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+ST. PAUL***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Josephine Paolucci and the Project Gutenberg Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+REMINISCENCES OF PIONEER DAYS IN ST. PAUL
+
+A Collection of Articles Written for and Published in the Daily
+Pioneer Press.
+
+By FRANK MOORE
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NEWSPAPER STRUGGLES OF PIONEER DAYS.
+
+A BRIEF NARRATION OF INCIDENTS AND EVENTS CONNECTED WITH THE EARLY
+DAYS OF ST. PAUL, DAILY NEWSPAPERS.
+
+
+If James M. Goodhue could revisit the earth and make a tour among the
+daily newspaper offices of St. Paul he would discover that wonderful
+strides had been made in the method of producing a newspaper during
+the latter half of the past century. Among the first things to attract
+the attention of this old-timer would be the web-perfecting press,
+capable of producing 25,000 impressions an hour, instead of the old
+hand press of 240 impressions an hour; the linotype machine, capable
+of setting 6,000 to 10,000 ems per hour, instead of the old hand
+compositor producing only 800 to 1,000 ems per hour, and the mailing
+machine, enabling one man to do the work of five or six under the
+old method. Think of getting out the Sunday Pioneer Press with the
+material in use fifty years ago. It would take 600 hand presses, 600
+hand pressmen and 600 boys three hours to print the edition, and as
+there were no means of stereotyping in those days the forms would have
+to be set up 600 times, requiring the services of 5,000 compositors.
+Papers printed under these conditions would have to be sold for one
+dollar each, and there would not be much profit in it at that. The
+first daily papers printed in St. Paul were not conducted or a very
+gigantic scale, as the entire force of one office generally consisted
+of one pressman, five or six compositors, two editors and a business
+manager. A few reminiscences of the trials and tribulations of the
+early newspaper manager, editor and compositor may not be wholly
+devoid of interest.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1857 there occurred in Minnesota an election of delegates to the
+constitutional convention to provide for the admission of Minnesota
+into the galaxy of states. The election was so close, politically,
+that when the delegates met there was a division, and the Republicans
+and Democrats held separate conventions. At the conclusion of the work
+of the two conventions the contract for printing was awarded to the
+two leading papers of the state--the Pioneer and the Minnesotian--the
+Pioneer to print the proceedings of the Democratic body and the
+Minnesotian that of the Republican. This contract called for the
+expenditure of considerable money for material with which to perform
+the work. Mr. Moore, the business manager of the Minnesotian, went to
+New York and purchased a Hoe press, the first one ever brought to the
+state, and a large quantity of type; also a Hoe proof press, which is
+still in use in the Pioneer Press composing room. When the book was
+about completed the business manager of the Minnesotian was informed
+that an injunction had been issued prohibiting him from drawing
+any money from the state until the question of the right of the
+Minnesotian to do any state printing had been determined by the
+district court. Mr. Goodrich was state printer and claimed he had a
+right to print the proceedings of both constitutional bodies. This
+action on the part of the Pioneer produced great consternation in the
+Minnesotian office, as most of the men had not received more than half
+pay for some time, and now, when the balance of their pay was almost
+in sight, they were suddenly compelled to await the slow and doubtful
+action of the courts before receiving pay for their summer's work. The
+district court, subsequently confirmed by the supreme court, decided
+in favor of the Minnesotian, and the day following the decision Mr.
+Moore, of the Minnesotian, brought down a bag of gold from the capitol
+containing $4,000, and divided it up among his employes.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1858, when the first Atlantic cable was laid, the news was
+anxiously looked for, and nearly every inhabitant of the city turned
+out to greet the arrival of the Gray Eagle and Itasca, two of the
+fastest boats on the river, which were expected to bring the news
+of the successful laying of the cable. The Gray Eagle started from
+Dubuque at 9 o'clock in the morning and the Itasca started from
+Prairie du Chien, about 100 miles farther up the river, at noon of the
+same day. When the boats reached the bend below the river they were
+abreast of each other, and as they reached the levee it was hardly
+possible to tell which was ahead. One of the passengers on the Gray
+Eagle had a copy of the Dubuque Herald containing the Queen's message,
+tied up with a small stone on the inside of it, and as he threw it to
+the shore a messenger from the Minnesotian caught it and ran up Bench
+street to the Minnesotian office, where the printers were waiting,
+and the Minnesotian had the satisfaction of getting out an extra some
+little time before their competitors.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the summer season the newspapers had to rely, to a considerable
+extent, on the steamboats for late Dubuque and Chicago papers for
+telegraph news. There were three or four daily lines of steamers to
+St. Paul, and every one of them could be distinguished by its whistle.
+When it was time for the arrival of the boat bringing the newspapers
+from which the different papers expected to get their telegraphic
+news, messengers from the different offices would be at the levee, and
+as the boat neared the shore they would leap for the gangplank, and
+there was always a scramble to get to the clerk's office first.
+James J. Hill and the late Gus Borup were almost always at the levee
+awaiting the arrival of the steamers, but as they were after copies
+of the boats' manifest they did not come in competition with the
+adventurous kids from the newspaper offices.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Minnesotian was probably the first daily paper in the West to
+illustrate a local feature. During the summer of 1859 a man by the
+name of Jackson was lynched by a mob in Wright county, and Gov. Sibley
+called out the Pioneer Guards to proceed to the place where the
+lynching occurred and arrest all persons connected with the tragedy.
+The Pioneer Guards was the crack military company of the state, and
+the only service any of its members ever expected to do was in the
+ballroom or to participate in a Fourth of July parade. When they were
+called out by the governor there was great consternation in the ranks.
+One of the members, who is still a prominent politician in the city,
+when told that his first duty was to serve his country, tremblingly
+remarked that he thought his first duty was to provide for his wife
+and family.
+
+A number of them made their wills before departing, as they thought
+the whole of Wright county was in open rebellion. After being absent
+for about a week they proudly marched back to the city without ever
+firing a gun or seeing an enemy. The late J. Fletcher Williams was
+city editor of the Minnesotian, and he wrote an extended account of
+the expedition, and It was profusely illustrated with patent medicine
+cuts and inverted wood type and border, the only available material at
+that time that could be procured.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The year 1859 was a memorable one in the political history of
+Minnesota. Alexander Ramsey and George L. Becker, both now living in
+this city, were the rival candidates for governor. The Republicans
+made extraordinary efforts to elect their state and legislative
+tickets, as both governor and United States senator were at stake.
+Among the speakers imported by the Republicans were the Hon. Galusha
+A. Grow of Pennsylvania and Hon. Schuyler Colfax of Indiana. Mr. Grow,
+then as now, represented the congressional district in Pennsylvania in
+which I formally resided, and I was very anxious to hear him, as the
+first political speech I had ever heard was made by him in a small
+village in Pennsylvania. The speakers were announced to speak at the
+old People's theater, on the corner of Fourth and St. Peter streets,
+and I was among the first to enter. The theater was packed to
+overflowing. Mr. Grow had made a very interesting speech of about an
+hour's duration, and Mr. Colfax was to follow for an equal length of
+time. After Mr. Colfax had spoken about ten minutes an alarm of fire
+was sounded and in less than fifteen minutes the entire structure was
+burned to the ground. This happened about 9:30 o'clock in the
+evening, and, strange to relate, not one of the morning papers had an
+announcement of the fact the next day. The morning papers at that time
+were something like an evening paper of to-day. They were set up and
+made up in the afternoon and generally printed in the early part of
+the evening. The result of that election was very gratifying to the
+Republicans. I can see old Dr. Foster now writing a double column
+political head for the Minnesotian, the first two lines of which were:
+"Shout, Republicans, Shout! We've Cleaned the Breech Clouts Out!"
+
+Dr. Foster was the editor of the Minnesotian and was quite a power in
+the Republican party. He wielded a vigorous pen and possessed a very
+irascible temper. I have often seen him perform some Horace Greeley
+antics in the composing room of the old Minnesotian. At the time of
+the execution of John Brown for his attempted raid into Virginia, I
+remember bringing the Chicago Tribune to the doctor, containing the
+announcement of the execution. I had arranged the paper so that the
+doctor could take in the contents of the heading at the first glance.
+The doctor looked at the headlines a second and then exclaimed, loud
+enough to be heard a block, "Great God! In the nineteenth century, a
+man hung for an idea!"
+
+At another time the doctor became very much enraged over some news
+that I had laid before him. In the early 50's Galusha A. Grow, of
+Pennsylvania, introduced into the house of representatives the first
+homestead law and the Republican party soon afterward incorporated
+the idea into their platform as one of their pet measures. After
+superhuman effort the bill passed the house of representatives, that
+body being nearly tie politically, and was sent to the senate. The
+Democratic majority in the senate was not very favorably impressed
+with the measure, but with the assistance of the late President
+Johnson, who was senator from Tennessee at that time, the bill passed
+the senate by a small majority. There was great rejoicing over the
+event and no one supposed for a moment that the president would veto
+the measure. When I laid the Chicago Tribune before the excitable
+doctor containing the announcement of Buchanan's veto the very air was
+blue with oaths. The doctor took the paper and rushed out into the
+street waving the paper frantically in the air, cursing the president
+at every step.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+From 1854, the date of the starting of the three St. Paul daily
+papers, until 1860, the time of the completion of the Winslow
+telegraph line, there was great strife between the Pioneer,
+Minnesotian and Times as to which would be the first to appear on the
+street with the full text of the president's message. The messages of
+Pierce and Buchanan were very lengthy, and for several days preceding
+their arrival the various offices had all the type of every
+description distributed and all the printers who could possibly be
+procured engaged to help out on the extra containing the forthcoming
+message. It was customary to pay every one employed, from the devil to
+the foreman, $2.50 in gold, and every printer in the city was notified
+to be in readiness for the approaching typographical struggle. One
+year one of the proprietors of the Minnesotian thought he would
+surprise the other offices, and he procured the fastest livery team In
+the city and went down the river as far as Red Wing to intercept the
+mail coach, and expected to return to St. Paul three or four hours in
+advance of the regular mail, which would give him that much advantage
+over his competitors. Owing to some miscalculation as to the time the
+stage left Chicago the message was delivered in St. Paul twenty-four
+hours earlier than was expected, and the proprietor of the Minnesotian
+had the pleasure of receiving a copy of his own paper, containing the
+complete message, long before he returned to St. Paul. The management
+always provided an oyster supper for the employes of the paper first
+out with the message, and it generally required a week for the typos
+to fully recover from its effect.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As an evidence of what was uppermost in the minds of most people at
+this time, and is probably still true to-day, it may be related that
+in the spring of 1860, when the great prize fight between Heenan and
+Sayers was to occur in England, and the meeting of the Democratic
+national convention in Charleston, in which the Minnesota Democrats
+were in hopes that their idol, Stephen A. Douglas, would be nominated
+for president, the first question asked by the people I would meet on
+the way from the boat landing to the office would be: "Anything from
+the prize fight? What is the news from the Charleston convention?"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"The good old times" printers often talk about were evidently not the
+years between the great panic of 1857 and the breaking out of the
+Civil war in 1861. Wages were low and there was absolutely no money to
+speak of. When a man did occasionally get a dollar he was not sure it
+would be worth its face value when the next boat would arrive with
+a new Bank Note Reporter. Married men considered themselves very
+fortunate when they could get, on Saturday night, an order on a
+grocery or dry goods store for four or five dollars, and the single
+men seldom received more than $2 or $3 cash. That was not more than
+half enough to pay their board bill. This state of affairs continued
+until the Press was started in 1861, when Gov. Marshall inaugurated
+the custom, which still prevails, of paying his employes every
+Saturday night.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Another instance of the lack of enterprise on the part of the daily
+paper of that day:
+
+During the summer of 1860 a large party of Republican statesmen and
+politicians visited St. Paul, consisting of State Senator W.H. Seward.
+Senator John P. Hale, Charles Francis Adams, Senator Nye, Gen. Stewart
+L. Woodford and several others of lesser celebrity. The party came to
+Minnesota in the interest of the Republican candidate for president.
+Mr. Seward made a great speech from the front steps of the old
+capitol, in which he predicted that at some distant day the capitol
+of this great republic would be located not far from the Falls of St.
+Anthony. There was a large gathering at the capitol to hear him, but
+those who were not fortunate enough to get within sound of his voice
+had to wait until the New York Herald, containing a full report of
+his speech, reached St. Paul before they could read what the great
+statesman had said.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the fall of 1860 the first telegraph line was completed to St.
+Paul. Newspaper proprietors thought they were then in the world, so
+far as news is concerned, but it was not to be so. The charges for
+telegraph news were so excessive that the three papers in St. Paul
+could not afford the luxury of the "latest news by Associated Press."
+The offices combined against the extortionate rates demanded by the
+telegraph company and made an agreement not to take the dispatches
+until the rates were lowered; but it was like an agreement of the
+railroad presidents of the present day, it was not adhered to. The
+Pioneer made a secret contract with the telegraph company and left the
+Minnesotian and the Times out in the cold. Of course that was a very
+unpleasant state of affairs and for some time the Minnesotian and
+Times would wait until the Pioneer was out in the morning and would
+then set up the telegraph and circulate their papers. One of the
+editors connected with the Minnesotian had an old acquaintance in the
+pressroom of the Pioneer, and through him secured one of the first
+papers printed. This had been going on for some time when Earle S.
+Goodrich, the editor of the Pioneer, heard of it, and he accordingly
+made preparation to perpetrate a huge joke on the Minnesotian. Mr.
+Goodrich was a very versatile writer and he prepared four or five
+columns of bogus telegraph and had it set up and two or three copies
+of the Pioneer printed for the especial use of the Minnesotian. The
+scheme worked to a charm. Amongst the bogus news was a two-column
+speech purporting to have been made by William H. Seward in the senate
+just previous to the breaking out of the war. Mr. Seward's well-known
+ideas were so closely imitated that their genuineness were not
+questioned. The rest of the news was made up of dispatches purporting
+to be from the then excited Southern States. The Minnesotian received
+a Pioneer about 4 o'clock in the morning and by 8 the entire edition
+was distributed throughout the city. I had distributed the Minnesotian
+throughout the upper portion of the city, and just as I returned to
+Bridge Square I met the carrier of the Pioneer, and laughed at him for
+being so late. He smiled, but did not speak. As soon as I learned what
+had happened I did not do either. The best of the joke was, the Times
+could not obtain an early copy of the Pioneer and set up the bogus
+news from the Minnesotian, and had their edition printed and ready to
+circulate when they heard of the sell. They at once set up the genuine
+news and circulated both the bogus and regular, and made fun of the
+Minnesotian for being so easily taken in.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Pioneer retained the monopoly of the news until the Press was
+started, on the 1st of January, 1861. The Press made arrangements with
+Mr. Winslow for full telegraphic dispatches, but there was another
+hitch in the spring of 1861 and for some time the Press had to obtain
+its telegraph from proof sheets of the St. Anthony Falls News, a paper
+published in what is now East Minneapolis. Gov. Marshall was very much
+exercised at being compelled to go to a neighboring town for telegraph
+news, and one night when news of unusual importance was expected he
+had a very stormy interview with Mr. Winslow. No one ever knew exactly
+what he told him, but that night the Press had full telegraphic
+reports, and has had ever since.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Gov. Marshall was a noble man. When the first battle of Bull Run
+occurred the earlier reports announced a great Union victory. I
+remember of going to Dan Rice's circus that night and felt as chipper
+as a young kitten. After the circus was out I went back to the office
+to see if any late news had been received. I met Gov. Marshall at the
+door, and with tears rolling down his cheeks he informed me that the
+Union force had met with a great reverse and he was afraid the
+country would never recover from it. But it did, and the governor
+was afterward one of the bravest of the brave in battling for his
+country's honor.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Printers were very patriotic, and when Father Abraham called for
+"three hundred thousand more" in July, 1862, so many enlisted that
+it was with much difficulty that the paper was enabled to present a
+respectable appearance. The Press advertised for anything that could
+set type to come in and help it out. I remember one man applying
+who said he never had set any type, but he had a good theoretical
+knowledge of the business.
+
+One evening an old gentleman by the name of Metcalf, father of the
+late T.M. Metcalf, came wandering into the office about 9 o'clock and
+told the foreman he thought he could help him out. He was given a
+piece of copy and worked faithfully until the paper went to press.
+He was over eighty years old and managed to set about 1,000 ems. Mr.
+Metcalf got alarmed at his father's absence from home and searched the
+city over, and finally found him in the composing room of the Press.
+The old man would not go home with his son, but insisted on remaining
+until the paper was up.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Although Minnesota sent to the war as many, if not more, men than any
+other state in the Union in proportion to its population, yet it was
+necessary to resort to a draft in a few counties where the population
+was largely foreign. The feeling against the draft was very bitter,
+and the inhabitants of the counties which were behind in the quota did
+not take kindly to the idea of being drafted to fight for a cause they
+did not espouse. A riot was feared, and troops were ordered down from
+the fort to be in readiness for any disturbance that might occur.
+Arrangements for the prosecution of the draft were made as rapidly as
+possible, but the provost marshal was not in readiness to have it take
+place on the day designated by the war department. This situation
+of affairs was telegraphed to the president and the following
+characteristic reply was received: "If the draft cannot take place, of
+course it cannot take place. Necessity knows no law. A. Lincoln." The
+bitterest feeling of the anti-drafters seemed to be against the
+old St. Paul Press, a paper that earnestly advocated the vigorous
+prosecution of the war. Threats were made to mob the office. A company
+was organized for self-defense, and Capt. E.R. Otis, now of West
+Superior, one of the Press compositors at that time, was made post
+commander. Capt. Otis had seen service in the early part of the war
+and the employes considered themselves fortunate in having a genuine
+military man for a leader. The office was barricaded, fifteen old
+Springfield muskets and 800 rounds of ammunition was brought down from
+the capitol and every one instructed what to do in case of an attack.
+I slept on a lounge in the top story of the old Press building
+overlooking Bridge Square, and the guns and ammunition were under my
+bed. I was supposed to give the alarm should the mob arrive after the
+employes had gone home. As there was no possible avenue of escape in
+case of an attack, it looks now as if the post commander displayed
+poor judgment in placing a lone sentinel on guard. But there was no
+riot. The excitement gradually died away and the draft took place
+without interruption.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Before and some time after the war the daily newspapers took advantage
+of all the holidays and seldom issued papers on the days following
+Christmas, New Year's, Washington's birthday, Fourth of July
+and Thanksgiving. On the Fourth of July, 1863, the Pioneer made
+arrangements to move from their old quarters near the corner of Third
+and Cedar streets to the corner of Third and Robert. It happened
+that on that day two of the greatest events of the Civil war had
+occurred--the battle of Gettysburg and the surrender of Vicksburg. The
+Pioneer being engaged in moving their plant could not issue an extra
+on that occasion, and the Press had the field exclusively to itself.
+The news of these two great events had become pretty generally known
+throughout the city and the anxiety to get fuller particulars was
+simply intense. The Press, having a clear field for that day, did not
+propose to issue its extra until the fullest possible details had
+been received. A great crowd had assembled in front of the old Press
+office, anxiously awaiting details of the great Union victories. I had
+helped prepare the news for the press and followed the forms to the
+press room. As soon as a sufficient number of papers had been printed
+I attempted to carry them to the counting room and place them on sale.
+As I opened the side door of the press room and undertook to reach the
+counting room by a short circuit, I found the crowd on the outside had
+become so large that it was impossible to gain an entrance in that
+direction, and undertook to retreat and try another route. But quicker
+than a flash I was raised to the shoulders of the awaiting crowd and
+walked on their heads to the counting room window, where I sold what
+few papers I had as rapidly as I could hand them out. As soon as the
+magnitude of the news got circulated cheer after cheer rent the air,
+and cannon, anvils, firecrackers and everything that would make a
+noise was brought into requisition, and before sundown St. Paul had
+celebrated the greatest Fourth of July in its history.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I arrived in St. Paul on the morning of the 17th of April, 1858, and
+Immediately commenced work on the Daily Minnesotian, my brother, Geo.
+W. Moore, being part owner and manager of the paper. I had not been at
+work long before I learned what a "scoop" was. Congress had passed
+a bill admitting Minnesota into the Union, but as there was no
+telegraphic communication with Washington it required two or three
+days for the news to reach the state. The Pioneer, Minnesotian and
+Times were morning papers, and were generally printed the evening
+before. It so happened that the news of the admission of Minnesota was
+brought to St. Paul by a passenger on a late boat and the editors of
+the Pioneer accidentally heard of the event and published the same
+on the following morning, thus scooping the other two papers. The
+Minnesotian got out an extra and sent it around to their subscribers
+and they thought they had executed a great stroke of enterprise. It
+was not long before I became familiar with the method of obtaining
+news and I was at the levee on the arrival of every boat thereafter.
+I could tell every boat by its whistle, and there was no more scoops
+'till the telegraph line was completed in the summer of 1860.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+During the latter part of the Civil war the daily newspapers began to
+expand, and have ever since kept fully abreast of the requirements of
+our rapidly increasing population. The various papers were printed on
+single-cylinder presses until about 1872, when double-cylinders were
+introduced. In 1876 the first turtle-back press was brought to the
+city, printing four pages at one time. In 1880 the different offices
+introduced stereotyping, and in 1892 linotype type-setting machines
+were installed. The next great advance will probably be some system of
+photography that will entirely dispense with the work of the printer
+and proofreader. Who knows?
+
+
+
+
+THE FIVE MILLION LOAN ELECTION.
+
+EARLY STEAMBOATING--CELEBRATION OF THE SUCCESSFUL LAYING OF THE FIRST
+ATLANTIC CABLE--A FIGHT BETWEEN THE CHIPPEWAS AND SIOUXS.
+
+
+"Right this way for the Fuller house!" "Right this way for the Winslow
+house!" "Right this way for the American house!" "Merchants hotel
+on the levee!" "Stage for St. Anthony Falls!" These were the
+announcements that would greet the arrival of travelers as they would
+alight from one of the splendid steamers of the Galena, Dunleith,
+Dubuque and Minnesota Packet company during the days when traveling
+by steamboat was the only way of reaching points on the upper
+Mississippi. Besides the above hotels, there was the Central house,
+the Temperance house, the City hotel, Minnesota house, the Western
+house, the Hotel to the Wild Hunter, whose curious sign for many years
+attracted the attention of the visitor, and many others. The Merchants
+is the only one left, and that only in name. Messengers from newspaper
+offices, representatives of storage and commission houses, merchants
+looking for consignments of goods, residents looking for friends, and
+the ever alert dealers in town lots on the scent of fresh victims,
+were among the crowds that daily congregated at the levee whenever the
+arrival of one of the packet company's regular steamers was expected.
+At one time there was a daily line of steamers to La Crosse, a daily
+line to Prairie du Chien, a daily line to Dubuque and a line to St.
+Louis, and three daily lines for points on the Minnesota river.
+Does any one remember the deep bass whistle of the Gray Eagle, the
+combination whistle on the Key City, the ear-piercing shriek of the
+little Antelope, and the discordant notes of the calliope on the
+Denmark? The officers of these packets were the king's of the day, and
+when any one of them strayed up town he attracted as much attention as
+a major general of the regulars. It was no uncommon sight to see six
+or eight steamers at the levee at one time, and their appearance
+presented a decided contrast to the levee of the present time. The
+first boat through the lake in the spring was granted free wharfage,
+and as that meant about a thousand dollars, there was always an
+effort made to force a passage through the lake as soon as possible.
+Traveling by steamboat during the summer months was very pleasant,
+but it was like taking a trip to the Klondike to go East during the
+winter. Merchants were compelled to supply themselves with enough
+goods to last from November till April, as it was too expensive
+to ship goods by express during the winter. Occasionally some
+enterprising merchant would startle the community by announcing
+through the newspapers that he had just received by Burbank's express
+a new pattern in dress goods, or a few cans of fresh oysters. The
+stages on most of the routes left St. Paul at 4 o'clock in the
+morning, and subscribers to daily newspapers within a radius of forty
+miles of the city could read the news as early as they can during
+these wonderful days of steam and electricity.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Probably no election ever occurred in Minnesota that excited so much
+interest as the one known as the "Five Million Loan Election." It was
+not a party measure, as the leading men of both parties favored it;
+although the Republicans endeavored to make a little capital out of it
+at a later period. The only paper of any prominence that opposed the
+passage of the amendment was the Minnesotian, edited by Dr. Thomas
+Foster. That paper was very violent in its abuse of every one who
+favored the passage of the law, and its opposition probably had an
+opposite effect from what was intended by the redoubtable doctor. The
+great panic of 1857 had had a very depressing effect on business
+of every description and it was contended that the passage of this
+measure would give employment to thousands of people; that the
+rumbling of the locomotive would soon be heard in every corner of the
+state, and that the dealer in town lots and broad acres would again be
+able to complacently inform the newcomer the exact locality where a
+few dollars would soon bring to the investor returns unheard of by
+any ordinary methods of speculation. The campaign was short and the
+amendment carried by an immense majority. So nearly unanimous was
+the sentiment of the community in favor of the measure that it was
+extremely hazardous for any one to express sentiments In opposition to
+it. The city of St. Paul, with a population of about 10,000, gave a
+majority of over 4,000 for the law. There was no Australian law
+at that time, and one could vote early and often without fear of
+molestation. One of the amusing features of the campaign, and in
+opposition to the measure, was a cartoon drawn by R.O. Sweeney, now
+a resident of Duluth. It was lithographed and widely circulated. The
+newspapers had no facilities for printing cartoons at that time. They
+had to be printed on a hand press and folded into the papers. It was
+proposed, by the terms of this amendment to the constitution, to
+donate to four different railroad companies $10,000 per mile for every
+mile of road graded and ready to iron. Work Was commenced soon after
+the passage of the law, and in a short time a demand was made by the
+railroad companies upon Gov. Sibley for the issuance of the bonds, in
+accordance with their idea of the terms of the contract made by the
+state. Gov. Sibley declined to issue the bonds until the rights of
+the state had been fully protected. The railroad companies would not
+accept the restrictions placed upon them by the governor, and they
+obtained a peremptory writ from the supreme court directing that they
+be issued. The governor held that the supreme court had no authority
+to coerce the executive branch of the state government, but on the
+advice of the attorney general, and rather than have any friction
+between the two branches of the government, he, in accordance with the
+mandate of the court, reluctantly signed the bonds. Judge Flandrau
+dissented from the opinion of his colleagues, and had his ideas
+prevailed the state's financial reputation would have been vastly
+improved. Dr. Foster did not believe Gov. Sibley was sincere in his
+efforts to protect the interests of the state, and denounced him with
+the same persistence he had during the campaign of the previous fall.
+The doctor would never acknowledge that Gov. Sibley was the legal
+governor of Minnesota, and Tie contended that he had no right to sign
+the bonds: that their issuance was illegal, and that neither the
+principal nor the interest would ever be paid. The Minnesotian carried
+at the head of its columns the words "Official Paper of the City," and
+it was feared that its malignant attacks upon the state officials,
+denouncing the issuance of the bonds as fraudulent and illegal, would
+be construed abroad as reflecting the sentiment of the majority of the
+people in the the community in which it was printed, and would have a
+bad effect in the East when the time came to negotiate the bonds. An
+effort was made to induce the city council to deprive that paper of
+its official patronage, but that body could not see its way clear to
+abrogate its contract. Threats were made to throw the office into the
+river, but they did not materialize. When Gov. Sibley endeavored
+to place these bonds on the New York market he was confronted
+with conditions not anticipated, and suffered disappointment and
+humiliation in consequence of the failure of the attempt. The bonds
+could not be negotiated. The whole railway construction scheme
+suddenly collapsed, the railroad companies defaulted, the credit of
+the state was compromised, "and enterprise of great pith and
+moment had turned their currents awry." The evil forbodings of the
+Minnesotian became literally true, and for more than twenty years
+the repudiated bonds of Minnesota were a blot on the pages of her
+otherwise spotless record. Nearly 250 miles of road were graded, on
+which the state foreclosed and a few years later donated the same to
+new organizations. During the administration of Gov. Pillsbury the
+state compromised with the holders of these securities and paid 50 per
+cent of their nominal value. Will she ever pay the rest?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the latter part of May, 1858, a battle was fought near Shakopee
+between the Sioux and the Chippewas. A party of Chippewa warriors,
+under the command of the famous Chief Hole-in-the-day, surprised a
+body of Sioux on the river bottoms near Shakopee and mercilessly
+opened fire on them, killing and wounding fifteen or twenty. Eight or
+ten Chippewas were killed during the engagement. The daily papers
+sent reporters to the scene of the conflict and they remained in that
+vicinity several days on the lookout for further engagements. Among
+the reporters was John W. Sickels, a fresh young man from one of the
+Eastern cities. He was attached to the Times' editorial staff and
+furnished that paper with a very graphic description of the events of
+the preceding days, and closed his report by saying that he was unable
+to find out the "origin of the difficulty." As the Sioux and
+Chippewas were hereditary enemies, his closing announcement afforded
+considerable amusement to the old inhabitants.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The celebration in St. Paul in honor of the successful laying of the
+Atlantic cable, which took place on the first day of September, 1858,
+was one of the first as well as one of the most elaborate celebrations
+that ever occurred in the city. The announcement of the completion of
+the enterprise, which occurred on the 5th of the previous month, did
+not reach St. Paul until two or three days later, as there was no
+telegraphic communication to the city at that time. As soon as
+messages had been exchanged between Queen Victoria and President
+Buchanan it was considered safe to make preparations for a grand
+celebration. Most of the cities throughout the United States were
+making preparations to celebrate on that day, and St. Paul did not
+propose to be outdone. The city council appropriated several hundred
+dollars to assist in the grand jubilation and illumination. An
+elaborate program was prepared and a procession that would do credit
+to the city at the present time marched through the principal streets,
+to the edification of thousands of spectators from the city and
+surrounding country. To show that a procession in the olden time was
+very similar to one of the up-to-date affairs, the following order of
+procession is appended:
+
+THE PROCESSION.
+
+  Escort of Light Cavalry.
+  Band.
+  Pioneer Guard.
+  City Guard.
+  City Battery.
+  Floral procession with escort of Mounted Cadets,
+    representing Queen Victoria, President Buchanan,
+    the different States of the Union, and
+    other devices.
+  The Governor and State Officers in carriages.
+  The Judges of the State in carriages.
+  The Clergy.
+  Officers of the Army.
+  Officers of the Navy.
+  The Municipal Authorities of Neighboring Cities.
+  The Board of Education in Carriages.
+  The Mayor and City Council.
+  Knights Templars on Horseback.
+  Band.
+  Odd Fellows.
+  Druids.
+  Typographical Corps.
+  Band.
+  Officers and Crews of Vessels in Port.
+  Turners.
+  German Reading Society.
+  German Singing Society.
+  Attaches of Postoffice Department.
+  Citizens in Carriages.
+  Citizens on Horseback.
+  Brewers on Horseback.
+  Butchers on Horseback.
+
+Col. AC Jones, adjutant general of the state, was marshal-in-chief,
+and he was assisted by a large number of aides. The Pioneer Guards,
+the oldest military company in the state, had the right of line. They
+had just received their Minie rifles and bayonets, and, with the
+drum-major headgear worn by military companies in those days,
+presented a very imposing appearance. The Pioneer Guards were followed
+by the City Guards, under Capt. John O'Gorman. A detachment of cavalry
+and the City Battery completed the military part of the affair. The
+fire department, under the superintendence of the late Charles H.
+Williams, consisting of the Pioneer Hook and Ladder company, Minnehaha
+Engine company, Hope Engine company and the Rotary Mill company was
+the next in order. One of the most attractive features of the occasion
+was the contribution of the Pioneer Printing company. In a large car
+drawn by six black horses an attempt was made to give an idea of
+printers and printing in the days of Franklin, and also several
+epochs in the life of the great philosopher. In the car with the
+representatives of the art preservative was Miss Azelene Allen, a
+beautiful and popular young actress connected with the People's
+theater, bearing in her hand a cap of liberty on a spear. She
+represented the Goddess of Liberty. The car was ornamented with
+flowers and the horses were decorated with the inscriptions
+"Franklin," "Morse," "Field." The Pioneer book bindery was also
+represented in one of the floats, and workmen, both male and female,
+were employed in different branches of the business. These beautiful
+floats were artistically designed by George H. Colgrave, who is
+still in the service of the Pioneer Press company. One of the unique
+features of the parade, and one that attracted great attention, was a
+light brigade, consisting of a number of school children mounted, and
+they acted as a guard of honor to the president and queen. In an open
+barouche drawn by four horses were seated two juvenile representatives
+of President Buchanan and Queen Victoria. The representative of
+British royalty was Miss Rosa Larpenteur, daughter of A.L. Larpenteur,
+and the first child born of white parents in St. Paul. James Buchanan
+was represented by George Folsom, also a product of the city. Col.
+R.E.J. Miles and Miss Emily Dow, the stars at the People's theater,
+were in the line of march on two handsomely caparisoned horses,
+dressed in Continental costume, representing George and Martha
+Washington. The colonel looked like the veritable Father of His
+Country. There were a number of other floats, and nearly all the
+secret societies of the city were in line. The procession was nearly
+two miles in length and they marched three and one-half hours before
+reaching their destination. To show the difference between a line of
+march at that time and one at the present day, the following is given:
+
+THE LINE OF MARCH.
+
+Up St. Anthony street to Fort street, up Fort street to Ramsey street,
+then countermarch down Fort to Fourth street, down Fourth street to
+Minnesota street, up Minnesota street to Seventh street, down Seventh
+street to Jackson street, up Jackson street to Eighth street, down
+Eighth street to Broadway, down Broadway to Seventh street, up Seventh
+street to Jackson street, down Jackson street to Third street, up
+Third street to Market street.
+
+Ex-Gov. W.A. Gorman and ex-Gov. Alex. Ramsey were the orators of the
+occasion, and they delivered very lengthy addresses. It had been
+arranged to have extensive fireworks in the evening, but on account of
+the storm they had to be postponed until the following night.
+
+It was a strange coincidence that on the very day of the celebration
+the last message was exchanged between England and America. The cable
+had been in successful operation about four weeks and 129 messages
+were received from England and 271 sent from America. In 1866 a new
+company succeeded in laying the cable which is in successful
+operation to-day. Four attempts were made before the enterprise was
+successful--the first in 1857, the second in 1858, the third in 1863
+and the successful one in 1865. Cyrus W. Field, the projector of the
+enterprise, received the unanimous thanks of congress, and would have
+been knighted by Great Britain had Mr. Field thought it proper to
+accept such honor.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Some time during the early '50s a secret order known as the Sons of
+Malta was organized in one of the Eastern states, and its membership
+increased throughout the West with as much rapidity as the Vandals and
+Goths increased their numbers during the declining years of the Roman
+Empire. Two or three members of the Pioneer editorial staff procured a
+charter from Pittesburg in 1858 and instituted a lodge in St. Paul.
+It was a grand success from the start. Merchants, lawyers, doctors,
+printers, and in fact half of the male population, was soon enrolled
+in the membership of the order. There was something so grand, gloomy
+and peculiar about the initiation that made it certain that as soon
+as one victim had run the gauntlet he would not be satisfied until
+another one had been procured. When a candidate had been proposed for
+membership the whole lodge acted as a committee of investigation,
+and if it could be ascertained that he had ever been derelict in his
+dealings with his fellow men he was sure to be charged with it when
+being examined by the high priest in the secret chamber of the
+order--that is, the candidate supposed he was in a secret chamber from
+the manner in which he had to be questioned, but when the hood had
+been removed from his face he found, much to his mortification, that
+his confession had been made to the full membership of the order.
+Occasionally the candidate would confess to having been more of a
+transgresser than his questioners had anticipated.
+
+The following is a sample of the questions asked a candidate for
+admission: Grand Commander to candidate, "Are you in favor of
+the acquisition of the Island of Cuba?" Candidate, "I am." Grand
+Commander, "In case of an invasion of the island, would you lie awake
+nights and steal into the enemy's camp?" Candidate, "I would." Grand
+Commander, "Let it be recorded, he will lie and steal," and then an
+immense gong at the far end of the hall would be sounded and the
+candidate would imagine that the day of judgment had come. The scheme
+of bouncing candidates into the air from a rubber blanket, so popular
+during the days of the recent ice carnivals was said to have been
+original with the Sons of Malta, and was one of the mildest of the
+many atrocities perpetrated by this most noble order.
+
+Some time during the summer a large excursion party of members of the
+order from Cincinnati, Chicago and Milwaukee visited St. Paul.
+Among the number was the celebrated elocutionist, Alf. Burnett of
+Cincinnati, and Gov. Alexander Randall of Wisconsin. They arrived at
+the lower levee about midnight and marched up Third street to the hall
+of the order, where a grand banquet was awaiting them. The visitors
+were arrayed in long, black robes, with a black hood over their heads,
+and looked more like the prisoners in the play of "Lucretia Borgia"
+than members of modern civilization.
+
+On the following day there was an immense barbecue at Minnehaha
+Falls, when the visitors were feasted with an ox roasted whole. This
+organization kept on increasing in membership, until in an evil hour
+one of the members had succeeded in inducing the Rev. John Penman
+to consent to become one of its members. Mr. Penman was so highly
+Indignant at the manner in which he had been handled during the
+initiation that he immediately wrote an expose of the secret work,
+with numerous illustrations, and had it published in Harper's Weekly.
+The exposition acted like a bombshell in the camp of the Philistines,
+and ever after Empire hall, the headquarters of the order, presented
+a dark and gloomy appearance. The reverend gentleman was judge of
+probate of Ramsey county at the time, but his popularity suddenly
+diminished and when his term of office expired he found it to his
+advantage to locate in a more congenial atmosphere.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Minnesotian and Times, although both Republican papers, never
+cherished much love for each other. The ravings of the Eatanswill
+Gazette were mild in comparison to the epithets used by these little
+papers in describing the shortcomings of their "vile and reptile
+contemporary." After the election in 1859, as soon as it was known
+that the Republicans had secured a majority in the legislature, the
+managers of these rival Republican offices instituted a very lively
+campaign for the office of state printer. Both papers had worked hard
+for the success of the Republican ticket and they had equal claims
+on the party for recognition. Both offices were badly in need of
+financial assistance, and had the Republican party not been successful
+one of them, and perhaps both, would have been compelled to suspend.
+How to divide the patronage satisfactorily to both papers was the
+problem that confronted the legislature about to assemble. The war of
+words between Foster and Newson continued with unabated ferocity. The
+editor of the Minnesotian would refer to the editor of the Times
+as "Mr. Timothy Muggins Newson"--his right name being Thomas M.
+Newson--and the Times would frequently mention Dr. Foster as the
+"red-nosed, goggle-eyed editor of the Minnesotian." To effect a
+reconciliation between these two editors required the best diplomatic
+talent of the party leaders. After frequent consultations between the
+leading men of the party and the managers of the two offices, it was
+arranged that the papers should be consolidated and the name of the
+paper should be the Minnesotian and Times. It can readily be seen
+that a marriage contracted under these peculiar circumstances was
+not likely to produce a prolonged state of connubial felicity. The
+relations between Foster and Newson were no more cordial under one
+management than had hitherto existed when the offices were separate.
+This unhappy situation continued until about the time the legislature
+adjourned, when the partnership was dissolved. Dr. Foster assumed
+entire control of the Minnesotian and Maj. Newson was manager of
+the Times. George W. Moore was associated with Dr. Foster in the
+publication of the Minnesotian prior to the consolidation, but when
+the offices separated it was stipulated that Mr. Moore should have the
+printing of the Journals of the two houses of the legislature as part
+payment of his share of the business of the late firm of Newson,
+Moore, Foster & Co., thus entirely severing his relations with the
+paper he helped to found. After the arrangement was made it was with
+the greatest difficulty that it was carried into effect, as Orville
+Brown of Faribault had entered the field as a candidate for state
+printer and came within a few votes of taking the printing to that
+village. The Times continued under the management of Mr. Newson until
+the first of January, 1861, when he leased the office to W.R. Marshall
+and Thomas F. Slaughter, who started the St. Paul Daily Press with
+its material. The Press proved to be too much of a competitor for the
+Minnesotian, and in a short time Dr. Foster was compelled to surrender
+to its enterprising projectors, they having purchased the entire
+plant. This ended the rivalry between the two Republican dailies. Dr.
+Foster and Maj. Newson, some time afterward, received commissions in
+the volunteer service of the army during the Civil war, and George W.
+Moore was appointed collector of the port of St. Paul, a position he
+held for more than twenty years.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Does any one remember that St. Paul had a paper called the Daily North
+Star? The historians of St. Paul and Ramsey county do not seem to ever
+have chronicled the existence of this sprightly little sheet. During
+the presidential campaign of 1860 we had two kinds of Democrats--the
+Douglas and the Breckinridge or administration Democrats. There
+were only two papers in the state that espoused the cause of
+Mr. Breckinridge--the Chatfield Democrat and the Henderson
+Independent--and as they had been designated by the president to
+publish such portion of the acts of congress as it was customary
+to print at that time, it was quite natural that they carried the
+administration colors at the head of their columns. They were called
+"bread and butter papers." The supporters of Mr. Breckinridge thought
+their cause would present a more respectable appearance if they had an
+organ at the capital of the state. Accordingly the late H.H. Young,
+the editor of the Henderson Independent, was brought down from that
+village and the Daily North Star soon made its appearance. It was not
+necessary at that time to procure the Associated Press dispatches, a
+perfecting press and linotype machines before embarking in a daily
+newspaper enterprise, as a Washington hand press and five or six
+cases of type were all that were necessary. This paper was published
+regularly until after election, and as the returns indicated that the
+officeholders would not much longer contribute toward its support it
+soon collapsed.
+
+St. Paul had another paper that is very seldom mentioned in newspaper
+history. It was called the St. Paul Weekly Journal, and was edited by
+Dr. Massey, formerly of the Ohio Statesman and private secretary to
+Gov. Sam Medary. This paper was started in 1862, but on account of its
+violent opposition to the prosecution of the war did not meet with
+much favor, and only existed about eight months.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Some time during the year 1858 the Minnesotian office received about
+half a dozen cases of very bad whisky in payment of a very bad debt.
+They could not sell it--they could not even give it to any one.
+Occasionally the thirst of an old-time compositor would get the
+better of him and he would uncork a bottle. The experiment was never
+repeated. Think of half a dozen cases of whisky remaining unmolested
+in a printing office for more than two years. During the campaign
+of 1860 the Wide Awakes and the Little Giants were the uniformed
+political organizations intended to attract the attention of voters.
+One dreary night one of the attaches of the Minnesotian office, and an
+active member of the Wide Awakes, met the Little Giants near Bridge
+Square as they were returning to their hall after a long march.
+In order to establish a sort of entente cordiale between the two
+organisations the Little Giants were invited over to the Minnesotian
+office in hopes they would be able to reduce the supply of this
+nauseating beverage. It was a golden opportunity. The invitation was
+readily accepted, and in a short time fifty ardent followers of the
+advocate of squatter sovereignty were lined up in front of a black
+Republican office, thirsting for black Republican whisky. Bottle after
+bottle, was passed down the line, and as it gurgled down the throats
+of these enthusiastic marchers they smacked their lips with as much
+gusto as did Rip Van Winkle when partaking of the soporific potation
+that produced his twenty years' sleep. One of the cardinal principles
+of the Democracy, at that time was to "love rum and hate <DW65>s." As
+the entire stock was disposed of before the club resumed its line of
+march, the host of the occasion concluded that at least one plank of
+their platform was rigidly adhered to.
+
+
+
+
+THE GREAT SIOUX OUTBREAK IN 1862.
+
+NARRATION OF SOME OF THE EXCITING EVENTS THAT OCCURRED DURING THE
+GREAT SIOUX OUTBREAK IN 1862--FORT RIDGELY, NEW ULM AND BIRCH
+COULIE--OTHER DAY AND WABASHA--GREAT EXCITEMENT IN ST. PAUL.
+
+
+In July and August, 1862, President Lincoln issued proclamations
+calling for the enlistment of 600,000 volunteers for the purpose of
+reinforcing the army, then vainly endeavoring to suppress the Southern
+rebellion. It was probably one of the most gloomy periods in the
+history of the Civil war. McClellan had been compelled to make a
+precipitous and disastrous retreat from the vicinity of Richmond;
+the army of Northern Virginia under Pope had met with several severe
+reverses; the armies in the West under Grant, Buell and Curtis had not
+been able to make any progress toward the heart of the Confederacy;
+rebel marauders under Morgan were spreading desolation and ruin in
+Kentucky and Ohio; rebel privateers were daily eluding the vigilant
+watch of the navy and escaping to Europe with loads of cotton, which
+they readily disposed of and returned with arms and ammunition to aid
+in the prosecution of their cause. France was preparing to invade
+Mexico with a large army for the purpose of forcing the establishment
+of a monarchical form of government upon the people of our sister
+republic; the sympathies of all the great powers of Europe, save
+Russia, were plainly manifested by outspoken utterances favorable to
+the success of the Confederate cause; rumors of foreign intervention
+in behalf of the South were daily circulated; the enemies of the
+government in the North were especially active in their efforts
+to prevent the enlistment of men under the call of the president;
+conspiracies for burning Northern cities had been unearthed by
+government detectives, and emissaries from the South were endeavoring
+to spread disease and pestilence throughout the loyal North. It was
+during this critical period in the great struggle for the suppression
+of the Rebellion that one of the most fiendish atrocities in the
+history of Indian warfare was enacted on the western boundaries of
+Minnesota.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It can readily be seen that the government was illy prepared to cope
+with an outbreak of such magnitude as this soon proved to be. By the
+terms of the treaty of Traverse des Sioux and Mendota in 1851 the
+Sioux sold all their lands in Minnesota, except a strip ten miles wide
+on each side of the Minnesota river from near Fort Ridgely to Big
+Stone lake. In 1858 ten miles of the strip lying north of the river
+was sold, mainly through the influence of Little Crow. The selling of
+this strip caused great dissatisfaction among the Indians and Little
+Crow was severely denounced for the part he took in the transaction.
+The sale rendered it necessary for all the Indians to locate on the
+south side of the Minnesota, where game was scarce and trapping poor.
+There was nothing for them to live upon unless they adopted the habits
+of civilization and worked like white men. This was very distasteful
+to many of them, as they wanted to live the same as they did before
+the treaty--go where they pleased, when they pleased, and hunt game
+and sell fur to traders. The government built houses for those who
+desired to occupy them, furnished tools, seed, etc., and taught them
+how to farm. At two of the agencies during the summer of the outbreak
+they had several hundred acres of land under cultivation. The
+disinclination of many of the Indians to work gradually produced
+dissension among themselves and they formed into two parties--the
+white man's party, those that believed in cultivating the soil; and
+the Indian party, a sort of young-man-afraid-of-work association, who
+believed it beneath the dignity of the noble Dakotan to perform
+manual labor. The white man's, or farmer's party, was favored by the
+government, some of them having fine houses built for them. The other
+Indians did not like this, and became envious of them because they
+discontinued the customs of the tribe. There was even said to have
+been a secret organization among the tepee Indians whose object it was
+to declare war upon the whites. The Indians also claimed that they
+were not fairly dealt with by the traders; that they had to rely
+entirely upon their word for their indebtedness to them; that they
+were ignorant of any method of keeping accounts, and that when the
+paymaster came the traders generally took all that was coming, and
+often leaving many of them in debt. They protested against permitting
+the traders to sit at the pay table of the government paymaster and
+deduct from their small annuities the amount due them. They had at
+least one white man's idea--they wanted to pay their debts when they
+got ready.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+For several weeks previous to the outbreak the Indians came to the
+agencies to get their money. Day after day and week after week passed
+and there was no sign of paymasters. The year 1862 was the the second
+year of the great Rebellion, and as the government officers had been
+taxed to their utmost to provide funds for the prosecution of the war,
+it looked as though they had neglected their wards in Minnesota. Many
+of the Indians who had gathered about the agencies were out of money
+and their families were suffering. The Indians were told that on
+account of the great war in which the government was engaged the
+payment would never be made. Their annuities were payable in gold and
+they were told that the great father had no gold to pay them with.
+Maj. Galbraith, the agent of the Sioux, had organized a company to go
+South, composed mostly of half-breeds, and this led the Indians to
+believe that now would be the time to go to war with the whites and
+get their land back. It was believed that the men who had enlisted
+last had all left the state and that before, help could be sent they
+could clear the country of the whites, and that the Winnebagos and
+Chippewas would come to their assistance. It is known that the Sioux
+had been in communication with Hole-in-the-Day, the Chippewa chief,
+but the outbreak was probably precipitated before they came to an
+understanding. It was even said at the time that the Confederate
+government had emissaries among them, but the Indians deny this report
+and no evidence has ever been collected proving its truthfulness.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Under the call of the president for 600,000 men Minnesota was called
+upon to furnish five regiments--the Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth
+and Tenth--and the requisition had been partially filled and the men
+mustered in when the news reached St. Paul that open hostilities had
+commenced at the upper agency, and an indiscriminate massacre of the
+whites was taking place.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The people of Minnesota had been congratulating themselves that
+they were far removed from the horrors of the Civil war, and their
+indignation knew no bounds when compelled to realize that these
+treacherous redskins, who had been nursed and petted by officers
+of the government, and by missionaries and traders for years, had,
+without a moment's warning, commenced an indiscriminate slaughter of
+men, women and children. It was a singular fact that farmer Indians,
+whom the government officers and missionaries had tried so hard
+to civilize, were guilty of the most terrible butcheries after
+hostilities had actually commenced.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A few days previous to the attack upon the whites at the upper agency
+a portion of the band of Little Six appeared at Action, Meeker county.
+There they murdered several people and then fled to Redwood. It was
+the first step in the great massacre that soon followed. On the
+morning of the 18th of August, without a word of warning, an
+indiscriminate massacre was inaugurated. A detachment of Company B of
+the Fifth regiment, under command of Capt. Marsh, went to the scene
+of the revolt, but they were ambushed and about twenty-five of their
+number, including the captain, killed. The horrible work of murder,
+pillage and destruction was spread throughout the entire Sioux
+reservation, and whole families, especially those in isolated portions
+of the country, were an easy prey to these fiendish warriors.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Wyoming massacre during the Revolution and the Black Hawk and
+Seminole wars at a later period, pale into insignificance when
+compared to the great outrages committed by these demons during this
+terrible outbreak. In less than one week 1,000 people had been killed,
+several million dollars' worth of property destroyed and 30,000 people
+rendered homeless. The entire country from Fort Ripley to the southern
+boundary of the state, reaching almost to the mouth of the Minnesota
+river, had been in a twinkling depopulated. How to repel these
+invaders and drive them back to their reservations and out of the
+state as they had forfeited all rights to the land they had occupied,
+was the problem that suddenly confronted both the state and national
+authorities.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Shortly after the news of the outbreak at Redwood had been received,
+word was sent from Fort Ripley to the effect that the Chippewas were
+assuming a warlike attitude, and it was feared that the Sioux and
+Chippewas--hereditary enemies--had buried the hatchet, or had been
+influenced by other causes, and were ready to co-operate in an
+indiscriminate massacre of the whites. Indian Agent Walker undertook
+to arrest the famous chief Hole-in-the-day, but that wily warrior had
+scented danger and suddenly disappeared, with his entire band, which
+caused grave apprehension among the settlers in that locality, and
+they were in daily dread of an attack from these hitherto peaceable
+tribes.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The suddenness with which the outbreak had occurred and the
+extraordinary rapidity with which it spread, driving the defenseless
+settlers from their homes and causing desolation and ruin on every
+side, rendered it necessary for the governor to call an extra session
+of the legislature for the purpose of devising means to arm and equip
+volunteers, and assist the homeless refugees in procuring places of
+shelter where they would be safe from molestation by these dusky
+warriors. Could anything be more terrible than Gov. Ramsey's picture
+of the ravages of these outlaws in his message to the legislature?
+"Nothing which the brutal lust and wanton cruelty of these savages
+could wreak upon their helpless and innocent victims was omitted from
+the category of their crimes," said the governor. "Helplessness and
+innocence, indeed, which would inspire pity in any heart but theirs,
+seemed to inspire them only with a more fiendish rage. Infants hewn
+into bloody chips of flesh or torn untimely from the womb of the
+murdered mother, and in cruel mockery cast in fragments on her
+pulseless and bleeding breast; rape joined to murder in one awful
+tragedy; young girls, even children of tender years, outraged by
+these brutal ravishers till death ended their shame; women held into
+captivity to undergo the horrors of a living death; whole families
+burned alive; and, as if their devilish fancy could not glut itself
+with outrages on the living, the last efforts exhausted in mutilating
+the bodies of the dead. Such are the spectacles, and a thousand
+nameless horrors besides which this first experience of Indian
+warfare has burned into the minds and hearts of our frontier people;
+and such the enemy with whom we have to deal."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The old saying that the only good Indians are dead ones had a noble
+exception in the person of Other Day, who piloted sixty-two men,
+women and children across the country from below Yellow Medicine to
+Kandiyohi, and from there to Hutchinson, Glencoe and Carver. Other Day
+was an educated Indian and had been rather wild in his younger days,
+but experienced a change of heart about four years before the outbreak
+and had adopted the habits of civilization. Other Day arrived in St.
+Paul a few days after he had piloted his party in safety to Carver,
+and in the course of a few remarks to a large audience at Ingersoll
+hall, which had assembled for the purpose of organizing a company of
+home guards, he said: "I am a Dakota Indian, born and reared in the
+midst of evil. I grew up without the knowledge of any good thing. I
+have been instructed by Americans and taught to read and write. This
+I found to be good. I became acquainted with the Sacred Writings, and
+thus learned my vileness. At the present time I have fallen into great
+evil and affliction, but have escaped from it, and with sixty-two men,
+women and children, without moccasins, without food and without a
+blanket, I have arrived in the midst of a great people, and now my
+heart is glad. I attribute it to the mercy of the Great Spirit." Other
+Day had been a member of the church for several years and his religion
+taught him that the Great Spirit approved his conduct.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It was apparent that the Indian war was on in earnest. Ex-Gov. Sibley,
+on account of his long familiarity with Indian character, was placed
+in command of the troops ordered to assemble at St. Peter, and in
+a few days, with detachments of the regiments then forming,
+half-uniformed, poorly armed and with a scant supply of ammunition,
+commenced offensive operations against the murderous redskins. The
+newspapers and the people were crying "On to Ridgely!" which was then
+beleaguered, with the same persistency as did Horace Greeyley howl "On
+to Richmond!" previous to the disaster at Bull Run.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Any one who has seen the thrilling realistic Indian play of "The Girl
+I Left Behind Me" can form some idea of the terrible suspense of the
+little garrison at Port Ridgely previous to being relieved by the
+forces under command of Gen. Sibley. Fort Ridgely was a fort only
+in name, and consisted of two or three stone and several wooden
+buildings, surrounded by a fence, which did not afford much protection
+when attacked by a large force. The garrison was under the command of
+Lieut. T.J. Sheehan. His force consisted of about 150 men from the
+Fifth regiment, fifty men of the Renville Rangers, and a number of
+civilians. He was surrounded by 700 or 800 Sioux, fully armed and
+equipped. Although there were only two attempts made to capture the
+garrison by assault, yet the siege was kept up for several days. In
+addition to about 300 refugees who had gathered there for support
+and protection, the $72,000 of annuity money, which had been so long
+expected, arrived there the day before the outbreak. After bravely
+defending the fort for more than a week, the little garrison was
+relieved by the arrival of about 200 mounted volunteers under command
+of Col. McPhail, being the advance of Gen. Sibley's command. During
+the siege many of the men became short of musketry ammunition, and
+spherical case shot were opened in the barracks and women worked with
+busy hands making cartridges, while men cut nail rods in short pieces
+and used them as bullets, their dismal whistling producing terror
+among the redskins.
+
+Almost simultaneously with the attack on Fort Ridgely the Indians in
+large numbers appeared in the vicinity of New Ulm, with the evident
+intention of burning and pillaging the village. Judge Charles E.
+Flandrau of this city, who was then residing at St. Peter, organized a
+company of volunteers and marched across the country to the relief of
+that place. The judge received several acquisitions to his force while
+en route, and when he arrived at New Ulm found himself in command of
+about 300 men, poorly armed and wholly without military experience.
+They arrived at New Ulm just in time to assist the inhabitants in
+driving the Indians from the upper part of the village, several
+citizens having been killed and a number of houses burned. Two or
+three days afterward the Indians appeared in large force, surrounded
+the town and commenced burning the buildings on its outskirts. After
+a desperate encounter, in which the force under command of Judge
+Flandrau lost ten killed and about forty wounded, the Indians retired.
+There were in the village at the time of the attack about 1,200 or
+1,500 noncombatants, and every one of them would have been killed had
+the Indian attack been successful. Provisions and ammunition becoming
+scarce, the judge decided to evacuate the town and march across the
+country to Mankato. They made up a train of about 150 wagons, loaded
+them with women and children and the men who had been wounded in the
+fight, and arrived safely in Mankato without being molested. Nearly
+two hundred houses were burned before the town was evacuated, leaving
+nothing standing but a few houses inside the hastily constructed
+barricade. The long procession of families leaving their desolated
+homes, many of them never to return, formed one of the saddest scenes
+in the history of the outbreak, and will ever be remembered by the
+gallant force under the command of Judge Flandrau, who led them to a
+place of safety.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As soon as Gen. Sibley arrived at Fort Ridgely a detail of Company A
+of the Sixth regiment, under command of Capt. H.P. Grant of St. Paul,
+and seventy members of the Cullen Guards, under the command of Capt.
+Jo Anderson, also of St. Paul, and several citizen volunteers,
+all under the command of Maj. Joseph R. Brown, was sent out with
+instructions to bury the dead and rescue the wounded, if any could
+be found, from their perilous surroundings. They were St. Paul
+organizations and most all of their members were St. Paul boys. They
+never had had an opportunity to drill and most of them were not
+familiar with the use of firearms. After marching for two days, during
+which time they interred a large number of victims of the savage
+Sioux, they went into camp at Birch Coulie, about fifteen miles from
+Fort Ridgely. The encampment was on the prairie near a fringe of
+timber and the coulie on one side and an elevation of about ten feet
+on the other. It was a beautiful but very unfortunate location for the
+command to camp, and would probably not have been selected had it been
+known that they were surrounded by 400 or 500 hostile warriors. Maj.
+Brown had about one hundred and fifty men under his command. About 4
+o'clock on the following morning the Indians, to the number of 500 or
+600, well armed and most of them mounted, commenced an indiscriminate
+fire upon the almost helpless little command. For two days they
+bravely defended themselves, and when relief finally arrived it was
+found that about half their number had been killed or wounded. When
+the news of the disaster reached St. Paul there was great excitement.
+Relatives and friends of the dead and wounded were outspoken in
+their denunciation of the civil and military authorities who were
+responsible for this great sacrifice of the lives of our citizens. It
+was feared that the city itself was in danger of an attack from the
+savages. Home guards were organized and the bluffs commanding a view
+of the city were nightly patrolled by citizen volunteers. There was no
+telegraph at that time and rumors of all sorts were flying thick
+and fast. Every courier reaching the city would bring news of fresh
+outrages, and our panic-stricken citizens had hardly time to recover
+from the effect of one disaster before the news of another would be
+received. Settlers fleeing from their homes for places of safety were
+arriving by the score, leaving crops to perish in the field and their
+houses to be destroyed. The situation was appalling, and many of our
+citizens were predicting the most direful results should the army fail
+to check the savage hordes in their work of devastation and ruin.
+
+Every boat from the Minnesota river would be crowded with refugees,
+and the people of St. Paul were often called upon to assist in
+forwarding them to their place of destination.
+
+Home guards were organized in almost every village of the threatened
+portion of the state, but the authorities could not furnish arms
+or ammunition and their services would have been of little account
+against the well-armed savages in case they had been attacked.
+
+Advertisements appeared in the St. Paul newspapers offering rewards of
+$25 a piece for Sioux scalps.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Gov. Ramsey endeavored to allay the apprehensions of the people and
+published in the papers a statement to the effect that the residents
+of the Capital City need not be alarmed, as the nearest approach of
+the Indians was at Acton, Meeker county, 80 miles away; Fort Ripley,
+150 miles away, and the scenes of the tragedy in Yellow Medicine
+county, 210 miles distant. This may have been gratifying to the
+residents of the Capital City, but was far from reassuring to the
+frontiersmen who were compelled to abandon their homes and were
+seeking the protection of the slowly advancing militia.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+About 12 o'clock one night during the latter part of August a report
+was circulated over the northern and western portion of St. Paul that
+the savages were near the city, and many women and children were
+aroused from their slumber and hastily dressed and sought the
+protection of the city authorities. It was an exciting but rather
+amusing episode in the great tragedy then taking place on the
+frontier. Rumors of this character were often circulated, and it was
+not until after the battle of Wood Lake that the people of St. Paul
+felt that they were perfectly safe from raids by the hostile Sioux.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As soon as Gen. Sibley had collected a sufficient force to enable
+him to move with safety he decided upon offensive operations. He had
+collected about 2,000 men from the regiments then forming, including
+the Third regiment, recently paroled, and a battery under command of
+Capt. Mark Hendricks. The expedition marched for two or three days
+without encountering opposition, but on the morning of the 23d of
+September several foraging parties belonging to the Third regiment
+were fired upon in the vicinity of Wood Lake. About 800 of the command
+were engaged in the encounter and were opposed by about an equal
+number of Indians. After a spirited engagement Col. Marshall, with
+about 400 men, made a double-quick charge upon the Sioux and succeeded
+in utterly routing them. Our loss was four killed and forty or fifty
+wounded. This was the only real battle of the war. Other Day was with
+the whites and took a conspicuous part in the encounter. After
+the battle Gen. Pope, who was in command of the department of the
+Northwest, telegraphed the war department that the Indian war was
+over and asked what disposition to make of the troops then under his
+command. This request of Gen. Pope was met with a decided remonstrance
+by the people of Minnesota, and they succeeded in preventing the
+removal of any of the troops until they had made two long marches
+through the Dakotas and to Montana. Gen. Sibley's command reached Camp
+Release on the 26th of September, in the vicinity of which was
+located a large camp of Indians, most of whom had been engaged in the
+massacres. They had with them about two hundred and fifty mixed bloods
+and white women and children, and the soldiers were very anxious to
+precede at once to their rescue. Gen. Sibley was of the opinion that
+any hostile demonstration would mean the annihilation of all the
+prisoners, and therefore proceeded with the utmost caution. After a
+few preliminary consultations the entire camp surrendered and the
+captives were released. As soon as possible Gen. Sibley made inquiries
+as to the participation of these Indians in the terrible crimes
+recently perpetrated, and it soon developed that a large number of
+them had been guilty of the grossest atrocities. The general decided
+to form a military tribunal and try the offenders. After a series of
+sittings, lasting from the 30th of September to the 5th of November,
+321 of the fiends were found guilty of the offenses charged, 303 of
+whom were sentenced to death and the rest condemned to various terms
+of imprisonment according to their crimes. All of the condemned
+prisoners were taken to Mankato and were confined in a large jail
+constructed for the purpose. After the court-martial had completed
+its work and the news of its action had reached the Eastern cities,
+a great outcry was made that Minnesota was contemplating a wholesale
+slaughter of the beloved red man. The Quakers of Philadelphia and the
+good people of Massachusetts sent many remonstrances to the president
+to put a stop to the proposed wholesale execution. The president,
+after consulting his military advisers, decided to permit the
+execution of only thirty-eight of the most flagrant cases, and
+accordingly directed them to be hung on the 26th of December, 1862.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Previous to their execution the condemned prisoners were interviewed
+by Rev. S.R. Riggs, to whom they made their dying confessions. Nearly
+every one of them claimed to be innocent of the crimes charged to
+them. Each one had some word to send to his parents or family, and
+when speaking of their wives and children almost every one was
+affected to tears. Most of them spoke confidently of their hope of
+salvation, and expected to go at once to the abode of the Great
+Spirit. Rattling Runner, who was a son-in-law of Wabasha, dictated the
+following letter, which is a sample of the confessions made to Dr.
+Riggs: "Wabasha, you have deceived me. You told me if we followed the
+advice of Gen. Sibley and gave ourselves up, all would be well--no
+innocent man would be injured. I have not killed or injured a white
+man or any white person. I have not participated in the plunder of
+their property; and yet to-day I am set apart for execution and must
+die, while men who are guilty will remain in prison. My wife is your
+daughter, my children are your grandchildren. I leave them all in your
+care and under your protection. Do not let them suffer, and when they
+are grown up let them know that their father died because he followed
+the advice of his chief, and without having the blood of a white man
+to answer for to the Holy Spirit. My wife and children are dear to me.
+Let them not grieve for me; let them remember that the brave should be
+prepared to meet death, and I will do as becomes a Dakotah."
+
+Wabasha was a Sioux chief, and although he was not found guilty of
+participating in any of the massacres of women and children, he was
+probably in all the most important battles. Wabasha county, and
+Wabasha street in St. Paul were named after his father.
+
+After the execution the bodies were taken down, loaded into wagons and
+carried down to a sandbar in front of the city, where they were all
+dumped into the same hole. They did not remain there long, but were
+spirited away by students and others familiar with the use of a
+dissecting knife.
+
+Little Crow, the chief instigator of the insurrection was not with the
+number that surrendered, but escaped and was afterward killed by a
+farmer named Lamson, in the vicinity of Hutchinson. His scalp is now
+in the state historical society. Little Crow was born in Kaposia, a
+few miles below St. Paul, and was always known as a bad Indian. Little
+Crow's father was friendly to the whites, and it was his dying wish
+that his son should assume the habits of civilized life and accustom
+himself to the new order of things, but the dying admonitions of the
+old man were of little avail and Little Crow soon became a dissolute,
+quarrelsome and dangerous Indian. He was opposed to all change of
+dress and habits of life, and was very unfriendly to missionaries and
+teachers. He was seldom known to tell the truth and possessed very few
+redeeming qualities. Although greatly disliked by many of the Indians,
+he was the acknowledged head of the war party and by common consent
+assumed the direction of all the hostile tribes in their fruitless
+struggle against the whites.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Between the conviction and execution of the condemned Indians there
+was great excitement throughout the Minnesota valley lest the
+president should pardon the condemned. Meetings were held throughout
+the valley and organizations were springing into existence for the
+purpose of overpowering the strong guard at Mankato and wreaking
+summary justice upon the Indians. The situation became so serious
+pending the decision of the president that the governor was compelled
+to issue a proclamation calling upon all good citizens not to tarnish
+the fair name of the state by an act of lawlessness that the outside
+world would never forget, however great was the provocation. When
+the final order came to execute only thirty-eight there was great
+disappointment. Petitions were circulated in St. Paul and generally
+signed favoring the removal of the condemned Indians to Massachusetts
+to place them under the refining influence of the constituents of
+Senator Hoar, the same people who are now so terribly shocked because
+a humane government is endeavoring to prevent, in the Philippines, a
+repetition of the terrible atrocities committed in Minnesota.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The balance of the condemned were kept in close confinement till
+spring, when they were taken to Davenport, and afterward to some point
+on the Missouri river, where a beneficent government kindly permitted
+them to sow the seed of discontent that finally culminated in the
+Custer massacre. When it was known that the balance of the condemned
+Indians were to be transported to Davenport by steamer. St. Paul
+people made preparations to give them a warm reception as they passed
+down the river, but their intentions were frustrated by the government
+officers in charge of their removal, as they arranged to have the
+steamer Favorite, on which they were to be transported, pass by the
+city in the middle of the night. St. Paul people were highly indignant
+when apprised of their escape.
+
+Little Six and Medicine Bottle, two Sioux chiefs engaged in the
+outbreak, were arrested at Fort Gary (Winnipeg), and delivered at
+Pembina in January, 1864, and were afterward taken to Fort Snelling,
+where they were tried, condemned and executed in the presence of
+10,000 people, being the last of the Indians to receive capital
+punishment for their great crimes. Little Six confessed to having
+murdered fifty white men, women and children.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+One of the most perplexing problems the military authorities had to
+contend with was the transportation of supplies to the troops on the
+frontier. There were, of course, no railroads, and the only way to
+transport provisions was by wagon. An order was issued by the military
+authorities requesting the tender of men and teams for this purpose,
+but the owners of draft horses did not respond with sufficient
+alacrity to supply the pressing necessities of the army, and it
+was necessary for the authorities to issue another order forcibly
+impressing into service of the government any and all teams that could
+be found on the streets or in stables. A detachment of Company K of
+the Eighth regiment was sent down from the fort and remained in the
+city several days on that especial duty. As soon as the farmers heard
+that the government was taking possession of everything that came over
+the bridge they ceased hauling their produce to the city and carried
+it to Hastings. There was one silver-haired farmer living near the
+city limits by the name of Hilks, whose sympathies were entirely with
+the South, and he had boasted that all of Uncle Sam's hirelings could
+not locate his team. One of the members of Company K was a former
+neighbor of the disloyal farmer, and he made it his particular duty
+to see that this team, at least, should be loyal to the government. A
+close watch was kept on him, and one morning he was seen to drive down
+to the west side of the bridge and tie his team behind a house, where
+he thought they would be safe until he returned. As soon as the old
+man passed over the bridge the squad took possession of his horses,
+and when he returned the team was on the way to Abercrombie laden
+with supplies for the troops at the fort. Of course the government
+subsequently reimbursed the owners of the teams for their use, but in
+this particular case the soldiers did not think the owner deserved it.
+
+Gov. Ramsey's carriage team was early taken possession of by the
+military squad, and when the driver gravely informed the officer in
+charge that the governor was the owner of that team and he thought it
+exempt from military duty, he was suavely informed that a power
+higher than the governor required that team and that it must go to
+Abercrombie. And it did.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It was necessary to send out a large escort with these supply trains
+and It was easier to procure men for that purpose than it was for the
+regular term of enlistment. On one of the trains that left St. Paul
+was a young man by the name of Hines. He was as brave as Julius
+Caesar. He said so himself. He was so heavily loaded with various
+weapons of destruction that his companions called him a walking
+arsenal. If Little Crow had attacked this particular train the Indian
+war would have ended. This young man had been so very demonstrative of
+his ability to cope with the entire Sioux force that his companions
+resolved to test his bravery. One night when the train was camped
+about half way between St. Cloud and Sauk Center, several of the
+guards attached to the train painted their faces, arrayed themselves
+in Indian costume and charged through the camp, yelling the Indian war
+hoop and firing guns in every direction. Young Hines was the first to
+hear the alarm, and didn't stop running until he reached St. Cloud,
+spreading the news in every direction that the entire tribe of
+Little Crow was only a short distance behind. Of course there was
+consternation along the line of this young man's masterly retreat,
+and it was some time before the panic-stricken citizens knew what had
+actually happened.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In response to the appeal of Gov. Sibley and other officers on the
+frontier, the ladies of St. Paul early organized for the purpose of
+furnishing sick and wounded soldiers with such supplies as were not
+obtainable through the regular channels of the then crude condition of
+the various hospitals. Notices like the following often appeared in
+the daily papers at that time: "Ladies Aid Society--A meeting of the
+ladies' aid society for the purpose of sewing for the relief of the
+wounded soldiers at our forts, and also for the assistance of the
+destitute refugees now thronging our city, is called to meet this
+morning at Ingersoll hall. All ladies interested in this object are
+earnestly invited to attend. All contributions of either money or
+clothing will be thankfully received. By order of the president,
+
+"Mrs. Stella Selby.
+
+"Miss M.O. Holyoke, Secretary."
+
+Mrs. Selby was the wife of John W. Selby, one of the first residents
+of the city, Miss Holyoke was the Clara Barton of Minnesota, devoting
+her whole time and energy to the work of collecting sanitary supplies
+for the needy soldiers in the hospitals.
+
+Scores of poor soldiers who were languishing in hospital tents on
+the sunburnt and treeless prairies of the Dakotas, or suffering from
+disease contracted in the miasmatic swamps of the rebellious South
+have had their hearts gladdened and their bodies strengthened by being
+supplied with the delicacies collected through the efforts of
+the noble and patriotic ladies of this and kindred organizations
+throughout the state.
+
+Many instances are recorded of farmers leaving their harvesters in the
+field and joining the grand army then forming for the defense of the
+imperilled state and nation, while their courageous and energetic
+wives have gone to the fields and finished harvesting the ripened
+crops.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+By reason of the outbreak the Sioux forfeited to the government, in
+addition to an annual annuity of $68,000 for fifty years, all the
+lands they held in Minnesota, amounting in the aggregate to about
+750,000 acres, worth at the present time something like $15,000,000.
+Had they behaved themselves and remained In possession of this immense
+tract of land, they would have been worth twice as much per capita as
+any community in the United States.
+
+
+
+
+FIREMEN AND FIRES OF PIONEER DAYS.
+
+A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ST. PAUL, FIRE DEPARTMENT--PIONEER HOOK AND
+LADDER COMPANY--HOPE ENGINE COMPANY AND MINNEHAHA ENGINE COMPANY--A
+LARGE NUMBER OF HOTEL FIRES.
+
+
+WHEN WE RAN WITH THE OLD MACHINE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Brave relics of the past are we,
+    Old firemen, staunch and true,
+  We're thinking now of days gone by
+    And all that we've gone through.
+  Thro' fire and flames we've made our way,
+    And danger we have seen;
+  We never can forget the time
+    When we ran with the old machine.
+
+  In numbers now we are but few,
+  A host have pased away,
+  But still we're happy, light and free,
+    Our spirits never decay
+  We often sigh for those old days
+    Whose memory we keep green,
+  Oh! there was joy for man and boy,
+    When we ran with the old machine.
+                         --Gus Wiliams.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Instruments for extinguishing fires were introduced in various parts
+of Europe more than three hundred years ago. The fire laddies of that
+period would probably look aghast if they could see the implements
+in use at the present time. One of the old time machines is said to
+consist of a huge tank of water placed upon wheels, drawn by a large
+number of men, and to which was attached a small hose. When the water
+in the tank became exhausted it was supplied by a bucket brigade,
+something on the plan in use at the present time in villages not able
+to support an engine.
+
+The oldest record of a fire engine in Paris was one used in the king's
+library in 1684, which, having but one cylinder, threw water to a
+great height, a result obtained by the use of an air chamber. Leather
+hose was introduced into Amsterdam in 1670, by two Dutchmen, and they
+also invented the suction pipe at about the same period. About the
+close of the seventeenth century an improved engine was patented in
+England. It was a strong cistern of oak placed upon wheels, furnished
+with a pump, an air chamber and a suction pipe of strong leather,
+through which run a spiral piece of metal. This engine was little
+improved until the early part of the last century.
+
+In the United States bucket fire departments were organized in most of
+the cities in the early part of the last century, and hand engines,
+used by the old volunteer firemen, did not come into general use until
+about fifty years later. The New York volunteer fire department was
+for a long time one of the institutions of the country. When they had
+their annual parade the people of the surrounding towns would flock
+to the city and the streets would be as impassible as they are to-day
+when a representative of one of the royal families of Europe is placed
+on exhibition. At the New York state fairs during the early '50s the
+tournaments of the volunteer fire department of the various cities
+throughout the state formed one of the principal attractions. Many
+a melee occurred between the different organizations because they
+considered that they had not been properly recognized in the line of
+march or had not been awarded a medal for throwing a stream of water
+farther than other competitors.
+
+A Berlin correspondent of the Pioneer Press many years ago, said that
+when an alarm of fire was sounded in the city, the members of the fire
+companies would put on their uniforms and report to their various
+engine houses. When a sufficient number had assembled to make a
+showing the foreman would call the roll, beer would be passed down the
+line, the health of the kaiser properly remembered and then they would
+start out in search of the fire. As a general thing the fire would
+be out long before they arrived upon the scene, and they would then
+return to their quarters, have another beer and be dismissed.
+
+To Cincinnati belongs the credit of having introduced the first paid
+steam fire department in the United States, but all the other large
+cities rapidly followed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the fall of 1850 the town fathers of St. Paul passed an ordinance
+requiring the owners of all buildings, public or private, to provide
+and keep in good repair, substantial buckets, marked with paint the
+word "Fire" on one side and the owner's name on the other, subject
+to inspection by the fire warden and to be under his control when
+occasion required. The first attempt at organizing a fire brigade, was
+made by R.C. Knox in the fall of 1851. Mr. Knox raised a small sum of
+money by subscription, with which he purchased several ladders, and
+they were frequently brought into requisition by the little band of
+men whom Mr. Knox had associated with him. Mr. Knox was a man of
+enormous stature, and it was said he could tire out a dozen ordinary
+men at a fire.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Two public-spirited citizens of St. Paul, John McCloud and Thompson
+Ritchie, purchased in the East and brought to the city at their own
+expense the first fire engine introduced in the Northwest. Although
+it was a miniature affair, on numerous occasions it rendered valuable
+assistance in protecting the property of our pioneer merchants. Mr.
+Ritchie is still living, his home being in Philadelphia.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In November, 1854, Pioneer Hook and Ladder Company No. 1 was organized
+under provisions of the city charter. A constitution and by-laws were
+adopted and the members agreed to turn out promptly on all occasions
+of fire alarms. As compensation for their services they were excused
+from jury duty, poll tax, work on the roads, or state military
+service, for the period of five years. The original constitution of
+the Pioneer Hook and Ladder company contained the following membership
+roll: Foreman, Isaac A. Banker; assistant foremen, H.B. Pearson and
+George F. Blake; treasurer, Richard Galloway; secretary, Robert Mason;
+members, Henry Buell, John W. Cathcart, Charles D. Elfelt, Edward
+Heenan, Thompson Ritchie, Philip Ross, Wash. M. Stees, J.W. Stevenson,
+Benjamin F. Irvine, R.I. Thomson, John McCloud, J.Q.A. Ward, Charles
+J. Williams. Of the above John McCloud is the only one living in the
+city at the present time. Mr. McCloud was a member of the firm of
+McCloud & Bro., hardware dealers, and they occupied the building on
+the southwest corner of Third and Cedar streets.
+
+This was the first full-fledged fire organization in the city, and as
+Mr. McCloud took the initiative in forming this company he may justly
+be called the "Father of the Volunteer Fire Department of St. Paul."
+
+The old hook and ladder company was one of the representative
+institutions of the city. From the date of its organization up to the
+time of the establishment of the paid fire department many of the most
+prominent men of the city were enrolled among its members. All of the
+property of the company was owned by the organization, but in 1856,
+having become somewhat financially embarrassed, their accounts were
+turned over to the city and they were thereafter under the control of
+the city fathers. At that time they possessed one truck, hooks and
+ladders, and one fire engine with hose. Washington M. Stees was
+made chief engineer and Charles H. Williams assistant. This scanty
+equipment did not prove adequate for extinguishing fires and petitions
+were circulated requesting the council to purchase two fire engines of
+the more approved pattern, and also to construct a number of cisterns
+in the central part of the city, so that an adequate supply of water
+could be readily obtained. The city fathers concluded to comply with
+the request of the petitioners and they accordingly purchased two
+double-deck hand fire engines and they arrived in the city in August,
+1858. They were soon tested and pronounced satisfactory. Our citizens
+then congratulated themselves upon the possession of a first-class
+fire department and they predicted that thereafter a great fire would
+be a thing of the past.
+
+One of the most irrepressible members of Pioneer Hook and Ladder
+company in the early days was a little red-headed Irishman by the name
+of A.D. Martin. He was foreman of the Daily Minnesotian office and he
+usually went by the name of "Johnny Martin." Now Johnny always kept
+his fire paraphernalia close at hand, and every time a fire bell
+sounded he was "Johnny on the spot." After the fire was over Johnny
+generally had to celebrate, and every time Johnny celebrated he would
+make a solemn declaration that it was his duty to kill an Irishman
+before he returned to work. He would accordingly provide himself with
+an immense Derringer and start out in quest of a subject upon whom he
+proposed to execute his sanguinary threat. Strange to relate he
+never succeeded in finding one of his unfortunate countrymen, and it
+generally required two or three days to restore him to his former
+equilibrium. If Johnny was a member of the fire department to-day he
+would probably discover that the task of finding one of his countrymen
+would not be so difficult.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1857 Hope Engine Company No. 1 was organized, and they petitioned
+the common council to purchase 500 feet of hose for their use. In
+the fall of 1858 this company was given possession of one of the new
+engines recently purchased and it was comfortably housed at their
+headquarters in an old frame building on the southwest corner of
+Franklin and Fourth streets, and in a short time removed to a new
+brick building on Third street, fronting on Washington. Michael Leroy
+was made the first foreman and R.C. Wiley and Joseph S. Herey were
+his assistants. The membership contained the names of John H. Dodge,
+Porteus Dodge, John E. Missen, Joseph Elfelt, Fred Whipperman, John T.
+Toal, J.H. Barstow, J.C. Grand, Charles Riehl, John Raguet, E. Rhodes,
+B. Bradley, Charles Hughes, Bird Boesch, T.F. Masterson, John J.
+Williams and V. Metzger. During the fall of 1858 a large number of the
+most prominent business men in the vicinity of Seven Corners joined
+the organization and continued in active membership until the arrival
+of the first steamer.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the winter of 1857-1858 Minnehaha Engine. Company No. 2 was
+organized, and it was provided with an engine house near the corner
+of Third and Jackson streets. The first officers were H.P. Grant,
+foreman; M.J. O'Connor and H.B. Terwilliger, assistants; members,
+Harry M. Shaw, Nicholas Hendy, John B. Oliver, F.A. Cariveau, H.A.
+Schlick. C.D. Hadway, N. Nicuhaus, L.R. Storing, William T. Donaldson,
+Daniel Rohrer, J. Fletcher Williams, N. W. Kittson, Alfred Bayace,
+John McCauley and a number of others. The Minnehahas were a prosperous
+organization from the first, and their engine house was always kept
+open and served as a general lounging and reading-room for such of its
+members as had nothing particular to do.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Rotary Independent Company No. 1 was the third engine connected with
+the St. Paul fire department, but that was a private institution and
+was only used when there was a general alarm and on the days of the
+annual parade of the department. This engine was purchased from the
+government by John S. Prince when Fort Snelling was abandoned, and was
+used for the protection of the property of the mill, which was located
+on lower Third street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+By the formation of Minnehaha Engine company the city fathers thought
+they were possessed of quite a respectable fire department, and from
+that time on the annual parade of the St. Paul fire department was one
+of the events of the year. The first parade occurred on the 12th
+of September, 1859, and was participated in by the following
+organizations:
+
+  Pioneer Hook and Ladder Company No. 1.
+  Hope Engine Company No. 1.
+  Minnehaha Engine Company No. 2.
+  Rotary Independent Company No. 1.
+
+These four companies numbered 175 men, and after completing their line
+of march were reviewed by the mayor and common council in front of the
+old city hall.
+
+In 1858 the legislature passed an act requiring the sextons of the
+different churches to ring the church bells fifteen minutes whenever
+there was an alarm of fire. The uptown churches would ring their
+bells, the downtown churches would ring their bells, and the churches
+in the central part of the city would ring their bells. There was a
+regular banging and clanging of the bells.
+
+  "In the startled air of night,
+  They would scream out their afright,
+  Too much horrified to speak,
+  They could only shriek, shriek,
+  Out of tune."
+
+Every one turned out when the fire bells rang. Unless the fire was of
+sufficient volume to be readily located, the uptown people would be
+seen rushing downtown, and the downtown people would be seen rushing
+uptown, in fact, general pandemonium prevailed until the exact
+location of the fire could be determined.
+
+Whenever there was a large fire the regular firemen would soon tire
+of working on the brakes and they would appeal to the spectators to
+relieve them for a short time. As a general thing the appeal would be
+readily responded to, but occasionally it would be necessary for the
+police to impress into service a force sufficient to keep the brakes
+working. Any person refusing to work on the brakes was liable to
+arrest and fine, and it was often amusing to see the crowds disperse
+whenever the police were in search of a relief force.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Upon the breaking out of the war a large number of the firemen
+enlisted in the defense of the country and the ranks of the department
+were sadly decimated. It was during the early part of the war that the
+mayor of St. Paul made a speech to the firemen at the close of their
+annual parade in which he referred to them as being as brave if not
+braver than the boys at the front. The friends of the boys in blue
+took serious umbrage at this break of the mayor, and the press of the
+city and throughout the state were very indignant to think that the
+capital city possessed a mayor of doubtful loyalty. The excitement
+soon died away and the mayor was re-elected by a large majority.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There was not much change in the condition of the department until
+the arrival of the first steamer, Aug. 11, 1866. The new steamer was
+lodged with Hope Engine company, and an engineer and fireman appointed
+at a salary of $1,600 per year for the two. The boys of Hope Engine
+company did not like the selection of the engineer of the new steamer
+and took the matter so seriously that their organization was disbanded
+and St. Paul Hose Company No. 1 was organized, and they took charge
+of the new steamer. The rapid growth of the city necessitated the
+frequent purchase of new fire apparatus, and at the present time the
+St. Paul fire department has 211 paid men, 15 steamers, 4 chemicals, 8
+hook and ladder companies and 122 horses.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The volunteer fire department had no better friend than the late Mrs.
+Bartlett Presley. She was the guardian angel of the fire department.
+No night so cold or storm so great that Mrs. Presley was not present
+and with her own hands provide coffee and sandwiches for the tired and
+hungry firemen who had been heroically battling with the flames. She
+was an honored guest at all entertainments with which the firemen
+were connected, and was always toasted and feasted by the boys at the
+brakes. She will ever be remembered, not only by the firemen, but by
+all old settlers, as one of the many noble women in St. Paul whose
+unostentatious deeds of charity have caused a ray of sunshine in many
+sad homes.
+
+Mrs. Presley's death was deeply regretted, not only by the fire
+department, but by every resident of the city.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Among the many brilliant members of the legal fraternity in St. Paul
+in early times no one possessed a more enviable reputation than
+the Hon. Michael E. Ames. He was the very personification of
+punctiliousness and always displayed sublime imperturbability in
+exigencies of great moment. One dreary winter night his sleeping
+apartment in uppertown was discovered to be on fire, and in a short
+time the fire laddies appeared in front of his quarters and commenced
+operations. As soon as Mr. Ames discovered the nature of the
+disturbance he arose from his bed, opened the window, and with
+outstretched arms and in a supplicating manner, as if addressing a
+jury in an important case, exclaimed: "Gentlemen, if you will be kind
+enough to desist from operations until I arrange my toilet, I will be
+down." The learned counsel escaped with his toilet properly adjusted,
+but his apartments were soon incinerated.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HOTEL FIRES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LIST OF HOTELS DESTROYED BY FIRE DURING ST. PAUL'S EARLY HISTORY.
+
+  Daniels house, near Seven Corners.
+  Sintominie hotel, Sixth street.
+  Rice house, near Rice Park.
+  New England hotel, Third street
+  Hotel to the Wild Hunter, Jackson street.
+  Montreal house, Robert street.
+  Canada house, Robert street.
+  Winslow house, Seven Corners.
+  American house, Third street.
+  International hotel, Seventh and Jackson streets.
+  Franklin house, Marshall avenue.
+  Dakota house, Seven Corners.
+  Washington house, Seven Corners.
+  Cosmopolitan hotel, Third street.
+  Western house, Third street.
+  Garden City house, Fourth street.
+  City hotel, Fourth street.
+  Central house, Bench street.
+  Emmert house, Bench street.
+  St. Paul house, Bench street.
+  Luxemborg hotel, Franklin street.
+  Farmers' hotel, Fourth street.
+  Greenman house, Fifth street.
+  Mansion house, Wabasha street.
+  Haine's hotel, Lake Como.
+  Aldrich house, Lake Como.
+  Park Place hotel, Summit avenue.
+  Carpenter house, Summit avenue.
+  Paul Faber's hotel, Third street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The first hotel fire of any importance was that of the Daniels house,
+located on Eagle street near Seven Corners, which occurred in 1852.
+The building had just been finished and furnished for occupancy. A
+strong wind was raging and the little band of firemen were unable
+to save the structure. The names of Rev. D.D. Neill, Isaac Markley,
+Bartlett Presley and W.M. Stees were among the firemen who assisted in
+saving the furniture.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Sintominie hotel on the corner of Sixth and John streets, was the
+second hotel to receive a visit from the fire king. This hotel was
+constructed by the late C.W. Borup, and it was the pride of lower
+town. Howard Ward and E.C. Rich were preparing to open it when the
+fire occurred. Owing to the lack of fire protection the building was
+totally destroyed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Early in the winter of 1856 the Rice house, commonly supposed to
+be the first brick building erected in St. Paul, was burned to the
+ground. It was three stories high, and when in process of building was
+considered a visionary enterprise. The building was constructed by
+Henry M. Rice, and he spared no expense to make it as complete as the
+times would allow. It was situated on Third street near Market, and
+in the early days was considered St. Paul's principal hotel. In its
+parlor and barroom the second session of the territorial legislature
+was held, and the supreme court of the territory also used it for
+several terms.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Canada house and the Galena house, two small frame structures on
+Robert near Third, were the next hotels to be visited by the fiery
+element. These hotels, though small, were well patronized at the time
+of their destruction.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On the 16th of March, 1860, the most destructive fire that had ever
+occurred in St. Paul broke out in a small wooden building on Third
+street near Jackson, and though the entire fire department--three
+engines and one truck, manned by one hundred men--were promptly on
+hand, the flames rapidly got beyond their reach. Nearly all the
+buildings on Third street at that time from Robert to Jackson were
+two-story frame structures, and in their rear were small houses
+occupied by the owners of the stores. When the fire was at its height
+it was feared that the whole of lower town would be destroyed before
+the flames could be subdued, but by dint of superhuman effort the
+firemen managed to cut off the leap across Robert street and soon had
+the immense smouldering mass under control. Thirty-four buildings, the
+largest number ever destroyed in St. Paul, were in ashes. Of the two
+blocks which lined the north and south sides of Third street above
+Jackson, only three buildings were left standing, two being stone
+structures occupied by Beaumont & Gordon and Bidwell & Co., and
+the other a four-story brick building owned and occupied by A.L.
+Larpenteur. The New England, a two-story log house, and one of the
+first hotels built in St. Paul was among the ruins. The New England
+was a feature in St. Paul, and it was pointed out to newcomers as the
+first gubernatorial mansion, and in which Gov. and Mrs. Ramsey had
+begun housekeeping in 1849. The Empire saloon was another historic
+ruin, for in its main portion the first printing office of the
+territory had long held forth, and from it was issued the first
+Pioneer, April 10, 1849. The Hotel to the Wild Hunter was also
+destroyed at this fire.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the fall of 1862 the Winslow house, located at Seven Corners, was
+entirely destroyed by fire. A defective stovepipe in the cupola caused
+the fire, and it spread so rapidly that it was beyond the control
+of the firemen when they arrived upon the scene. A few pieces of
+furniture, badly damaged, was all that was saved of this once popular
+hotel. The Winslow was a four-story brick building, and with the
+exception of the Fuller house the largest hotel in the city. The hotel
+was constructed in 1854 by the late J.M. Winslow. Mr. Winslow was one
+of the most ingenious hotel constructors in the West. In some peculiar
+manner he was enabled to commence the construction of a building
+without any capital, but when the building was completed he not only
+had the building, but a bank account that indicated that he was a
+financier as well as a builder. The proprietors of the Winslow were
+arrested for incendarism, but after a preliminary examination were
+discharged.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The American house, on the corner of Third and Exchange streets, was
+one of the landmarks of the city for a good many years. It was built
+in 1849, and the territorial politicians generally selected this hotel
+as their headquarters. Although it was of very peculiar architecture,
+the interior fittings were of a modern character. On a stormy night in
+the month of December, 1863, an alarm of fire was sent in from this
+hotel, but before the fire department reached the locality the fire
+was beyond their control. The weather was bitter cold, and the water
+would be frozen almost as soon as it left the hose. Finding their
+efforts fruitless to save the building, the firemen turned their
+attention to saving the guests. There were some very narrow escapes,
+but no accidents of a very serious nature. As usual, thieves were
+present and succeeded in carrying off a large amount of jewelry and
+wearing apparel belonging to the guests.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the year of 1856 Mackubin & Edgerton erected a fine three-story
+brick building on the corner of Third and Franklin streets. It was
+occupied by them as a banking house for a long time. The business
+center having been moved further down the street, they were compelled
+to seek quarters on Bridge Square. After the bank moved out of
+this building it was leased to Bechtner & Kottman, and was by them
+remodeled into a hotel on the European plan at an expense of about
+$20,000. It was named the Cosmopolitan hotel, and was well patronized.
+When the alarm of fire was given it was full of lodgers, many of whom
+lost all they possessed. The Linden theatrical company, which was
+playing at the Athenaeum, was among the heavy sufferers. At this fire
+a large number of frame buildings on the opposite side of the street
+were destroyed.
+
+When the Cosmopolitan hotel burned the walls of the old building were
+left standing, and although they were pronounced dangerous by the city
+authorities, had not been demolished. Dr. Schell, one of the best
+known physicians of the city, occupied a little frame building near
+the hotel, and he severely denounced the city authorities for their
+lax enforcement of the law. One night at 10 o'clock the city was
+visited by a terrific windstorm, and suddenly a loud crash was heard
+in the vicinity of the doctor's office. A portion of the walls of the
+hotel had fallen and the little building occupied by the doctor had
+been crushed in. The fire alarm was turned on and the fire laddies
+were soon on the spot. No one supposed the doctor was alive, but after
+the firemen had been at work a short time they could hear the voice
+of the doctor from underneath the rubbish. In very vigorous English,
+which the doctor knew so well how to use, he roundly upbraided the
+fire department for not being more expeditious in extricating him from
+his perilous position. After the doctor had been taken out of the
+ruins It was found that he had not been seriously injured, and in the
+course of a few weeks was able to resume practice.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+During the winter of 1868 the Emmert house, situated on Bench street
+near Wabasha, was destroyed by fire. The Emmert house was built in
+territorial times by Fred Emmert, who for some time kept a hotel and
+boarding house at that place. It had not been used for hotel purposes
+for some time, but was occupied by a  family and used as a
+boarding-house for <DW52> people. While the flames were rapidly
+consuming the old building the discovery was made that a man and
+his wife were sick in one of the rooms with smallpox. The crowd of
+onlookers fled in terror, and they would have been burned alive had
+not two courageous firemen carried them out of the building. It was
+an unusually cold night and the <DW52> people were dumped into the
+middle of the street and there allowed to remain. They were provided
+with clothing and some of the more venturesome even built a fire for
+them, but no one would volunteer to take them to a place of shelter.
+About 10 o'clock on the following day the late W.L. Wilson learned
+of the unfortunate situation of the two <DW52> people, and he
+immediately procured a vehicle and took them to a place of safety, and
+also saw that they were thereafter properly cared for.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On the site of the old postoffice on the corner of Wabasha and Fifth
+streets stood the Mansion house, a three-story frame building erected
+by Nicholas Pottgieser in early days at an expense of $12,000. It was
+a very popular resort and for many years the weary traveler there
+received a hearty welcome.
+
+A very exciting event occurred at this house during the summer of
+1866. A man by the name of Hawkes, a guest at the hotel, accidentally
+shot and instantly killed his young and beautiful wife. He was
+arrested and tried for murder, but after a long and sensational trial
+was acquited.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The greatest hotel fire in the history of St. Paul occurred on the
+night of Feb. 3, 1869. The International hotel (formerly the Fuller
+house) was situated on the northeast corner of Seventh and Jackson
+streets, and was erected by A.G. Fuller in 1856. It was built of brick
+and was five stories high. It cost when completed, about $110,000. For
+years it had been the best hotel in the West. William H. Seward and
+the distinguished party that accompanied him made this hotel their
+headquarters during their famous trip to the West in 1860. Gen. Pope
+and Gen. Sibley had their headquarters in this building, and from here
+emanated all the orders relating to the war against the rebellious
+Sioux. In 1861 the property came into the possession of Samuel Mayall,
+and he changed the name of it from Fuller house to International
+hotel. Col. E.C. Belote, who had formerly been the landlord of the
+Merchants, was the manager of the hotel. The fire broke out in the
+basement, it was supposed from a lamp in the laundry. The night was
+intensely cold, a strong gale blowing from the northwest. Not a soul
+could be seen upon the street. Within this great structure more than
+two hundred guests were wrapped in silent slumber. To rescue them from
+their perilous position was the problem that required instant action
+on the part of the firemen and the hotel authorities. The legislature
+was then in session, and many of the members were among the guests who
+crowded the hotel. A porter was the first to notice the blaze, and
+he threw a pail water upon it, but with the result that it made no
+impression upon the flames. The fire continued to extend, and the
+smoke became very dense and spread into the halls, filling them
+completely, rendering breathing almost an impossibility. In the
+meantime the alarm had been given throughout the house, and the
+guests, both male and female, came rushing out of the rooms in their
+night Clothes. The broad halls of the hotel were soon filled with a
+crowd of people who hardly knew which way to go in order to find their
+way to the street. The servant girls succeeded in getting out first,
+and made their way to the snow-covered streets without sufficient
+clothing to protect their persons, and most of them were without
+shoes. While the people were escaping from the building the fire was
+making furious and rapid progress. From the laundry the smoke issued
+into every portion of the building. There was no nook or corner that
+the flames did not penetrate. The interior of the building burned with
+great rapidity until the fire had eaten out the eastern and southern
+rooms, when the walls began to give indications of falling. The upper
+portion of them waved back and forth in response to a strong wind,
+which filled the night air with cinders. At last different portions of
+the walls fell, thus giving the flames an opportunity to sweep from
+the lower portions of the building. Great gusts, which seemed to
+almost lift the upper floors, swept through the broken walls. High up
+over the building the flames climbed, carrying with them sparks and
+cinders, and in come instances large pieces of timber. All that saved
+the lower part of the city from fiery destruction was the fact that a
+solid bed of snow a foot deep lay upon the roofs of all the buildings.
+During all this time there was comparative quiet, notwithstanding the
+fact that the fire gradually extended across Jackson street and also
+across Seventh street. Besides the hotel, six or eight other buildings
+were also on fire, four of which were destroyed. Women and men were to
+be seen hurrying out of the burning buildings in their night
+clothes, furniture was thrown into the street, costly pianos, richly
+upholstered furniture, valuable pictures and a great many other
+expensive articles were dropped in the snow in a helter-skelter
+manner. Although nearly every room in the hotel was occupied and
+rumors flew thick and fast that many of the guests were still in their
+rooms, fortunately no lives were lost and no one was injured. The
+coolest person in the building was a young man by the name of Pete
+O'Brien, the night watchman. When he heard of the fire he comprehended
+in a moment the danger of a panic among over two hundred people who
+were locked in sleep, unconscious of danger. He went from room to room
+and from floor to floor, telling them of the danger, but assuring them
+all that they had plenty of time to escape. He apparently took command
+of the excited guests and issued orders like a general on the field of
+battle. To his presence of mind and coolness many of the guests were
+indebted for their escape from a frightful death. The fire department
+worked hard and did good service. The city had no waterworks at that
+time, but relied for water entirely upon cisterns located in different
+parts of the city. When the cisterns became dry it was necessary
+to place the steamer at the river and pump water through over two
+thousand feet of hose.
+
+Among the guests at the hotel at the time of the fire were Gen. C.C.
+Andrews, Judge Lochren, Capt. H.A. Castle, Gen. W.G. Le Duc, Selah
+Chamberlain, Gov. Armstrong and wife, Charles A. Gilman and wife,
+Dr. W.W. Mayo, I.W. Webb, Dr. Charles N. Hewitt, M.H. Dunnell, Judge
+Thomas Wilson and more than two hundred others.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Park Place hotel on the corner of Summit avenue and St. Peter
+street, was at one time one of of the swell hotels of the city. It
+was a frame building, four stories high and nicely situated. The
+proprietors of it intended it should be a family hotel, but it did not
+meet with the success anticipated, and when, on the 19th of May, 1878,
+it was burned to the ground it was unoccupied. The fire was thought
+to be the work of incendiaries. The loss was about $20,000, partially
+insured. Four firemen were quite seriously injured at this fire, but
+all recovered.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Carpenter house, on the corner of Summit avenue and Ramsey street,
+was built by Warren Carpenter. Mr. Carpenter was a man of colossal
+ideas, and from the picturesque location of his hotel, overlooking the
+city, he could see millions of tourists flocking to his hostelry. The
+panic of 1857, soon followed by the great Civil war, put a quietus on
+immigration, and left him stranded high on the beach. Mr. Carpenter's
+dream of millions were far from being realized, and when on the 26th
+of January, 1879, the hotel was burned to the ground, it had for some
+time previous passed beyond his control.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+At one time there were three flourishing hotels on Bench street.
+The average citizen of to-day does not know that such a street ever
+existed. The Central house, on the corner of Bench and Minnesota
+streets, was the first hotel of any pretension built in the city,
+and it was one of the last to be burned. The first session of the
+territorial legislature of Minnesota was held in the dining room of
+this old hotel building, and for a number of years the hotel did a
+thriving business. As the city grew it was made over into a large
+boarding house, and before the war Mrs. Corbett was manager of the
+place. It was afterward kept by Mrs. Ferguson, George Pulford and Ben
+Ferris, the latter being in possession of it when it was destroyed by
+fire. The building was burned In August, 1873.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A hotel that was very popular for some time was the Greenman house,
+situated on the corner of Fifth and St. Peter streets, the site of the
+Windsor hotel. It was a three-story frame structure and was built in
+the early seventies. Mr. Greenman kept the hotel for some time, and
+then sold it to John Summers, who was the owner of it when it was
+burned.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Merchants is the only one of the old hotels still existing, and
+that only in name, as the original structure was torn down to make
+room for the present building many years ago.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Aside from the hotel fires one of the most appalling calamities that
+ever occurred at a fire in St. Paul took place in May, 1870, when the
+old Concert Hall building on Third street, near Market, was destroyed.
+Concert Hall was built by the late J.W. McClung in 1857, and the hall
+in the basement was one of the largest in the city. The building was
+three stories high in front and six or seven on the river side. It
+was located about twenty-five feet back from the sidewalk. Under the
+sidewalk all kinds of inflamable material was stored and it was from
+here that the fire was first noticed. In an incredibly short time
+flames reached the top of the building, thus making escape almost
+impossible. On the river side of the building on the top floor two
+brothers, Charles and August Mueller, had a tailor shop. The fire
+spread so rapidly that the building was completely enveloped in flames
+before they even thought their lives were endangered. In front of them
+was a seething mass of flames and the distance to the ground on the
+river side was so great that a leap from the window meant almost
+certain death. They could be plainly seen frantically calling for
+help. There was no possible way to reach them. Finally Charles Mueller
+jumped out on the window sill and made a leap for life, and an instant
+later he was followed by his brother. The bewildered spectators did
+not suppose for a moment that either could live. They were too much
+horrified to speak, but when it was over and they were lifted into
+beds provided for them doctors were called and recovery was pronounced
+possible. After months of suffering both recovered. August Mueller is
+still living in the city. A lady by the name of McClellan, who had a
+dressmaking establishment in the building, was burned to death and it
+was several days before her body was recovered.
+
+The following named men have been chiefs of the St. Paul fire
+department:
+
+  Wash M. Stees,
+  Chas. H. Williams,
+  J.C.A. Pickett,
+  W.T. Donaldson,
+  J.B. Irvine,
+  J.E. Missen,
+  Luther H. Eddy,
+  B. Rodick,
+  M.B. Farrell,
+  J.C. Prendergast,
+  Bartlett Presley,
+  Frank Brewer,
+  R.O. Strong,
+  John T. Black,
+  Hart N. Cook,
+  John Jackson.
+
+
+
+
+THE FIRST AMUSEMENT HALLS IN ST. PAUL.
+
+INCIDENTS CONNECTED WITH THE EARLY AMUSEMENT HALLS OF ST. PAUL--IRVINE
+HALL--DAN EMMET AND DIXIE--THE HUTCHINSONS--MAZURKA HALL, MOZART HALL,
+ETC.
+
+
+Very few of the 200,000 inhabitants of St. Paul are aware that the
+three-story, three-cornered building on Third street at Seven Corners
+once contained one of the most popular amusement halls in the city. It
+was called Irvine hall, and at one time Melodeon hall. Dan Emmet had a
+minstrel company at this hall during the years 1857 and 1858, and an
+excellent company it was, too. There was Frank Lombard, the great
+baritone; Max Irwin, bones, and one of the funniest men who ever sat
+on the stage; Johnny Ritter, female impersonator and clog dancer, and
+a large number of others. Frank Lombard afterward achieved a national
+reputation as one of the best baritone singers in the country. He
+was much sought after for patriotic entertainments and political
+conventions. His masterpiece was the Star-Spangled Banner, and his
+great baritone voice, which could be heard for blocks, always brought
+enthusiastic applause. Some time during the summer of 1858 the
+Hutchinson family arranged to have the hall for a one-night
+entertainment. By some means or other the troupe got separated and one
+of the brothers got stalled on Pig's Eye bar. When their performance
+was about half over the belated brother reached the hall and rushed
+frantically down the aisle, with carpetbag in hand, leaped upon the
+stage, and in full view of the audience proceeded to kiss the entire
+tribe. The audience was under the impression they had been separated
+for years instead of only twenty-four hours. The next evening Max
+Irwin was missing from his accustomed place as one of the end men, and
+when the performance had been in progress for about fifteen minutes
+Max came rushing down the aisle with carpetbag in hand and went
+through the same performance as did the lost brother of the Hutchinson
+family. The effect was electrical, and for some time Max's innovation
+was the talk of the town. Dan Emmet, though a wondering minstrel, was
+a very superior man and was his own worst enemy. He was a brother of
+Lafayette S. Emmett, chief justice of the supreme court of the State
+of Minnesota. The judge, dignified and aristocratic, did not take
+kindly to the idea of his brother being a minstrel. Dan was not
+particularly elated because his brother was on the supreme bench. They
+were wholly indifferent as to each other's welfare. They did not even
+spell their names the same way. Dan had only one "t" at the end of his
+name, while the judge used two. Whether the judge used two because
+he was ashamed of Dan, or whether Dan used only one because he was
+ashamed of the judge, no one seemed to know. Dan Emmet left a legacy
+that will be remembered by the lovers of melody for many years. What
+left the judge? When Emmet's company left St. Paul they got stranded
+and many of them found engagements in other organizations. Dan turned
+his attention to writing <DW64> melodies. He wrote several popular
+airs, one of them being "Dixie," which afterward became the national
+air of the Confederate States. When "Dixie" was written Emmet was
+connected with Bryant's Minstrels in New York city, and he sent a copy
+to his friend in St. Paul, the late R.C. Munger, and asked his opinion
+as to its merits and whether he thought it advisable to place it
+in the hands of a publisher. Mr. Munger assured his friend that he
+thought it would make a great hit, and he financially assisted Mr.
+Emmet in placing it before the public. One of the first copies printed
+was sent to Mr. Munger, and the first time this celebrated composition
+was ever sung in the West was in the music store of Munger Bros, in
+the old concert hall building on Third street. "Dixie" at once became
+very popular, and was soon on the program of every minstrel troupe in
+the country. Dan Emmet devoted his whole life to minstrelsy and he
+organized the first traveling minstrel troupe in the United States,
+starting from some point in Ohio in 1843.
+
+The father of the Emmets was a gallant soldier of the War of 1812, and
+at one time lived in the old brown frame house at the intersection of
+Ramsey and West Seventh streets, recently demolished. A correspondent
+of one of the magazines gives the following account of how "Dixie"
+happened to become the national air of the Confederate States:
+
+"Early in the war a spectacular performance was being given in New
+Orleans. Every part had been filled, and all that was lacking was a
+march and war song for the grand chorus. A great many marches and
+songs were tried, but none could be decided upon until 'Dixie' was
+suggested and tried, and all were so enthusiastic over it that it
+was at once adopted and given in the performance. It was taken up
+immediately by the populace and was sung in the streets and in homes
+and concert halls daily. It was taken to the battlefields, and there
+became the great song of the South, and made many battles harder
+for the Northerner, many easier for the Southerner. Though it has
+particularly endeared itself to the South, the reunion of American
+hearts has made it a national song. Mr. Lincoln ever regarded it as a
+national property by capture."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Hutchinson family often visited St. Paul, the enterprising town of
+Hutchinson, McLeod county, being named after them. They were a very
+patriotic family and generally sang their own music. How deliberate
+the leader of the tribe would announce the title of the song about to
+be produced. Asa Hutchinson would stand up behind the melodeon,
+and with a pause between each word inform the audience that
+"Sister--Abby--will--now--sing--the--beautiful--song--composed--
+by--Lucy--Larcum--entitled--'Hannah--Is--at--the--Window--Binding--
+Shoes.'" And sister Abby would sing it, too. During the early
+part of the war the Hutchinson family was ordered out of the Army of
+the Potomac by Gen. McClellan on account of the abolition sentiments
+expressed in its songs. The general was apparently unable to interpret
+the handwriting on the wall, as long before the war was ended the
+entire army was enthusiastically chanting that beautiful melody to the
+king of abolitionists--
+
+  "John Brown's body lies moldering in the grave
+  And his soul is marching on."
+
+Gen. McClellan was at one time the idol of the army, as well as of the
+entire American people. Before the war he was chief engineer of the
+Illinois Central railroad and made frequent trips to St. Paul to see
+the future Mrs. McClellan, a Miss Marcy, daughter of Maj. R.B. Marcy
+of the regular army, who lived in the old Henry M. Rice homestead on
+Summit avenue. When Gen. McClellan was in command of the Army of the
+Potomac Maj. Marcy was his chief of staff.
+
+One of the original Hutchinsons is still living, as indicated by the
+following dispatch, published since the above was written:
+
+"Chicago, Ill., Jan. 4, 1902.--John W. Hutchinson, the last survivor
+of the famous old concert-giving Hutchinson family, which
+was especially prominent in anti-bellum times, received many
+congratulations to-day on the occasion of his eighty-first birthday,
+Mr. Hutchinson enjoys good health and is about to start on a new
+singing and speaking crusade through the South, this time against the
+sale and us of cigarettes. Mr. Hutchinson made a few remarks to the
+friends who had called upon him, in the course of which he said: 'I
+never spent a more enjoyable birthday than this, except upon the
+occasion of my seventy-fifth, which I spent in New York and was
+tendered a reception by the American Temperance union, of which I was
+the organizer. Of course you will want me to sing to you, and I
+think I will sing my favorite song, which I wrote myself. It is "The
+Fatherhood of God and the Brotherhood of Man." I have written a great
+many songs, among them "The Blue and the Gray," "Good old Days of
+Yore," and some others that I cannot remember now. I sang the "Blue
+and the Gray" in Atlanta six years ago, at the time of the exposition
+there, and McKinley was there. I had the pleasure of saying a few
+words at that time about woman's suffrage. I wrote the first song
+about woman's suffrage and called it "Good Times for Women." This is
+the 11,667th concert which I have taken part in.'"
+
+The venerable singer is reputed to be quite wealthy. A few years ago
+one of the children thought the old man was becoming entirely too
+liberal in the distribution of his wealth, and brought an action in
+the New York courts requesting the appointment of a guardian to
+his estate. The white-haired musician appeared in court without an
+attorney, and when the case was about to be disposed of made a request
+of the judge, which was granted, that he might be sworn. After Mr.
+Hutchinson had made his statement to the court the judge asked a few
+questions. "How is your memory?" said the judge. "Memory," replied the
+old man. "I remember the flavor of the milk at the maternal fountain."
+The judge concluded that Mr. Hutchinson was fully capable of managing
+his own affairs.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Concert hall, built in 1857 by J.W. McClung, had room for 400 or 500
+people, but it was somewhat inaccessible on account of its being in
+the basement of the building and was not very much in demand. Horatio
+Seymour made a great speech to the Douglas wing of the Democracy in
+the hall during the campaign of 1880, and Tom Marshall, the great
+Kentucky orator, delivered a lecture on Napoleon to a large audience
+In the same place. On the night of the presidential election in 1860 a
+number of musicians who had been practicing on "Dixie" and other music
+in Munger's music store came down to the hall and entertained the
+Republicans who had gathered there for the purpose of hearing the
+election returns. There was a great deal more singing than there was
+election returns, as about all the news they were able to get was from
+the four precincts of St. Paul, New Canada, Rose and Reserve townships
+and West St. Paul. We had a telegraph line, to be sure, but Mr.
+Winslow, who owned the line, would not permit the newspapers, or any
+one else, to obtain the faintest hint of how the election had gone in
+other localities. After singing until 11 or 12 o'clock, and abusing
+Mr. Winslow in language that the linotype is wholly unable to
+reproduce, the crowd dispersed. Nothing could be heard of how the
+election had gone until the following afternoon, when Gov. Ramsey
+received a dispatch from New York announcing that that state had
+given Mr. Lincoln 50,000 majority. As that was the pivotal state the
+Republicans immediately held a jollification meeting.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Tom Marshall was one of the most eloquent orators America ever
+produced. He was spending the summer in Minnesota endeavoring to
+recover from the effects of an over-indulgence of Kentucky's great
+staple product, but the glorious climate of Minnesota did not seem to
+have the desired effect, as he seldom appeared on the street without
+presenting the appearance of having discovered in the North Star State
+an elixer fully as invigorating as any produced in the land where
+colonels, orators and moonshiners comprise the major portion of the
+population. One day as Marshall came sauntering down Third street he
+met a club of Little Giants marching to a Democratic gathering.
+They thought they would have a little sport at the expense of the
+distinguished orator from Kentucky, and they haulted immediately in
+front of him and demanded a speech. They knew that Mr. Marshall was a
+pronounced Whig and supported the candidacy of Bell and Everett, but
+as he was from a slave state they did not think he would say anything
+reflecting on the character of their cherished leader. Mr. Marshall
+stepped to the front of the sidewalk and held up his hand and said:
+"Do you think Douglas will ever be president? He will not, as no man
+of his peculiar physique ever entered the sacred portals of the White
+House." He then proceeded to denounce Douglas and the Democratic party
+in language that was very edifying to the few Republicans who chanced
+to be present. The Little Giants concluded that it was not the proper
+caper to select a casual passer-by for speaker, and were afterward
+more particular in their choice of an orator.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+One night there was a Democratic meeting in the hall and after a
+number of speakers had been called upon for an address, De Witt C.
+Cooley, who was a great wag, went around in the back part of the hall
+and called upon the unterrified to "Holler for Cooley." The request
+was complied with and Mr. Cooley's name was soon on the lips of nearly
+the whole audience. When Mr. Cooley mounted the platform an Irishman
+in the back part of the hall inquired in a voice loud enough to be
+heard by the entire audience, "Is that Cooley?" Upon being assured
+that it was, he replied in a still louder voice: "Be jabers, that's
+the man that told me to holler for Cooley." The laugh was decidedly on
+Cooley, and his attempted flight of oratory did not materialize.
+
+Cooley was at one time governor of the third house and if his message
+to that body could be reproduced it would make very interesting
+reading.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Athenaeum was constructed in 1859 by the German Reading society,
+and for a number of years was the only amusement hall in St. Paul with
+a stage and drop curtain. In 1861 Peter and Caroline Richings spent
+a part of the summer in St. Paul, and local amusement lovers were
+delightfully entertained by these celebrities during their sojourn.
+During the war a number of dramatic and musical performances were
+given at the Athenaeum for the boys in blue. The cantata of "The
+Haymakers," for the benefit of the sanitary commission made quite a
+hit, and old residents will recollect Mrs. Winne, Mrs. Blakeley and
+Prof. Perkins, who took the leading parts. Prof. Phil Roher and Otto
+Dreher gave dramatic performances both in German and English for some
+time after the close of the war. Plunkett's Dramatic company, with
+Susan Denin as the star, filled the boards at this hall a short time
+before the little old opera house was constructed on Wabasha street.
+During the Sioux massacre a large number of maimed refugees were
+brought to the city and found temporary shelter in this place.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1853 Market hall, on the corner of Wabasha and Seventh streets, was
+built, and it was one of the principal places of amusement. The Hough
+Dramatic company, with Bernard, C.W. Couldock, Sallie St. Clair and
+others were among the notable performers who entertained theatergoers.
+In 1860 the Wide Awakes used this place for a drill hall, and so
+proficient did the members become that many of them were enabled to
+take charge of squads, companies and even regiments in the great
+struggle that was soon to follow.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1860 the Ingersoll block on Bridge Square was constructed, and as
+that was near the center of the city the hall on the third floor
+was liberally patronized for a number of years. Many distinguished
+speakers have entertained large and enthusiastic audiences from the
+platform of this popular hall. Edward Everett, Ralph Waldo Emerson and
+John B. Gough are among the great orators who have electrified and
+instructed the older inhabitants, and the musical notes of the Black
+Swan, Mlle. Whiting and Madame Varian will ever be remembered by
+those whose pleasure it was to listen to them. Mrs. Scott Siddons, an
+elocutionist of great ability and a descendant of the famous English
+family of actors of that name, gave several dramatic readings to her
+numerous admirers. When Sumter was fired on, Capt. W.H. Acker used
+this hall as a rendezvous and drill hall for Company C, First regiment
+of Minnesota volunteers, and many rousing war meetings for the purpose
+of devising ways and means for the furtherance of enlistments took
+place in this building.
+
+In February, 1861, the ladies of the different Protestant churches of
+St. Paul, with the aid of the Young Men's Christian association, gave
+a social and supper in this building for the purpose of raising funds
+for the establishment of a library. It was a sort of dedicatory
+opening of the building and hall, and was attended by large
+delegations from the different churches. Quite a large sum was
+realized. A room was fitted up on the second story and the beginning
+of what is now the St. Paul library soon opened up to the public.
+About 350 books were purchased with the funds raised by the social,
+and the patrons of the library were required to pay one dollar per
+year for permission to read them. Dr. T.D. Simonton was the first
+librarian. Subsequently this library was consolidated with the St.
+Paul Mercantile Library association and the number of books more than
+doubled. A regular librarian was then installed with the privilege of
+reading the library's books raised to two dollars per annum.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The People's theater, an old frame building on the corner of Fourth
+and St. Peter streets, was the only real theatrical building in
+the city. H. Van Liew was the lessee and manager of this place of
+entertainment, and he was provided with a very good stock company.
+Emily Dow and her brother, Harry Gossan and Azelene Allen were among
+the members. During the summer of 1858 Mr. and Mrs. J.W. Wallack came
+to St. Paul and played a two weeks' engagement. They were the most
+prominent actors who had yet appeared in this part of the country.
+
+"The Man in the Iron Mask" and "Macbeth" were on their repertoire.
+Probably "Macbeth" was never played to better advantage or to more
+appreciative audiences than it was during the stay of the Wallacks.
+Mrs. Wallack's Lady Macbeth was a piece of acting that few of the
+present generation can equal. Col. R.E.J. Miles was one of the stars
+at this theater, and it was at this place that he first produced the
+play of "Mazeppa," which afterward made him famous. A.M. Carver,
+foreman of the job department of the St. Paul Times, often assisted in
+theatrical productions. Mr. Carver was not only a first-class printer,
+but he was also a very clever actor. His portrayal of the character of
+Uncle Tom in "Uncle Tom's Cabin," which had quite a run, and was fully
+equal to any later production by full fledged members of the dramatic
+profession. Mr. Carver was one of the first presidents of the
+International Typographical union, and died in Cincinnati many years
+ago, leaving a memory that will ever be cherished by all members of
+the art preservative.
+
+This theater had a  gallery, and the shaded gentry were
+required to pay as much for admission to the gallery at the far end of
+the building as did the nabobs in the parquet. Joe Rolette, the member
+from "Pembina" county, occasionally entertained the audience at this
+theater by having epileptic fits, but Joe's friends always promptly
+removed him from the building and the performance would go on
+undisturbed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On the second story of an old frame building on the southeast corner
+of Third and Exchange streets there was a hall that was at one time
+the principal amusement hall of the city. The building was constructed
+in 1850 by the Elfelt brothers and the ground floor was occupied by
+them as a dry goods store. It is one of the very oldest buildings in
+the city. The name of Elfelt brothers until quite recently could be
+seen on the Exchange street side of the building. The hall was named
+Mazurka hall, and all of the swell entertainments of the early '50s
+took place in this old building. At a ball given in the hall during
+one of the winter months more than forty years ago, J.Q.A. Ward,
+bookkeeper for the Minnesotian, met a Miss Pratt, who was a daughter
+of one of the proprietors of the same paper, and after an acquaintance
+of about twenty minutes mysteriously disappeared from the hall and got
+married. They intended to keep it a secret for a while, but it was
+known all over the town the next day and produced great commotion.
+Miss Pratt's parents would not permit her to see her husband, and they
+were finally divorced without having lived together.
+
+For a number of years Napoleon Heitz kept a saloon and restaurant in
+this building. Heitz had participated in a number of battles under
+the great Napoleon, and the patrons of his place well recollect the
+graphic descriptions of the battle of Waterloo which he would often
+relate while the guest was partaking of a Tom and Jerry or an oyster
+stew.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+During the summer of 1860 Charles N. Mackubin erected two large
+buildings on the site of the Metropolitan hotel. Mozart hall was on
+the Third street end and Masonic hall on the Fourth street corner. At
+a sanitary fair held during the winter of 1864 both of these halls
+were thrown together and an entertainment on a large scale was
+held for the benefit of the almost depleted fundes of the sanitary
+commission. Fairs had been given for this fund in nearly all the
+principal cities of the North, and it was customary to vote a sword
+to the most popular volunteer officer whom the state had sent to the
+front. A large amount of money had been raised in the different cities
+on this plan, and the name of Col. Marshall of the Seventh regiment
+and Col. Uline of the Second were selected as two officers in whom it
+was thought the people would take sufficient interest to bring out a
+large vote. The friends of both candidates were numerous and each side
+had some one stationed at the voting booth keeping tab on the number
+of votes cast and the probable number it would require at the close
+to carry off the prize. Col. Uline had been a fireman and was very
+popular with the young men of the city. Col. Marshall was backed by
+friends in the different newspaper offices. The contest was very
+spirited and resulted in Col. Uline capturing the sword, he having
+received more than two thousand votes in one bundle during the last
+five minutes the polls were open. This fair was very successful,
+the patriotic citizens of St. Paul having enriched the funds of the
+sanitary commission by several thousand dollars.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+One of the first free concert halls in the city was located on Bridge
+Square, and it bore the agonizing name of Agony hall. Whether it
+was named for its agonizing music or the agonizing effects of its
+beverages was a question that its patrons were not able to determine.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In anti-bellum times Washington's birthday was celebrated with more
+pomp and glory than any holiday during the year. The Pioneer Guards,
+the City Guards, the St. Paul Light Artillery, the St. Paul fire
+department and numerous secret organizations would form in
+procession and march to the capitol, and in the hall of the house of
+representatives elaborate exercises commemorative of the birth of the
+nation's first great hero would take place. Business was generally
+suspended and none of the daily papers would be issued on the
+following day.
+
+In 1857 Adalina Patti appeared in St. Paul for the first time. She was
+about sixteen years old and was with the Ole Bull Concert company.
+They traveled on a small steamboat and gave concerts in the river
+towns. Their concert took place in the hall of the house of
+representatives of the old capitol, that being the only available
+place at the time. Patti's concert came near being nipped in the bud
+by an incident that has never been printed. Two boys employed as
+messengers at the capitol, both of whom are now prominent business
+men in the city, procured a key to the house, and, in company with a
+number of other kids, proceeded to representative hall, where they
+were frequently in the habit of congregating for the purpose of
+playing cards, smoking cigars, and committing such other depradations
+as it was possible for kids to conceive. After an hour or so of
+revelry the boys returned the key to its proper place and separated.
+In a few minutes smoke was seen issuing from the windows of the hall
+and an alarm of fire was sounded. The door leading to the house was
+forced open and it was discovered that the fire had nearly burned
+through the floor. The boys knew at once that it was their
+carelessness that had caused the alarm, and two more frightened kids
+never got together. They could see visions of policemen, prison bars,
+and even Stillwater, day and night for many years. They would often
+get together on a back street and in whispered tones wonder if they
+had yet been suspected. For more than a quarter of a century these two
+kids kept this secret in the innermost recesses of their hearts,
+and it is only recently that they dared to reveal their terrible
+predicament.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A few days after Maj. Anderson was compelled to lower the Stars and
+Stripes on Sumter's walls a mass meeting of citizens, irrespective of
+party, was called to meet at the hall of the house of representatives
+for the purpose of expressing the indignation of the community at the
+dastardly attempt of the Cotton States to disrupt the government.
+Long before the time for the commencement of the meeting the hall was
+packed and it was found necessary to adjourn to the front steps of
+the building in order that all who desired might take part in the
+proceedings. Hon. John S. Prince, mayor of the city, presided,
+assisted by half a dozen prominent citizens as vice presidents. Hon.
+John M. Gilman, an honored resident of the city, was one of the
+principal speakers. Mr. Gilman had been the Democratic candidate for
+congress the fall previous, and considerable interest was manifested
+to hear what position he would take regarding the impending conflict.
+It was very soon apparent that Mr. Gilman was in hearty sympathy with
+the object of the meeting and his remarks were received with great
+demonstrations of approbation. Hon. J.W. Taylor followed Mr. Gilman
+and made a strong speech in favor of sustaining Mr. Lincoln. There
+were a number of other addresses, after which resolutions were adopted
+pledging the government the earnest support of the citizens, calling
+on the young men to enroll their names on the roster of the rapidly
+forming companies and declaring that they would furnish financial aid
+when necessary to the dependant families of those left behind. Similar
+meetings were held in different parts of the city a great many times
+before the Rebellion was subdued.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The first Republican state convention after the state was admitted
+into the Union was held in the hall of the house of representatives.
+The state was not divided into congressional districts at that time
+and Col. Aldrich and William Windom were named as the candidates for
+representatives in congress. Col. Aldrich did not pretend to be much
+of an orator, and in his speech of acceptance he stated that while
+he was not endowed with as much oratorical ability as some of his
+associates on the ticket, yet he could work as hard as any one, and
+he promised that he would sweat at least a barrel in his efforts to
+promote the success of the ticket.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Aromory hall, on Third street, between Cedar and Minnesota, was built
+in 1859, and was used by the Pioneer Guards up to the breaking out of
+the war. The annual ball of the Pioneer Guards was the swell affair of
+the social whirl, and it was anticipated with as much interest by
+the Four Hundred as the charity ball is to-day. The Pioneer Guards
+disbanded shortly after the war broke out, and many of its members
+were officers in the Union army, although two or three of them stole
+away and joined the Confederate forces, one of them serving on Lee's
+staff during the entire war. Col. Wilkin Col. King, Col. Farrell,
+Capt. Coates, Capt. Van Slyke, Capt. Western, Lieut. Zernberg and
+Lieut. Tuttle were early in the fray, while a number of others
+followed as the war progressed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It was not until the winter of 1866-67 that St. Paul could boast of a
+genuine opera house. The old opera house fronting on Wabasha street,
+on the ground that is now occupied by the Grand block, was finished
+that winter and opened with a grand entertainment given by local
+talent. The boxes and a number of seats in the parquet were sold at
+auction, the highest bidder being a man by the name of Philbrick, who
+paid $72 for a seat in the parquet. This man Philbrick was a visitor
+in St. Paul, and had a retinue of seven or eight people with him. It
+was whispered around that he was some kind of a royal personage, and
+when he paid $72 for a seat at the opening of the opera house people
+were sure that he was at least a duke. He disappeared as mysteriously
+as he had appeared. It was learned afterward that this mysterious
+person was Coal Oil Johnny out on a lark. The first regular company to
+occupy this theater was the Macfarland Dramatic company, with Emily
+Melville as the chief attraction. This little theater could seat about
+1,000 people, and its seating capacity was taxed many a time long
+before the Grand opera house in the rear was constructed. Wendell
+Philips, Henry Ward Beecher, Theodore Tilton, Frederick Douglass and
+many others have addressed large audiences from the stage of this old
+opera house. An amusing incident occurred while Frederick Douglass was
+in St. Paul. Nearly every seat in the house had been sold long before
+the lecture was to commence, and when Mr. Douglass commenced speaking
+there was standing room only. A couple of enthusiastic Republicans
+found standing room in one of the small upper boxes, and directly in
+front of them was a well-known Democratic politician by the name of
+W.H. Shelley. Mr. Shelley had at one time been quite prominent in
+local Republican circles, but when Andrew Johnson made his famous
+swing around the circle Shelley got an idea that the proper thing to
+do was to swing around with him. Consequently the Republicans who
+stood up behind Mr. Shelley thought they would have a little amusement
+at his expense. Every time Mr. Douglass made a point worthy
+of applause these ungenerous Republicans would make a great
+demonstration, and as the audience could not see them and could
+only see the huge outline of Mr. Shelley they concluded that he was
+thoroughly enjoying the lecture and had probably come back to the
+Republican fold. Mr. Shelley stood it until the lecture was about
+half over, when he left the opera house in disgust. Mr. Shelley was a
+candidate for the position of collector of customs of the port of St.
+Paul and his name had been sent to the senate by President Johnson,
+but as that body was largely Republican his nomination lacked
+confirmation.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+About the time of the great Heenan and Sayers prize fight in England
+a number of local sports arranged to have a mock engagement at the
+Athenaeum. There was no kneitoscopic method of reproducing a fight at
+that time, but it was planned to imitate the great fight as closely as
+possible. James J. Hill was to imitate Sayers and Theodore Borup the
+Benecia boy. They were provided with seconds, surgeons and all
+the attendants necessary for properly staging the melee. It was
+prearranged that Theodore, in the sixth or seventh round, was to knock
+Hill out, but as the battle progressed, Theodore made a false pass and
+Hill could not desist from taking advantage of it, and the prearranged
+plan was reversed by Hill knocking Theodore out. And Hill has kept
+right on taking advantage of the false movements of his adversaries,
+and is now knocking them out with more adroitness than he did forty
+years ago.
+
+
+
+
+PRINTERS AND EDITORS OF TERRITORIAL DAYS.
+
+CAPT.E.Y. SHELLEY THE PIONEER PRINTER OF MINNESOTA--A LARGE NUMBER OF
+PRINTERS IN THE CIVIL WAR--FEW OF. THE OLD TIMERS LEFT.
+
+
+TERRITORIAL PRINTERS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  E.Y. Shelly,
+  George W. Moore,
+  John C. Devereux,
+  Martin Williams,
+  H.O. Bassford,
+  Geo. W. Benedict,
+  Louis E. Fisher,
+  Geo. W. Armstrong,
+  J.J. Noah,
+  M.J. Clum,
+  Samuel J. Albright,
+  David Brock,
+  D.S. Merret,
+  Richard Bradley,
+  A.C. Crowell,
+  Sol Teverbaugh,
+  Edwin Clark,
+  Harry Bingham,
+  William Wilford,
+  Ole Kelson,
+  C.R. Conway,
+  Isaac H. Conway,
+  David Ramaley,
+  M.R. Prendergast,
+  Edward Richards,
+  Francis P. McNamee,
+  E.S. Lightbourn,
+  William Creek,
+  Alex Creek,
+  Marshall Robinson,
+  Jacob T. McCoy,
+  A.J. Underwood,
+  J.B. Chaney,
+  James M. Culver,
+  Frank H. Pratt,
+  A.S. Diamond,
+  Frank Daggett,
+  R.V. Hesselgrave,
+  A.D. Martin,
+  W.G. Jebb,
+  R.F. Slaughter,
+  Thos. Slaughter,
+  William A. Hill,
+  H.P. Coates,
+  A.J. Sterrett,
+  Richard McLagan,
+  Ed. McLagan,
+  Robert Bryan,
+  Jas. Wright,
+  O.G. Miller,
+  J.B.H. Mitchell,
+  Chas. R. Stuart,
+  Wm. F. Russell,
+  D.L. Paine,
+  Benj. Drake,
+  J.C. Terry,
+  Thomas Jebb,
+  Francis P. Troxill,
+  J.Q.A. Ward,
+  A.J. Morgan,
+  M.V.B. Young,
+  H.L. Vance,
+  A.M. Carver,
+  W.H. Wheeler,
+  J.M. Dugan,
+  Luke Mulrean,
+  H.H. Young,
+  W.G. Allen,
+  Barrett Smith,
+  Thos. C. Schenck.
+
+Of the above long list of territorial printers the following are the
+only known survivors: H.O. Bassford, George W. Benedict, David Brock,
+John C. Devereux, Barrett Smith, J.B.H. Mitchell, David Ramaley, M.R.
+Prendergast, Jacob T. McCoy, A.S. Diamond, R.V. Hesselgrave, H.P.
+Coates, J.R. Chaney, M.J. Clum.
+
+
+CAPT. E.Y. SHELLY.
+
+Much has been written of the trials and tribulations of the pioneer
+editors of Minnesota and what they have accomplished in bringing to
+the attention of the outside world the numerous advantages possessed
+by this state as a place of permanent location for all classes of
+people, but seldom, if ever, has the nomadic printer, "the man behind
+the gun," received even partial recognition from the chroniclers of
+our early history. In the spring of 1849 James M. Goodhue arrived in
+St. Paul from Lancaster, Wis., with a Washington hand press and a few
+fonts of type, and he prepared to start a paper at the capital of the
+new territory of Minnesota. Accompanying him were two young printers,
+named Ditmarth and Dempsey, they being the first printers to set foot
+on the site of what was soon destined to be the metropolis of the
+great Northwest. These two young men quickly tired of their isolation
+and returned to their former home. They were soon followed by another
+young man, who had only recently returned from the sunny plains
+of far-off Mexico, where he had been heroically battling for his
+country's honor. Capt. E.Y. Shelly was born in Bucks county, Pa.,
+on the 25th of September, 1827. When a mere lad he removed to
+Philadelphia, where he was instructed in the art preservative, and, on
+the breaking out of the Mexican war, he laid aside the stick and rule
+and placed his name on the roster of a company that was forming to
+take part in the campaign against the Mexicans. He was assigned to
+the Third United States dragoons and started at once for the scene of
+hostilities. On arriving at New Orleans the Third dragoons was ordered
+to report to Gen. Taylor, who was then in the vicinity of Matamoras.
+As soon as Gen. Taylor was in readiness he drove the Mexicans across
+the Rio Grande, and the battles of Palo Alto, Monterey and Buena Vista
+followed in quick succession, in all of which the American forces
+were successful against an overwhelming force of Mexicans, the Third
+dragoons being in all the engagements, and they received special
+mention for their conspicuous gallantry in defending their position
+against the terrible onslaught of the Mexican forces under the
+leadership of Santa Ana. Soon after the battle of Buena Vista, Santa
+Ana withdrew from Gen. Taylor's front and retreated toward the City
+of Mexico, in order to assist in the defense of that city against the
+American forces under the command of Gen. Scott. Peace was declared in
+1848 and the Third dragoons were ordered to Jefferson barracks, St.
+Louis, where they were mustered out of the service. Capt. Shelly took
+passage in a steamer for St. Paul, where he arrived in July, 1849,
+being the first printer to permanently locate in Minnesota. The
+Pioneer was the first paper printed in St. Paul, but the Register and
+Chronicle soon followed. Capt. Shelly's first engagement was in the
+office of the Register, but he soon changed to the Pioneer, and was
+employed by Mr. Goodhue at the time of his tragic death. When Col.
+Robertson Started the Daily Democrat Capt. Shelly was connected
+with that office, and remained there until the Pioneer and Democrat
+consolidated. Capt. Shelly was a member of the old Pioneer guards, and
+when President Lincoln called for men to suppress the rebellion the
+old patriotism was aroused in him, and he organized, in company with
+Major Brackett, a company for what was afterward known as Brackett's
+battalion.
+
+Brackett's battalion consisted of three Minnesota companies, and they
+were mustered into service in September, 1861. They were ordered to
+report at Benton barracks, Mo., and were assigned to a regiment known
+as Curtis horse, but afterward changed to Fifth Iowa cavalry. In
+February, 1862, the regiment was ordered to Fort Henry, Tenn., and
+arrived just in time to take an important part in the attack and
+surrender of Fort Donelson. Brackett's battalion was the only
+Minnesota force engaged at Fort Donelson, and, although they were
+not in the thickest of the fight, yet they performed tremendous and
+exhaustive service in preventing the rebel Gen. Buckner from receiving
+reinforcements. After the surrender the regiment was kept on continual
+scout duty, as the country was overrun with bands of guerrillas and
+the inhabitants nearly all sympathized with them. From Fort Donelson
+three companies of the regiment went to Savannah, (one of them being
+Capt. Shelly's) where preparations were being made to meet Gen.
+Beauregard, who was only a short distance away. Brackett's company was
+sent out in the direction of Louisville with orders to see that the
+roads and bridges were not molested, so that the forces under Gen.
+Buell would not be obstructed on the march to reinforce Gen. Grant.
+This timely precaution enabled Gen. Buell to arrive at Pittsburg
+Landing just in time to save Gen. Grant from probable defeat. For
+three months after this battle Capt. Shelly's company was engaged in
+protecting the long line of railroad from Columbus, Ky., to Corinth,
+Miss. On the 25th of August, 1862, Fort Donalson was attacked by the
+rebels and this regiment was ordered to its relief. This attack of the
+rebels did not prove to be very serious, but on the 5th of February,
+1863, the rebels under Forrest and Wheeler made a third attack on Fort
+Donelson. They were forced to retire, leaving a large number of their
+dead on the field, but fortunately none of the men under Capt. Shelly
+were injured. Nearly the entire spring and summer of 1863 was spent in
+scouring the country in the vicinity of the Tennessee river, sometimes
+on guard duty, sometimes on the picket line and often in battle. They
+were frequently days and nights without food or sleep, but ever kept
+themselves in readiness for an attack from the wily foes. Opposed to
+them were the commands of Forest and Wheeler, the very best cavalry
+officers in the Confederate service. A number of severe actions ended
+in the battle of Chickamauga, in which the First cavalry took a
+prominent part. After the battle of Chickamauga the regiment was kept
+on duty on the dividing line between the two forces. About the 1st
+of January, 1864, most of Capt. Shelly's company reinlisted and they
+returned home on a thirty days' furlough. After receiving a number
+of recruits at Fort Snelling, the command, on the 14th of May, 1864,
+received orders to report to Gen. Sully at Sioux City, who was
+preparing to make a final campaign against the rebellious Sioux. On
+the 28th of June the expedition started on its long and weary march
+over the plains of the Dakotas toward Montana. It encountered the
+Indians a number of times, routing them, and continued on its way.
+About the middle of August the expedition entered the Bad Lands, and
+the members were the first white men to traverse that unexplored
+region. In the fall the battalion returned to Fort Ridgley, where
+they went into winter quarters, having marched over 3,000 miles since
+leaving Fort Snelling. Capt. Shelly was mustered out of the service in
+the spring of 1865, and since that time, until within a few years, has
+been engaged at his old profession.
+
+Capt. Shelly was almost painfully modest, seldom alluding to the many
+stirring events with which he had been an active participant, and it
+could well be said of him, as Cardinal Wolsey said of himself, that
+"had he served his God with half the zeal he has served his country,
+he would not in his old age have forsaken him." Political preferment
+and self-assurance keep some men constantly before the public eye,
+while others, the men of real merit, who have spent the best part of
+their lives in the service of their country, are often permitted by an
+ungrateful community to go down to their graves unhonored and unsung.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+OTHER PRINTERS IN THE CIVIL WAR.
+
+Capt. Henry C. Coates was foreman of the job department of the Pioneer
+office. He was an officer in the Pioneer Guards, and when the war
+broke out was made a lieutenant in the First regiment, was in all the
+battles of that famous organization up to and including Gettysburg;
+was commander of the regiment for some time after the battle. After
+the war he settled in Philadelphia, where he now resides.
+
+Jacob J. Noah at one time set type, with Robert Bonner. He was elected
+clerk of the supreme court at the first election of state officers;
+was captain of Company K Second Minnesota regiment, but resigned early
+in the war and moved to New York City, his former home.
+
+Frank H. Pratt was an officer in the Seventh regiment and served
+through the war. He published a paper at Taylor's Falls at one time.
+After the war he was engaged in the mercantile business in St. Paul.
+
+John C. Devereux was foreman of the old Pioneer and was an officer in
+the Third regiment, and still resides in the city.
+
+Jacob T. McCoy was an old-time typo and worked in all the St. Paul
+offices before and after the rebellion. Mr. McCoy was a fine singer
+and his voice was always heard at typographical gatherings. He
+enlisted as private in the Second Minnesota and served more than four
+years, returning as first lieutenant. He now resides in Meadeville,
+Pa.
+
+Martin Williams was printer, editor, reporter and publisher, both
+before and after the war. He was quartermaster of the Second Minnesota
+cavalry.
+
+Robert P. Slaughter and his brother, Thomas Slaughter, were both
+officers in the volunteer service and just previous to the rebellion
+were engaged in the real estate business.
+
+Edward Richards was foreman of the Pioneer and Minnesotian before the
+war and foreman of the old St. Paul Press after the war. He enlisted
+during the darkest days of the rebellion in the Eighth regiment and
+served in the dual capacity of correspondent and soldier. No better
+soldier ever left the state. He was collector of customs of the port
+of St. Paul under the administration of Presidents Garfield and
+Arthur, and later was on the editorial staff of the Pioneer Press.
+
+The most remarkable compositor ever in the Northwest, if not in the
+United States, was the late Charles R. Stuart. He claimed to be a
+lineal descendant of the royal house of Stuart. For two years in
+succession he won the silver cup in New York city for setting more
+type than any of his competitors. At an endurance test in New York he
+is reported to have set and distributed 26,000 ems solid brevier in
+twenty-four hours. He was originally from Detroit. In the spring of
+1858 he wandered into the Minnesotian office and applied for work. The
+Minnesotian was city printer and was very much in need of some one
+that day to help them out. Mr. Stuart was put to work and soon
+distributed two cases of type, and the other comps wondered what he
+was going to do with it. After he had been at work a short time
+they discovered that he would be able to set up all the type he had
+distributed and probably more, too. When he pasted up the next morning
+the foreman measured his string and remeasured it, and then went over
+and took a survey of Mr. Stuart, and then went back and measured it
+again. He then called up the comps, and they looked it over, but no
+one could discover anything wrong with it. The string measured 23,000
+ems, and was the most remarkable feat of composition ever heard of in
+this section of the country. It was no uncommon occurrence for Mr.
+Stuart to set 2,000 ems of solid bourgeois an hour, and keep it up for
+the entire day. Mr. Stuart's reputation as a rapid compositor spread
+all over the city in a short time and people used to come to the
+office to see him set type, with as much curiosity as they do now to
+see the typesetting machine. In 1862 Mr. Stuart enlisted in the Eighth
+regiment and served for three years, returning home a lieutenant. For
+a number of years he published a paper at Sault Ste Marie, in which
+place he died about five years ago. He was not only a good printer,
+but a very forceful writer, in fact he was an expert in everything
+connected with the printing business.
+
+E.S. Lightbourn was one of the old-time printers. He served three
+years in the Seventh Minnesota and after the war was foreman of the
+Pioneer.
+
+M.J. Clum is one of the oldest printers in St. Paul. He was born in
+Rensselar county, New York, in 1832, and came to St. Paul in 1853.
+He learned his trade in Troy, and worked with John M. Francis, late
+minister to Greece, and also with C.L. McArthur, editor of the
+Northern Budget. Mr. Clum was a member of Company D, Second Minnesota,
+and took part in several battles in the early part of the rebellion.
+
+J.B. Chancy came to Minnesota before the state was admitted to the
+Union. At one time he was foreman of a daily paper at St. Anthony
+Falls. During the war he was a member of Berdan's sharpshooters, who
+were attached to the First regiment.
+
+S J. Albright worked on the Pioneer in territorial days. In 1859 he
+went to Yankton, Dak., and started the first paper in that territory.
+He was an officer in a Michigan regiment during the rebellion. For
+many years was a publisher of a paper in Michigan, and under the last
+administration of Grover Cleveland was governor of Alaska.
+
+M.R. Prendergast, though not connected with the printing business
+for some time, yet he is an old time printer, and was in the Tenth
+Minnesota during the rebellion.
+
+A.J. Underwood was a member of Berdan's Sharp-shooters, and was
+connected with a paper at Fergus Falls for a number of years.
+
+Robert V. Hesselgrave was employed in nearly all the St. Paul offices
+at various times. He was lieutenant in the First Minnesota Heavy
+Artillery, and is now engaged in farming in the Minnesota valley.
+
+William A. Hill came to St. Paul during the early '50s. He was a
+member of the Seventh Minnesota.
+
+Ole Johnson was a member of the First Minnesota regiment, and died in
+a hospital in Virginia.
+
+William F. Russel, a compositor on the Pioneer, organized a company of
+sharpshooters in St. Paul, and they served throughout the war in the
+army of the Potomac.
+
+S. Teverbaugh and H.I. Vance were territorial printers, and were both
+in the army, but served in regiments outside the state.
+
+There were a large number of other printers in the military service
+during the civil war, but they were not territorial printers and their
+names are not included in the above list.
+
+TERRITORIAL PRINTERS IN CIVIL LIFE.
+
+One of the brightest of the many bright young men who came to
+Minnesota at an early day was Mr. James Mills. For a time he worked on
+the case at the old Pioneer office, but was soon transferred to the
+editorial department, where he remained for a number of years. After
+the war he returned to Pittsburgh, his former home, and is now and for
+a number of years has been editor-in-chief of the Pittsburgh Post.
+
+Among the numerous printers of St. Paul who were musically inclined
+no one was better known than the late O.G. Miller. He belonged to the
+Great Western band, and was tenor singer in several churches in the
+city for a number of years. Mr. Miller was a 33d Degree Mason, and
+when he died a midnight funeral service was held for him in Masonic
+hall, the first instance on record of a similar service in the city.
+
+George W. Moore came to St. Paul in 1850, and for a short time was
+foreman for Mr. Goodhue. In 1852 he formed a partnership with John P.
+Owens in the publication of the Minnesotian. He sold his interest
+in that paper to Dr. Foster in 1860, and in 1861 was appointed by
+President Lincoln collector of the port of St. Paul, a position he
+held for more than twenty years.
+
+Louis E. Fisher was one of God's noblemen. When he first came to St.
+Paul he was foreman of the Commercial Advertiser. For a long time he
+was one of the editors of the Pioneer, and also the Pioneer Press. He
+was a staunch democrat and a firm believer in Jeffersonian simplicity.
+At one time he was a candidate for governor on the democratic ticket.
+Had it not been for a little political chicanery he would have been
+nominated, and had he been elected would have made a model governor.
+
+George W. Armstrong was the Beau Brummel of the early printers. He
+wore kid gloves when he made up the forms of the old Pioneer, and he
+always appeared as if he devoted more attention to his toilet than
+most of his co-laborers. He was elected state treasurer on the
+democratic ticket in 1857, and at the expiration of his term of office
+devoted his attention to the real estate business.
+
+Another old printer that was somewhat fastidious was James M.
+Culver. He was the first delegate from St. Paul to the International
+Typographical Union. Old members of the Sons of Malta will recollect
+how strenuously he resisted the canine portion of the ceremony when
+taking the third degree of that noble order.
+
+Who has not heard of David Ramaley? He is one of the best as well as
+one of the best known printers in the Northwest. He has been printer,
+reporter, editor, publisher and type founder. Although he has been
+constantly in the harness for nearly fifty years, he is still active
+and energetic and looks as if it might be an easy matter to round out
+the century mark.
+
+H.O. Bassford, now of the Austin Register, was one of the fleetest and
+cleanest compositers among the territorial printers. He was employed
+on the Minnesotian.
+
+Francis P. McNamee occupied most all positions connected with the
+printing business--printer, reporter, editor. He was a most estimable
+man, but of very delicate constitution, and he has long since gone to
+his reward.
+
+The genial, jovial face of George W. Benedict was for many years
+familiar to most old-time residents. At one time he was foreman of the
+old St. Paul Press. He is now editor and publisher of the Sauk Rapids
+Sentinel.
+
+The old St. Paul Times had no more reliable man than the late Richard
+Bradley. He was foreman of the job department of that paper, and held
+the same position on the Press and Pioneer Press for many years.
+
+D.L. Paine was the author of the famous poem entitled "Who Stole Ben
+Johnson's Spaces." He was employed in several of the St. Paul offices
+previous to the rebellion.
+
+The late John O. Terry was the first hand pressman in St. Paul.
+He formed a partnership with Col. Owens in the publication of the
+Minnesotian. For a long time he was assistant postmaster of St. Paul,
+and held several other positions of trust.
+
+J.B.H. Mitchell was a, member of the firm of Newson, Mitchell & Clum,
+publishers of the Daily Times. For several years after the war he was
+engaged as compositor in the St. Paul offices, and is now farming in
+Northern Minnesota.
+
+Among the freaks connected with the printing business was a poet
+printer by the name of Wentworth. He was called "Long Haired
+Wentworth."
+
+Early in the war he enlisted in the First Minnesota regiment. When
+Col. Gorman caught sight of him he ordered his hair cut. Wentworth
+would not permit his flowing locks to be taken off, and he was
+summarly dismissed from the service. After being ordered out of the
+regiment he wrote several letters of doubtful loyalty and Secretary
+Stanton had him arrested and imprisoned in Fort Lafayette with other
+political prisoners. He never returned to Minnesota.
+
+Marshall Robinson was a partner of the late John H. Stevens in the
+publication of the first paper at Glencoe. At one time he was a
+compositor on the Pioneer, and the last heard from him he was state
+printer for Nevada.
+
+Andrew Jackson Morgan was brought to St. Paul by the late Col.
+D.A. Robertson and made foreman of the Democrat. He was a
+printer-politician and possessed considerable ability. At one time he
+was one of the editors of the Democrat. He was said to bear a striking
+resemblance to the late Stephen A. Douglas, and seldom conversed with
+any one without informing them of the fact. He was one of the original
+Jacksonian Democrats, and always carried with him a silver dollar,
+which he claimed was given him by Andrew Jackson when he was
+christened. No matter how much Democratic principle Jack would consume
+on one of his electioneering tours he always clung to the silver
+dollar. He died in Ohio more than forty years ago, and it is said that
+the immediate occasion of his demise was an overdose of hilarity.
+
+Another old timer entitled to a good position in the hilarity column
+was J.Q.A. Ward, commonly known as Jack Ward. He was business manager
+of the Minnesotian during the prosperous days of that paper. The first
+immigration pamphlet ever gotten out in the territory was the product
+of Jack's ingenuity. Jack created quite a sensation at one time by
+marrying the daughter of his employer on half an hour's ball room
+acquaintance. He was a very bright man and should have been one of the
+foremost business men of the city, but, like many other men, he was
+his own worst enemy.
+
+Another Jack that should not be overlooked was Jack Barbour. His
+theory was that in case the fiery king interfered with your business
+it was always better to give up the business.
+
+A.M. Carver was one of the best job printers in the country, and he
+was also one of the best amateur actors among the fraternity. It was
+no uncommon thing for the old time printers to be actors and actors to
+be printers. Lawrence Barrett, Stuart Robson and many other eminent
+actors were knights of the stick and rule. Frequently during the happy
+distribution hour printers could be heard quoting from the dramatist
+and the poet, and occasionally the affairs of church and state would
+receive serious consideration, and often the subject would be handled
+in a manner that would do credit to the theologian or the diplomat,
+but modern ingenuity has made it probable that no more statesmen will
+receive their diplomas from the composing room. Since the introduction
+of the iron printer all these pleasantries have passed away, and the
+sociability that once existed in the composing room will be known
+hereafter only to tradition.
+
+The late William Jebb was one of the readiest debaters in the old
+Pioneer composing room. He was well posted on all topics and was
+always ready to take either side of a question for the sake of
+argument. Possessing a command of language and fluency of speech that
+would have been creditable to some of the foremost orators, he would
+talk by the hour, and his occasional outbursts of eloquence often
+surprised and always entertained the weary distributors. At one time
+Jebb was reporter on the St. Paul Times. Raising blooded chickens
+was one of his hobbies. One night some one entered his premises and
+appropriated, a number of his pet fowls. The next day the Times had a
+long account of his misfortune, and at the conclusion of his article
+he hurled the pope's bull of excommunication at the miscreant. It was
+a fatal bull and was Mr. Jebb's reportorial finish.
+
+A fresh graduate from the case at one time wrote a scurrilous
+biography of Washington. The editor of the paper on which he was
+employed was compelled to make editorial apology for its unfortunate
+appearance. To make the matter more offensive the author on several
+different occasions reproduced the article and credited its authorship
+to the editor who was compelled to apologize for it.
+
+In two different articles on nationalities by two different young
+printer reporters, one referred to the Germans as "the beer-guzzling
+Dutch," and the other, speaking of the English said "thank the Lord we
+have but few of them in our midst," caused the writers to be promptly
+relegated back to the case.
+
+Bishop Willoughby was a well-known character of the early times. A
+short conversation with him would readily make patent the fact that he
+wasn't really a bishop. In an account of confirming a number of people
+at Christ church a very conscientious printer-reporter said "Bishop
+Willoughby administered the rite of confirmation," when he should have
+said Bishop Whipple. He was so mortified at his unfortunate blunder
+that he at once tendered his resignation. Of course it was not
+accepted.
+
+Editors and printers of territorial times were more closely affiliated
+than they are to-day. Meager hotel accommodations and necessity for
+economical habits compelled many of them to work and sleep in the same
+room. All the offices contained blankets and cots, and as morning
+newspapers were only morning newspapers in name, the tired and weary
+printer could sleep the sleep of the just without fear of disturbance.
+
+Nearly all the early editors were also printers. Earle S. Goodrich,
+editor-in-chief of the Pioneer: Thomas Foster, editor of the
+Minnesotian; T.M. Newson, editor of the Times, and John P. Owens,
+first editor of the Minnesotian, were all printers. When the old Press
+removed from Bridge Square in 1869 to the new building on the corner
+of Third and Minnesota streets, Earle S. Goodrich came up into the
+composing room and requested the privilege of setting the first type
+in the new building. He was provided with a stick and rule and set
+up about half a column of editorial without copy. The editor of the
+Press, in commenting on his article, said it was set up as "clean as
+the blotless pages of Shakespeare." In looking over the article the
+next morning some of the typos discovered an error in the first line.
+
+
+
+
+THE DECISIVE BATTLE OF MILL SPRINGS.
+
+THE FIRST BATTLE DURING THE CIVIL WAR IN WHICH THE UNION FORCES SCORED
+A DECISIVE VICTORY--THE SECOND MINNESOTA THE HEROES OF THE DAY--THE
+REBEL GENERAL ZOLLICOFFER KILLED.
+
+
+Every Minnesotian's heart swells with pride whenever mention is made
+of the grand record of the volunteers from the North Star State in the
+great struggle for the suppression of the rebellion. At the outbreak
+of the war Minnesota was required to furnish one regiment, but so
+intensely patriotic were its citizens that nearly two regiments
+volunteered at the first call of the president. As only ten companies
+could go in the first regiment the surplus was held in readiness for
+a second call, which it was thought would be soon forthcoming. On the
+16th of June, 1861, Gov. Ramsey received notice that a second regiment
+would be acceptable, and accordingly the companies already organized
+with two or three additions made up the famous Second Minnesota. H.P.
+Van Cleve was appointed colonel, with headquarters at Fort Snelling.
+Several of the companies were sent to the frontier to relieve
+detachments of regulars stationed at various posts, but on the 16th of
+October, 1861, the full regiment started for Washington. On reaching
+Pittsburgh, however, their destination was changed to Louisville, at
+which place they were ordered to report to Gen. W.T. Sherman, then in
+command of the Department of the Cumberland, and they at once received
+orders to proceed to Lebanon Junction, about thirty miles south of
+Louisville. The regiment remained at this camp about six weeks before
+anything occurred to relieve the monotony of camp life, although there
+were numerous rumors of night attacks by large bodies of Confederates.
+On the 15th of November, 1861, Gen. Buell assumed command of all the
+volunteers in the vicinity of Louisville, and he at once organized
+them into divisions and brigades. Early in December the Second
+regiment moved to Lebanon, Ky., and, en route, the train was fired at.
+At Lebanon the Second Minnesota, Eighteenth United States infantry,
+Ninth and Thirty-fifth Ohio regiments were organized into a brigade,
+and formed part of Gen. George H. Thomas' First division. On Jan. 1,
+1862, Gen. Thomas started his troops on the Mill Springs campaign
+and from the 1st to the 17th day of January, spent most of its time
+marching under rain, sleet and through mud, and on the latter date
+went into camp near Logan's Cross Roads, eight miles north of
+Zollicoffer's intrenched rebel camp at Beech Grove. On the night of
+Jan. 18, Company A was on picket duty. It had been raining incessantly
+and was so dark that it was with difficulty that pickets could be
+relieved. Just at daybreak the rebel advance struck the pickets of
+the Union lines, and several musket shots rang out with great
+distinctness, and in quick succession, it being the first rebel shot
+that the boys had ever heard. Then all was quiet for a time. The
+firing soon commenced again, nearer and more distinct than at first,
+and thicker and faster as the rebel advance encountered the Union
+pickets. The Second Minnesota had entered the woods and passing
+through the Tenth Indiana, then out of ammunition and retiring and no
+longer firing. The enemy, emboldened by the cessation and mistaking
+its cause, assumed they had the Yanks on the run, advanced to the rail
+fence separating the woods from the field just as the Second Minnesota
+was doing the same, and while the rebels got there first, they were
+also first to get away and make a run to their rear. But before
+they ran their firing was resumed and Minnesotians got busy and the
+Fifteenth Mississippi and the Sixteenth Alabama regiments were made
+to feel that they had run up against something. To the right of the
+Second were two of Kinney's cannon and to their right was the Ninth
+Ohio. The mist and smoke which hung closely was too thick to see
+through, but by lying down it was possible to look under the smoke and
+to see the first rebel line, and that it was in bad shape, and back of
+it and down on the low ground a second line, with their third line
+on the high ground on the further side of the field. That the Second
+Minnesota was in close contact with the enemy was evident all along
+its line, blasts of fire and belching smoke coming across the fence
+from Mississippi muskets. The contest was at times hand to hand--the
+Second Minnesota and the rebels running their guns through the fence,
+firing and using the bayonet when opportunity offered. The firing was
+very brisk for some time when it was suddenly discovered that
+the enemy had disappeared. The battle was over, the Johnnies had
+"skedaddled," leaving their dead and dying on the bloody field. Many
+of the enemy were killed and wounded, and some few surrendered. After
+the firing had ceased one rebel lieutenant bravely stood in front
+of the Second and calmly faced his fate. After being called on to
+surrender he made no reply, but deliberately raised his hand and shot
+Lieut. Stout through the body. He was instantly shot. His name proved
+to be Bailie Peyton, son of one of the most prominent Union men in
+Tennessee. Gen. Zollicoffer, commander of the Confederate forces, was
+also killed in this battle. This battle, although a mere skirmish when
+compared to many other engagements in which the Second participated
+before the close of the war, was watched with great interest by the
+people of St. Paul. Two full companies had been recruited in the city
+and there was quite a number of St. Paulites in other companies of
+this regiment. When it became known that a battle had been fought
+in which the Second had been active participants, the relatives and
+friends of the men engaged in the struggle thronged the newspaper
+offices in quest of information regarding their safety. The casualties
+in the Second Minnesota, amounted to twelve killed and thirty-five
+wounded. Two or three days after the battle letters were received from
+different members of the Second, claiming that they had shot Bailie
+Payton and Zollicoffer. It afterward was learned that no one ever
+knew who shot Peyton, and that Col. Fry of the Fourth Kentucky shot
+Zollicoffer. Lieut. Tuttle captured Peyton's sword and still has it in
+his possession. This sword has a historic record. It was presented to
+Bailie Peyton by the citizens of New Orleans at the outbreak of the
+Mexican war, and was carried by Col. Peyton during the entire war.
+Col. Peyton was on Gen. Scott's staff at the close of the war, and
+when Santa Anna surrendered the City of Mexico to Gen. Scott, Col.
+Peyton was the staff officer designated by Scott to receive the
+surrender of the city, carrying this sword by his side. It bears
+this inscription: "Presented to Col. Bailie Peyton, Fifth Regiment
+Louisiana Volunteer National Guards, by his friends of New Orleans.
+His country required his services. His deeds will add glory to
+her arms." There has been considerable correspondence between the
+government and state, officials and the descendants of Col. Peyton
+relative to returning this trophy to Col. Peyton's relatives, but so
+far no arrangements to that effect have been concluded.
+
+It was reported by Tennesseeans at the time of the battle that young
+Peyton was what was known as a "hoop-skirt" convert to the Confederate
+cause. Southern ladies were decidedly more pronounced secessionists
+than were the sterner sex, and whenever they discovered that one of
+their chivalric brethren was a little lukewarm toward the cause of the
+South they sent him a hoop skirt, which indicated that the recipient
+was lacking in bravery. For telling of his loyalty to the Union he
+was insulted and hissed at on the streets of Nashville, and when he
+received a hoop skirt from his lady friends he reluctantly concluded
+to take up arms against the country he loved so well. He paid the
+penalty of foolhardy recklessness in the first battle in which he
+participated.
+
+A correspondent of the Cincinnati Commercial, who was an eye-witness
+of the battle, gave a glowing description of the heroic conduct of the
+Second Minnesota during the engagement. He said: "The success of the
+battle was when the Second Minnesota and the Ninth Ohio appeared in
+good order sweeping through the field. The Second Minnesota, from its
+position in the column, was almost in the center of the fight, and in
+the heaviest of the enemy's fire. They were the first troops that used
+the bayonet, and the style with which they went into the fight is the
+theme of enthusiastic comment throughout the army."
+
+It was the boast of Confederate leaders at the outbreak of the
+rebellion that one regiment of Johnnies was equal to two or more
+regiments of Yankees. After the battle of Mill Springs they had
+occasion to revise their ideas regarding the fighting qualities of the
+detested Yankees. From official reports of both sides, gathered after
+the engagement was over, it was shown that the Confederate forces
+outnumbered their Northern adversaries nearly three to one.
+
+The victory proved a dominant factor in breaking up the Confederate
+right flank, and opened a way into East Tennessee, and by transferring
+the Union troops to a point from which to menace Nashville made the
+withdrawal of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston's troops from Bowling Green,
+Ky., to Nashville necessary.
+
+Confederate loss, 600 in killed, wounded and prisoners. Union loss,
+248 in killed and wounded. Twelve rebel cannon and caissons complete
+were captured. Two hundred wagons with horses in harness were
+captured, as were large quantities of ammunition, store and camp
+equipments--in fact, the Union troops took all there was.
+
+Col. Fry's version of the killing of Zollicoffer is as follows: While
+on the border of "old fields" a stranger in citizen clothes rode up by
+his side, so near that he could have put his hand upon his shoulder,
+and said: "Don't let us be firing on our own men. Those are our men,"
+pointing at the same time toward our forces. Col. Fry looked upon him
+inquiringly a moment, supposing him to be one of his own men, after
+which he rode forward not more than fifteen paces, when an officer
+came dashing up, first recognizing the stranger and almost the same
+instant firing upon Col. Fry. At the same moment the stranger wheeled
+his horse, facing Col. Fry, when the colonel shot him in the breast.
+
+Gen. Zollicoffer was a prominent and influential citizen of Nashville
+previous to the war, and stumped the state with Col. Peyton in
+opposition to the ordinance of secession, but when Tennessee seceded
+he determined to follow the fortunes of his state. The day before the
+battle Gen. Zollicoffer made a speech to his troops in which he said
+he would take them to Indiana or go to hell himself. He didn't go to
+Indiana.
+
+The poet of the Fourth Kentucky perpetrated the following shortly
+after the battle:
+
+  "Old Zollicoffer is dead
+  And the last word he said:
+  I see a wild cat coming.
+  Up steps Col. Fry.
+  And he hit him in the eye
+  And he sent him to the happy land of Canaan.
+  Ho! boys, ho!
+  For the Union go!
+  Hip hurrah for the happy land of freedom."
+
+The loyal Kentuckians were in great glee and rejoiced over the
+victory. It was their battle against rebel invaders from Tennessee,
+Mississippi and Alabama, who were first met by their own troops of
+Wolford's First cavalry and the Fourth Kentucky infantry, whose blood
+was the first to be shed in defense of the Stars and Stripes; and
+their gratitude went out to their neighbors from Minnesota, Indiana
+and Ohio who came to their support and drove the invaders out of their
+state. On Feb. 24, 1862, the Second Minnesota was again in Louisville,
+where the regiment had admirers and warm friends in the loyal ladies,
+who as evidence of their high appreciation, though the mayor of the
+city, Hon. J.M. Dolph, presented to the Second regiment a silk flag.
+The mayor said. "Each regiment is equally entitled to like honor, but
+the gallant conduct of those who came from a distant state to unite
+in subduing our rebel invaders excites the warmest emotions of our
+hearts."
+
+On Jan. 25 President Lincoln's congratulations were read to the
+regiment, and on Feb. 9, at Waitsboro, Ky., the following joint
+resolution of the Minnesota legislature was read before the regiment:
+
+
+Whereas, the noble part borne by the First regiment, Minnesota
+infantry, in the battles of Bull Run and Ball's Bluff, Va., is
+yet fresh in our minds; and, whereas, we have heard with equal
+satisfaction the intelligence of the heroism displayed by the Second
+Minnesota infantry in the late brilliant action at Mill Springs, Ky.:
+
+Therefore be it resolved by the legislature of Minnesota, That while
+it was the fortune of the veteran First regiment to shed luster upon
+defeat, it was reserved for the glorious Second regiment to add
+victory to glory.
+
+Resolved, that the bravery of our noble sons, heroes whether in defeat
+or victory, is a source of pride to the state that sent them forth,
+and will never fail to secure to them the honor and the homage of the
+government and the people.
+
+Resolved, That we sympathize with the friends of our slain soldiers,
+claiming as well to share their grief as to participate in the renown
+which the virtues and valor of the dead have conferred on our arms.
+
+Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions, having the signature
+of the executive and the great seal of the state, be immediately
+forwarded by the governor to the colonels severally in command of
+the regiments, to be by them communicated to their soldiers at dress
+parade.
+
+The battle at Mill Springs was the first important victory achieved by
+the Union army in the Southwest after the outbreak of the rebellion,
+and the result of that engagement occasioned great rejoicing
+throughout the loyal North. Although the battle was fought forty-five
+years ago, quite a number of men engaged in that historic event
+are still living in St. Paul, a number of them actively engaged in
+business. Among the number are J.W. Bishop, J.C. Donahower, M.C.
+Tuttle, R.A. Lanpher, M.J. Clum, William Bircher, Robert G. Rhodes,
+John H. Gibbons, William Wagner, Joseph Burger, Jacob J. Miller,
+Christian Dehn, William Kemper, Jacob Bernard, Charles F. Myer,
+Phillip Potts and Fred Dohm.
+
+
+
+
+THE GREAT BATTLE OF PITTSBURG LANDING.
+
+A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ONE OF THE GREATEST AND MOST SANGUINARY BATTLES
+OF THE CIVIL WAR--TERRIBLE LOSS OF LIFE--GALLANT ACTION OF THE FIRST
+MINNESOTA BATTERY--DEATH OF CAPT. W.H. ACKER.
+
+
+The battle of Pittsburg Landing on the 6th and 7th of April, 1862, was
+one of the most terrific of the many great battles of the great Civil
+war. It has been likened to the battle of Waterloo. Napoleon sought to
+destroy the army of Wellington before a junction could be made with
+Blucher. Johnston and Beauregard undertook to annihilate the Army of
+the Tennessee, under Gen. Grant, before the Army of the Cumberland,
+under Buell, could come to his assistance. At the second battle of
+Bull Run Gen. Pope claimed that Porter was within sound of his guns,
+yet he remained inactive. At Pittsburg Landing it was claimed by
+military men that Gen. Buell could have made a junction with Grant
+twenty-four hours sooner and thereby saved a terrible loss of life had
+he chosen to do so. Both generals were subsequently suspended from
+their commands and charges of disloyalty were made against them by
+many newspapers in the North. Gen. Porter was tried by court-martial
+and dismissed from the service. Many years after this decision was
+revoked by congress and the stigma of disloyalty removed from his
+name. Gen. Buell was tried by court-martial, but the findings of the
+court were never made public. Gen. Grant did not think Gen. Buell
+was guilty of the charges against him, and when he became
+commander-in-chief of the army in 1864 endeavored to have him restored
+to his command, but the war department did not seem inclined to do so.
+About two weeks before the battle of Pittsburg Landing Gen. Grant
+was suspended from the command of the Army of the Tennessee by Gen.
+Halleck, but owing to some delay in the transmission of the order, an
+order came from headquarters restoring him to his command before he
+knew that he had been suspended. Gen. Grant's success at Fort Henry
+and Fort Donelson made his superiors jealous of his popularity. He was
+ordered arrested by Gen. McClellan, but the order was held up by the
+war department until Gen. Grant could be heard from. The reason for
+his arrest was that he went to Nashville to consult with Buell without
+permission of the commanding general. Dispatches sent to Grant for
+information concerning his command was never delivered to him, but
+were delivered over to the rebel authorities by a rebel telegraph
+operator, who shortly afterward joined the Confederate forces.
+
+Many years after the war Gen. Badeau, one of Grant's staff officers,
+was in search of information for his "History of Grant's Military
+Campaigns," and he unearthed in the archives of the war department the
+full correspondence between Halleck, McClellan and the secretary of
+war, and it was not until then that Gen. Grant learned the full extent
+of the absurd accusations made against him.
+
+After the battle of Pittsburg Landing Gen. Halleck assumed personal
+command of all the forces at that point and Gen. Grant was placed
+second in command, which meant that he had no command at all. This
+was very distasteful to Gen. Grant and he would have resigned his
+commission and returned to St. Louis but for the interposition of his
+friend, Gen. W.T. Sherman. Gen. Grant had packed up his belongings
+and was about to depart when Gen. Sherman met him at his tent and
+persuaded him to refrain. In a short time Halleck was ordered to
+Washington and Grant was made commander of the Department of West
+Tennessee, with headquarters at Memphis. Gen. Grant's subsequent
+career proved the wisdom of Sherman's entreaty.
+
+When Gen. Halleck assumed command he constructed magnificent
+fortifications, and they were a splendid monument to his engineering
+skill, but they were never occupied. He was like the celebrated king
+of France, who "with one hundred thousand men, marched up the hill and
+then down again." Gen. Halleck had under his immediate command more
+than one hundred thousand well equipped men, and the people of
+the North looked to him to administer a crushing blow to the then
+retreating enemy. The hour had arrived--the man had not.
+
+"Flushed with the victory of Forts Henry and Donelson," said the
+envious Halleck in a dispatch to the war department, previous to
+the battle, "the army under Grant at Pittsburg Landing was more
+demoralized than the Army of the Potomac after the disastrous defeat
+of Bull Run."
+
+
+Soon after the battle the venerable Gen. Scott predicted that the
+war would soon be ended--that thereafter there would be nothing but
+guerrilla warfare at interior points. Gen. Grant himself in his
+memoirs says that had the victory at Pittsburg Landing been followed
+up and the army been kept intact the battles at Stone River,
+Chattanooga and Chickamauga would not have been necessary.
+
+Probably the battle of Pittsburg Landing was the most misunderstood
+and most misrepresented of any battle occurring during the war. It
+was charged that Grant was drunk; that he was far away from the
+battleground when the attack was made, and was wholly unprepared to
+meet the terrible onslaught of the enemy in the earlier stages of the
+encounter. Gen. Beauregard is said to have stated on the morning
+of the battle that before sundown he would water his horses in the
+Tennessee river or in hell. That the rebels did not succeed in
+reaching the Tennessee was not from lack of dash and daring on their
+part, but was on account of the sturdy resistance and heroism of their
+adversaries. According to Gen. Grant's own account of the battle,
+though suffering intense pain from a sprained ankle, he was in the
+saddle from early morning till late at night, riding from division to
+division, giving directions to their commanding officers regarding the
+many changes in the disposition of their forces rendered necessary
+by the progress of the battle. The firm resistance made by the force
+under his command is sufficient refutation of the falsity of the
+charges made against him. Misunderstanding of orders, want of
+co-operation of subordinates as well as superiors, and rawness of
+recruits were said to have been responsible for the terrible slaughter
+of the Union forces on the first day of the battle.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The battle of Pittsburg Landing is sometimes called the battle of
+Shiloh, some of the hardest lighting having been done in the vicinity
+of an old log church called the Church of Shiloh, about three miles
+from the landing.
+
+The battle ground traversed by the opposing forces occupied a
+semi-circle of about three and a half miles from the town of
+Pittsburg, the Union forces being stationed in the form of a
+semi-circle, the right resting on a point north of Crump's Landing,
+the center being directly in front of the road to Corinth, and the
+left extending to the river in the direction of Harrisburg--a small
+place north of Pittsburg Landing. At about 2 o'clock on Sunday
+morning, Col. Peabody of Prentiss' division, fearing that everything
+was not right, dispatched a body of 400 men beyond the camp for the
+purpose of looking after any body of men which might be lurking in
+that direction. This step was wisely taken, for a half a mile advance
+showed a heavy force approaching, who fired upon them with great
+slaughter. This force taken by surprise, was compelled to retreat,
+which they did in good order under a galling fire. At 6 o'clock the
+fire had become general along the entire front, the enemy having
+driven in the pickets of Gen. Sherman's division and had fallen with
+vengeance upon three Ohio regiments of raw recruits, who knew nothing
+of the approach of the enemy until they were within their midst. The
+slaughter on the first approach of the enemy was very severe, scores
+falling at every discharge of rebel guns. It soon became apparent that
+the rebel forces were approaching in overwhelming numbers and there
+was nothing left for them to do but retreat, which was done with
+considerable disorder, both officers and men losing every particle of
+their baggage, which fell into rebel hands.
+
+
+At 8:30 o'clock the fight had become general, the second line of
+divisions having received the advance in good order and made every
+preparation for a suitable reception of the foe. At this time many
+thousand stragglers, many of whom had never before heard the sound
+of musketry, turned their backs to the enemy, and neither threats or
+persuasion could induce them to turn back. The timely arrival of Gen.
+Grant, who had hastened up from Savannah, led to the adoption of
+measures that put a stop to this uncalled-for flight from the battle
+ground. A strong guard was placed across the thoroughfare, with orders
+to hault every soldier whose face was turned toward the river, and
+thus a general stampede was prevented. At 10 o'clock the entire line
+on both sides was engaged in one of the most terrible battles ever
+known in this country. The roar of the cannon and musketry was without
+intermission from the main center to a point extending halfway down
+the left wing. The great struggle was most upon the forces which had
+fallen back on Sherman's position. By 11 o'clock quite a number of the
+commanders of regiments had fallen, and in some instances not a single
+field officer remained; yet the fighting continued with an earnestness
+that plainly showed that the contest on both sides was for death or
+victory. The almost deafening sound of artillery and the rattle of
+musketry was all that could be heard as the men stood silently and
+delivered their fire, evidently bent on the work of destruction which
+knew no bounds. Foot by foot the ground was contested, a single narrow
+strip of open land dividing the opponents. Many who were maimed fell
+back without help, while others still fought in the ranks until they
+were actually forced back by their company officers. Finding it
+impossible to drive back the center of our column, at 12 o'clock the
+enemy slackened fire upon it and made a most vigorous effort on our
+left wing, endeavoring to drive it to the river bank at a point about
+a mile and a half above Pittsburg Landing. With the demonstration of
+the enemy upon the left wing it was soon seen that all their fury was
+being poured out upon it, with a determination that it should give
+way. For about two hours a sheet of fire blazed both columns, the
+rattle of musketry making a most deafening noise. For about an hour it
+was feared that the enemy would succeed in driving our forces to the
+river bank, the rebels at times being plainly seen by those on the
+main landing below. While the conflict raged the hottest in this
+quarter the gunboat Tyler passed slowly up the river to a point
+directly opposite the enemy and poured in a broadside from her immense
+guns. The shells went tearing and crashing through the woods, felling
+trees in their course and spreading havoc wherever they fell. The
+explosions were fearful, the shells falling far inland, and they
+struck terror to the rebel force. Foiled in this attempt, they now
+made another attack on the center and fought like tigers. They found
+our lines well prepared and in full expectation of their coming. Every
+man was at his post and all willing to bring the contest to a definite
+conclusion. In hourly expectation of the arrival of reinforcements,
+under Generals Nelson and Thomas of Buell's army, they made every
+effort to rout our forces before the reinforcements could reach the
+battle ground. They were, however, fighting against a wall of steel.
+Volley answered volley and for a time the battle of the morning was
+re-enacted on the same ground and with the same vigor on both sides.
+At 5 o'clock there was a short cessation in the firing of the enemy,
+their lines falling back on the center for about half a mile. They
+again wheeled and suddenly threw their entire force upon the left
+wing, determined to make the final struggle of the day in that
+quarter. The gunboat Lexington in the meantime had arrived from
+Savannah, and after sending a message to Gen. Grant to ascertain in
+which direction the enemy was from the river, the Lexington and Tyler
+took a position about half a mile above the river landing, and poured
+their shells up a deep ravine reaching to the river on the right.
+Their shots were thick and fast and told with telling effect. In the
+meantime Gen. Lew Wallace, who had taken a circuitous route from
+Crump's Landing, appeared suddenly on the left wing of the rebels. In
+face of this combination the enemy felt that their bold effort was for
+the day a failure and as night was about at hand, they slowly fell
+back, fighting as they went, until they reached an advantageous
+position, somewhat in the rear, yet occupying the main road to
+Corinth. The gunboats continued to send their shells after them until
+they were far beyond reach. This ended the engagement for the day.
+Throughout the day the rebels evidently had fought with the Napoleonic
+idea of massing their entire force on weak points of the enemy, with
+the intention of braking through their lines, creating a panic and
+cutting off retreat.
+
+
+The first day's battle, though resulting in a terrible loss of Union
+troops, was in reality a severe disappointment to the rebel leaders.
+They fully expected, with their overwhelming force to annihilate
+Grant's army, cross the Tennessee river and administer the same
+punishment to Buell, and then march on through Tennessee, Kentucky and
+into Ohio. They had conceived a very bold movement, but utterly failed
+to execute it.
+
+Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, commander of the Confederate forces,
+was killed in the first day's battle, being shot while attempting to
+induce a brigade of unwilling Confederates to make a charge on the
+enemy.
+
+Gen. Buell was at Columbia, Tenn., on the 19th of March with a veteran
+force of 40,000 men, and it required nineteen days for him to reach
+the Tennessee river, eighty-five miles distant, marching less than
+five miles a day, notwithstanding the fact that he had been ordered to
+make a junction with Grant's forces as soon as possible, and was well
+informed of the urgency of the situation.
+
+During the night steamers were engaged in carrying the troops of
+Nelson's division across the river. As soon as the boats reached the
+shore the troops immediately left, and, without music, took their way
+to the advance of the left wing of the Union forces. They had come up
+double quick from Savannah, and as they were regarded as veterans, the
+greatest confidence was soon manifest as to the successful termination
+of the battle. With the first hours of daylight it was evident that
+the enemy had also been strongly reinforced, for, notwithstanding they
+must have known of the arrival of new Union troops, they were first to
+open the ball, which they did with considerable alacrity. The attacks
+that began came from the main Corinth road, a point to which they
+seemed strongly attached, and which at no time did they leave
+unprotected. Within half an hour from the first firing in the morning
+the contest then again spread in either direction, and both the main
+and left wings were not so anxious to fight their way to the river
+bank as on the previous day, having a slight experience of what they
+might expect if again brought under the powerful guns of the Tyler and
+Lexington. They were not, however, lacking in activity, and they
+were met by our reinforced troops with an energy that they did not
+anticipate. At 9 o'clock the sound of the artillery and musketry fully
+equaled that of the day before. It now became evident that the rebels
+were avoiding our extreme left wing, and were endeavoring to find a
+weak point in our line by which they could turn our force and thus
+create a panic. They left one point but to return to it immediately,
+and then as suddenly would direct an assault upon a division where
+they imagined they would not be expected. The fire of the united
+forces was as steady as clockwork, and it soon became evident that
+the enemy considered the task they had undertaken a hopeless one.
+Notwithstanding continued repulses, the rebels up to 11 o'clock had
+given no evidence of retiring from the field. Their firing had been as
+rapid and vigorous at times as during the most terrible hours of
+the previous day. Generals Grant, Buell, Nelson and Crittenden were
+present everywhere directing the movements on our part for a new
+strike against the foe. Gen. Lew Wallace's division on the right had
+been strongly reinforced, and suddenly both wings of our army were
+turned upon the enemy, with the intention of driving the immense body
+into an extensive ravine. At the same time a powerful battery had been
+stationed upon an open field, and they poured volley after volley into
+the rebel ranks and with the most telling effect. At 11:30 o'clock the
+roar of battle almost shook the earth, as the Union guns were being
+fired with all the energy that the prospect of ultimate victory
+inspired. The fire from the enemy was not so vigorous and they began
+to evince a desire to withdraw. They fought as they slowly moved back,
+keeping up their fire from their artillery and musketry, apparently
+disclaiming any notion that they thought of retreating. As they
+retreated they went in excellent order, halting at every advantageous
+point and delivering their fire with considerable effect. At noon it
+was settled beyond dispute that the rebels were retreating. They were
+making but little fire, and were heading their center column for
+Corinth. From all divisions of our lines they were closely pursued,
+a galling fire being kept up on their rear, which they returned at
+intervals with little or no effect. From Sunday morning until Monday
+noon not less than three thousand cavalry had remained seated In their
+saddles on the hilltop overlooking the river, patiently awaiting the
+time when an order should come for them to pursue the flying enemy.
+That time had now arrived and a courier from Gen. Grant had scarcely
+delivered his message before the entire body was in motion. The wild
+tumult of the excited riders presented a picture seldom witnessed on a
+battlefield. Gen. Grant himself led the charge.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Gen. Grant, in his memoirs, summarizes the results of the two days'
+fighting as follows: "I rode forward several miles the day of the
+battle and found that the enemy had dropped nearly all of their
+provisions and other luggage in order to enable them to get off with
+their guns. An immediate pursuit would have resulted in the capture
+of a considerable number of prisoners and probably some guns...." The
+effective strength of the Union forces on the morning of the 6th was
+33,000 men. Lew Wallace brought 5,000 more after nightfall. Beauregard
+reported the rebel strength at 40,955. Excluding the troops who fled,
+there was not with us at any time during the day more than 25,000 men
+in line. Our loss in the two days' fighting was 1,754 killed, 8,408
+wounded and 2,885 missing. Beauregard reported a total loss of 10,699,
+of whom 1,728 were killed, 8,012 wounded and 957 missing.
+
+
+On the first day of the battle Gen. Prentiss, during a change of
+position of the Union forces, became detached from the rest of the
+troops, and was taken prisoner, together with 2,200 of his men. Gen.
+W.H.L. Wallace, division commander, was killed in the early part of
+the struggle.
+
+The hardest fighting during the first day was done in front of the
+divisions of Sherman and McClernand. "A casualty to Sherman," says
+Gen. Grant, "that would have taken him from the field that day would
+have been a sad one for the Union troops engaged at Shiloh. And how
+near we came to this! On the 6th Sherman was shot twice, once in the
+hand, once in the shoulder, the ball cutting his coat and making a
+slight wound, and a third ball passed through his hat. In addition to
+this he had several horses shot during the day."
+
+During the second day of the battle Gen. Grant, Col. McPherson and
+Maj. Hawkins got beyond the left of our troops. There did not appear
+to be an enemy in sight, but suddenly a battery opened on them from
+the edge of the woods. They made a hasty retreat and when they were
+at a safe distance halted to take an account of the damage. In a few
+moments Col. McPherson's horse dropped dead, having been shot just
+back of the saddle. A ball had passed through Maj. Hawkins' hat and a
+ball had struck the metal of Gen. Grant's sword, breaking it nearly
+off.
+
+On the first day of the battle about 6,000 fresh recruits who had
+never before heard the sound of musketry, fled on the approach of the
+enemy. They hid themselves on the river bank behind the bluff, and
+neither command nor persuasion could induce them to move. When Gen.
+Buell discovered them on his arrival he threatened to fire on them,
+but it had no effect. Gen. Grant says that afterward those same men
+proved to be some of the best soldiers in the service.
+
+Gen. Grant, in his report, says he was prepared with the
+reinforcements of Gen. Lew Wallace's division of 5,000 men to assume
+the offensive on the second day of the battle, and thought he could
+have driven the rebels back to their fortified position at Corinth
+without the aid of Buell's army.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+At banquet hall, regimental reunion or campfire, whenever mention is
+made of the glorious record of Minnesota volunteers in the great Civil
+war, seldom, if ever, is the First Minnesota battery given credit
+for its share in the long struggle. Probably very few of the present
+residents of Minnesota are aware that such an organization existed.
+This battery was one of the finest organizations that left the state
+during the great crisis. It was in the terrible battle of Pittsburg
+Landing, the siege of Vicksburg, in front of Atlanta and in the great
+march from Atlanta to the sea, and in every position in which they
+were placed they not only covered themselves with glory, but they were
+an honor and credit to the state that sent them. The First Minnesota
+battery, light artillery, was organized at Fort Snelling in the fall
+of 1861, and Emil Munch was made its first captain. Shortly after
+being mustered in they were ordered to St. Louis, where they received
+their accoutrements, and from there they were ordered to Pittsburg
+Landing, arriving at the latter place late in February, 1862. The day
+before the battle, they were transferred to Prentiss' division of
+Grant's army. On Sunday morning, April 6, the battery was brought out
+bright and early, preparing for inspection. About 7 o'clock great
+commotion was heard at headquarters, and the battery was ordered to be
+ready to march at a moment's notice. In about ten minutes they were
+ordered to the front, the rebels having opened fire on the Union
+forces. In a very short time rebel bullets commenced to come thick and
+fast, and one of their number was killed and three others wounded. It
+soon became evident that the rebels were in great force in front
+of the battery, and orders were issued for them to choose another
+position. At about 11 o'clock the battery formed in a new position
+on an elevated piece of ground, and whenever the rebels undertook to
+cross the field in front of them the artillery raked them down with
+frightful slaughter. Several times the rebels placed batteries In the
+timber at the farther end of the field, but in each instance the
+guns of the First battery dislodged them before they could get into
+position. For hours the rebels vainly endeavored to break the lines
+of the Union forces, but in every instance they were repulsed with
+frightful loss, the canister mowing them down at close range. About 5
+o'clock the rebels succeeded in flanking Gen. Prentiss and took part
+of his force prisoners. The battery was immediately withdrawn to an
+elevation near the Tennessee river, and it was not long before firing
+again commenced and kept up for half an hour, the ground fairly
+shaking from the continuous firing on both sides of the line. At
+about 6 o'clock the firing ceased, and the rebels withdrew to a safe
+distance from the landing. The casualties of the day were three killed
+and six wounded, two of the latter dying shortly afterward. The fight
+at what was known as the "hornet's nest" was most terrific, and had
+not the First battery held out so heroically and valiantly the rebels
+would have succeeded in forcing a retreat of the Union lines to a
+point dangerously near the Tennessee river. Capt. Munch's horse
+received a bullet In his head and fell, and the captain himself
+received a wound in the thigh, disabling him from further service
+during the battle. After Capt. Munch was wounded Lieut. Pfaender took
+command of the battery, and he had a horse shot from under him during
+the day. On the morning of April 7, Gen. Buell having arrived, the
+battery was held in reserve and did not participate in the battle
+that day. The First battery was the only organization from Minnesota
+engaged in the battle, and their conduct in the fiercest of the
+struggle, and in changing position in face of fire from the whole
+rebel line, was such as to receive the warmest commendation from the
+commanding officer. It was the first battle in which they had taken
+part, and as they had only received their guns and horses a few weeks
+before, they had not had much opportunity for drill work. Their
+terrible execution at critical times convinced the rebels that they
+had met a foe worthy of their steel.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Among the many thousands left dead and dying on the blood-stained
+field of Pittsburg Landing there was one name that was very dear in
+the hearts of the patriotic people of St. Paul,--a name that was as
+dear to the people of St. Paul as was the memory of the immortal
+Ellsworth to the people of Chicago. Capt. William Henry Acker, while
+marching at the head of his company, with uplifted sword and with
+voice and action urging on his comrades to the thickest of the fray,
+was pierced in the forehead by a rebel bullet and fell dead upon the
+ill-fated field.
+
+Before going into action Capt. Acker was advised by his comrades not
+to wear his full uniform, as he was sure to be a target for rebel
+bullets, but the captain is said to have replied that if he had to die
+he would die with his harness on. Soon after forming his command into
+line, and when they had advanced only a few yards, he was singled out
+by a rebel sharpshooter and instantly killed--the only man in the.
+company to receive fatal injuries. "Loved, almost adored, by the
+company," says one of them, writing of the sad event, "Capt. Acker's
+fall cast a deep shadow of gloom over his command." It was but for
+a moment. With a last look at their dead commander, and with the
+watchword 'this for our captain,' volley after volley from their guns
+carried death into the ranks of his murderers. From that moment but
+one feeling seemed to possess his still living comrades--that of
+revenge for the death of their captain. How terribly they carried out
+that purpose the number of rebel slain piled around the vicinity of
+his body fearfully attest.
+
+The announcement of the death of Capt. Acker was a very severe blow to
+his relatives and many friends in this city. No event thus far in the
+history of the Rebellion had brought to our doors such a realizing
+sense of the sad realities of the terrible havoc wrought upon the
+battlefield. A noble life had been sacrificed in the cause of
+freedom--one more name had been added to the long death roll of the
+nation's heroes.
+
+Capt. Acker was born a soldier--brave, able, popular and
+courteous--and had he lived would undoubtedly been placed high in rank
+long before the close of the rebellion. No person ever went to the
+front in whom the citizens of St. Paul had more hope for a brilliant
+future. He was born in New York State in 1833, and was twenty-eight
+years of age at the time of his death. He came to St. Paul in 1854 and
+commenced the study of law in the office of his brother-in-law, Hon.
+Edmund Rice. He did not remain long in the law business, however, but
+soon changed to a position in the Bank of Minnesota, which had just
+been established by ex-Gov. Marshall. For some time he was captain of
+the Pioneer Guards, a company which he was instrumental in forming,
+and which was the finest military organization in the West at
+that time. In 1860 he was chosen commander of the Wide-Awakes, a
+marching-club, devoted to the promotion of the candidacy of Abraham
+Lincoln, and many of the men he so patiently drilled during that
+exciting campaign became officers in the volunteer service in that
+great struggle that soon followed. Little did the captain imagine at
+that time that the success of the man whose cause he espoused would so
+soon be the means of his untimely death. At the breaking out of the
+war Capt. Acker was adjutant general of the State of Minnesota, but he
+thought he would be of more use to his country in active service and
+resigned that position and organized a company for the First Minnesota
+regiment, of which he was made captain. At the first battle of Bull
+Run he was wounded, and for his gallant action was made captain in
+the Seventeenth United States Regulars, an organization that had
+been recently created by act of congress. The Sixteenth regiment was
+attached to Buell's army, and participated in the second day's battle,
+and Cat. Acker was one of the first to fall on that terrible day,
+being shot in the identical spot in the forehead where he was wounded
+at the first battle of Bull Run. As soon as the news was received in
+St. Paul of the captain's death his father, Hon. Henry Acker, left for
+Pittsburg Landing, hoping to be able to recover the remains of his
+martyred son and bring the body back to St. Paul. His body was easily
+found, his burial place having been carefully marked by members of the
+Second Minnesota who arrived on the battleground a short time after
+the battle. When the remains arrived in St. Paul they were met at
+the steamboat landing by a large number of citizens and escorted to
+Masonic hall, where they rested till the time of the funeral. The
+funeral obsequies were held at St. Paul's church on Sunday, May 4,
+1862, and were attended by the largest concourse of citizens that
+had ever attended a funeral in St. Paul, many being present from
+Minneapolis, St. Anthony and Stillwater. The respect shown to the
+memory of Capt. Acker was universal, and of a character which fully
+demonstrated the high esteem in which he was held by the people of St.
+Paul.
+
+When the first Grand Army post was formed in St. Paul a name
+commemorative of one of Minnesota's fallen heroes was desired for the
+organization. Out of the long list of martyrs Minnesota gave to the
+cause of the Union no name seemed more appropriate than that of the
+heroic Capt. Acker, and it was unanimously decided that the first
+association of Civil war veterans in this city should be known as
+Acker post.
+
+
+THE DEATH OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The terrible and sensational news that Abraham Lincoln had been
+assassinated, which was flashed over the wires on the morning of
+April 15, 1865 (forty years ago yesterday), was the most appalling
+announcement that had been made during the long crisis through which
+the country had just passed. Every head was bowed in grief. No tongue
+could find language sufficiently strong to express condemnation of the
+fiendish act. The entire country was plunged in mourning. It was not
+safe for any one to utter a word against the character of the martyred
+president. At no place in the entire country was the terrible calamity
+more deeply felt than in St. Paul. All public and private buildings
+were draped in mourning. Every church held memorial services. The
+services at the little House of Hope church on Walnut street will long
+be remembered by all those who were there. The church was heavily
+draped in mourning. It had been suddenly transformed from a house of
+hope to a house of sorrow, a house of woe. The pastor of the church
+was the Rev. Frederick A. Noble. He was one of the most eloquent and
+learned divines in the city--fearless, forcible and aggressive--the
+Henry Ward Beecher of the Northwest. President Lincoln was his ideal
+statesman.
+
+The members of the House of Hope were intensely patriotic. Many of
+their number were at the front defending their imperiled country.
+Scores and scores of times during the desperate conflict had the
+eloquent pastor of this church delivered stirring addresses favoring
+a vigorous prosecution of the war. During the darkest days of the
+Rebellion, when the prospect of the final triumph of the cause of the
+Union seemed furthest off, Mr. Noble never faltered; he believed that
+the cause was just and that right would finally triumph. When the
+terrible and heart-rending news was received that an assassin's bullet
+had ended the life of the greatest of all presidents the effect was
+so paralyzing that hearts almost ceased beating. Every member of the
+congregation felt as if one of their own household had been suddenly
+taken from them. The services at the church on the Sunday morning
+following the assassination were most solemn and impressive. The
+little edifice was crowded almost to suffication, and when the pastor
+was seen slowly ascending the pulpit, breathless silence prevailed. He
+was pale and haggard, and appeared to be suffering great mental agony.
+With bowed head and uplifted hands, and with a voice trembling with
+almost uncontrollable emotion, he delivered one of the most fervent
+and impressive invocations ever heard by the audience. Had the dead
+body of the president been placed in front of the altar, the solemnity
+of the occasion could not have been greater. In the discourse that
+followed, Mr. Noble briefly sketched the early history of the
+president, and then devoted some time to the many grand deeds he had
+accomplished during the time he had been in the presidential chair.
+For more than four years he had patiently and anxiously watched the
+progress of the terrible struggle, and now, when victory was in sight,
+when it was apparent to all that the fall of Richmond, the surrender
+of Lee and the probable surrender of Johnston would end the long war,
+he was cruelly stricken down by the hand of an assassin. "With malice
+towards none and with charity to all, and with firmness for the right,
+as God gives us to see the right," were utterances then fresh from the
+president's lips. To strike down such a man at such a time was indeed
+a crime most horrible. There was scarcely a dry eye in the audience.
+Men and women alike wept. It was supposed at the time that Secretary
+of State Seward had also fallen a victim of the assassin's dagger.
+It was the purpose of the conspirators to murder the president, vice
+president and entire cabinet, but in only one instance did the attempt
+prove fatal. Secretary Seward was the foremost statesmen of the
+time. His diplomatic skill had kept the country free from foreign
+entanglements during the long and bitter struggle. He, too, was
+eulogized by the minister, and it rendered the occasion doubly
+mournful.
+
+Since that time two other presidents have been mercilessly slain by
+the hand of an assassin, and although the shock to the country was
+terrible, it never seemed as if the grief was as deep and universal
+as when the bullet fired by John Wilkes Booth pierced the temple of
+Abraham Lincoln.
+
+
+
+
+AN ALLEGORICAL HOROSCOPE
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+IN TWO CHAPTERS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHAPTER I.--AN OPTIMISTIC FORECAST.
+
+As the sun was gently receding in the western horizon on a beautiful
+summer evening nearly a century ago, a solitary voyageur might have
+been seen slowly ascending the sinuous stream that stretches from the
+North Star State to the Gulf of Mexico. He was on a mission of peace
+and good will to the red men of the distant forest. On nearing the
+shore of what is now a great city the lonely voyageur was amazed
+on discovering that the pale face of the white man had many years
+preceded him. "What, ho!" he muttered to himself; "methinks I see a
+paleface toying with a dusky maiden. I will have speech with him." On
+approaching near where the two were engaged in some weird incantation
+the voyageur overheard the dusky maiden impart a strange message to
+the paleface by her side. "From the stars I see in the firmament, the
+fixed stars that predominate in the configuration, I deduce the future
+destiny of man. 'Tis with thee. O Robert, to live always. This elixer
+which I now do administer to thee has been known to our people for
+countless generations. The possession of it will enable thee to
+conquer all thine enemies. Thou now beholdest, O Robert, the ground
+upon which some day a great city will be erected. Thou art destined to
+become the mighty chief of this great metropolis. Thy reign will be
+long and uninterrupted. Thou wert born when the conjunction of the
+planets did augur a life of perfect beatitude. As the years roll
+away the inhabitants of the city will multiply with great rapidity.
+Questions of great import regarding the welfare of the people will
+often come before thee for adjustment. To be successful In thy calling
+thou must never be guilty of having decided convictions on any
+subject, as thy friends will sometimes be pitted against each other in
+the advocacy of their various schemes. Thou must not antagonize either
+side by espousing the other's cause, but must always keep the rod and
+the gun close by thy side, so that when these emergencies arise and
+thou doth scent danger in the air thou canst quietly withdraw from the
+scene of action and chase the festive bison over the distant prairies
+or revel in piscatorial pleasure on the placid waters of a secluded
+lake until the working majority hath discovered some method of
+relieving thee of the necessity of committing thyself, and then, O
+Robert. thou canst return and complacently inform the disappointed
+party that the result would have been far different had not thou been
+called suddenly away. Thou canst thus preserve the friendship of all
+parties, and their votes are more essential to thee than the mere
+adoption of measures affecting the prosperity of thy people. When the
+requirements of the people of thy city become too great for thee alone
+to administer to all their wants, the great family of Okons, the
+lineal descendants of the sea kings from the bogs of Tipperary, will
+come to thy aid. Take friendly counsel with them, as to incur their
+displeasure will mean thy downfall. Let all the ends thou aimest at be
+to so dispose of the offices within thy gift that the Okons, and the
+followers of the Okons, will be as fixed in their positions as are the
+stars in their orbits."
+
+After delivering this strange astrological exhortation the dusky
+maiden slowly retreated toward the entrance of a nearby cavern, the
+paleface meandered forth to survey the ground of his future greatness
+and the voyageur resumed his lonely journey toward the setting sun.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHAPTER II.--A TERRIBLE REALITY.
+
+
+After the lapse of more than four score of years the voyageur from the
+frigid North returned from his philanthropic visit to the red man. A
+wonderful change met the eye. A transformation as magnificent as it
+was bewildering had occurred. The same grand old bluffs looked proudly
+down upon the Father of Water. The same magnificent river pursued
+its unmolested course toward the boundless ocean. But all else had
+changed. The hostile warrior no longer impeded the onward march of
+civilization, and cultivated fields abounded on every side.
+Steamers were hourly traversing the translucent waters of the great
+Mississippi; steam and electricity were carrying people with the
+rapidity of lightning in every direction; gigantic buildings appeared
+on the earth's surface, visible in either direction as far as the
+eye could reach; on every corner was a proud descendant of Erin's
+nobility, clad in gorgeous raiment, who had been branded "St. Paul's
+finest" before leaving the shores of his native land. In the midst of
+this great city was a magnificent building, erected by the generosity
+of its people, in which the paleface, supported on either side by the
+Okons, was the high and mighty ruler. The Okons and the followers of
+the Okons were in possession of every office within the gift of the
+paleface. Floating proudly from the top of this great building was an
+immense banner, on which was painted in monster letters the talismanic
+words: "For mayor, 1902, Robert A. Smith," Verily the prophecy of the
+dusky maiden had been fulfilled. The paleface had become impregnably
+intrenched. The Okons could never be dislodged.
+
+With feelings of unutterable anguish at the omnipresence of the Okons,
+the aged voyageur quietly retraced his footsteps and was never more
+seen by the helpless and overburdened subjects of the paleface.
+
+
+
+
+SPELLING DOWN A SCHOOL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+When I was about twelve years of age I resided in a small village in
+one of the mountainous and sparsely settled sections of the northern
+part of Pennsylvania.
+
+It was before the advent of the railroad and telegraph in that
+locality. The people were not blessed with prosperity as it is known
+to-day. Neither were they gifted with the intellectual attainments
+possessed by the inhabitants of the same locality at the present time.
+Many of the old men served in the war of 1812, and they were looked up
+to with about the same veneration as are the heroes of the Civil War
+to-day. It was at a time when the younger generation was beginning to
+acquire a thirst for knowledge, but it was not easily obtained under
+the peculiar conditions existing at that period. A school district
+that was able to support a school for six months in each year was
+indeed considered fortunate, but even in these the older children were
+not permitted to attend during the summer months, as their services
+were considered indispensable in the cultivation of the soil.
+
+Reading, writing and arithmetic were about all the studies pursued in
+those rural school districts, although occasionally some of the better
+class of the country maidens could be seen listlessly glancing over a
+geography or grammar, but they were regarded as "stuck up," and the
+other pupils thought they were endeavoring to master something far
+beyond their capacity.
+
+Our winter school term generally commenced the first week in December
+and lasted until the first week in March, with one evening set apart
+each week for a spelling-match and recitation. We had our spelling
+match on Saturday nights, and every four weeks we would meet with
+schools in other districts in a grand spelling contest. I was
+considered too young to participate in any of the joint spelling
+matches, and my heart was heavy within me every time I saw a great
+four-horse sleigh loaded with joyful boys and girls on their way to
+one of the great contests.
+
+One Saturday night there was to be a grand spelling match at a country
+crossroad about four miles from our village, and four schools were to
+participate. As I saw the great sleigh loaded for the coming struggle
+the thought occurred to me that if I only managed to secure a ride
+without being observed I might in some way be able to demonstrate to
+the older scholars that in spelling at least I was their equal. While
+the driver was making a final inspection of the team preparatory to
+starting I managed to crawl under his seat, where I remained as quiet
+as mouse until the team arrived at the point of destination. I had not
+considered the question of getting back--I left that to chance. As
+soon as the different schools had arrived two of the best spellers
+were selected to choose sides, and it happened that neither of them
+was from our school. I stood in front of the old-fashioned fire-place
+and eagerly watched the pupils as they took their places in the line.
+They were drawn in the order of their reputation as spellers. When
+they had finished calling the names I was still standing by the
+fireplace, and I thought my chance was hopeless. The school-master
+from our district noticed my woebegone appearance, and he arose from
+his seat and said:
+
+"That boy standing by the fireplace is one of the best spellers in our
+school."
+
+My name was then reluctantly called, and I took my place at the
+foot of the column. I felt very grateful towards our master for his
+compliment and I thought I would be able to hold my position in the
+line long enough to demonstrate that our master was correct. The
+school-master from our district was selected to pronounce the words,
+and I inwardly rejoiced.
+
+After going down the line several times and a number of scholars had
+fallen on some simple word the school-master pronounced the word
+"phthisic." My heart leaped as the word fell from the school-master's
+lips. It was one of my favorite hard words and was not in the spelling
+book. It had been selected so as to floor the entire line in order to
+make way for the exercises to follow.
+
+As I looked over the long line of overgrown country boys and girls I
+felt sure that none of them would be able to correctly spell the word.
+"Next!" "Next!" "Next!" said the school-master, and my pulse beat
+faster and faster as the older scholars ahead of me were relegated to
+their seats.
+
+At last the crucial time had come. I was the only one left standing.
+As the school-master stood directly in front of me and said "Next," I
+could see by the twinkle in his eye that he thought I could correctly
+spell the word. My countenance had betrayed me. With a clear and
+distinct voice loud enough to be heard by every one in the room
+I spelled out "ph-th-is-ic--phthisic." "Correct," said the
+school-master, and all the scholars looked aghast at my promptness.
+
+I shall never forget the kindly smile of the old school-master, as he
+laid the spelling book upon the teacher's desk, with the quiet remark:
+"I told you he could spell." I had spelled down four schools, and my
+reputation as a speller was established. Our school was declared to
+have furnished the champion speller of the four districts, and ever
+after my name was not the last one to be called.
+
+On my return home I was not compelled to ride under the driver's seat.
+
+
+HALF A CENTURY WITH THE PIONEER PRESS.
+
+Pioneer Press, April 18, 1908:--Frank Moore, superintendent of the
+composing room if the Pioneer Press, celebrated yesterday the fiftieth
+anniversary of his connection with the paper. A dozen of the old
+employes of the Pioneer Press entertained Mr. Moore at an informal
+dinner at Magee's to celebrate the unusual event. Mr. Moore's service
+on the Pioneer Press, in fact, has been longer than the Pioneer
+Press itself, for he began his work on one of the newspapers which
+eventually was merged into the present Pioneer Press. He has held his
+present position as the head of the composing room for about forty
+years.
+
+Frank Moore was fifteen years old when he came to St. Paul from Tioga
+county, Pa., where he was born. He came with his brother, George W.
+Moore, who was one of the owners and managers of the Minnesotian. His
+brother had been East and brought the boy West with him. Mr. Moore's
+first view of newspaper work was on the trip up the river to St. Paul.
+There had been a special election on a bond issue and on the way his
+brother stopped at the various towns to got the election returns.
+
+Mr. Moore went to work for the Minnesotian on April 17, 1858, as a
+printer's "devil." It is interesting in these days of water works and
+telegraph to recall that among his duties was to carry water for the
+office. He got it from a spring below where the Merchants hotel now
+stands. Another of his jobs was to meet the boats. Whenever a steamer
+whistled Mr. Moore ran to the dock to get the bundle of newspapers the
+boat brought, and hurry with it back to the office. It was from these
+papers that the editors got the telegraph news of the world. He also
+was half the carrier staff of the paper. His territory covered all
+the city above Wabasha street, but as far as he went up the hill
+was College avenue and Ramsey street was his limit out West Seventh
+street. There was no St. Paul worth mentioning beyond that.
+
+When the Press absorbed the Minnesotian in 1861, Mr. Moore went with
+it, and when in 1874 the Press and Pioneer were united Mr. Moore
+stayed with the merged paper. His service has been continuous,
+excepting during his service as a volunteer in the Civil war. The
+Pioneer Press, with its antecedents, has been his only interest.
+
+While Mr. Moore's service is notable for its length, it is still more
+notable for the fact that he has grown with the paper, so that
+to-day at sixty-five he is still filling his important position as
+efficiently on a large modern newspaper as he filled it as a young man
+when things in the Northwest, including its newspapers, were in the
+beginning. Successive managements found that his services always gave
+full value and recognized in him an employe of unusual loyalty and
+devotion to the interests of the paper. Successive generations of
+employes have found him always just the kind of man it is a pleasure
+to have as a fellow workman.
+
+
+
+***
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