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+Transcribed from the 1888 Cassell & Co. edition by David Price, email
+ccx074@pglaf.org
+
+                       CASSELL’S NATIONAL LIBRARY.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+
+
+
+
+                              LONDON IN 1731
+
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+                                    BY
+                           DON MANOEL GONZALES.
+
+                      [Picture: Decorative graphic]
+
+                       CASSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED:
+                _LONDON_, _PARIS_, _NEW YORK & MELBOURNE_.
+                                  1888.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+DON MANOEL GONZALES is the assumed name of the writer of a “Voyage to
+Great Britain, containing an Account of England and Scotland,” which was
+first printed in the first of the two folio volumes of “A Collection of
+Voyages and Travels, compiled from the Library of the Earl of Oxford”
+(Robert Harley, who died in 1724, but whose industry in collection was
+continued by his son Edward, the second Earl), “interspersed and
+illustrated with Notes.”  These volumes, known as the “Harleian
+Collection,” were published in 1745 and 1746.  The narrative was
+reproduced early in the present century in the second of the seventeen
+quartos of John Pinkerton’s “General Collection of the best and the most
+interesting Voyages and Travels of the World” (1808–1814), from which
+this account of London is taken.  The writer does here, no doubt, keep up
+his character of Portuguese by a light allusion to “our extensive city of
+Lisbon,” but he forgets to show his nationality when speaking of Portugal
+among the countries with which London has trade, and he writes of London
+altogether like one to the City born, when he describes its inner life
+together with its institutions and its buildings.
+
+The book is one of those that have been attributed to Defoe, who died in
+1731, and the London it describes was dated by Pinkerton in the last year
+of Defoe’s life.  This is also the latest date to be found in the
+narrative.  On page 93 of this volume, old buildings at St. Bartholomew’s
+are said to have been pulled down in the year 1731, “and a magnificent
+pile erected in the room of them, about 150 feet in length, faced with a
+pure white stone, besides other additions now building.”  That passage
+was written, therefore, after 1731, and could not possibly have been
+written by Defoe.  But if the book was in Robert Harley’s collection, and
+not one of the additions made by his son the second earl, the main body
+of the account of London must be of a date earlier than the first earl’s
+death in 1724.  Note, for instance, the references on pages 27, 28, to
+“the late Queen Mary,” and to “her Majesty” Queen Anne, as if Anne were
+living.  It would afterwards have been brought to date of publication by
+additions made in or before 1745.  The writer, whoever he may have been,
+was an able man, who joined to the detail of a guide-book the clear
+observation of one who writes like an educated and not untravelled London
+merchant, giving a description of his native town as it was in the reign
+of George the First, with addition of a later touch or two from the
+beginning of the reign of George the Second.
+
+His London is London of the time when Pope published his translation of
+the “Iliad,” and was nettled at the report that Addison, at Button’s
+Coffee House, had given to Tickell’s little venture in the same direction
+the praise of having more in it of Homer’s fire.  Button’s Coffee House
+was of Addison’s foundation, for the benefit of Daniel Button, an old
+steward of the Countess of Warwick’s, whom he had settled there in 1812.
+It was in Russell Street, Covent Garden, and Addison brought the wits to
+it by using it himself.  “Don Manoel Gonzales” describes very clearly in
+the latter part of this account of London, the manner of using taverns
+and coffee-houses by the Londoners of his days, and other ways of life
+with high and low.  It is noticeable, however, that his glance does not
+include the ways of men of letters.  His four orders of society are, the
+noblemen and gentlemen, whose wives breakfast at twelve; the merchants
+and richer tradesmen; after whom he places the lawyers and doctors; whose
+professional class is followed by that of the small tradesmen,
+costermongers, and other people of the lower orders.  This, and the
+clearness of detail upon London commerce, may strengthen the general
+impression that the description comes rather from a shrewd, clear-headed,
+and successful merchant than from a man of letters.
+
+The London described is that of Addison who died in 1719, of Steele who
+died in 1729, of Pope who died in 1744.  It is the London into which
+Samuel Johnson came in 1738, at the age of twenty-nine—seven years before
+the manuscript of “Manoel de Gonzales” appeared in print.  “How different
+a place,” said Johnson, ���London is to different people; but the
+intellectual man is struck with it as comprehending the whole of human
+life in all its variety, the contemplation of which is inexhaustible.”
+Its hard features were shown in the poem entitled _London_—an imitation
+of the third satire of Juvenal—with which Johnson began his career in the
+great city, pressed by poverty, but not to be subdued:—
+
+    “By numbers here from shame or censure free,
+    All crimes are safe but hated poverty.
+    This, only this, the rigid law pursues,
+    This, only this, provokes the snarling Muse.
+    The sober trader, at a tattered cloak,
+    Wakes from his dream and labours for a joke;
+    With brisker air the silken courtiers gaze,
+    And turn the varied taunt a thousand ways.
+    Of all the griefs that harass the distressed,
+    Sure the most bitter is a scornful jest;
+    Fate never wounds more deep the generous heart
+    Than when a blockhead’s insult points the dart.”
+
+When Don Manoel’s account of London was written the fashionable world was
+only beginning to migrate from Covent Garden—once a garden belonging to
+the Convent of Westminster, and the first London square inhabited by
+persons of rank and fashion—to Grosvenor Square, of which Don Manoel
+describes the new glories.  They included a gilt equestrian statue of
+King George I. in the middle of its garden, to say nothing of kitchen
+areas to its houses, then unusual enough to need special description: “To
+the kitchens and offices, which have little paved yards with vaults
+before them, they descend by twelve or fifteen steps, and these yards are
+defended by a high palisade of iron.”  Altogether, we are told, Grosvenor
+Square “may well be looked upon as the beauty of the town, and those who
+have not seen it cannot have an adequate idea of the place.”
+
+But Covent Garden is named by “Don Manoel Gonzales,” with St. James’s
+Park, as a gathering-place of the London world of fashion.  The
+neighbouring streets, it may be added, had many coffee-houses,
+wine-cellars, fruit and jelly shops; fruit, flowers, and herbs were sold
+in its central space; and one large woman thoughtfully considering the
+fashion of the place, sat at her stall in a lace dress of which the
+lowest estimate was that it must have cost a hundred guineas.
+
+                                                                     H. M.
+
+
+
+
+LONDON IN 1731.
+
+
+CONTAINING A DESCRIPTION OF THE CITY OF LONDON; BOTH IN REGARD TO ITS
+EXTENT, BUILDINGS, GOVERNMENT, TRADE, ETC.
+
+LONDON, the capital of the kingdom of England, taken in its largest
+extent, comprehends the cities of London and Westminster, with their
+respective suburbs, and the borough of Southwark, with the buildings
+contiguous thereto on the south side of the river, both on the east and
+west sides of the bridge.
+
+The length thereof, if we measure in a direct line from Hyde Park gate,
+on the west side of Grosvenor Square, to the farthest buildings that are
+contiguous in Limehouse, that is, from west to east, is very near five
+miles in a direct line; but if we take in the turnings and windings of
+the streets, it cannot be less than six miles.  The breadth in many
+places from north to south is about two miles and a half, but in others
+not above a mile and a half; the circumference of the whole being about
+sixteen miles.
+
+The situation next the river is hilly, and in some places very steep; but
+the streets are for the most part upon a level, and the principal of them
+nowhere to be paralleled for their length, breadth, beauty, and
+regularity of the buildings, any more than the spacious and magnificent
+squares with which this city abounds.
+
+As to the dimensions of the city within the walls, I find that the late
+wall on the land side from the Tower in the east, to the mouth of Fleet
+Ditch in the west, was two miles wanting ten poles; and the line along
+the Thames, where there has been no walls for many hundred years, if
+ever, contains from the Tower in the east, to the mouth of the same ditch
+in the west, a mile and forty poles; which added to the circuit of the
+wall, on the land side, makes in the whole three miles thirty poles; and
+as it is of an irregular figure, narrow at each end, and the broadest
+part not half the length of it, the content of the ground within the
+walls, upon the most accurate survey, does not contain more than three
+hundred and eighty acres; which is not a third part of the contents of
+our extensive city of Lisbon: but then this must be remembered, Lisbon
+contains a great quantity of arable and waste ground within its walls,
+whereas London is one continued pile of buildings.  The city gates are at
+this day eight, besides posterns, viz.: 1, Aldgate; 2, Bishopsgate; 3,
+Moorgate; 4, Cripplegate; 5, Aldersgate; 6, Newgate; 7, Ludgate; and, 8,
+The Bridgegate.
+
+1.  Aldgate, or Ealdgate, in the east, is of great antiquity, even as old
+as the days of King Edgar, who mentions it in a charter to the knights of
+Knighton-Guild.  Upon the top of it, to the eastward, is placed a golden
+sphere; and on the upper battlements, the figures of two soldiers as
+sentinels: beneath, in a large square, King James I. is represented
+standing in gilt armour, at whose feet are a lion and unicorn, both
+couchant, the first the supporter of England, and the other for Scotland.
+On the west side of the gate is the figure of Fortune, finely gilded and
+carved, with a prosperous sail over her head, standing on a globe,
+overlooking the city.  Beneath it is the King’s arms, with the usual
+motto, _Dieu et mon droit_, and under it, _Vivat rex_.  A little lower,
+on one side, is the figure of a woman, being the emblem of peace, with a
+dove in one hand, and a gilded wreath or garland in the other; and on the
+other side is the figure of charity, with a child at her breast, and
+another in her hand; and over the arch of the gate is this inscription,
+viz., _Senatus populusque Londinensis fecit_, 1609, and under it,
+Humphrey Weld, Mayor, in whose mayoralty it was finished.
+
+2.  Bishopsgate, which stands north-west of Aldgate, is supposed to have
+been built by some bishop about the year 1200.  It was afterwards several
+times repaired by the merchants of the Hanse Towns, on account of the
+confirmation of their privileges in this city.  The figures of the two
+bishops on the north side are pretty much defaced, as are the city arms
+engraven on the south side of it.
+
+3.  Aldersgate, the ancient north gate of the city, stands to the
+westward of Bishopsgate.  On the north, or outside of it, is the figure
+of King James I. on horseback, who entered the city at this gate when he
+came from Scotland, on his accession to the throne of England.  Over the
+head of this figure are the arms of England, Scotland, and Ireland; and
+on one side the image of the prophet Jeremy, with this text engraved,
+“Then shall enter into the gates of this city, kings and princes sitting
+on the throne of David, riding on chariots and on horses, they and their
+princes, the men of Judah, and the inhabitants of Jerusalem.”  And on the
+other side, the figure of the prophet Samuel, with the following passage,
+“And Samuel said unto all Israel, Behold, I have hearkened unto your
+voice in all that you have said unto me, and have made a king over you.”
+On the south, or inside of the gate, is the effigy of King James I.
+sitting on his throne in his robes.
+
+4.  Newgate, so called from its being built later than the other
+principal gates, is situated on the north-west corner of the city, said
+to be erected in the reign of Henry I. or King Stephen, when the way
+through Ludgate was interrupted by enlarging the cathedral of St. Paul’s
+and the churchyard about it.  This gate hath been the county jail for
+Middlesex at least five hundred years.  The west, or outside of the gate
+is adorned with three ranges of pilasters and their entablements of the
+Tuscan order.  Over the lowest is a circular pediment, and above it the
+King’s arms.  The inter columns are four niches, and as many figures in
+them, well carved, and large as the life.  The east, or inside of the
+gate, is adorned with a range of pilasters with entablements as the
+other, and in three niches are the figures of justice, mercy, and truth,
+with this inscription, viz., “This part of Newgate was begun to be
+repaired in the mayoralty of Sir James Campel, Knight, anno 1630, and
+finished in the mayoralty of Sir Robert Ducie, Bart., anno 1631; and
+being damnified by the fire in 1666, it was repaired in the mayoralty of
+Sir George Waterman, anno 1672.”
+
+5.  Ludgate, the ancient western gate of the city, stands between Newgate
+and the Thames, built by King Lud about threescore years before the birth
+of our Saviour.  It was repaired in the reign of King John, anno 1215,
+and afterwards in the year 1260, when it was adorned with the figures of
+King Lud and his two sons, Androgeus and Theomantius; but at the
+Reformation, in the reign of Edward VI., some zealous people struck off
+all their heads, looking upon images of all kinds to be Popish and
+idolatrous.  In the reign of Queen Mary, new heads were placed on the
+bodies of these kings, and so remained till the 28th of Queen Elizabeth,
+anno 1586, when the gate, being very ruinous, was pulled down, and
+beautifully rebuilt: the east or inside whereof was adorned with four
+pilasters and entablature of the Doric order, and in the intercolumns
+were placed the figures of King Lud and his two sons (who are supposed to
+have succeeded him) in their British habits again; and above them the
+queen’s arms, viz., those of France and England quarterly, the supporters
+a lion and a dragon.  It was afterwards repaired and beautified, anno
+1699, Sir Francis Child lord mayor.  The west or outside of the gate is
+adorned with two pilasters and entablature of the Ionic order; also two
+columns and a pediment adorning a niche, wherein is placed a good statue
+of Queen Elizabeth in her robes and the regalia; and over it the queen’s
+arms between the city supporters, placed at some distance.  This gate was
+made a prison for debtors who were free of the city, anno 1 Richard II.,
+1378, Nicholas Brember then mayor, and confirmed such by the mayor and
+common council, anno 1382, John Northampton mayor.
+
+The Tower of London is situated at the south-east end of the city, on the
+river Thames, and consists in reality of a great number of towers or
+forts, built at several times, which still retain their several names,
+though at present most of them, together with a little town and church,
+are enclosed within one wall and ditch, and compose but one entire
+fortress.
+
+It was the vulgar opinion that the Tower was built by Julius Cæsar; but,
+as I have before shown, history informs us that Cæsar made no stay in
+England, that he erected no town or fortress, unless that with which he
+enclosed his ships on the coast of Kent, nor left a single garrison or
+soldier in the island on his departure.
+
+This Tower, as now encompassed, stands upon twelve acres of ground, and
+something more, being of an irregular form, but approaching near to that
+of an oblong, one of the longest sides lying next the river, from whence
+it rises gradually towards the north, by a pretty deep ascent, to the
+armoury, which stands upon the highest ground in the Tower, overlooking
+the White Tower built by William the Conqueror, and the remains of the
+castle below it on the Thames side, said to be built by William Rufus.
+
+As to the strength of the place, the works being all antique, would not
+be able to hold out four-and-twenty hours against an army prepared for a
+siege: the ditch indeed is of a great depth, and upwards of a hundred
+feet broad, into which the water of the Thames may be introduced at
+pleasure; but I question whether the walls on the inside would bear the
+firing of their own guns: certain it is, two or three battering-pieces
+would soon lay them even with the ground, though, after all, the ditch
+alone is sufficient to defend it against a sudden assault.  There are
+several small towers upon the walls; those of the largest dimensions, and
+which appear the most formidable, are the Divelin Tower, on the
+north-west; and the Martin Tower on the north-east; and St. Thomas’s
+Tower on the river by Traitor’s Bridge; which I take to be part of the
+castle said to be built by William Rufus.  There is also a large tower on
+the outside the ditch, called the Lions’ Tower, on the south-west corner,
+near which is the principal gate and bridge by which coaches and
+carriages enter the Tower; and there are two posterns with bridges over
+the ditch to the wharf on the Thames side, one whereof is called
+Traitor’s Bridge, under which state prisoners used to enter the Tower.
+
+The principal places and buildings within the Tower, are (1) The
+parochial church of St. Peter (for the Tower is a parish of itself, in
+which are fifty houses and upwards, inhabited by the governor,
+deputy-governor, warders, and other officers belonging to the fortress).
+
+(2) To the eastward of the church stands a noble pile of building,
+usually called the armoury, begun by King James II. and finished by King
+William III., being three hundred and ninety feet in length, and sixty in
+breadth: the stately door-case on the south side is adorned with four
+columns, entablature and triangular pediment, of the Doric order.  Under
+the pediment are the king’s arms, with enrichments of trophy-work, very
+ornamental.  It consists of two lofty rooms, reaching the whole length of
+the building: in the lower room is a complete train of artillery,
+consisting of brass cannon and mortars fit to attend an army of a
+hundred-thousand men; but none of the cannon I observe there were above
+four-and-twenty pounders; the large battering-pieces, which carry balls
+of thirty-two and forty-eight pounds weight, I perceive, are in the
+king’s store-houses at Deptford, Woolwich, Chatham, and Portsmouth.  In
+the armoury also we find a great many of the little cohorn mortars, so
+called from the Dutch engineer Cohorn, who invented them for firing a
+great number of hand-grenades from them at once; with other extraordinary
+pieces cast at home, or taken from the enemy.
+
+In the room over the artillery is the armoury of small arms, of equal
+dimensions with that underneath, in which are placed, in admirable order,
+muskets and other small arms for fourscore thousand men, most of them of
+the newest make, having the best locks, barrels, and stocks, that can be
+contrived for service; neither the locks or barrels indeed are wrought,
+but I look upon them to be the more durable and serviceable, and much
+easier cleaned.  There are abundance of hands always employed in keeping
+them bright, and they are so artfully laid up, that any one piece may be
+taken down without moving another.  Besides these, which with pilasters
+of pikes furnish all the middle of the room from top to bottom, leaving
+only a walk through the middle, and another on each side, the north and
+south walls of the armoury are each of them adorned with eight pilasters
+of pikes and pistols of the Corinthian order, whose intercolumns are
+chequer-work of carbines and pistols; waves of the sea in cutlasses,
+swords, and bayonets; half moons, semicircles, and a target of bayonets;
+the form of a battery in swords and pistols; suns, with circles of
+pistols; a pair of gates in halberts and pistols; the Witch of Endor, as
+it is called, within three ellipses of pistols; the backbone of a whale
+in carbines; a fiery serpent, Jupiter and the Hydra, in bayonets, &c.
+But nothing looks more beautiful and magnificent than the four lofty
+wreathed columns formed with pistols in the middle of the room, which
+seem to support it.  They show us also some other arms, which are only
+remarkable for the use they have been put to; as the two swords of state,
+carried before the Pretender when he invaded Scotland in the year 1715;
+and the arms taken from the Spaniards who landed in Scotland in the year
+1719, &c.
+
+The small arms were placed in this beautiful order by one Mr. Harris,
+originally a blacksmith, who was properly the forger of his own fortune,
+having raised himself by his merit: he had a place or pension granted him
+by the government for this piece of service in particular, which he
+richly deserved, no nation in Europe being able to show a magazine of
+small arms so good in their kind, and so ingeniously disposed.  In the
+place where the armoury now stands was formerly a bowling-green, a
+garden, and some buildings, which were demolished to make room for the
+grand arsenal I have been describing.
+
+In the horse-armoury the most remarkable things are some of the English
+kings on horseback in complete armour, among which the chief are Edward
+III., Henrys V. and VII., King Charles I. and II., and King William, and
+a suit of silver armour, said to belong to John of Gaunt, seven feet and
+a half high.  Here also they show us the armour of the Lord Kingsale,
+with the sword he took from the French general, which gained him the
+privilege of being covered in the king’s presence, which his posterity
+enjoy to this day.
+
+The office of ordnance is in the Tower, with the several apartments of
+the officers that belong to it, who have the direction of all the arms,
+ammunition, artillery, magazines, and stores of war in the kingdom.
+
+The White Tower is a lofty, square stone building, with a turret at each
+angle, standing on the declivity of the hill, a little below the armoury,
+and disengaged from the other buildings, where some thousand barrels of
+powder were formerly kept; but great part of the public magazine of
+powder is now distributed in the several yards and storehouses belonging
+to the government, as at Woolwich, Chatham, Portsmouth, Plymouth, &c., to
+prevent accidents, I presume; for should such a prodigious quantity of
+powder take fire, it must be of fatal consequence to the city, as well as
+the Tower.  The main guard of the Tower, with the lodgings of the
+officers, are on the east side of this building.
+
+In the chapel of the White Tower, usually called Cæsar’s Chapel, and in a
+large room adjoining on the east side thereof, sixty-four feet long, and
+thirty-one broad, are kept many ancient records, such as privy-seals in
+several reigns, bills, answers, and depositions in chancery, in the
+reigns of Queen Elizabeth, King James I., and King Charles I., writs of
+_distringas_, _supersedeas_, _de excommunicato capiendo_, and other writs
+relating to the courts of law; but the records of the greatest importance
+are lodged in the Tower called Wakefield Tower, consisting of statute
+rolls from the 6th of Edward I. to the 8th of Edward III.
+
+Parliament rolls beginning anno 5 of Edward II. and ending with the reign
+of Edward IV.
+
+Patent rolls beginning anno 3 of John, and ending with the reign of
+Edward IV.  In these are contained grants of offices, hands, tenements,
+temporalities, &c., passing under the great seal.
+
+Charter rolls, from the 1st of King John to the end of Edward IV. in
+which are enrolments of grants, and confirmations of liberties and
+privileges to cities and towns corporate, and to private persons, as
+markets, fairs, free warren, common of pasture, waifs, strays, felons’
+goods, &c.
+
+The foundations of abbeys and priories, of colleges and schools, together
+with lands and privileges granted to them.
+
+The patents of creation of noblemen.
+
+Close rolls, from the 6th of King John, to the end of Edward IV., in
+which are writs of various kinds, but more especially on the back of the
+roll are entered the writs of summons to parliament, both to the lords
+and commons, and of the bishops and inferior clergy to convocations.
+There are also proclamations, and enrolments of deeds between party and
+party.
+
+French rolls, beginning anno 1 of Edward II. and ending with Edward IV.,
+in which are leagues and treaties with the kings of France, and other
+matters relating to that kingdom.
+
+Scotch rolls, containing transactions with that kingdom.
+
+Rome, touching the affairs of that see.
+
+Vascon rolls, relating to Gascoign.
+
+There are also other rolls and records of different natures.
+
+In this tower are also kept the inquisitions _post mortem_, from the
+first year of King Henry III., to the third year of Richard III.
+
+The inquisitions _ad quod damnum_, from the first of Edward II. to the
+end of Henry V.
+
+Writs of summons, and returns to Parliament, from the reign of Edward I.
+to the 17th of Edward IV.
+
+Popes’ bulls, and original letters from foreign princes.
+
+All which were put into order, and secured in excellent wainscot presses,
+by order of the house of peers, in the year 1719 and 1720.  Attendance is
+given at this office, and searches may be made from seven o’clock in the
+morning to eleven, and from one to five in the afternoon, unless in
+December, January, and February, when the office is open only from eight
+to eleven in the morning, and from one to four, except holidays.
+
+The next office I shall mention is the Mint, where, at present, all the
+money in the kingdom is coined.  This makes a considerable street in the
+Tower, wherein are apartments for the officers belonging to it.  The
+principal officers are:—l. The warden, who receives the gold and silver
+bullion, and pays the full value for it, the charge being defrayed by a
+small duty on wines.  2. The master and worker, who takes the bullion
+from the warden, causes it to be melted, delivers it to the moneyers, and
+when it is minted receives it from them again.  3. The comptroller, who
+sees that the money be made according to the just assize, overlooks the
+officers and controls them.  4. The assay-master, who sees that the money
+be according to the standard of fineness.  5. The auditor, who takes the
+accounts, and makes them up.  6.  The surveyor-general, who takes care
+that the fineness be not altered in the melting.  And, 7, the weigher and
+teller.
+
+The Jewel-office, where the regalia are reposited, stands near the east
+end of the Armoury.  A list is usually given to those who come daily to
+see these curiosities in the Jewel-house, a copy whereof follows, viz.:
+
+    _A list of his Majesty’s regalia_, _besides plate_, _and other rich
+           things_, _at the Jewel-house in the Tower of London_.
+
+  1.  The imperial crown, which all the kings of England have been
+  crowned with, ever since Edward the Confessor’s time.
+
+  2.  The orb, or globe, held in the king’s left hand at the coronation;
+  on the top of which is a jewel near an inch and half in height.
+
+  3.  The royal sceptre with the cross, which has another jewel of great
+  value under it.
+
+  4.  The sceptre with the dove, being the emblem of peace.
+
+  5.  St. Edward’s staff, all beaten gold, carried before the king at the
+  coronation.
+
+  6.  A rich salt-cellar of state, the figure of the Tower, used on the
+  king’s table at the coronation.
+
+  7.  Curtana, or the sword of mercy, borne between the two swords of
+  justice, the spiritual and temporal, at the coronation.
+
+  8.  A noble silver font, double gilt, that the kings and royal family
+  were christened in.
+
+  9.  A large silver fountain, presented to King Charles II. by the town
+  of Plymouth.
+
+  10.  Queen Anne’s diadem, or circlet which her majesty wore in
+  proceeding to her coronation.
+
+  11.  The coronation crown made for the late Queen Mary.
+
+  12.  The rich crown of state that his majesty wears on his throne in
+  parliament, in which is a large emerald seven inches round, a pearl the
+  finest in the world, and a ruby of inestimable value.
+
+  13.  A globe and sceptre made for the late Queen Mary.
+
+  14.  An ivory sceptre with a dove, made for the late King James’s
+  queen.
+
+  15.  The golden spurs and the _armillas_ that are worn at the
+  coronation.
+
+There is also an apartment in the Tower where noble prisoners used to be
+confined, but of late years some of less quality have been sent thither.
+
+The Tower where the lions and other savage animals are kept is on the
+right hand, on the outside the ditch, as we enter the fortress.  These
+consist of lions, leopards, tigers, eagles, vultures, and such other wild
+creatures as foreign princes or sea-officers have presented to the
+British kings and queens.
+
+Not far from the Tower stands London Bridge.  This bridge has nineteen
+arches besides the drawbridge, and is built with hewn stone, being one
+thousand two hundred feet in length, and seventy-four in breadth, whereof
+the houses built on each side take up twenty-seven feet, and the street
+between the houses twenty feet; there being only three vacancies about
+the middle of the bridge where there are no houses, but a low stone wall,
+with an iron palisade, through which is a fine view of the shipping and
+vessels in the river.  This street over the bridge is as much thronged,
+and has as brisk a trade as any street in the city; and the perpetual
+passage of coaches and carriages makes it troublesome walking on it,
+there being no posts to keep off carriages as in other streets.  The
+middle vacancy was left for a drawbridge, which used formerly to be drawn
+up when shipping passed that way; but no vessels come above the bridge at
+this day but such as can strike their masts, and pass under the arches.
+Four of the arches on the north side of the bridge are now taken up with
+mills and engines, that raise the water to a great height, for the supply
+of the city; this brings in a large revenue which, with the rents of the
+houses on the bridge, and other houses and lands that belong to it, are
+applied as far as is necessary to the repair of it by the officers
+appointed for that service, who are, a comptroller and two
+bridge-masters, with their subordinate officers; and in some years, it is
+said, not less than three thousand pounds are laid out in repairing and
+supporting this mighty fabric, though it be never suffered to run much to
+decay.
+
+I come next to describe that circuit of ground which lies without the
+walls, but within the freedom and jurisdiction of the City of London.
+And this is bounded by a line which begins at Temple Bar, and extends
+itself by many turnings and windings through part of Shear Lane, Bell
+Yard, Chancery Lane, by the Rolls Liberty, &c., into Holborn, almost
+against Gray’s-Inn Lane, where there is a bar (consisting of posts,
+rails, and a chain) usually called Holborn Bars; from whence it passes
+with many turnings and windings by the south end of Brook Street,
+Furnival’s Inn, Leather Lane, the south end of Hatton Garden, Ely House,
+Field Lane, and Chick Lane, to the common sewer; then to Cow Cross, and
+so to Smithfield Bars; from whence it runs with several windings between
+Long Lane and Charterhouse Lane to Goswell Street, and so up that street
+northward to the Bars.
+
+From these Bars in Goswell Street, where the manor of Finsbury begins,
+the line extends by Golden Lane to the posts and chain in Whitecross
+Street, and from thence to the posts and chain in Grub Street; and then
+runs through Ropemakers Alley to the posts and chain in the highway from
+Moorgate, and from thence by the north side of Moorfields; after which it
+runs northwards to Nortonfalgate, meeting with the bars in Bishopsgate
+Street, and from thence runs eastward into Spittlefields, abutting all
+along upon Nortonfalgate.
+
+From Nortonfalgate it returns southwards by Spittlefields, and then
+south-east by Wentworth Street, to the bars in Whitechapel.  From hence
+it inclines more southerly to the Little Minories and Goodman’s Fields:
+from whence it returns westward to the posts and chain in the Minories,
+and so on more westerly till it comes to London Wall, abutting on the
+Tower Liberty, and there it ends.  The ground comprehended betwixt this
+line and the city wall contains about three hundred acres.
+
+There is no wall or fence, as has been hinted already, to separate the
+freedom of the City from that part of the town which lies in the county
+of Middlesex, only posts and chains at certain places, and one gate at
+the west end of Fleet Street which goes by the name of Temple Bar.
+
+This gate resembles a triumphal arch; it is built of hewn stone, each
+side being adorned with four pilasters, their entablature, and an arched
+pediment of the Corinthian order.  The intercolumns are niches
+replenished; those within the Bar towards the east, with the figures of
+King James I. and his queen; and those without the Bar, with the figures
+of King Charles I. and King Charles II.  It is encircled also with
+cornucopias, and has two large cartouches by way of supporters to the
+whole; and on the inside of the gate is the following inscription, viz.,
+“Erected in the year 1671, Sir Samuel Starling, Mayor: continued in the
+year 1670, Sir Richard Ford, Lord Mayor: and finished in the year 1672,
+Sir George Waterman, Lord Mayor.”
+
+The city is divided into twenty-six wards or governments, each having its
+peculiar officers, as alderman, common council, &c.  But all are subject
+to the lord mayor, the supreme magistrate of this great metropolis.  Of
+each of these wards take the following account.
+
+1.  Portsoken ward is situate without Aldgate, the most easterly ward
+belonging to the City; and extends from Aldgate eastward to the bars.
+The chief streets and places comprehended in it, are part of Whitechapel
+Street, the Minories, Houndsditch, and the west side of Petticoat Lane.
+
+Whitechapel is a handsome broad street, by which we enter the town from
+the east.  The south side, or great part of it, is taken up by butchers
+who deal in the wholesale way, selling whole carcases of veal, mutton,
+and lamb (which come chiefly out of Essex) to the town butchers.  On the
+north side are a great many good inns, and several considerable
+tradesmen’s houses, who serve the east part of England with such goods
+and merchandise as London affords.  On the south side is a great market
+for hay three times a week.
+
+Tower ward extends along the Thames from the Tower on the east almost to
+Billingsgate on the west, and that part of the Tower itself which lies to
+the westward of the White Tower is held by some to be within this ward.
+The principal streets and places contained in it are Great Tower Street,
+part of Little Tower Street and Tower Hill, part of Thames Street, Mark
+Lane, Mincing Lane, Seething Lane, St. Olave Hart Street, Idle Lane, St.
+Dunstan’s Hill, Harp Lane, Water Lane, and Bear Lane, with the courts and
+alleys that fall into them.
+
+Great Tower Hill lies on the outside of the Tower Ditch towards the
+north-west.
+
+Upon this hill is a scaffold erected, at the charge of the City, for the
+execution of noble offenders imprisoned in the Tower (after sentence
+passed upon them).
+
+The names of the quays or wharves lying on the Thames side in this ward
+between the Tower and Billingsgate, are Brewer’s Quay, Chester Quay,
+Galley Quay, Wool Quay, Porter’s Quay, Custom-House Quay, Great Bear
+Quay, Little Bear Quay, Wigging’s Quay, Ralph’s Quay, Little Dice Quay,
+Great Dice Quay, and Smart’s Quay, of which, next to the Custom-House
+Quay, Bear Quays are the most considerable, there being one of the
+greatest markets in England for wheat and other kinds of grain, brought
+hither by coasting vessels.
+
+The public buildings in this ward (besides the western part of the Tower
+above-mentioned to be within the City) are the Custom House,
+Cloth-workers’ Hall, Bakers’ Hall, and the three parish churches of
+Allhallows Barking, St. Olave Hart Street, and St. Dunstan’s in the East.
+
+The Custom House is situated on the north side of the Thames, between the
+Tower and Billingsgate, consisting of two floors, in the uppermost of
+which, in a wainscoted magnificent room, almost the whole length of the
+building, and fifteen feet in height, sit the commissioners of the
+customs, with their under officers and clerks.  The length of this
+edifice is a hundred and eighty-nine feet, and the general breadth
+twenty-seven, but at the west end it is sixty feet broad.  It is built of
+brick and stone, and covered with lead, being adorned with the upper and
+lower orders of architecture.
+
+3.  Aldgate, or Ealdgate Ward.  The principal streets and places in it
+are Aldgate Street, Berry Street, part of St. Mary Axe, part of
+Leadenhall Street, part of Lime Street, Billiter Lane and Square, part of
+Mark Lane, Fenchurch Street, and Crutchedfriars.
+
+The public buildings in this ward are the African House, the Navy Office,
+Bricklayers’ Hall, the churches of St. Catherine Creechurch, St. James’s,
+Duke’s Place, St. Andrew Undershaft, St. Catherine Coleman, and the Jews’
+Synagogues.
+
+The Royal African House is situated on the south side of Leadenhall
+Street, near the east end of it.  Here the affairs of the company are
+transacted; but the house has nothing in it that merits a particular
+description.
+
+The Navy Office is situated on the south side of Crutchedfriars, near
+Tower Hill, being a large, well-built pile of buildings, and the offices
+for every branch of business relating to the navy admirably well
+disposed.
+
+The Jews’ synagogues are in Duke’s Place, where, and in that
+neighbourhood, many of that religion inhabit.  The synagogue stands east
+and West, as Christian churches usually do: the great door is on the
+west, within which is a long desk upon an ascent, raised above the floor,
+from whence the law is read.  The east part of the synagogue also is
+railed in, and the places where the women sit enclosed with lattices; the
+men sit on benches with backs to them, running east and west; and there
+are abundance of fine branches for candles, besides lamps, especially in
+that belonging to the Portuguese.
+
+4.  Lime Street Ward.  The principal streets and places in it are part of
+Leadenhall Street, and Leadenhall Market, part of Lime Street, and part
+of St. Mary Axe.
+
+Leadenhall Market, the finest shambles in Europe, lies between Leadenhall
+Street and Fenchurch Street.  Of the three courts or yards which it
+consists of, the first is that at the north-east corner of Gracechurch
+Street, and opens into Leadenhall Street.  This court or yard contains in
+length from north to south 164 feet, and in breadth from east to west
+eighty feet: within this court or yard, round about the same, are about
+100 standing stalls for butchers, for the selling of beef only, and
+therefore this court is called the beef market.  These stalls are either
+under warehouses, or sheltered from the weather by roofs over them.  This
+yard is on Tuesdays a market for leather, to which the tanners resort; on
+Thursdays the waggons from Colchester, and other parts, come with baize,
+&c., and the fellmongers with their wool; and on Fridays it is a market
+for raw hides; on Saturdays, for beef and other provisions.
+
+The second market yard is called the Greenyard, as being once a green
+plot of ground; afterwards it was the City’s storeyard for materials for
+building and the like; but now a market only for veal, mutton, lamb, &c.
+This yard is 170 feet in length from east to west, and ninety feet broad
+from north to south; it hath in it 140 stalls for the butchers, all
+covered over.  In the middle of this Greenyard market from north to south
+is a row of shops, with rooms over them, for fishmongers: and on the
+south side and west end are houses and shops also for fishmongers.
+Towards the east end of this yard is erected a fair market-house,
+standing upon columns, with vaults underneath, and rooms above, with a
+bell tower, and a clock, and under it are butchers’ stalls.  The
+tenements round about this yard are for the most part inhabited by cooks
+and victuallers; and in the passages leading out of the streets into this
+market are fishmongers, poulterers, cheesemongers, and other traders in
+provisions.
+
+The third market belonging to Leadenhall is called the Herb Market, for
+that herbs, roots, fruits, &c., are only there sold.  This market is
+about 140 feet square; the west, east, and north sides had walks round
+them, covered over for shelter, and standing upon columns; in which walks
+there were twenty-eight stalls for gardeners, with cellars under them.
+
+The public buildings in this ward are Leadenhall, the East India House,
+Pewterers’ Hall, and Fletchers’ Hall.
+
+Leadenhall is situated on the south side of Leadenhall Street.  It is a
+large stone fabric, consisting of three large courts or yards, as has
+been observed already; part of it is at present a warehouse, in the
+occupation of the East India Company, where the finest calicoes, and
+other curiosities of the Eastern part of the world, are reposited;
+another part of it is for Colchester baize, and is open every Thursday
+and Friday.  Here was also anciently a chapel, and a fraternity of sixty
+priests constituted to celebrate Divine Service every day to the market
+people; but was dissolved with other religious societies at the
+Reformation.
+
+On the south side of Leadenhall Street also, and a little to the eastward
+of Leadenhall, stands the East India House, lately magnificently built,
+with a stone front to the street; but the front being very narrow, does
+not make an appearance answerable to the grandeur of the house within,
+which stands upon a great deal of ground, the offices and storehouses
+admirably well contrived, and the public hall and the committee room
+scarce inferior to anything of the like nature in the City.
+
+There is not one church in this ward at present.  The officers of the
+ward are, an alderman, his deputy, four common-council men, four
+constables, two scavengers, sixteen for the wardmote inquest, and a
+beadle.
+
+5.  Bishopsgate Ward is divided into two parts, one within Bishopsgate,
+and the other without.
+
+The streets and places in this ward, within the gate, are, all
+Bishopsgate Street, part of Gracechurch Street, all Great and Little St.
+Helen’s, all Crosby Square, all Camomile Street, and a small part of
+Wormwood Street, with several courts and alleys that fall into them.
+
+That part of this ward that lies without Bishopsgate extends northwards
+as far as the bars, being the bounds of the City freedom on this side.
+
+The principal streets and places in this ward, without the gate, are,
+Bishopsgate Street, Petty France, Bethlem Court and Lane, and Devonshire
+Square; besides which, there are little courts and alleys without number
+between Bishopsgate Street and Moorfields.
+
+The public buildings in this ward are Leather-sellers’ Hall, Gresham
+College, the churches of St. Botolph, Bishopsgate, St. Ethelburga, and
+St. Helen.
+
+London Workhouse, for the poor of the City of London, also stands in this
+ward, just without Bishopsgate, being a long brick edifice four hundred
+feet in length, consisting of several work-rooms and lodging rooms for
+the vagrants and parish children brought thither, who are employed in
+spinning wool and flax, in sewing, knitting, or winding silk, or making
+their clothes or shoes, and are taught to write, read, and cast accounts.
+The grown vagrants brought here for a time only are employed in washing,
+beating hemp, and picking oakum, and have no more to keep them than they
+earn, unless they are sick; and the boys are put out apprentices to
+seafaring men or artificers, at a certain age, and in the meantime have
+their diet, clothes, physic, and other necessaries provided for them by
+the house, which is supported by private charities, by sums raised
+annually by the City, or by the labour of the children, which last
+article produces seven or eight hundred pounds per annum.
+
+6.  Broad Street Ward contains part of Threadneedle Street, Bartholomew
+Lane, part of Prince’s Street, part of Lothbury, part of Throgmorton
+Street, great part of Broad Street, Winchester Street, Austinfriars, part
+of Wormwood Street, and part of London Wall Street, with the courts and
+lanes running into them.
+
+The public buildings in this ward are Carpenters’ Hall, Drapers’ Hall,
+Merchant Taylors’ Hall, the South Sea House, the Pay Office, Allhallows
+on the Wall, St. Peter’s Poor, the Dutch Church, St. Martin’s, St.
+Bennet’s, St. Bartholomew’s, St. Christopher’s, and the French Church.
+
+The most magnificent and beautiful edifice of the kind in this ward, and
+indeed in the City of London, is the South Sea House, lately erected at
+the north-east corner of Threadneedle Street, near Bishopsgate Street,
+and over against the church of St. Martin Outwich.  It is built of stone
+and brick.
+
+The several offices for transacting the business of this great company
+are admirably well disposed; and the great hall for sales is nowhere to
+be paralleled, either in its dimensions or ornaments, any more than the
+dining-room, galleries, and chambers above.
+
+7.  Cornhill Ward comprehends little more than the street of the same
+name, and some little lanes and alleys that fall into it, as Castle
+Alley, Sweeting’s or Swithin’s Alley, Freeman’s Yard, part of Finch Lane,
+Weigh House Yard, Star Court, the north end of Birching Lane, St.
+Michael’s Alley, Pope’s Head Alley, and Exchange Alley.
+
+Cornhill Street may, in many respects, be looked upon as the principal
+street of the City of London; for here almost all affairs relating to
+navigation and commerce are transacted; and here all the business
+relating to the great companies and the Bank are negotiated.  This street
+also is situated near the centre of the City, and some say, upon the
+highest ground in it.  It is spacious, and well built with lofty houses,
+four or five storeys high, inhabited by linendrapers and other
+considerable tradesmen, who deal by wholesale as well as retail, and
+adorned with the principal gate and front of the Royal Exchange.  Here
+also it is said the metropolitan church was situated, when London was an
+archbishopric.
+
+Exchange Alley, so denominated from its being situated on the south side
+of this street, over against the Royal Exchange, has long been famous for
+the great concourse of merchants and commanders of ships, and the
+bargains and contracts made there and in the two celebrated coffee-houses
+in it, which go under the respective names of “Jonathan’s” and
+“Garraway’s,” where land, stocks, debentures, and merchandise, and
+everything that has an existence in Nature, is bought, sold, and
+transferred from one to another; and many things contracted for, that
+subsists only in the imagination of the parties.
+
+The public buildings in this ward are, the Royal Exchange, and the
+churches of St. Peter and St. Michael.
+
+The Royal Exchange is situated on the north side of Cornhill, about the
+middle of the street, forming an oblong open square, the inside whereof
+is a hundred and forty-four feet in length from east to west, and a
+hundred and seventeen in breadth from north to south; the area sixty-one
+square poles, on every side whereof is a noble piazza or cloister,
+consisting of twenty-eight columns and arches that support the galleries
+above.
+
+The length of the building on the outside is two hundred and three feet,
+the breadth a hundred and seventy-one, and the height fifty-six.  On the
+front towards Cornhill also is a noble piazza, consisting of ten pillars;
+and another on the opposite side next Threadneedle Street, of as many;
+and in the middle of each a magnificent gate.  Over the Cornhill gate is
+a beautiful tower, a hundred and seventy-eight feet high, furnished with
+twelve small bells for chimes; and underneath the piazzas are capacious
+cellars, which serve for warehouses.
+
+The whole building is of Portland stone, rustic work; above the arches
+the inward piazza is an entablament, with fine enrichments; and on the
+cornice a range of pilasters, within entablature, and a spacious compass
+pediment in the middle of the corners of each of the four sides.  Under
+the pediment on the north side are the king’s arms; on the south those of
+the City; and on the east the arms of Sir Thomas Gresham.  And under the
+pediment on the west side the arms of the Company of Mercers, with their
+respective enrichments.  The intercolumns of the upper range are
+twenty-four niches, nineteen of which are filled with the statues of the
+kings and queens regent of England, standing erect with their robes and
+regalia, except that of King James II. and King George II., which are
+habited like the Cæsars.
+
+On the south side are seven niches, of which four are filled, viz.:—
+
+1.  The most easterly figure, which has this inscription in gold letters,
+_Edvardus Primus Rex_, _Anno Dom._ 1272.  2.  Westward, _Edvardus III.
+Rex_, _Anno Dom._ 1329.  3.  _Henricus V. Rex_, _Anno Domini_ 1412.  4.
+_Henricus VI. Rex_, _Anno Domini_ 1422.
+
+On the west side five niches, four of which are filled, viz.:—
+
+1.  Under the most southerly figures is subscribed in gold letters,
+_Edvardus IV. Rex_, _Anno Domini_ 1460.  2. Northward (the crown pendent
+over his head) _Edvardus V. Rex_, _Anno Domini_ 1483.  3. _Henricus VII.
+Rex_, _Anno Domini_ 1487.  4. _Henricus VIII. Rex_, _Anno Domini_ 1508.
+
+On the north side seven niches are filled, viz.:—
+
+1.  The most westerly, subscribed in golden characters, _Edvardus VI.
+Rex_, _Anno Domini_ 1547.  2.  _Maria Regina_, _Anno Domini_ 1553.  3.
+_Elizabetha Regina_, _Anno Domini_ 1558.  4. Is subscribed _Serenissim &
+Potentissim’ Princip’ Jacobo Primo_, _Mag._  _Brit’ Fran’ & Hibern’ Reg.
+Fid. Defensori_, _Societas Pannitonsorum posuit_, _A.D._ 1684.  5. ΕΙΚΩΝ
+ΒΑΣΙΛΙΚΗ _Serenissimi & Religiosissimi Principis Caroli Primi_, _Angliæ_,
+_Scotiæ_, _Franciæ Hiberniæ Regis_, _Fidei Defensoris_; _Bis Martyris_
+(_in Corpore Effigie_) _Impiis Rebellium Manibus_, _ex hoc loco deturbata
+confracta_, _Anno Dom._ 1647.  _Restituta hic demum collocata_, _Anno
+Dom._ 1683.  _Gloria Martyrii qui te fregêre Rebelles non potuere ipsum
+quem voluere Deum_.  6.  _Carolus Secundus Rex_, _Anno Domini_ 1648.  7.
+_Jacobus II. Rex_, _Anno Domini_ 1685.
+
+On the east side five niches, one of which is vacant, the other filled,
+viz.:—
+
+1. The most northerly contains two statues, viz., of King William and
+Queen Mary, subscribed _Gulielmus III. Rex_, _& Maria II. Regina_, _A.D._
+1688.  _S. P. Q. Londin’ Optim Principibus_, _P. C._ 1695.  2. _Anna
+Regina Dei Gratia Mag. Britan’ Franciæ & Hiberniæ_, 1701.  3.  George I.
+inscribed _Georgius D. G. Magnæ Britan’ Franciæ & Hiberniæ Rex_, _Anno
+Dom._ 1714.  _S.P.Q.L._  4.  Southerly the statue of King George II. in
+the habiliment of a Cæsar, wreathed on the head, and a battoon or
+truncheon in his hand, little differing from that of Charles II. in the
+centre of the area, only in looking northward; inscribed _Georgius II. D.
+G. Mag. Brit. Fra. & Hib. Rex_, _Anno Dom._ 1727.  _S.P.Q.L._
+
+On the four sides of the piazza within the Exchange are twenty-eight
+niches, which are all vacant yet, except one near the north-west angle,
+where is the figure of Sir Thomas Gresham.  The piazza itself is paved
+with black and white marble, and the court, or area, pitched with
+pebbles; in the middle whereof is the statue of King Charles II. in a
+Roman habit, with a battoon in his hand, erected on a marble pedestal,
+about eight feet high and looking southward; on which side of the
+pedestal, under an imperial crown, wings, trumpet of fame, sceptre and
+sword, palm branches, &c., are these words inscribed, viz.:—
+
+_Carolo II. Cæsari Britannico_, _Patriæ Patri_, _Regum Optimo
+Clementissimo Augustissimo_, _Generis Humani Deliciis_, _Utriusq_;
+_Fortunæ Victori_, _Pacis Europæ Arbitro_, _Marium Domino_, _ac Vindici
+Societatis Mercatorum Adventur’ Angliæ_, _quæ per CCCC jam prope Annos
+Regia benignitate floret_, _Fidei Intemeratæ & Gratitudinis æternæ hoc
+Testimonium venerabunda posuit_, _Anno Salutis Humanæ_ 1684.
+
+On the west side of the pedestal is neatly cut in relievo the figure of a
+Cupid reposing his right hand on a shield containing the arms of England
+and France quartered, and in his left hand a rose.
+
+On the north side are the arms of Ireland on a shield, supported by a
+Cupid.
+
+On the east side the arms of Scotland, with a Cupid holding a thistle all
+in relievo.
+
+The inner piazza and court are divided into several stations, or walks,
+where the merchants of the respective nations, and those who have
+business with them, assemble distinctly; so that any merchant or
+commander of a vessel is readily found, if it be known to what country he
+trades.  The several walks are described in the following ground-plot of
+the Exchange:—
+
+               [Picture: Ground plot of the Royal Exchange]
+
+Near the south gate is a spacious staircase, and near the north gate
+another, that lead up to the galleries, on each side whereof are shops
+for milliners and other trades, to the number of near two hundred, which
+brought in a good revenue at first, nothing being thought fashionable
+that was not purchased there; but the milliners are now dispersed all
+over the town, and the shops in the Exchange almost deserted.
+
+8.  Langbourn Ward, so called of a _bourne_, or brook, that had its
+source in it, and run down Fenchurch Street, contains these principal
+streets: part of Lombard Street, part of Fenchurch Street, part of Lime
+Street, and part of Gracechurch Street, with part of the courts, lanes,
+and alleys in them, particularly White Hart Court, Exchange Alley,
+Sherbourne Lane, Abchurch Lane, St. Nicholas Lane, Mark Lane, Mincing
+Lane, Rood Lane, Cullum Court, Philpot Lane, and Braben Court.
+
+The public buildings in this ward are, the Post Office, Ironmongers’
+Hall, Pewterers’ Hall; the churches of Allhallows, Lombard Street, St.
+Edmund’s, Lombard Street, St. Mary Woolnoth, St. Dionis Backchurch, and
+St. Allhallows Staining.
+
+The Post Office is situated on the south side of Lombard Street, near
+Stocks Market.  It was the dwelling-house of Sir Robert Vyner, in the
+reign of King Charles II.  The principal entrance is out of Lombard
+Street, through a great gate and passage that leads into a handsome paved
+court, about which are the several offices for receiving and distributing
+letters, extremely well contrived.
+
+Letters and packets are despatched from hence every Monday to France,
+Italy, Spain, Portugal, Flanders, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Kent, and the
+Downs.
+
+Every Tuesday to the United Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, and to
+all parts of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
+
+Every Wednesday to Kent only, and the Downs.
+
+Every Thursday to France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and all parts of
+England and Scotland.
+
+Every Friday to the Austrian and United Netherlands, Germany, Sweden,
+Denmark, and to Kent and the Downs.
+
+Every Saturday to all parts of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
+
+The post goes also every day to those places where the Court resides, as
+also to the usual stations and rendezvous of His Majesty’s fleet, as the
+Downs, Spithead, and to Tunbridge during the season for drinking waters,
+&c.
+
+Letters and packets are received from all parts of England and Scotland,
+except Wales, every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday; from Wales every
+Monday and Friday; and from Kent and the Downs every day.
+
+His Majesty keeps constantly, for the transport of the said letters and
+packets, in times of peace,
+
+Between England and France, three packet-boats; Spain, one in a
+fortnight; Portugal, one ditto; Flanders, two packet-boats; Holland,
+three packet-boats; Ireland, three packet-boats.
+
+And at Deal, two packet-boats for the Downs.
+
+Not to mention the extraordinary packet-boats, in time of war with France
+and Spain, to the Leeward Islands, &c.
+
+A letter containing a whole sheet of paper is conveyed eighty miles for
+3d., and two sheets 6d. and an ounce of letters but 1s.  And above eighty
+miles a single letter is 4d., a double letter 8d., and an ounce 1s. 4d.
+
+9.  Billingsgate Ward is bounded by Langbourn Ward towards the north, by
+Tower Street Ward on the east, by the River Thames on the south, and by
+Bridge Ward Within on the west.  The principal streets and places in this
+ward are, Thames Street, Little East Cheap, Pudding Lane, Botolph Lane,
+Love Lane, St. Mary Hill, and Rood Lane.
+
+The wharves, or quays, as they lie on the Thames side from east to west,
+are, Smart’s Quay, Billings gate, Little Somer’s Quay, Great Somer’s
+Quay, Botolph Wharf, Cox’s Quay, and Fresh Wharf which last is the next
+quay to the bridge; of which Billingsgate is much the most resorted to.
+It is a kind of square dock, or inlet, having quays on three sides of it,
+to which the vessels lie close while they are unloading.  By a statute of
+the 10th and 11th of William III. it was enacted, “That Billingsgate
+should be a free market for fish every day in the week, except Sundays.
+That a fishing-vessel should pay no other toll or duty than the Act
+prescribes, viz., every salt-fish vessel, for groundage, 8d. per day, and
+20d. per voyage; a lobster boat 2d. per day groundage, and 13d. the
+voyage; every dogger boat, or smack with sea-fish, 2d. per day groundage,
+and 13d. the voyage; every oyster vessel, 2d. per day groundage, and a
+halfpenny per bushel metage.  And that it should be lawful for any person
+who should buy fish in the said market to sell the same in any other
+market or place in London, or elsewhere, by retail.”  And because the
+fishmongers used to buy up great part of the fish at Billingsgate, and
+then divide the same among themselves, in order to set an extravagant
+price upon them, it was enacted, “That no person should buy, or cause to
+be bought, in the said market of Billingsgate, any quantity of fish, to
+be divided by lot among the fishmongers, or other persons, with an intent
+to sell them afterwards by retail; and that no fishmonger should buy any
+more than for his own use, on pain of £20.”  And by the 6th _Annæ_ it was
+enacted, “That no person should buy fish at Billingsgate to sell again in
+the same market; and that none but fishermen, their wives, or servants,
+should sell fish by retail at Billingsgate; and that none should buy or
+sell fish there before the ringing of the market bell.”
+
+The public buildings in this ward are Butchers’ Hall, and the churches of
+St. Mary Hill, St. Margaret Pattens, and St. George, in Botolph Lane.
+
+10.  Bridge Ward Within contains London Bridge, New Fish Street,
+Gracechurch Street as far as Fenchurch Street, Thames Street from Fish
+Street to the Old Swan, part of St. Martin’s Lane, part of St. Michael’s
+Lane, and part of Crooked Lane.
+
+The public buildings in this ward are London Bridge, the Monument,
+Fishmongers’ Hall, and the churches of St. Magnus and St Bennet,
+Gracechurch Street.
+
+The Monument stands on the west side of Fish Street Hill, a little to the
+northward of the bridge, and was erected by the legislative authority, in
+memory of the Fire, anno 1666, and was designed by Sir Christopher Wren.
+It has a fluted column, 202 feet high from the ground; the greatest
+diameter of the shaft 15 feet, and the plinth, or lowest part of the
+pedestal, 28 feet square, and 40 feet high; the whole being of Portland
+stone, except the staircase within, which is of black marble, containing
+345 steps, ten inches and a half broad, and six inches deep; and a
+balcony on the outside 32 feet from the top, on which is a gilded flame.
+The front of the pedestal, towards the west, contains a representation of
+the Fire, and the resurrection of the present city out of the ruins of
+the former.
+
+11.  Candlewick or Cannon Street Ward contains part of Great East Cheap,
+part of Candlewick, now called Cannon Street, part of Abchurch Lane, St.
+Nicholas Lane, St. Clement’s Lane, St. Michael’s Lane, Crooked Lane, St.
+Martin’s Lane, St. Lawrence Poultney Lane, with the courts and alleys
+that fall into them.
+
+In Cannon Street is that remarkable stone called London Stone, which has
+remained fixed in the ground many hundred years, but for what end is
+uncertain, though supposed by some to be the place from whence the Romans
+began to compute the number of miles anciently to any part of the
+kingdom.
+
+12.  Walbrook Ward contains the best part of Walbrook, part of
+Bucklersbury, the east end of Budge Row, the north end of Dowgate, part
+of Cannon Street, most of Swithin’s Lane, most of Bearbinder Lane, part
+of Bush Lane, part of Suffolk Lane, part of Green Lattice Lane, and part
+of Abchurch Lane, with several courts and lanes that fall into them.
+
+Stocks Market consists of a pretty large square, having Cornhill and
+Lombard Street on the north-east, the Poultry on the north-west, and
+Walbrook on the south-east.  Before the Fire it was a market chiefly for
+fish and flesh, and afterwards for fruit and garden stuff.
+
+In this market Sir Robert Vyner, Bart. and Alderman, erected a marble
+equestrian statue of King Charles II., standing on a pedestal eighteen
+feet high, and trampling on his enemies.
+
+The public buildings in this ward are Salters’ Hall, the churches of St.
+Swithin and St. Stephen, Walbrook.
+
+13.  Dowgate, or Dowgate Ward, so called from the principal street, which
+has a steep descent or fall into the Thames, contains part of Thames
+Street, part of St. Lawrence-Poultney Hill, part of Duxford Lane, part of
+Suffolk Lane, part of Bush Lane, part of Dowgate Hill, Checquer Yard,
+Elbow Lane, and Cloak Lane; and the southward of Thames Street, Old Swan
+Lane, Cole Harbour, Allhallows Lane, Campion Lane, Friars Lane, Cozens
+Lane, Dowgate Dock, and the Steel Yard.
+
+The public buildings in this ward are Tallow-chandlers’ Hall, Skinners’
+Hall, Innholders’ Hall, Plumbers’ Hall, Joiners’ Hall, Watermen’s Hall,
+and the church of Allhallows the Great.
+
+14.  Vintry Ward (which was so called from the wine merchants who landed
+and sold their wines here) contains part of Thames Street, New Queen
+Street, Garlick Hill, College Hill, and St. Thomas Apostles.
+
+The public buildings in this ward are Vintners’ Hall, Cutlers’ Hall, the
+churches of St. Michael Royal and St. James, Garlick Hill.
+
+Vintners’ Hall is situated on the south side of Thames Street, between
+Queen Street and Garlick Hill, being built on three sides of a quadrangle
+fronting the street.  The rooms are large, finely wainscoted and carved,
+particularly the magnificent screen at the east end of the great hall,
+which is adorned with two columns, their entablature and pediment; and on
+acroters are placed the figure of Bacchus between several Fames, with
+other embellishments; and they have a garden backwards towards the
+Thames.
+
+15.  Cordwainers’ Street Ward, so called from the cordwainers
+(shoemakers), curriers, and other dealers in leather, that inhabited that
+part of the town anciently, includes Bow Lane, New Queen Street, Budge
+Row, Tower Royal Street, Little St. Thomas Apostle’s, Pancras Lane, a
+small part of Watling Street, a little part of Basing Lane, and St.
+Sythe’s Lane.
+
+The public buildings in this ward are the church of St. Anthony, St. Mary
+Aldermary, and St. Mary-le-Bow.
+
+16.  Cheap Ward.  The principal streets and places in this ward are
+Cheapside, the Poultry, part of Honey Lane Market, part of the Old Jewry,
+part of Bucklersbury, part of Pancras Lane, part of Queen Street, all
+Ironmonger Lane, King Street, and St. Lawrence Lane, and part of Cateaton
+Street, part of Bow Lane, and all Guildhall.
+
+The public buildings in this ward are, Guildhall, Mercers’ Chapel and
+Hall, Grocers’ Hall, the Poultry Compter, the churches of St. Mildred,
+Poultry, and St. Lawrence Jewry.
+
+Guildhall, the town house of this great City, stands at the north end of
+King Street, and is a large handsome structure, built with stone, anno
+1666, the old hall having been destroyed by the Fire in 1666.  By a large
+portico on the south side we enter the principal room, properly called
+the hall, being 153 feet in length, 48 in breadth, and 55 in height.  On
+the right hand, at the upper end, is the ancient court of the hustings;
+at the other end of the hall opposite to it are the Sheriff’s Courts.
+The roof of the inside is flat, divided into panels; the walls on the
+north and south sides adorned with four demy pillars of the Gothic order,
+painted white, and veined with blue, the capitals gilt with gold, and the
+arms finely depicted in their proper colour, viz., at the east the arms
+of St. Edward the Confessor, and of the Kings of England the shield and
+cross of St. George.  At the west end the arms of the Confessor, those of
+England and France quarterly, and the arms of England.  On the fourteen
+demy pillars (above the capital) are the king’s arms, the arms of London,
+and the arms of the twelve companies.  At the east end are the King’s
+arms carved between the portraits of the late Queen, at the foot of an
+arabathram, under a rich canopy northward, and those of King William and
+Queen Mary southward, painted at full length.  The inter-columns are
+painted in imitation of porphyry, and embellished with the portraitures,
+painted in full proportion, of eighteen judges, which were there put up
+by the City, in gratitude for their signal service done in determining
+differences between landlord and tenant (without the expense of lawsuits)
+in rebuilding this City, pursuant to an Act of Parliament, after the
+Fire, in 1666.
+
+Those on the south side are, Sir Heneage Finch, Sir Orlando Bridgeman,
+Sir Matthew Hale, Sir Richard Rainsford, Sir Edward Turner, Sir Thomas
+Tyrrel, Sir John Archer, Sir William Morton.
+
+On the north side are, Sir Robert Atkins, Sir John Vaughan, Sir Francis
+North, Sir Thomas Twisden, Sir Christopher Turner, Sir William Wild, Sir
+Hugh Windham.
+
+At the west end, Sir William Ellis, Sir Edward Thurland, Sir Timothy
+Littleton.
+
+And in the Lord Mayor’s Court (which is adorned with fleak stone and
+other painting and gilding, and also the figures of the four cardinal
+virtues) are the portraits of Sir Samuel Brown, Sir John Kelynge, Sir
+Edward Atkins, and Sir William Windham, all (as those above) painted in
+full proportion in their scarlet robes as judges.
+
+The late Queen Anne, in December, 1706, gave the City 26 standards, and
+63 colours, to be put up in this hall, that were taken from the French
+and Bavarians at the battle of Ramillies the preceding summer; but there
+was found room only for 46 colours, 19 standards, and the trophy of a
+kettle-drum of the Elector of Bavaria’s.  The colours over the Queen’s
+picture are most esteemed, on account of their being taken from the first
+battalion of French guards.
+
+From the hall we ascend by nine stone steps to the Mayor’s Court, Council
+Chamber, and the rest of the apartments of the house, which,
+notwithstanding it may not be equal to the grandeur of the City, is very
+well adapted to the ends it was designed for, namely, for holding the
+City courts, for the election of sheriffs and other officers, and for the
+entertainment of princes, ministers of State, and foreign ambassadors, on
+their grand festivals.
+
+17.  Coleman Street Ward.  The principal streets in this ward are the Old
+Jewry, part of Lothbury, Coleman Street, part of London Wall, and all the
+lower part of Moorfields without the walls.
+
+The public buildings are Bethlem or Bedlam Hospital, Founders’ Hall,
+Armourers’ Hall, the churches of St. Olave Jewry, St. Margaret, Lothbury,
+and St. Stephen, Coleman Street.
+
+New Bethlem, or Bedlam, is situated at the south end of Moorfields, just
+without the wall, the ground being formerly part of the town ditch, and
+granted by the City to the governors of the hospital of Old Bethlem,
+which had been appropriated for the reception of lunatics, but was found
+too strait to contain the people brought thither, and the building in a
+decaying condition.
+
+The present edifice, called New Bedlam, was begun to be erected anno
+1675, and finished the following year.  It is built of brick and stone;
+the wings at each end, and the portico, being each of them adorned with
+four pilasters, entablature and circular pediment of the Corinthian
+order.  Under the pediment are the King’s arms, enriched with festoons;
+and between the portico and each of the said wings is a triangular
+pediment, with the arms of the City; and on a pediment over the gate the
+figures of two lunatics, exquisitely carved.  The front of this
+magnificent hospital is reported to represent the _Escurial_ in Spain,
+and in some respects exceeds every palace in or about London, being 528
+feet in length, and regularly built.  The inside, it is true, is not
+answerable to the grand appearance it makes without, being but 30 feet
+broad, and consisting chiefly of a long gallery in each of the two
+storeys that runs from one end of the house to the other; on the south
+side whereof are little cells, wherein the patients have their lodgings,
+and on the north the windows that give light to the galleries, which are
+divided in the middle by a handsome iron gate, to keep the men and women
+asunder.
+
+In order to procure a person to be admitted into the hospital, a petition
+must be preferred to a committee of the governors, who sit at Bedlam
+seven at a time weekly, which must be signed by the churchwardens, or
+other reputable persons of the parish the lunatic belongs to, and also
+recommended to the said committee by one of the governors; and this being
+approved by the president and governors, and entered in a book, upon a
+vacancy (in their turn) an order is granted for their being received into
+the house, where the said lunatic is accommodated with a room, proper
+physic and diet, gratis.  The diet is very good and wholesome, being
+commonly boiled beef, mutton, or veal, and broth, with bread, for dinners
+on Sundays, Tuesdays, and Thursdays, the other days bread, cheese, and
+butter, or on Saturdays pease-pottage, rice-milk, furmity, or other
+pottage, and for supper they have usually broth or milk pottage, always
+with bread.  And there is farther care taken, that some of the committee
+go on a Saturday weekly to the said hospital to see the provisions
+weighed, and that the same be good and rightly expended.
+
+18.  Basinghall, or Bassishaw Ward, consisteth only of Basinghall Street,
+and a small part of the street along London Wall.
+
+The public buildings of this ward are Blackwell Hall, Masons’ Hall,
+Weavers’ Hall, Coopers’ Hall, Girdlers’ Hall, and St. Michael Bassishaw
+Church.
+
+Blackwell Hall is situated between Basinghall Street on the east, and
+Guildhall Yard on the west, being formerly called Bakewell Hall, from the
+family of the Bakewells, whose mansion-house stood here anno 1315, which
+falling to the Crown, was purchased by the City of King Richard II., and
+converted into a warehouse and market for woollen manufactures; and by an
+act of common council anno 1516, it was appointed to be the only market
+for woollen manufactures sold in the City, except baize, the profits
+being settled on Christ’s Hospital, which arise from the lodging and
+pitching of the cloth in the respective warehouses, there being one
+assigned for the Devonshire cloths, and others for the Gloucester,
+Worcester, Kentish, Medley, Spanish cloths, and blankets.  The profits
+also of the baize brought to Leadenhall are settled on the same hospital.
+These cloths pay a penny a week each for pitching, and a halfpenny a week
+resting; stockings and blankets pay by the pack, all which bring in a
+considerable revenue, being under the direction of the governors of
+Christ’s Hospital.  This hall was destroyed by the Fire, and rebuilt by
+Christ’s Hospital, anno 1672.  The doorcase on the front towards
+Guildhall is of stone, adorned with two columns, entablature, and
+pediment of the Doric order.  In the pediment are the King’s arms, and
+the arms of London under them, enriched with Cupids, &c.
+
+19.  Cripplegate Ward is usually divided into two parts, viz.,
+Cripplegate within the walls and Cripplegate without.
+
+The principal streets and places in Cripplegate Ward within the walls are
+Milk Street, great part of Honey Lane Market, part of Cateaton Street,
+Lad Lane, Aldermanbury, Love Lane, Addle Street, London Wall Street, from
+Little Wood Street to the postern, Philip Lane, most of Great Wood
+Street, Little Wood Street, part of Hart Street, Mugwell Street, part of
+Fell Street, part of Silver Street, the east part of Maiden Lane, and
+some few houses in Cheapside to the eastward of Wood Street.
+
+The principal streets and places in Cripplegate Ward Without are Fore
+Street, and the Postern Street heading to Moorfields, Back Street in
+Little Moorfields, Moor Lane, Grub Street, the south part to the posts
+and chain, the fourth part of Whitecross Street as far as the posts and
+chain, part of Redcross Street, Beach Lane, the south part of Golden Lane
+as far as the posts and chain, the east part of Golden Lane, the east
+part of Jewin Street, Bridgewater Square, Brackley Street, Bridgewater
+Street, Silver Street, and Litton Street.
+
+The public buildings in this ward are Sion College, Barber-Surgeons’
+Hall, Plasterers’ Hall, Brewers’ Hall, Curriers’ Hall, the churches of
+St. Mary Aldermanbury, St. Alphege, St. Alban, Wood Street, and St.
+Giles, Cripplegate.
+
+Sion College is situated against London Wall, a little to the eastward of
+Cripplegate, where anciently stood a nunnery, and afterwards a hospital
+founded for a hundred blind men, _anno_ 1320, by W. Elsing, mercer, and
+called Elsing’s Spittal: he afterwards founded here a priory for canons
+regular, which being surrendered to King Henry VIII. _anno_ 1530, it was
+purchased by Dr. Thomas White, residentiary of St. Paul’s, and vicar of
+St. Dunstan’s in the West, for the use of the London clergy, who were
+incorporated by King Charles I., _anno_ 1631, by the name of the
+president and fellows of Sion College, for the glory of God, the good of
+His Church, redress of inconveniences, and maintaining of truth in
+doctrine, and love in conversation with one another, pursuant to the
+donor’s will; which college is governed by the president, two deans and
+four assistants, who are yearly elected out of the London clergy, on the
+third Tuesday after Easter; but none of them reside there, the whole
+being left to the care of the librarian.  The great gate against London
+Wall is adorned with two columns, their entablature and pitched pediment
+of the Tuscan order, whereon is this inscription in gold letters:—
+
+_Collegium Sionis a Thoma White_, _S. T. P. Fundatum Anno Christi_ 1631,
+_in Usum Clerici Lond_.  _Bibliotheca a Johanne Simpson_, _S. T. B.
+Extracta_, _a diversis Benefactor_, _Libris locupletata_, _& in posterum
+locupletanda_.  _Vade & fac similiter_.
+
+The college consists of a handsome hall, the president’s lodgings,
+chambers for students, and a well-disposed library, one hundred and
+twenty feet in length, and thirty in breadth, which is at this day very
+well replenished with books, notwithstanding both library and college
+were burnt down _anno_ 1666.  It was rebuilt and furnished by
+contributions from the London clergy and their friends.  The library is
+kept in exact order, and there are all imaginable conveniences for those
+who desire to consult their books.
+
+20.  Aldersgate Ward.  The principal streets and places in this ward are,
+Foster Lane, Maiden Lane, Noble Street, St. Martin’s-le-Grand, Dean’s
+Court, Round Court, Angel Street, Bull-and-Mouth Street, St. Anne’s Lane,
+Aldersgate Street, Goswell Street, Barbican, Long Lane, and Little
+Britain.
+
+St. Martin’s-le-Grand was anciently a magnificent college, founded by
+Jugelricus and Edwardus his brother, _anno_ 1056, and confirmed by
+William the Conqueror, by his charter, dated _anno_ 1068, in the second
+year of his reign, who also gave all the moorlands without Cripplegate to
+this college, exempting the dean and canons from the jurisdiction of the
+bishop, and from all legal services, granting them soc and sac, toll and
+theam, with all liberties and franchises that any church in the kingdom
+enjoyed.
+
+This college was surrendered to King Edward VI. in the second year of his
+reign, anno 1548, and the same year the church pulled down, and the
+ground leased out to persons to build upon, being highly valued on
+account of the privileges annexed to it, for it still remains a separate
+jurisdiction.  The sheriffs and magistrates of London have no authority
+in this liberty, but it is esteemed part of Westminster, and subject only
+to the dean and chapter of that abbey.
+
+The public buildings in this ward are, Goldsmiths’ Hall, Coachmakers’
+Hall, London House, Thanet House, Cooks’ Hall, the church of St. Anne
+within Aldersgate, St. Leonard, Foster Lane, and St. Botolph, Aldersgate.
+
+21.  Farringdon Ward within the walls, so called to distinguish it from
+Farringdon Ward without, was anciently but one ward, and governed by one
+alderman, receiving its name of William Farendon, goldsmith, alderman
+thereof, and one of the sheriffs of London who purchased the aldermanry
+of John le Feure, 7 Edward I., _anno_ 1279.  It afterwards descended to
+Nicholas Farendon, son of the said William, who was four times mayor (and
+his heirs), from whence some infer that the aldermanries of London were
+formerly hereditary.
+
+Farringdon Ward Within contains St. Paul’s Churchyard, Ludgate Street,
+Blackfriars, the east side of Fleet Ditch, from Ludgate Street to the
+Thames, Creed Lane, Ave Mary Lane, Amen Corner, Paternoster Row, Newgate
+Street and Market, Greyfriars, part of Warwick Lane, Ivy Lane, part of
+Cheapside, part of Foster Lane, part of Wood Street, part of Friday
+Street, and part of the Old Change, with several courts and alleys
+falling into them.
+
+The public buildings in this ward are, the Cathedral of St. Paul, St.
+Paul’s School, the King’s Printing House, the Scotch Hall, Apothecaries’
+Hall, Stationers’ Hall, the College of Physicians, Butchers’ Hall,
+Saddlers’ Hall, Embroiderers’ Hall, the church of St. Martin Ludgate,
+Christ’s Church and Hospital, the church of St. Matthew, Friday Street,
+St. Austin’s Church, the church of St Vedast, and the Chapter House.
+
+Austin the monk was sent to England by Pope Gregory the Great, to
+endeavour the conversion of the Saxons, about the year 596, and being
+favourably received by Ethelbert, then King of Kent, who soon after
+became his proselyte, was by the authority of the Roman see constituted
+Archbishop of Canterbury, the capital of King Ethelbert’s dominions.  The
+archbishop being thus established in Kent, sent his missionaries into
+other parts of England, making Melitus, one of his assistants, Bishop of
+London; and King Ethelbert, to encourage that city to embrace
+Christianity, it is said, founded the Cathedral of St. Paul about the
+year 604.
+
+This Cathedral stands upon an eminence in the middle of the town,
+disengaged from all other buildings, so that its beauties may be viewed
+on every side; whereas we see only one front of St. Peter’s at Rome, the
+palace of the Vatican, and other buildings contiguous to it, rendering
+the rest invisible; and though the riches and furniture of the several
+chapels in St. Peter’s are the admiration of all that view them, yet they
+spoil the prospect of the fabric.  If we regard only the building,
+divested of the rich materials and furniture which hide the beauties of
+the structure, St. Paul’s, in the opinion of many travellers, makes a
+better appearance than St. Peter’s: nor does the white Portland stone, of
+which St. Paul’s is built, at all give place to the marble St. Peter’s is
+lined or incrusted with; for the numerous lamps and candles that are
+burnt before the altars at St. Peter’s so blacken and tarnish the marble,
+that it is not easy to distinguish it from common stone.
+
+As to the outside of St. Paul’s, it is adorned by two ranges of
+pilasters, one above the other; the lower consist of 120 pilasters at
+least, with their entablature of the Corinthian order, and the upper of
+as many with entablament of the Composite order, besides twenty columns
+at the west and four at the east end, and those of the porticoes and
+spaces between the arches of the windows; and the architrave of the lower
+order, &c., are filled with great variety of curious enrichments,
+consisting of cherubims, festoons, volutas, fruit, leaves, car-touches,
+ensigns of fame, as swords and trumpets in saltier crosses, with chaplets
+of laurel, also books displayed, bishops’ caps, the dean’s arms, and, at
+the east end, the cypher of W.R. within a garter, on which are the words
+_Honi soit qui mal y pense_, and this within a fine compartment of
+palm-branches, and placed under an imperial crown, &c., all finely carved
+in stone.
+
+The intercolumns of the lower range of pilasters are thirty-three
+ornamental windows and six niches, and of the upper range thirty-seven
+windows and about thirty niches, many whereof are adorned with columns,
+entablature, and pediments; and at the east end is a sweep, or circular
+space, adorned with columns and pilasters, and enriched with festoons,
+fruit, incense-pots, &c., and at the upper part is a window between four
+pieddroits and a single cornice, and those between two large cartouches.
+
+The ascent to the north portico is by twelve steps of black marble; the
+dome of the portico is supported and adorned with six very spacious
+columns (forty-eight inches diameter) of the Corinthian order.  Above the
+doorcase is a large urn, with festoons, &c.  Over this (belonging to the
+upper range of pilasters) is a spacious pediment, where are the king’s
+arms with the regalia, supported by two angels, with each a palm-branch
+in their hands, under whose feet appear the figures of the lion and
+unicorn.
+
+You ascend to the fourth portico (the ground here being low) by
+twenty-five steps.  It is in all other respects like the north, and above
+this a pediment, as the other, belonging to the upper order, where is a
+proper emblem of this incomparable structure, raised, as it were, out of
+the ruins of the old church, viz., a phoenix, with her wings expanded, in
+flames, under which is the word RESURGAM insculped in capital characters.
+
+The west portico is adorned and supported with twelve columns below and
+eight above, fluted, of the respective orders as the two ranges, the
+twelve lower adorned with architrave, marble frieze, and a cornice, and
+the eight upper with an entablature and a spacious triangular pediment,
+where the history of St. Paul’s conversion is represented, with the rays
+of a glory and the figures of several men and horses boldly carved in
+relievo by Mr. Bird.  The doorcase is white marble, and over the entrance
+is cut in relieve the history of St. Paul’s preaching to the Bereans (as
+in Acts xvii. 2).  It consists of a group of nine figures, besides that
+of St. Paul, with books, &c., lively represented by the same hand as “The
+Conversion.”
+
+On the south side of the church, near the west end, is a forum or portal,
+the doorcase being enriched with cartouches, volutas, and fruit, very
+excellently carved under a pediment, and opposite to this on the north
+side is the like doorcase.  And, in brief, all the apertures are not only
+judiciously disposed for commodiousness, illumination of the fabric, &c.,
+but are very ornamental.
+
+At the west end is an acroteria of the figures of the twelve apostles,
+each about eleven feet high, with that of St. Paul on the angle of the
+pediment, and those of the four evangelists, two of each cumbent between
+as many angles on a circular pediment.  Over the dials of the clock on
+the fronts of the two towers, also an entablature and circles of
+enrichment, where twelve stones compose the aperture, answering to the
+twelve hours.
+
+The said towers are adorned with circular ranges of columns of the
+Corinthian order, with domes upon the upper part, and at the vertex of
+each a curious pineapple.
+
+The choir has its roof supported with six spacious pillars, and the
+church with six more, besides which there are eight that support the
+cupola and two very spacious ones at the west end.  All which pillars are
+adorned with pilasters of the Corinthian and Composite orders, and also
+with columns fronting the cross-aisle, or ambulatory, between the
+consistory and morning prayer chapel, which have each a very beautiful
+screen of curious wainscot, and adorned each with twelve columns, their
+entablatures arched pediments, and the king’s arms, enriched with
+cherubims, and each pediment between four vases, all curiously carved.
+These screens are fenced with ironwork, as is also the cornice at the
+west end of the church, and so eastward beyond the first arch.
+
+The pillars of the church that support the roof are two ranges, with
+their entablature and beautiful arches, whereby the body of the church
+and choir are divided into three parts or aisles.  The roof of each is
+adorned with arches and spacious peripheries of enrichments, as shields,
+leaves, chaplets, &c. (the spaces included being somewhat concave),
+admirably carved in stone; and there is a large cross aisle between the
+north and south porticoes, and two ambulatories, the one a little
+eastward, the other westward from the said cross-aisle, and running
+parallel therewith.  The floor of the whole is paved with marble, but
+under the cupola and within the rail of the altar with fine porphyry,
+polished and laid in several geometrical figures.
+
+The altar-piece is adorned with four noble fluted pilasters, finely
+painted and veined with gold, in imitation of _lapis lazuli_, with their
+entablature, where the enrichments, and also the capitals of the
+pilasters, are double gilt with gold.  These intercolumns are twenty-one
+panels of figured crimson velvet, and above them six windows, viz., in
+each intercolumniation seven panels and two windows, one above the other;
+at the greatest altitude above all which is a glory finely done.  The
+aperture north and south into the choir are (ascending up three steps of
+black marble) by two iron folding-doors, being, as that under the
+organ-gallery, &c., exquisitely wrought into divers figures, spiral
+branches, and other flourishes.  There are two others at the west end of
+the choir, the one opening into the south aisle, the other in the north,
+done by the celebrated artist in this way, M. Tijan.
+
+And what contributes to the beauty of this choir are the galleries, the
+bishop’s throne, Lord Mayor’s seat, with the stalls, all which being
+contiguous, compose one vast body of carved work of the finest wainscot,
+constituting three sides of a quadrangle.
+
+The cupola (within the church) appears erected and elevated on eight
+pillars of a large magnitude, adorned with pilasters, entablature,
+circular pediments, and arches of the Corinthian order, and each pillar
+enriched with a spacious festoon.  Here are also as many alcoves fronted
+with curious ironwork, and over the arches, at a great height from the
+ground, is an entablature, and on the cornice an ambulatory, fronted or
+fenced in with handsome ironwork, extending round the inside of the
+cupola, above which is a range of thirty-two pilasters of the Corinthian
+order, where every fourth intercolumn is adorned with a niche and some
+enrichments; and it said that in every foot of altitude the diameter of
+this decreaseth one inch.
+
+On the outside of the dome, about twenty feet above the outer roof of the
+church, is a range of thirty-two columns, with niches of the same
+altitude, and directly counter to those aforesaid within the cupola.  To
+these columns there is entablament, and above that a gallery with
+acroteria, where are placed very spacious and ornamental vases all round
+the cupola.  At twelve feet above the tops of these vases (which space is
+adorned with pilasters and entablament, and the intercolumns are windows)
+the diameter is taken in (as appears outwardly) five feet, and two feet
+higher it decreases five feet, and a foot above that it is still five
+feet less, where the dome outwardly begins to arch, which arches meet
+about fifty-two feet higher in perpendicular altitude, on the vertex of
+which dome is a neat balcony, and above this a large and beautiful
+lantern, adorned with columns of the Corinthian order, with a ball and
+cross at the top.
+
+Christ’s Hospital is situated between Newgate Street and St.
+Bartholomew’s Hospital in Smithfield.  Here, as has been observed
+already, was anciently a monastery of grey friars, founded about the year
+1325, which, upon the dissolution of monasteries, was surrendered to King
+Henry VIII., anno 1538, who, in the last year of his reign, transferred
+it to the City of London for the use of the poor.  King Edward VI.
+endowed this hospital—together with those of Bridewell and St. Thomas’s
+Hospital in Southwark—with large revenues, of which the City were made
+trustees, and incorporated by the name of the mayor, commonalty, and
+citizens of the City of London, governors of the possessions, revenues,
+and goods of the hospitals of Christ, Bridewell, and St. Thomas the
+Apostle, to whom the king granted £3,266 13s. 4d. per annum.
+
+It was opened in the year 1552, in the month of November, and a good
+writing-school was added to this foundation in the year 1694 by Sir John
+More, Kt., and alderman.
+
+The children admitted into this hospital are presented every year by the
+Lord Mayor and aldermen and the other governors in their turns, a list of
+whom is printed yearly and set up at the counting-house, and a letter is
+sent to each of the said governors, some days before the admission,
+reminding him of the day of choosing, and how those he presents should be
+qualified, wherein is enclosed a blank certificate from the minister and
+churchwardens, a blank petition to the president and governors, and a
+paper of the rules and qualifications of the child to be presented.  Upon
+this the governor, having made choice of a child to present, the friends
+of the said child come to the counting-house on the admission-day,
+bringing the said petition and certificates, rules, and letter along with
+him, and on the back side of the said petition the governor who presents
+endorseth words to this effect.
+
+“I present the child mentioned in the certificate on the other side, and
+believe the same to be a true certificate.
+
+“Witness my hand . . . the day . . . of 17.”  Which the said governor
+signeth, and the child is admitted.
+
+The said rules and qualifications are as follows:
+
+1.  That no child be taken in but such as are the children of freemen of
+London.
+
+2.  That none be taken in under seven years old.
+
+3.  That none be taken in but orphans, wanting either father or mother,
+or both.
+
+4.  That no foundlings, or that are maintained at the parish charge, be
+taken in.
+
+5.  That none who are lame, crooked, or deformed, or that have the evil,
+rupture, or any infectious disease, be taken in.
+
+6.  That none be admitted but such as are without any probable means of
+being provided for otherways; nor without a due certificate from the
+minister, churchwardens, and three or four of the principal inhabitants
+of the parish whence any children come, certifying the poverty and
+inability of the parent to maintain such children, and the true age of
+the said child, and engaging to discharge the hospital of them before or
+after the age of fifteen years if a boy, or fourteen years if a girl,
+which shall be left to the governor’s pleasure to do; so that it shall be
+wholly in the power of the hospital to dispose of such child, or return
+them to the parent or parish, as to the hospital shall seem good.
+
+7.  That no child be admitted that hath a brother or sister in the
+hospital already.
+
+8.  To the end that no children be admitted contrary to the rules
+abovesaid, when the general court shall direct the taking in of any
+children, they shall (before taken in) be presented to a committee,
+consisting of the president, treasurer, or the almoners, renters,
+scrutineers, and auditors, and all other governors to be summoned at the
+first time, and so to adjourn from time to time: and that they, or any
+thirteen or more of them, whereof the president or treasurer for the time
+being to be one, shall strictly examine touching the age, birth, and
+quality of such children, and of the truth of the said certificates; and
+when such committee shall find cause, they shall forbid or suspend the
+taking in of any child, until they receive full satisfaction that such
+child or children are duly qualified according to the rules abovesaid.
+
+And that such children as may be presented to be admitted in pursuance of
+the will of any benefactor, shall be examined by the said committee, who
+are to take care that such children be qualified according to the wills
+of the donors or benefactors (as near as may consist with such wills)
+agreeing to the qualifications above.
+
+The Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen present each their child yearly, but
+the rest of the governors only in their turns, which may happen once in
+three or four years.
+
+No child is continued in after fifteen years of age, except the
+mathematical scholars, who are sometimes in till they are eighteen, and
+who, at the beginning of the seventh year of their service as mariners
+are at His Majesty’s disposal; and of these children there is an account
+printed yearly, and presented to the king the 1st of January, setting
+forth, (1) each boy’s name; (2) the month and year when they were bound
+out; (3) their age; (4) the names of their masters; (5) the names of the
+ships whereof they are commanders; (6) what country trade they are in;
+(7) the month and year when they will be at His Majesty’s disposal.  Also
+an account of the forty children annually enjoying the benefit of this
+mathematical foundation, &c., setting forth their names and age.
+
+The governors, besides the Lord Mayor and aldermen, are many, and
+commonly persons that have been masters or wardens of their companies, or
+men of estates, from whom there is some expectation of additional
+charities.  Out of these one is made president, who is usually some
+ancient alderman that hath passed the chair; another is appointed
+treasurer, to whom the care of the house and of the revenues are
+committed, who is therefore usually resident, and has a good house within
+the limits of the hospital.  There are two governors also, who are called
+_almoners_, whose business it is to buy provisions for the house and send
+them in, who are attended by the steward.
+
+The children are dieted in the following manner: They have every morning
+for their breakfast bread and beer, at half an hour past six in the
+morning in the summer time, and at half an hour past seven in the winter.
+On Sundays they have boiled beef and broth for their dinners, and for
+their suppers legs and shoulders of mutton.  On Tuesdays and Thursdays
+they have the same dinners as on Sundays, that is, boiled beef and broth;
+on the other days no flesh meat, but on Mondays milk-porridge, on
+Wednesdays furmity, on Fridays old pease and pottage, on Saturdays
+water-gruel.  They have roast beef about twelve days in the year by the
+kindness of several benefactors, who have left, some £3, some 50s. per
+annum, for that end.  Their supper is bread and cheese, or butter for
+those who cannot eat cheese; only Wednesdays and Fridays they heave
+pudding-pies for supper.
+
+The diet of these children seems to be exceeding mean and sparing; and I
+have heard some of their friends say that it would not be easy for them
+to subsist upon it without their assistance.  However, it is observed
+they are very healthful; that out of eleven or twelve hundred there are
+scarce ever found twelve in the sick ward; and that in one year, when
+there were upwards of eleven hundred in this hospital, there were not
+more than fifteen of them died.  Besides, their living in this thrifty
+parsimonious manner, makes them better capable of shifting for themselves
+when they come out into the world.
+
+As to the education of these orphans, here is a grammar-school, a
+writing-school, a mathematical-school, and a drawing-school.
+
+As to grammar and writing, they have all of them the benefit of these
+schools without distinction; but the others are for such lads as are
+intended for the sea-service.
+
+The first mathematical school was founded by King Charles II., anno
+domini 1673.  His Majesty gave £7,000 towards building and furnishing
+this school, and settled a revenue of £370 per annum upon it for ever;
+and there has been since another mathematical school erected here, which
+is maintained out of the revenues of the hospital, as is likewise the
+drawing-school.
+
+This hospital is built about a large quadrangle, with a cloister or
+piazza on the inside of it, which is said to be part of the monastery of
+the Grey Friars; but most part of the house has been rebuilt since the
+Fire, and consists of a large hall, and the several schools and
+dormitories for the children; besides which there is a fine house at
+Hertford, and another at Ware, twenty miles from London, whither the
+youngest orphans are usually sent, and taught to read, before they are
+fixed at London.
+
+The College of Physicians is situated on the west side of Warwick Lane.
+It is a beautiful and magnificent edifice, built by the society anno
+1682, their former college in Amen Corner having been destroyed by the
+Fire.  It is built of brick and stone, having a fine frontispiece, with a
+handsome doorcase, within which is a lofty cupola erected on strong
+pillars, on the top whereof is a large pyramid, and on its vertex a crown
+and gilded ball.  Passing under the cupola we come into a quadrangular
+court, the opposite side whereof is adorned with eight pilasters below
+and eight above, with their entablature and a triangular pediment; over
+the doorcase is the figure of King Charles II. placed in a niche and
+between the door and the lower architrave the following inscription,
+viz.:—
+
+VTRIVSQVE FORTVNÆ EXEMPLAR INGENS ADVERSIS REBVS DEVM PROBAVIT PROSPERIS
+SEIPSVM COLLEGIJ HVJUSCE, 1682.
+
+The apartments within consist of a hall, where advice is given to the
+poor gratis; a committee-room, a library, another great hall, where the
+doctors meet once a quarter, which is beautifully wainscoted, carved, and
+adorned with fretwork.  Here are the pictures of Dr. Harvey, who first
+discovered the circulation of the blood, and other benefactors, and
+northward from this, over the library, is the censor’s room.
+
+The theatre under the cupola at the entrance is furnished with six
+degrees of circular wainscot seats, one above the other, and in the pit
+is a table and three seats, one for the president, a second for the
+operator, and a third for the lecturer; and here the anatomy lectures are
+performed.  In the preparing room are thirteen tables of the muscles in a
+human body, each muscle in its proper position.
+
+This society is a body-corporate for the practice of physic within
+London, and several miles about it.  The president and censors are chosen
+annually at Michaelmas.  None can practise physic, though they have taken
+their degrees, without their license, within the limits aforesaid; and
+they have a power to search all apothecaries’ shops, and to destroy
+unwholesome medicines.
+
+By the charter of King Charles II. this college was to consist of a
+president, four censors, ten elects, and twenty-six fellows; the censors
+to be chosen out of the fellows, and the president out of the elects.
+
+By the charter granted by King James II., the number of fellows was
+enlarged, but not to exceed eighty, and none but those who had taken the
+degree of doctors in the British or foreign universities were qualified
+to be admitted members of this college.
+
+The fellows meet four times every year, viz., on the Monday after every
+quarter-day, and two of them meet twice a week, to give advice to the
+poor gratis.  Here are also prepared medicines for the poor at moderate
+rates.
+
+The president and four censors meet the first Friday in every month.  The
+Lord Chancellor, chief justices, and chief baron, are constituted
+visitors of this corporation, whose privileges are established by several
+Acts of Parliament.
+
+22.  Bread Street Ward contains Bread Street, Friday Street, Distaff
+Lane, Basing Lane, part of the Old Change, part of Watling Street, part
+of Old Fish Street, and Trinity Lane, and part of Cheapside.
+
+The only public buildings in this ward are the churches of Allhallows,
+Bread Street, and St. Mildred, Bread Street.
+
+23.  Queenhithe Ward includes part of Thames Street, Queenhithe, with the
+several lanes running southward to the Thames, Lambeth Hill, Fish Street
+Hill, Five Foot Lane, Little Trinity Lane, Bread Street Hill, Huggin
+Lane, with the south side of Great Trinity Lane, and part of Old Fish
+Streets.
+
+Queenhithe lies to the westward of the Three Cranes, and is a harbour for
+barges, lighters, and other vessels, that bring meal, malt, and other
+provisions down the Thames; being a square inlet, with wharves on three
+sides of it, where the greatest market in England for meal, malt, &c., is
+held every day in the week, but chiefly on Mondays, Wednesdays, and
+Fridays.  It received the name of Queenhithe, or harbour, from the duties
+anciently paid here to the Queens of England.
+
+24.  Baynard’s Castle Ward contains Peter’s Hill, Bennet’s Hill, part of
+Thames Street, Paul’s Wharf, Puddle Dock, Addle Hill, Knightrider Street,
+Carter Lane, Wardrobe Court, Paul’s Chain, part of St. Paul’s Churchyard,
+Dean’s Court, part of Creed Lane, and part of Warwick Lane.
+
+The public buildings in this ward are Doctors’ Commons, the Heralds’
+Office, the churches of St. Bennet, Paul’s Wharf, St. Andrew, Wardrobe,
+and St. Mary Magdalen, Old Fish Street.
+
+Doctors’ Commons, so called from the doctors of the civil law commoning
+together here as in a college, is situated on the west side of Bennet’s
+Hill, and consists chiefly of one handsome square court.  And here are
+held the Court of Admiralty, Court of Arches, and the Prerogative Court
+of the Archbishop of Canterbury.  Near the Commons are the Prerogative
+Office and Faculty Office.
+
+The Heralds’ College or office is situated on the east side of Bennet’s
+Hill, almost against Doctors’ Commons.  It is a spacious building, with a
+square court in the middle of it, on the north side whereof is the
+Court-room, where the Earl Marshal sits to hear causes lying in the court
+of honour concerning arms, achievements, titles of honour, &c.
+
+25.  The Ward of Farringdon Without includes Ludgate Hill, Fleet Street
+and Fleet Ditch, Sheer Lane, Bell Yard, Chancery Lane, Fetter Lane, Dean
+Street, New Street, Plough Yard, East and West Harding Street,
+Fleur-de-Lis Court, Crane Court, Red Lion Court, Johnson’s Court,
+Dunstan’s Court, Bolt Court, Hind Court, Wine Office Court, Shoe Lane,
+Racquet Court, Whitefriars, the Temples, Dorset or Salisbury Court,
+Dorset Street, Bridewell, the Old Bailey, Harp Alley, Holborn Hill,
+Castle Street or Yard, Cursitor Alley, Bartlett’s Buildings, Holborn
+Bridge, Snow Hill, Pye Corner, Giltspur Street, Cow Lane, Cock Lane,
+Hosier Lane, Chick Lane, Smithfield, Long Lane, Bartholomew Close, Cloth
+Fair, and Duck Lane.
+
+West Smithfield—or, rather, Smoothfield, according to Stow—is an open
+place, containing little more than three acres of ground at present, of
+an irregular figure, surrounded with buildings of various kinds.  Here is
+held one of the greatest markets of oxen and sheep in Europe, as may
+easily be imagined when it appears to be the only market for live cattle
+in this great city, which is held on Mondays and Fridays.  There is also
+a market for horses on Fridays; nor is there anywhere better
+riding-horses to be purchased, if the buyer has skill, though it must be
+confessed there is a great deal of jockeying and sharping used by the
+dealers in horseflesh.  As for coach-horses, and those fit for troopers,
+they are usually purchased in the counties to the northward of the town.
+The famous fair on the feast of St. Bartholomew also is held in this
+place, which lasts three days, and, by the indulgence of the City
+magistrates, sometimes a fortnight.  The first three days were heretofore
+assigned for business, as the sale of cattle, leather, &c., but now only
+for diversion, the players filling the area of the field with their
+booths, whither the young citizens resort in crowds.
+
+The public buildings in this ward are Bridewell, Serjeants’ Inn in Fleet
+Street, the Temple, the Six Clerks’ Office, the Rolls, Serjeants’ Inn in
+Chancery Lane, Clifford’s Inn, the House of the Royal Society, Staple’s
+Inn, Bernards’ Inn, and Thavie’s Inn, Justice Hall in the Old Bailey, and
+the Fleet Prison, with the churches of St. Bartholomew, and the hospital
+adjoining, the churches of St. Sepulchre, St. Andrew, Holborn, St.
+Bride’s, and St. Dunstan’s-in-the-West.
+
+Bridewell is situated on the west side of Fleet Ditch, a little to the
+southward of Fleet Street, having two fronts, one to the east, and the
+other to the north, with a handsome great gate in each of them.  It
+consists chiefly of two courts, the innermost being the largest and best
+built, four or five storeys high, on the south side whereof is a noble
+hall, adorned with the pictures of King Edward VI. and his Privy Council,
+King Charles, and King James II., Sir William Turner, Sir William
+Jeffreys, and other benefactors.
+
+It was one of the palaces of the Kings of England till the reign of King
+Edward VI., who gave it to the City of London for the use of their poor,
+with lands of the value of 700 marks per annum, and bedding and furniture
+out of the Hospital of the Savoy, then suppressed.
+
+Here are lodgings and several privileges for certain tradesmen, such as
+flax-dressers, tailors, shoemakers, &c., called art masters, who are
+allowed to take servants and apprentices to the number of about 140, who
+are clothed in blue vests at the charge of the house, their masters
+having the profit of their labour.  These boys having served their times,
+have their freedom, and ten pound each given them towards carrying on
+their trades; and some of them have arrived to the honour of being
+governors of the house where they served.
+
+This Hospital is at present under the direction of a president, and some
+hundreds of the most eminent and substantial citizens, with their
+inferior officers; and a court is held every Friday, where such vagrants
+and lewd people are ordered to receive correction in the sight of the
+Court, as are adjudged to deserve it.
+
+Among the public buildings of this ward, that belonging to the Royal
+Society, situate at the north end of Two Crane Court, in Fleet Street,
+must not be omitted, though it be much more considerable on account of
+the learned members who assemble there, and the great advances that have
+been made by them of late years in natural philosophy, &c., than for the
+elegancy of the building.
+
+During the grand rebellion, when the estates of the prime nobility and
+gentry were sequestered, and there was no court for them to resort to,
+the then powers encouraging only the maddest enthusiast, or the basest of
+the people, whom they looked upon as the fittest instruments to support
+their tyranny; some ingenious gentlemen, who had applied themselves
+chiefly to their studies, and abhorred the usurpation, proposed the
+erecting a society for the improvement of natural knowledge, which might
+be an innocent and inoffensive exercise to themselves in those
+troublesome times, and of lasting benefit to the nation.  Their first
+meeting, it is said, were at the chambers of Mr. Wilkins (afterwards
+Bishop of Chester) in Wadham College, in Oxford, about the year 1650, and
+the members consisted of the Honourable Robert Boyle, Esq., Dr. Ward
+(afterwards Bishop of Salisbury), Sir Christopher Wren, Sir William
+Petty, Dr. Wallis, Dr. Goddard, and Dr. Hook (late Professor of
+Geometry), the above-named Bishop Wilkins, and others.  In the year 1658
+we find them assembling in Gresham College, in London, when were added to
+their number the Lord Brounker (their first president), Sir Robert
+Murray, John Evelyng, Esq., Sir George Ent, Dr. Croon, Henry Shingsby,
+Esq., and many others.  And after the Restoration, his Majesty King
+Charles II. appeared so well pleased with the design, that he granted
+them a charter of incorporation, bearing date the 22nd of April, 15
+Charles II., anno 1663, wherein he styled himself their founder, patron,
+and companion; and the society was from thenceforward to consist of a
+president, a council of twenty, and as many fellows as should be thought
+worthy of admission, with a treasurer, secretary, curators, and other
+officers.
+
+When a gentleman desires to be admitted to the society, he procures one
+of the Corporation to recommend him as a person duly qualified, whereupon
+his name is entered in a book, and proper inquiries made concerning his
+merit and abilities; and if the gentleman is approved of, he appears in
+some following assembly, and subscribes a paper, wherein he promises that
+he will endeavour to promote the welfare of the society: and the
+president formally admits him by saying, “I do, by the authority and in
+the name of the Royal Society of London for improving of natural
+knowledge, admit you a member thereof.”  Whereupon the new fellow pays
+forty shillings to the treasurer, and two-and-fifty shillings per annum
+afterwards by quarterly payments, towards the charges of the experiments,
+the salaries of the officers of the house, &c.
+
+Behind the house they have a repository, containing a collection of the
+productions of nature and art.  They have also a well-chosen library,
+consisting of many thousand volumes, most of them relating to natural
+philosophy; and they publish from time to time the experiments made by
+them, of which there are a great number of volumes, called “Philosophical
+Transactions.”
+
+The Hospital of St. Bartholomew, on the south side of Smithfield, is
+contiguous to the church of Little St. Bartholomew.  It was at first
+governed by a master, eight brethren, and four sisters, who had the care
+of the sick and infirm that were brought thither.  King Henry VIII.
+endowed it with a yearly revenue of five hundred more yearly for the
+relief of one hundred infirm people.  And since that time the hospital is
+so increased and enlarged, by the benefactions given to it, that it
+receives infirm people at present from all parts of England.  In the year
+1702 a beautiful frontispiece was erected towards Smithfield, adorned
+with pilasters, entablature, and pediment of the Ionic order, with the
+figure of the founder, King Henry VIII., in a niche, standing in full
+proportion; and the figures of two <DW36>s on the pediment: but the most
+considerable improvements to the building were made in the year 1731, of
+the old buildings being pulled down, and a magnificent pile erected in
+the room of them about 150 feet in length, faced with a pure white stone,
+besides other additions now building.
+
+There are two houses belonging to this hospital, the one in Kent Street,
+called the Lock, and the other at Kingsland, whither such unfortunate
+people as are afflicted with the French disease are sent and taken care
+of, that they may not prove offensive to the rest; for surely more
+miserable objects never were beheld, many of them having their noses and
+great part of their faces eaten off, and become so noisome frequently,
+that their stench cannot be borne, their very bones rotting while they
+remain alive.
+
+This hospital is governed by the Lord Mayor and Aldermen, with about
+three hundred other substantial citizens and gentlemen of quality, who
+generally become benefactors; and from these and their friends the
+hospital has been able to subsist such numbers of infirm people, and to
+perform the surprising cures they have done; for the patients are duly
+attended by the best physicians and surgeons in London, and so well
+supplied with lodging and diet proper to their respective cases, that
+much fewer miscarry here, in proportion, than in the great hospital of
+invalids, and others the French so much boast of in Paris.
+
+Those that have the immediate care of the hospital are, the president,
+the treasurer, the auditors of accounts, viewers of their revenues,
+overseers of the goods and utensils of the hospital, and the almoners,
+who buy in provisions and necessaries for the patients.
+
+A committee, consisting of the treasurer, almoners, and some other of the
+governors, meet twice a week to inspect the government of the house, to
+discharge such persons as are cured, and to admit others.
+
+26.  Bridge Ward Without contains in chief the Borough, or Long
+Southwark, St. Margaret’s Hill, Blackman Street, Stony Street, St.
+Thomas’s Street, Counter Street, the Mint Street, Maiden Lane, the
+Bankside, Bandy-leg Walk, Bennet’s Rents, George Street, Suffolk Street,
+Redcross Street, Whitecross Street, Worcester Street, Castle Street,
+Clink Street, Deadman’s Place, New Rents, Gravel Lane, Dirty Lane, St.
+Olave’s Street, Horselydown, Crucifix Lane, Five-foot Lane, Barnaby
+Street, Long Lane and Street.
+
+The Bankside consists of certain houses so called from their lying on the
+south bank of the Thames to the westward of the bridge.
+
+The public buildings in this ward are, St. Thomas’s Church and Hospital,
+Guy’s Hospital for Incurables, the church of St. Saviour, the church of
+St. Olave, and that of St. George, the Bridge House, the King’s Bench
+Prison, the Marshalsea, and the Clink Prison, the Sessions House,
+Compter, and New Prison.
+
+The Hospital of St. Thomas consists of four spacious courts, in the first
+of which are six wards for women.  In the second stands the church, and
+another chapel, for the use of the hospital.  Here also are the houses of
+the treasurer, hospitaller, steward, cook, and butler.  In the third
+court are seven wards for men, with an apothecary’s shop, store-rooms and
+laboratory.  In the fourth court are two wards for women, with a surgery,
+hot and cold baths, &c.  And in the year 1718 another magnificent
+building was erected by the governors, containing lodgings and
+conveniences for a hundred infirm persons.  So that this hospital is
+capable of containing five hundred patients and upwards at one time; and
+there are between four and five thousand people annually cured and
+discharged out of it, many of them being allowed money to bear their
+charges to their respective dwellings.
+
+But one of the greatest charities ever attempted by a private citizen was
+that of Thomas Guy, Esq., originally a bookseller of London, and
+afterwards a Member of Parliament for Tamworth, who, having acquired an
+immense fortune, founded a hospital for incurables, on a spot of ground
+adjoining to St. Thomas’s Hospital, and saw the noble fabric in a good
+forwardness in his lifetime, assigning about two hundred thousand pounds
+towards the building, and endowing it, insomuch that it is computed there
+may be an ample provision for four hundred unhappy people, who shall be
+given over by physicians and surgeons as incurable.  This gentleman died
+in December, 1724, having first made his will, and appointed trustees to
+see his pious design duly executed.  He gave also several thousand pounds
+to Christ’s Hospital, and a thousand pounds a piece to fifty of his poor
+relations; but the will being in print, I refer the reader to it for a
+more particular account of this noble charity.
+
+The first church and hospital, dedicated to St. Thomas à Becket, was
+erected by the Prior of Bermondsey, so long since as the year 1013; but
+the hospital was refounded, and the revenues increased, anno 1215, by
+Peter de Rupibus, Bishop of Winchester, in whose diocese it was situated,
+continuing, however, to be held of the priors of Bermondsey till the year
+1428, when the Abbot of Bermondsey relinquished his interest to the
+master of the hospital for a valuable consideration.  In the year 1538
+this hospital was surrendered to King Henry VIII., being then valued at
+£266 17s. 6d. per annum.  And in the following reign, the City of London
+having purchased the buildings of the Crown, continued them a hospital
+for sick and wounded people; and King Edward VI. granted them some of the
+revenues of the dissolved hospitals and monasteries towards maintaining
+it: but these were inconsiderable in comparison of the large and numerous
+benefactions that have since been bestowed upon it by the Lord Mayor,
+aldermen, and other wealthy citizens and men of quality, governors of it,
+who are seldom fewer than two or three hundred, every one of them looking
+upon themselves to be under some obligation of making an addition to the
+revenues of the hospital they have the direction of.  A committee of the
+governors sit every Thursday, to consider what patients are fit to be
+discharged, and to admit others.
+
+The government of the City of London, it is observed, resembles that of
+the kingdom in general; the Lord Mayor is compared to the king, the
+aldermen to the nobility or upper house, and the common councilmen to the
+commons of England.
+
+This assembly, consisting of the Lord Mayor, aldermen, and common
+councilmen, has obtained the name of The Common Council, and has a power,
+by their charters, of making such bye-laws and statutes as are obligatory
+to the citizens.  It is called and adjourned by the Lord Mayor at
+pleasure, and out of it are formed several committees, viz.—1. A
+committee of six aldermen and twelve commoners for letting the City
+lands, which usually meets every Wednesday at Guildhall for that end.  2.
+A committee of four aldermen and eight commoners for letting the lands
+and tenements given by Sir Thomas Gresham, who meets at Mercers’ Hall on
+a summons from the Lord Mayor.  3. Commissioners of Sewers and Pavements,
+elected annually.  And, 4. A governor, deputy-governor and assistants,
+for the management of City lands in the province of Ulster in Ireland.
+
+The other principal courts in the City are, 1. The Court of Aldermen.  2.
+The Court of Hustings.  3. The Lord Mayor’s Court.  4. The Sheriff’s
+Court.  5. The Chamberlain’s Court.  6. The Court of the City Orphans.
+7. The Court of Conscience.  8. The Courts of Wardmote.  And, 9. The
+Courts of Hallmote.
+
+Besides which, there is a Court of Oyer and Terminer and Jail Delivery,
+held eight times a year at Justice Hall in the Old Bailey, for the trial
+of criminals.
+
+1.  In the Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen is lodged the executive power
+in a great measure, and by these most of the city officers are appointed,
+viz., the recorder, four common pleaders, the comptroller of the chamber,
+the two secondaries, the remembrancer, the city solicitor, the
+sword-bearer, the common hunt, the water bailiff, four attorneys of the
+Lord Mayor’s Court, the clerk of the chamber, three sergeant carvers,
+three sergeants of the chamber, the sergeant of the chanel, the two
+marshals, the hall-keeper, the yeomen of the chamber, four yeomen of the
+waterside, the yeoman of the chanel, the under water-bailiff, two meal
+weighers, two fruit-meters, the foreign taker, the clerk of the City
+works, six young men, two clerks of the papers, eight attorneys of the
+Sheriff’s Court, eight clerks fitters, two prothonotaries, the clerk of
+the Bridge House, the clerk of the Court of Requests, the beadle of the
+Court of Requests, thirty-six sergeants at mace, thirty-six yeomen, the
+gauger, the sealers and searchers of leather, the keeper of the
+Greenyard, two keepers of the two compters, the keeper of Newgate, the
+keeper of Ludgate, the measurer, the steward of Southwark (but the
+bailiff of Southwark is appointed by the Common Council) the bailiff of
+the hundred of Ossulston, the City artificers, and rent-gatherer, who
+hath been put in by Mr. Chamberlain.
+
+In this court all leases and instruments that pass under the City Seal
+are executed; the assize of bread is settled by them; all differences
+relating to water-courses, lights, and party-walls, are determined, and
+officers are suspended or punished; and the aldermen, or a majority of
+them, have a negative in whatever is propounded in the Common Council.
+
+2.  The Court of Hustings is esteemed the most ancient tribunal in the
+City, and was established for the preservation of the laws, franchises,
+and customs of it.  It is held at Guildhall before the Lord Mayor and
+Sheriffs, and in civil causes the Recorder sits as judge.  Here deeds are
+enrolled, recoveries passed, writs of right, waste, partition, dower, and
+replevins determined.
+
+3.  The Lord Mayor’s Court, a court of record, held in the chamber of
+Guildhall every Tuesday, where the Recorder also sits as judge, and the
+Lord Mayor and Aldermen may sit with him if they see fit.  Actions of
+debt, trespass, arising within the City and liberties, of any value, may
+be tried in this court, and an action may be removed hither from the
+Sheriff’s Court before the jury is sworn.
+
+The juries for trying causes in this and the Sheriff’s Courts, are
+returned by the several wards at their wardmote inquests at Christmas,
+when each ward appoints the persons to serve on juries for every month in
+the year ensuing.
+
+This court is also a court of equity, and gives relief where judgment is
+obtained in the Sheriff’s Court for more than the just debt.
+
+4.  The Sheriff’s Courts are also courts of record, where may be tried
+actions of debt, trespass, covenant, &c.  They are held on Wednesdays and
+Fridays for actions entered in Wood Street Compter, and every Thursday
+and Saturday for actions entered in the Poultry Compter.  Here the
+testimony of an absent witness in writing is allowed to be good evidence.
+
+5.  The Chamberlain’s Court or office is held at the chamber in
+Guildhall.  He receives and pays the City cash and orphans’ money, and
+keeps the securities taken by the Court of Aldermen for the same, and
+annually accounts to the auditors appointed for that purpose.  He attends
+every morning at Guildhall, to enroll or turn over apprentices, or to
+make them free; and hears and determines differences between masters and
+their apprentices.
+
+6.  The Court of City Orphans is held by the Lord Mayor and Aldermen as
+often as occasion requires; the Common Sergeant being entrusted by them
+to take all inventories and accounts of freeman’s estates, and the
+youngest attorney in the Mayor’s Court is clerk of the orphans, and
+appointed to take security for their portions; for when any freeman dies,
+leaving children under the age of twenty-one years, the clerks of the
+respective parishes give in their names to the common crier, who
+thereupon summons the widow or executor to appear before the Court of
+Aldermen, to bring in an inventory, and give security for the testator’s
+estate, for which they commonly allow two months’ time, and in case of
+non-appearance, or refusal of security, the Lord Mayor may commit the
+executor to Newgate.
+
+7.  The Court of Conscience was established for recovering small debts
+under forty shillings at an easy expense, the creditor’s oath of the debt
+being sufficient without further testimony to ascertain the debt.  This
+court sits at the hustings in Guildhall every Wednesday and Saturday,
+where the Common Council of each ward are judges in their turns.  They
+proceed first by summons, which costs but sixpence, and if the defendant
+appears there is no further charge; the debt is ordered to be paid at
+such times and in such proportion as the court in their consciences think
+the debtor able to discharge it; but if the defendant neglect to appear,
+or obey the order of the court, an attachment or execution follows with
+as much expedition and as small an expense as can be supposed.  All
+persons within the freedom of the City, whether freemen or not, may
+prosecute and be prosecuted in this court, and freemen may be summoned
+who live out of the liberty.
+
+8.  The courts of wardmote are held by the aldermen of each ward, for
+choosing ward-officers, and settling the affairs of the ward, the Lord
+Mayor annually issuing his precept to the aldermen to hold his wardmote
+on St. Thomas’s Day for the election of common councilmen and other
+officers; they also present such offences and nuisances at certain times
+to the Lord Mayor and common councilmen as require redress.
+
+9.  Small offences are punished by the justices in or out of sessions, by
+whom the offender is sentenced to be whipped, imprisoned, or kept to hard
+labour; but for the trial of capital offences, a commission of Oyer and
+Terminer and jail delivery issues eight times every year, _i.e._, before
+and after every term, directed to the Lord Mayor, Recorder, some of the
+twelve judges, and others whom the Crown is pleased to assign.  These
+commissioners sit at Justice Hall in the Old Bailey, and bills of
+indictment having been found by the grand juries of London or Middlesex,
+containing the prisoner’s accusation, a petty jury, consisting of twelve
+substantial citizens is empanelled for the trial of each of them; for, as
+to the grand jury, they only consider whether there is such a probability
+of the prisoner’s guilt as to put him upon making his defence, and this
+is determined by a majority of the grand jury: but the petty jury, who
+pass upon the prisoner’s life and death, must all agree in their verdict,
+or he cannot be convicted.  But though the petty jury judge of the fact,
+_i.e._, what the crime is, or whether it was committed by the prisoner or
+not, the commissioners or judges declare what are the punishments
+appropriated to the several species of crimes, and pronounce judgment
+accordingly on the offender.  In high treason they sentence the criminal
+to be drawn upon a hurdle to the place of execution, there to be hanged
+and quartered.  In murder, robbery, and other felonies, which are
+excluded the benefit of the clergy, the criminal is sentenced to be
+hanged till he is dead.  And for crimes within the benefit of the clergy,
+the offender is burnt in the hand or transported, at the discretion of
+the court.  And for petty larceny, _i.e._, where the offender is found
+guilty of theft under the value of twelve pence, he is sentenced to be
+whipped.  But a report being made to His Majesty by the Recorder, of the
+circumstances with which the several capital offences were attended, and
+what may be urged either in aggravation or mitigation of them, the
+respective criminals are either pardoned or executed according to His
+Majesty’s pleasure.  But I should have remembered, that the sentence
+against a woman, either for high or petty treason, is to be burnt alive.
+I shall now give some account of the election of the Lord Mayor,
+Sheriffs, &c., who are chosen by a majority of the liverymen.
+
+The Lord Mayor is elected on Michaelmas Day (from among the aldermen, by
+the liverymen of the City, who return two aldermen that have served
+sheriffs to the Court of Aldermen for their acceptance, who generally
+declare the first upon the liverymen’s roll to be Lord-Mayor) sworn at
+Guildhall on Simon and Jude, and before the barons of the Exchequer at
+Westminster the day following.
+
+The Lord Mayor appears abroad in very great state at all times, being
+clothed in scarlet robes, or purple richly furred, according to the
+season of the year, with a hood of black velvet, and a golden chain or
+collar of S.S. about his neck, and a rich jewel pendant thereon, his
+officers walking before and on both sides, his train held up, and the
+City sword and mace borne before him.  He keeps open house during his
+mayoralty, and the sword-bearer is allowed £1,000 for his table.  The
+Lord Mayor usually goes to St. Paul’s, attended by the aldermen in their
+gowns, and his officers, every Sunday morning; but especially the first
+Sunday in term-time, where he meets the twelve judges and invites them to
+dinner after divine service is ended.
+
+The sheriffs are chosen into their office on Midsummer day annually by
+the liverymen also; to which end the Lord Mayor, aldermen, and sheriffs
+meet in the council-chamber at Guildhall, about eight in the morning, and
+coming down afterwards into the Court of Hustings, the recorder declares
+to the livery men assembled in the hall that this is the day prescribed
+for the election of these magistrates for the year ensuing: then the
+Court of Aldermen go up to the Lord Mayor’s Court till the sheriffs are
+chosen; the old sheriffs, the chamberlain, common serjeant, town clerk,
+and other City officers remaining in the Court of Hustings, to attend the
+election.  After the sheriffs are chosen, the commons proceed to elect a
+chamberlain, bridge-masters, auditors of the city and bridge-house
+accounts, and the surveyors of beer and ale, according to custom.  The
+old sheriffs are judges of these elections, and declare by the common
+serjeant who are duly chosen.  The sheriffs thus elected take the usual
+oaths in this court on Michaelmas eve, and the day after Michaelmas day
+are presented to the Barons of the Exchequer, where they take the oath of
+office, the oaths of allegiance, &c.  The chamberlains and bridge-masters
+are sworn in the court of aldermen.
+
+Where a Lord Mayor elect refuses to serve, he is liable to be fined; and
+if a person chosen sheriff refuses to serve, he is fined £413 6s. 8d.,
+unless he makes oath he is not worth £10,000.
+
+When the alderman of any ward dies, another is within a few days elected
+in his room, at a wardmote held for that purpose, at which the Lord Mayor
+usually presides.  Every alderman has his deputy, who supplies his place
+in his absence.  These deputies are always taken from among the Common
+Council.  The aldermen above the chair, and the three eldest aldermen
+beneath it, are justices of peace in the City by the charter.
+
+The Lord-Mayor’s jurisdiction in some cases extends a great way beyond
+the City, upon the river Thames eastward as far as the conflux of the two
+rivers Thames and Medway, and up the river Lea as far as Temple Mills,
+being about three miles; and westward as far as Colney Ditch above Staine
+Bridge: he names a deputy called the water-bailiff, whose business is to
+prevent any encroachments, nuisances, and frauds used by fishermen or
+others, destructive to the fishery, or hurtful to the navigation of the
+said waters; and yearly keeps courts for the conservation of the river in
+the counties it borders upon within the said limits.
+
+The sheriffs also are sheriffs of the county of Middlesex as well as of
+London.  And here I shall take an opportunity to observe, that the number
+of aldermen are twenty-six; the number of Common-Council men two hundred
+and thirty-four; the number of companies eighty-four; and the number of
+citizens on the livery, who have a voice in their elections, are computed
+to be between seven and eight thousand.  The twelve principal companies
+are:—1. The Mercers; 2. Grocers; 3. Drapers; 4. Fishmongers; 5.
+Goldsmiths; 6. Skinners; 7. Merchant-Tailors; 8. Haberdashers; 9.
+Salters; 10. Ironmongers; 11. Vintners; 12. Clothworkers.  The
+others:—are 13. The Dyers; 14. Brewers; 15. Leather-Sellers; 16.
+Pewterers; 17. Barber-Surgeons; 18. Cutlers; 19. Bakers; 20.
+Wax-Chandlers; 21. Tallow-Chandlers; 22. Armourers; 23. Girdlers; 24.
+Butchers; 25. Saddlers; 26. Carpenters; 27. Cord-wainers; 28.
+Painter-stainers; 29. Curriers; 30. Masons; 31. Plumbers; 32. Innholders;
+33. Founders; 34. Poulterers; 35. Cooks; 36. Coopers; 37. Tilers and
+Bricklayers; 38. Bowyers; 39. Fletchers; 40. Blacksmiths; 41. Joiners;
+42. Weavers; 43. Woolmen; 44. Scriveners; 45. Fruiterers; 46. Plasterers;
+47. Stationers; 48. Embroiderers; 49. Upholders; 50. Musicians; 51.
+Turners; 52. *Basket-makers; 53. Glaziers; 54. *Horners; 55. Farriers;
+56. *Paviours; 57. Lorimers; 58. Apothecaries; 59. Shipwrights; 60.
+*Spectacle-makers; 61. *Clock-makers; 62. *Glovers; 63. *Comb-makers; 64.
+*Felt-makers; 65. Frame-work Knitters; 66. *Silk throwers; 67. Carmen;
+68. *Pin-makers; 69. Needle-makers; 70. Gardeners; 71. Soap-makers; 72.
+Tin-plate Workers; 73. Wheelwrights; 74. Distillers; 75. Hatband-makers;
+76. Patten-makers; 77. Glasssellers; 78. Tobacco-pipe makers; 79. Coach
+and Coach-harness makers; 80. Gun-makers; 81. Gold and Silver
+Wire-Drawers; 82. Long Bow-string makers; 83. Card-makers; 84.
+Fan-makers.
+
+The companies marked with an * before them have no liverymen, and all the
+freemen of the rest are not upon the livery, that is, entitled to wear
+the gowns belonging to the respective companies, and vote in elections,
+but a select number of freemen only.  Every company is a distinct
+corporation, being incorporated by grants from the crown, or acts of
+parliament, and having certain rules, liberties, and privileges, for the
+better support and government of their several trades and mysteries: many
+of them are endowed with lands to a great value, and have their masters,
+wardens, assistants, clerks, and other officers, to direct and regulate
+their affairs, and to restrain and punish abuses incident to their
+several trades; and when any disputes arise concerning the due execution
+of these charters, the Lord Mayor has a supreme power to determine the
+case and to punish the offenders.
+
+The military government of the City of London is lodged in the
+lieutenancy, consisting of the Lord Mayor, aldermen, and other principal
+citizens, who receive their authority from his majesty’s commission,
+which he revokes and alters as often as he sees fit.  These have under
+their command six regiments of foot, viz.:—1, The White; 2, the Orange;
+3, the Yellow; 4, the Blue; 5, the Green; and 6, the Red Regiment—in
+every one of which are eight companies, consisting of one hundred and
+fifty men each; in all, seven thousand two hundred men: besides which
+there is a kind of independent company, called the artillery company,
+consisting of seven or eight hundred volunteers, whose skill in military
+discipline is much admired by their fellow-citizens.  These exercise
+frequently in the artillery ground, engage in mock fights and sieges, and
+storm the dunghills with great address.
+
+The Tower Hamlets, it has been observed already, are commanded by the
+lieutenant of the Tower, and consist of two regiments of foot, eight
+hundred each: so that the whole militia of London, exclusive of
+Westminster and Southwark, amount to near ten thousand men.
+
+London, like other cities of the kingdom, is, or ought to be, governed by
+its bishop in spirituals, though his authority is very little regarded at
+present.  The justices of peace at their sessions may empower any man to
+preach and administer the sacraments, let his occupation or
+qualifications be never so mean; nor do they ever refuse it to a person
+who is able to raise the small sum of — pence being less a great deal
+than is paid for licensing a common alehouse.  A clergyman indeed cannot
+be entitled to a benefice without being, in some measure, subject to his
+diocesan; but he may throw off his gown, and assemble a congregation that
+shall be much more beneficial to him, and propagate what doctrines he
+sees fit (as is evident in the case of orator Henley): but to proceed.
+
+The diocese of London is in the province of Canterbury, and comprehends
+the counties of Middlesex and Essex, and part of Hertfordshire; the
+British plantations in America are also subject to this bishop.  To the
+cathedral of St. Paul belongs a dean, three residentiaries, a treasurer,
+chancellor, precentor, and thirty prebendaries.  The Bishop of London
+takes place next to the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, but his
+revenues are not equal to those of Durham or Winchester.  The deanery of
+St. Paul’s is said to be worth a thousand pounds per annum, and each of
+the residentiaries about three hundred pounds per annum.
+
+The parishes within the walls of London are ninety-seven; but several of
+them having been united since the Fire, there are at present but
+sixty-two parish churches, and consequently the same number of parish
+priests: the revenues of these gentlemen are seldom less than £100 per
+annum, and none more than £200 per annum.  They appear to be most of them
+about £150 per annum, besides their several parsonage houses and surplice
+fees; and most of them have lectureships in town, or livings in the
+country, or some other spiritual preferment of equal value.
+
+The city of Westminster, the western part of the town, comes next under
+consideration which received its name from the abbey or minster situated
+to the westward of London.  This city, if we comprehend the district or
+liberties belonging to it, lies along the banks of the Thames in the form
+of a bow or crescent, extending from Temple Bar in the east to Millbank
+in the south-west; the inside of this bow being about a mile and a half
+in length, and the outside two miles and a half at least; the breadth,
+one place with another, from the Thames to the fields on the north-west
+side of the town, about a mile; and I am apt to think a square of two
+miles in length and one in breadth would contain all the buildings within
+the liberty of Westminster.  That part of the town which is properly
+called the city of Westminster contains no more than St. Margaret’s and
+St. John’s parishes, which form a triangle, one side whereof extends from
+Whitehall to Peterborough House on Millbank; another side reaches from
+Peterborough House to Stafford House, or Tart Hall, at the west end of
+the park; and the third side extends from Stafford house to Whitehall;
+the circumference of the whole being about two miles.  This spot of
+ground, it is said, was anciently an island, a branch of the Thames
+running through the park from west to east, and falling into the main
+river again about Whitehall, which island was originally called Thorney
+Island, from the woods and bushes that covered it; the abbey or minster
+also was at first called Thorney Abbey or minster, from the island on
+which it stood.
+
+St. James’s Park is something more than a mile in circumference, and the
+form pretty near oval; about the middle of it runs a canal 2,800 feet in
+length and 100 in breadth, and near it are several other waters, which
+form an island that has good cover for the breeding and harbouring wild
+ducks and other water-fowl; on the island also is a pretty house and
+garden, scarce visible to the company in the park.  On the north side are
+several fine walks of elms and limes half a mile in length, of which the
+Mall is one.  The palace of St. James’s, Marlborough House, and the fine
+buildings in the street called Pall Mall, adorn this side of the park.
+At the east end is a view of the Admiralty, a magnificent edifice, lately
+built with brick and stone; the Horse Guards, the Banqueting House, the
+most elegant fabric in the kingdom, with the Treasury and the fine
+buildings about the Cockpit; and between these and the end of the grand
+canal is a spacious parade, where the horse and foot guards rendezvous
+every morning before they mount their respective guards.
+
+On the south side of the park run shady walks of trees from east to west,
+parallel almost to the canal, and walks on the north; adjoining to which
+are the sumptuous houses in Queen Street, Queen Square, &c., inhabited by
+people of quality: and the west end of the park is adorned with the Duke
+of Buckingham’s beautiful seat.  But what renders St. James’s Park one of
+the most delightful scenes in Nature is the variety of living objects
+which is met with here; for besides the deer and wild fowl, common to
+other parks, besides the water, fine walks, and the elegant buildings
+that surround it, hither the politest part of the British nation of both
+sexes frequently resort in the spring to take the benefit of the evening
+air, and enjoy the most agreeable conversation imaginable; and those who
+have a taste for martial music, and the shining equipage of the soldiery,
+will find their eyes and ears agreeably entertained by the horse and foot
+guards every morning.
+
+The Sanctuary, or the abbey-yard, is a large open square, between King
+Street and the Gate-house, north-west of the abbey, and was called the
+Sanctuary, because any person who came within these limits was entitled
+to the privilege of sanctuary—that is, he was not liable to be
+apprehended by any officers of justice.
+
+This privilege, it is said, was first granted to the abbey by Sebert,
+king of the East Saxons, increased by King Edgar, and confirmed by Edward
+the Confessor, by the following charter:—
+
+“Edward, by the grace of God, king of Englishmen; I make it to be known
+to all generations of the world after me, that, by special commandment of
+our holy father Pope Leo, I have renewed and honoured the holy church of
+the blessed apostle St. Peter of Westminster; and I order and establish
+for ever, that what person, of what condition or estate soever he be,
+from whencesoever he come, or for what offence or cause it be, either for
+his refuge in the said holy place, he is assured of his life, liberty,
+and limbs: and over this, I forbid, under pain of everlasting damnation,
+that no minister of mine, or any of my successors, intermeddle with any
+of the goods, lands, and possessions of the said persons taking the said
+sanctuary: for I have taken their goods and livelode into my special
+protection.  And therefore I grant to every, each of them, in as much as
+my terrestrial power may suffice, all manner of freedom of joyous
+liberty.  And whosoever presumes, or doth contrary to this my grant, I
+will he lose his name, worship, dignity, and power; and that with the
+great traitor Judas that betrayed our Saviour, he be in the everlasting
+fire of hell.  And I will and ordain, that this my grant endure as long
+as there remaineth in England either love or dread of Christian name.”
+
+This privilege of sanctuary, as far as it related to traitors, murderers,
+and felons, was in a great measure abolished by a statute of the 32nd
+Henry VIII.: and in the beginning of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, every
+debtor who fled to sanctuary, to shelter himself from his creditors, was
+obliged to take an oath of the following tenor, viz.:—That he did not
+claim the privilege of sanctuary to defraud any one of his goods, debts,
+or money, but only for the security of his person until he should be able
+to pay his creditors.
+
+That he would give in a true particular of his debts and credits.
+
+That he would endeavour to pay his debts as soon as possible.
+
+That he would be present at the abbey at morning and evening prayer.
+
+That he would demean himself honestly and quietly, avoid suspected
+houses, unlawful games, banqueting, and riotous company.
+
+That he would wear no weapon, or be out of his lodging before sunrise or
+after sunset, nor depart out of the precinct of the sanctuary without the
+leave of the dean, or archdeacon in his absence.
+
+That he would be obedient to the dean and the officers of the house.
+
+And lastly, that if he should break his oath in any particular, he should
+not claim the privilege of sanctuary.
+
+And if any creditor could make it appear that he had any money, goods, or
+chattels that were not contained in the particular given in to the dean
+and the church, the sanctuary man was to be imprisoned till he came to an
+agreement with his creditors.
+
+The Abbey-Church of St. Peter at Westminster appears to be very ancient,
+though far from being so ancient as is vulgarly reported.
+
+Some relate, without any authority to support the conjecture, that it was
+founded in the days of the Apostles by St. Peter himself; others that it
+was erected by King Lucius about the year 170.  And by some it is said to
+have been built by King Sebert, the first Christian king of the
+East-Saxons (Essex and Middlesex), anno 611.  But I take it for granted
+the church was not built before the convent or abbey it belonged to.
+People did not use to build churches at a distance from town, unless for
+the service of convents or religious houses.  But neither in the times of
+the Apostles, nor in the supposed reign of King Lucius, in the second
+century, was there any such thing as a convent in England, or perhaps in
+any part of Christendom.  During the dominion of the Saxons in this
+island, monasteries indeed were erected here, and in many other kingdoms,
+in great abundance; and as the monks generally chose thick woods or other
+solitary places for their residence, where could they meet with a spot of
+ground fitter for their purpose than this woody island called Thorney,
+then destitute of inhabitants?  But I am inclined to think that neither
+this or any other monastery was erected in South Britain till the seventh
+century, after Austin the monk came into England.  As to the tradition of
+its having been built upon the ruins of the temple of Apollo, destroyed
+by an earthquake, I do not doubt but the monks were very ready to
+propagate a fable of this kind, who formed so many others to show the
+triumphs of Christianity over paganism, and to induce their proselytes to
+believe that heaven miraculously interposed in their favour by
+earthquakes, storms, and other prodigies.  But to proceed.  When the
+convent was erected, I make no doubt that there was a church or chapel
+built as usual for the service of the monks; but it is evident from
+history that the dimensions of the first or second church that stood here
+were not comparable to those of the present church.
+
+We may rely upon it that about the year 850 there was a church and
+convent in the island of Thorney, because about that time, London being
+in the possession of the Danes, the convent was destroyed by them (not in
+the year 659, as some writers have affirmed, because the Danes did not
+invade England till nearly 200 years afterwards).  The abbey lay in ruins
+about a hundred years, when King Edgar, at the instance of Dunstan, Abbot
+of Glastonbury (and afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury), rebuilt this
+and several other monasteries, about the year 960.  Edward the Confessor,
+a devout prince, enlarged this church and monastery, in which he placed
+the Benedictine monks, ordered the regalia to be kept by the fathers of
+the convent, and succeeding kings to be crowned here, as William the
+Conqueror and several other English monarchs afterwards were, most of
+them enriching this abbey with large revenues; but King Henry III.
+ordered the church built by Edward the Confessor to be pulled down, and
+erected the present magnificent fabric in the room of it, of which he
+laid the first stone about the year 1245.
+
+That admired piece of architecture at the east end, dedicated to the
+Virgin Mary, was built by Henry VII., anno 1502, and from the founder is
+usually called Henry the VII.’s Chapel.  Here most of the English
+monarchs since that time have been interred.
+
+The dimensions of the abbey-church, according to the new survey, are as
+follows, viz.:—The length of the church, from the west end of it to the
+east end of St. Edward’s Chapel, is 354 feet; the breadth of the west
+end, 66 feet; the breadth of the cross aisle, from north to south, 189
+feet; the height of the middle roof, 92 feet; the distance from the west
+end of the church to the choir, 162 feet; and from the west end to the
+cross aisle, 220 feet; the distance from the east end of St. Edward’s
+Chapel to the west end of Henry VII.’s Chapel, 36 feet; and the length of
+Henry VII.’s Chapel, 99 feet: so that the length of the whole building is
+489 feet; the breadth of Henry VII.’s Chapel, 66 feet; and the height, 54
+feet.  The nave and cross aisles of the abbey-church are supported by
+fifty slender pillars, of Sussex marble, besides forty-five demi-pillars
+or pilasters.  There are an upper and lower range of windows, being
+ninety-four in number, those at the four ends of the cross very spacious.
+All which, with the arches, roofs, doors, &c., are of the ancient Gothic
+order.  Above the chapiters the pillars spread into several
+semi-cylindrical branches, forming and adorning the arches of the
+pillars, and those of the roofs of the aisles, which are three in number,
+running from east to west, and a cross aisle running from north to south.
+The choir is paved with black and white marble, in which are twenty-eight
+stalls on the north side, as many on the fourth, and eight at the west
+end; from the choir we ascend by several steps to a most magnificent
+marble altarpiece, which would be esteemed a beauty in an Italian church.
+
+Beyond the altar is King Edward the Confessor’s Chapel, surrounded with
+eleven or twelve other chapels replenished with monuments of the British
+nobility, for a particular whereof I refer the reader to the “Antiquities
+of St. Peter, or the Abbey-Church of Westminster,” by J. Crull, M.D.
+Lond. 1711, 8vo, and the several supplements printed since; and shall
+only take notice of those of the kings and queens in the chapel of St.
+Edward the Confessor, which are as follows, viz., Edward I., King of
+England; Henry III.; Matilda, wife of Henry I.; Queen Eleanor, wife of
+Edward I.; St. Edward the Confessor, and Queen Editha, his wife; Henry
+V., and Queen Catherine of Valois, his wife; Edward III., and Queen
+Philippa, his wife; Richard II., and Queen Anne, his wife.  And on the
+south side of the choir, King Sebert, and Queen Anne of Cheve, wife to
+Henry VIII.  East of St. Edward’s Chapel is that of Henry VII., dedicated
+to the blessed Virgin Mary, to which we ascend by twelve stone steps.  At
+the west end whereof are three brazen doors finely wrought, which give an
+entrance into it.  The stalls on the north and south sides are
+exquisitely carved.  The roof is supported by twelve pillars and arches
+of the Gothic order, abounding with enrichments of carved figures, fruit,
+&c.  At the east end is a spacious window with stained glass, besides
+which there are thirteen other windows above, and as many below on the
+north and south sides.  Under each of the thirteen uppermost windows are
+five figures placed in niches, representing kings, queens, bishops, &c.,
+and under them the figures of as many angels supporting imperial crowns.
+The roof, which is all stone, is divided into sixteen circles, curiously
+wrought, and is the admiration of all that see it.
+
+The outside of this chapel was adorned with fourteen towers, three
+figures being placed in niches on each of them, which were formerly much
+admired; but the stone decaying and mouldering away, they make but an odd
+appearance at present.
+
+In this chapel have been interred most of the English kings since Richard
+III., whose tombs are no small ornament to it, particularly that of Henry
+VII., the founder, which stands in the middle of the area towards the
+east end.
+
+The tomb is composed of a curious pedestal whose sides are adorned with
+various figures, as the north with those of six men, the east with those
+of two cupids supporting the king’s arms and an imperial crown; on the
+south side, also, six figures, circumscribed—as those on the north
+side—with circles of curious workmanship, the most easterly of which
+contains the figure of an angel treading on a dragon.  Here is also a
+woman and a child, seeming to allude to Rev. xii.; and on the west end
+the figure of a rose and an imperial crown, supported with those of a
+dragon and a greyhound: on the tomb are the figures of the king and
+queen, lying at full length, with four angels, one at each angle of the
+tomb, all very finely done in brass.
+
+The screen or fence is also of solid brass, very strong and spacious,
+being in length 19 feet, in breadth 11, and the altitude 11, adorned with
+forty-two pillars and their arches; also, twenty smaller hollow columns
+and their arches in the front of the former, and joined at the cornice,
+on which cornice is a kind of acroteria, enriched with roses and
+portcullises interchanged in the upper part, and with the small figures
+of dragons and greyhounds (the supporters aforesaid) in the lower part;
+and at each of the four angles is a strong pillar made open, or hollow,
+composed in imitation of diaper and Gothic archwork; the four sides have
+been adorned with thirty-two figures of men, about a cubit high, placed
+in niches, of which there are only seven left, the rest being stolen away
+(one Raymond, about the 11th of Queen Elizabeth, having been twice
+indicted for the same); and about the middle of the upper part of each of
+the four sides is a spacious branch adorned with the figure of a rose,
+where might on occasion be placed lamps.  This admirable piece of art is
+open at top, and has two portals, one on the north, the other on the
+south side, all of fine brass.
+
+This Royal founder’s epitaph:
+
+    _Septimus Henricus tumulo requiescit in isto_,
+       _Qui regum splendor_, _lumen et orbis erat_.
+    _Rex vigil et sapiens_, _comes virtutis_, _amatur_,
+       _Egregius forma_, _strenuus atque potens_.
+    _Qui peperit pacem regno_, _qui bella peregit_
+       _Plurima_, _qui victor semper ab hoste redit_,
+    _Qui natas binis conjunxit regibus ambas_,
+       _Regibus et cunctis fædere junctus erat_.
+
+    _Qui sacrum hoc struxit templum_, _statuitque_; _sepulchrum_
+       _Pro se_, _proque sua conjuge_, _proque domo_.
+    _Lustra decem atque_; _annos tres plus compleverit annos_,
+       _Nam tribus octenis regia sceptra tulit_;
+    _Quindecies Domini centenus fluxerat annus_,
+       _Currebat nonus_, _cum venit atra dies_;
+    _Septima ter mensis lux tunc fulgebat Aprilis_,
+       _Cum clausit summum tanta corona diem_.
+    _Nulla dedere prius tantum sibi sæcula regem_
+       _Anglia_, _vix similem posteriora dabunt_.
+
+    _Septimus hic situs est Henricus gloria regum_
+    _Cunctorum_, _ipsius qui tempestate fuerunt_;
+    _Ingenio atque_; _opibus gestarum et nomine rerum_,
+    _Accessere quibus naturæ dona benignæ_:
+    _Frontis honos facies augusta heroica forma_,
+    _Junctaque ei suavis conjux per pulchra pudica_,
+    _Et fæcunda fuit_; _felices prole parentes_,
+    _Henricum quibus octavum terra Anglia debet_.
+
+Under the figure of the king.
+
+    _Hic jacet Henricus ejus nominis septimus_, _Anglicæ quondam rex_,
+    _Edmundi Richmondiæ comitis filius_, _qui die_ 22 _Aug._  _Rex
+    creatus_, _statim post apud Westmonasterium die_ 30 Octob.
+    _coronatur_ 1485.  _Moritur deinde_ 21 _die Aprilis anno ætat._ 53,
+    _regnavit annos_ 23, _menses_ 8, _minus uno die_.
+
+Under the queen’s figure.
+
+    _Hic jacet regina Elizabetha_, _Edvardi quarti quondam regis filia_,
+    _Edvardi quinti regis quondam nominatur soror: Henrici septimi olim
+    regis conjux_, _atque_; _Henrici octavi regis mater inclyta_; _obiit
+    autem suum diem in turri Londoniarum die secund_.  _Feb. anno Domini_
+    1502, 37 _annorum ætate functa_.
+
+The modern tombs in the abbey, best worth the viewing, are those of the
+duke of Newcastle, on the left hand as we enter the north door, of Sir
+Isaac Newton, at the west end of the choir, of Sir Godfrey Kneller, and
+Mr. Secretary Craggs at the west end of the abbey, of Mr. Prior among the
+poets at the door which faces the Old Palace Yard, of the Duke of
+Buckingham in Henry VII.th’s chapel, and that of Doctor Chamberlain on
+the North side of the choir: most of these are admirable pieces of
+sculpture, and show that the statuary’s art is not entirely lost in this
+country; though it must be confessed the English fall short of the
+Italians in this science.
+
+Westminster Hall is one of the largest rooms in Europe, being two hundred
+and twenty-eight feet in length, fifty-six feet broad, and ninety feet
+high.  The walls are of stone, the windows of the Gothic form, the floor
+stone, and the roof of timber covered with lead; and having not one
+pillar in it, is supported by buttresses.  It is usually observed that
+there are no cobwebs ever seen in this hall, and the reason given for
+this is, that the timber of which the roof is composed is Irish oak, in
+which spiders will not harbour; but I am inclined to believe that this is
+a fact not to be depended on, for I find the timber for rebuilding and
+repairing the Palace of Westminster in the reign of Richard III. was
+brought from the forests in Essex; and as there is no colour from history
+to surmise that the timber of this hall was Irish oak, so is there no
+imaginable reason why timber should be fetched from another kingdom for
+the repair of the hall, when the counties of Middlesex and Essex were
+great part of them forest, and afforded timber enough to have built
+twenty such places; and we find that the timber of the Essex forests was
+in fact applied to the repairs of this palace; for it cannot be pretended
+that the present roof is the same that was erected by William Rufus when
+it was first built, it appearing that Richard II., about the year 1397,
+caused the old roof to be taken down and a new one made (as has been
+observed already) and this is probably the same we now see.  Here are
+hung up as trophies, 138 colours, and 34 standards, taken from the French
+and Bavarians at Hochstadt, anno 1704.
+
+The House of Lords, or chamber where the peers assemble in Parliament, is
+situated between the Old Palace Yard and the Thames.  It is a spacious
+room, of an oblong form, at the south end whereof is the King’s throne,
+to which he ascends by several steps: on the right hand of the throne is
+a seat for the Prince of Wales, and on the left another for the princes
+of the blood, and behind the throne the seats of the peers under age.
+
+On the east side of the house, to the right of the throne, sit the
+archbishops and bishops; on the opposite side of the house sit the dukes,
+marquises, earls, and viscounts; and on forms crossing the area, the
+barons under the degree of viscounts.
+
+Before the throne are three wool-sacks, or broad seats stuffed with wool,
+to put the Legislature in mind, it is said, that the right management of
+this trade is of the last importance to the kingdom.  On the first of
+these wool-sacks, next to the throne, sits the Lord Chancellor, or
+Keeper, who is Speaker of the House of Peers; and on the other two, the
+Lord Chief Justices and the rest of the judges, with the Master of the
+Rolls, and the other Masters in Chancery: about the middle of the house,
+on the east side, is a chimney, where a fire is usually kept in the
+winter; and towards the north, or lower end of the house, is a bar that
+runs across it, to which the commons advance when they bring up bills or
+impeachments, or when the King sends for them, and without this bar the
+council and witnesses stand at trials before the peers.  The house is at
+present hung with tapestry, containing the history of the defeat of the
+Spanish Armada, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, anno 1588.
+
+The house or chamber where the commons assemble is to the northward of
+the House of Lords, and stands east and west, as the other does north and
+south.  The room is pretty near square, and towards the upper end is the
+Speaker’s armed chair, to which he ascends by a step or two; before it is
+a table where the clerks sit, on which the mace lies when the Speaker is
+in the chair, and at other times the mace is laid under the table.  On
+the north and south sides, and at the west end, are seats gradually
+ascending as in a theatre, and between the seats at the west end is the
+entrance by a pair of folding-doors.  There are galleries also on the
+north, south, and west, where strangers are frequently admitted to hear
+the debates.
+
+This room was anciently a chapel, founded by King Stephen about the year
+1141, and dedicated to the Blessed Virgin; however, it obtained the name
+of St. Stephen’s Chapel.  It was rebuilt by King Edward III., anno 1347,
+who placed in it a dean, twelve secular canons, thirteen vicars, four
+clerks, five choristers, a verger, and a keeper of the chapel, and built
+them a convent, which extended along the Thames, endowing it with large
+revenues, which at the dissolution of monasteries in the reign of Edward
+VI. amounted to near eleven thousand pounds per annum.  Almost ever since
+the dissolution, this chapel has been converted to the use we find it at
+present, viz., for the session of the Lower House of Parliament, who,
+before that time, usually assembled in the chapter-house belonging to the
+Abbey, when the Parliament met at Westminster.  The Painted Chamber lies
+between the House of Lords and the House of Commons, and here the
+committees of both houses usually meet at a conference; but neither this
+nor the other remaining apartments of this Palace of Westminster have
+anything in them that merit a particular description.
+
+The open place usually called Charing Cross, from a fine cross which
+stood there before the grand rebellion, is of a triangular form, having
+the Pall Mall and the Haymarket on the north-west, the Strand on the
+east, and the street before Whitehall on the south.  In the middle of
+this space is erected a brazen equestrian statue of King Charles I.,
+looking towards the place where that prince was murdered by the rebels,
+who had erected a scaffold for that purpose before the gates of his own
+palace.  This statue is erected on a stone pedestal seventeen feet high,
+enriched with his Majesty’s arms, trophy-work, palm-branches, &c.,
+enclosed with an iron palisade, and was erected by King Charles II. after
+his restoration.  The brick buildings south-east of Charing Cross are
+mostly beautiful and uniform, and the King’s stables in the Mews, which
+lie north of it, and are now magnificently rebuilding of hewn stone, will
+probably make Charing Cross as fine a place as any we have in town;
+especially as it stands upon an eminence overlooking Whitehall.
+
+The Banqueting-house stands on the east side of the street adjoining to
+the great gate of Whitehall on the south.  This edifice is built of hewn
+stone, and consists of one stately room, of an oblong form, upwards of
+forty feet in height, the length and breadth proportionable, having
+galleries round it on the inside, the ceiling beautifully painted by that
+celebrated history-painter, Sir Peter Paul Rubens: it is adorned on the
+outside with a lower and upper range of columns of the Ionic and
+Composite orders, their capitals enriched with fruit, foliage, &c., the
+intercolumns of the upper and lower range being handsome sashed windows.
+It is surrounded on the top with stone rails or banisters, and covered
+with lead.
+
+St. James’s Palace, where the Royal Family now resides in the winter
+season, stands pleasantly upon the north side of the Park, and has
+several noble rooms in it, but is an irregular building, by no means
+suitable to the grandeur of the British monarch its master.  In the front
+next St. James’s Street there appears little more than an old gate-house,
+by which we enter a little square court, with a piazza on the west side
+of it leading to the grand staircase; and there are two other courts
+beyond, which have not much the air of a prince’s palace.  This palace
+was a hospital, suppressed by Henry VIII., who built this edifice in the
+room of it.
+
+But the house most admired for its situation is that of the Duke of
+Buckingham at the west end of the Park; in the front of which, towards
+the Mall and the grand canal, is a spacious court, the offices on each
+side having a communication with the house by two little bending piazzas
+and galleries that form the wings.  This front is adorned with two ranges
+of pilasters of the Corinthian and Tuscan orders, and over them is an
+acroteria of figures, representing Mercury, Secrecy, Equity, and Liberty,
+and under them this inscription in large golden characters, _viz._, SIC
+SITI LÆTANTVR LARES (Thus situated, may the household gods rejoice).
+
+Behind the house is a fine garden and terrace, from whence there is
+prospect adjacent on the house on that side, viz., RVS IN VRBE,
+intimating that it has the advantages both of city and country; above
+which are figures representing the four seasons: The hall is paved with
+marble, and adorned with pilasters, the intercolumns exquisite paintings
+in great variety; and on a pedestal, near the foot of the grand
+staircase, is a marble figure of Cain killing his brother Abel; the whole
+structure exceeding magnificent, rich, and beautiful, but especially in
+the finishing and furniture.
+
+Grosvenor or Gravenor Square is bounded on the north by Oxford Road, on
+the east by Hanover Square, by Mayfair on the south, and by Hyde Park on
+the west; the area whereof contains about five acres of ground, in which
+is a large garden laid out into walks, and adorned with an equestrian
+statue of King George I. gilded with gold, and standing on a pedestal, in
+the centre of the garden, the whole surrounded with palisades placed upon
+a dwarf wall.  The buildings generally are the most magnificent we meet
+with in this great town; though the fronts of the houses are not all
+alike, for some of them are entirely of stone, others of brick and stone,
+and others of rubbed brick, with only their quoins, fascias, windows, and
+door-cases of stone; some of them are adorned with stone columns of the
+several orders, while others have only plain fronts; but they are so far
+uniform as to be all sashed, and of pretty near an equal height.  To the
+kitchens and offices, which have little paved yards with vaults before
+them, they descend by twelve or fifteen steps, and these yards are
+defended by a high palisade of iron.  Every house has a garden behind it,
+and many of them coach-houses and stables adjoining; and others have
+stables near the square, in a place that has obtained the name of
+Grosvenor Mews.  The finishing of the houses within is equal to the
+figure they make without; the staircases of some of them I saw were
+inlaid, and perfect cabinet-work, and the paintings on the roof and sides
+by the best hands.  The apartments usually consist of a long range of
+fine rooms, equally commodious and beautiful; none of the houses are
+without two or three staircases for the convenience of the family.  The
+grand staircase is generally in the hall or saloon at the entrance.  In
+short, this square may well be looked upon as the beauty of the town, and
+those who have not seen it cannot have an adequate idea of the place.
+
+The city of Westminster at this day consists of the parishes of St.
+Margaret and St. John the Evangelist, and the liberties of Westminster,
+viz., St. Martin’s-in-the-Fields; St. Mary le Savoy; St. Mary le Strand;
+St. Clement’s Danes; St. Paul’s, Covent Garden; St. James’s, Westminster;
+St. George’s, Hanover Square; and St. Anne’s, Westminster; all under the
+government of the dean and chapter of Westminster, and their subordinate
+officers; or rather, of a high steward, and such other officers as are
+appointed by them; for since the Reformation, the dean and chapter seem
+to have delegated their civil power to such officers as they elect for
+life, who are not accountable to, or liable to be displaced by them, nor
+are they liable to forfeit their offices, but for such offences as a
+private man may lose his estate, namely, for high treason, felony, &c.,
+as happened in the case of their high steward, the Duke of Ormond, upon
+whose attainder the dean and chapter proceeded to a new election.
+
+The next officer to the high steward is the deputy steward, appointed by
+the high steward, and confirmed by the dean and chapter, who is usually a
+gentleman learned in the law, being judge of their court for trial of
+civil actions between party and party, which is held usually on Wednesday
+every week.  They have also a court-leet, held annually on St. Thomas’s
+Day, for the choice of officers, and removal of nuisances.  The
+deputy-steward supplies the place of sheriff of Westminster, except in
+the return of members of Parliament, which is done by the high bailiff,
+an officer nominated by the dean and chapter, and confirmed by the high
+steward.  The high-bailiff also is entitled to all fines, forfeitures,
+waifs and strays in Westminster, which makes it a very profitable post.
+
+The high constable, chosen by the burgesses at their court-leet, and
+approved by the steward or his deputy, is an officer of some
+consideration in this city also, to whom all the rest of the constables
+are subject.
+
+The burgesses are sixteen in number, seven for the city and nine for the
+liberties of Westminster, appointed by the high steward or his deputy,
+every one of whom has his assistant, and has particular wards or
+districts: out of these burgesses are chosen two chief burgesses, one for
+the city, the other for the liberties.  The dean, high steward, or his
+deputy, the bailiffs and burgesses, or a quorum of them, are empowered to
+make bye-laws, and take cognisance of small offences, within the city and
+liberties of Westminster.  But I look upon it that the justices of peace
+for Westminster have in a great measure superseded the authority of the
+burgesses (except as to weights, measures, and nuisances), by virtue of
+whose warrants all petty offenders almost are apprehended and sent to
+Tothill Fields Bridewell; and for higher offences, the same justices
+commit criminals to Newgate, or the Gatehouse, who receive their trials
+before commissioners of _oyer_ and _terminer_ at the Old Bailey, as
+notorious criminals in the City of London do; and so far the two united
+cities may be said to be under the same government.
+
+The precinct of St. Martin’s-le-Grand, in London, is deemed a part of the
+city of Westminster, and the inhabitants vote in the elections of members
+of Parliament for Westminster.
+
+The ecclesiastical government of the city of Westminster is in the dean,
+and chapter, whose commissary has the jurisdiction in all ecclesiastical
+causes, and the probate of wills; from whom there lies no appeal to the
+Archbishop of Canterbury or other spiritual judge, but to the King in
+Chancery alone, who upon such appeal issues a commission under the Great
+Seal of England, constituting a court of delegates to determine the cause
+finally.
+
+I next proceed to survey the out-parishes in the Counties of Middlesex
+and Surrey which are comprehended within the bills of mortality, and
+esteemed part of this great town.  And first, St. Giles’s in the Fields
+contains these chief streets and places: Great Lincoln’s Inn Fields, part
+of Lincoln’s Inn Garden, Turnstile, Whetstone Park, part of High Holborn,
+part of Duke Street, Old and New Wild Street, Princes Street, Queen
+Street, part of Drury Lane, Brownlow Street, Bolton Street, Castle
+Street, King Street, the Seven Dials, or seven streets comprehending Earl
+Street, Queen Street, White Lion Street, and St. Andrew’s Street,
+Monmouth Street, the east side of Hog Lane, Stedwell Street, and Staig
+Street.
+
+Great Lincoln’s Inn Fields or Square contains about ten acres of ground,
+and is something longer than it is broad, the longest sides extending
+from east to west.  The buildings on the west and south generally make a
+grand figure.
+
+In the parish of St. Sepulchre, which is without the liberties of the
+City of London, we meet with Hicks’s Hall and the Charter House.
+
+Hicks’s Hall is situated in the middle of St. John’s Street, towards the
+south end, and is the sessions house for the justices of peace of the
+County of Middlesex, having been erected for this end, anno 1612, by Sir
+Baptist Hicks, a mercer in Cheapside, then a justice of the peace.  The
+justices before holding their sessions at the Castle Inn, near Smithfield
+Bars.
+
+To the eastward of Hicks’s Hall stood the late dissolved monastery of the
+Charter House, founded by Sir Walter Manny, a native of the Low
+Countries, knighted by King Edward III. for services done to this crown,
+probably in the wars against France.
+
+Sir Walter Manny at first erected only a chapel, and assigned it to be
+the burial-place of all strangers; but in the year 1371 Sir Walter
+founded a monastery of Carthusian monks here, transferring to these
+fathers thirteen acres and a rood of land with the said chapel: the
+revenues of which convent, on the dissolution of monasteries, 30 Henry
+VIII., amounted to £642 4d. 1ob. per annum.
+
+Sir Thomas Audley soon after obtained a grant of this Carthusian
+monastery, together with Duke’s Place, and gave the former in marriage
+with his daughter Margaret to Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, from whom it
+descended to the Earl of Suffolk, and was called Howard House, the
+surname of that noble family.  By which name Thomas Sutton, Esq.,
+purchased it of the Earl of Suffolk for £13,000, anno 1611, and converted
+it into a hospital by virtue of letters patent obtained from King James
+I., which were afterwards confirmed by Act of Parliament, 3 Charles I.
+
+                                                 £        s.      d.
+The manors, lands, tenements, and                 4493      19      10
+hereditaments which the founder settled
+upon this hospital amounted to, per annum
+The revenues purchased by his executors,           897      13       9
+&c., after his death, to per annum
+Total of the charity per annum                    5391      13       7
+
+But the revenues now amount to upwards of £6,000 per annum by the
+improvement of the rents.  This charity was given for the maintenance of
+fourscore old men, who were to be either gentlemen by descent reduced to
+poverty, soldiers by sea or land, merchants who had suffered by piracy or
+shipwreck, or servants of the King’s household, and were to be fifty
+years of age and upwards at their admission, except maimed soldiers, who
+are capable of being admitted at forty years of age.  Nor are any to be
+admitted who are afflicted with leprosy, or any unclean or infectious
+disease, or who shall be possessed of the value of £200, or £14 per annum
+for life, or who are married men.  No poor brother to go beyond sea
+without the licence of six of the governors, nor to go into the country
+for above two months without the master’s leave, and during such absence
+shall be allowed but two-thirds of his commons in money besides his
+salary; and if a brother go out and is arrested he shall have no
+allowance during his absence, but his place to be reserved till the
+governors’ pleasure be known.
+
+No brother to pass the gates of the hospital in his livery gown, or to
+lie out of the house, or solicit causes, or molest any of the King’s
+subjects, under a certain pecuniary pain; and all other duties, such as
+frequenting chapel, decent clothing and behaviour, to be regulated by the
+governors.
+
+This munificent benefactor also founded a grammar school in the Charter
+House, to consist of a master, usher, and forty scholars.
+
+No scholars to be admitted at above fourteen or under ten years of age.
+
+The scholars are habited in black gowns, and when any of them are fit for
+the university, and are elected, each of them receives £20 per annum for
+eight years out of the revenues of the house.  And such boys who are
+found more fit for trades are bound out, and a considerable sum of money
+given with them.
+
+When any of the forty boys are disposed of, or any of the old men die,
+others are placed in their rooms by the governors in their turns.
+
+The master is to be an unmarried man, aged about forty; one that hath no
+preferment in Church or State which may draw him from his residence and
+care of the hospital.
+
+The preacher must be a Master of Arts, of seven years’ standing in one of
+the universities of England, and one who has preached four years.
+
+The governors meet in December, to take the year’s accounts, view the
+state of the hospital, and to determine other affairs; and again in June
+or July, to dispose of the scholars to the university or trades, make
+elections, &c.  And a committee of five at the least is appointed at the
+assembly in December yearly, to visit the school between Easter and
+Midsummer, &c.
+
+The buildings of the Charter House take up a great deal of ground, and
+are commodious enough, but have no great share of beauty.  This house has
+pretty much the air of a college or monastery, of which the principal
+rooms are the chapel and the hall; and the old men who are members of the
+society have their several cells, as the monks have in Portugal.
+
+The chapel is built of brick and boulder, and is about sixty-three feet
+in length, thirty-eight in breadth, and twenty-four in height.  Here Sir
+William Manny, founder of the Carthusian monastery, was buried; and here
+was interred Mr. Sutton, the founder of the hospital, whose monument is
+at the north-east angle of the chapel, being of black and white marble,
+adorned with four columns, with pedestals and entablature of the
+Corinthian order, between which lies his effigy at length in a fur gown,
+his face upwards and the palms of his hands joined over his breast; and
+on the tomb is the following inscription:—
+
+    “Sacred to the glory of God, in grateful memory of Thomas Sutton,
+    Esq.  Here lieth buried the body of Thomas Sutton, late of Castle
+    Camps, in the County of Cambridge, Esq., at whose only cost and
+    charges this Hospital was founded and endowed with large possessions,
+    for the relief of poor men and children.  He was a gentleman born at
+    Knayth, in the County of Lincoln, of worthy and honest parentage.  He
+    lived to the age of seventy-nine years, and deceased the 12th day of
+    December, 1611.”
+
+The Charter House gardens are exceeding pleasant, and of a very great
+extent, considering they stand so far within this great town.
+
+I shall, in the next place, survey the free schools and charity schools.
+
+Anciently I have read that there were three principal churches in London
+that had each of them a famous school belonging to it; and these three
+churches are supposed to be—(1) The Cathedral Church of St. Paul,
+because, at a general council holden at Rome, anno 1176, it was decreed,
+“That every cathedral church should have its schoolmaster, to teach poor
+scholars and others as had been accustomed, and that no man should take
+any reward for licence to teach.”  (2) The Abbey Church of St Peter at
+Westminster; for of the school here Ingulphus, Abbot of Croyland, in the
+reign of William the Conqueror, writes as follows: “I, Ingulphus, a
+humble servant of God, born of English parents, in the most beautiful
+city of London, for attaining to learning was first put to Westminster,
+and after to study at Oxford,” &c.  (3) The Abbey Church of St. Saviour,
+at Bermondsey, in Southwark; for this is supposed to be the most ancient
+and most considerable monastery about the city at that time, next to that
+of St. Peter at Westminster, though there is no doubt but the convents of
+St. John by Clerkenwell, St. Bartholomew in Smithfield, St. Mary Overy in
+Southwark, that of the Holy Trinity by Aldgate, and other monasteries
+about the city, had their respective schools, though not in such
+reputation as the three first.  Of these none are now existing but St.
+Paul’s and Westminster, though perhaps on different and later
+foundations.  Yet other schools have been erected in this metropolis from
+time to time, amongst which I find that called Merchant Taylors’ to be
+the most considerable.
+
+St. Paul’s School is situated on the east side of St. Paul’s Churchyard,
+being a handsome fabric built with brick and stone, founded by John
+Collet, D.D. and Dean of St. Paul’s, anno 1512, who appointed a
+high-master, sur-master, a chaplain or under-master, and 153 scholars, to
+be taught by them gratis, of any nation or country.  He also left some
+exhibitions to such scholars as are sent to the universities and have
+continued at this school three years.  The masters are elected by the
+wardens and assistants of the Mercers’ Company, and the scholars are
+admitted by the master upon a warrant directed to him by the surveyor.
+The elections for the university are in March, before Lady Day, and they
+are allowed their exhibitions for seven years.  To this school belongs a
+library, consisting chiefly of classic authors.  The frontispiece is
+adorned with busts, entablature, pediments, festoons, shields, vases, and
+the Mercers’ arms cut in stone, with this inscription over the door:
+INGREDERE UT PROFICIAS.  Upon every window of the school was written, by
+the founder’s direction: AUT DOCE, AUT DISCE, AUT DISCEDE—_i.e._, Either
+teach, learn, or begone.
+
+The founder, in the ordinances to be observed in this school, says he
+founded it to the honour of the Child Jesus, and of His blessed mother
+Mary; and directs that the master be of a healthful constitution, honest,
+virtuous, and learned in Greek and Latin; that he be a married or single
+man, or a priest that hath no cure; that his wages should be a mark a
+week, and a livery gown of four nobles, with a house in town, and another
+at Stebonheath (Stepney); that there should be no play-days granted but
+to the King, or some bishop in person: that the scholars every Childermas
+Day should go to St. Paul’s Church, and hear the child-bishop sermon, and
+afterwards at high mass each of them offer a penny to the child-bishop:
+and committed the care of the school to the Company of Mercers; the
+stipends to the masters, the officers’ salaries, &c., belonging to the
+school, amounting at first to £118 14s. 7d. 1ob. per annum; but the rents
+and revenues of the school being of late years considerably advanced, the
+salaries of the masters have been more than doubled, and many exhibitions
+granted to those who go to the university, of £10 and £6 odd money per
+annum.  The second master hath a handsome house near the school, as well
+as the first master.
+
+The school at Mercers’ Chapel, in Cheapside, hath the same patrons and
+governors as that of St. Paul’s, viz., the Mercers, who allow the master
+a salary of £40 per annum, and a house, for teaching twenty-five scholars
+gratis.
+
+Merchant Taylors’ School is situated near Cannon Street, on St. Lawrence
+Poultney (or Pountney) Hill.  This school, I am told, consists of six
+forms, in which are three hundred lads, one hundred of whom are taught
+gratis, another hundred pay two shillings and sixpence per quarter, and
+the third hundred five shillings a quarter; for instructing of whom there
+is a master and three ushers: and out of these scholars some are
+annually, on St. Barnabas’ Day, the 11th of June, elected to St. John’s
+College, in Oxford, where there are forty-six fellowships belonging to
+the school.
+
+As to the charity schools: there are in all 131, some for boys, others
+for girls; where the children are taught, if boys, to read, write, and
+account; if girls, to read, sew, and knit; who are all clothed and fitted
+for service or trades gratis.
+
+I proceed in the next place to show how well London is supplied with
+water, firing, bread-corn, flesh, fish, beer, wine, and other provisions.
+
+And as to water, no city was ever better furnished with it, for every man
+has a pipe or fountain of good fresh water brought into his house, for
+less than twenty shillings a year, unless brewhouses, and some other
+great houses and places that require more water than an ordinary family
+consumes, and these pay in proportion to the quantity they spend; many
+houses have several pipes laid in, and may have one in every room, if
+they think fit, which is a much greater convenience than two or three
+fountains in a street, for which some towns in other countries are so
+much admired.
+
+These pipes of water are chiefly supplied from the waterworks at London
+Bridge, Westminster, Chelsea, and the New River.
+
+Besides the water brought from the Thames and the New River, there are a
+great many good springs, pumps, and conduits about the town, which afford
+excellent water for drinking.  There are also mineral waters on the side
+of Islington and Pancras.
+
+This capital also is well supplied with firing, particularly coals from
+Newcastle, and pit-coals from Scotland, and other parts; but wood is
+excessively dear, and used by nobody for firing, unless bakers, and some
+few persons of quality in their chambers and drawing-rooms.
+
+As for bread-corn, it is for the most part brought to London after it is
+converted into flour, and both bread and flour are extremely reasonable:
+we here buy as much good white bread for three-halfpence or twopence, as
+will serve an Englishman a whole day, and flour in proportion.  Good
+strong beer also may be had of the brewer, for about twopence a quart,
+and of the alehouses that retail it for threepence a quart.  Bear Quay,
+below bridge, is a great market for malt, wheat, and horse-corn; and
+Queenhithe, above the bridge, for malt, wheat, flour, and other grain.
+
+The butchers here compute that there are about one thousand oxen sold in
+Smithfield Market one week with another the year round; besides many
+thousand sheep, hogs, calves, pigs, and lambs, in this and other parts of
+the town; and a great variety of venison, game, and poultry.  Fruit,
+roots, herbs, and other garden stuff are very cheap and good.
+
+Fish also are plentiful, such as fresh cod, plaice, flounders, soles,
+whitings, smelts, sturgeon, oysters, lobsters, crabs, shrimps, mackerel,
+and herrings in the season; but it must be confessed that salmon, turbot,
+and some other sea-fish are dear, as well as fresh-water fish.
+
+Wine is imported from foreign countries, and is dear.  The port wine
+which is usually drunk, and is the cheapest, is two shillings a quart,
+retailed in taverns, and not much less than eighteen or twenty pounds the
+hogshead, when purchased at the best hand; and as to French wines, the
+duties are so high upon them that they are double the price of the other
+at least.  White wine is about the same price as red port, and canary
+about a third dearer.
+
+It is computed that there are in London some part of the year, when the
+nobility and gentry are in town, 15,000 or 16,000 large horses for
+draught, used in coaches, carts, or drays, besides some thousands of
+saddle-horses; and yet is the town so well supplied with hay, straw, and
+corn, that there is seldom any want of them.  Hay generally is not more
+than forty shillings the load, and from twenty pence to two shillings the
+bushel is the usual price of oats.
+
+The opportunity of passing from one part of the town to the other, by
+coach, chair, or boat, is a very great convenience, especially in the
+winter, or in very hot weather.  A servant calls a coach or a chair in
+any of the principal streets, which attends at a minute’s warning, and
+carries one to any part of the town, within a mile and a half distance,
+for a shilling, but to a chair is paid one-third more; the coaches also
+will wait for eighteenpence the first hour, and a shilling every
+succeeding hour all day long; or you may hire a coach and a pair of
+horses all day, in or out of town, for ten shillings per day; there are
+coaches also that go to every village almost about town, within four or
+five miles, in which a passenger pays but one shilling, and in some but
+sixpence, for his passage with other company.
+
+The pleasantest way of moving from one end of the town to the other in
+summer time is by water, on that spacious gentle stream the Thames, on
+which you travel two miles for sixpence, if you have two watermen, and
+for threepence if you have but one; and to any village up or down the
+river you go with company for a trifle.  But the greatest advantage
+reaped from this noble river is that it brings whatever this or other
+countries afford.  Down the river from Oxfordshire, Berkshire, Bucks,
+&c., come corn and all manner of provision of English growth, as has been
+observed already; and up the river, everything that the coasts and the
+maritime counties of England, Scotland, or Ireland afford; this way also
+are received the treasures and merchandise of the East and West Indies,
+and indeed of the four quarters of the world.
+
+Carts are hired as coaches, to remove goods and merchandise from one part
+of the town to the other, whose rates are also fixed, and are very
+reasonable; and for small burdens or parcels, and to send on messages,
+there are porters at every corner of the streets, those within the City
+of London and liberties thereof being licensed by authority, and wearing
+a badge or ticket; in whose hands goods of any value, and even bills of
+exchange or sums of money, may be safely trusted, they being obliged at
+their admission to give security.  There is also a post that goes from
+one part of the town to the other several times a day; and once a day to
+the neighbouring villages, with letters and small parcels; for the
+carriage of which is given no more than a penny the letter or parcel.
+And I should have remembered that every coach, chair, and boat that plies
+for hire has its number upon it; and if the number be taken by any friend
+or servant, at the place you set out from, the proprietor of the vehicle
+will be obliged to make good any loss or damage that may happen to the
+person carried in it, through the default of the people that carry him,
+and to make him satisfaction for any abuse or ill-language he may receive
+from them.
+
+The high streets from one end of the town to the other are kept clean by
+scavengers in the winter, and in summer the dust in some wide streets is
+laid by water-carts: they are so wide and spacious, that several lines of
+coaches and carts may pass by each other without interruption.
+Foot-passengers in the high streets go about their business with
+abundance of ease and pleasure; they walk upon a fine smooth pavement;
+defended by posts from the coaches and wheel-carriages; and though they
+are jostled sometimes in the throng, yet as this seldom happens out of
+design, few are offended at it; the variety of beautiful objects, animate
+and inanimate, he meets with in the streets and shops, inspires the
+passenger with joy, and makes him slight the trifling inconvenience of
+being crowded now and then.  The lights also in the shops till eight or
+nine in the evening, especially in those of toymen and pastry-cooks, in
+the winter, make the night appear even brighter and more agreeable than
+the day itself.
+
+From the lights I come very naturally to speak of the night-guards or
+watch.  Each watch consists of a constable and a certain number of
+watchmen, who have a guard-room or watch-house in some certain place,
+from whence watchmen are despatched every hour, to patrol in the streets
+and places in each constable’s district; to see if all be safe from fire
+and thieves; and as they pass they give the hour of the night, and with
+their staves strike at the door of every house.
+
+If they meet with any persons they suspect of ill designs, quarrelsome
+people, or lewd women in the streets, they are empowered to carry them
+before the constable at his watch-house, who confines them till morning,
+when they are brought before a justice of the peace, who commits them to
+prison or releases them, according as the circumstances of the case are.
+
+Mobs and tumults were formerly very terrible in this great city; not only
+private men have been insulted and abused, and their houses demolished,
+but even the Court and Parliament have been influenced or awed by them.
+But there is now seldom seen a multitude of people assembled, unless it
+be to attend some malefactor to his execution, or to pelt a villain in
+the pillory, the last of which being an outrage that the Government has
+ever seemed to wink at; and it is observed by some that the mob are
+pretty just upon these occasions; they seldom falling upon any but
+notorious rascals, such as are guilty of perjury, forgery, scandalous
+practices, or keeping of low houses, and these with rotten eggs, apples,
+and turnips, they frequently maul unmercifully, unless the offender has
+money enough to bribe the constables and officers to protect him.
+
+The London inns, though they are as commodious for the most part as those
+we meet with in other places, yet few people choose to take up their
+quarters in them for any long time; for, if their business requires them
+to make any stay in London, they choose to leave their horses at the inn
+or some livery-stable, and take lodgings in a private house.  At livery
+stables they lodge no travellers, only take care of their horses, which
+fare better here than usually at inns; and at these places it is that
+gentlemen hire saddle-horses for a journey.  At the best of them are
+found very good horses and furniture: they will let out a good horse for
+4s. a day, and an ordinary hackney for 2s. 6d., and for 5s. you may have
+a hunter for the city hounds have the liberty of hunting; in Enfield
+Chase and round the town, and go out constantly every week in the season,
+followed by a great many young gentlemen and tradesmen.  They have an
+opportunity also of hunting with the King’s hounds at Richmond and
+Windsor: and such exercises seem very necessary for people who are
+constantly in London, and eat and drink as plentifully as any people in
+the world.  And now I am speaking of hired horses, I cannot avoid taking
+notice of the vast number of coach-horses that are kept to be let out to
+noblemen or gentlemen, to carry or bring them to and from the distant
+parts of the kingdom, or to supply the undertakers of funerals with
+horses for their coaches and hearses.  There are some of these men that
+keep several hundreds of horses, with coaches, coachmen, and a complete
+equipage, that will be ready at a day’s warning to attend a gentleman to
+any part of England.  These people also are great jockeys.  They go to
+all the fairs in the country and buy up horses, with which they furnish
+most of the nobility and gentry about town.  And if a nobleman does not
+care to run any hazard, or have the trouble of keeping horses in town,
+they will agree to furnish him with a set all the year round.
+
+The principal taverns are large handsome edifices, made as commodious for
+the entertaining a variety of company as can be contrived, with some
+spacious rooms for the accommodation of numerous assemblies.  Here a
+stranger may be furnished with wines, and excellent food of all kinds,
+dressed after the best manner:—each company, and every particular man, if
+he pleases, has a room to himself, and a good fire if it be winter time,
+for which he pays nothing, and is not to be disturbed or turned out of
+his room by any other man of what quality soever, till he thinks fit to
+leave it.  And as many people meet here upon business, at least an
+equal-number resort hither purely for pleasure, or to refresh themselves
+in an evening after a day’s fatigue.
+
+And though the taverns are very numerous, yet ale-houses are much more
+so, being visited by the inferior tradesmen, mechanics, journeymen,
+porters, coachmen, carmen, servants, and others whose pockets will not
+reach a glass of wine.  Here they sit promiscuously in common dirty
+rooms, with large fires, and clouds of tobacco, where one that is not
+used to them can scarce breathe or see; but as they are a busy sort of
+people, they seldom stay long, returning to their several employments,
+and are succeeded by fresh sets of the same rank of men, at their leisure
+hours, all day long.
+
+Of eating-houses and cook-shops there are not many, considering the
+largeness of the town, unless it be about the Inns of Court and Chancery,
+Smithfield, and the Royal Exchange, and some other places, to which the
+country-people and strangers resort when they come to town.  Here is good
+butcher’s meat of all kinds, and in the best of them fowls, pigs, geese,
+&c., the last of which are pretty dear; but one that can make a meal of
+butcher’s meat, may have as much as he cares to eat for sixpence; he must
+be content indeed to sit in a public room, and use the same linen that
+forty people have done before him.  Besides meat, he finds very good
+white bread, table-beer, &c.
+
+Coffee-houses are almost as numerous as ale-houses, dispersed in every
+part of the town, where they sell tea, coffee, chocolate, drams, and in
+many of the great ones arrack and other punch, wine, &c.  These consist
+chiefly of one large common room, with good fires in winter; and hither
+the middle sort of people chiefly resort, many to breakfast, read the
+news, and talk politics; after which they retire home: others, who are
+strangers in town, meet here about noon, and appoint some tavern to dine
+at; and a great many attend at the coffee-houses near the Exchange, the
+Inns of Court, and Westminster, about their business.  In the afternoon
+about four, people resort to these places again, from whence they adjourn
+to the tavern, the play, &c.; and some, when they have taken a handsome
+dose, run to the coffee-house at midnight for a dish of coffee to set
+them right; while others conclude the day here with drams, or a bowl of
+punch.
+
+There are but few cider-houses about London, though this be liquor of
+English growth, because it is generally thought too cold for the climate,
+and to elevate the spirits less than wine or strong beer.
+
+The four grand distinctions of the people are these:—(1) The nobility and
+gentry; (2) the merchants and first-rate tradesmen; (3) the lawyers and
+physicians; and (4) inferior tradesmen, attorneys, clerks, apprentices,
+coachmen, carmen, chairmen, watermen, porters, and servants.
+
+The first class may not only be divided into nobility and gentry, but
+into either such as have dependence on the Court, or such as have none.
+Those who have offices, places, or pensions from the Court, or any
+expectations from thence, constantly attend the levées of the prince and
+his ministers, which takes up the greatest part of the little morning
+they have.  At noon most of the nobility, and such gentlemen as are
+members of the House of Commons, go down to Westminster, and when the
+Houses do not sit late, return home to dinner.  Others that are not
+members of either House, and have no particular business to attend, are
+found in the chocolate-houses near the Court, or in the park, and many
+more do not stir from their houses till after dinner.  As to the ladies,
+who seldom rise till about noon, the first part of their time is spent,
+after the duties of the closet, either at the tea-table or in dressing,
+unless they take a turn to Covent Garden or Ludgate Hill, and tumble over
+the mercers’ rich silks, or view some India or China trifle, some
+prohibited manufacture, or foreign lace.
+
+Thus, the business of the day being despatched before dinner, both by the
+ladies and gentlemen, the evening is devoted to pleasure; all the world
+get abroad in their gayest equipage between four and five in the evening,
+some bound to the play, others to the opera, the assembly, the
+masquerade, or music-meeting, to which they move in such crowds that
+their coaches can scarce pass the streets.
+
+The merchants and tradesmen of the first-rate make no mean figure in
+London; they have many of them houses equal to those of the nobility,
+with great gates and courtyards before them, and seats in the country,
+whither they retire the latter end of the week, returning to the city
+again on Mondays or Tuesdays; they keep their coaches, saddle-horses, and
+footmen; their houses are richly and beautifully furnished; and though
+their equipage be not altogether so shining and their servants so
+numerous as those of the nobility, they generally abound in wealth and
+plenty, and are generally masters of a larger cash than they have
+occasion to make use of in the way of trade, whereby they are always
+provided against accidents, and are enabled to make an advantageous
+purchase when it offers.  And in this they differ from the merchants of
+other countries, that they know when they have enough, for they retire to
+their estates, and enjoy the fruits of their labours in the decline of
+life, reserving only business enough to divert their leisure hours.  They
+become gentlemen and magistrates in the counties where their estates lie,
+and as they are frequently the younger brothers of good families, it is
+not uncommon to see them purchase those estates that the eldest branches
+of their respective families have been obliged to part with.
+
+Their character is that they are neither so much in haste as the French
+to grow rich, nor so niggardly as the Dutch to save; that their houses
+are richly furnished, and their tables well served.  You are neither
+soothed nor soured by the merchants of London; they seldom ask too much,
+and foreigners buy of them as cheap as others.  They are punctual in
+their payments, generous and charitable, very obliging, and not too
+ceremonious; easy of access, ready to communicate their knowledge of the
+respective countries they traffic with, and the condition of their trade.
+
+As to their way of life, they usually rise some hours before the
+gentlemen at the other end of the town, and having paid their devotions
+to Heaven, seldom fail in a morning of surveying the condition of their
+accounts, and giving their orders to their bookkeepers and agents for the
+management of their respective trades; after which, being dressed in a
+modest garb, without any footmen or attendants, they go about their
+business to the Custom House, Bank, Exchange, &c., and after dinner
+sometimes apply themselves to business again; but the morning is much the
+busiest part of the day.  In the evening of every other day the post
+comes in, when the perusing their letters may employ part of their time,
+as the answering them does on other days of the week; and they frequently
+meet at the tavern in the evening, either to transact their affairs, or
+to take a cheerful glass after the business of the day is over.
+
+As to the wives and daughters of the merchants and principal tradesmen,
+they endeavour to imitate the Court ladies in their dress, and follow
+much the same diversions; and it is not uncommon to see a nobleman match
+with a citizen’s daughter, by which she gains a title, and he discharges
+the incumbrances on his estate with her fortune.  Merchants’ sons are
+sometimes initiated into the same business their fathers follow; but if
+they find an estate gotten to their hands, many of them choose rather to
+become country gentlemen.
+
+As to the lawyers or barristers, these also are frequently the younger
+sons of good families; and the elder brother too is sometimes entered of
+the Inns of Court, that he may know enough of the law to keep his estate.
+
+A lawyer of parts and good elocution seldom fails of rising to
+preferment, and acquiring an estate even while he is a young man.  I do
+not know any profession in London where a person makes his fortune so
+soon as in the law, if he be an eminent pleader.  Several of them have of
+late years been advanced to the peerage; as Finch, Somers, Cowper,
+Harcourt, Trevor, Parker, Lechmere, King, Raymond, &c., scarce any of
+them much exceeding forty years of age when they arrived at that honour.
+
+The fees are so great, and their business so engrosses every minute of
+their time, that it is impossible their expenses should equal their
+income; but it must be confessed they labour very hard, are forced to be
+up early and late, and to try their constitutions to the utmost (I mean
+those in full business) in the service of their clients.  They rise in
+winter long before it is light, to read over their briefs; dress, and
+prepare themselves for the business of the day; at eight or nine they go
+to Westminster, where they attend and plead either in the Courts of
+Equity or Common Law, ordinarily till one or two, and (upon a great
+trial) sometimes till the evening.  By that time they have got home, and
+dined, they have other briefs to peruse, and they are to attend the
+hearings, either at the Lord Chancellor’s or the Rolls, till eight or
+nine in the evening; after which, when they return to their chambers,
+they are attended by their clients, and have their several cases and
+briefs to read over and consider that evening, or the next morning before
+daylight; insomuch that they have scarce time for their meals, or their
+natural rest, particularly at the latter end of a term.  They are not
+always in this hurry; indeed, if they were, the best constitution must
+soon be worn out; nor would anyone submit to such hardships who had a
+subsistence, but with a prospect of acquiring a great estate suddenly;
+for the gold comes tumbling into the pockets of these great lawyers,
+which makes them refuse no cause, how intricate or doubtful soever.  And
+this brings me to consider the high fees that are usually taken by an
+eminent counsel; as for a single opinion upon a case, two, three, four,
+and five guineas; upon a hearing, five or ten; and perhaps a great many
+more; and if the cause does not come on till the next day, they are all
+to be fee’d again, though there are not less than six or seven counsel of
+a side.
+
+The next considerable profession therefore I shall mention in London is
+that of the physicians, who are not so numerous as the former; but those
+who are eminent amongst them acquire estates equal to the lawyers, though
+they seldom arrive at the like honours.  It is a useful observation,
+indeed, as to English physicians, that they seldom get their bread till
+they have no teeth to eat it: though, when they have acquired a
+reputation, they are as much followed as the great lawyers; they take
+care, however, not to be so much fatigued.  You find them at Batson’s or
+Child’s Coffee House usually in the morning, and they visit their
+patients in the afternoon.  Those that are men of figure amongst them
+will not rise out of their beds or break their rest on every call.  The
+greatest fatigue they undergo is the going up forty or fifty pair of
+stairs every day; for the patient is generally laid pretty near the
+garret, that he may not be disturbed.
+
+These physicians are allowed to be men of skill in their profession, and
+well versed in other parts of learning.  The great grievance here (as in
+the law) is that the inferior people are undone by the exorbitance of
+their fees; and what is still a greater hardship is, that if a physician
+has been employed, he must be continued, however unable the patient is to
+bear the expense, as no apothecary may administer anything to the sick
+man, if he has been prescribed to first by a physician: so that the
+patient is reduced to this dilemma, either to die of the disease, or
+starve his family, if his sickness happens to be of any duration.  A
+physician here scorns to touch any other metal but gold, and the surgeons
+are still more unreasonable; and this may be one reason why the people of
+this city have so often recourse to quacks, for they are cheap and easily
+come at, and the mob are not judges of their ability; they pretend to
+great things; they have cured princes, and persons of the first quality,
+as they pretend; and it must be confessed their patients are as credulous
+as they can desire, taken with grand pretences, and the assurance of the
+impostor, and frequently like things the better that are offered them out
+of the common road.
+
+I come in the next place to treat of attorneys’ clerks, apprentices,
+inferior tradesmen, coachmen, porters, servants, and the lowest class of
+men in this town, which are far the most numerous: and first of the
+lawyers’ clerks and apprentices, I find it a general complaint that they
+are under no manner of government; before their times are half out, they
+set up for gentlemen; they dress, they drink, they game, frequent the
+playhouses, and intrigue with the women; and it is no uncommon thing with
+clerks to bully their masters, and desert their service for whole days
+and nights whenever they see fit.
+
+As to the ordinary tradesmen, they live by buying and selling; I cannot
+say they are so eminent for their probity as the merchants and tradesmen
+of the first rate; they seem to have a wrong bias given them in their
+education; many of them have no principles of honour, no other rule to go
+by than the fishmonger, namely, to get what they can, who consider only
+the weakness or ignorance of the customer, and make their demands
+accordingly, taking sometimes half the price they ask.  And I must not
+forget the numbers of poor creatures who live and maintain their families
+by buying provisions in one part of the town, and retailing them in
+another, whose stock perhaps does not amount to more than forty or fifty
+shillings, and part of this they take up (many of them) on their clothes
+at a pawnbroker’s on a Monday morning, which they make shift to redeem on
+a Saturday night, that they may appear in a proper habit at their
+parish-churches on a Sunday.  These are the people that cry fish, fruit,
+herbs, roots, news, &c, about town.
+
+As to hackney-coachmen, carmen, porters, chairmen, and watermen, though
+they work hard, they generally eat and drink well, and are decently
+clothed on holidays; for the wife, if she be industrious, either by her
+needle, washing, or other business proper to her sex, makes no small
+addition to their gains; and by their united labours they maintain their
+families handsomely if they have their healths.
+
+As to the common menial servants, they have great wages, are well kept
+and clothed, but are, notwithstanding the plague, of almost every house
+in town.  They form themselves into societies, or rather confederacies,
+contributing to the maintenance of each other when out of place; and if
+any of them cannot manage the family where they are entertained as they
+please, immediately they give notice they will be gone.  There is no
+speaking to them; they are above correction; and if a master should
+attempt it, he may expect to be handsomely drubbed by the creature he
+feeds and harbours, or perhaps an action brought against him for it.  It
+is become a common saying, “If my servant ben’t a thief, if he be but
+honest, I can bear with other things;” and indeed it is very rare in
+London to meet with an honest servant.
+
+When I was treating of tradesmen, I had forgot to mention those nuisances
+of the town, the itinerant pedlars who deal in toys and hardware, and
+those who pretend to sell foreign silks, linen, India handkerchiefs, and
+other prohibited and unaccustomed goods.  These we meet at every
+coffee-house and corner of the streets, and they visit also every private
+house; the women have such a gust for everything that is foreign or
+prohibited, that these vermin meet with a good reception everywhere.  The
+ladies will rather buy home manufactures of these people than of a
+neighbouring shopkeeper, under the pretence of buying cheaper, though
+they frequently buy damaged goods, and pay a great deal dearer for them
+than they would do in a tradesman’s shop, which is a great discouragement
+to the fair dealer that maintains a family, and is forced to give a large
+credit, while these people run away with the ready money.  And I am
+informed that some needy tradesmen employ fellows to run hawking about
+the streets with their goods, and sell pennyworths, in order to furnish
+themselves with a little money.
+
+As to the recreations of the citizens, many of them are entertained in
+the same manner as the quality are, resorting to the play, park,
+music-meetings, &c.; and in the summer they visit Richmond, Hampstead,
+Epsom, and other neighbouring towns, where horse-racing, and all manner
+of rural sports, as well as other diversions, are followed in the summer
+season.
+
+Towards autumn, when the town is thin, many of the citizens who deal in a
+wholesale way visit the distant parts of the kingdom to get in their
+debts, or procure orders for fresh parcels of goods; and much about the
+same time the lawyers are either employed in the several circuits, or
+retired to their country seats; so that the Court, the nobility and
+gentry, the lawyers, and many of the citizens being gone into the
+country, the town resumes another face.  The west end of it appears
+perfectly deserted; in other parts their trade falls off; but still in
+the streets about the Royal Exchange we seldom fail to meet with crowds
+of people, and an air of business in the hottest season.
+
+I have heard it affirmed, however, that many citizens live beyond their
+income, which puts them upon tricking and prevaricating in their
+dealings, and is the principal occasion of those frequent bankruptcies
+seen in the papers; ordinary tradesmen drink as much wine, and eat as
+well, as gentlemen of estates; their cloth, their lace, their linen, are
+as fine, and they change it as often; and they frequently imitate the
+quality in their expensive pleasures.
+
+As to the diversions of the inferior tradesmen and common people on
+Sundays and other holidays, they frequently get out of town; the
+neighbouring villas are full of them, and the public-houses there usually
+provide a dinner in expectation of their city guests; but if they do not
+visit them in a morning, they seldom fail of walking out in the fields in
+the afternoon; every walk, every public garden and path near the town are
+crowded with the common people, and no place more than the park; for
+which reason I presume the quality are seldom seen there on a Sunday,
+though the meanest of them are so well dressed at these times that nobody
+need be ashamed of their company on that account; for you will see every
+apprentice, every porter, and cobbler, in as good cloth and linen as
+their betters; and it must be a very poor woman that has not a suit of
+Mantua silk, or something equal to it, to appear abroad in on holidays.
+
+And now, if we survey these several inhabitants in one body, it will be
+found that there are about a million of souls in the whole town, of whom
+there may be 150,000 men and upwards capable of bearing arms, that is,
+between eighteen and sixty.
+
+If it be demanded what proportion that part of the town properly called
+the City of London bears to the rest, I answer that, according to the
+last calculations, there are in the city 12,000 houses; in the parishes
+without the walls, 36,320; in the parishes of Middlesex and Surrey, which
+make part of the town, 46,300; and in the city and liberties of
+Westminster, 28,330; in which are included the precincts of the Tower,
+Norton Folgate, the Rolls, Whitefriars, the Inns of Court and Chancery,
+the King’s palaces, and all other extra-parochial places.
+
+As to the number of inhabitants in each of these four grand divisions, if
+we multiply the number of houses in the City of London by eight and a
+half, there must be 102,000 people there, according to this estimate.  By
+the same rule, there must be 308,720 people in the seventeen parishes
+without the walls; 393,550 in the twenty-one out-parishes of Middlesex
+and Surrey; and 240,805 in the city and liberties of Westminster, all
+which compose the sum-total of 1,045,075 people.
+
+Let me now proceed to inquire into the state of the several great trading
+companies in London.  The first, in point of time, I find to be the
+Hamburg Company, originally styled “Merchants of the Staple” (that is, of
+the staple of wool), and afterwards Merchant Adventurers.  They were
+first incorporated in the reign of King Edward I., anno 1296, and
+obtained leave of John, Duke of Brabant, to make Antwerp their staple or
+mart for the Low Countries, where the woollen manufactures then
+flourished more than in any country in Europe.  The business of this
+company at first seems to be chiefly, if not altogether, the vending of
+English wool unwrought.
+
+Queen Elizabeth enlarged the trade of the Company of Adventurers, and
+empowered them to treat with the princes and states of Germany for a
+place which might be the staple or mart for the woollen manufactures they
+exported, which was at length fixed at Hamburg, from whence they obtained
+the name of the Hamburg Company.  They had another mart or staple also
+assigned them for the sale of their woollen cloths in the Low Countries,
+viz., Dort, in Holland.
+
+This company consists of a governor, deputy-governor, and fellowship, or
+court of assistants, elected annually in June, who have a power of making
+bye-laws for the regulation of their trade; but this trade in a manner
+lies open, every merchant trading thither on his own bottom, on paying an
+inconsiderable sum to the company; so that though the trade to Germany
+may be of consequence, yet the Hamburg Company, as a company, have very
+little advantage by their being incorporated.
+
+The Hamburg or German Merchants export from England broad-cloth,
+druggets, long-ells, serges, and several sorts of stuffs, tobacco, sugar,
+ginger, East India goods, tin, lead, and several other commodities, the
+consumption of which is in Lower Germany.
+
+England takes from them prodigious quantities of linen, linen-yarn,
+kid-skins, tin-plates, and a great many other commodities.
+
+The next company established was that of the Russia Merchants,
+incorporated 1st and 2nd of Philip and Mary, who were empowered to trade
+to all lands, ports, and places in the dominions of the Emperor of
+Russia, and to all other lands not then discovered or frequented, lying
+on the north, north-east, or north-west.
+
+The Russia Company, as a company, are not a very considerable body at
+present; the trade thither being carried on by private merchants, who are
+admitted into this trade on payment of five pounds for that privilege.
+
+It consists of a governor, four consuls, and twenty-four assistants,
+annually chosen on the 1st of March.
+
+The Russia Merchants export from England some coarse cloth, long-ells,
+worsted stuffs, tin, lead, tobacco, and a few other commodities.
+
+England takes from Russia hemp, flax, linen cloth, linen yarn, Russia
+leather, tallow, furs, iron, potashes, &c., to an immense value.
+
+The next company is the Eastland Company, formerly called Merchants of
+Elbing, a town in Polish Prussia, to the eastward of Dantzic, being the
+port they principally resorted to in the infancy of their trade.  They
+were incorporated 21 Elizabeth, and empowered to trade to all countries
+within the Sound, Norway, Sweden, Poland, Liefland, Prussia, and
+Pomerania, from the river Oder eastward, viz., with Riga, Revel,
+Königsberg, Elbing, Dantzic, Copenhagen, Elsinore, Finland, Gothland,
+Eastland, and Bornholm (except Narva, which was then the only Russian
+port in the Baltic).  And by the said patent the Eastland Company and
+Hamburg Company were each of them authorised to trade separately to
+Mecklenburg, Gothland, Silesia, Moravia, Lubeck, Wismar, Restock, and the
+whole river Oder.
+
+This company consists of a governor, deputy-governor, and twenty-four
+assistants, elected annually in October; but either they have no power to
+exclude others from trading within their limits, or the fine for
+permission is so inconsiderable, that it can never hinder any merchants
+trading thither who is inclined to it; and, in fact, this trade, like the
+former, is carried on by private merchants, and the trade to Norway and
+Sweden is laid open by Act of Parliament.
+
+To Norway and Denmark merchants send guineas, crown-pieces, bullion, a
+little tobacco, and a few coarse woollens.
+
+They import from Norway, &c., vast quantities of deal boards, timber,
+spars, and iron.
+
+Sweden takes from England gold and silver, and but a small quantity of
+the manufactures and production of England.
+
+England imports from Sweden near two-thirds of the iron wrought up or
+consumed in the kingdom, copper, boards, plank, &c.
+
+The Turkey or Levant Company was first incorporated in the reign of Queen
+Elizabeth, and their privileges were confirmed and enlarged in the reign
+of King James I., being empowered to trade to the Levant, or eastern part
+of the Mediterranean, particularly to Smyrna, Aleppo, Constantinople,
+Cyprus, Grand Cairo, Alexandria, &c.  It consists of a governor,
+deputy-governor, and eighteen assistants or directors, chosen annually,
+&c.  This trade is open also to every merchant paying a small
+consideration, and carried on accordingly by private men.
+
+These merchants export to Turkey chiefly broadcloth, long-ells, tins,
+lead, and some iron; and the English merchants frequently buy up French
+and Lisbon sugars and transport thither, as well as bullion from Cadiz.
+
+The commodities received from thence are chiefly raw silk, grogram yarn,
+dyeing stuffs of sundry kinds, drugs, soap; leather, cotton, and some
+fruit, oil, &c.
+
+The East India Company were incorporated about the 42nd of Elizabeth,
+anno 1600, and empowered to trade to all countries to the eastward of the
+Cape of Good Hope, exclusive of all others.
+
+About the middle of King William’s reign it was generally said their
+patent was illegal, and that the Crown could not restrain the English
+merchants from trading to any country they were disposed to deal with;
+and application being made to Parliament for leave to lay the trade open,
+the ministry took the hint, and procured an Act of Parliament (9 and 10
+William III., cap. 44) empowering every subject of England to trade to
+India who should raise a sum of money for the supply of the Government in
+proportion to the sum he should advance, and each subscriber was to have
+an annuity after the rate of 8 per cent. per annum, to commence from
+Michaelmas, 1698.  And his Majesty was empowered to incorporate the
+subscribers, as he afterwards did, and they were usually called the New
+East India Company, the old company being allowed a certain time to
+withdraw their effects.  But the old company being masters of all the
+towns and forts belonging to the English on the coast of India, and their
+members having subscribed such considerable sums towards the two millions
+intended to be raised, that they could not be excluded from the trade,
+the new company found it necessary to unite with the old company, and to
+trade with one joint stock, and have ever since been styled “The United
+Company of Merchants trading to the East Indies.”
+
+The company have a governor, deputy-governor, and twenty-four assistants
+or directors, elected annually in April.
+
+The East India Company export great quantities of bullion, lead, English
+cloth, and some other goods, the product or manufacture of that kingdom,
+and import from China and India tea, china ware, cabinets, raw and
+wrought silks, coffee, muslins, calicoes, and other goods.
+
+Bengal raw silk is bought at very low prices there, and is very useful in
+carrying on the manufactures of this kingdom.
+
+China silk is of excellent staple, and comes at little above one-third of
+the price of Italian Piedmont silk.
+
+The China silk is purchased at Canton, but their fine silk is made in the
+provinces of Nankin and Chekiam, where their fine manufactures are
+carried on, and where prodigious quantities of raw silk are made, and the
+best in all China.
+
+The Royal African Company was incorporated 14 Charles II., and empowered
+to trade from Sallee, in South Barbary, to the Cape of Good Hope, being
+all the western coast of Africa.  It carries no money out, and not only
+supplies the English plantations with servants, but brings in a great
+deal of bullion for those that are sold to the Spanish West Indies,
+besides gold dust and other commodities, as red wood, elephants’ teeth,
+Guinea grain, &c., some of which are re-exported.  The supplying the
+plantations with <DW64>s is of that extraordinary advantage, that the
+planting sugar and tobacco and carrying on trade there could not be
+supported without them; which plantations are the great causes of the
+increase of the riches of the kingdom.
+
+The Canary Company was incorporated in the reign of King Charles II.,
+anno 1664, being empowered to trade to the Seven Islands, anciently
+called the Fortunate, and now the Canary Islands.
+
+They have a governor, deputy-governor, and thirteen assistants or
+directors, chosen annually in March.  This company exports baize,
+kerseys, serges, Norwich stuffs, and other woollen manufactures;
+stockings, hats, fustians, haberdashery wares, tin, and hardware; as also
+herrings, pilchards, salted flesh, and grain; linens, pipe-staves, hoops,
+&c.  Importing in return Canary wines, logwood, hides, indigo, cochineal,
+and other commodities, the produce of America and the West Indies.
+
+There is another company I had almost overlooked, called the Hudson’s Bay
+Company; and though these merchants make but little noise, I find it is a
+very advantageous trade.  They by charter trade, exclusively of all other
+his Britannic Majesty’s subjects, to the north-west; which was granted,
+as I have been told, on account that they should attempt a passage by
+those seas to China, &c., though nothing appears now to be less their
+regard; nay; if all be true, they are the very people that discourage and
+impede all attempts made by others for the opening that passage to the
+South Seas.  They export some woollen goods and haberdashery wares,
+knives, hatchets, arms, and other hardware; and in return bring back
+chiefly beaver-skins, and other skins and furs.
+
+The last, and once the most considerable of all the trading companies, is
+that of the South Sea, established by Act of Parliament in the ninth year
+of the late Queen Anne; but, what by reason of the mismanagement of its
+directors in 1720, the miscarriage of their whale-fishery, and the
+intrigues of the Spaniards, their credit is sunk, and their trade has
+much decreased.
+
+I proceed, in the next place, to inquire what countries the merchants of
+London trade to separately, not being incorporated or subject to the
+control of any company.
+
+Among which is the trade to Italy, whither are exported broad-cloth,
+long-ells, baize, druggets, callimancoes, camlets, and divers other
+stuffs; leather, tin, lead, great quantities of fish, as pilchards,
+herrings, salmon, Newfoundland cod, &c., pepper, and other East India
+goods.
+
+The commodities England takes from them are raw, thrown, and wrought
+silk, wine, oil, soap, olives, some dyer’s wares, anchovies, &c.
+
+To Spain the merchants export broad-cloth, druggets, callimancoes, baize,
+stuff of divers kinds, leather, fish, tin, lead, corn, &c.
+
+The commodities England takes from them are wine, oil, fruit of divers
+kinds, wool, indigo, cochineal, and dyeing stuffs.
+
+To Portugal also are exported broad-cloth, druggets, baize, long-ells,
+callimancoes, and all other sorts of stuffs; as well as tin, lead,
+leather, fish, corn, and other English commodities.
+
+England takes from them great quantities of wine, oil, salt, and fruit,
+and gold, both in bullion and specie; though it is forfeited, if seized
+in the ports of Portugal.
+
+The French take very little from England in a fair way, dealing chiefly
+with owlers, or those that clandestinely export wool and fuller’s-earth,
+&c.  They indeed buy some of our tobacco, sugar, tin, lead, coals, a few
+stuffs, serges, flannels, and a small matter of broad-cloth.
+
+England takes from France wine, brandy, linen, lace, fine cambrics, and
+cambric lawns, to a prodigious value; brocades, velvets, and many other
+rich silk manufactures, which are either run, or come by way of Holland;
+the humour of some of the nobility and gentry being such, that although
+they have those manufactures made as good at home, if not better than
+abroad, yet they are forced to be called by the name of French to make
+them sell.  Their linens are run in very great quantities, as are their
+wine and brandy, from the Land’s End even to the Downs.
+
+To Flanders are exported serges, a few flannels, a very few stuffs,
+sugar, tobacco, tin, and lead.
+
+England takes from them fine lace, fine cambrics, and cambric-lawns,
+Flanders whited linens, threads, tapes, incles, and divers other
+commodities, to a very great value.
+
+To Holland the merchants export broad-cloth, druggets, long-ells, stuffs
+of a great many sorts, leather, corn, coals, and something of almost
+every kind that this kingdom produces; besides all sorts of India and
+Turkey re-exported goods, sugars, tobacco, rice, ginger, pitch and tar,
+and sundry other commodities of the produce of our American plantations.
+
+England takes from Holland great quantities of fine Holland linen,
+threads, tapes, and incles; whale fins, brass battery, madder, argol,
+with a large number of other commodities and toys; clapboard, wainscot,
+&c.
+
+To Ireland are exported fine broad-cloth, rich silks, ribbons, gold and
+silver lace, manufactured iron and cutlery wares, pewter, great
+quantities of hops, coals, dyeing wares, tobacco, sugar, East India
+goods, raw silk, hollands, and almost everything they use, but linens,
+coarse woollens, and eatables.
+
+England takes from Ireland woollen yarn, linen yarn, great quantities of
+wool in the fleece, and some tallow.
+
+They have an extraordinary trade for their hides, tallow; beef, butter,
+&c., to Holland, Flanders, France, Portugal, and Spain, which enables
+them to make large remittances.
+
+To the sugar plantations are exported all sorts of clothing, both linen,
+silks, and woollen; wrought iron, brass, copper, all sorts of household
+furniture, and a great part of their food.
+
+They return sugar, ginger, and several commodities, and all the bullion
+and gold they can meet with, but rarely carry out any.
+
+To the tobacco plantations are exported clothing, household goods, iron
+manufactures of all sorts, saddles, bridles, brass and copper wares; and
+notwithstanding they dwell among the woods, they take their very turnery
+wares, and almost everything else that may be called the manufacture of
+England.
+
+England takes from them not only what tobacco is consumed at home, but
+very great quantities for re-exportation.
+
+To Carolina are exported the same commodities as to the tobacco
+plantations.  This country lying between the 32nd and 36th degrees of
+northern latitude, the soil is generally fertile.  The rice it produces
+is said to be the best in the world; and no country affords better silk
+than has been brought from thence, though for want of sufficient
+encouragement the quantity imported is very small.  It is said both bohea
+and green tea have been raised there, extraordinary good of the kind.
+The olive-tree grows wild, and thrives very well, and might soon be
+improved so far as to supply us with large quantities of oil.  It is said
+the fly from whence the cochineal is made is found very common, and if
+care was taken very great quantities might be made.  The indigo plant
+grows exceedingly well.  The country has plenty of iron mines in it, and
+would produce excellent hemp and flax, if encouragement was given for
+raising it.
+
+To Pennsylvania are exported broad-cloth, kerseys, druggets, serges, and
+manufactures of all kinds.
+
+To New England are exported all sorts of woollen manufactures, linen,
+sail-cloth and cordage for rigging their ships, haberdashery, &c.  They
+carry lumber and provisions to the sugar plantations; and exchange
+provisions for logwood with the logwood-cutters at Campeachy.  They send
+pipe and barrel-staves and fish to Spain, Portugal, and the Straits.
+They send pitch, tar, and turpentine to England, with some skins.
+
+Having considered the trading companies, and other branches of foreign
+trade, I shall now inquire into the establishment of the Bank of England.
+
+The governor and company of the Bank of England, &c., are enjoined not to
+trade, or suffer any person in trust for them to trade, with any of the
+stock, moneys or effects, in the buying or selling of any merchandise or
+goods whatsoever, on pain of forfeiting the treble value.  Yet they may
+deal in bills of exchange, and in buying and selling of bullion, gold or
+silver, or in selling goods mortgaged to them, and not redeemed at the
+time agreed on, or within three months after, or such goods as should be
+the produce of lands purchased by the corporation.  All bills obligatory
+and of credit under the seal of the corporation made to any person, may
+by endorsement be assigned, and such assignment shall transfer the
+property to the moneys due upon the same, and the assignee may sue in his
+own name.
+
+There is at present due to this Bank from the               £1,600,000
+Government on the original fund at £6 per cent.
+For cancelling of Exchequer bills, 3 George I                1,500,000
+Purchased of the South Sea Company                           4,000,000
+Annuities at £4 per cent. charged on the duty on             1,750,000
+coals since Lady Day, 1719.
+Ditto, charged on the surplus of the funds for the           1,250,000
+lottery of 1714
+Total due to the Bank of England                           £10,100,000
+
+Give me leave to observe here, that most of the foreign trade of this
+town is transacted by brokers, of which there are three sorts, viz., 1st,
+Exchange-brokers, 2ndly, brokers for goods and merchandise, and 3rdly,
+ship-brokers.
+
+The exchange-brokers, who are versed in the course of exchange, furnish
+the merchant with money or bills, as he has occasion for either.
+
+The broker of goods lets the merchant know where he may furnish himself
+with them, and the settled price; or if he wants to sell, where he may
+meet with a chapman for his effects.
+
+The ship-broker finds ships for the merchant, when he wants to send his
+goods abroad; or goods for captains and masters of vessels to freight
+their ships with.
+
+If it be demanded what share of foreign trade London hath with respect to
+the rest of the kingdom; it seems to have a fourth part of the whole, at
+least if we may judge by the produce of the customs, which are as three
+to twelve, or thereabouts.
+
+As to the manufactures carried on in the City of London; here mechanics
+have acquired a great deal of reputation in the world, and in many things
+not without reason; for they excel in clock and cabinet-work, in making
+saddles, and all sorts of tools, and other things.  The door and gun
+locks, and fire-arms, are nowhere to be paralleled; the silk manufacture
+is equal to that of France, or any other country, and is prodigiously
+enlarged of late years.  Dyers also are very numerous in and about
+London, and are not exceeded by any foreigners in the beauty or
+durableness of their colours: and those that print and stain cottons and
+linens have brought that art to great perfection.  Printers of books,
+also, may equal those abroad; but the best paper is imported from other
+countries.
+
+The manufacture of glass here is equal to that of Venice, or any other
+country in Europe, whether we regard the coach or looking-glasses,
+perspective, drinking-glasses, or any other kind of glass, whatever.  The
+making of pins and needles is another great manufacture in this town, as
+is that of wire-drawings of silver, gold, and other metals.  The
+goldsmiths and silversmiths excel in their way.  The pewterers and
+brasiers furnish all manner of vessels and implements for the kitchen,
+which are as neatly and substantially made and furnished here as in any
+country in Europe.  The trades of hat-making and shoe-making employ
+multitudes of mechanics; and the tailors are equally numerous.  The
+cabinet, screen, and chair-makers contribute also considerably to the
+adorning and furnishing the dwelling-house.  The common smiths,
+bricklayers, and carpenters are no inconsiderable branch of mechanics; as
+may well be imagined in a town of this magnitude, where so many churches,
+palaces, and private buildings are continually repairing, and so many
+more daily erecting upon new foundations.  And this brings me to mention
+the shipwrights, who are employed in the east part of the town, on both
+sides the river Thames, in building ships, lighters, boats, and other
+vessels; and the coopers, who make all the casks for domestic and foreign
+service.  The anchorsmiths, ropemakers, and others employed in the
+rigging and fitting out ships, are very numerous; and brewing and
+distilling may be introduced among the manufactures of this town, where
+so many thousand quarters of malt are annually converted into beer and
+spirits: and as the various kinds of beer brewed here are not to be
+paralleled in the world, either for quantity or quality, so the
+distilling of spirits is brought to such perfection that the best of them
+are not easily to be distinguished from French brandy.
+
+Having already mentioned ship-building among the mechanic trades, give me
+leave to observe farther, that in this England excels all other nations;
+the men-of-war are the most beautiful as well as formidable machines that
+ever floated on the ocean.
+
+As to the number of foreigners in and about this great city, there cannot
+be given any certain account, only this you may depend upon, that there
+are more of the French nation than of any other: such numbers of them
+coming over about the time of the Revolution and since to avoid the
+persecution of Louis XIV., and so many more to get their bread, either in
+the way of trade, or in the service of persons of quality; and I find
+they have upwards of twenty churches in this town, to each of which, if
+we allow 1,000 souls, then their number must be at least 20,000.  Next to
+the French nation I account most of the Dutch and Germans; for there are
+but few Spaniards or Portuguese, and the latter are generally Jews; and
+except the raree-show men, we see scarce any of the natives of Italy
+here; though the Venetian and some other Italian princes have their
+public chapels here for the exercise of the Romish religion.
+
+
+
+
+***
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