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+Produced by Al Haines
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Frontispiece: Advance of the British troops on the village of St.
+Denis, 1837.  From a colour drawing by C. W. Jefferys.]
+
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+'PATRIOTES' OF '37
+
+  A Chronicle of the Lower
+  Canadian Rebellion
+
+
+BY
+
+ALFRED D. DECELLES
+
+
+
+TORONTO
+
+GLASGOW, BROOK & COMPANY
+
+1916
+
+
+
+
+  _Copyright in all Countries subscribing to
+  the Berne Convention_
+
+
+
+
+{vii}
+
+PREFATORY NOTE
+
+The manuscript for this little book, written by me in French, was
+handed over for translation to Mr Stewart Wallace. The result as here
+presented is therefore a joint product.  Mr Wallace, himself a writer
+of ability and a student of Canadian history, naturally made a very
+free translation of my work and introduced some ideas of his own. He
+insists, however, that the work is mine; and, with this acknowledgment
+of his part in it, I can do no less than acquiesce, at the same time
+expressing my pleasure at having had as collaborator a young writer of
+such good insight. And it is surely appropriate that an English
+Canadian and a French Canadian should join in a narrative of the
+political war between the two races which forms the subject of this
+book.
+
+A. D. DECELLES.
+
+OTTAWA, 1915.
+
+
+
+
+{ix}
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                                       Page
+
+    I. CANADIANS, OLD AND NEW  . . . . . . . . . . . .    1
+   II. THE RIGHTS OF THE DEFEATED  . . . . . . . . . .    7
+  III. 'THE REIGN OF TERROR' . . . . . . . . . . . . .   13
+   IV. THE RISE OF PAPINEAU  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   21
+    V. THE NINETY-TWO RESOLUTIONS  . . . . . . . . . .   33
+   VI. THE ROYAL COMMISSION  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   44
+  VII. THE RUSSELL RESOLUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . .   57
+ VIII. THE DOGS OF WAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   69
+   IX. _FORCE MAJEURE_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   82
+    X. THE LORD HIGH COMMISSIONER  . . . . . . . . . .  104
+   XI. THE SECOND REBELLION  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  117
+  XII. A POSTSCRIPT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  128
+       BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  134
+       INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  136
+
+
+
+
+{xi}
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+ADVANCE OF THE BRITISH TROOPS ON
+    THE VILLAGE OF ST DENIS, 1837  . . . . . . . . .    _Frontispiece_
+  From a colour drawing by C. W. Jefferys.
+
+SIR JAMES CRAIG  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  _Facing page_ 16
+  From a portrait in the Dominion Archives.
+
+LOUIS JOSEPH PAPINEAU  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     "     "    22
+  After a lithograph by Maurin, Paris.
+
+WOLFRED NELSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     "     "    60
+  From a print in the Chateau de Ramezay.
+
+SOUTH-WESTERN LOWER CANADA, 1837 . . . . . . . . . .     "     "    69
+  Map by Bartholomew.
+
+DENIS BENJAMIN VIGER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     "     "   128
+  From a print in M'Gill University Library.
+
+
+
+
+{1}
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+CANADIANS, OLD AND NEW
+
+The conquest of Canada by British arms in the Seven Years' War gave
+rise to a situation in the colony which was fraught with tragic
+possibilities.  It placed the French inhabitants under the sway of an
+alien race--a race of another language, of another religion, of other
+laws, and which differed from them profoundly in temperament and
+political outlook.  Elsewhere--in Ireland, in Poland, and in the
+Balkans--such conquests have been followed by centuries of bitter
+racial warfare.  In Canada, however, for a hundred and fifty years
+French Canadians and English Canadians have, on the whole, dwelt
+together in peace and amity.  Only on the one occasion, of which the
+story is to be told in these pages, has there been anything resembling
+civil war between the two races; and this unhappy outbreak was neither
+widespread nor prolonged.  The record {2} is one which Canadians,
+whether they be English or French, have reason to view with
+satisfaction.
+
+It does not appear that the Canadians of 1760 felt any profound regret
+at the change from French to British rule.  So corrupt and oppressive
+had been the administration of Bigot, in the last days of the Old
+Regime, that the rough-and-ready rule of the British army officers
+doubtless seemed benignant in comparison.  Comparatively few Canadians
+left the country, although they were afforded facilities for so doing.
+One evidence of good feeling between the victors and the vanquished is
+found in the marriages which were celebrated between Canadian women and
+some of the disbanded Highland soldiers.  Traces of these unions are
+found at the present day, in the province of Quebec, in a few Scottish
+names of habitants who cannot speak English.
+
+When the American colonies broke out in revolution in 1775, the
+Continental Congress thought to induce the French Canadians to join
+hands with them.  But the conciliatory policy of the successive
+governors Murray and Carleton, and the concessions granted by the
+Quebec Act of the year before, had borne {3} fruit; and when the
+American leaders Arnold and Montgomery invaded Canada, the great
+majority of the habitants remained at least passively loyal.  A few
+hundred of them may have joined the invaders, but a much larger number
+enlisted under Carleton.  The clergy, the seigneurs, and the
+professional classes--lawyers and physicians and notaries--remained
+firm in their allegiance to Great Britain; while the mass of the people
+resisted the eloquent appeals of Congress, represented by its
+emissaries Franklin, Chase, and Carroll, and even those of the
+distinguished Frenchmen, Lafayette and Count d'Estaing, who strongly
+urged them to join the rebels.  Nor should it be forgotten that at the
+siege of Quebec by Arnold the Canadian officers Colonel Dupre and
+Captains Dambourges, Dumas, and Marcoux, with many others, were among
+Carleton's most trusted and efficient aides in driving back the
+invading Americans.  True, in 1781, Sir Frederick Haldimand, then
+governor of Canada, wrote that although the clergy had been firmly
+loyal in 1775 and had exerted their powerful influence in favour of
+Great Britain, they had since then changed their opinions and were no
+longer to be relied upon.  But it must be {4} borne in mind that
+Haldimand ruled the province in the manner of a soldier.  His
+high-handed orders caused dissatisfaction, which he probably mistook
+for a want of loyalty among the clergy.  No more devoted subject of
+Great Britain lived at the time in Lower Canada than Mgr Briand, the
+bishop of Quebec; and the priests shaped their conduct after that of
+their superior.  At any rate, the danger which Haldimand feared did not
+take form; and the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 made it
+more unlikely than ever.
+
+The French Revolution profoundly affected the attitude of the French
+Canadians toward France.  Canada was the child of the _ancien regime_.
+Within her borders the ideas of Voltaire and Rousseau had found no
+shelter.  Canada had nothing in common with the anti-clerical and
+republican tendencies of the Revolution.  That movement created a gap
+between France and Canada which has not been bridged to this day.  In
+the Napoleonic wars the sympathies of Canada were almost wholly with
+Great Britain.  When news arrived of the defeat of the French fleet at
+Trafalgar, a _Te Deum_ was sung in the Catholic cathedral at Quebec;
+and, in a sermon {5} preached on that occasion, a future bishop of the
+French-Canadian Church enunciated the principle that 'all events which
+tend to broaden the gap separating us from France should be welcome.'
+
+It was during the War of 1812-14, however, that the most striking
+manifestation of French-Canadian loyalty to the British crown appeared.
+In that war, in which Canada was repeatedly invaded by American armies,
+French-Canadian militiamen under French-Canadian officers fought
+shoulder to shoulder with their English-speaking fellow-countrymen on
+several stricken fields of battle; and in one engagement, fought at
+Chateauguay in the French province of Lower Canada, the day was won for
+British arms by the heroic prowess of Major de Salaberry and his
+French-Canadian soldiers.  The history of the war with the United
+States provides indelible testimony to the loyalty of French Canada.
+
+A quarter of a century passed.  Once again the crack of muskets was
+heard on Canadian soil.  This time, however, there was no foreign
+invader to repel.  The two races which had fought side by side in 1812
+were now arrayed against each other.  French-Canadian veterans of
+Chateauguay were on {6} one side, and English-Canadian veterans of
+Chrystler's Farm on the other.  Some real fighting took place.  Before
+peace was restored, the fowling-pieces of the French-Canadian rebels
+had repulsed a force of British regulars at the village of St Denis,
+and brisk skirmishes had taken place at the villages of St Charles and
+St Eustache.  How this unhappy interlude came to pass, in a century and
+a half of British rule in Canada, it is the object of this book to
+explain.
+
+
+
+
+{7}
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE RIGHTS OF THE DEFEATED
+
+The British did not treat the French inhabitants of Canada as a
+conquered people; not as other countries won by conquest have been
+treated by their victorious invaders.  The terms of the Capitulation of
+Montreal in 1760 assured the Canadians of their property and civil
+rights, and guaranteed to them 'the free exercise of their religion.'
+The Quebec Act of 1774 granted them the whole of the French civil law,
+to the almost complete exclusion of the English common law, and
+virtually established in Canada the Church of the vanquished through
+legal enforcement of the obligation resting upon Catholics to pay
+tithes.  And when it became necessary in 1791 to divide Canada into two
+provinces, Upper Canada and Lower Canada, one predominantly English and
+the other predominantly French, the two provinces were granted
+precisely equal political rights.  Out of this {8} arose an odd
+situation.  All French Canadians were Roman Catholics, and Roman
+Catholics were at this time debarred from sitting in the House of
+Commons at Westminster.  Yet they were given the right of sitting as
+members in the Canadian representative Assemblies created by the Act of
+1791.  The Catholics of Canada thus received privileges denied to their
+co-religionists in Great Britain.
+
+There can be no doubt that it was the conciliatory policy of the
+British government which kept the clergy, the seigneurs, and the great
+body of French Canadians loyal to the British crown during the war in
+1775 and in 1812.  It is certain, too, that these generous measures
+strengthened the position of the French race in Canada, made Canadians
+more jealous of their national identity, and led them to press for
+still wider liberties.  It is an axiom of human nature that the more
+one gets, the more one wants.  And so the concessions granted merely
+whetted the Canadian appetite for more.
+
+This disposition became immediately apparent with the calling of the
+first parliament of Lower Canada in 1792.  Before this there had been
+no specific definition of the exact status of the French language in
+{9} Canada, and the question arose as to its use in the Assembly as a
+medium of debate.  As the Quebec Act of 1774 had restored the French
+laws, it was inferred that the use of the French language had been
+authorized, since otherwise these laws would have no natural medium of
+interpretation.  That this was the inference to be drawn from the
+constitution became evident, for the British government had made no
+objection to the use of French in the law-courts.  It should be borne
+in mind that at this period the English in Canada were few in number,
+and that all of them lived in the cities.  The French members in the
+Assembly, representing, as they did, nearly the whole population, did
+not hesitate to press for the official recognition of their language on
+a parity with English.
+
+The question first came up in connection with the election of a
+speaker.  The French-Canadian members, being in a majority of
+thirty-four to sixteen, proposed Jean Antoine Panet.  This motion was
+opposed by the English members, together with a few of the French
+members, who nominated an Englishman.  They pointed out that the
+transactions between the speaker and the king's {10} representative in
+the colony should be 'in the language of the empire to which we have
+the happiness to belong.'  'I think it is but decent,' said Louis
+Panet, brother of Jean Antoine, 'that the speaker on whom we fix our
+choice, be one who can express himself in English when he addresses
+himself to the representative of our sovereign.'  Yet the majority of
+the French members stuck to their motion and elected their speaker.
+When he was sworn into office, he declared to the governor that 'he
+could only express himself in the primitive language of his native
+country.'  Nevertheless, he understood English well enough to conduct
+the business of the House.  And it should not be forgotten that all the
+sixteen English members, out of the fifty composing the Assembly, owed
+their election to French-Canadian voters.
+
+Almost immediately the question came up again in the debate on the use
+of the French language in the publication of official documents.  The
+English members pointed out that English was the language of the
+sovereign, and they contended that the exclusive official use of the
+English language would more quickly assimilate the French
+Canadians--would render them more loyal.  To these {11} arguments the
+French Canadians replied with ringing eloquence.
+
+'Remember,' said Chartier de Lotbiniere, 'the year 1775.  Those
+Canadians, who spoke nothing but French, showed their attachment to
+their sovereign in a manner not at all equivocal.  They helped to
+defend this province.  This city, these walls, this chamber in which I
+have the honour to speak, were saved partly through their zeal and
+their courage.  You saw them join with faithful subjects of His Majesty
+and repulse attacks which people who spoke very good English made on
+this city.  It is not, you see, uniformity of language which makes
+peoples more faithful or more united.'
+
+'Is it not ridiculous,' exclaimed Pierre Bedard, whose name will appear
+later in these pages, 'to wish to make a people's loyalty consist in
+its tongue?'
+
+The outcome of the debate, as might have been expected, was to place
+the French language on a level with the English language in the records
+and publications of the Assembly, and French became, to all intents and
+purposes, the language of debate.  The number of English-speaking
+members steadily decreased.  In the year 1800 Sir Robert Milnes {12}
+wrote home that there were 'but one or two English members in the House
+of Assembly who venture to speak in the language of the mother country,
+from the certainty of not being understood by a great majority of the
+House.'
+
+It must not be imagined, however, that in these early debates there was
+any of that rancour and animosity which later characterized the
+proceedings of the Assembly of Lower Canada.  'The remains of the old
+French politeness, and a laudable deference to their fellow subjects,
+kept up decorum in the proceedings of the majority,' testified a
+political annalist of that time.  Even as late as 1807, it appears that
+'party spirit had not yet extended its effects to destroy social
+intercourse and good neighbourhood.'  It was not until the regime of
+Sir James Craig that racial bitterness really began.
+
+
+
+
+{13}
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+'THE REIGN OF TERROR'
+
+During the session of 1805 the Assembly was confronted with the
+apparently innocent problem of building prisons.  Yet out of the debate
+on this subject sprang the most serious racial conflict which had yet
+occurred in the province.  There were two ways proposed for raising the
+necessary money.  One, advocated by the English members, was to levy a
+direct tax on land; the other, proposed by the French members, was to
+impose extra customs duties.  The English proposal was opposed by the
+French, for the simple reason that the interests of the French were in
+the main agrarian; and the French proposal was opposed by the English,
+because the interests of the English were on the whole commercial.  The
+English pointed out that, as merchants, they had borne the brunt of
+such taxation as had already been imposed, and that it was the turn of
+the French farmers to bear their {14} share.  The French, on the other
+hand, pointed out, with some justice, that indirect taxation was borne,
+not only by the importer, but also partly by the consumer, and that
+indirect taxation was therefore more equitable than a tax on the
+land-owners alone.  There was, moreover, another consideration.  'The
+_Habitants_,' writes the political annalist already quoted, 'consider
+themselves sufficiently taxed by the French law of the land, in being
+obliged to pay rents and other feudal burthens to the Seigneur, and
+tythes to the Priest; and if you were to ask any of them to contribute
+two bushels of Wheat, or two Dollars, for the support of Government, he
+would give you the equivocal French sign of inability or unwillingness,
+by shrugging up his shoulders.'
+
+As usual, the French-Canadian majority carried their point.  Thereupon,
+the indignation of the English minority flared forth in a very emphatic
+manner.  They accused the French Canadians of foisting upon them the
+whole burden of taxation, and they declared that an end must be put to
+French-Canadian domination over English Canadians.  'This province,'
+asserted the Quebec _Mercury_, 'is already too French for a British
+colony....  Whether we be in peace or at war, it is essential {15} that
+we should make every effort, by every means available, to oppose the
+growth of the French and their influence.'
+
+The answer of the French Canadians to this language was the
+establishment in 1806 of a newspaper, _Le Canadien_, in which the point
+of view of the majority in the House might be presented.  The official
+editor of the paper was Jean Antoine Bouthillier, but the conspicuous
+figure on the staff was Pierre Bedard, one of the members of the House
+of Assembly.  The tone of the paper was generally moderate, though
+militant.  Its policy was essentially to defend the French against the
+ceaseless aspersions of the _Mercury_ and other enemies.  It never
+attacked the British government, but only the provincial authorities.
+Its motto, '_Notre langue, nos institutions et nos lois_,' went far to
+explain its views and objects.
+
+No serious trouble resulted, however, from the policy of _Le Canadien_
+until after the arrival of Sir James Craig in Canada, and the
+inauguration of what some historians have named 'the Reign of Terror.'
+Sir James Craig, who became governor of Canada in 1807, was a
+distinguished soldier.  He had seen service in the American
+Revolutionary {16} War, in South Africa, and in India.  He was,
+however, inexperienced in civil government and apt to carry his ideas
+of military discipline into the conduct of civil affairs.  Moreover, he
+was prejudiced against the inhabitants and had doubts of their loyalty.
+In Canada he surrounded himself with such men as Herman W. Ryland, the
+governor's secretary, and John Sewell, the attorney-general, men who
+were actually in favour of repressing the French Canadians and of
+crushing the power of their Church.  'I have long since laid it down as
+a principle (which in my judgment no Governor of this Province ought to
+lose sight of for a moment),' wrote Ryland in 1804, 'by every possible
+means which prudence can suggest, gradually to undermine the authority
+and influence of the Roman Catholic Priest.'  'The Province must be
+converted into an English Colony,' declared Sewell, 'or it will
+ultimately be lost to England.'  The opinion these men held of the
+French Canadians was most uncomplimentary.  'In the ministerial
+dictionary,' complained _Le Canadien_, 'a bad fellow,
+anti-ministerialist, democrat, _sans culotte_, and damned Canadian,
+mean the same thing.'
+
+[Illustration: Sir James Craig.  From a portrait in the Dominion
+Archives.]
+
+Surrounded by such advisers, it is not {17} surprising that Sir James
+Craig soon took umbrage at the language and policy of _Le Canadien_.
+At first he made his displeasure felt in a somewhat roundabout way.  In
+the summer of 1808 he dismissed from the militia five officers who were
+reputed to have a connection with that newspaper, on the ground that
+they were helping a 'seditious and defamatory journal.'  One of these
+officers was Colonel Panet, who had fought in the defence of Quebec in
+1775 and had been speaker of the House of Assembly since 1792; another
+was Pierre Bedard.  This action did not, however, curb the temper of
+the paper; and a year or more later Craig went further.  In May 1810 he
+took the extreme step of suppressing _Le Canadien_, and arresting the
+printer and three of the proprietors, Taschereau, Blanchet, and Bedard.
+The ostensible pretext for this measure was the publication in the
+paper of some notes of a somewhat academic character with regard to the
+conflict which had arisen between the governor and the House of
+Assembly in Jamaica; the real reason, of course, went deeper.
+
+Craig afterwards asserted that the arrest of Bedard and his associates
+was 'a measure of precaution, not of punishment.'  There is no {18}
+doubt that he actually feared a rising of the French Canadians.  To his
+mind a rebellion was imminent.  The event showed that his suspicions
+were ill-founded; but in justice to him it must be remembered that he
+was governor of Canada at a dangerous time, when Napoleon was at the
+zenith of his power and when agents of this arch-enemy of England were
+supposed to be active in Canada.  Moreover, the blame for Craig's
+action during this period must be partly borne by the 'Bureaucrats' who
+surrounded him.  There is no absolute proof, but there is at least a
+presumption, that some of these men actually wished to precipitate a
+disturbance, in order that the constitution of Lower Canada might be
+suspended and a new order of things inaugurated.
+
+Soon after Bedard's arrest his friends applied for a writ of habeas
+corpus; but, owing to the opposition of Craig, this was refused.  In
+July two of Bedard's companions were released, on the ground of ill
+health.  They both, however, expressed regret at the tone which _Le
+Canadien_ had adopted.  In August the printer was discharged.  Bedard
+himself declined to accept his release until he had been brought to
+trial and acquitted {19} of the charge preferred against him.  Craig,
+however, did not dare to bring him to trial, for no jury would have
+convicted him.  Ultimately, since Bedard refused to leave the prison,
+he was ejected at the point of the bayonet.  The situation was full of
+humour.  Bedard was an excellent mathematician, and was in the habit of
+whiling away the hours of his imprisonment by solving mathematical
+problems.  When the guard came to turn him out, he was in the midst of
+a geometrical problem.  'At least,' he begged, 'let me finish my
+problem.'  The request was granted; an hour later the problem was
+solved, and Bedard was thrust forth from the jail.
+
+Sir James Craig was a man of good heart and of the best intentions; but
+his course throughout this episode was most unfortunate.  Not only did
+he fail to suppress the opposition to his government, but he did much
+to embitter the relations between the two races.  Craig himself seems
+to have realized, even before he left Canada, that his policy had been
+a mistake; for he is reported on good authority to have said 'that he
+had been basely deceived, and that if it had been given to him to begin
+his administration over again, he would have acted differently.'  It is
+{20} significant, too, that Craig's successor, Sir George Prevost,
+completely reversed his policy.  He laid himself out to conciliate the
+French Canadians in every way possible; and he made amends to Bedard
+for the injustice which he had suffered by restoring him to his rank in
+the militia and by making him a judge.  As a result, the bitterness of
+racial feeling abated; and when the War of 1812 broke out, there proved
+to be less disloyalty in Lower Canada than in Upper Canada.  But, as
+the events of Craig's administration had clearly shown, a good deal of
+combustible and dangerous material lay about.
+
+
+
+
+{21}
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE RISE OF PAPINEAU
+
+In the year 1812 a young man took his seat in the House of Assembly for
+Lower Canada who was destined to play a conspicuous part in the history
+of the province during the next quarter of a century.  His name was
+Louis Joseph Papineau.  He was at that time only twenty-six years of
+age, but already his tall, well-built form, his fine features and
+commanding presence, marked him out as a born leader of men.  He
+possessed an eloquence which, commonplace as it now appears on the
+printed page, apparently exerted a profound influence upon his
+contemporaries.  'Never within the memory of teacher or student,' wrote
+his college friend Aubert de Gaspe, 'had a voice so eloquent filled the
+halls of the seminary of Quebec.'  In the Assembly his rise to
+prominence was meteoric; only three years after his entrance he was
+elected speaker on the resignation of the veteran {22} J. A. Panet, who
+had held the office at different times since 1792.  Papineau retained
+the speakership, with but one brief period of intermission, until the
+outbreak of rebellion twenty-two years later; and it was from the
+speaker's chair that he guided throughout this period the counsels of
+the _Patriote_ party.
+
+[Illustration: Louis Joseph Papineau.  After a lithograph by Maurin,
+Paris.]
+
+When Papineau entered public life the political situation in Lower
+Canada was beginning to be complicated.  The French-Canadian members of
+the Assembly, having taken great pains to acquaint themselves with the
+law and custom of the British constitution, had awakened to the fact
+that they were not enjoying the position or the power which the members
+of the House of Commons in England were enjoying.  In the first place,
+the measures which they passed were being continually thrown out by the
+upper chamber, the Legislative Council, and they were powerless to
+prevent it; and in the second place, they had no control of the
+government, for the governor and his Executive Council were appointed
+by and responsible to the Colonial Office alone.  The members of the
+two councils were in the main of English birth, and they constituted a
+local oligarchy--known as the 'Bureaucrats' or the 'Chateau
+Clique'--which {23} held the reins of government.  They were as a rule
+able to snap their fingers at the majority in the Assembly.
+
+In England the remedy for a similar state of affairs had been found to
+lie in the control of the purse exercised by the House of Commons.  In
+order to bring the Executive to its will, it was only necessary for
+that House to threaten the withholding of supplies.  In Lower Canada,
+however, such a remedy was at first impossible, for the simple reason
+that the House of Assembly did not vote all the supplies necessary for
+carrying on the government.  In other words, the expenditure far
+exceeded the revenue; and the deficiency had to be met out of the
+Imperial exchequer.  Under these circumstances it was impossible for
+the Lower Canada Assembly to attempt to exercise the full power of the
+purse.  In 1810, it is true, the Assembly had passed a resolution
+avowing its ability and willingness to vote 'the necessary sums for
+defraying the Civil Expenses of the Government of the Province.'  But
+Sir James Craig had declined on a technicality to forward the
+resolution to the Houses of Parliament at Westminster, realizing fully
+that if the offer were accepted, the Assembly would be able to exert
+complete {24} power over the Executive.  'The new Trojan horse' was not
+to gain admission to the walls through him.
+
+Later, however, in 1818, during the administration of Sir John Coape
+Sherbrooke, the offer of the Assembly was accepted by the Imperial
+government.  Sherbrooke was an apostle of conciliation.  It was he who
+gave the Catholic bishop of Quebec a seat in the Executive Council; and
+he also recommended that the speaker of the House of Assembly should be
+included in the Council--a recommendation which was a preliminary move
+in the direction of responsible government.  Through Sherbrooke's
+instrumentality the British government now decided to allow the
+Lower-Canadian legislature to vote the entire revenue of the province,
+apart from the casual and territorial dues of the Crown and certain
+duties levied by Act of the Imperial parliament.  Sherbrooke's
+intention was that the legislature should vote out of this revenue a
+permanent civil list to be continued during the lifetime of the
+sovereign.  Unfortunately, however, the Assembly did not fall in with
+this view.  It insisted, instead, on treating the civil list as an
+annual affair, and voting the salaries of the officials, from the
+governor {25} downwards, for only one year.  Since this would have made
+every government officer completely dependent upon the pleasure of the
+House of Assembly, the Legislative Council promptly threw out the
+budget.  Thus commenced a struggle which was destined to last for many
+years.  The Assembly refused to see that its action was really an
+encroachment upon the sphere of the Executive; and the Executive
+refused to place itself at the mercy of the Assembly.  The result was
+deadlock.  During session after session the supplies were not voted.
+The Executive, with its control of the royal revenue, was able by one
+means or another to carry on the government; but the relations between
+the 'Bureaucrats' and the _Patriotes_ became rapidly more bitter.
+
+Papineau's attitude toward the government during this period was in
+harmony with that of his compatriots.  It was indeed one of his
+characteristics, as the historian Christie has pointed out, that he
+seemed always 'to move with the masses rather than to lead them.'  In
+1812 he fought side by side with the British.  As late as 1820 he
+publicly expressed his great admiration for the constitution of 1791
+and the blessings of British rule.  But in the struggles over the
+budget he took up ground {26} strongly opposed to the government; and,
+when the question became acute, he threw restraint to the winds, and
+played the part of a dangerous agitator.
+
+What seems to have first roused Papineau to anger was a proposal to
+unite Upper and Lower Canada in 1822.  Financial difficulties had
+arisen between the two provinces; and advantage was taken of this fact
+to introduce a Union Bill into the House of Commons at Westminster,
+couched in terms very unfavourable to the French Canadians.  There is
+little doubt that the real objects of the bill was the extinction of
+the Lower-Canadian Assembly and the subordination of the French to the
+English element in the colony.  At any rate, the French Canadians saw
+in the bill a menace to their national existence.  Two agents were
+promptly appointed to go over to London to oppose it.  One of them was
+Papineau; the other was John Neilson, the capable Scottish editor of
+the Quebec _Gazette_.  The two men made a very favourable impression;
+they enlisted on their side the leaders of the Whig party in the
+Commons; and they succeeded in having the bill well and duly shelved.
+Their mission resulted not only in the defeat of the bill; it also
+showed {27} them clearly that a deep-laid plot had menaced the rights
+and liberties of the French-Canadian people; and their anger was roused
+against what Neilson described as 'the handful of _intrigants_' who had
+planned that _coup d'etat_.
+
+On returning to Canada Papineau gave vent to his discontent in an
+extraordinary attack upon Lord Dalhousie, who had become governor of
+Canada in 1819.  Dalhousie was an English nobleman of the best type.
+His tastes were liberal.  He was instrumental in founding the Literary
+and Historical Society of Quebec; and he showed his desire for pleasant
+relations between the two races in Canada by the erection of the joint
+monument to Wolfe and Montcalm in the city of Quebec, in the governor's
+garden.  His administration, however, had been marred by one or two
+financial irregularities.  Owing to the refusal of the Assembly to vote
+a permanent civil list, Dalhousie had been forced to expend public
+moneys without authority from the legislature; and his
+receiver-general, Caldwell, had been guilty of defalcations to the
+amount of L100,000.  Papineau attacked Dalhousie as if he had been
+personally responsible for these defalcations.  The speech, we are told
+by the chronicler Bibaud, recalled in its violence the {28} philippics
+of Demosthenes and the orations against Catiline of Cicero.
+
+The upshot of this attack was that all relations between Dalhousie and
+Papineau were broken off.  Apart altogether from the political
+controversy, Dalhousie felt that he could have no intercourse with a
+man who had publicly insulted him.  Consequently, when Papineau was
+elected to the speakership of the Assembly in 1827, Dalhousie refused
+to recognize him as speaker; and when the Assembly refused to
+reconsider his election, Dalhousie promptly dissolved it.
+
+It would be tedious to describe in detail the political events of these
+years; and it is enough to say that by 1827 affairs in the province had
+come to such an impasse, partly owing to the financial quarrel, and
+partly owing to the personal war between Papineau and Dalhousie, that
+it was decided by the _Patriotes_ to send another deputation to England
+to ask for the redress of grievances and for the removal of Dalhousie.
+The members of the deputation were John Neilson and two French
+Canadians, Augustin Cuvillier and Denis B. Viger.  Papineau was an
+interested party and did not go.  The deputation proved no less
+successful than {29} that which had crossed the Atlantic in 1822.  The
+delegates succeeded in obtaining Lord Dalhousie's recall, and they were
+enabled to place their case before a special committee of the House of
+Commons.  The committee made a report very favourable to the _Patriote_
+cause; recommended that 'the French-Canadians should not in any way be
+disturbed in the exercise and enjoyment of their religion, their laws,
+or their privileges'; and expressed the opinion that 'the true
+interests of the provinces would be best promoted by placing the
+collection and expenditure of all public revenues under the control of
+the House of Assembly.'  The report was not actually adopted by the
+House of Commons, but it lent a very welcome support to the contentions
+of Papineau and his friends.
+
+At last, in 1830, the British government made a serious and well-meant
+attempt to settle, once and for all, the financial difficulty.  Lord
+Goderich, who was at that time at the Colonial Office, instructed Lord
+Aylmer, who had become governor of Canada in 1830, to resign to the
+Assembly the control of the entire revenue of the province, with the
+single exception of the casual and territorial revenue of the Crown, if
+the Assembly would grant {30} in exchange a civil list of L19,000,
+voted for the lifetime of the king.  This offer was a compromise which
+should have proved acceptable to both sides.  But Papineau and his
+friends determined not to yield an inch of ground; and in the session
+of 1831 they succeeded in defeating the motion for the adoption of Lord
+Goderich's proposal.  That this was a mistake even the historian
+Garneau, who cannot be accused of hostility toward the _Patriotes_, has
+admitted.
+
+Throughout this period Papineau's course was often unreasonable.  He
+complained that the French Canadians had no voice in the executive
+government, and that all the government offices were given to the
+English; yet when he was offered a seat in the Executive Council in
+1822 he declined it; and when Dominique Mondelet, one of the members of
+the Assembly, accepted a seat in the Executive Council in 1832, he was
+hounded from the Assembly by Papineau and his friends as a traitor.  As
+Sir George Cartier pointed out many years later, Mondelet's inclusion
+in the Executive Council was really a step in the direction of
+responsible government.  It is difficult, also, to approve Papineau's
+attitude toward such governors as Dalhousie and {31} Aylmer, both of
+whom were disposed to be friendly.  Papineau's attitude threw them into
+the arms of the 'Chateau Clique.'  The truth is that Papineau was too
+unbending, too _intransigeant_, to make a good political leader.  As
+was seen clearly in his attitude toward the financial proposals of Lord
+Goderich in 1830, he possessed none of that spirit of compromise which
+lies at the heart of English constitutional development.
+
+On the other hand, it must be remembered that Papineau and his friends
+received much provocation.  The attitude of the governing class toward
+them was overbearing and sometimes insolent.  They were regarded as
+members of an inferior race.  And they would have been hardly human if
+they had not bitterly resented the conspiracy against their liberties
+embodied in the abortive Union Bill of 1822.  There were real abuses to
+be remedied.  Grave financial irregularities had been detected in the
+executive government; sinecurists, living in England, drew pay for
+services which they did not perform; gross favouritism existed in
+appointments to office under the Crown; and so many office-holders held
+seats in the Legislative Council that the Council was actually under
+the thumb of {32} the executive government.  Yet when the Assembly
+strove to remedy these grievances, its efforts were repeatedly blocked
+by the Legislative Council; and even when appeal was made to the
+Colonial Office, removal of the abuses was slow in coming.  Last, but
+not least, the Assembly felt that it did not possess an adequate
+control over the expenditure of the moneys for the voting of which it
+was primarily responsible.
+
+
+
+
+{33}
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE NINETY-TWO RESOLUTIONS
+
+After 1830 signs began to multiply that the racial feud in Lower Canada
+was growing in intensity.  In 1832 a by-election in the west ward of
+Montreal culminated in a riot.  Troops were called out to preserve
+order.  After showing some forbearance under a fusillade of stones,
+they fired into the rioters, killing three and wounding two men, all of
+them French Canadians.  Immediately the _Patriote_ press became
+furious.  The newspaper _La Minerve_ asserted that a 'general massacre'
+had been planned: the murderers, it said, had approached the corpses
+with laughter, and had seen with joy Canadian blood running down the
+street; they had shaken each other by the hand, and had regretted that
+there were not more dead.  The blame for the 'massacre' was laid at the
+door of Lord Aylmer.  Later, on the floor of the Assembly, Papineau
+remarked that 'Craig merely imprisoned his {34} victims, but Aylmer
+slaughters them.'  The _Patriotes_ adopted the same bitter attitude
+toward the government when the Asiatic cholera swept the province in
+1833.  They actually accused Lord Aylmer of having 'enticed the sick
+immigrants into the country, in order to decimate the ranks of the
+French Canadians.'
+
+In the House Papineau became more and more violent and domineering.  He
+did not scruple to use his majority either to expel from the House or
+to imprison those who incurred his wrath.  Robert Christie, the member
+for Gaspe, was four times expelled for having obtained the dismissal of
+some partisan justices of the peace.  The expulsion of Dominique
+Mondelet has already been mentioned.  Ralph Taylor, one of the members
+for the Eastern Townships, was imprisoned in the common jail for using,
+in the Quebec _Mercury_, language about Papineau no more offensive than
+Papineau had used about many others.  But perhaps the most striking
+evidence of Papineau's desire to dominate the Assembly was seen in his
+attitude toward a bill to secure the independence of judges introduced
+by F. A. Quesnel, one of the more moderate members {35} of the
+_Patriote_ party.  Quesnel had accepted some amendments suggested by
+the colonial secretary.  This awoke the wrath of Papineau, who assailed
+the bill in his usual vehement style, and concluded by threatening
+Quesnel with the loss of his seat.  The threat proved not to be idle.
+Papineau possessed at this time a great ascendancy over the minds of
+his fellow-countrymen, and in the next elections he secured Quesnel's
+defeat.
+
+By 1832 Papineau's political views had taken a more revolutionary turn.
+From being an admirer of the constitution of 1791, he had come to
+regard it as 'bad; very, very bad.'  'Our constitution,' he said, 'has
+been manufactured by a Tory influenced by the terrors of the French
+Revolution.'  He had lost faith in the justice of the British
+government and in its willingness to redress grievances; and his eyes
+had begun to turn toward the United States.  Perhaps he was not yet for
+annexation to that country; but he had conceived a great admiration for
+the American constitution.  The wide application of the principle of
+election especially attracted him; and, although he did not relinquish
+his hope of subordinating the Executive to the Assembly by means of the
+control of the finances, he {36} began to throw his main weight into an
+agitation to make the Legislative Council elective.  Henceforth the
+plan for an elective Legislative Council became the chief feature of
+the policy of the _Patriote_ party.  The existing nominated and
+reactionary Legislative Council had served the purpose of a buffer
+between the governor's Executive Council and the Assembly.  This
+buffer, thought Papineau and his friends, should be removed, so as to
+expose the governor to the full hurricane of the Assembly's wrath.
+
+It was not long before Papineau's domineering behaviour and the
+revolutionary trend of his views alienated some of his followers.  On
+John Neilson, who had gone to England with him in 1822 and with
+Cuvillier and Viger in 1828, and who had supported him heartily during
+the Dalhousie regime, Papineau could no longer count.  Under Aylmer a
+coolness sprang up between the two men.  Neilson objected to the
+expulsion of Mondelet from the House; he opposed the resolutions of
+Louis Bourdages, Papineau's chief lieutenant, for the abolition of the
+Legislative Council; and in the debate on Quesnel's bill for the
+independence of judges, he administered a severe rebuke to Papineau for
+language he {37} had used.  Augustin Cuvillier followed the lead of his
+friend Neilson, and so also did Andrew Stuart, one of the ablest
+lawyers in the province, and Quesnel.  All these men were politicians
+of weight and respectability.
+
+Papineau still had, however, a large and powerful following, especially
+among the younger members.  Nothing is more remarkable at this time
+than the sway which he exercised over the minds of men who in later
+life became distinguished for the conservative and moderate character
+of their opinions.  Among his followers in the House were Louis
+Hippolyte LaFontaine, destined to become, ten years later, the
+colleague of Robert Baldwin in the LaFontaine-Baldwin administration,
+and Augustin Norbert Morin, the colleague of Francis Hincks in the
+Hincks-Morin administration of 1851.  Outside the House he counted
+among his most faithful followers two more future prime ministers of
+Canada, George E. Cartier and Etienne P. Tache.  Nor were his
+supporters all French Canadians.  Some English-speaking members acted
+with him, among them Wolfred Nelson; and in the country he had the
+undivided allegiance of men like Edmund Bailey O'Callaghan, editor of
+the Montreal _Vindicator_, {38} and Thomas Storrow Brown, afterwards
+one of the 'generals' of the rebellion.  Although the political
+struggle in Lower Canada before 1837 was largely racial, it was not
+exclusively so, for there were some English in the Patriots party and
+some French who declined to support it.
+
+In 1832 and 1833 Papineau suffered rebuffs in the House that could not
+have been pleasant to him.  In 1833, for instance, his proposal to
+refuse supply was defeated by a large majority.  But the triumphant
+passage of the famous Ninety-Two Resolutions in 1834 showed that, for
+most purposes, he still had a majority behind him.
+
+The Ninety-Two Resolutions were introduced by Elzear Bedard, the son of
+Pierre Bedard, and are reputed to have been drawn up by A. N. Morin.
+But there is no doubt that they were inspired by Papineau.  The voice
+was the voice of Jacob, but the hand was the hand of Esau.  The
+Resolutions constituted the political platform of the extreme wing of
+the _Patriote_ party: they were a sort of Declaration of Right.  A more
+extraordinary political document has seldom seen the light.  A writer
+in the Quebec _Mercury_, said by Lord Aylmer to be John Neilson, {39}
+undertook an analysis of the ninety-two articles: eleven, said this
+writer, stood true; six contained both truth and falsehood; sixteen
+stood wholly false; seventeen seemed doubtful and twelve ridiculous;
+seven were repetitions; fourteen consisted only of abuse; four were
+both false and seditious; and the remainder were indifferent.
+
+It is not possible here to analyse the Resolutions in detail.  They
+called the attention of the home government to some real abuses.  The
+subservience of the Legislative Council to the Executive Council; the
+partisanship of some of the judges; the maladministration of the wild
+lands; grave irregularities in the receiver-general's office; the
+concentration of a variety of public offices in the same persons; the
+failure of the governor to issue a writ for the election of a
+representative for the county of Montreal; and the expenditure of
+public moneys without the consent of the Assembly--all these, and many
+others, were enlarged upon.  If the framers of the Resolutions had only
+cared to make out a very strong case they might have done so.  But the
+language which they employed to present their case was almost certainly
+calculated to injure it seriously in the eyes of the home government.
+{40} 'We are in no wise disposed,' they told the king, 'to admit the
+excellence of the present constitution of Canada, although the present
+colonial secretary unseasonably and erroneously asserts that the said
+constitution has conferred on the two Canadas the institutions of Great
+Britain.'  With an extraordinary lack of tact they assured the king
+that Toryism was in America 'without any weight or influence except
+what it derives from its European supporters'; whereas Republicanism
+'overspreads all America.'  Nor did they stop there.  'This House,'
+they announced, 'would esteem itself wanting in candour to Your Majesty
+if it hesitated to call Your Majesty's attention to the fact, that in
+less than twenty years the population of the United States of America
+will be greater than that of Great Britain, and that of British America
+will be greater than that of the former English colonies, when the
+latter deemed that the time was come to decide that the inappreciable
+advantage of being self-governed ought to engage them to repudiate a
+system of colonial government which was, generally speaking, much
+better than that of British America now is.'  This unfortunate
+reference to the American Revolution, with its {41} hardly veiled
+threat of rebellion, was scarcely calculated to commend the Ninety-Two
+Resolutions to the favourable consideration of the British government.
+And when the Resolutions went on to demand, not merely the removal, but
+the impeachment of the governor, Lord Aylmer, it must have seemed to
+unprejudiced bystanders as if the framers of the Resolutions had taken
+leave of their senses.
+
+The Ninety-Two Resolutions do not rank high as a constructive document.
+The chief change in the constitution which they proposed was the
+application of the elective principle to the Legislative Council.  Of
+anything which might be construed into advocacy of a statesmanlike
+project of responsible government there was not a word, save a vague
+allusion to 'the vicious composition and irresponsibility of the
+Executive Council.'  Papineau and his friends had evidently no
+conception of the solution ultimately found for the constitutional
+problem in Canada--a provincial cabinet chosen from the legislature,
+sitting in the legislature, and responsible to the legislature, whose
+advice the governor is bound to accept in regard to provincial affairs.
+Papineau undoubtedly did much to hasten the day of responsible
+government in Canada; {42} but in this process he was in reality an
+unwitting agent.
+
+The Ninety-Two Resolutions secured a majority of fifty-six to
+twenty-four.  But in the minority voted John Neilson, Augustin
+Cuvillier, F. A. Quesnel, and Andrew Stuart, who now definitely broke
+away from Papineau's party.  There are signs, too, that the
+considerable number of Catholic clergy who had openly supported
+Papineau now began to withdraw from the camp of a leader advocating
+such republican and revolutionary ideas.  There is ground also for
+believing that not a little unrest disturbed those who voted with
+Papineau in 1834.  In the next year Elzear Bedard, who had moved the
+Ninety-Two Resolutions, broke with Papineau.  Another seceder was
+Etienne Parent, the editor of the revived _Canadien_, and one of the
+great figures in French-Canadian literature.  Both Bedard and Parent
+were citizens of Quebec, and they carried with them the great body of
+public opinion in the provincial capital.  It will be observed later
+that during the disturbances of 1837 Quebec remained quiet.
+
+None of the seceders abandoned the demand for the redress of
+grievances.  They merely {43} refused to follow Papineau in his extreme
+course.  For this they were assailed with some of the rhetoric which
+had hitherto been reserved for the 'Bureaucrats.'  To them was applied
+the opprobrious epithet of _Chouayens_[1]--a name which had been used
+by Etienne Parent himself in 1828 to describe those French Canadians
+who took sides with the government party.
+
+
+
+
+[1] The name _Chouayen_ or _Chouaguen_ appears to have been first used
+as a term of reproach at the siege of Oswego in 1756.  It is said that
+after the fall of the forts there to Montcalm's armies a number of
+Canadian soldiers arrived too late to take part in the fighting.  By
+the soldiers who had borne the brunt of the battle the late-comers were
+dubbed _Chouaguens_, this being the way the rank and file of the French
+soldiers pronounced the Indian name of Oswego.  Thus the term came to
+mean one who refuses to follow, or who lets others do the fighting and
+keeps out of it himself.  Perhaps the nearest English, or rather
+American, equivalent is the name Mugwump.
+
+
+
+
+{44}
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE ROYAL COMMISSION
+
+A general election followed soon after the passing of the Ninety-Two
+Resolutions and revealed the strength of Papineau's position in the
+country.  All those members of the _Patriote_ party who had opposed the
+Resolutions--Neilson, Cuvillier, Quesnel, Stuart, and two or three
+others--suffered defeat at the polls.  The first division-list in the
+new Assembly showed seventy members voting for Papineau as speaker, and
+only six voting against him.
+
+The Resolutions were forwarded to Westminster, both through the
+Assembly's agent in London and through Lord Aylmer, who received the
+address embodying the Resolutions, despite the fact that they demanded
+his own impeachment.  The British House of Commons appointed a special
+committee to inquire into the grievances of which the Resolutions
+complained; but there followed {45} no immediate action by the
+government.  The years 1834 and 1835 saw much disturbance in British
+politics: there were no less than four successive ministers at the
+Colonial Office.  It was natural that there should be some delay in
+dealing with the troubles of Lower Canada.  In the spring of 1835,
+however, the government made up its mind about the course to pursue.
+It decided to send to Canada a royal commission for the purpose of
+investigating, and if possible settling, the questions in dispute.  It
+was thought advisable to combine in one person the office of chief
+royal commissioner and that of governor of Canada.  To clear the way
+for this arrangement Lord Aylmer was recalled.  But he was expressly
+relieved from all censure: it was merely recognized by the authorities
+that his unfortunate relations with the Assembly made it unlikely that
+he would be able to offer any assistance in a solution of the problem.
+
+The unenviable position of governor and chief royal commissioner was
+offered in turn to several English statesmen and declined by all of
+them.  It was eventually accepted by Lord Gosford, an Irish peer
+without experience in public life.  With him were associated as
+commissioners Sir Charles Grey, afterwards {46} governor of Jamaica,
+and Sir George Gipps, afterwards governor of New South Wales.  These
+two men were evidently intended to offset each other: Grey was commonly
+rated as a Tory, while Gipps was a Liberal.  Lord Gosford's appointment
+caused much surprise.  He was a stranger in politics and in civil
+government.  There is no doubt that his appointment was a last
+resource.  But his Irish geniality and his facility in being all things
+to all men were no small recommendations for a governor who was to
+attempt to set things right in Canada.
+
+The policy of Lord Glenelg, the colonial secretary during Gosford's
+period of office, was to do everything in his power to conciliate the
+Canadian _Patriotes_, short of making any real constitutional
+concessions.  By means of a conciliatory attitude he hoped to induce
+them to abate some of their demands.  There is, indeed, evidence that
+he was personally willing to go further: he seems to have proposed to
+William IV that the French Canadians should be granted, as they
+desired, an elective Legislative Council; but the staunch old Tory king
+would not hear of the change.  'The king objects on principle,' the
+ministers were told, 'and upon what he {47} considers sound
+constitutional principle, to the adoption of the elective principle in
+the constitution of the legislative councils in the colonies.'  In 1836
+the king had not yet become a negligible factor in determining the
+policy of the government; and the idea was dropped.
+
+Lord Gosford arrived in Canada at the end of the summer of 1835 to find
+himself confronted with a discouraging state of affairs.  A short
+session of the Assembly in the earlier part of the year had been marked
+by unprecedented violence.  Papineau had attacked Lord Aylmer in
+language breathing passion; and had caused Lord Aylmer's reply to the
+address of the Assembly containing the Ninety-Two Resolutions to be
+expunged from the journals of the House as 'an insult cast at the whole
+nation.'  Papineau had professed himself hopeless of any amendment of
+grievances by Great Britain.  'When Reform ministries, who called
+themselves our friends,' he said, 'have been deaf to our complaints,
+can we hope that a Tory ministry, the enemy of Reform, will give us a
+better hearing?  We have nothing to expect from the Tories unless we
+can inspire them with fear or worry them by ceaseless importunity.'  It
+{48} should be observed, however, that in 1835 Papineau explicitly
+disclaimed any intention of stirring up civil war.  When Gugy, one of
+the English members of the Assembly,[1] accused him of such an
+intention, Papineau replied:
+
+
+Mr Gugy has talked to us again about an outbreak and civil war--a
+ridiculous bugbear which is regularly revived every time the House
+protests against these abuses, as it was under Craig, under Dalhousie,
+and still more persistently under the present governor.  Doubtless the
+honourable gentleman, having studied military tactics as a lieutenant
+in the militia--I do not say as a major, for he has been a major only
+for the purposes of the parade-ground and the ball-room--is quite
+competent to judge of the results of a civil war and of the forces of
+the country, but he need not fancy that he can frighten us by hinting
+to us that he will fight in the ranks of the enemy.  All his threats
+are futile, and his fears but the creatures of imagination.
+
+
+Papineau did not yet contemplate an appeal {49} to arms; and of course
+he could not foresee that only two years later Conrad Gugy would be one
+of the first to enter the village of St Eustache after the defeat of
+the _Patriote_ forces.
+
+In spite of the inflamed state of public feeling, Lord Gosford tried to
+put into effect his policy of conciliation.  He sought to win the
+confidence of the French Canadians by presiding at their
+entertainments, by attending the distribution of prizes at their
+seminaries, and by giving balls on their feast days.  He entertained
+lavishly, and his manners toward his guests were decidedly convivial.
+'_Milord_,' exclaimed one of them on one occasion, tapping him on the
+back at a certain stage of the after-dinner conversation, '_milord,
+vous etes bien aimable_.'  'Pardonnez,' replied Gosford; '_c'est le
+vin_.'  Even Papineau was induced to accept the governor's hospitality,
+though there were not wanting those who warned Gosford that Papineau
+was irreconcilable.  'By a wrong-headed and melancholy alchemy,' wrote
+an English officer in Quebec to Gosford, 'he will transmute every
+public concession into a demand for more, in a ratio equal to its
+extent; and his disordered moral palate, beneath the blandest smile and
+the {50} softest language, will turn your Burgundy into vinegar.'
+
+The speech with which Lord Gosford opened the session of the
+legislature in the autumn of 1835 was in line with the rest of his
+policy.  He announced his determination to effect the redress of every
+grievance.  In some cases the action of the executive government would
+be sufficient to supply the remedy.  In others the assistance of the
+legislature would be necessary.  A third class of cases would call for
+the sanction of the British parliament.  He promised that no
+discrimination against French Canadians should be made in appointments
+to office.  He expressed the opinion that executive councillors should
+not sit in the legislature.  He announced that the French would be
+guaranteed the use of their native tongue.  He made an earnest plea for
+the settlement of the financial difficulty, and offered some
+concessions.  The legislature should be given control of the hereditary
+revenues of the Crown, if provision were made for the support of the
+executive and the judiciary.  Finally, he made a plea for the
+reconciliation of the French and English races in the country, whom he
+described as 'the offspring of the two foremost nations {51} of
+mankind.'  Not even the most extreme of the _Patriotes_ could fail to
+see that Lord Gosford was holding out to them an olive branch.
+
+Great dissatisfaction, of course, arose among the English in the colony
+at Lord Gosford's policy.  'Constitutional associations,' which had
+been formed in Quebec and Montreal for the defence of the constitution
+and the rights and privileges of the English-speaking inhabitants of
+Canada, expressed gloomy forebodings as to the probable result of the
+policy.  The British in Montreal organized among themselves a volunteer
+rifle corps, eight hundred strong, 'to protect their persons and
+property, and to assist in maintaining the rights and principles
+granted them by the constitution'; and there was much indignation when
+the rifle corps was forced to disband by order of the governor, who
+declared that the constitution was in no danger, and that, even if it
+were, the government would be competent to deal with the situation.
+
+Nor did Gosford find it plain sailing with all the French Canadians.
+Papineau's followers in the House took up at first a distinctly
+independent attitude.  Gosford was informed {52} that the appointment
+of the royal commission was an insult to the Assembly; it threw doubt
+on the assertions which Papineau and his followers had made in
+petitions and resolutions.  If the report of the commissioners turned
+out to be in accord with the views of the House, well and good; but if
+not, that would not influence the attitude of the House.  They would
+not alter their demands.
+
+In spite, however, of the uneasiness of the English official element,
+and the obduracy of the extreme _Patriotes_, it is barely possible that
+Gosford, with his _bonhomie_ and his Burgundy, might have effected a
+modus vivendi, had there not occurred, about six months after Gosford's
+arrival in Canada, one of those unfortunate and unforeseen events which
+upset the best-laid schemes of mice and men.  This was the indiscreet
+action of Sir Francis Bond Head, the newly appointed
+lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, in communicating to the
+legislature of Upper Canada the _ipsissima verba_ of his instructions
+from the Colonial Office.  It was immediately seen that a discrepancy
+existed between the tenor of Sir Francis Bond Head's instructions and
+the tenor of Lord Gosford's speech at the opening of the legislature of
+Lower Canada in 1835.  {53} Sir Francis Bond Head's instructions showed
+beyond peradventure that the British government did not contemplate any
+real constitutional changes in the Canadas; above all, it did not
+propose to yield to the demand for an elective Legislative Council.
+This fact was called to the attention of Papineau and his friends by
+Marshall Spring Bidwell, the speaker of the Assembly of Upper Canada;
+and immediately the fat was in the fire.  Papineau was confirmed in his
+belief that justice could not be hoped for; those who had been won over
+by Gosford's blandishments experienced a revulsion of feeling; and
+Gosford saw the fruit of his efforts vanishing into thin air.
+
+A climax came over the question of supply.  Lord Gosford had asked the
+Assembly to vote a permanent civil list, in view of the fact that the
+government offered to hand over to the control of the legislature the
+casual and territorial revenues of the Crown.  But the publication of
+Sir Francis Bond Head's instructions effectually destroyed any hope of
+this compromise being accepted.  In the session of the House which was
+held in the early part of 1836, Papineau and his friends not only
+refused to vote a permanent civil {54} list; they declined to grant
+more than six months' supply in any case; and with this they made the
+threat that if the demands of the _Patriotes_ were not met at the end
+of the six months, no more supplies would be voted.  This action was
+deemed so unsatisfactory that the Legislative Council threw out the
+bill of supply.  The result was widespread distress among the public
+officials of the colony.  This was the fourth year in which no
+provision had been made for the upkeep of government.  In 1833 the bill
+of supply had been so cumbered with conditions that it had been
+rejected by the Legislative Council.  In 1834, owing to disputes
+between the Executive and the Assembly, the legislature had separated
+without a vote on the estimates.  In 1835 the Assembly had declined to
+make any vote of supply.  In earlier years the Executive had been able,
+owing to its control of certain royal and imperial revenues, to carry
+on the government after a fashion under such circumstances; but since
+it had transferred a large part of these revenues to the control of the
+legislature, it was no longer able to meet the situation.  Papineau and
+his friends doubtless recognized that they now had the 'Bureaucrats' at
+their mercy; and {55} they seem to have made up their minds to achieve
+the full measure of their demands, or make government impossible by
+withholding the supplies, no matter what suffering this course might
+inflict on the families of the public servants.
+
+In the autumn of 1836 the royal commissioners brought their labours to
+a close.  Lord Gosford, it is true, remained in the colony as governor
+until the beginning of 1838, and Sir George Gipps remained until the
+beginning of 1837, but Sir Charles Grey left for England in November
+1836 with the last of the commissioners' reports.  These reports, which
+were six in number, exercised little direct influence upon the course
+of events in Canada.  The commissioners pronounced against the
+introduction of responsible government, in the modern sense of the
+term, on the ground that it would be incompatible with the status of a
+colony.  They advised against the project of an elective Legislative
+Council.  In the event of a crisis arising, they submitted the question
+whether the total suspension of the constitution would not be less
+objectionable than any partial interference with the particular
+clauses.  It is evident from the reports that the commissioners had
+{56} bravely survived their earlier view that the discontented
+Canadians might be won over by unctuous blandishments alone.  They
+could not avoid the conclusion that this policy had failed.
+
+
+
+[1] He was really of Swiss extraction.
+
+
+
+
+{57}
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+THE RUSSELL RESOLUTIONS
+
+When the legislature of Lower Canada met in the autumn of 1836, Lord
+Gosford earnestly called its attention to the estimates of the current
+year and the accounts showing the arrears unpaid.  Six months, however,
+had passed by, and there was no sign of the redress of grievances.  The
+royal commission, indeed, had not completed its investigations.  The
+Assembly, therefore, refused once more to vote the necessary supplies.
+'In reference to the demand for a supply,' they told the governor,
+'relying on the salutary maxim, that the correction of abuses and the
+redress of grievances ought to precede the grant thereof, we have been
+of opinion that there is nothing to authorize us to alter our
+resolution of the last session.'
+
+This answer marked the final and indubitable breakdown of the policy of
+conciliation without concession.  This was recognized by {58} Gosford,
+who soon afterwards wrote home asking to be allowed to resign, and
+recommending the appointment of a governor whose hands were 'not
+pledged as mine are to a mild and conciliatory line of policy.'
+
+Two alternatives were now open to the British ministers--either to make
+a complete capitulation to the demands of the _Patriotes_, or to deal
+with the situation in a high-handed way.  They chose the latter course,
+though with some hesitation and perhaps with regret.  On March 6, 1837,
+Lord John Russell, chancellor of the Exchequer in the Melbourne
+administration and one of the most liberal-minded statesmen in England,
+introduced into the House of Commons ten resolutions dealing with the
+affairs of Canada.  These resolutions recited that since 1832 no
+provision had been made by the Assembly of Lower Canada for defraying
+the charges for the administration of justice or for the support of the
+civil government; that the attention of the Assembly had been called to
+the arrears due; and that the Assembly had declined to vote a supply
+until its demands for radical political changes were satisfied.  The
+resolutions declared that though both the bodies in question might be
+improved in respect of their composition, it {59} was inadvisable to
+grant the demand to make the Legislative Council elective, or to
+subject the Executive Council to the responsibility demanded by the
+House of Assembly.  In regard to the financial question, the
+resolutions repeated the offer made by Lord Aylmer and Lord
+Gosford--namely, to hand over to the Assembly the control of the
+hereditary, territorial, and casual revenues of the Crown, on condition
+that the Assembly would grant a permanent civil list.  But the main
+feature of the resolutions was the clause empowering the governor to
+pay out of the public revenues, without authorization of the Assembly,
+the moneys necessary for defraying the cost of government in the
+province up to April 10, 1837.  This, though not exactly a suspension
+of the constitution of Lower Canada and a measure quite legally within
+the competency of the House of Commons, was a flat negative to the
+claim of the Lower-Canadian Assembly to control over the executive
+government, through the power of the purse or otherwise.
+
+A long and important debate in Parliament followed on these
+resolutions.  Some of the chief political leaders of the day took part
+in the discussion.  Daniel O'Connell, the great {60} tribune of the
+Irish people, took up the cudgels for the French Canadians.  Doubtless
+it seemed to him that the French Canadians, like the Irish, were
+victims of Anglo-Saxon tyranny and bigotry.  Sir George Grey, the
+colleague of Gosford, Lord Stanley, a former colonial secretary, and
+William Ewart Gladstone, then a vigorous young Tory, spoke in support
+of the resolutions.  The chief opposition came from the Radical wing of
+the Whig party, headed by Hume and Roebuck; but these members were
+comparatively few in number, and the resolutions were passed by
+overwhelming majorities.
+
+[Illustration: Wolfred Nelson.  From a print in the Chateau de Ramezay.]
+
+As soon as the passage of the resolutions became known in Canada,
+Papineau and his friends began to set the heather on fire.  On May 7,
+1837, the _Patriotes_ held a huge open-air meeting at St Ours, eleven
+miles above Sorel on the river Richelieu.  The chief organizer of the
+meeting was Dr Wolfred Nelson, a member of the Assembly living in the
+neighbouring village of St Denis, who was destined to be one of the
+leaders of the revolt at the end of the year.  Papineau himself was
+present at the meeting and he spoke in his usual violent strain.  He
+submitted a resolution declaring that 'we cannot but {61} consider a
+government which has recourse to injustice, to force, and to a
+violation of the social contract, anything else than an oppressive
+government, a government by force, for which the measure of our
+submission should henceforth be simply the measure of our numerical
+strength, in combination with the sympathy we may find elsewhere.'  At
+St Laurent a week later he used language no less dangerous.  'The
+Russell resolutions,' he cried, 'are a foul stain; the people should
+not, and will not, submit to them; the people must transmit their just
+rights to their posterity, even though it cost them their property and
+their lives to do so.'
+
+These meetings were prototypes of many that followed.  All over the
+province the _Patriotes_ met together to protest against what they
+called 'coercion.'  As a rule the meetings were held in the country
+parishes after church on Sunday, when the habitants were gathered
+together.  Most inflammatory language was used, and flags and placards
+were displayed bearing such devices as '_Papineau et le systeme
+electif_,' '_Papineau et l'independence_,' and '_A bas le despotisme_.'
+Alarmed by such language, Lord Gosford issued on June 15 a proclamation
+calling on all loyal {62} subjects to discountenance writings of a
+seditious tendency, and to avoid meetings of a turbulent or political
+character.  But the proclamation produced no abatement in the
+agitation; it merely offered one more subject for denunciation.
+
+During this period Papineau and his friends continually drew their
+inspiration from the procedure of the Whigs in the American colonies
+before 1776.  The resolutions of the _Patriotes_ recalled the language
+of the Declaration of Independence.  One of the first measures of the
+Americans had been to boycott English goods; one of the first measures
+of the _Patriotes_ was a resolution passed at St Ours binding them to
+forswear the use of imported English goods and to use only the products
+of Canadian industry.  At the short and abortive session of the
+legislature which took place at the end of the summer of 1837, nearly
+all the members of the Assembly appeared in clothes made of Canadian
+frieze.  The shifts of some of the members to avoid wearing English
+imported articles were rather amusing.  'Mr Rodier's dress,' said the
+Quebec _Mercury_, 'excited the greatest attention, being unique with
+the exception of a pair of Berlin gloves, viz.: frock coat of {63}
+granite colored _etoffe du pays_; inexpressibles and vest of the same
+material, striped blue and white; straw hat, and beef shoes, with a
+pair of home-made socks, completed the _outre_ attire.  Mr Rodier, it
+was remarked, had no shirt on, having doubtless been unable to smuggle
+or manufacture one.'  But Louis LaFontaine and 'Beau' Viger limited
+their patriotism, it appears, to the wearing of Canadian-made
+waistcoats.  The imitation of the American revolutionists did not end
+here.  If the New England colonies had their 'Sons of Liberty,' Lower
+Canada had its '_Fils de la Liberte_'--an association formed in
+Montreal in the autumn of 1837.  And the Lower Canada Patriotes
+outstripped the New England patriots in the republican character of
+their utterances.  'Our only hope,' announced _La Minerve_, 'is to
+elect our governor ourselves, or, in other words, to cease to belong to
+the British Empire.'  A manifesto of some of the younger spirits of the
+_Patriote_ party, issued on October 1, 1837, spoke of 'proud designs,
+which in our day must emancipate our beloved country from all human
+authority except that of the bold democracy residing within its bosom.'
+To add point to these opinions, there sprang up all over the country
+{64} volunteer companies of armed _Patriotes_, led and organized by
+militia officers who had been dismissed for seditious utterances.
+
+Naturally, this situation caused much concern among the loyal people of
+the country.  Loyalist meetings were held in Quebec and Montreal, to
+offset the _Patriote_ meetings; and an attempt was made to form a
+loyalist rifle corps in Montreal.  The attempt failed owing to the
+opposition of the governor, who was afraid that such a step would
+merely aggravate the situation.  Not even Gosford, however, was blind
+to the seriousness of the situation.  He wrote to the colonial
+secretary on September 2, 1837, that all hope of conciliation had
+passed.  Papineau's aims were now the separation of Canada from England
+and the establishment of a republican form of government.  'I am
+disposed to think,' he concluded, 'that you may be under the necessity
+of suspending the constitution.'
+
+It was at this time that the Church first threw its weight openly
+against the revolutionary movement.  The British government had
+accorded to Catholics in Canada a measure of liberty at once just and
+generous; and the bishops and clergy were not slow to see that under a
+republican form of government, {65} whether as a state in the American
+Union or as an independent _nation canadienne_, they might be much
+worse off, and would not be any better off, than under the dominion of
+Great Britain.  In the summer of 1837 Mgr Lartigue, the bishop of
+Montreal, addressed a communication to the clergy of his diocese asking
+them to keep the people within the path of duty.  In October he
+followed this up by a Pastoral Letter, to be read in all the churches,
+warning the people against the sin of rebellion.  He held over those
+who contemplated rebellion the penalties of the Church: 'The present
+question amounts to nothing less than this--whether you will choose to
+maintain, or whether you will choose to abandon, the laws of your
+religion.'
+
+The ecclesiastical authorities were roused to action by a great meeting
+held on October 23, at St Charles on the Richelieu, the largest and
+most imposing of all the meetings thus far.  Five or six thousand
+people attended it, representing all the counties about the Richelieu.
+The proceedings were admirably staged.  Dr Wolfred Nelson was in the
+chair, but Papineau was the central figure.  A company of armed men,
+headed by two militia officers who had been dismissed for disloyalty,
+and {66} drawn up as a guard, saluted every resolution of the meeting
+with a volley.  A wooden pillar, with a cap of liberty on top, was
+erected, and dedicated to Papineau.  At the end of the proceedings
+Papineau was led up to the column to receive an address.  After this
+all present marched past singing popular airs; and each man placed his
+hand on the column, swearing to be faithful to the cause of his
+country, and to conquer or die for her.  All this, of course, was
+comparatively innocent.  The resolutions, too, were not more violent
+than many others which had been passed elsewhere.  Nor did Papineau use
+language more extreme than usual.  Many of the _Patriotes_, indeed,
+considered his speech too moderate.  He deprecated any recourse to arms
+and advised his hearers merely to boycott English goods, in order to
+bring the government to righteousness.  But some of his lieutenants
+used language which seemed dangerous.  Roused by the eloquence of their
+leader, they went further than he would venture, and advocated an
+appeal to the arbitrament of war.  'The time has come,' cried Wolfred
+Nelson, 'to melt our spoons into bullets.'
+
+The exact attitude of Papineau during {67} these months of agitation is
+difficult to determine.  He does not seem to have been quite clear as
+to what course he should pursue.  He had completely lost faith in
+British justice.  He earnestly desired the emancipation of Canada from
+British rule and the establishment of a republican system of
+government.  But he could not make up his mind to commit himself to
+armed rebellion.  'I must say, however,' he had announced at St
+Laurent, 'and it is neither fear nor scruple that makes me do so, that
+the day has not yet come for us to respond to that appeal.'  The same
+attitude is apparent, in spite of the haughty and defiant language, in
+the letter which he addressed to the governor's secretary in answer to
+an inquiry as to what he had said at St Laurent:
+
+
+SIR,--The pretension of the governor to interrogate me respecting my
+conduct at St Laurent on the 15th of May last is an impertinence which
+I repel with contempt and silence.
+
+I, however, take the pen merely to tell the governor that it is false
+that any of the resolutions adopted at the meeting of the county of
+Montreal, held at St Laurent {68} on the 15th May last, recommend a
+violation of the laws, as in his ignorance he may believe, or as he at
+least asserts.--Your obedient servant,
+
+L. J. PAPINEAU.
+
+
+At St Charles Papineau was even more precise in repudiating revolution;
+and there is no evidence that, when rebellion was decided upon,
+Papineau played any important part in laying the plans.  In later years
+he was always emphatic in denying that the rebellion of 1837 had been
+primarily his handiwork.  'I was,' he said in 1847, 'neither more nor
+less guilty, nor more nor less deserving, than a great number of my
+colleagues.'  The truth seems to be that Papineau always balked a
+little at the idea of armed rebellion, and that he was carried off his
+feet at the end of 1837 by his younger associates, whose enthusiasm he
+himself had inspired.  He had raised the wind, but he could not ride
+the whirlwind.
+
+[Illustration: South-Western Lower Canada, 1837.]
+
+
+
+
+{69}
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THE DOGS OF WAR
+
+As the autumn of 1837 wore on, the situation in Lower Canada began to
+assume an aspect more and more threatening.  In spite of a proclamation
+from the governor forbidding such meetings, the _Patriotes_ continued
+to gather for military drill and musketry exercises.  Armed bands went
+about the countryside, in many places intimidating the loyalists and
+forcing loyal magistrates and militia officers to send in their
+resignations to the governor.  As early as July some of the Scottish
+settlers at Cote St Joseph, near St Eustache, had fled from their
+homes, leaving their property to its fate.  Several houses at Cote St
+Mary had been fired upon or broken into.  A letter of Sir John
+Colborne, the commander of the forces in British North America, written
+on October 6, shows what the state of affairs was at that time:
+
+
+In my correspondence with Col. Eden I have had occasion to refer to the
+facts {70} and reports that establish the decided character which the
+agitators have lately assumed.  The people have elected the dismissed
+officers of the militia to command them.  At St Ours a pole has been
+erected in favour of a dismissed captain with this inscription on it,
+'Elu par le peuple.'  At St Hyacinthe the tri-coloured flag was
+displayed for several days.  Two families have quitted the town in
+consequence of the annoyance they received from the patriots.  Wolfred
+Nelson warned the patriots at a public meeting to be ready to arm.  The
+tri-coloured flag is to be seen at two taverns between St Denis and St
+Charles.  Many of the tavern-keepers have discontinued their signs and
+substituted for them an eagle.  The bank notes or promissory notes
+issued at Yamaska have also the same emblem marked on them.  Mr
+Papineau was escorted from Yamaska to St Denis by a numerous retinue,
+and it is said that 200 or 300 carriages accompanied him on his route.
+He has attended five public meetings lately; and at one of them La
+Valtrie, a priest, was insulted in his presence.  The occurrence at St
+Denis was certainly {71} a political affair, a family at St Antoine
+opposed to the proceedings of W. Nelson, having been annoyed by the
+same mob that destroyed the house of Madame St Jacques a few hours
+before the shot was fired from her window.
+
+
+Special animosity was shown toward the Chouayens, those French
+Canadians who had refused to follow Papineau's lead.  P. D. Debartzch,
+a legislative councillor and a former supporter of Papineau, who had
+withdrawn his support after the passing of the Ninety-Two Resolutions,
+was obliged to flee from his home at St Charles; and Dr Quesnel, one of
+the magistrates of L'Acadie, had his house broken into by a mob that
+demanded his resignation as magistrate.
+
+On November 6 rioting broke out in Montreal.  The Doric Club, an
+organization of the young men of English blood in the city, came into
+conflict with the French-Canadian _Fils de la Liberte_.  Which side
+provoked the hostilities, it is now difficult to say.  Certainly, both
+sides were to blame for their behaviour during the day.  The sons of
+liberty broke the windows of prominent loyalists; and the members of
+the Doric Club completely wrecked {72} the office of the _Vindicator_
+newspaper.  It was only when the Riot Act was read, and the troops were
+called out, that the rioting ceased.
+
+Up to this point the _Patriotes_ had not indulged in any overt acts of
+armed rebellion.  Some of their leaders, it is true, had been laying
+plans for a revolt.  So much is known from the correspondence which
+passed between the leading _Patriotes_ in Lower Canada and William Lyon
+Mackenzie, the leader of the rebellion in Upper Canada.  Thomas Storrow
+Brown, one of Papineau's lieutenants, wrote to Mackenzie asking him to
+start the ball rolling in Upper Canada first, in order to draw off some
+of the troops which Sir John Colborne had massed in Lower Canada.  But
+all calculations were now upset by events which rapidly precipitated
+the crisis in the lower province.
+
+Soon after the fracas in the streets of Montreal between the Doric Club
+and the _Fils de la Liberte_, a priest named Quibilier waited on
+Papineau, and advised him, since his presence in Montreal had become a
+source of disturbance, to leave the city.  Whether he came as an
+emissary from the ecclesiastical authorities or merely as a friend is
+not clear.  At any rate, Papineau accepted his advice, {73} and
+immediately set out for St Hyacinthe.  The result was most unfortunate.
+The government, thinking that Papineau had left the city for the
+purpose of stirring up trouble in the Richelieu district, promptly
+issued warrants for the arrest of Papineau and some of his chief
+lieutenants, Dr Wolfred Nelson, Thomas Storrow Brown, Edmund Bailey
+O'Callaghan, and several others.
+
+Meanwhile, on the day that these warrants for arrest were being issued
+(November 16), a skirmish took place between a small party of British
+troopers and a band of _Patriotes_ on the road between Chambly and
+Longueuil--a skirmish which may be described as the Lexington of the
+Lower Canada rebellion.  The troopers, under Lieutenant Ermatinger, had
+been sent to St Johns to arrest two French Canadians, named Demaray and
+Davignon, who had been intimidating the magistrates.  The arrest had
+been effected, and the party were on their way back to Montreal, when
+they were confronted by an armed company of _Patriotes_, under the
+command of Bonaventure Viger, who demanded the release of the
+prisoners.  A brisk skirmish ensued, in which several on both sides
+were wounded.  The troopers, outnumbered by at least five {74} to one,
+and having nothing but pistols with which to reply to the fire of
+muskets and fowling-pieces, were easily routed; and the two prisoners
+were liberated.
+
+The news of this affair spread rapidly through the parishes, and
+greatly encouraged the _Patriotes_ to resist the arrest of Papineau and
+his lieutenants.  Papineau, Nelson, Brown, and O'Callaghan had all
+evaded the sheriff's officer, and had taken refuge in the country about
+the Richelieu, the heart of the revolutionary district.  In a day or
+two word came to Montreal that considerable numbers of armed habitants
+had gathered at the villages of St Denis and St Charles, evidently with
+the intention of preventing the arrest of their leaders.  The force at
+St Denis was under the command of Wolfred Nelson, and that at St
+Charles was under the command of Thomas Storrow Brown.  How these
+self-styled 'generals' came to be appointed is somewhat of a mystery.
+Brown, at any rate, seems to have been chosen for the position on the
+spur of the moment.  'A mere accident took me to St Charles,' he wrote
+afterwards, 'and put me at the head of a revolting force.'
+
+Sir John Colborne, who was in command of the British military forces,
+immediately {75} determined to disperse these gatherings by force and
+to arrest their leaders.  His plan of campaign was as follows.  A force
+consisting of one regiment of infantry, a troop of the Montreal
+Volunteer Cavalry, and two light field-guns, under the command of
+Lieutenant-Colonel Wetherall, had already been dispatched to Chambly by
+way of the road on which the rescue of Demaray and Davignon had taken
+place.  This force would advance on St Charles.  Another force,
+consisting of five companies of the 24th regiment, with a
+twelve-pounder, under Colonel Charles Gore, a Waterloo veteran, would
+proceed by boat to Sorel.  There it was to be joined by one company of
+the 66th regiment, then in garrison at Sorel, and the combined force
+would march on St Denis.  After having dispersed the rebels at St
+Denis, which was thought not to be strongly held, the little army was
+to proceed to St Charles, where it would be joined by the force under
+Wetherall.
+
+At eight o'clock on the evening of November 22, Colonel Gore set out
+with his men from the barrack-square at Sorel for St Denis.  The
+journey was one of eighteen miles; and in order to avoid St Ours, which
+was held by the _Patriotes_, Gore turned away from the main {76} road
+along the Richelieu to make a detour.  This led his troops over very
+bad roads.  The night was dark and rain poured down in torrents.  'I
+got a lantern,' wrote one of Gore's aides-de-camp afterwards, 'fastened
+it to the top of a pole, and had it carried in front of the column; but
+what with horses and men sinking in the mud, harness breaking, wading
+through water and winding through woods, the little force soon got
+separated, those in the rear lost sight of the light, and great delays
+and difficulties were experienced.  Towards morning the rain changed to
+snow, it became very cold, and daybreak found the unfortunate column
+still floundering in the half-frozen mud four miles from St Denis.'
+
+Meanwhile word had reached the rebels of the coming of the soldiers.
+At daybreak Dr Wolfred Nelson had ridden out to reconnoitre, and had
+succeeded in destroying several bridges.  As the soldiers approached St
+Denis they heard the church bells ringing the alarm; and it was not
+long before they found that the village was strongly defended.  After
+capturing some of the houses on the outskirts of the village, they were
+halted by a stockade built across the road covered by a large brick
+house, well fortified on all sides.  The commander of {77} the troops
+brought reinforcements up to the firing line, and the twelve-pounder
+came into action.  But the assailants made very little impression on
+the defence.  Although the engagement lasted for more than five hours,
+the troops succeeded in capturing nothing more than one of the flanking
+houses.  The ammunition of the British was running low, and the numbers
+of the insurgents seemed to be increasing.  Colonel Gore therefore
+deemed it advisable to retire.  By some strange oversight the British
+were without any ambulance or transport of any kind; and they were
+compelled to leave their dead and wounded behind them.  Their
+casualties were six killed and eighteen wounded.  The wounded, it is a
+pleasure to be able to say, were well looked after by the victorious
+_Patriotes_.
+
+The British effected their retreat with great steadiness, despite the
+fact that the men had had no food since the previous day and had been
+marching all night.  They were compelled to abandon their
+twelve-pounder in the mud; but they reached St Ours that night without
+further loss.  The next day they were back at Sorel.
+
+The number of the insurgents at St Denis has never been accurately
+ascertained; {78} probably they were considerably in excess of the
+troops.  Their position was one of great strength, and good judgment
+had been shown in fortifying it.  On the other hand, with the exception
+of a few veterans of Major de Salaberry's Voltigeurs, they were
+untrained in war; and their muskets and fowling-pieces were much
+inferior to the rifles of the regulars.  Their victory, it must be
+said, reflected great credit upon them; although their losses had been
+twice as great as those of the soldiers,[1] these peasants in homespun
+had stood their ground with a courage and steadiness which would have
+honoured old campaigners.  The same, unfortunately, cannot be said
+about some of their leaders.  Papineau and O'Callaghan were present in
+St Denis when the attack began; but before the morning was well
+advanced, they had departed for St Hyacinthe, whence they later fled to
+the United States.  Papineau always declared that he had taken this
+action at the {79} solicitation of Wolfred Nelson, who had said to him:
+'Do not expose yourself uselessly: you will be of more service to us
+after the fight than here.'  In later days, however, when political
+differences had arisen between the two men, Nelson denied having given
+Papineau any such advice.  It is very difficult to know the truth.  But
+even if Nelson did advise Papineau to leave, it cannot be said that
+Papineau consulted his own reputation in accepting the advice.  He was
+not a person without military experience: he had been a major in the
+militia, and was probably superior in rank to any one in the village.
+His place was with the brave farmers who had taken up arms on his
+behalf.
+
+An episode in connection with the attack on St Denis left a dark stain
+on the _Patriote_ escutcheon and embittered greatly the relations
+between the two races in Canada.  This was the murder, on the morning
+of the fight, of Lieutenant Weir, a subaltern in the 32nd regiment, who
+had been sent with dispatches to Sorel by land.  He had reached Sorel
+half an hour after Colonel Gore and his men had departed for St Denis.
+In attempting to catch up with Gore's column he had taken the direct
+road to St Denis and had arrived there {80} in advance of the British
+troops.  On approaching the village he was arrested, and by Wolfred
+Nelson's orders placed in detention.  As the British attack developed,
+it was thought better by those who had him in charge to remove him to
+St Charles.  They bound him tightly and placed him in a wagon.  Hardly
+had they started when he made an attempt to escape.  In this emergency
+his warders seem to have lost their heads.  In spite of the fact that
+Weir was tightly bound and could do no harm, they fell upon him with
+swords and pistols, and in a short time dispatched him.  Then, appalled
+at what they had done, they attempted to hide the body.  When the
+British troops entered St Denis a week later, they found the body
+lying, weighted down with stones, in the Richelieu river under about
+two feet of water.  The autopsy disclosed the brutality with which Weir
+had been murdered; and the sight of the body so infuriated the soldiers
+that they gave the greater part of the village of St Denis to the
+flames.  In the later phases of the rebellion the slogan of the British
+soldiers was, 'Remember Jack Weir.'
+
+Another atrocious murder even more unpardonable than that of Weir was
+perpetrated {81} a few days later.  On November 28 some _Patriotes_
+near St Johns captured a man by the name of Chartrand, who was enlisted
+in a loyal volunteer corps of the district.  After a mock trial
+Chartrand was tied to a tree and shot by his own countrymen.
+
+
+
+[1] According to a report twelve _Patriotes_ lost their lives during
+the engagement.  Among them was Charles Ovide Perrault, member of the
+Assembly for Vaudreuil, a young barrister of considerable promise.  He
+seems to have been Papineau's closest follower and confidant During the
+last sessions of the Lower Canada legislature Perrault contributed many
+letters to _La Minerve_.
+
+
+
+
+{82}
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+_FORCE MAJEURE_
+
+The check administered to Colonel Gore's column at St Denis, in the
+first engagement of the rebellion, was the only victory which fell to
+the rebel forces.  In the meantime Lieutenant-Colonel Wetherall, with
+several companies of infantry, a troop of volunteer cavalry, and two
+field-guns, was marching on St Charles.  On the evening of November 22
+Major Gugy, the leader of the English party in the Assembly, had
+brought to Wetherall at Chambly instructions to advance down the
+Richelieu and attack the rebel position at St Charles in the morning.
+He set out accordingly at about the hour when Gore headed his forces up
+the river from Sorel.  But, while Gore carried out his orders to the
+letter and reached St Denis on the morning of the 23rd, Wetherall
+allowed himself some latitude in interpreting his instructions.  This
+was largely due to the advice of Gugy, if we are to believe {83} the
+account which Gugy has left us.  'In the first place,' it runs, 'not
+one of the force knew anything of the roads or people, nor do I believe
+that more than one spoke French....  The storm raged so fearfully, the
+rain poured in such torrents, and the frost set in afterwards so
+intensely, that ... men and horses were equally fatigued ... all so
+exhausted as to be unable to cope, on broken or woody ground,
+successfully with any resolute enemy....  I learned that we had marched
+without a dollar, without a loaf of bread, without a commissary, and
+without a spare cartridge--a pretty predicament in an enemy's country,
+surrounded by thousands of armed men.'  It was apparent to Gugy that
+Sir John Colborne, in issuing his orders, had greatly underestimated
+the difficulty of the task he was setting for the troops.  After
+crossing the river above the Chambly Basin, Gugy therefore induced
+Wetherall to halt until daylight; and, turning himself into a
+commissary, he billeted the men and horses in the neighbouring houses
+and stables.
+
+The next day about noon the column reached St Hilaire, some seven miles
+from St Charles.  Here Wetherall obtained information which led him to
+fear that Gore {84} had met with some kind of check; and he was
+persuaded to send back to Chambly for a reinforcement of one company
+which had been left in garrison there.  His messenger reached Chambly
+at four o'clock on the morning of the 24th.  Major Warde, the
+commandant at Chambly, at once embarked his company on a scow and
+dropped down the river to St Hilaire; but he arrived too late to allow
+of any further action that day, and it was not until the morning of the
+25th that the column moved on St Charles.
+
+Meanwhile, the rebels had been making preparations for defence.  They
+had fortified the manor-house of Debartzch, who had fled to Montreal,
+and built round it a rampart of earth and tree-trunks--a rampart which,
+for some mysterious reason, was never completed.  They appointed as
+commander Thomas Storrow Brown, a Montreal iron-merchant, for whose
+arrest a warrant had been issued and who had fled to St Charles with
+two or three other _Patriote_ politicians.  But Brown had no military
+experience, and was still suffering so severely from injuries received
+in the rioting in Montreal that his proper place was a home for
+convalescents rather than a field of battle.  His appointment can only
+be {85} explained by the non-appearance of the local _Patriote_
+leaders.  'The chief men,' Brown testified afterwards, 'were, with two
+or three exceptions, absent or hiding.'  It is evident that the British
+authorities expected to meet with the strongest opposition at St
+Charles, since that place had been the scene of the great demonstration
+earlier in the year.  But, as a matter of fact, the rebel forces at St
+Charles were much less formidable than those at St Denis.  Not only
+were they lacking in proper military leadership; they were also fewer
+in number and were, moreover, very inadequately armed.  If Brown's
+statements are to be relied upon, there were not in the rebel camp two
+hundred men.  'Of ammunition,' wrote Brown, 'we had some half dozen
+kegs of gunpowder and a little lead, which was cast into bullets; but
+as the fire-arms were of every calibre, the cartridges made were too
+large for many, which were consequently useless.  We had two small
+rusty field-pieces, but with neither carriages nor appointments they
+were as useless as two logs.  There was one old musket, but not a
+bayonet.  The fire-arms were common flintlocks, in all conditions of
+dilapidation, some tied together with string, and very many with {86}
+lock-springs so worn out that they could not be discharged.'
+
+On the 24th Brown made a reconnaissance in the direction of St Hilaire.
+He destroyed a bridge over a ravine some distance to the south of St
+Charles, and placed above it an outpost with orders to prevent a
+reconstruction of the bridge.  But when the British troops appeared on
+the morning of the 25th, this and other outlying pickets fell back
+without making any resistance.  They probably saw that they were so
+outnumbered that resistance would be hopeless.  On the approach of the
+troops Brown at first assumed an attitude of confidence.  A messenger
+came from Wetherall, 'a respectable old habitant,' to tell the rebels
+that if they dispersed quietly, they would not be molested.  Brown
+treated the message as a confession of weakness.  'I at once supposed,'
+he said, 'that, followed in the rear by our friends from above, they
+were seeking a free passage to Sorel, and determined to send a message,
+that _if they would lay down their arms, they should pass unmolested_.'
+This message does not seem to have reached its destination.  And hardly
+had the engagement opened when Brown quickly changed his tune.  'To go
+forward {87} was useless, as I could order nothing but a
+retreat--without it the people commenced retiring.  I tried to rally
+the little squads, my only hope being in keeping together the
+fowling-pieces we had collected, but finding, after a long trial, my
+strength and authority insufficient, I considered my command gone,
+turned my horse, and rode to ... St Denis (seven or eight miles), where
+... I arrived about nightfall.'
+
+The engagement lasted less than an hour.  The rebels, or at any rate
+those of them who were armed, seem to have been outnumbered by the
+soldiers, of whom there were between three and four hundred.  But the
+fighting was apparently brisk while it lasted.  The British lost three
+killed and eighteen wounded.  The _Patriote_ losses are not known.  The
+local tradition is that forty-two were killed and many more wounded.
+We know that thirty were taken prisoners on the field.
+
+The defeat of the rebels at St Charles really terminated the rebellion
+in the country about the Richelieu.  When news of the defeat spread
+over the countryside, the _Patriote_ forces immediately disbanded, and
+their leaders sought safety in flight.  Papineau and O'Callaghan, who
+had been at St Hyacinthe, {88} succeeded in getting across the Vermont
+border; but Wolfred Nelson was not so fortunate.  After suffering great
+privations he was captured by some loyalist militia not far from the
+frontier, taken to Montreal, and there lodged in prison.
+
+For some reason which it is difficult to discern, Wetherall did not
+march on from St Charles to effect a pacification of St Denis.  On
+December 1, however, Colonel Gore once more set out from Sorel, and
+entered St Denis the same day.  He found everything quiet.  He
+recovered the howitzer and five of the wounded men he had left behind.
+In spite of the absence of opposition, his men took advantage of the
+occasion to wreak an unfair and un-British vengeance on the helpless
+victors of yesterday.  Goaded to fury by the sight of young Weir's
+mangled body, they set fire to a large part of the village.  Colonel
+Gore afterwards repudiated the charge that he had ordered the burning
+of the houses of the insurgents; but that defence does not absolve him
+from blame.  It is obvious, at any rate, that he did not take adequate
+measures to prevent such excesses; nor was any punishment ever
+administered to those who applied the torch.
+
+{89}
+
+But the end of rebellion was not yet in sight.  Two more encounters
+remain to be described.  The first of these occurred at a place known
+as Moore's Corners, near the Vermont border.  After the collapse at St
+Charles a number of _Patriote_ refugees had gathered at the small town
+of Swanton, a few miles south of Missisquoi Bay, on the American side
+of the boundary-line.  Among them were Dr Cyrile Cote and Edouard
+Rodier, both members of the Lower Canada Assembly; Ludger Duvernay, a
+member of the Assembly and editor of _La Minerve_; Dr Kimber, one of
+the ringleaders in the rescue of Demaray and Davignon; and Robert Shore
+Milnes Bouchette, the descendant of a French-Canadian family long
+conspicuous for its loyalty and its services to the state.  Bouchette's
+grandfather had been instrumental in effecting the escape of Sir Guy
+Carleton from Montreal in 1775, when that place was threatened by the
+forces of Montgomery.  The grandson's social tastes and affiliations
+might have led one to expect that he would have been found in the ranks
+of the loyalists; but the arbitrary policy of the Russell Resolutions
+had driven him into the arms of the extreme _Patriotes_.  Arrested for
+disloyalty at the outbreak of {90} the rebellion, he had been admitted
+to bail and had escaped.  These men, under the belief that the
+habitants would rise and join them, determined upon an armed invasion
+of Canada.  Possibly they believed also that Wolfred Nelson was still
+holding out.  Papineau, it was said, had reported that 'the victor of
+St Denis' was entrenched with a considerable force at St Cesaire on the
+Yamaska.  They therefore collected arms and ammunition, sent emissaries
+through the parishes to the north to rouse the _Patriotes_, and on
+December 6, flying some colours which had been worked for them by the
+enthusiastic ladies of Swanton, they crossed the Canadian border, about
+two hundred strong.  They had two field-pieces and a supply of muskets
+and ammunition for those whom they expected to join the party on
+Canadian soil.
+
+Hardly had the invaders crossed the border when they encountered at
+Moore's Corners a body of the Missisquoi Volunteers, under the command
+of Captain Kemp, who were acting as escort to a convoy of arms and
+ammunition.  Having received warning of the coming of the insurgents,
+Kemp had sent out messengers through the countryside to rouse the
+loyalist {91} population.  To these as they arrived he served out the
+muskets in his wagons.  And when the rebels appeared, about eight
+o'clock at night, he had a force at his disposal of at least three
+hundred men, all well armed.
+
+There is reason for believing that Kemp might have succeeded in
+ambushing the advancing force, had not some of his men, untrained
+volunteers with muskets in their hands for the first time, opened fire
+prematurely.  The rebels returned the fire, and a fusillade continued
+for ten or fifteen minutes.  But the rebels, on perceiving that they
+had met a superior force, retired in great haste, leaving behind them
+one dead and two wounded.  One of the wounded was Bouchette, who had
+been in command of the advance-guard.  The rebels abandoned also their
+two field-pieces, about forty stand of arms, five kegs of gunpowder,
+and six boxes of ball-cartridge, as well as two standards.  Among the
+loyalists there were no casualties whatever.  Only three of the rebels
+were taken prisoner besides the two wounded, a fact which Kemp
+explained by several factors--the undisciplined state of the loyalists,
+the darkness of the night, the vicinity of woods, and the proximity of
+the boundary-line, {92} beyond which he did not allow the pursuit to
+go.  The 'battle' of Moore's Corners was in truth an excellent farce;
+but there is no doubt that it prevented what might have been a more
+serious encounter had the rebel column reached the neighbourhood of St
+Johns, where many of the _Patriotes_ were in readiness to join them.
+
+A few days later, in a part of the province some distance removed from
+the Richelieu river and the Vermont border, there occurred another
+collision, perhaps the most formidable of the whole rebellion.  This
+was at the village of St Eustache, in the county of Two Mountains,
+about eighteen miles north-west of Montreal.  The county of Two
+Mountains had long been known as a stronghold of the extreme
+_Patriotes_.  The local member, W. H. Scott, was a supporter of
+Papineau, and had a large and enthusiastic following.  He was not,
+however, a leader in the troubles that ensued.  The chief organizer of
+revolt in St Eustache and the surrounding country was a mysterious
+adventurer named Amury Girod, who arrived in St Eustache toward the end
+of November with credentials, it would seem from Papineau, assigning to
+him the task of superintending the _Patriote_ cause {93} in the north.
+About Girod very little is known.  He is variously described as having
+been a Swiss, an Alsatian, and a native of Louisiana.  According to his
+own statement, he had been at one time a lieutenant-colonel of cavalry
+in Mexico.  He was well educated, could speak fluently several
+languages, had a bold and plausible manner, and succeeded in imposing,
+not only upon the _Patriote_ leaders, but upon the people of St
+Eustache.  He found a capable and dauntless supporter in Dr J. O.
+Chenier, the young physician of the village.  Chenier was one of the
+few leaders of the revolt whose courage challenges admiration; and it
+is fitting that to-day a monument, bearing the simple inscription
+CHENIER, should stand in the Place Viger in Montreal, among the people
+for whom, though misguidedly and recklessly, he laid down his life.
+
+To St Eustache, on Sunday, November 26, came the news of Wolfred
+Nelson's victory at St Denis.  On Monday and Tuesday bands of
+_Patriotes_ went about the countryside, terrorizing and disarming the
+loyalists and compelling the faint-hearted to join in the rising.  On
+Wednesday night the rebels gathered to the number of about four hundred
+{94} in St Eustache, and got noisily drunk (_s'y enivrerent
+bruyamment_).  They then proceeded, under the command of Girod and
+Chenier, to the Indian mission settlement at the Lake of Two Mountains.
+Here they broke into the government stores and possessed themselves of
+some guns and ammunition.  They next made themselves unwelcome to the
+superior of the mission, the Abbe Dufresne, and, in spite of his
+protestations, carried off from the mission-house a three-pounder gun.
+On their return to St Eustache they forcibly entered the convent which
+had been lately completed, though it was not yet occupied, and camped
+there.
+
+The loyalists who were forced to flee from the village carried the news
+of these proceedings to Montreal; but Sir John Colborne was unwilling
+to take any steps to subdue the _Patriotes_ of St Eustache until the
+insurrection on the Richelieu had been thoroughly crushed.  All he did
+was to send a detachment of volunteers to guard the Bord a Plouffe
+bridge at the northern end of the island of Montreal.
+
+On Sunday, December 3, word reached St Eustache of the defeat of the
+insurgents at St Charles.  This had a moderating influence on many of
+the _Patriotes_.  All week the Abbe {95} Paquin, parish priest of St
+Eustache, had been urging the insurgents to go back quietly to their
+homes.  He now renewed his exhortations.  He begged Chenier to cease
+his revolutionary conduct.  Chenier, however, was immovable.  He
+refused to believe that the rebels at St Charles had been dispersed,
+and announced his determination to die with arms in his hands rather
+than surrender.  'You might as well try to seize the moon with your
+teeth,' he exclaimed, 'as to try to shake my resolve.'
+
+The events of the days that followed cannot be chronicled in detail.
+When the Abbe Paquin and his vicar Deseves sought to leave the parish,
+Girod and Chenier virtually placed them under arrest.  The abbe did not
+mince matters with Chenier.  'I accuse you before God and man,' he
+said, 'of being the author of these misfortunes.'  When some of the
+habitants came to him complaining that they had been forced against
+their will to join the rebels, he reminded them of the English proverb:
+'You may lead a horse to the water, but you cannot make him drink.'
+Unfortunately, the Abbe Paquin's good influence was counteracted by
+that of the Abbe Chartier, the cure of the neighbouring village of St
+{96} Benoit, a rare case of an ecclesiastic lending his support to the
+rebel movement, in direct contravention of the orders of his superiors.
+On several occasions the Abbe Chartier came over to St Eustache and
+delivered inflammatory addresses to the rebel levies.
+
+The vicar Deseves has left us a vivid picture of the life which the
+rebels led.  No attempt was made to drill them or to exercise
+discipline.  Time hung heavy on their hands.  He continually saw them,
+he says, passing through the village in knots of five or six, carrying
+rusty guns out of order, smoking short black pipes, and wearing blue
+_tuques_ which hung half-way down their backs, clothes of _etoffe du
+pays_, and leather mittens.  They helped themselves to all the strong
+drink they could lay their hands on, and their gait showed the
+influence of their potations.  Their chief aim in life seemed to be to
+steal, to drink, to eat, to dance, and to quarrel.  With regard to the
+morrow, they lived in a fool's paradise.  They seem to have believed
+that the troops would not dare to come out to meet them, and that when
+their leaders should give the word they would advance on Montreal and
+take it without difficulty.  Their numbers during this period showed a
+good deal of {97} fluctuation.  Ultimately Girod succeeded in gathering
+about him nearly a thousand men.  Not all these, however, were armed;
+according to Deseves a great many of them had no weapons but sticks and
+stones.
+
+By December 13 Sir John Colborne was ready to move.  He had provided
+himself with a force strong enough to crush an enemy several times more
+numerous than the insurgents led by Girod and Chenier.  His column was
+composed of the 1st Royals, the 32nd regiment, the 83rd regiment, the
+Montreal Volunteer Rifles, Globensky and Leclerc's Volunteers, a strong
+force of cavalry--in all, over two thousand men, supported by eight
+pieces of field artillery and well supplied with provision and
+ammunition transport.
+
+The troops bivouacked for the night at St Martin, and advanced on the
+morning of the 14th.  The main body crossed the Mille Isles river on
+the ice about four miles to the east of St Eustache, and then moved
+westward along the St Rose road.  A detachment of Globensky's
+Volunteers, however, followed the direct road to St Eustache, and came
+out on the south side of the river opposite the village, in full view
+of the rebels.  Chenier, at the head of a hundred and fifty men,
+crossed the {98} ice, and was on the point of coming to close quarters
+with the volunteers when the main body of the loyalists appeared to the
+east.  Thereupon Chenier and his men beat a hasty retreat, and made
+hurried preparations for defending the village.  The church, the
+convent, the presbytery, and the house of the member of the Assembly,
+Scott, were all occupied and barricaded.  It was about the church that
+the fiercest fighting took place.  The artillery was brought to bear on
+the building; but the stout masonry resisted the battering of the
+cannon balls, and is still standing, dinted and scarred.  Some of the
+Royals then got into the presbytery and set fire to it.  Under cover of
+the smoke the rest of the regiment then doubled up the street to the
+church door.  Gaining access through the sacristy, they lit a fire
+behind the altar.  'The firing from the church windows then ceased,'
+wrote one of the officers afterwards, 'and the rebels began running out
+from some low windows, apparently of a crypt or cellar.  Our men formed
+up on one side of the church, and the 32nd and 83rd on the other.  Some
+of the rebels ran out and fired at the troops, then threw down their
+arms and begged for quarter.  Our officers tried to save the {99}
+Canadians, but the men shouted "Remember Jack Weir," and numbers of
+these poor deluded fellows were shot down.'
+
+One of those shot down was Chenier.  He had jumped from a window of the
+Blessed Virgin's chapel and was making for the cemetery.  How many fell
+with him it is difficult to say.  It was said that seventy rebels were
+killed, and a number of charred bodies were found afterwards in the
+ruins of the church.  The casualties among the troops were slight, one
+killed and nine wounded.  One of the wounded was Major Gugy, who here
+distinguished himself by his bravery and kind-heartedness, as he had
+done in the St Charles expedition.  Many of the rebels escaped.  A good
+many, indeed, had fled from the village on the first appearance of the
+troops.  Among these were some who had played a conspicuous part in
+fomenting trouble.  The Abbe Chartier of St Benoit, instead of waiting
+to administer the last rites to the dying, beat a feverish retreat and
+eventually escaped to the United States.  The Church placed on him its
+interdict, and he never again set foot on Canadian soil.  The behaviour
+of the adventurer Girod, the 'general' of the rebel force, was
+especially {100} reprehensible.  When he had posted his men in the
+church and the surrounding buildings, he mounted a horse and fled
+toward St Benoit.  At a tavern where he stopped to get a stiff draught
+of spirits he announced that the rebels had been victorious and that he
+was seeking reinforcements with which to crush the troops completely.
+For four days he evaded capture.  Then, finding that the cordon was
+tightening around him, he blew out his brains with a revolver.  Thus
+ended a life which was not without its share of romance and mystery.
+
+On the night of the 14th the troops encamped near the desolate village
+of St Eustache, a large part of which had unfortunately been given over
+to the flames during the engagement.  In the morning the column set out
+for St Benoit.  Sir John Colborne had threatened that if a single shot
+were fired from St Benoit the village would be given over to fire and
+pillage.  But when the troops arrived there they found awaiting them
+about two hundred and fifty men bearing white flags.  All the villagers
+laid down their arms and made an unqualified submission.  And it is a
+matter for profound regret that, notwithstanding this, the greater part
+of the village {101} was burned to the ground.  Sir John Colborne has
+been severely censured for this occurrence, and not without reason.
+Nothing is more certain, of course, than that he did not order it.  It
+seems to have been the work of the loyalist volunteers, who had without
+doubt suffered much at the hands of the rebels.  'The irregular troops
+employed,' wrote one of the British officers, 'were not to be
+controlled, and were in every case, I believe, the instrument of the
+infliction.'  Far too much burning and pillaging went on, indeed, in
+the wake of the rebellion.  'You know,' wrote an inhabitant of St
+Benoit to a friend in Montreal, 'where the younger Arnoldi got his
+supply of butter, or where another got the guitar he carried back with
+him from the expedition about the neck.'  And it is probable that the
+British officers, and perhaps Sir John Colborne himself, winked at some
+things which they could not officially recognize.  At any rate, it is
+impossible to acquit Colborne of all responsibility for the unsoldierly
+conduct of the men under his command.
+
+It is usual to regard the rebellion of 1837 in Lower Canada as no less
+a fiasco than its counterpart in Upper Canada.  There is no doubt that
+it was hopeless from the outset.  {102} It was an impromptu movement,
+based upon a sudden resolution rather than on a well-reasoned plan of
+action.  Most of the leaders--Wolfred Nelson, Thomas Storrow Brown,
+Robert Bouchette, and Amury Girod--were strangers to the men under
+their command; and none of them, save Chenier, seemed disposed to fight
+to the last ditch.  The movement at its inception fell under the
+official ban of the Church; and only two priests, the cures of St
+Charles and St Benoit, showed it any encouragement.  The actual
+rebellion was confined to the county of Two Mountains and the valley of
+the Richelieu.  The districts of Quebec and Three Rivers were quiet as
+the grave--with the exception, perhaps, of an occasional village like
+Montmagny, where Etienne P. Tache, afterwards a colleague of Sir John
+Macdonald and prime minister of Canada, was the centre of a local
+agitation.  Yet it is easy to see that the rebellion might have been
+much more serious.  But for the loyal attitude of the ecclesiastical
+authorities, and the efforts of many clear-headed parish priests like
+the Abbe Paquin of St Eustache, the revolutionary leaders might have
+been able to consummate their plans, and Sir John Colborne, with the
+small number of troops at {103} his disposal, might have found it
+difficult to keep the flag flying.  The rebellion was easily snuffed
+out because the majority of the French-Canadian people, in obedience to
+the voice of their Church, set their faces against it.
+
+
+
+
+{104}
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+THE LORD HIGH COMMISSIONER
+
+The rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada profoundly affected public
+opinion in the mother country.  That the first year of the reign of the
+young Queen Victoria should have been marred by an armed revolt in an
+important British colony shocked the sensibilities of Englishmen and
+forced the country and the government to realize that the grievances of
+the Canadian Reformers were more serious than they had imagined.  It
+was clear that the old system of alternating concession and repression
+had broken down and that the situation demanded radical action.  The
+Melbourne government suspended the constitution of Lower Canada for
+three years, and appointed the Earl of Durham as Lord High
+Commissioner, with very full powers, to go out to Canada to investigate
+the grievances and to report on a remedy.
+
+John George Lambton, the first Earl of {105} Durham, was a wealthy and
+powerful Whig nobleman, of decided Liberal, if not Radical, leanings.
+He had taken no small part in the framing of the Reform Bill of 1832,
+and at one time he had been hailed by the English Radicals or Chartists
+as their coming leader.  It was therefore expected that he would be
+decently sympathetic with the Reform movements in the Canadas.  At the
+same time, Melbourne and his ministers were only too glad to ship him
+out of the country.  There was no question of his great ability and
+statesmanlike outlook.  But his advanced Radical views were distasteful
+to many of his former colleagues; and his arrogant manners, his lack of
+tact, and his love of pomp and circumstance made him unpopular even in
+his own party.  The truth is that he was an excellent leader to work
+under, but a bad colleague to work with.  The Melbourne government had
+first got rid of him by sending him to St Petersburg as ambassador
+extraordinary; and then, on his return from St Petersburg, they got him
+out of the way by sending him to Canada.  He was at first loath to go,
+mainly on the ground of ill health; but at the personal intercession of
+the young queen he accepted the commission offered him.  It was {106}
+an evil day for himself, but a good day for Canada, when he did so.
+
+Durham arrived in Quebec, with an almost regal retinue, on May 28,
+1838.  Gosford, who had remained in Canada throughout the rebellion,
+had gone home at the end of February; and the administration had been
+taken over by Sir John Colborne, the commander-in-chief of the forces.
+As soon as the news of the suspension of the constitution reached Lower
+Canada, Sir John Colborne appointed a provisional special council of
+twenty-two members, half of them French and half of them English, to
+administer the affairs of the province until Lord Durham should arrive.
+The first official act of Lord Durham in the colony swept this council
+out of existence.  'His Excellency believes,' the members of the
+council were told, 'that it is as much the interest of you all, as for
+the advantage of his own mission, that his administrative conduct
+should be free from all suspicions of political influence or party
+feeling; that it should rest on his own undivided responsibility, and
+that when he quits the Province, he should leave none of its permanent
+residents in any way committed by the acts which his Government may
+have {107} found it necessary to perform, during the temporary
+suspension of the Constitution.'  In its place he appointed a small
+council of five members, all but one from his own staff.  The one
+Canadian called to this council was Dominick Daly, the provincial
+secretary, whom Colborne recommended as being unidentified with any
+political party.
+
+The first great problem with which Lord Durham and his council had to
+deal was the question of the political prisoners, numbers of whom were
+still lying in the prisons of Montreal.  Sir John Colborne had not
+attempted to decide what should be done with them, preferring to shift
+this responsibility upon Lord Durham.  It would probably have been much
+better to have settled the matter before Lord Durham set foot in the
+colony, so that his mission might not have been handicapped at the
+outset with so thorny a problem; but it is easy to follow Colborne's
+reasoning.  In the first place, he did not bring the prisoners to trial
+because no Lower-Canadian jury at that time could have been induced to
+convict them, a reasonable inference from the fact that the murder of
+Weir had gone unavenged, even as the murderers of Chartrand were to be
+acquitted {108} by a jury a few months later.  In the second place,
+Colborne had not the power to deal with the prisoners summarily.
+Moreover, most of the rebel leaders had not been captured.  The only
+three prisoners of much importance were Wolfred Nelson, Robert
+Bouchette, and Bonaventure Viger.  The rest of the _Patriote_ leaders
+were scattered far and wide.  Chenier and Girod lay beneath the
+springing sod; Papineau, O'Callaghan, Storrow Brown, Robert Nelson,
+Cote, and Rodier were across the American border; Morin had just come
+out of his hiding-place in the Canadian backwoods; and LaFontaine,
+after vainly endeavouring, on the outbreak of rebellion, to get Gosford
+to call together the legislature of Lower Canada, had gone abroad.  The
+future course of the rebels who had fled to the United States was still
+doubtful; there was a strong probability that they might create further
+disturbances.  And, while the situation was still unsettled, Colborne
+thought it better to leave the fate of the prisoners to be decided by
+Durham.
+
+Durham's instructions were to temper justice with mercy.  His own
+instincts were apparently in favour of a complete amnesty; but he
+supposed it necessary to make an {109} example of some of the leaders.
+After earnest deliberation and consultation with his council, and
+especially with his chief secretary, Charles Buller, the friend and
+pupil of Thomas Carlyle, Durham determined to grant to the rebels a
+general amnesty, with only twenty-four exceptions.  Eight of the men
+excepted were political prisoners who had been prominent in the revolt
+and who had confessed their guilt and had thrown themselves on the
+mercy of the Lord High Commissioner; the remaining sixteen were rebel
+leaders who had fled from the country.  Durham gave orders that the
+eight prisoners should be transported to the Bermudas during the
+queen's pleasure.  The sixteen refugees were forbidden to return to
+Canada under penalty of death without benefit of clergy.
+
+No one can fail to see that this course was dictated by the humanest
+considerations.  A criminal rebellion had terminated without the
+shedding judicially of a drop of blood.  Lord Durham even took care
+that the eight prisoners should not be sent to a convict colony.  The
+only criticism directed against his course in Canada was on the ground
+of its excessive lenity.  Wolfred Nelson and Robert Bouchette had
+certainly suffered a milder fate {110} than that of Samuel Lount and
+Peter Matthews, who had been hanged in Upper Canada for rebellion.  Yet
+when the news of Durham's action reached England, it was immediately
+attacked as arbitrary and unconstitutional.  The assault was opened by
+Lord Brougham, a bitter personal enemy of Lord Durham.  In the House of
+Lords Brougham contended that Durham had had no right to pass sentence
+on the rebel prisoners and refugees when they had not been brought to
+trial; and that he had no right to order them to be transported to, and
+held in, Bermuda, where his authority did not run.  In this attitude he
+was supported by the Duke of Wellington, the leader of the Tory party.
+Wellington's name is one which is usually remembered with honour in the
+history of the British Empire; but on this occasion he did not think it
+beneath him to play fast and loose with the interests of Canada for the
+sake of a paltry party advantage.  It would have been easy for him to
+recognize the humanity of Durham's policy, and to join with the
+government in legislating away any technical illegalities that may have
+existed in Durham's ordinance; but Wellington could not resist the
+temptation to embarrass the Whig {111} administration, regardless of
+the injury which he might be doing to the sorely tried people of Canada.
+
+The Melbourne administration, which had sent Durham to Canada, might
+have been expected to stand behind him when he was attacked.  Lord John
+Russell, indeed, rose in the House of Commons and made a thoroughgoing
+defence of Durham's policy as 'wise and statesmanlike.'  But he alone
+of the ministers gave Durham loyal support.  In the House of Lords
+Melbourne contented himself with a feeble defence of Durham and then
+capitulated to the Opposition.  Nothing would have been easier for him
+than to introduce a bill making valid whatever may have been irregular
+in Durham's ordinance; but instead of that he disallowed the ordinance,
+and passed an Act of Indemnity for all those who had had a part in
+carrying it out.  Without waiting to hear Durham's defence, or to
+consult with him as to the course which should be followed, the Cabinet
+weakly surrendered to an attack of his personal enemies.  Durham was
+betrayed in the house of his friends.
+
+The news of the disallowance of the ordinance first reached Durham
+through the columns of an American newspaper.  {112} Immediately his
+mind was made up.  Without waiting for any official notification, he
+sent in his resignation to the colonial secretary.  He was quite
+satisfied himself that he had not exceeded his powers.  'Until I
+learn,' he wrote, 'from some one better versed in the English language
+that despotism means anything but such an aggregation of the supreme
+executive and legislative authority in a single head, as was
+deliberately made by Parliament in the Act which constituted my powers,
+I shall not blush to hear that I have exercised a despotism; I shall
+feel anxious only to know how well and wisely I have used, or rather
+exhibited an intention of using, my great powers.'  But he felt that if
+he could expect no firm support from the Melbourne government, his
+usefulness was gone, and resignation was the only course open to him.
+He wrote, however, that he intended to remain in Canada until he had
+completed the inquiries he had instituted.  In view of the 'lamentable
+want of information' with regard to Canada which existed in the
+Imperial parliament, he confessed that he 'would take shame to himself
+if he left his inquiry incomplete.'
+
+A few days before Durham left Canada he took the unusual and, under
+ordinary {113} circumstances, unconstitutional course of issuing a
+proclamation, in which he explained the reasons for his resignation,
+and in effect appealed from the action of the home government to
+Canadian public opinion.  It was this proclamation which drew down on
+him from _The Times_ the nickname of 'Lord High Seditioner.'  The
+wisdom of the proclamation was afterwards, however, vigorously defended
+by Charles Duller.  The general unpopularity of the British government,
+Duller explained, was such in Canada that a little more or less could
+not affect it; whereas it was a matter of vital importance that the
+angry and suspicious colonists should find one British statesman with
+whom they could agree.  The real justification of the proclamation lay
+in the magical effect which it had upon the public temper.  The news
+that the ordinance had been disallowed, and that the whole question of
+the political prisoners had been once more thrown into the melting-pot,
+had greatly excited the public mind; and the proclamation fell like oil
+upon the troubled waters.  'No disorder, no increase of disaffection
+ensued; on the contrary, all parties in the Province expressed a
+revival of confidence.'
+
+Lord Durham left Quebec on November 1, {114} 1838.  'It was a sad day
+and a sad departure,' wrote Buller.  'The streets were crowded.  The
+spectators filled every window and every house-top, and, though every
+hat was raised as we passed, a deep silence marked the general grief
+for Lord Durham's departure.'  Durham had been in Canada only five
+short months.  Yet in that time he had gained a knowledge of, and an
+insight into, the Canadian situation such as no other governor of
+Canada had possessed.  The permanent monument of that insight is, of
+course, his famous _Report on the Affairs of British North America_,
+issued by the Colonial Office in 1839.  This is no place to write at
+length about that greatest of all documents ever published with regard
+to colonial affairs.  This much, however, may be said.  In the _Report_
+Lord Durham rightly diagnosed the evils of the body politic in Canada.
+He traced the rebellion to two causes, in the main: first, racial
+feeling; and, secondly, that 'union of representative and irresponsible
+government' of which he said that it was difficult to understand how
+any English statesman ever imagined that such a system would work.  And
+yet one of the two chief remedies which he recommended seemed like a
+death sentence passed on the French in Canada.  {115} This was the
+proposal for the legislative union of Upper and Lower Canada with the
+avowed object of anglicizing by absorption the French population.  This
+suggestion certainly did not promote racial peace.  The other proposal,
+that of granting to the Canadian people responsible government in all
+matters not infringing 'strictly imperial interests,' blazed the trail
+leading out of the swamps of pre-rebellion politics.
+
+In one respect only is Lord Durham's _Report_ seriously faulty: it is
+not fair to French Canadians.  'They cling,' wrote Durham, 'to ancient
+prejudices, ancient customs, and ancient laws, not from any strong
+sense of their beneficial effects, but with the unreasoning tenacity of
+an uneducated and unprogressive people.'  To their racial and
+nationalist ambitions he was far from favourable.  'The error,' he
+contended, 'to which the present contest is to be attributed is the
+vain endeavour to preserve a French-Canadian nationality in the midst
+of Anglo-American colonies and states'; and he quoted with seeming
+approval the statement of one of the Lower Canada 'Bureaucrats' that
+'Lower Canada must be _English_, at the expense, if necessary, of not
+being _British_.'  His primary {116} object in recommending the union
+of the two Canadas, to place the French in a minority in the united
+province, was surely a mistaken policy.  Fortunately, it did not become
+operative.  Lord Elgin, a far wiser statesman, who completed Durham's
+work by introducing the substance of responsible government which the
+_Report_ recommended, decidedly opposed anything in the nature of a
+gradual crusade against French-Canadian nationalism.  'I for one,' he
+wrote, 'am deeply convinced of the impolicy of all such attempts to
+denationalize the French.  Generally speaking, they produce the
+opposite effect, causing the flame of national prejudice and animosity
+to burn more fiercely.  But suppose them to be successful, what would
+be the result?  You may perhaps _Americanize_, but, depend upon it, by
+methods of this description you will never _Anglicize_ the French
+inhabitants of the province.  Let them feel, on the other hand, that
+their religion, their habits, their prepossessions, their prejudices if
+you will, are more considered and respected here than in other portions
+of this vast continent, and who will venture to say that the last hand
+which waves the British flag on American ground may not be that of a
+French Canadian?'
+
+
+
+
+{117}
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+THE SECOND REBELLION
+
+The frigate _Inconstant_, with Lord Durham on board, was not two days
+out from Quebec when rebellion broke out anew in Lower Canada.  This
+second rebellion, however, was not caused by Lord Durham's departure,
+but was the result of a long course of agitation which had been carried
+on along the American border throughout the months of Lord Durham's
+regime.
+
+As early as February 1838 numbers of Canadian refugees had gathered in
+the towns on the American side of the boundary-line in the
+neighbourhood of Lake Champlain.  They were shown much sympathy and
+encouragement by the Americans, and seem to have laboured under the
+delusion that the American government would come to their assistance.
+A proclamation signed by Robert Nelson, a brother of Wolfred Nelson,
+declared the independence of Canada under a {118} 'provisional
+government' of which Robert Nelson was president and Dr Cote a member.
+The identity of the other members is a mystery.  Papineau seems to have
+had some dealings with Nelson and Cote, and to have dallied with the
+idea of throwing in his lot with them; but he soon broke off
+negotiations.  'Papineau,' wrote Robert Nelson, 'has abandoned us, and
+this through selfish and family motives regarding the seigniories, and
+inveterate love of the old French bad laws.'  There is reason to
+believe, however, that Papineau had been in communication with the
+authorities at Washington, and that his desertion of Robert Nelson and
+Cote was in reality due to his discovery that President Van Buren was
+not ready to depart from his attitude of neutrality.
+
+On February 28, 1838, Robert Nelson and Cote had crossed the border
+with an armed force of French-Canadian refugees and three small
+field-pieces.  Their plan had contemplated the capture of Montreal and
+a junction with another invading force at Three Rivers.  But on finding
+their way barred by the Missisquoi militia, they had beat a hasty
+retreat to the border, without fighting; and had there been disarmed by
+the American {119} troops under General Wool, a brave and able officer
+who had fought with conspicuous gallantry at the battle of Queenston
+Heights in 1812.
+
+During the summer months, however, the refugees had continued to lay
+plans for an insurrection in Lower Canada.  Emissaries had been
+constantly moving among the parishes north of the New York and Vermont
+frontiers, promising the _Patriotes_ arms and supplies and men from the
+United States.  The rising was carefully planned.  And when November
+came large bodies of disaffected habitants gathered at St Ours, St
+Charles, St Michel, L'Acadie, Chateauguay, and Beauharnois.  They had
+apparently been led to expect that they would be met at some of these
+places by American sympathizers with arms and supplies.  No such aid
+being found at the rendezvous, many returned to their homes.  But some
+persevered in the movement, and made their way with packs on their
+backs to Napierville, a town fifteen miles north of the boundary-line,
+which had been designated as the rebel headquarters.
+
+Meanwhile, Robert Nelson had moved northward to Napierville from the
+American side of the border with a small band of refugees.  {120} Among
+these were two French officers, named Hindenlang and Touvrey, who had
+been inveigled into joining the expedition.  Hindenlang, who afterwards
+paid for his folly with his life, has left an interesting account of
+what happened.  He and Touvrey joined Nelson at St Albans, on the west
+side of Lake Champlain.  With two hundred and fifty muskets, which had
+been placed in a boat by an American sympathizer, they dropped down the
+river to the Canadian border.  There were five in the party--Nelson and
+the two French officers, the guide, and the boatman.  Nelson had given
+Hindenlang to understand that the habitants had risen and that he would
+be greeted at the Canadian border by a large force of enthusiastic
+recruits.  In this, however, he was disappointed.  'There was not a
+single man to receive the famous President of the _Provisional
+Government_; and it was only after a full hour's search, and much
+trouble, [that] the guide returned with five or six men to land the
+arms.'  On the morning of November 4 the party arrived at Napierville.
+Here Hindenlang found Dr Cote already at the head of two or three
+hundred men.  A crowd speedily gathered, and Robert Nelson was
+proclaimed 'President of the Republic of {121} Lower Canada.'
+Hindenlang and Touvrey were presented to the crowd; and to his great
+astonishment Hindenlang was informed that his rank in the rebel force
+was that of brigadier-general.
+
+The first two or three days were spent in hastening the arrival of
+reinforcements and in gathering arms.  By the 7th Nelson had collected
+a force of about twenty-five hundred men, whom Hindenlang told off in
+companies and divisions.  Most of the rebels were armed with pitchforks
+and pikes.  An attempt had been made two days earlier, on a Sunday, to
+obtain arms, ammunition, and stores from the houses of the Indians of
+Caughnawaga while they were at church; but a squaw in search of her cow
+had discovered the raiders and had given the alarm, with the result
+that the Indians, seizing muskets and tomahawks, had repelled the
+attack and taken seventy prisoners.
+
+On November 5 Nelson sent Cote with a force of four or five hundred men
+south to Rouse's Point, on the boundary-line, to secure more arms and
+ammunition from the American sympathizers.  On his way south Cote
+encountered a picket of a company of loyalist volunteers stationed at
+Lacolle, and drove it {122} in.  On his return journey, however, he met
+with greater opposition.  The company at Lacolle had been reinforced in
+the meantime by several companies of loyalist militia from Hemmingford.
+As the rebels appeared the loyalist militia attacked them; and after a
+brisk skirmish, which lasted from twenty to twenty-five minutes, drove
+them from the field.  Without further ado the rebels fled across the
+border, leaving behind them eleven dead and a number of prisoners, as
+well as a six-pounder gun, a large number of muskets of the type used
+in the United States army, a keg of powder, a quantity of
+ball-cartridge, and a great many pikes.  Of the provincial troops two
+were killed and one was severely wounded.
+
+The defeat of Cote and his men at Lacolle meant that Nelson's line of
+communications with his base on the American frontier was cut.  At the
+same time he received word that Sir John Colborne was advancing on
+Napierville from Laprairie with a strong force of regulars and
+volunteers.  Under these circumstances he determined to fall back on
+Odelltown, just north of the border.  He had with him about a thousand
+men, eight hundred of whom were armed with muskets.  {123} He arrived
+at Odelltown on the morning of November 9, to find it occupied by about
+two hundred loyal militia, under the command of the inspecting
+field-officer of the district, Lieutenant-Colonel Taylor.  He had no
+difficulty in driving in the loyalist outposts; but the village itself
+proved a harder nut to crack.  Taylor had concentrated his little force
+at the Methodist church, and he controlled the road leading to it by
+means of the six-pounder which had been taken from the rebels three
+days before at Lacolle.  The insurgents extended through the fields to
+the right and left, and opened a vigorous fire on the church from
+behind some barns; but many of the men seem to have kept out of range.
+'The greater part of the Canadians kept out of shot,' wrote Hindenlang;
+'threw themselves on their knees, with their faces buried in the snow,
+praying to God, and remaining as motionless as if they were so many
+saints, hewn in stone.  Many remained in that posture as long as the
+fighting lasted.'  The truth appears to be that many of Nelson's men
+had been intimidated into joining the rebel force.  The engagement
+lasted in all about two hours and a half.  The defenders of the church
+made several successful sallies; and just when the {124} rebels were
+beginning to lose heart, a company of loyalists from across the
+Richelieu fell on their flank and completed their discomfiture.  The
+rebels then retreated to Napierville, under the command of Hindenlang.
+Robert Nelson, seeing that the day was lost, left his men in the lurch
+and rode for the American border.  The losses of the rebels were
+serious; they left fifty dead on the field and carried off as many
+wounded.  Of the loyalists, one officer and five men were killed and
+one officer and eight men wounded.
+
+Later in the same day Sir John Colborne, at the head of a formidable
+force, entered Napierville.  On his approach those rebels who were
+still in the village dispersed and fled to their homes.  Detachments of
+troops were immediately sent out to disperse bands of rebels reported
+to be still under arms.  The only encounter took place at Beauharnois,
+where a large body of insurgents had assembled.  After a slight
+resistance they were driven out by two battalions of Glengarry
+volunteers, supported by two companies of the 71st and a detachment of
+Royal Engineers.
+
+In these expeditions the British soldiers, especially the volunteers,
+did a good deal of burning and harrying.  After the victory at {125}
+Beauharnois they gave to the flames a large part of the village,
+including the houses of some loyal citizens.  In view of the
+intimidation and depredations to which the loyalists had been subjected
+by the rebels in the disaffected districts, the conduct of the men, in
+these regrettable acts, may be understood and partially excused.  But
+no excuse can be offered for the attitude of the British authorities.
+There are well-authenticated cases of houses of 'notorious rebels'
+burned down by the orders of Sir James Macdonell, Colborne's
+second-in-command.  Colborne himself acquired the nickname of 'the old
+Firebrand'; and, while he cannot be charged with such a mania for
+incendiarism as some writers have imputed to him, it does not appear
+that he took any effective measures to stop the arson or to punish the
+offenders.
+
+The rebellion of 1838 lasted scarcely a week.  It was a venture
+criminally hopeless.  Failing important aid from the United States, the
+rebels had an even slighter chance of success than they had had a year
+before, for since that time the British regular troops in Canada had
+been considerably increased in number.  The chief responsibility for
+the rebellion must be placed at the door of Robert Nelson, who at {126}
+the critical moment fled over the border, leaving his dupes to
+extricate themselves as best they could from the situation into which
+he had led them.  As was the case in 1837, most of the leaders of the
+rebellion escaped from justice, leaving only the smaller fry in the
+hands of the authorities.  Of the lesser ringleaders nearly one hundred
+were brought to trial.  Two of the French-Canadian judges, one of them
+being Elzear Bedard, attempted to force the government to try the
+prisoners in the civil courts, where they would have the benefit of
+trial by jury; but Sir John Colborne suspended these judges from their
+functions, and brought the prisoners before a court-martial, specially
+convened for the purpose.  Twelve of them, including the French officer
+Hindenlang, were condemned to death and duly executed.  Most of the
+others were transported to the convict settlements of Australia.  It is
+worthy of remark that none of those executed or deported had been
+persons of note in the political arena before 1837.  On the whole, it
+must be confessed that these sentences showed a commendable moderation.
+It was thought necessary that a few examples should be made, as Lord
+Durham's amnesty of the previous year had evidently encouraged some
+{127} habitants to believe that rebellion was a venial offence.  And
+the execution of twelve men, out of the thousands who had taken part in
+the revolt, cannot be said to have shown a bloodthirsty disposition on
+the part of the government.
+
+
+
+
+{128}
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+A POSTSCRIPT
+
+The rebellion of 1837 now belongs to the dead past.  The _Patriotes_
+and the 'Bureaucrats' of those days have passed away; and the present
+generation has forgotten, or should have forgotten, the passions which
+inspired them.  The time has come when Canadians should take an
+impartial view of the events of that time, and should be willing to
+recognize the good and the bad on either side.  It is absurd to pretend
+that many of the English in Lower Canada were not arrogant and brutal
+in their attitude toward the French Canadians, and lawless in their
+methods of crushing the rebellion; or that many of the _Patriote_
+leaders were not hopelessly irreconcilable before the rebellion, and
+during it criminally careless of the interests of the poor habitants
+they had misled.  On the other hand, no true Canadian can fail to be
+proud of the spirit of loyalty which in 1837 {129} actuated not only
+persons of British birth, but many faithful sons and daughters of the
+French-Canadian Church.  Nor can one fail to admire the devotion to
+liberty, to 'the rights of the people,' which characterized rebels like
+Robert Bouchette.  'When I speak of the rights of the people,' wrote
+Bouchette, 'I do not mean those abstract or extravagant rights for
+which some contend, but which are not generally compatible with an
+organized state of society, but I mean those cardinal rights which are
+inherent to British subjects, and which, as such, ought not to be
+denied to the inhabitants of any section of the empire, however
+remote.'  The people of Canada to-day are able to combine loyalty and
+liberty as the men of that day were not; and they should never forget
+that in some measure they owe to the one party the continuance of
+Canada in the Empire, and to the other party the freedom wherewith they
+have been made free.
+
+[Illustration: Denis Benjamin Viger.  From a print in M'Gill University
+Library.]
+
+The later history of the _Patriotes_ falls outside the scope of this
+little book, but a few lines may be added to trace their varying
+fortunes.  Some of them never returned to Canada.  Robert Nelson took
+up his abode in New York, and there practised surgery until {130} his
+death in 1873.  E. B. O'Callaghan went to Albany, and was there
+employed by the legislature of New York in preparing two series of
+volumes entitled _A Documentary History of New York_ and _Documents
+relating to the Colonial History of the State of New York_, volumes
+which are edited in so scholarly a manner, and throw such light on
+Canadian history, that the Canadian historian would fain forgive him
+for his part in the unhappy rebellion of '37.
+
+Most of the _Patriote_ leaders took advantage, however, of the virtual
+amnesty offered them in 1842 by the first LaFontaine-Baldwin
+administration, and returned to Canada.  Many of these, as well as many
+of the _Patriote_ leaders who had not been implicated in the rebellion
+and who had not fled the country, rose to positions of trust and
+prominence in the public service of Canada.  Louis Hippolyte
+LaFontaine, after having gone abroad during the winter of 1837-38, and
+after having been arrested on suspicion in November 1838, entered the
+parliament of Canada, formed, with Robert Baldwin as his colleague, the
+administration which ushered in full responsible government, and was
+knighted by Queen Victoria.  Augustin Morin, the reputed author {131}
+of the Ninety-Two Resolutions, who had spent the winter of 1837-38 in
+hiding, became the colleague of Francis Hincks in the Hincks-Morin
+administration.  George Etienne Cartier, who had shouldered a musket at
+St Denis, became the lifelong colleague of Sir John Macdonald and was
+made a baronet by his sovereign.  Dr Wolfred Nelson returned to his
+practice in Montreal in 1842.  In 1844 he was elected member of
+parliament for the county of Richelieu.  In 1851 he was appointed an
+inspector of prisons.  Thomas Storrow Brown, on his return to Montreal,
+took up again his business in hardware, and is remembered to-day by
+Canadian numismatists as having been one of the first to issue a
+halfpenny token, which bore his name and is still sought by collectors.
+Robert Bouchette recovered from the serious wound he had sustained at
+Moore's Corners, and later became Her Majesty's commissioner of customs
+at Ottawa.
+
+Papineau returned to Canada in 1845.  The greater part of his period of
+exile he spent in Paris, where he came in touch with the 'red
+republicans' who later supported the revolution of 1848.  He entered
+the Canadian parliament in 1847 and sat in it until 1854.  {132} But he
+proved to be completely out of harmony with the new order of things
+under responsible government.  Even with his old lieutenant LaFontaine,
+who had made possible his return to Canada, he had an open breach.  The
+truth is that Papineau was born to live in opposition.  That he himself
+realized this is clear from a laughing remark which he made when
+explaining his late arrival at a meeting: 'I waited to take an
+opposition boat.'  His real importance after his return to Canada lay
+not in the parliamentary sphere, but in the encouragement which he gave
+to those radical and anti-clerical ideas that found expression in the
+foundation of the _Institut Canadien_ and the formation of the _Parti
+Rouge_.  In many respects the _Parti Rouge_ was the continuation of the
+_Patriote_ party of 1837.  Papineau's later days were quiet and
+dignified.  He retired to his seigneury of La Petite Nation at
+Montebello and devoted himself to his books.  With many of his old
+antagonists he effected a pleasant reconciliation.  Only on rare
+occasions did he break his silence; but on one of these, when he came
+to Montreal, an old silver-haired man of eighty-one years, to deliver
+an address before the _Institut Canadien_, he uttered a sentence which
+may be taken as {133} the _apologia pro vita sua_: 'You will believe
+me, I trust, when I say to you, I love my country....  Opinions outside
+may differ; but looking into my heart and my mind in all sincerity, I
+feel I can say that I have loved her as she should be loved.'  And
+charity covereth a multitude of sins.
+
+
+
+
+{134}
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
+
+The story of the Lower Canada rebellion is told in detail in some of
+the general histories of Canada.  William Kingsford, _History of
+Canada_ (1887-94), is somewhat inaccurate and shows a strong bias
+against the _Patriotes_, but his narrative of the rebellion is full and
+interesting.  F. X. Garneau, _Histoire du Canada_ (1845-52), presents
+the history of the period, from the French-Canadian point of view, with
+sympathy and power.  A work which holds the scales very evenly is
+Robert Christie, _A History of the Late Province of Lower Canada_
+(1848-55).  Christie played a not inconspicuous part in the
+pre-rebellion politics, and his volumes contain a great deal of
+original material of first-rate importance.
+
+Of special studies of the rebellion there are a number worthy of
+mention.  L. O. David, _Les Patriotes de 1837-38_, is valuable for its
+complete biographies of the leaders in the movement.  L. N. Carrier,
+_Les Evenements de 1837-38_ (1877), is a sketch of the rebellion
+written by the son of one of the _Patriotes_.  Globensky, _La Rebellion
+de 1837 a Saint-Eustache_ (1883), written by the son of an officer in
+the loyalist militia, contains some original materials of value.  Lord
+Charles Beauclerk, _Lithographic Views of Military Operations in Canada
+under Sir John Colborne, O.C.B., {135} etc._ (1840), apart from the
+value of the illustrations, is interesting on account of the
+introduction, in which the author, a British army officer who served in
+Canada throughout the rebellion, describes the course of the military
+operations.  The political aspect of the rebellion, from the Tory point
+of view, is dealt with in T. C. Haliburton, _The Bubbles of Canada_
+(1839).  For a penetrating analysis of the situation which led to the
+rebellion see Lord Durham's _Report on the Affairs of British North
+America_.
+
+A few biographies may be consulted with advantage.  N. E. Dionne,
+_Pierre Bedard et ses fils_ (1909), throws light on the earlier period;
+as does also Ernest Cruikshank, _The Administration of Sir James Craig_
+(_Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada_, 3rd series, vol. ii).
+See also A. D. DeCelles, _Papineau_ (1904), in the 'Makers of Canada'
+series; and Stuart J. Reid, _Life and Letters of the First Earl of
+Durham_ (1906).
+
+The parish histories, in which the province of Quebec abounds, will be
+found to yield much information of a local nature with regard to the
+rebellion; and the same may be said of the publications of local
+historical societies, such as that of Missisquoi county.
+
+An original document of primary importance is the _Report of the state
+trials before a general court-martial held at Montreal in 1838-39;
+exhibiting a complete history of the late rebellion in Lower Canada_
+(1839).
+
+
+
+
+{136}
+
+INDEX
+
+Assembly, the language question in the, 8-12; racial conflict over form
+of taxation, 13-14; the struggle with Executive for full control of
+revenue leads to deadlock, 22-5, 27, 29-30, 53-4, 57; seeks redress in
+Imperial parliament, 28-32; the Ninety-Two Resolutions, 38-42; the
+grievance commission, 45-6, 52, 55-6; the Russell Resolutions, 57-61.
+See Lower Canada.
+
+Aylmer, Lord, governor of Canada, 29, 33-4, 44, 45.
+
+
+Beauharnois, Patriotes defeated at, 124-5.
+
+Bedard, Elzear, introduces the Ninety-Two Resolutions, 38, 42;
+suspended as a judge, 126.
+
+Bedard, Pierre, and French-Canadian nationalism, 11, 15, 16; his arrest
+and release, 17-19, 20.
+
+Bidwell, M. S., speaker of Upper Canada Assembly, 53.
+
+Bouchette, Robert Shore Milnes, 129; wounded at Moore's Corners, 89-90,
+91, 102, 108, 131.
+
+Bourdages, Louis, Papineau's chief lieutenant, 36.
+
+Brougham, Lord, criticizes Durham's policy, 110.
+
+Brown, Thomas Storrow, 38, 72, 73, 131; in command of Patriotes at St
+Charles, 74, 84-6, 102, 108.
+
+Buller, Charles, secretary to Durham, 109, 113.
+
+Bureaucrats, the, 18.  See 'Chateau Clique.'
+
+
+Canada.  See Lower Canada.
+
+Cartier, Sir George, 30; a follower of Papineau, 37, 131.
+
+Catholic Church in Canada, the, 7; opposes revolutionary movement,
+64-5, 102, 103.
+
+Chartier, Abbe, encourages the rebels at St Eustache, 95-6; escapes to
+the United States, 99.
+
+Chartier de Lotbiniere, on French-Canadian loyalty, 11.
+
+'Chateau Clique,' the, 22; and the Patriotes, 25, 31.
+
+Chenier, Dr J. O., killed at St Eustache, 93, 94, 95, 97-9, 102, 108.
+
+Christie, Robert, expelled from the Assembly, 34, 134.
+
+Colborne, Sir John, his letter on the situation previous to the
+Rebellion, 69-71; his 1837 campaign, 74-5, 83, 94, 97-101, 102;
+administrator of the province, 106-8; his 1838 campaign, 122, 124, 125,
+126.
+
+Cote, Dr Cyrile, 89, 108, 118, 120; defeated at Lacolle, 121-2.
+
+Craig, Sir James, his 'Reign of Terror,' 15-20, 23.
+
+Cuvillier, Augustin, 28-9; breaks with Papineau, 37, 42, 44.
+
+
+Dalhousie, Lord, his quarrel with Papineau, 27-9.
+
+Daly, Dominick, provincial secretary, 107.
+
+Debartzch, D. P., breaks with Papineau, 71, 84.
+
+Deseves, Father, 93; his picture of the rebels at St Eustache, 96-7.
+
+Doric Club, the, 71.
+
+Durham, Earl of, governor and Lord High Commissioner, 104-6; his humane
+policy fails to find support in Britain, 107-12; his appeal to Canadian
+public opinion, 112-13; his Report, 114-16.
+
+Duvernay, Ludger, at Moore's Corners, 89.
+
+
+Elgin, Lord, and French-Canadian nationalism, 116.
+
+English Canadians, their conflicts with the Patriotes, 51, 64, 128.
+
+Ermatinger, Lieutenant, defeated by Patriotes, 73-4.
+
+Executive Council, 22, 25, 59.  See 'Chateau Clique.'
+
+
+French Canadians, their attitude toward the British in 1760, 2; their
+loyalty, 2-5, 128-9; their generous treatment, 7-8; their fight for
+official recognition of their language, 8-12, 50; their struggle with
+the 'Chateau Clique,' 22-5, 29; their fight for national identity,
+26-7, 29, 115-16.  See Patriotes.
+
+French Revolution, the, and the French Canadians, 4-5.
+
+
+Gipps, Sir George, on the grievance commission, 46, 55.
+
+Girod, Amury, commands the rebels at St Eustache, 92-3, 94, 95, 103;
+commits suicide, 99-100, 108.
+
+Gladstone, W. E., supports the Russell Resolutions, 60.
+
+Glenelg, Lord, colonial secretary, 46.
+
+Goderich, Lord, colonial secretary, 29, 30.
+
+Gore, Colonel Charles, commands the British at St Denis, 75-7, 88.
+
+Gosford, Lord, governor of Canada, 45-7, 49-53, 55, 57-8, 61, 64, 106.
+
+Great Britain, and French-Canadian loyalty, 2-5; her conciliatory
+policy in Lower Canada, 7-8, 9, 44-6, 57-60; and the Rebellion, 104,
+110-111.
+
+Grey, Sir Charles, on the grievance commission, 45-6, 55.
+
+Gugy, Major Conrad, 48; at St Charles, 82-3; wounded at St Eustache, 99.
+
+
+Haldimand, Sir Frederick, governor of Canada, 3-4.
+
+Head, Sir F. B., his indiscreet action, 52-3.
+
+Hindenlang, leads Patriotes in second rebellion, 120, 121, 123, 124;
+executed, 126.
+
+
+Kemp, Captain, defeats the Patriotes at Moore's Corners, 90-2.
+
+Kimber, Dr, in the affair at Moore's Corners, 89.
+
+
+Lacolle, rebels defeated at, 121-2.
+
+LaFontaine, L. H., a follower of Papineau, 37, 63, 108, 130, 132.
+
+Lartigue, Mgr, his warning to the revolutionists, 65.
+
+Legislative Council, the, 22, 25, 31, 36, 41, 46, 53, 54, 55, 59.
+
+Lower Canada, the conflict between French and English Canadians in,
+13-15, 33, 114; the Rebellion of 1837, 69-103; the constitution
+suspended, 104, 106; treatment of the rebels, 108-13; Durham's
+investigation and Report, 114-116; the Rebellion of 1838, 117-27.  See
+Assembly.
+
+
+Macdonell, Sir James, Colborne's second-in-command, 125.
+
+Mackenzie, W. L., and the Patriotes, 72.
+
+Melbourne, Lord, and Durham's policy, 111.
+
+Mondelet, Dominique, 30; expelled from the Assembly, 36.
+
+Montreal, rioting in, 71-2.
+
+Moore's Corners, rebels defeated at, 89-92.
+
+Morin, A. N., a follower of Papineau, 37, 108, 130-1.
+
+
+Neilson, John, supports the Patriote cause, 26-7, 28; breaks with
+Papineau, 36-7, 38, 42, 44.
+
+Nelson, Robert, 108; leader of the second rebellion, 117-26, 129-30.
+
+Nelson, Dr Wolfred, a follower of Papineau, 37, 60, 65, 66, 70, 73, 74;
+in command at St Denis, 74, 76, 79, 80, 88, 102, 108, 109, 131.
+
+Ninety-Two Resolutions, the, 38-42, 44.
+
+
+O'Callaghan, E. B., a follower of Papineau, 37, 73, 74, 78, 87-8, 108,
+130.
+
+O'Connell, Daniel, champions the cause of the Patriotes, 59-60.
+
+
+Panet, Jean Antoine, his election as speaker of the Assembly, 9-10, 22;
+imprisoned, 17.
+
+Panet, Louis, on the language question, 10.
+
+Papineau, Louis Joseph, 21; elected speaker of the Assembly, 22, 28;
+opposes Union Bill in London, 26-7; his attack on Dalhousie, 27-29;
+defeats Goderich's financial proposal, and declines seat on Executive
+Council, 30; attacks Aylmer, 33-4, 47.  becomes more violent and
+domineering in the Assembly, 34-5; his political views become
+revolutionary, 35-6, 42-43; his powerful following, 37-8, 44, the
+Ninety-Two Resolutions, 38-42; hopeless of obtaining justice from
+Britain, but disclaims intention of stirring up civil war, 47-8, 53; on
+the Russell Resolutions, 60-1; his attitude previous to the outbreak,
+66-68, 70; warrant issued for his arrest, 72-3, 74; escapes to the
+United States, 78-9, 87-8, 90, 92, 108; holds aloof from second
+rebellion, 118; his return to Canada, 131-3; his personality, 21, 25-6,
+30-1, 49-50, 68, 79, 132-3.
+
+Paquin, Abbe, opposes the rebels at St Eustache, 95, 102.
+
+Parent, Etienne, breaks with Papineau, 42, 43.
+
+Patriotes, the, 22, 25; their struggle with the 'Chateau Clique,' 31-2,
+54-5; the racial feud becomes more bitter, 33-34, 128; the Ninety-Two
+Resolutions, 38-42, 44-5, 52; the passing of the Russell Resolutions
+causes great agitation, 60-2; declare a boycott on English goods, 62-3;
+'Fils de la Liberte' formed, 63, 71-2; begin to arm, 63-4, 69-71; the
+Montreal riot, 71-2; the first rebellion, 73-103; Lord Durham's
+amnesty, 108-110, 113; the second rebellion, 117-27; and afterwards,
+128-33.  See French Canadians.
+
+Perrault, Charles Ovide, killed at St Denis, 78 n.
+
+Prevost, Sir George, and the French Canadians, 20.
+
+
+Quebec Act of 1774, the, 7, 9.
+
+Quesnel, F. A., and Papineau, 34-5, 37, 42, 44, 71.
+
+
+Rodier, Edouard, 62-3; at Moore's Corners, 89, 108.
+
+Russell, Lord John, his resolutions affecting Canada, 58-59; defends
+Durham's policy, 111.
+
+Ryland, Herman W., and the French Canadians, 16.
+
+
+St Benoit, the burning of, 100-101.
+
+St Charles, the Patriote meeting at, 65-6; the fight at, 74, 82-7.
+
+St Denis, the fight at, 74-81; destroyed, 88.
+
+St Eustache, the Patriotes defeated at, 92-100.
+
+St Ours, the Patriote meeting at, 60-1, 70, 75.
+
+Salaberry, Major de, his victory at Chateauguay, 5.
+
+Sewell, John, and the French Canadians, 16.
+
+Sherbrooke, Sir John, his policy of conciliation, 24.
+
+Stanley, Lord, supports the Russell Resolutions, 60.
+
+Stuart, Andrew, and Papineau, 37, 42, 44.
+
+
+Tache, E. P., a follower of Papineau, 37, 102.
+
+Taylor, Lieut.-Colonel, defends Odelltown against the rebels, 123-4.
+
+
+United States, and the French Canadians, 2-3, 117-19.
+
+
+Viger, Bonaventure, a Patriote leader, 73, 108.
+
+Viger, Denis B., a follower of Papineau, 28-9, 63.
+
+
+War of 1812, French-Canadian loyalty in the, 5.
+
+Weir, Lieut., his murder at St Denis, 79-80, 88, 99.
+
+Wellington, Duke of, and Durham's policy in Canada, 110-111.
+
+Wetherall, Lieut.-Colonel, defeats rebels at St Charles, 75, 82, 83,
+86, 88.
+
+Wool, General, disarms force of Patriotes on the United States border,
+119.
+
+
+
+
+  Printed by T. and A. Constable, Printers to His Majesty
+  at the Edinburgh University Press
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE CHRONICLES OF CANADA
+
+THIRTY-TWO VOLUMES ILLUSTRATED
+
+Edited by GEORGE M. WRONG and H. H. LANGTON
+
+
+
+THE CHRONICLES OF CANADA
+
+PART I
+
+THE FIRST EUROPEAN VISITORS
+
+1.  THE DAWN OF CANADIAN HISTORY
+    By Stephen Leacock.
+
+2.  THE MARINER OF ST MALO
+    By Stephen Leacock.
+
+
+PART II
+
+THE RISE OF NEW FRANCE
+
+3.  THE FOUNDER OF NEW FRANCE
+    By Charles W. Colby.
+
+4.  THE JESUIT MISSIONS
+    By Thomas Guthrie Marquis.
+
+5.  THE SEIGNEURS OF OLD CANADA
+    By William Bennett Munro.
+
+6.  THE GREAT INTENDANT
+    By Thomas Chapais.
+
+7.  THE FIGHTING GOVERNOR
+    By Charles W. Colby.
+
+
+PART III
+
+THE ENGLISH INVASION
+
+8.  THE GREAT FORTRESS
+    By William Wood.
+
+9.  THE ACADIAN EXILES
+    By Arthur G. Doughty.
+
+10.  THE PASSING OF NEW FRANCE
+     By William Wood.
+
+11.  THE WINNING OF CANADA
+     By William Wood.
+
+
+PART IV
+
+THE BEGINNINGS OF BRITISH CANADA
+
+12.  THE FATHER OF BRITISH CANADA
+     By William Wood.
+
+13.  THE UNITED EMPIRE LOYALISTS
+     By W. Stewart Wallace.
+
+14.  THE WAR WITH THE UNITED STATES
+     By William Wood.
+
+
+PART V
+
+THE RED MAN IN CANADA
+
+15.  THE WAR CHIEF OF THE OTTAWAS
+     By Thomas Guthrie Marquis.
+
+16.  THE WAR CHIEF OF THE SIX NATIONS
+     By Louis Aubrey Wood.
+
+17.  TECUMSEH: THE LAST GREAT LEADER OF HIS PEOPLE
+     By Ethel T. Raymond.
+
+
+PART VI
+
+PIONEERS OF THE NORTH AND WEST
+
+18.  THE 'ADVENTURERS OF ENGLAND' ON HUDSON BAY
+     By Agnes C. Laut.
+
+19.  PATHFINDERS OF THE GREAT PLAINS
+     By Lawrence J. Burpee.
+
+20.  ADVENTURERS OF THE FAR NORTH
+     By Stephen Leacock.
+
+21.  THE RED RIVER COLONY
+     By Louis Aubrey Wood.
+
+22.  PIONEERS OF THE PACIFIC COAST
+     By Agnes C. Laut.
+
+23.  THE CARIBOO TRAIL
+     By Agnes C. Laut.
+
+
+PART VII
+
+THE STRUGGLE FOR POLITICAL FREEDOM
+
+24.  THE FAMILY COMPACT
+     By W. Stewart Wallace.
+
+25.  THE 'PATRIOTES' OF '37
+     By Alfred D. DeCelles.
+
+26.  THE TRIBUNE OF NOVA SCOTIA
+     By William Lawson Grant.
+
+27.  THE WINNING OF POPULAR GOVERNMENT
+     By Archibald MacMechan.
+
+
+PART VIII
+
+THE GROWTH OF NATIONALITY
+
+28.  THE FATHERS OF CONFEDERATION
+     By A. H. U. Colquhoun.
+
+29.  THE DAY OF SIR JOHN MACDONALD
+     By Sir Joseph Pope.
+
+30.  THE DAY OF SIR WILFRID LAURIER
+     By Oscar D. Skelton.
+
+
+PART IX
+
+NATIONAL HIGHWAYS
+
+31.  ALL AFLOAT
+     By William Wood.
+
+32.  THE RAILWAY BUILDERS
+     By Oscar D. Skelton.
+
+
+
+TORONTO: GLASGOW, BROOK & COMPANY
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The 'Patriotes' of '37, by Alfred D. Decelles
+
+*** 
\ No newline at end of file