “focus of research”, ”risk versus utility” and “trade-off versus no trade-off questioning situation”.