gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiferroics as Quantum Electromagnets (2006)

The term “electromagnetism” comes from the fact that the electric and magnetic fields are generally not independent of one another. A changing magnetic field produces an electric field (electromagnetic induction), whereas the motion of electric charges, or electric current, generates a magnetic field (the Biot-Savart law). Typically, electromagnets are wire coils or loops, which tend to be bulky and difficult to fabricate. Would it be possible to devise an electromagnet made from a nano- or micrometer-scale material (not in the form of a coil) that could be activated by simply applying an electric field or current? The answer is perhaps yes, but the issue is not straightforward at all. The magnetoelectric (ME) effect in a solid—that is, the induction of a magnetization (M) by means of an electric field and the induction of an electric polarization (P) by means of a magnetic field—was presumed to exist by Pierre Curie (1), who considered the analogy of the electromagnetic phenomena in a vacuum and in a solid. This analogy is important today from the standpoint of applications: The highly efficient control of magnetism by an electric field or electric current in a solid may advance the technology of spin-electronics (spintronics) technology, such as magnetic storage and magnetic random-access memory. Since the ME effect was first confirmed in the 1960s by Russian scientists, many magnetic materials have been shown to produce this effect (2). Nevertheless, the magnitude of the observed ME effect has been too small for practical devices.
The development of Sativex® — a natural cannabis-based medicine (2005)

Cannabis has been used medicinally for 4000 years [1–4] in a variety of cultures and was re-introduced into British medicine in 1842 by W. O’Shaughnessy [5]. It remained in the British pharmacopaeia until 1932, when cannabis, extract of cannabis and tincture of cannabis were among 400 medicines removed, though all three remained in the British Pharmaceutical Codex of 1949 [5]. However, following the 1961 UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, cannabis and cannabis derivatives became scheduled products and were subject to special measures of control and parties could ban their use altogether. Following the 1971 UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances, the UK enacted the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. Cannabinol and its derivatives, including ∆-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆-THC), appeared in Schedule I to the Convention, and their regular medical use was prohibited. The introduction of the Misuse of Drugs Regulations in the UK in 1973 listed cannabis and cannabis products in Schedule 4 (now Schedule I in current legislation), thereby prohibiting medical use altogether [5].
A spatio-temporal logic for image sequence coding and retrieval (2003)

The problem of retrieving image sequences from databases is of main importance in the context of advanced multimedia applications. In this paper, an original formalism is proposed for the description of the changes that occur in image sequences. The concepts of temporal logic are extended so as to comprise a unified framework for handling sequences of images.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Categorization of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (2004)

The subcategories of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis are discussed in light of recent findings and treatment recommendations.
New Approaches to Filling the Gap in Tuberculosis Drug Discovery (2007)

Sanofi-Aventis-major limitations remain. It is becoming clear that current funding paradigms and strategic approaches have not led to the increase in drug discovery
Single-Grasp Object Classification and Feature Extraction with Simple Robot Hands and Tactile Sensors (2016)

Classical robotic approaches to tactile object identification often involve rigid mechanical grippers, dense sensor arrays, and exploratory procedures (EPs). Though EPs are a natural method for humans to acquire object information, evidence also exists for meaningful tactile property inference from brief, non-exploratory motions (a 'haptic glance'). In this work, we implement tactile object identification and feature extraction techniques on data acquired during a single, unplanned grasp with a simple, underactuated robot hand equipped with inexpensive barometric pressure sensors. Our methodology utilizes two cooperating schemes based on an advanced machine learning technique (random forests) and parametric methods that estimate object properties. The available data is limited to actuator positions (one per two link finger) and force sensors values (eight per finger). The schemes are able to work both independently and collaboratively, depending on the task scenario. When collaborating, the results of each method contribute to the other, improving the overall result in a synergistic fashion. Unlike prior work, the proposed approach does not require object exploration, re-grasping, grasp-release, or force modulation and works for arbitrary object start positions and orientations. Due to these factors, the technique may be integrated into practical robotic grasping scenarios without adding time or manipulation overheads.
Condensed pyridazines including cinnolines and phthalazines (1973)

The of Heterocyclic Compounds, since its inception, has been recognized as a cornerstone of heterocyclic chemistry. Each volume attempts to discuss all aspects - properties, synthesis, reactions, physiological and industrial significance - of a specific ring system. To keep the series up-to-date, supplementary volumes covering the recent literature on each individual ring system have been published. Many ring systems (such as pyridines and oxazoles) are treated in distinct books, each consisting of separate volumes or parts dealing with different individual topics. With all authors are recognized authorities, the of Heterocyclic Chemistry is considered worldwide as the indispensable resource for organic, bioorganic, and medicinal chemists.
Identification of the Orthopoxvirus <i>p4c</i> Gene, Which Encodes a Structural Protein That Directs Intracellular Mature Virus Particles into A-Type Inclusions (2002)

The orthopoxvirus gene p4c has been identified in the genome of the vaccinia virus strain Western Reserve. This gene encodes the 58-kDa structural protein P4c present on the surfaces of the intracellular mature virus (IMV) particles. The gene is disrupted in the genome of cowpox virus Brighton Red (BR), demonstrating that although the P4c protein may be advantageous for virus replication in vivo, it is not essential for virus replication in vitro. Complementation and recombination analyses with the p4c gene have shown that the P4c protein is required to direct the IMV into the A-type inclusions (ATIs) produced by cowpox virus BR. The p4c gene is highly conserved among most members of the orthopoxvirus genus, including viruses that produce ATIs, such as cowpox, ectromelia, and raccoonpox viruses, as well as those such as variola, monkeypox, vaccinia, and camelpox viruses, which do not. The conservation of the p4c gene among the orthopoxviruses, irrespective of their capacities to produce ATIs, suggests that the P4c protein provides functions in addition to that of directing IMV into ATIs. These findings, and the presence of the P4c protein in IMV but not extracellular enveloped virus (D. Ulaeto, D. Grosenbach, and D. E. Hruby, J. Virol. 70:3372-3377, 1996), suggest a model in which the P4c protein may play a role in the retrograde movement of IMV particles, thereby contributing to the retention of IMV particles within the cytoplasm and within ATIs when they are present. In this way, the P4c protein may affect both viral morphogenesis and processes of virus dissemination.
Design Of An Automatically Balancing Electrical Impedance Plethysmograph (1984)

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, Wisconsin
Answering Questions about Complex Events (2008)

Reasoning about event structure is a fundamental research problem in Artificial Intelligence. Event scenarios and procedures are inherently about change of state. To understand them and answer questions about them requires a means of describing, simulating and analyzing the underlying processes, taking into account preconditions and effects, the resources they produce and consume, and their interactions with each other. We propose a novel, comprehensive event schema that covers many of the parameters required and has explicit links to language through FrameNet. Based on the event schema, we have implemented a dynamic model of events capable of simulation and causal inference. We describe the results of applying this event reasoning platform to question answering and system diagnosis, providing responses to questions on justification, temporal projection, ability and "what-if" hypotheticals, as well as complex problems in diagnosis of systems with incomplete knowledge.
Pulse oximetry and PPG measurements in plastic surgery (2002)

There is a need for a monitor of flap viability in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Pulse oximetry has been suggested as a suitable monitoring technique but commercially available oximeters have difficulty obtaining reliable readings from flaps. This may be due to an inappropriate range of LED currents for the thin flap tissue or to insufficient PPG amplitudes for signal processing. A system has been developed which uses previously described miniature, sterilizable probes to measure both the AC and DC PPG amplitudes at two wavelengths for a range of LED currents. Measurements were made from a variety of sites on normal subjects where a conventional pulse oximeter operates correctly. A second series of measurements were made from healthy tissue on patients undergoing plastic surgery, as a model of a healthy skin flap. The LED currents used on the flap model were within the range available to the pulse oximeter used. The AC PPG amplitudes from the flap model were significantly smaller than those obtained from intact tissue sites. Manual calculations of SaO/sub 2/ made using the PPG measurements from the flap model suggest that a dedicated oximeter with a specially adapted algorithm for flap measurements is feasible.
Controlled placement and electrical contact properties of individual multiwalled carbon nanotubes on patterned silicon chips (2004)

A scheme that allows on-chip growth of multiwalled carbon nanotubes at designed locations is demonstrated. The nanotubes were grown by thermal chemical vapor deposition and were contacted to nanoscaled Cr electrodes fabricated by standard e-beam lithography techniques. The contacts were found to be Ohmic with resistance values on the order of 103 Ω at room temperature. Remarkably, the contacts showed weak temperature dependence down to 40 mK and were insensitive to the magnetic field up to 5 T.
Imaging with reverse vertical seismic profiles using a downhole, hydraulic, axial vibrator (2000)

We present the analysis of a reverse vertical seismic profile (RVSP) acquired over a pinnacle reef in the northern Michigan reef trend. The survey exhibited two features of note: (1) a new, strong, downhole vertical vibrator, and (2) a random distribution of surface receiver locations. A short sequence of processing steps followed by diffraction summation migration provide a high-resolution image of a portion of the target reef at 4600 feet depth. The high-resolution of the image is due largely to the downhole source, which generated a high-powered signal at frequencies up to several hundred Hz. The source signal was repeatable, allowing our processing scheme to recover these high frequencies. Due to adverse conditions, a large portion of the surface spread was abandoned. The reduced spatial coverage limits the extent of the migrated image, and therefore precludes an evaluation of the effectiveness of the random receiver spread. However, the partial image agrees with our previous interpretation of the reef. The high-resolution offers new insight into the structure of the reef, although a detailed geological interpretation is not possible due to the limited extent of the image.
Coordinated training and transmission for improved interference cancellation in a cellular network (2002)

Interference cancellation or joint detection in cellular systems can be used to improve the quality, capacity, or coverage. Gains may be limited, however, due to the lack of coordination between base stations. This resulting asynchronicity increases channel estimation error and degrades the performance of receivers which mitigate interference. We propose a cellular architecture, using sectored base station antennas, that employs successive time delays to reduce the asynchronicity of interfering transmissions. Training sequence assignments are coordinated among cells to ensure that both signal and interferer are trained. We derive the largest allowable offset correction for both uplink and downlink transmissions according to certain criteria. Examples using ideal cellular layouts are presented along with discussion of application to nonideal terrains.
Antigen Retrieval Techniques (2001)

Development of the antigen retrieval (AR) technique, a simple method of boiling archival paraffin-embedded tissue sections in water to enhance the signal of immunohistochemistry (IHC), was the fruit of pioneering efforts guided by the philosophy of rendering IHC applicable to routine formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues for wide application of IHC in research and clinical pathology. On the basis of thousands of articles and many reviews, a book has recently been published that summarizes basic principles for practice and further development of the AR technique. Major topics with respect to several critical issues, such as the definition, application, technical principles, and further studies of the AR technique, are highlighted in this article. In particular, a further application of the heat-induced retrieval approach for sufficient extraction of nucleic acids in addition to proteins, and standardization of routine IHC based on the AR technique in terms of a test battery approach, are also addressed. Furthermore, understanding the mechanism of the AR technique may shed light on facilitating the development of molecular morphology. (J Histochem Cytochem 49:931–937, 2001)
Marine CSEM time‐lapse repeatability for hydrocarbon field monitoring (2009)

The marine Controlled‐Source Electromagnetic (CSEM) method has become a well‐established geophysical tool for 3D imaging of multiple resistive bodies. While traditionally being considered an exploration tool, improved data quality and advanced processing methods put mapping detailed resistivity distributions using CSEM methods in reach. Particularly in conjunction with 3D‐ and 4D‐seismic technology defining the structural container, marine CSEM can add a complementary image of the bulk distribution of resistors. Using real data and supported by modeling, we assess the capability of CSEM technology for time‐lapse monitoring, including the dominant sources of non‐repeatability.
Theory of the phase noise and power spectrum of a single mode injection laser (1983)

Spontaneous emission alters the phase and amplitude of the laser field. The amplitude changes induce relaxation oscillations, which cause additional phase changes while restoring the field amplitude to the steady state value. It was previously shown that the additional phase changes greatly enhance the linewidth. We show here that the additional phase changes also give rise to line shape structure in the form of additional peaks separated from the main peak by multiples of the relaxation oscillation frequency. The calculated mean square phase change and power spectrum are in good agreement with published observations.
Phosphorus atomic layer doping of germanium by the stacking of multiple δ layers (2011)

In this paper we demonstrate the fabrication of multiple, narrow, and closely spaced δ-doped P layers in Ge. The P profiles are obtained by repeated phosphine adsorption onto atomically flat Ge(001) surfaces and subsequent thermal incorporation of P into the lattice. A dual-temperature epitaxial Ge overgrowth separates the layers, minimizing dopant redistribution and guaranteeing an atomically flat starting surface for each doping cycle. This technique allows P atomic layer doping in Ge and can be scaled up to an arbitrary number of doped layers maintaining atomic level control of the interface. Low sheet resistivities (280 Ω/ [symbol see text ) and high carrier densities (2 × 10(14) cm( - 2), corresponding to 7.4 × 10(19) cm( - 3)) are demonstrated at 4.2 K.
Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method Targeting the <i>lytA</i> Gene for Detection of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> (2005)

It is difficult to separate Streptococcus pneumoniae from the genotypically similar species Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus oralis, which are commensals of the human oral cavity. A novel nucleic acid amplification technique, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), which amplifies DNA under isothermal conditions (63 degrees C) with high specificity, efficiency, and rapidity, was examined regarding its applicability for detecting S. pneumoniae. An S. pneumoniae-specific LAMP primer targeting the lytA gene was designed. The primer specificity was validated using 10 Streptococcus and 7 non-Streptococcus species. Within 60 min, the assay could detect 10 or more copies of purified S. pneumoniae DNA with a sensitivity 1,000 times that of conventional PCR. Clinical isolates of 21 other strains (3 S. oralis, 17 S. mitis, and 1 Streptococcus species) that harbor virulence-factor-encoding genes (lytA or ply) were tried to differentiate S. pneumoniae. The detection of S. pneumoniae in clinical isolates was more selective using the LAMP method than using conventional PCR. Therefore, LAMP appears to be a sensitive and reliable means of diagnosing S. pneumoniae infection.
Correction of Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Type II With Oral Fucose (1999)

We describe a simple, noninvasive, and effective therapy for leukocyte adhesion deficiency type II (LAD II), a rare inherited disorder of fucose metabolism. This disorder leads to an immunodeficiency caused by the absence of carbohydrate-based selectin ligands on the surface of neutrophils as well as to severe psychomotor and mental retardation. The fucosylation defect in LAD II fibroblasts can be corrected by addition of L-fucose to the culture medium. This prompted us to initiate dietary fucose therapy on a patient with LAD II. Oral supplementation of fucose in this patient induced the expression of fucosylated selectin ligands on neutrophils and core fucosylation of serum glycoproteins. During 9 months of treatment, infections and fever disappeared, elevated neutrophil counts returned to normal, and psychomotor capabilities improved.
Les associations thérapeutiques à base de dérivés d'artémisinine (place dans le traitement du paludisme en Afrique) (2006)

Le paludisme est une maladie qui touche 40% de la population mondiale. Ses conséquences au niveau de la santé publique sont dévastatrices. Les résistances des parasites aux trois principaux médicaments antipaludiques se développent partout dans le monde et surtout en Afrique. L'artémisinine et ses dérivés, issus d'une plante chinoise, ont largement prouvé leur efficacité en Asie du sud-est. Afin d'augmenter leur efficacité et retarder l'apparition de résistances, l'OMS recommande leur utilisation en association avec d'autres antipaludiques d'action prolongée. Ces bithérapies ont de nets avantages : guérison clinique et parasitologique rapide, aucune résistance signalée à ce jour, réduction de la charge gamétocytaire, bonne tolérance. Cependant, ces associations sont beaucoup plus chères que les traitements utilisés actuellement. L'accès à ces bithérapies ainsi que la compréhension du traitement est parfois difficile. Enfin, ces médicaments sont souvent obtenus par des circuits parallèles et peuvent être contrefaits.
Antimicrobial characteristic of insoluble alkylpyridinium iodide (1982)

Insoluble and soluble alkylpyridinium iodides (C8 to C18) were synthesized. The insoluble agents were quaternized 4-vinylpyridine-divinylbenzene copolymers. The insoluble agent [C12(50)] that contained 50% divinylbenzene and had a C12 alkyl chain was selected as the most suitable insoluble agent. C12(50) showed poor durability of the antibacterial activity, but C12(50), which had lost the activity, was refreshed by washing with ethanol. This washing became ineffective after a few cycles of antibacterial treatment and refreshment. Such C12(50) recovered the activity upon 1.0 N NaOH treatment. The antibacterial activity of C12(50) depended on its surface area. It showed high antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria and also showed activity against gram-negative bacteria and yeasts. But the activities of C12(50) and laurylpyridinium iodide solution were different against some microbes. The antibacterial activities of the agents were investigated against Escherichia coli and Micrococcus luteus under various conditions. The activity of C12(50) was higher at a higher temperature or at a lower cell concentration. The activity of C12(50) decreased on addition of NaCl, glucose, or bovine albumin to the cell suspension or in 0.01 M sodium-potassium phosphate buffer. C12(50) showed less activity when cells were mixed with dead cells or the supernatant of dead cells killed in an autoclave. The mode of action of the laurylpyridinium iodide solution against E. coli and M. luteus was similar to that of C12(50) except for the influence of E. coli cell concentration.
Pyrimidine Ribonucleotides with Enhanced Selectivity as P2Y<sub>6</sub> Receptor Agonists: Novel 4-Alkyloxyimino, (S)-Methanocarba, and 5′-Triphosphate γ-Ester Modifications (2010)

The P2Y(6) receptor is a cytoprotective G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activated by UDP (EC(50) = 0.30 microM). We compared and combined modifications to enhance P2Y(6) receptor agonist selectivity, including ribose ring constraint, 5-iodo and 4-alkyloxyimino modifications, and phosphate modifications such as alpha,beta-methylene and extension of the terminal phosphate group into gamma-esters of UTP analogues. The conformationally constrained (S)-methanocarba-UDP is a full agonist (EC(50) = 0.042 microM). 4-Methoxyimino modification of pyrimidine enhanced P2Y(6), preserved P2Y(2) and P2Y(4), and abolished P2Y(14) receptor potency, in the appropriate nucleotide. N(4)-Benzyloxy-CDP (15, MRS2964) and N(4)-methoxy-Cp(3)U (23, MRS2957) were potent, selective P2Y(6) receptor agonists (EC(50) of 0.026 and 0.012 microM, respectively). A hydrophobic binding region near the nucleobase was explored with receptor modeling and docking. UTP-gamma-aryl and cycloalkyl phosphoesters displayed only intermediate P2Y(6) receptor potency but had enhanced stability in acid and cell membranes. UTP-glucose was inactive, but its (S)-methanocarba analogue and N(4)-methoxycytidine 5'-triphospho-gamma-[1]glucose were active (EC(50) of 2.47 and 0.18 microM, respectively). Thus, the potency, selectivity, and stability of pyrimidine nucleotides as P2Y(6) receptor agonists may be enhanced by modest structural changes.