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As gardening takes more and more of a foothold in the lives of homeowners, many are exploring the benefits of taking their home and yard waste and turning it into compost, a highly beneficial soil amendment
Through natural biological processes composting takes unwanted waste and breaks it down into organic matter particles full of nutrients and beneficial microorganisms
This guide explains the benefits of composting, the science behind it, the different ways it can be done, and how to effectively compost for yourself.
What is Compost?
To define it simply, composting is the biological process that takes home and garden waste — food scraps, grass clippings, leaves, etc. — and allows microbes to break the materials down into a rich soil amendment called compost. Decomposition occurs naturally, albeit, slowly over time; composting is the act of speeding up this process by providing ideal conditions needed for microorganisms to thrive.
The resulting product is amazingly rich in organic matter, nutrients, and beneficial microbes. The “black gold” created is used extensively in gardening but also in landscaping, and both commercial horticulture and agriculture applications. Any system where plants are grown in soil benefits from the addition of compost.
Benefits of Composting
The benefits of turning waste into compost and then applying it to the soil isn’t a secret. A quick internet search or a conversation with a composting aficionado provides plenty of information but the gains run far deeper for both your soil and the environment.
Compost helps to improve soil structure and drainage when added to garden soils, flowerbeds, and agricultural fields
Using compost as a soil amendment also aids in environmental sustainability by reducing erosion and nutrient leaching, and lessening the application of water as well as synthetic, chemical inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides
When it comes to composting, most people are aware of the following soil benefits:
- Improved soil structure. Adding organic matter results in lighter and more friable soil; preventing heavy clumps that are hard to break apart. Roots freely move through the soil profile, spreading out easily for improved water and nutrient uptake.
- Increased soil nutrient concentration and availability. Well rotted, or “finished” compost is a plentiful source of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, and other nutrients essential for plant growth. Over time these nutrients are slowly released from the compost and made available for plant uptake. Compost also has an ionic charge that holds onto these nutrients and others that are in the soil from fertilizers sources, keeping them in the root zone for plant comsuption.
- Improved water holding capacity and drainage. In light soils, compost absorbs moisture, keeping more water in the root zone. This keeps soil from drying out quickly. In heavy soils that don’t drain well, adding compost improves the soil structure. Excess water moves through the root zone instead of saturating the soil.
- Adjusted and buffered soil pH. The organic material in compost attracts both negatively and positively charged ions in the soil; in both acidic and alkaline soils this ion attraction brings the soil closer to a neutral pH and buffers pH changes over time.
The environmental benefits aren’t as well known as the benefits of using compost as a soil amendment, but it doesn’t mean they aren’t as important
Composting has advantages that contribute substantially to environmental sustainability.
- Reduced nutrient leaching out of the soil. Nutrients are held to the compost particles through ionic attraction, reducing leaching through the soil profile and possible contamination of water sources.
- Reduced waste in landfills and resulting greenhouse gas emissions. Food waste put into landfills breaks down slowly, producing methane gas during decomposition; composting waste at home reduces the overall contribution to landfills and methane emissions into the atmosphere.
- Less water consumption. An important benefit of adding compost to soils is how it increases water holding capacity. A soil that doesn’t dry out as quickly doesn’t require watering/irrigation as often, reducing overall water consumption.
- Decreased fertilizer use. Compost slowly releases plant essential nutrients into the soil and helps hold nutrients in the root zone. This reduces the need for fertilizer applications.
Science Behind Composting
At the most basic level, composting is the breakdown of yard and kitchen waste by microorganisms naturally found in the air, water, and soil. The breakdown of materials happens in 3 different stages and is driven primarily by two different classes of organisms.
The Stages of Composting
In the first stage, mesophilic organisms begin to physically break down the materials into smaller pieces. Mesophiles grow best in moderate temperatures between 68 and 113℉. This stage takes a couple of days and corresponds with increasing temperatures within the pile.
The second stage occurs when the temperature within a composting system is too warm for mesophilic organisms. At this point, thermophilic microorganisms take over
In the final stage, the thermophilic microorganisms use up the available supply of materials and the temperature of the pile begins to drop, allowing the mesophiles to resume control of the process again. They continue breaking down the organic materials into the usable, finished compost.
Microorganisms at Work
Within the different stages of composting, two types of bacteria are primarily at work: aerobic bacteria that need at least 5% oxygen to
Aerobic bacteria are the more efficient of the two and complete most of the work. They release nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and magnesium.
The anaerobes are less efficient and can release hydrogen sulfide, creating an undesirable smell.
These two types of bacteria make up 80 to 90% of the microorganisms in compost piles; the remaining percentage of microbes in compost is made up of fungi, including yeast and molds.
Carbon vs. Nitrogen
Most decomposable materials are carbon or nitrogen-based to varying degrees (for simplicity sake).
In order for microorganisms to decompose these materials, a compost pile needs to have the correct ratio of carbon to nitrogen to provide a balanced diet for the microbes.
Carbon-based materials provide energy for the microorganisms and give compost its light, fluffy nature. These “brown materials” consist of items that are more wood-based, or fibrous: dried leaves, branches, stems, sawdust, tree bark, corn stalks, pine needles
A simple rule of thumb is to make sure your compost pile has approximately 2/3 “brown” (i.e. carbon-based) materials and 1/3 “green” (nitrogen based) materials
Brown materials add bulk to the pile without adding weight. This encourages air circulation, allowing oxygen to penetrate the inner area of the pile. If there is more green material than the microorganisms can consume, the excess nitrogen is released as ammonia gas.
Hot vs Cold Composting
There are two different tenants of composting: hot composting and cold composting
Hot composting is the more active of the two processes
The conditions are carefully maintained to keep the process working efficiently. Ingredients are combined in a preferred 2 parts carbon to 1 part nitrogen ratio
Cold composting is a passive, more laid-back process
Ingredients are piled together as they are available and let to naturally breakdown with little intervention.
A cold composting pile doesn’t reach the same internal temperature a hot composting pile does; due to this, it takes much longer — 1 to 2 years — to get a finished, usable product.
Different Types of Composters
One of the great things about composting is the flexibility it offers in regards to the different types of setups available
Open bins consist of a partial structure that allows for ventilation and aeration while keeping materials confined to a specific area
One side is easily accessible to add new materials and turn the pile as needed. Common systems have a single bin or a 3-part system where there is a bin for fresh materials waiting to be composted, a bin actively in the middle of hot composting, and a bin where the compost is allowed to finish
Pros: great for hot composting, easy to construct, keeps materials tidy and somewhat hidden, can hold a large amount of compost.
Cons: construction costs add up quickly depending on the materials used, 3 bin systems need a larger amount of space.
Enclosed compost bins offer homeowners with limited space an easy option for composting.
The composting bins are typically made from thick, recycled plastic and come in a variety of different sizes and shapes. The process is completely enclosed via a lid and eliminates both the sight of a compost pile and the smell.
On the downside though, the size of enclosed bins limits the
Pros: materials are kept out of sight, a minimal smell is given off, and the system is very neat and tidy.
Cons: cost, limited amount of space to work with, hard to harvest finished compost.
Tumblers are a unique — and the most efficient — type of enclosed compost bin
They are typically cylindrical in nature, almost drum-like, and have a handle that allows them to be “turned” or tumbled easily. This circumvents the need to stir the compost periodically with a shovel or pitchfork to provide aeration and mixing of ingredients
Pros: very easy to “stir” materials, keeps composting material completely out of sight, smells are minimized.
Cons: cost, limited space, not as easy to access finished compost.
Pit composting is just as the name implies: a pit or trench is dug and materials are thrown into it with little effort exerted
Pros: no money spent on materials, decomposing material is out of sight, no maintenance or effort needed.
Cons: takes a long time for finished compost, requires the manual labor of digging a pit or trench.
Piling works well for those interested in either hot or cold composting and don’t have space constraints or worry about camouflaging the smell
Pros: no cost, no need to build anything, easy to turn materials, easy to harvest compost.
Cons: compost pile is not concealed, the smell can be noticeable.
Worm bins (also known as vermicomposting) are a great option for apartment dwellers or people who have limited outdoor space as they work inside the home
Pros: great for small spaces, works year round, can be done indoors
Steps to Composting
If you choose to compost, the process entails more than throwing yard and table scraps into a heap
- Clear a space in your yard or garden with tiller or cultivator, exposing the bare soil. This allows earthworms and microorganisms to come up out of the soil into the compost pile, driving decomposition.
- Build a layer of straw or twigs. A couple of inches of material helps to aerate the pile and provides good drainage.
- Add layers of materials to be composted, alternating between wet and dry layers. Wet layers consist of food scraps, tea bags, etc. Dry layers can be straw, dried leaves, sawdust pellets, etc.
- Incorporate a nitrogen source. Manure or grass clippings work well and help activate the pile.
- Keep the pile moist. Water it occasionally, or let natural rainfall do its job.
- Cover your compost pile. You can use plastic sheeting or plywood to cover the top of the pile. This helps retain moisture while protecting it from the extra rainfall that would make it too wet.
- Turn the compost pile every couple of weeks with a shovel or pitchfork, or spin the tumbler if you are hot composting. This aerates the materials, providing oxygen to the aerobic bacteria involved in the decomposition and distributes fresh materials within the pile.
Maintaining a Compost Pile
If you choose to have a hot compost pile, it’s important to optimize the temperature, oxygen content, and moisture level within the pile to make the process efficient.
When conditions are sub-part composting slows and may stop completely.
Composting occurs when the ambient temperatures are above freezing
The process runs quicker the warmer the temperature of both the air surrounding the pile and the material within the pile
The internal temperature of the compost pile is the best way to know if the materials are breaking down
The bacteria primarily responsible for breaking down the materials need oxygen to work, making it important to supply oxygen to the entire compost pile.
It’s generally recommended to stir or tumble the pile every two weeks
There needs to be adequate moisture in the pile without being waterlogged. Microbes, like all other organisms, need water to survive. Too little and they die; too much water and they suffocate from lack of oxygen.
Ideally, your compost pile should have a moisture content of 50-60%. Experienced gardeners recommend the moisture in a pile be similar to that of a wrung-out sponge
Tips on Composting
No matter the type of composting system you choose to implement, the following tips are helpful.
- Think of your compost pile as a pet; it needs regular attention if you are hot composting.
- Build your own composting bin if you can’t find one you like.
- Put your composter in a dry, shady spot in close proximity to a water source.
- Add a variety of kitchen and yard waste.
- Follow a 2:1 brown to green ratio.
- Chop yard and garden materials into smaller pieces using a lawn mower or simple pruners/shears if feasible.
- Alternate a brown layer with a green layer to minimize odors and insects.
- Keep the pile moist but not saturated.
- Maintain the appropriate temperature within the pile.
- Turn the pile frequently to add oxygen and stimulate the microbes.
- Add in natural fibers from clothing, wine corks, coffee filters, and tea bags.
- Supplement an open pile with worms.
- Expect a small amount of odor as decomposition proceeds.
- Don’t add food waste (fish, meat, dairy products, bones, fatty foods or grease) since they do not break down easily. This slows the timeframe down and invites rodents and other small critters.
- Don’t let food waste accumulate at the top of the pile where it can attract vermin. Mix it in well.
- Don’t put worms in an enclosed bin or tumbler; they work best in a pile or pit where they easily move back into the soil underneath.
- Don’t include plant roots in the pile. Their nature is to take hold and if allowed to grow, it makes turning the pile incredibly difficult.
- Don’t add diseased plant tissue or weeds to the compost pile to reduce the risk of contaminating your compost. The internal temperature may be adequate for composting but not high enough to kill diseases or weed seeds.
- Don’t add pet feces or used litter.
- DON’T MAKE COMPOSTING HARDER THAN IT HAS TO BE! It is a natural process that shouldn’t cause you stress. Roll with the punches and figure out what works for you.
Knowing When Compost is Ready
When your compost has completed the decomposition process and is ready to use it will look, feel, and smell like really, dark, crumbly soil
The pile will have shrunk significantly – to approximately one-half of its beginning size – and none of the original materials will be recognizable
At this point, it is ready to be removed from your composter and used in your garden
Composting is increasingly becoming a do-it-yourself project for many gardeners because of its soil and environmental benefits
Knowing the science behind composting, and understanding the biological process helps you determine what system is best for you personally while minimizing problems you may have. The information included in this guide on composting will easily have you well on your way to creating your own black gold!
Do you plan on starting a compost pile or already have one going? I’d love to hear your thoughts below. | <urn:uuid:b65c76cb-500e-4345-b91b-f112282c626e> | {
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Left: Detroit Waterfront Skyline 1920. Source: ebay.com Right: Detroit Waterfront Skyline 2012. Souce: matrixhumanservices.net
Detroit "They have had an enormous impact, It would be hard to imagine a family in America that has done more for a community than what the Fords have done for Detroit." -Robert McCabe(President of Detroit Renaissance 1971-1972) Detroit Free Press March, 12, 2003
The mark that Ford left behind on Detroit is perhaps the biggest legacy ever by a single person for a city.
His own personal name and family name is nearly everywhere in Detroit.
Software powered by POWr.
"This paper, however examines the moto-city of Detroit in Michigan, and how this region was developed
and transformed from simple to sophisticated, from an era of poverty to an era of many new industries, particularly the car- industry. It is important to show how fast this development happened and why it changed the lifes of so many people between the years of 1900 and 1920. Responsible for the enormous growth of the area around Detroit was Henry Ford who built his own car company and contributed to form a new middle class." -Thomas Dassler( Henry Ford's Model T and the Impact on the Lower Social Classes Before 1920 p.2) | <urn:uuid:98e0d10a-f867-4e02-9d54-e301d176dfb2> | {
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Posted by Myosource Kinetic Bands on May 26, 2016
This training video is about Speed Training with Kinetic Bands resistance for Rapid Response Time. It is important to remember to maximize ground contact to improve the central nervous system in order to fire the muscles into movement at a better rhythm to improve speed in all speed drills. .
Speed training is not only about moving fast but also about preparing the central nervous system to perform faster.
Speed drills / Speed training - In this video these athletes focus on:
The Kinetic Bands activate the muscles in the Quads, Hamstrings, Glutes, Hips, and Hip Flexors in each movement and provide an advanced level of cardiovascular muscle endurance by forcing the athlete to push through the resistance by working harder to perform each repetition during any training session. | <urn:uuid:f45d5ded-738a-4a7e-b2d6-9ba612d35090> | {
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Discovering The Truth About Savings
Most young adults begin a life of independence as they have fewer curfews and strict rules. They start living their own lives independently and making their own decisions. However, being independent is not about all the good things that come with freedom. Aside from making numerous decisions and assuming several opportunities, you also need to be independent which means that you will pay for stuff on your own.
Students will find themselves spending their money of things which most parents would not recommend in case they do not have the correct knowledge of managing their personal finances. The mistake which most college students make is the wrong notion that they could spend more money now and then pay the debts much later when they are successful later in life. How you survive college speaks volumes on your ability to survive when you go out into the real world. Most of the survival comes from the ability of the individual to deal with things well and personal finances tops that list.
In many cases, students spend more cash than the can afford. A typical student is either hanging by a thread or spending more. They might be spending their cash on textbooks, school supplies, financial aid, student loan and other expenses. After graduating from college, they see that they have to work extremely hard to repay their college debt.
A lot of the college students are taken by surprise by the rate at which expenses buildup. Before realizing it, they have a large debt from their credit card which is challenging to get out. A lot of these minor expenses are as a result of the coffee which they consume that costs between a dollar and three dollars each. Buying a venti which costs about two dollars before going to class gets to about $40 every month. It will cost them about $10 per person to eat out at any establishment, if they decide to eat out. This amount is even less when compared to a steak dinner which could cost about $25 per person.
A critical element of sound money management is finding ways of lowering one’ spending. Coming up with a spending plan and sticking to it is an excellent start. It is recommended that students track the money they spend and compare the prices so as to get the best deals. There is another method that students can spend less money and purchase more items which is to spend their cash prudently. There are several benefits of being a student and among them is finding special deals and student discounts. You can discover more about student discounts when you view here on this site. | <urn:uuid:fa23fc27-b062-4b29-a006-2cdfef190376> | {
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By Joann Digennaro
AT AN EDUCATORS’ meeting in Washington last fall, conversation turned to whether the federal government should support programming for this nation’s most gifted and talented high school students. Educators overwhelmingly said that top students in secondary schools need no assistance, much to my dismay. Priority must be given to those not meeting the minimal standards in science and math, they reasoned.
The ugly secret is that our most talented students are falling through the cracks. Not one program of such major governmental agencies as the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation or NASA specifically targets the top 5 percent of students who have demonstrated academic excellence and have the greatest potential for becoming our inventors, creators and groundbreaking scientists. An international assessment of math problem-solving skills of 15-year-olds in 2004, along with more recent studies, found that the United States had the fewest top performers and the largest percentage of low performers compared with other participating countries. By the time students reach 12th grade in math and science, they are near the bottom or dead last compared with international competition, according to the Education Department. These are the critical years for supporting students in science and math, for it is when they make career-determining decisions for college studies.
During a trip to China last fall, I visited several Key High Schools, which are dedicated to preparing top young scholars for science and technology careers. The Chinese government has targeted upward of $20 million to support advanced learning and laboratories in each of the 34 Key High Schools. Some of these labs would make our universities envious. President Hu Jintao said in a July speech that the Chinese are placing a great emphasis on encouraging their brightest students in order to further their country’s economic and military development. By explicitly connecting its education policy to its national objectives, China has taken a long-term approach to training its talent for the next century. An analysis of Chinese development in science and technology published last year found that the country’s senior scientists and technology experts are expected to make training young people their first priority.
In November, Indian President Abdul Kalam announced that India’s economic plan will target support for young scholars as a means of reaching its national economic policy goals. As an emerging success in engineering subjects, particularly information technology, India is emphasizing its IT industries to students with Operation Knowledge, a national campaign to develop the country’s push to economic growth.
Our nation is wondering what will happen next. For the United States to compete globally and continue to lead in innovation, it should urgently do the following:
At the strategic level, the United States must establish a policy for nurturing its most talented science and technology students and integrate this policy with a long-term vision of U.S. economic and military development. The White House and State Department science advisers should make this task a priority.
The next step should be a thorough assessment of all government educational programs geared to science and math. Shockingly, there are few assessments and little coordination among governmental agencies for the hundreds of millions of dollars spent on educational programs from kindergarten through the undergraduate level. There is not even a comprehensive system that tracks what educational programs at agencies are sponsored for students from kindergarten through college, how many international students are in the United States under programs of the various government agencies, or what happens to international scholars when they complete their studies here.
Finally, some of the millions of dollars devoted to educational programs and policy must be reallocated for the most talented high school students. The government should support such efforts to enrich learning experiences for the highest-achieving students so that they can maximize their potential. A system of performance measurements would help determine which programs are least effective and could be canceled to provide the funds for this initiative, which would also be guided by performance metrics.
Our young scholars are key to America’s future competitive position. The government must provide the strategic support necessary for them, and the country, to excel.
Digennaro is president and co-founder of the Center for Excellence in Education, www.cee.org, in McLean, Va. | <urn:uuid:ba1ff042-f4ba-4e68-9f40-818ef95b4849> | {
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Calories measure the quantity of energy found in food. The number of calories required per day for a 40-year-old woman depends on her height, weight, activity level and other factors.
Calories Per Day
According to a report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the average American woman is slightly taller and much heavier than women a few decades ago.
An average 40-year-old woman would be about 5 feet 4 inches tall and about 160 lbs. If she follows a sedentary lifestyle, she would need about 1,747 calories during a typical day to maintain her weight. If she becomes active, then she can eat up to 2,500 calories per day. These calculations do not take into consideration a woman who might be pregnant or nursing.
Each Woman Has Different Energy Needs
Consult with your health care provider to discuss the amount of calories required per day specifically for your body size, lifestyle and weight loss goals. A safe diet and exercise routine should be discussed with a doctor and tailored to personal health needs and special circumstances.
Fewer Calories to Promote Weight Loss
Women who want to lose weight should eat 500 fewer calories than the body needs each day while maintaining or increasing her exercise activity. Creating an energy deficit triggers the body to burn off excess fat. However, a woman should not eat fewer than 1,200 calories per day unless recommended as part of a medically supervised weight loss program. | <urn:uuid:fde3de60-1e43-4c83-ba68-ae5859e6401d> | {
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Long before there was wine or beer, there was mead. It was the drink of warriors and philosophers. Aristotle and the ancient Greeks relished it, the Danish soldiers made famous in “Beowulf” drank it with abandon, and in Norse mythology it was believed to be created by the “blood of the wise” — turning its drinkers into poets and scholars. Actually, mead, also known as “honey wine,” is made by fermenting honey and water, and humans have been doing ...
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| SAN FRANCISCO
SAN FRANCISCO A rare and mysterious polio-like illness may have afflicted up to 25 children in California, several of whom have suffered limb paralysis, and health experts were struggling to identify the cause of the ailment, medical researchers said on Monday.
Since 2012, between 20 and 25 previously healthy children from across California have shown signs of the illness, possibly caused by an infectious virus, the American Academy of Neurology said in a statement detailing the research of two California neurologists.
One of the children remains in serious condition but none have died from the syndrome, researchers said.
Stanford University pediatric neurologist Keith Van Haren said in a statement that the cases could indicate the possibility of an "emerging infectious polio-like syndrome in California," although federal health officials said there were too few cases to consider the spread of the ailment as an imminent threat.
Polio, eradicated in the United States over three decades ago, is an infectious virus that can permanently paralyze or kill victims within hours of infection. A vaccine, developed in the 1950s nearly wiped out the disease worldwide, although it remains endemic in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nigeria.
A study of five California children affected by the mystery ailment found they experienced the sudden paralysis of one or more limbs, with the symptoms reaching the height of severity within two days, according to findings of research by Van Haren and University of San Francisco neurologist Emmanuelle Waubant.
"Although poliovirus has been eradicated from most of the globe, other viruses can also injure the spine, leading to a polio-like syndrome," Van Haren said in a statement.
CHILDREN VACCINATED AGAINST POLIO
Scans of the bodies of the five children included in the study also showed white spots on their spinal chords, indicating undefined damage, according to the research that is set to be released at an American Academy of Neurology meeting in Philadelphia in April.
Despite the illness being similar to polio, all five of the children had been vaccinated against poliovirus before their symptoms began, the research showed.
The additional 15 to 20 children showing signs of the syndrome were not closely analyzed in the study, but initial blood tests and other information collected showed they had suffered from sudden paralysis or extreme limb weakness and possible spinal chord damage, Waubant told Reuters. All the children were between the ages of 2 and 16.
Two of the five children in the study tested positive for a strain of enterovirus, which has been linked to polio-like outbreaks in children in Asia and Australia over the past decade, while three tested negative, Waubant said.
She said the children who were negative could have had the virus but were not tested in time for it to show up in their blood.
The test results of the broader group of children with polio-like symptoms were pending, Waubant said. She said it was too soon to determine whether that particular virus had affected the bulk of the children.
United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention researcher Dr. Jane Seward said the center was aware of the study but said there were too few cases of the illness to suggest there was an imminent threat of the illness spreading across the state or the U.S.
The California Department of Public Heath said it would release a statement about the study and its investigation into the reported illnesses later on Monday, and declined comment ahead of the planned statement.
(Editing by Cynthia Johnston and Ken Wills) | <urn:uuid:d268d160-4080-4569-9063-d7cc7bde1e53> | {
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The air-purifying planting of our ‘Living Wall’
Each houseplant produces oxygen, but not all house plants have an air purifying effect. However, there is a group of room plants that have been scientifically proven to contribute to cleaner air in the home. These plants absorb harmful substances and odors from the air through their leaves. Subsequently, these substances are stored and broken down in the plant or the root. For the catering industry we offer gardens with this planting.
Big advantage of plants that purify the air is that they can help against complaints such as reverberation, disturbing resonances, headaches and drafts. Because they improve the air and concentration, you often encounter certain species in closed spaces.
Our breathing wall consists of a combination of these plants that purify most effectively:
- Spathiphyllum “Mauna Lao”
- Aglaonema crispum
- Philodendron oxycardium
- Philodendron domesticum
- Chlorophytum elatum
- Scindapsus aureus
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The most optimistic people are not the happiest, especially because they find it harder to accept bad news. This is the conclusion of an 18-year study carried out by British researchers. The key to happiness is more likely to be found in realistic people.
Seeing the glass half full does not mean more happiness. This is the conclusion of a long study carried out over 18 years on 1,600 volunteers by British researchers at the University of Bath and the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), the results of which were published in the SAGE Journal. Participants were required to fill in regular personal development questionnaires, undergo psychological tests to assess their level of stress, and were tested for their standard of living and self-confidence.
80% of the population is too optimistic
The results of the study showed that optimistic people tend to expect good news rather than more realistic expectations, which leads to further disappointment. Similar results were observed with pessimistic people. “Plans based on inaccurate beliefs make for poor decisions and are bound to deliver worse outcomes than would rational, realistic beliefs, leading to lower well-being for both optimists and pessimists. Particularly prone to this are decisions on employment, savings, and any choice involving risk and uncertainty,” says Dr. Chris Dawson, Professor at the University of Bath and lead author of the study.
The key lies with the realists, who are in a very small minority, as researchers estimate that 80% of the population should be classified as unrealistic optimists. “I think for many people, research that shows you don’t have to spend time thinking positively can be a relief. It shows that looking realistically to the future and making good evidence-based decisions without having to dive into constant positivity can bring a sense of well-being,” says Dawson.
Optimists more susceptible to COVID-19
Researchers also investigated whether a person’s optimism, pessimism, or realism influences the response to the coronavirus pandemic. They found that optimistic people tend to feel invincible and have less respect for social distancing guidelines. “Optimists feel less susceptible to the virus than others. They are less likely to take the appropriate precautions. On the other hand, pessimists may be tempted to never leave home or send their children to school. It also does not seem to be an appropriate strategy for welfare. Realists take risks that can be measured by scientific understanding of the disease,” says Professor David de Meza, co-author, and researcher at LSE. | <urn:uuid:d7653112-ac47-403d-885f-6694a26632d8> | {
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Behavior therapy recommended before medicine for young children with ADHD.
More young children 2 to 5 years of age receiving care for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) could benefit from psychological services - including the recommended treatment of behavior therapy. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) latest Vital Signs report urges healthcare providers to refer parents of young children with ADHD for training in behavior therapy before prescribing medicine to treat the disorder.
ADHD is a biological disorder that causes hyperactivity, impulsiveness, and attention problems. About 2 million of the more than 6 million children with ADHD were diagnosed before age 6. Children diagnosed with ADHD at an early age tend to have the most severe symptoms and benefit from early treatment. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that before prescribing medicine to a young child, healthcare providers refer parents to training in behavior therapy. However, according to the Vital Signs report, about 75% of young children being treated for ADHD received medicine, and only about half received any form of psychological services, which might have included behavior therapy.
"Parents may feel overwhelmed with decisions about their child's treatment for ADHD, but healthcare providers, therapists, and families can all work together to help the child thrive," said Anne Schuchat, MD (RADM, USPHS), Principal Deputy Director, CDC. "Parents of young children with ADHD may need support, and behavior therapy is an important first step. It has been shown to be as effective as medicine, but without the risk of side effects. We are still learning about the potential unintended effects of long-term use of ADHD medicine on young children. Until we know more, the recommendation is to first refer parents of children under 6 years of age with ADHD for training in behavior therapy before prescribing medicine."
The report looks at healthcare claims data from at least 5 million young children (2-5 years of age) each year insured by Medicaid (2008-2011) and about 1 million young children insured each year through employer-sponsored insurance (ESI) (2008-2014). In both groups, just over 75% of young children diagnosed with ADHD received ADHD medicine. Only 54% of young children with Medicaid and 45% of young children with ESI (2011) received any form of psychological services annually, which might have included parent training in behavior therapy. The percentage of children with ADHD receiving psychological services has not increased over time.
"Many families will benefit from behavior therapy. However, in some cases medicine may be appropriate," said Georgina Peacock, MD, director of the Division of Human Development and Disability in CDC's National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities. "When healthcare providers and families know the benefits and risks of all available treatments, they are best prepared to make the most appropriate treatment choice for young children with ADHD."
Parents do not cause their child's ADHD, but parents can play a key role in the treatment of ADHD. In behavior therapy, parents are trained by a therapist during eight or more sessions, learning strategies to encourage positive behavior, discourage negative behaviors, improve communication, and strengthen their relationship with their child. When applied, these skills can help the child at school, at home, and in relationships by improving behavior, self-control, and self-esteem. Learning and practicing behavior therapy requires more time, effort, and resources than treating ADHD with medicine, yet research shows that there are lasting benefits making it worth the investment.
In behavior therapy, therapists help parents build skills in guiding their child's behavior. Skills may include, but are not limited to:
- Positive communication: When parents give children their full attention and reflect their words back to them, your child knows you are listening and care about what he has to say.
- Positive reinforcement: Praise the child when she does something right. The more parents praise a behavior, the more likely it is the child will behave the same way again.
- Structure and discipline: Children do better when their world is predictable. Set up routines and daily schedules to help the child know what to expect each day. Respond to the child's behavior the same way every time to help her learn more quickly.
CDC message to healthcare providers
CDC is calling on doctors, nurses, and allied health professionals who treat young children with ADHD to support parents by explaining the benefits of behavior therapy and referring parents for training in behavior therapy. This report recommends that healthcare providers:
- Follow clinical guidelines (American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry) for diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in young children.
- Discuss with parents the benefits of behavior therapy and why they should get training.
- Identify parent training providers in the area and refer parents of young children with ADHD for training in behavior therapy first, before prescribing medicine.
The report highlights missed opportunities for young children with ADHD to benefit from behavior therapy. Increasing referrals and the availability of appropriate services could help many families with young children who have ADHD.
"We recognize that these are not easy treatment decisions for parents to make," said Dr. Schuchat. "We know that behavior therapy is effective, and the skills parents learn can help the whole family be successful. Building these skills in parents and children empowers families and helps young children with ADHD live up to their full potential."Vital Signs: National and State-Specific Patterns of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment Among Insured Children Aged 2-5 Years - United States, 2008-2014, Susanna N. Visser, DrPH; Melissa L. Danielson, MSPH; Mark L. Wolraich, MD; Michael H. Fox, ScD; Scott D. Grosse, PhD; Linda A. Valle, PhD; Joseph R. Holbrook, PhD; Angelika H. Claussen, PhD; Georgina Peacock, MD, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), published online 3 May 2016. | <urn:uuid:d45dfba4-4fb6-4ea4-9725-fb7a34e6d468> | {
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Science Purdue LED Us to More Efficient Lighting, Less Mercury
posted by July 21 at 15:19 PMon
Longtime readers know of my aversion to compact fluorescent lightbulbs:
The “mercury vapor” that fluorescent bulbs require is quite toxic. While new compact fluorescent bulbs are voluntarily limited to five milligrams of mercury each, as little as a tenth of a milligram per square yard will make you seriously ill. Shaking hands, drooling, irritability, memory loss, depression, weakness—sounds like fun. And that’s what happens to adults; kids can be permanently injured by mercury exposure. If you break one of these bulbs in your house—and think of all the times a bulb breaks—the current advice is to open a window and run, not to return for at least 15 minutes. Whereas if it’s a traditional bulb, you grab a broom and screw in a new one.
And even if you manage to not accidentally dump hazardous waste in your living room, what do you do with a fluorescent bulb when it just plain wears out? Most places cannot recycle fluorescent tubes.
There is another. LED (light emitting diodes) have a similar energy efficiency to fluorescent bulbs with a far friendlier environmental impact. In the least, they involve no mercury.
Great! Why not use them everywhere? Huge expense. Most LEDs are based upon a substrate of sapphire. Urk. Requiring a precious stone means LED lightbulbs are about twenty times more expensive than traditional lightbulbs.
Enter some clever researchers at Purdue University:
The Purdue researchers have solved this problem by developing a technique to create LEDs on low-cost, metal-coated silicon wafers, said Mark H. Oliver, a graduate student in materials engineering who is working with Sands.
(Who would think something good could come from Indiana?)
Replacing the sapphire with silicon (made from sand) makes the bulbs fantastically cheaper. Good work people. Expect the cheaper, environmentally sound and energy efficient bulbs in stores in about two years. | <urn:uuid:917e5101-6a0e-4f0d-a105-a6f1c5b021df> | {
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Looking for some learning activities for you or your students this summer? Do you want to know more about Assistive Technology (AT)? Do your students need practice with their computer access skills? Support both math activities and computer skills by introducing your students to fun computer games that can be operated using a touch screen or mouse. Support your knowledge of assistive technology by reviewing these resources and webinars.
Considering Assistive Technology is a required part of the IEP Process in Virginia. But are you comfortable with what AT is and how to consider it? The Center for Technology and Disability provides articles and webinars on AT 101 and a Teacher’s View of AT. The VA Department of Education’s AT Network reviews Consideration and Assessment of Assistive Technology.
Learning computer access skills can help students (with sensory, cognitive and/or physical disabilities) who may need alternate strategies to hands-on manipulation and hand-written calculations. There are many free websites that are filled with multiple math and numeracy games that can also help make learning computer access skills fun. Math Playground has games listed by grade level and includes self-checking problems. Sheppard Software has a variety of math activities for students needing practice anywhere from foundational skills to mixed operations to geometry to probability. For students who cannot read, some games in the Preschool section will read the information on the screen.
These math activities reinforce touching/clicking on a screen, click and dragging information. Interactive Addition Chart on the Math Playground website encourages click and drag skills. Several Sheppard Software games support moving the cursor and/or clicking on or touching a specific target. There are many games on these two websites that encourage computer access skills while reviewing math skills. Explore to find the best ones for your students. Then share these engaging websites with your students to help them improve their math and computer access skills. They can learn while they are playing. | <urn:uuid:e3bc9828-ae35-45cc-a7bd-1340a2a810b1> | {
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The Thursday before Easter, commemorating the Last Supper. Some churches include washing of the feet in the Holy Thursday service. Maundy Thursday, recalling the new commandment (mandatum novum in Latin) in John 13: 34 to love one another. The hand washing during this service symbolizes Christ’s new Commandment. “A new commandment I give to you, that you love one another, even as I have loved you.”
According to John as Jesus and the disciples were eating their final meal before his arrest, Jesus washed their feet to illustrate humility and servanthood. When they finished their meal they walked into the night.
This service is a time of solemn reflection on Jesus’ last night with his disciples. Jesus becomes a servant to his followers – the ones who betrayed him, denied him, and ran away in the face of peril. Jesus is an example of faithful living in an age of unfaithfulness.
At this service we will remove the altar coverings after Eucharist is served. The stripping of the altar symbolizes the abandonment of Jesus by his disciples and the stripping of Jesus by the soldiers.
The ancient practice of stripping the Lord’s table and sanctuary following communion is a vivid and dramatic way of showing the desolation and abandonment of the long night in Gethsemane and what followed. Designated persons pick up the cloths on the Lord’s table and the pulpit and other hangings, banners, candlesticks, and decorations and quietly carry them from the sanctuary. The church then remains bare.
DISMISSAL INTO SILENCE
Please leave the sanctuary in silence and keep vigil with Christ in your heart. Contemplate God’s great love for all flesh, and reflect on His Passion, which demonstrates God’s Love to us. As we await the power of His Resurrection, think about the reconciliation with God. Jesus worked for us on the cross, and be prepared to take up your cross to follow Him. | <urn:uuid:00461860-b823-41c0-b193-9051243e2341> | {
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Influenza, commonly shortened to “flu,” is an extremely contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza A or B viruses. Flu appears most frequently in winter and early spring. The flu virus attacks the body by spreading through the upper and/or lower respiratory tract.
The common cold and flu are both contagious viral infections of the respiratory tract. Although the symptoms can be similar, flu is much worse. A cold may drag you down a bit, but the flu can make you shudder at the very thought of getting out of bed.
Congestion, sore throat, and sneezing are common with colds. Both cold and flu bring coughing, headache, and chest discomfort. With the flu, though, you are likely to run ahigh fever for several days and have headache, myalgia, fatigue, and weakness. Usually, complications from colds are relatively minor, but a severe case of flu can lead to a life-threatening illness such as pneumonia.
More than 100 types of cold viruses are known, and new strains of flu evolve every few years. Since both diseases are viral, antibiotics cannot conquer cold or flu. Remember: Antibiotics only treat bacterial infections
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has chosen the three influenza (flu) viruses for inclusion in the 2011-2012 seasonal flu vaccine based on recommendations from the World Health Organization (WHO). Each year, experts from FDA, WHO, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other institutions study virus samples collected from around the world to identify the influenza viruses that are the most likely to cause illness during the upcoming flu season so that people can be protected against them through vaccination.
TTY: (888) 232-6348, 24 Hours/Every Day -firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:375e1147-d531-4912-954c-4d93c9fc4fca> | {
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From October, 4th 2016 to January, 15th 2017, the Musée du Quai Branly—Jacques Chirac in Paris presented The Color Line: African-American artists and segregation. The exhibition concluded with an exciting day and half symposium bringing together eminent specialists in American art.
Helene Beade reviews this exhibition within the context of France/Paris.
THE COLOR LINE IN PARIS
An impressive catalog was created for the occasion as well as a documentary in English or French which I highly recommend because it brings valuable information not addressed in the exhibition. It gathers interviews of specialists like Richard Powell or Robert O’Meally , artists, but also important collectors who countered the invisibility of works of African American artists in the museums in the United States from the 1960’s to the beginning of the 1990’s. Indeed in the mid-1970’s one could rarely go into a museum or a gallery in the US and find works by African-Americans. It was also rare to get a chance to study them as there was little written on the subject at that time. Museums occasionally had shows of African-Americans but they didn’t display the works on a permanent basis. Pioneers like Walter Evans started collecting and fulfilled the usual role museums. Today, a market has grown up around fashionable galleries and popular auction houses. Museums and collectors are making acquisitions, recognizing that there is a history that precedes them and that today’s younger artists are part of a tradition. It’s impossible to look at the 20th century and to ignore prominent artists who happen to have been black. According to Richard Powell, ‘It is true that institutions such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the National Gallery are finally incorporating important works by important African-Americans artists in their galleries.”
The musée du Quai Branly wished to participate in this movement. Stéphane Martin, President of the museum, clearly stated that the main purpose of this exhibition was “to restore the works and their creators to their rightful place.”
AN EXCEPTIONAL OPPORTUNITY FOR A FRENCH AUDIENCE
I was surprised and delighted to learn of an exhibit devoted to African-American art in Paris. It offered a rare opportunity for me, passionate about jazz, art and the history of African-Americans. Today there is almost nothing in Paris representing art in general from the United States on a permanent basis. The American Museum of Giverny closed its doors in 2008, only the Mona Bismarck American Center and The Terra Foundation Paris Center promote a greater understanding of American’s artistic and cultural heritage for the benefit of a diverse audience.
So I explored this exhibition carefully, mindful of its extraordinary character.
The Octoroon Girl, 1926 (Courtesy Michael Resenfeld New York)
The exhibition was wide-ranging and ambitious. There were numerous exchanges between the curator, Daniel Soutif, a lecturer in philosophy and art critic, assisted by art historian Diane Turquety and distinguished American scholars like Richard J. Powell, author of works including Black Art: A Cultural History (1997 & 2002) and Cutting a Figure: Fashioning Black Portraiture (2008), and Professor David Driscoll who made a brilliant presentation at the symposium on ‘Black aesthetics’.
The curator gathered 600 works and documents covering different artistic fields (visual arts, literature, cinema and music). Some of the artworks and documents were borrowed from private foundations, galleries, collections, and two museums in France: the Musée du Temps in Besançon and the Musée du Quai Branly-Jacques Chirac. The majority of the artwork came from the other side of the Atlantic, from galleries and museums in New York, Washington, Philadelphia and Detroit. It was a joy to have access to rare historical documents and an impressive number of works by major African-American artists only rarely available to Europeans and never before shown in France.
THE ‘COLOR LINE’
The expression ‘color line’ was first coined by Frederick Douglass in an article published in the North American Review in June 1881, less than 20 years after the end of the Civil War (1861-1865) and the abolition of slavery (Emancipation Proclamation 1863/ 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution 1865). The term refers to the segregation of black people that began in the United States in 1877 after the Reconstruction period.
What is called ‘Black art’ in the United States thus emerged in a political context and its founding act was the staging of the emancipation of the black people in 1867.
Melvin G. Johnson, Self-Portrait, 1934.
Edmonia Lewis sculpted a piece called ‘Forever free’ that is now exhibited in a gallery of the historically black Howard University in Washington. It was presented to us, visitors in Paris, in a video. This piece is important as it is considered as the first major work created by a black American woman. The sculpture, made from white marble, represents a free man and woman breaking their chains. It was a shocking way to say that ‘this is our classical story as if this story of slavery belonged alongside stories of the Greek Gods’. The work is considered optimistic, depicting someone’s achievements.
Yet, it stands apart. The hope offered by the abolition of slavery did not last long. The segregation and disenfranchisement laws known as ‘Jim Crow’, a kind of codified apartheid, were introduced in 1890. These laws were to dominate the Southern United States for three quarters of a century. Under the Jim Crow system ‘colored people’ received ‘separate but equal’ (Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896) treatment under the law, upheld by local government officials and reinforced by civilian acts of terror. ‘Black art’ became more pessimistic in the late 19th century as rights were thus taken away.
The guiding line Daniel Soutif chose is in the exhibition’s title. The objective was to analyze the impact of the invention of ‘the color line’ on the creation of many African-American artists and on the writing of art history. The exhibit poses the question: how did African-American artists respond to this color line, this line establishing segregation in the United States? To do so, curator Daniel Soutif chose to cover the entire period from the abolition of slavery to today. The exhibition’s aim was to offer a tribute to the African-American artists and thinkers who, throughout a century and a half of struggle, contributed to blurring that line.
Bob Johnson, Stairway to the Stars, 1962.
Why an exhibition of both art and documentation?
A personal choice
When Daniel Soutif began work on this project, the initial mandate from the museum was for a documentary exhibit. The idea was not at first to place special focus on art’s contribution to this question. His idea was exhibit of artworks. His focus was above all on the curatorial, and he was anxious to see the artists and appreciate their work on its own as one is accustomed to doing today, presented in white spaces void of context. This may not be the best solution to appreciating the works, according to Daniel Soutif, but it is what we are accustomed to, the white cube inside the white cube.
The curator thought that the audience would be coming to the exhibit supported with documentation. Why? Simply because of the general social context of people likely to be interested in this kind of exhibit. In this view, the audience came for general information on American history.
Whitfield Lovell, Autour du Monde, 2008.
During the symposium, Daniel Soutif developed this view: ‘I think that current affairs are much more prominent than history. In France one might know Ferguson because the journals talk about him. If I mention Frederick Douglass I little chance of finding someone who knows who that is. If I mention Glenn Ligon, I have a chance that a curator of modern or contemporary art will know who that is. But if I mention Archibald J.Motley I’m almost sure no one will know who that is.’
So Daniel Soutif decided to contextualize all of this because terms like reconstruction or Jim Crow have little resonance in France. The audience may know something of the effects of segregation but not that there were laws, amendments, and almost a hundred years of struggle accompanying the period of legal and actual segregation.
As a consequence, the curator made the choice of a mode of exhibition with both documentation and art works in a purely museum context. Yet he wanted to propose to the audience two modes of visibility in the exhibit, without distractions or questions of intimacy. The solution he found was to concentrate the documentation on the walls in horizontal cases, except in the room on the Harlem Renaissance, where the original documents were not visible until one would approach them and turns ones back on twelve documentary walls in fourteen sections. There were only two rooms… one on the boxers and one on the First World War, and less successful solution on account of the overwhelming presence of documentation. The idea was to offer the audience the possibility to explore the exhibition as an art exhibition. The documentation being accessible in most cases only if you came close to the horizontal cases.
Benny Andrews (detail)
Faith Ringgold, American People Sries, 60’s.
Yet a polemic choice.
‘The Color Line’ exhibition is in a tradition of exhibits poorly known in the United States but it used to be more common in France. Daniel Soutif, coming from the tradition of the Centre Pompidou, was inspired by early exhibits at the Centre, points of reference for almost everyone in the world of art in Paris at the time. The exhibits Paris-Paris and Paris-NY or Paris-Moscow aimed to provide both documentation and artworks, and to contextualize and treat different objects differently. This could have been a utopia as this tradition never really lasted at the Centre Pompidou. Yet it is the choice Daniel Soutif made. Nevertheless, despite of all the valid justifications the curator offered, one can pose the question of the place of archival material and images. Indeed, was the purpose of showing cabinets of old catalogues really achieved? Why display so many documents?
Hank Willis Thomas, Amandla, 2014.
What is more, the debates around exhibits like “The Great Migration” at the MOMA, accompanied by documentation, which resembled the approach taken at the Centre Pompidou were not devoid of interest. Some said at the time that the MOMA had done this because it was a black artist, an artist located in the usual narrative. They further argued that the museum would never have done this for Jackson Pollock or Piet Mondrian.
Were all African American artists ‘political’?
According to Richard Powell, it is ‘almost certain that black artists must have realized that they had a particular burden and a particular challenge not just to do exceptional work but to show a new representation of black women and black men that might speak to humanity, to dignity, to beauty in a way that was really against the tide of popular culture.’ The chosen works were for the most part touched by the history of the ‘color line’, in very explicit and more subliminal ways. Nevertheless, African-American artists did not necessarily obsess with radicalism or the political. For instance, if the works of Glenn Ligon have an explicit link to the question of segregation and even discrimination, things are less simple in the work of Norman Lewis. The works shown in the exhibit may have been shown in that period but in a debatable way. I wish the exhibition had tackled some the following question: How did artists respond to this question and to each other?
1856-2016. WHY COVER SUCH A LONG PERIOD?
Daniel Soutif made the ambitious choice to cover a very long period as Mark Godfrey, Curator of
International art at the Tate Modern, underlined this challenge at the symposium. He is currently preparing an important exhibit due to open 12th July 2017, ‘Soul of a Nation. Art in the Age of Black Power’ (with Zoe Whitley). That show will attempt to tell a different story, that of the art made between 1963 and 1983, a much shorter period. It was a time of frustration, the beginning of black power, and the civil rights movement. A time of institutional and political turmoil. A time when there was a lot of pressure on artists to address questions like: is there such a thing as a black esthetic? Is there black art? Did they like being asked by journalists’ queries like, is there black art? Mark Godfrey would have also liked to answer the question: what does it mean to be a black woman artist? Yet, this question will be tackled soon in the Brooklyn Museum’s ‘We Wanted a Revolution: Black Radical Women 1965-1985’ (April 21-September 17), curated by Catherine Morris with Rujeko Hockley.
Two interesting exhibitions that one should look at closely.
Robert Colescott, Knowledge of the Past is the Key to the Future (Saint Sebastian), 1986.
I left the museum with mixed feeling that persist today.
I appreciated the pioneering character of this exhibit. Daniel Soutif’s goal of introducing essentially unknown artists to a French audience was laudable and I think in the sense the curator succeeded.
I also felt relief after having seen the radical changes in the situation of black artists at the end of the 20th century. A new way of stating one’s identity has emerged. African-American contemporary artists, while still recognizing past combats, have started to allow themselves distance and humor. They are liberated from the political constraints which weighed down their predecessors. They do ‘not have the burden of being strictly tied to a political or an uplift positive agenda and that makes their work exciting but it also sometimes makes their work very provocative.” (Richard Powell).
I was interested in seeing how and what to create in such a context, as an African-American artist. How artists had to struggle against negative images. How they tackled on taboo topics or stereotypes head on without over-simplifications, and debunked them one after the other. But also how did these artists work to come out from their invisibility. For instance, in Horrace Pippin’s painting The End of War, white German soldiers are visible while black soldiers blend into the background and the earth. Or, part of what Whitefield Lovell attempts in his work Autour du Monde is to make the black soldiers visible, restoring visibility to men history forgot, acknowledging them as human beings who were more than just background.
I was pleased to see that it seems that at last we are witnessing a rewriting of the history of the 20th-century art to include black artists, as the New York Times would have us believe? (11/29/2015).
YET I could not help thinking that it it’s kind of late. I rather agree with Richard Powell: ‘These artists have been recognized by a cohort of scholars and patrons, art historians and collectors for a long time. And while you could not see that work at the National Gallery or the Metropolitan Museum of Art, you could see that work at the Studio Museum in Harlem, and at historically black colleges and universities, so better late than never.’
Nonetheless, it was clearly shown in the documentary film that most of the artists presented in the show wanted to be recognized as artists, and not just as black artists. To quote one example among many others, ‘Why should the color of my skin (…) forever influence what I paint? Henry Ossawa Tanner asked.’
In keeping with this idea, one can understand certain artists’ refusal to participate in this kind of exhibit. I think of Adrian Piper, who refused to participate on two grounds: in a statement, she did not want to be considered either as a woman nor as an African-American; and, she also refused on account of the nature of the project, stating her disagreement with projects defining a group of artists on the basis of their appearance.
So I left the museum hoping that this kind of exhibit, organized around the skin color of an artist, would be the last. This ground is shifting below us today; consequently, let us hope that this exhibit will mark a larger movement with more monographic exhibitions in large French and international institutions. | <urn:uuid:00c988e8-6ba3-4941-ab0d-da428b330ce8> | {
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1946 Faroese independence referendum
The results of the referendum were slightly confusing, with 48.7% supporting complete independence from Denmark, 47.1% in favor of the present arrangement, and the rest simply writing "no". On September 18, the Faroese Løgting (parliament) declared independence, but on 20 September this act was annulled by the Danes and on the 24th King Christian X dissolved the Løgting.
After new elections were held and further negotiations were made, Denmark finally granted the Faroese more autonomy with the 1948 Home Rule Act.
- Wylie, Jonathan. The Faroe Islands: Interpretations of History. University Press of Kentucky, 1987.
- Home Rule Act of the Faroe Islands in English from the official web site of The Prime Minister’s Office | <urn:uuid:c04136e7-e62c-4dc3-a54b-32c0e653f9c3> | {
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People with a gambling addiction find that their urges to gamble grow stronger as their ability to resist decreases. In a vicious cycle, they gamble more to regain the money they lose. As they increase their frequency and play more often, their cravings grow stronger, resulting in a downward spiral. This habit is not only damaging to mental health, but can also affect their physical well-being. Here are some important signs of gambling addiction. Listed below are the most common symptoms and treatments for gambling addiction.
Various types of research have been conducted on the prevalence of problem gambling among adolescents. Although males are more likely than females to gamble, problem gambling in females is not necessarily a more severe condition. Adolescents from certain ethnic groups are also more likely to be affected by problem gambling, though this is not the sole explanation. Other factors, such as socioeconomic status, may also contribute to this disparity. Here are some of the more common symptoms and causes of problem gambling in adolescents.
Signs of a gambling addiction
If you notice these symptoms, you might be facing a gambling addiction. While you may be concerned about your loved one’s behavior, these behaviors should not be ignored. These behaviors can cause you to feel anxiety, lie, and change your lifestyle. If you suspect your loved one is having problems with gambling, the first step is to talk to him or her about the problem. While you cannot force your loved one to admit that he or she has a gambling problem, you can offer support and encourage him or her to seek professional help.
Treatment options for gambling include various types of therapy. Individuals with problems related to gambling often resist therapy. But these treatments can be effective for those who wish to regain control of their lives and to repair relationships that have been damaged by excessive gambling. Behavioral therapy, also known as cognitive behavioral therapy, is a useful form of treatment that focuses on identifying and replacing negative beliefs with healthier ones. Family therapy may also be beneficial. In some cases, individuals may require the services of a psychiatrist, who will conduct an assessment.
Medications used to treat a gambling addiction
Gambling addiction (GA) is a serious psychiatric disorder with associated costs to society and the individual. Listed in DSM-5, it lacks an approved treatment guideline. Medicines used to treat GD include fluvoxamine, antidepressants, and maltrexone. Although the effectiveness of these treatments is inconsistent, they may prove beneficial for some people. A discussion with a doctor is necessary to determine if a medication trial is appropriate.
Compared to traditional casino gambling, Internet gambling presents several unique benefits and challenges, ranging from the availability of anonymity and isolated contexts to the technological complexity of Internet-based systems. While it is possible to avoid Internet-based gambling in a casino or at a land-based betting office, problem gamblers may find it difficult to resist temptation and play online. In addition to the physical dangers, Internet gambling can also result in mental health problems, such as depression, suicidal behavior, and a higher risk of psychoactive substance misuse. | <urn:uuid:5890a5f5-4683-4863-86b1-b798b98d841d> | {
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We’re asking residents to visit the sites of bearing trees and record information about remaining witness trees left in Illinois using an interactive map.
We’re looking for a special kind of tree: the historic trees that helped map the state of Illinois.
In the early 1800s, surveyors used “bearing trees,” which is commonly known as a type of witness tree, many of them oaks, as landmarks. We want to know: How many of these trees survived as witnesses to history? To help, all you need is a smartphone. You don’t need to know anything about trees or maps to become part of this living history project.
We’re asking Illinois residents to visit the sites of bearing trees on their property or on public property and record information about any remaining bearing trees. If there is no tree in that spot, what is there now? Look for witness trees near you!
Why do we want to find these trees?
Most of the bearing trees were oaks. Finding these old oaks (and other trees) is valuable to CRTI’s efforts to implement the Oak Ecosystem Recovery Plan. Finding out what has replaced them is just as valuable.
You can glimpse history; imagine what the land and the tree was like in the early 1800s.
Please do not enter private property unless you have permission nor hike off maintained trails!
Surveyor field notebooks contain a wealth of information about what the landscape was like before European settlers arrived in the region. | <urn:uuid:1f0e5865-17aa-4568-92f1-2cf2b957ed21> | {
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IMPASSIONED speeches pertaining to subjects that are political and outpourings of religious sentiment originating from events that are apparently affairs of the state are taking many by surprise. Religious zealotry of the undesirable kind is also uncomfortably visible. Religious leaders are venturing to occupy a larger part of the public space while mainstream political parties are trying to woo such elements with a view to garnering popular support in the not-too-distant general election.
Retracing the political history of the sub-continent one would find that religion was never totally detached from politics nor was it ever exclusively confined to private space. The issues that the Indian National Congress discussed and the reforms it recommended to various provincial organisations had strong religious implications. The revivalism of late 19th century and early 20th century was marked by a conceptualisation of a glorious Hindu past, believed to have been degenerated under Muslim rule and threatened by the British. This glorification of Hindu civilisation over Islamic or western often boiled down to attempts to exalt and rationalise Hindu institutions and practices.
Swami Vivekananda's evocation of Hindu glory mixed with patriotism which sought to restore the masculinity of the Indian nation denied to them by their colonial masters, had a tremendous impact on the popular mind. He became the “patron prophet” for a whole generation of extremist leaders and militant revolutionaries, dreaming the resurrection of a glorious Hindu India. Hinduism became a useful rhetoric for organising a more articulate and sometime even militant opposition to foreign rule.
In Bengal, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee portrays the mythical figure Krishna as the modern politician and a nation builder. It was in his novel Anandamath, published in 1882 that he invented an icon for the nation, the Mother Goddess, identified with the motherland. And the song Bande Mataram (hail mother) which he composed in exaltation of this once beautiful mother, became the anthem of nationalist movement in India. The imagination of this icon was clearly taken from the repertoire of Hinduism.
In Maharashtra Bal Gangadhar Tilak in alliance with the Poona revivalists frequently invoked Hindu, Brahman and Maratha glory. The use of orthodox Hindu religious symbols for political mobilisation took a more militant form in north India through the Arya Samaj and the cow-protection movement which led to widespread communal violence in 1893. This movement was later absorbed into the dominant pan-Hindu revivalist framework. Their propaganda was mainly directed against the Muslims and the Christians. The Arya Samaj developed the concept of "Suddhi", which aimed at reconversion from Christianity, Islam and Sikhism.
It was in late 19th century that Hindu community began to define their boundary more closely and began to display more communal aggressiveness. At this time Hindu mobilisation took place around the symbol of cow, which communicated a variety of cosmological constructs relevant to both the Brahmanical and devotional traditions of Hinduism.
The cow-protection movement became an issue of communal rivalry as the debate over the legal ban on cow slaughter arose. Cow slaughter had a political meaning for Muslims as it meant a symbolic assertion of freedom from Hindu supremacy. The cow was being used as a symbol for community mobilisation. There was an increasing necessity for mobilisation along community lines as constitutional questions were now being discussed, new competitive institutions were being created. This was necessary in order to register collective presence in the new public space, and the cow served as a handy symbol.
The cow-protection movement put an unmistakable Hindu stamp on the nationalist agitation. The Indian National Congress though not directly involved, remained silent and even patronising. Prominent cow protectionist leaders attended the Allahabad congress in 1893 and the Congress postures alienated the Muslims from Congress politics. Consequently, Muslim representation in Congress sessions declined drastically after 1893.
The lines drawn by cow protection were further reinforced by skilful manipulation of other available cultural symbols, such as language. In course of cultural campaign, Hindi came to be identified with the Hindus and Urdu with the Muslims. The association of political leaders with the campaign gave it an obvious political colour. The language henceforth became an important component of the cultural project of nationalism in India.
In the wake of cow-protection riots, there were also other more overt attempts to use Hindu religious and historical symbols for the purpose of political mobilisation. What followed in Maharashtra, was "the political recruitment of God Ganapati." Politics was clearly imbued in the Ganapati festival. Celebration of Hindu mythical or historical symbols became an accepted practice in Poona politics. The Hindus who previously participated in Muharram festivals in previous years, now largely flocked to the Ganapati festival. Added to this was the Shivaji festival to commemorate the coronation of Shivaji Maharaj, who was regarded as the champion of Hindu self-respect and was credited with giving particular direction to Hindu religion.
In Bengal leaders like Aurobindo Ghosh believed that the use of Hindu mythology and history was the best means to reach the masses and mobilise them in support of their politics. Religious revivalism was a main feature of new politics of early 20th century and 'Bhagavadgita' became a source of spiritual inspiration for swadeshi volunteers and Hindu religious symbols were frequently used to mobilise the masses. This alienated the Muslims in a very large measure.
Among the Bengal Muslims a distinct Muslim identity had been developing at a mass level from the early 19th century through various Islamic reform movements. These movements started purging the society of practices that were thought to be of un-Islamic origin. This gave the vast majority of Muslim peasants a sense of social mobility. Religious meetings and local associations that initiated the process had certainly helped in political mobilisation and in strengthening the argument about separate Muslim interest leading ultimately to the creation of Pakistan.
Historically speaking, the inspiration of Islam as a mobilising force for emancipation of Muslims in India cannot be ignored. The gradual Islamisation of Muslim politics in India became a necessity, notwithstanding the sufferings and dislocation of vast multitude. Political leaders, therefore, need to be circumspect to ensure that religion does not become a divisive force in the present political discourse, to the prejudice of a pluralist society.
The writer is a columnist for The Daily Star. | <urn:uuid:69c43d7f-2e62-4218-9712-0375d0cd6f80> | {
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The frog does not drink up the pond in which he lives (American Indian Saying)
In 1776 Adam Smith introduced the paradox of value: diamonds are much more expensive than water, even though water is essential to human survival. Smith’s paradox, at that time, appealed to his contemporaries as little other than a philosophical nicety – one which was readily disarmed by their belief in the virtually limitless supply of water. This natural abundance assumption, however, has today become fundamentally overturned by a series of local and international crises in the management of water recourses. Smith’s philosophical paradox, in other words, has become one of our most crucial economic and political predicaments.
On a planet where available freshwater constitutes an aggregate of less than 0.5% of all water (Barlow 2001), we need to acknowledge that the water supply is finite and that the availability of clean water per individual is similarly so. Although physical water scarcity has always existed, economic water scarcity is a specifically anthropogenic phenomenon. Rises in population, river pollution, climate change, inefficient/wasteful irrigation, lack of legislation and water mismanagement from a governmental, community and individual perspective are the main factors underpinning contemporary global water shortages. With over one billion people lacking adequate access to clean drinking water, almost 40 developing and developed countries declaring droughts, and 22 percent of the world’s GDP produced in water short areas, efficient water supply is more than likely to emerge as the 21st century’s single most urgent resource issue (Postel 2003).
Against the popular perception that water can only be traded as a consumer good within heavily branded bottles, we should observe the sheer diversity of contemporary water markets. In Texas, New Jersey, Florida and Australia, for example, the problems of water scarcity and distribution are primarily addressed through market-mechanisms. Israel and Turkey, for their part, have signed agreements for the sale and transfer of water resources (Pamukcu 2003). 70% of global water supplies are currently used in agriculture and, by 2020, it is estimated that we will need almost 20% more water to continue feeding the world (Kirby 2000). Furthermore, water banks have been established in semi-arid regions of the South-Western United States because water will become the “petroleum for the next century…by 2025 one third of the global population will not have access to adequate drinking water” (Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research, 2008). Millions of gallons of freshwater are used on a daily basis to irrigate golf courses whilst, in Sub-Saharan Africa, 43% of children drink polluted water and consequently one in five dies before the age of four (Unicef Report 2005). Gigantic jacuzzis, swimming pools and water parks represent additionally audaciously conspicuous modes of display, use and consumption of this ever dwindling resource.
It isn’t just sold in bottles!
The commodification of nature in general and of water in particular requires marketing practitioners, social scientists and policy makers alike to elaborate upon how the increased scarcity of water resources stimulates the growth of private water marketing systems which are directly opposed to the sustainability of the resource and the interests of citizens. Although the twentieth century water expansion paradigm was dominated by an ethic of growth (Gleick, 1998), it is becoming increasingly subjected to the pressure of changing social values which are themselves heavily mediated by NGO interventions. Simultaneously, lobbying for the commercialization of water resources and private sector participation has been increasing, where the effort is to treat water like any other economic good – as a series of potential growth markets which might attract significant investment. The very existence of water rights, in other words, turns rivers, lakes and sources of groundwater into exchangeable and marketable private property.
The political dimension of water markets
A specifically political dimension of growing water scarcity can be observed within transnational conflicts between nations claiming authority over the same river, lake, basin, dam or water barriers. Long-lasting water conflicts in the Middle East and North Africa, water problems in the Iberian Peninsula between Portugal and Spain, controversy for the La Plata Basin between Brazil and Paraguay, China’s tensions with downstream users of Mekong River such as Laos and Vietnam, and the sheer fact that more than 260 river basins are shared by two or more nations, all pave the way for waters’ having become a prevalent basis for military conflict. Water ‘wars’ and disputes stem from opposing and conflicting interests between individual, household, agricultural and industrial water consumers whose intentions, beliefs and actions have been shaped, since the 1980s, by those who promote water privatization and others in favour of public solutions (Bakker, 2007).
The fierce debate on the privatization of natural resources has so far been couched in terms such as “neo-liberalization of nature”, “green neoliberalism” or “liberal environmentalism” (McCarthy and Prudham, 2004). The use of such broad and somewhat confusing terminology, however, doesn’t really encapsulate the numerous water resource management policies and jurisdictions established across the world. By casting the debate antithetically: as public vs. private ownership, as state vs. market control, as regulation vs. deregulation or as equality vs. efficiency, for example, we ignore how community-based water management offers an alternative solution to market-based and state-based failures. Although the majority of governments around the world have chosen hybrid water supply delivery models, the role and importance of culture and community in sustainable market development has been woefully under-examined. By emphasizing the cultural dimensions of water, localist water governance contributes to the improvement of public health, along with the spread of a collectivist, sharing and gift-giving ethic of solidarity. Furthermore, despite the monstrous complexity which permeates the management and supply of water resources, cooperative alternatives have offered and will continue to offer viable solutions for the global South, especially in light of the fact that conventional delivery systems have tended to favour the interests of wealthy citizens and affluent neighbourhoods.
As it was in Smith’s time, water remains much more useful than diamonds. Everybody’s lives will increasingly come to depend, however, on how it comes to be exchanged.
Bakker, Karen (2007) Commons or Commodity? The debate over private sector involvement in water supply. In K. Baker (Ed.) Eau Canada: The Future of Canada’s Water. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Barlow, Maude (2001) Blue Gold: The Global Water Crisis and the Commodification of the World’s Water Supply. San Francisco: International Forum on Globalization.
Gleick, Peter (1998) “Water in crisis: paths to sustainable use.” Ecological Applications, 8(3), 571-579.
Kirby, Alex. (2000) Dawn of a Thirsty Century. (Accessed 8April) available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/755497.stm
McCarthy, James and Prudham, Scott (2004), “Neoliberal nature and the nature of neoliberalism.” Geoforum, 35(3), 275-283.
Pamukcu, Konuralp (2003), “Water trade between Israel and Turkey: a start in the Middle East?” Middle East Policy, 10(4), 87-99.
Postel, Sandra (2003), Last Oasis: facing water scarcity. 2nd ed. New York: Norton Company Ltd.
Unicef, (2005), World Water Day 2005: 4,000 children die each day from a lack of safewater. (Accessed 2 September 2011) Available at http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_25637.html | <urn:uuid:12e819ac-f2c4-422e-9fa6-5bc07a2ce60d> | {
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The carnivorous bladderwort, a mysterious aquatic plant has revealed its mysterious genome, which has fascinated scientists for a long time. Although smaller in size than most other plants, it is known to have many more genes than other plants. A new study has revealed that the aquatic plant has a smaller genome than most other plants, but it contains many more genes.
The Journal, Molecular Biology and Evolution, has published a detailed study of the intriguing aquatic plant, the carnivorous bladderwort. The study found out that the plant has a genome smaller than most other known plants, but the number of genes in it is greater than in them. Scientists explain it by comparing the plant’s genome to that of a grape genome.
The carnivorous bladderwort is made up of 80 billion DNA base pair. The grape genome, on the other hand, has size time more number of genomes. Nevertheless, the aquatic plant still has 28,500 genes while the grape has merely 23,600 genes.
The study author from the University of Buffalo, Victor Albert, after a thorough research on the plant, found out that it does not have as much “junk” DNA as other plants. These DNA are explained as those that are not responsible for immediate proteins coding. It contains merely 3% of such DNA, hence making more use of its genetic makeup than any other organism. It might be interesting to note than the human DNA contains 90% of “junk” DNA.
The study also claims that the carnivorous bladderwort has replicated its genome at least thrice in its entirety. Each time, it evaluates its DNA carefully and alters it to keep only the useful part of the composition. “It turned out that those rates of evolutionary turnover — especially the rate of loss — was incredibly high compared to other plants,” explained Albert. “The genome was subjected to some heavy duty deletion mechanisms.” | <urn:uuid:36ec6359-e505-4f79-8e49-0eba6b01b261> | {
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THE earth continues to get warmer, yet it’s feeling a lot colder outside. Over the past few weeks, subzero temperatures in Poland claimed 66 lives; snow arrived in Seattle well before the winter solstice, and fell heavily enough in Minneapolis to make the roof of the Metrodome collapse; and last week blizzards closed Europe’s busiest airports in London and Frankfurt for days, stranding holiday travelers. The snow and record cold have invaded the Eastern United States, with more bad weather predicted.
All of this cold was met with perfect comic timing by the release of a World Meteorological Organization report showing that 2010 will probably be among the three warmest years on record, and 2001 through 2010 the warmest decade on record.
How can we reconcile this? The not-so-obvious short answer is that the overall warming of the atmosphere is actually creating cold-weather extremes. Last winter, too, was exceptionally snowy and cold across the Eastern United States and Eurasia, as were seven of the previous nine winters.
For a more detailed explanation, we must turn our attention to the snow in Siberia.
Annual cycles like El Niño/Southern Oscillation, solar variability and global ocean currents cannot account for recent winter cooling. And though it is well documented that the earth’s frozen areas are in retreat, evidence of thinning Arctic sea ice does not explain why the world’s major cities are having colder winters.
But one phenomenon that may be significant is the way in which seasonal snow cover has continued to increase even as other frozen areas are shrinking. In the past two decades, snow cover has expanded across the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, especially in Siberia, just north of a series of exceptionally high mountain ranges, including the Himalayas, the Tien Shan and the Altai.Continue reading the main story
The high topography of Asia influences the atmosphere in profound ways. The jet stream, a river of fast-flowing air five to seven miles above sea level, bends around Asia’s mountains in a wavelike pattern, much as water in a stream flows around a rock or boulder. The energy from these atmospheric waves, like the energy from a sound wave, propagates both horizontally and vertically.
As global temperatures have warmed and as Arctic sea ice has melted over the past two and a half decades, more moisture has become available to fall as snow over the continents. So the snow cover across Siberia in the fall has steadily increased.
The sun’s energy reflects off the bright white snow and escapes back out to space. As a result, the temperature cools. When snow cover is more abundant in Siberia, it creates an unusually large dome of cold air next to the mountains, and this amplifies the standing waves in the atmosphere, just as a bigger rock in a stream increases the size of the waves of water flowing by.
The increased wave energy in the air spreads both horizontally, around the Northern Hemisphere, and vertically, up into the stratosphere and down toward the earth’s surface. In response, the jet stream, instead of flowing predominantly west to east as usual, meanders more north and south. In winter, this change in flow sends warm air north from the subtropical oceans into Alaska and Greenland, but it also pushes cold air south from the Arctic on the east side of the Rockies. Meanwhile, across Eurasia, cold air from Siberia spills south into East Asia and even southwestward into Europe.
That is why the Eastern United States, Northern Europe and East Asia have experienced extraordinarily snowy and cold winters since the turn of this century. Most forecasts have failed to predict these colder winters, however, because the primary drivers in their models are the oceans, which have been warming even as winters have grown chillier. They have ignored the snow in Siberia.
Last week, the British government asked its chief science adviser for an explanation. My advice to him is to look to the east.
It’s all a snow job by nature. The reality is, we’re freezing not in spite of climate change but because of it.Continue reading the main story | <urn:uuid:99ac92df-e41a-4cda-8677-58a869c7226e> | {
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How Rock And Roll Started
By Kirk Wilson, President
Not related to education but interesting, Rock & Roll music has had a long, winding and story filled history. From it’s early beginnings to the many genres it has spawned, rock and roll has come a long way.There have been a lot of arguments as to where the original term rock and roll was first used. The term rock and roll was actually a euphemism. This term was in use as early as the 1900′s. We have a record done in 1922 by Trixie Smith entitled My Man Rocks Me With One Steady Roll. The first mention of Rock and Roll as a musical style was in 1951 by disc jockey Alan Freed.
Rock & Roll became a real force by the mid-50s when Elvis Presley began to play a version of music that became known as Rockabilly which combined rock and roll music with his country and western background. Jerry Lee Lewis and Carl Perkins were two other musicians who performed rockabilly while other performers like Fats Domino and Little Richard played a different type of rock and roll music that was highly influenced by rhythm and blues. Even Johnny Cash was a rockabilly performer with his song Folsom Prison Blues back in 1956. But no matter how it started, rock and roll was a style of music here to stay. There was a bit of a lull in rock and roll music into the early 60s but British bands were covering many American rock and roll music hits along with all of the rhythm and blues records they could get their hands on and before long the Beatles and the British invasion swamped America bringing with it a resurgence of rock and roll music.
Rock & roll music has had an amazing impact throughout the world. Everything from hairstyles, clothing styles and fashion, attitudes and lifestyles, patterns of speech and language have all been influenced in some way or the other by the varied iterations of rock and roll music. | <urn:uuid:a6841735-1049-4dc6-86a3-a905a05b4579> | {
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Jun 22 2015
I recently saw the new Pixar movie, Inside Out, which follows the inner workings of a young girl’s mind. (I will be discussing the premise, rather than the plot, of the movie so only mild spoilers.) As a neuroscientist of course I was interested in the metaphors that the writers chose to represent the workings of the human brain. They made many good choices, but there was also some interesting elements missing or misplaced.
Of course, I understand this is a movie. The writers made choices to make the movie enjoyable to children as well as adults, which means they likely made some choices to keep things simple. Other choices may have been driven by the needs of the plot, and still others simply to be cute and entertaining. I get it – this wasn’t a neurology lesson. For example, IMDb notes:
“The writers considered up to 27 different emotions, but settled on five (Joy, Sadness, Disgust, Fear and Anger) to make it less complicated. Some of the major emotions that ended up being cut included Surprise, Pride, and Trust.”
But let’s explore the choices they did make, which to some degree reflect popular understanding of the basics of brain function (and is also just a fun way to talk about neuroscience). In the movie the writers use the metaphor of a command center with a control panel. For a newborn infant the control panel is a single button. As people mature the panel gets more elaborate, with more nobs and levers. The control panel is operated by different emotions. I like the metaphor of a specific emotion being “at the controls.”
The control panel itself, however, is not a good metaphor (and again, at this point I am talking about neurological accuracy, not the demands of the script and an entertaining movie). There does not appear to be any equivalent of a command center or control panel in our brains. There is no “seat of consciousness” or “global workspace.” Rather, consciousness appears to be highly distributed, with each part of the brain contributing its little bit.
The closest thing we have to a “command center” in our brains is the frontal lobes which provide executive function. These frontal networks allow us to inhibit our behavior, strategically plan our actions and goals, and act in our own long term interests. The emotions do not reside here. They live in the deeper (and more primitive) limbic system.
If I were designing a cutesy Inside Out – like metaphor for brain function, there would be multiple distributed “control panels.” There would be a raucous committee all simultaneously clamoring for control. On the lower deck would be the emotions, and next to them basic drivers like hunger. On the upper deck would be various aspects of executive function and the higher cognitive functions. These elements would be in frequent conflict, sometimes emotions winning out, at other times executive function controlling, or at least ameliorating, the emotions.
When different brain metaphors are in strong conflict then the environment could turn red with cognitive dissonance. Perhaps executive function, like a troubled monarch who has little control over their rebellious barons, has a slick adviser whispering in their ear (think Grima Wormtongue from LOTR, or a corporate attorney advising their client.) Wormtongue is the voice of rationalization, telling executive function how to make the cognitive dissonance go away by accommodating the emotions.
Executive function was completely missing from the Inside Out metaphor, and instead the emotions had direct access to the top-level control. This might have been a better metaphor for a reptile than a primate.
In the movie, personality was established by specific core memories and represented by “islands.” For example, the character had a core memory of making her first goal in hockey, establishing “hockey island” as a strong aspect of her personality. This metaphor was completely plot driven, and has no real analog in neuroscience. It is worth mentioning, however, because it is based on the assumption of the “blank slate” – the idea that people are born essentially blank and our personalities are crafted entirely out of our experiences.
This is an outdated concept. It is generally recognized within neuroscience that personality is strongly genetic and deeply coded in the brain. Obviously, there is no absolute “nature” or “nurture” and brain function is always a complex combination of inherent and learned factors. The brain is an organ that evolved specifically to interact and adapt to the environment. It also displays plasticity, meaning that it can slowly change its wiring over time based upon use and experience.
Core personality traits, however, seem to be very stable and resistant to change. They also seem to be more determined by genetics than memories.
A better metaphor for personality, therefore, could have been the architecture of the metaphorical “buildings” and structures in the brain. The design, functionality, decor, condition, tidiness and mood of the environment could convey personality, and also be stable but able to slowly change over time. Another way to represent personality could be the size and dominance of the various emotions. An angry person, for example, might have had a big hulking “anger” emotion, dominating the other emotions, and even bullying executive function.
The core memories and islands in the movie are a better metaphor for culture and ideology, which sits on top of personality. Culture and ideology are learned, and can experience a crisis which causes aspects to collapse. They also change and evolve over time more similar to the islands in the movie.
Memory was handled in a predictable way in the movie, with some good and bad aspects. I liked that memories were formed and tinted with specific emotions. I also like that memories were consolidated down to long term storage during sleep. Memories also faded over time and really faded memories were eventually dumped. One of the funniest bits in the movie was a memory of a commercial jingle, which was recalled up to central command at random times.
Otherwise, the memory metaphors did not really work. Each memory was a small glass globe, as if it were a discrete thing. In reality memories are highly networked and interconnected. They are also very malleable. In the movie a specific memory could be played back with absolute fidelity.
Rather than globes I would have used something far more transient and changeable, such as bubbles. The bubbles link up to other bubbles, fuse, morph, and also are changed by the act of trying to access them. The memories should not have been hard solid objects, but living changing interconnected things.
One funny moment in the movie is when a box of opinions and another box of facts spill and get all mixed up. One character says not to worry, just put them back all jumbled, it happens all the time. Indeed.
I loved the movie. It was very enjoyable, and I highly recommend it. If you have children the movie is especially sweet (which is usually the case with Pixar).
As a metaphor for brain function, the movie was highly problematic. Mostly accuracy was sacrificed for the plot and to keep the movie simple and entertaining. However, it is a very interesting thought experiment – how to design a metaphor that accurately captures brain function according to our best current knowledge. I do hope the movie motivates people to think about brain function, but I fear it will increase some poor brain metaphors in the public consciousness.
8 Responses to “Inside Out – A Neuroscience Metaphor”
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Reflexology is an alternative therapy that uses pressure at various points on the feet with the aim of alleviating symptoms elsewhere in the body. Its proponents claim that the feet carry a map of the rest of the body, and that pressure, for example, on the big toe can have effects in the head. Each point on the foot is said to be a 'reflex' for another part of the body. The term 'reflex' indicates a kind of mirror image (a reflection), rather than a more specific reflex mediated by nerves. In fact, the direct physical connections between the feet and other areas of the body as proposed by reflexologists have no foundation in anatomy or physiology.
Neither is there any evidence to support the idea that 'energy channels' connect the areas; in fact, the whole notion of energy and its flows, as proposed by many alternative therapists, is completely meaningless from a scientific point of view. Of course the body uses energy, but it is described by transformations between chemical, thermal, electrical and mechanical forms, and not by mystic emanations.
Another mechanism suggested by reflexologists is that accumulations of calcium salts or uric acid in the feet relate to health problems elsewhere. There is no evidence to support this theory, either. Unusual thickenings of areas of the feet can be more easily ascribed to badly-fitting shoes.
But setting aside the how, does reflexology work? As with all such alternative therapies, fans of the technique believe sincerely and strongly that it does. Reflexology is claimed to have beneficial effects on many stress-related conditions such as headaches, and on other conditions with a more direct physical cause, such as kidney stones, asthma and cataracts. Some practitioners claim to be able to diagnose conditions simply by feeling the feet, although controlled trials carried out at the University of Exeter have shown that - unless the reflexologist can talk to the patient - their success rate is no higher than would be expected by chance. There have been a number of trials of reflexology, but their results have not supported any claims of a significant benefit of the technique. The one exception to this, reported by a group in North Carolina, may be the relief of premenstrual symptoms, although the evidence for this is not strong.
Yet practitioners and many clients firmly believe that reflexology does have beneficial effects. [Read reflexology practitioner Elizabeth Rabone's personal view of the history and mechanisms of her work] The mechanisms they propose to explain the effects do not stand up to scientific scrutiny, so if the effects that people claim are real, are there more plausible mechanisms to explain them?
The benefits of certain types of massage are well documented, and massage seems to be particularly good for relief of back pain, constipation, and for improving feelings of well-being. Our sense of touch is closely linked to many beneficial physical and psychological effects learned from infancy. It is possible that the effects of reflexology are simply the result of having the feet rubbed, a process considered by many people to be relaxing and 'stress-busting'.
This could certainly explain some of the pain relief reported anecdotally following reflexology. Moreover, reducing stress has several physical benefits such as lowering blood pressure and heart rate, and, even if only temporary, these changes can have many knock-on effects throughout the body. Feelings of anxiety and depression can be reduced, and this immediately makes us feel better, regardless of physical symptoms.
Another possibility is that what reflexology is really doing is tapping into the placebo effect. This is the effect seen when patients feel better after receiving treatment that is pharmacologically inactive, such as a sugar pill. Initially dismissed as an example of poor research practice and patients' gullibility, the placebo effect is now being seriously studied, with some surprising results.
When a patient believes that they will get better, specific changes in brain activity can be seen by scanning and other techniques, and the level of the changes seems to be linked to the amount of improvement reported by the patients. We are learning more and more about the body's ability to heal itself, and it may turn out that the placebo effect is an incredibly powerful one, and underlies not just reflexology but many other therapies too.
Leuchter AF, Cook IA, Witte EA, Morgan M, Abrams M (2002) Am J. Psychiatry 159: 122-129
Oleson T, Flocco W (1993) Obstet Gynaecol 82: 906-911
Stevinson C, Ernst E (2001) Am J. Obstet Gynecol. 185: 227-235
Wager TD, Scott DJ, Zubieta J-K (2007) PNAS 104: 11056-11061
White AR, Williamson J, Hart A, Ernst E (2000) Compl Ther Med 8: 166-172
What did Kathy discover?
In her film for the Alternative Therapies series, Kathy Sykes found very little to suggest that there is a scientific basis to many of the specific claims of reflexology. She found no reliable evidence to support its defining idea – that the entire body is mapped onto the soles of the feet and by pressing particular points you can affect the corresponding areas of the body. Nor could she find any robust evidence from medical trials to back up any specific health claims. However, she did find a doctor who was using it to help make cancer patients feel relaxed during treatment and this led her to investigate the importance of massage and touch and what roles they might play in modern medicine. Find out more about the reflexology programme.
This website is provided for general information only. You should not treat it as a substitute for the medical advice of your own doctor or any other health care professional.
The BBC and the Open University are not responsible or liable for any diagnosis made by a user based on the content of the OpenLearn website.
The BBC and the Open University are not liable for the contents of any external internet sites listed, nor do they endorse any commercial product or service mentioned or advised on any of the sites. Always consult your own GP if you are in any way concerned about your health. | <urn:uuid:281a16c2-eccd-4429-b777-cf79e96d81f0> | {
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On the day Barack Obama became President of the United States, the price of a barrel of crude oil was $42.50. Today, the price is $72.39 per barrel.
That’s an increase of 70 percent during the time Obama has been President.
Why the increase? We’ve seen the recession deepen, so energy demand ought to be down. Can anyone find an explanation for this? | <urn:uuid:5b0150fb-552b-4998-a313-b8fde0ea4e81> | {
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Please see Electrical Contractor magazine for referenced Figures.
A periodic voltage sag on a single-phase line occurring approximately every 30 to 60 seconds, accompanied by a sharp increase in resistive current and/or a sharp increase in the neutral-to-ground voltage, is probably due to a laser printer, copy machine or similar type load.
One of the more typical power quality disturbances that originate within a facility is from loads that periodically turn on and off. These include such equipment as the heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system, cold beverage vending machines, and even coffeepots. As reviewed in last month’s rule, motors typically have a large inrush current when first energized, which results in a decrease in voltage or a sag at the load. The compressors used in the cooling portion of HVAC systems and vending machines have a similar effect.
The large increase in information technology equipment in offices and factories has introduced another type of load that can have a similar effect, though individually not as dramatic as one caused by a large horsepower motor. Some types of printing equipment, such as laser printers and copy machines, have heating elements within them that turn on periodically to keep the machine’s printing components “warm.”
These types of loads usually have two different power signatures. The first occurs when the heating element turns on, releasing a large increase in current into the resistive heating element, which has a lower impedance than the steady-state condition and is almost purely resistive. Therefore, the current waveform will be nearly sinusoidal, low distortion, and in phase with the voltage waveform (power factor close to 1). The period of the heating element turning on varies from product to product and is based on performance, but typically is once every 30 to 60 seconds for a second or so. This can be seen in the figures (below).
These devices also have electronics in them, so you may also see the classic single-phase, rectified-input, switching-power-supply signature. Since the bridge rectifier only conducts current when the input is larger than the output, it only conducts current in the middle portion of the cycle, when the input voltage sine wave is at a higher voltage than the voltage on the storage capacitor, which is fed by the bridge. This can be seen in the waveforms before the resistive load turns on and after it turns off.
Another lesson from these data is learned by comparing the neutral-to-ground voltage to the line current on a single-phase load. Most of the current in the line conductor flows back through the neutral conductor. (Some current may be diverted to ground, where there are filters and suppression devices on the equipment.) This current multiplied by the wiring impedance (mostly resistive) creates a voltage between neutral and ground. Hence, this voltage waveform and the current waveform have similar shapes. This can be clearly seen in Figures 1 and 2. In addition, since half of the voltage drop in the source impedance is in the line conductor and half is in the neutral conductor, the swell in the neutral-to-ground voltage is equal to half of the line-to-neutral sag, but much like the mirror image, as shown in Figure 1. EC
BINGHAM, manager of products and technology for Dranetz-BMI in Edison, N.J., can be reached at 732.287.3680. | <urn:uuid:24482005-60f6-440b-affe-4f30bb04584e> | {
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Stephen Scott on the Old Colony Mennonites:
People known as Old Colony Mennonites occupy large tracts in the state of Chihuahua near Cuatemoc and Casas Grandes and in Durango.
These German-speaking people emigrated from Manitoba and Saskatchewan in western Canada in the 1920s. They came to North America in the 1870s from Russia. The name, “Old Colony,” derives from their origin at Chortitza, the oldest Mennonite settlement in Russia. The Russian settlers were originally from Prussia and the Prussian Mennonites can be traced to Holland.
So, the Old Colony group represents the Old Order element of Dutch Mennonitism, a separate branch from the Swiss Mennonites from which the Amish and Old Order Mennonites descend. The Old Colony Mennonites emerged as a distinct group in the 1880s in Manitoba.
All photos were taken by Jordi Busque. The first three are from the Riva Palacios Colony in Bolivia. Starting in the 1950’s, large groups of Mennonites left the Mexican settlements and established communities in Bolivia, Belize, and Paraguay. Scott says that “this last emigration represents the ultra-conservative element among the Old Colonies”.
Scott explains that Old Colony Mennonites took advantage of discarded automobiles, stripping them down until only the chassis remained, and then converting them to two horse wagons known as “Karrenwagen” (auto-wagons).
I found these photos interesting because you can see the type of transportation used in this settlement. The vehicles seen in the first three shots look smaller than the ones Scott presents in his book, with more of a converted-golf cart appearance.
This family, parents and ten children, resides in Durango in Mexico.
Cheesemaking is an important occupation in some communities. Pinondi Colony.
Children on their way to school, Swift Current Colony in Chihuahua.
More of Jordi Busque’s Old Colony Mennonite photography.
Text source: Plain Buggies: Amish, Mennonite, and Brethren Horse-Drawn Transportation by Stephen Scott. | <urn:uuid:940ac7c7-938d-4db3-b181-6b60dce3ff8c> | {
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How many milliare in 1 fall [English]?
The answer is 4640.0541271989.
We assume you are converting between milliare [Rome] and fall [English].
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The SI base unit for length is the metre.
1 metre is equal to 676.5899864682 milliare, or 0.14581510644503 fall [English].
Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results.
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Click to view rendering of the Lab
Capture of wind, sun and rain.
Those were the critical elements of a sustainable Marine Biology Laboratory design that won a team of Carnegie Mellon University architecture students — Dan Addis (A'12), Eui Song Kim (A'13) and Jensen Ying (A'13) — first place in an international competition.
Their creative problem-solving skills were challenged with a weak electrical grid, unreliable septic systems and droughts affecting the proposed area for the lab off of St. Croix in the Virgin Islands.
"We were taught that the best sustainable design is simple and natural," said Kim.
They started by shaping the complex to capture wind from a courtyard area they proposed at the center of the place, which allows for natural conditioning in many of the lab spaces. Spray from the proposed courtyard fountain is picked up by the wind and cools people nearby. Hallways are positioned outside of the building naturally expelling hot air from the complex.
This orientation of the complex maximizes northern and southern exposure to take full advantage of solar power generation while allowing effective day lighting from the north.
The team addressed energy and domestic hot water demands via a photovoltaic solar-thermal array on most of the buildings.
"We knew we had to stay off the weak electrical grid, so knowing the strength of the sun in St. Croix, solar power generation was the obvious choice," said Addis. "Solar panels become inefficient the hotter they get. We were able to capture this energy and use it to heat domestic hot water."
Droughts and a limited groundwater supply along with unreliable septic tank systems presented a major challenge.
"Our design collects all of the rainwater that falls onsite. And all of our sewage is treated and cleaned. Our system uses plant life and microbial bacteria, snails, fish and different plant-like organisms to bring the water to near potable," he said. "We don't waste any water. Everything is recycled."
Along the way, the CMU team worked alongside experts in the field like Vivian Loftness, Gerry Mattern and Gary Moshier to find tangible solutions.
Ying's role in the project served to coordinate the team's vision and execution.
"It is my hope that the sustainability mindset becomes standard for all practicing architects and designers," Ying said. "Every site has its constraints and benefits. We as architects should be able to observe these constraints and turn them into opportunities that drive the design process."
Kim added, "If this center is going to be built, it's got to benefit a lot of people. And we wanted to make sure we were as seamless as possible at blending with the surrounding community of 50,000 people and a nearby national park."
The jury commented that the project shows a well-documented and thorough sustainable systems analysis and demonstrates a thoughtful, integrated approach to the design process, adding that the proposed lab systems, particularly the HVAC systems, are practical and site specific, while the design of the community space is creative and inviting.
"CMU is one of the best schools in the country for sustainable design," said Addis. "The architecture program has a strong foot in sustainability. It pushes the envelope."
He added, "Our project is a new frontier in architecture. With the economy and environmental concerns, ours are the kinds of solutions that need to happen." | <urn:uuid:030f811c-942b-4079-81cc-3fb0939e1635> | {
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The picture is of a documentary I watched last night. The documentary follows ten volunteers, half have a psychiatric disorder, and the other half do not. Over five days the group are put through a series of challenges under the observation of a panel of mental health clinicians. Can the clinicians correctly identify and diagnose the individuals within the group? Can you?
The idea behind this documentary comes from a psychological experiment conducted in the 1970s by psychologist David Rosenhan. The Rosenhan experiment asked some "pseudopatients" (healthy volunteers) to report that they heard voices to admissions clinics. All were admitted into a psychiatric clinic and given a diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder. Despite telling hospital staff that they felt fine and no longer experienced auditory hallucinations, the pseudopatients were only released upon admitting that they had a mental illness and by agreeing to take antipsychotic medication. The average length of stay was 19 days (!)
Although there are plenty of scientific flaws in the documentary and the psychological experiment, they are both worthy social studies for showing the public, and reminding mental health professionals, how subjective our judgements on mental disorder can be.
Keen to hear your thoughts...
Click here to watch Part 1 of the documentary.
Click here to watch Part 2 of the documentary
Click here to read David Rosenhan's paper published in Science titled "Being sane in insane places". | <urn:uuid:632eaffb-e703-4180-b0c1-e4c7fe2c65b2> | {
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from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- n. A vitreous, usually opaque, protective or decorative coating baked on metal, glass, or ceramic ware.
- n. An object having such a coating, as in a piece of cloisonné.
- n. A coating that dries to a hard glossy finish: nail enamel.
- n. A paint that dries to a hard glossy finish.
- n. Anatomy The hard, calcareous substance covering the exposed portion of a tooth.
- transitive v. To coat, inlay, or decorate with enamel.
- transitive v. To give a glossy or brilliant surface to.
- transitive v. To adorn with a brightly colored surface.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- n. An opaque, glassy coating baked onto metal or ceramic objects.
- n. A coating that dries to a hard, glossy finish.
- n. The hard covering on the exposed part of a tooth.
- v. to coat or decorate something with enamel
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- n. A variety of glass, used in ornament, to cover a surface, as of metal or pottery, and admitting of after decoration in color, or used itself for inlaying or application in varied colors.
- n. A glassy, opaque bead obtained by the blowpipe.
- n. That which is enameled; also, any smooth, glossy surface, resembling enamel, especially if variegated.
- n. The intensely hard calcified tissue entering into the composition of teeth. It merely covers the exposed parts of the teeth of man, but in many animals is intermixed in various ways with the dentine and cement.
- n. Any one of various preparations for giving a smooth, glossy surface like that of enamel.
- n. A cosmetic intended to give the appearance of a smooth and beautiful complexion.
- transitive v. To lay enamel upon; to decorate with enamel whether inlaid or painted.
- transitive v. To variegate with colors as if with enamel.
- transitive v. To form a glossy surface like enamel upon
- transitive v. To disguise with cosmetics, as a woman's complexion.
- intransitive v. To practice the art of enameling.
- adj. Relating to the art of enameling.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. In ceramics, a vitrified substance, either transparent or opaque, applied as a coating to pottery and porcelain of many kinds.
- n. In the fine arts, a vitreous substance or glass, opaque or transparent, and variously colored, applied as a coating on a surface of metal or of porcelain (see def. 1) for purposes of decoration.
- n. Enamel-work: a piece or sort of work whose chief decorative quality lies iu the enamel itself: as, a fine piece of cloisonné enamel; a specimen of enamel à jour.
- n. Any smooth, glossy surface resembling enamel, but produced by means of varnish or lacquer, or in some other way not involving vitrification: as, the enamel of enameled leather, paper, slate, etc.
- n. In anatomy, the hardest part of a tooth; the very dense, smooth, glistening substance which crowns a tooth or coats a part of its surface: distinguished from dentin and from cement.
- n. Figuratively, gloss; polish.
- n. In cosmetics, a coating applied to the skin, giving the appearance of a beautiful complexion.
- To lay enamel upon; cover or decorate with enamel.
- To form a glossy surface like enamel upon: as, to enamel cardboard; specifically, to use an enamel upon the skin.
- To variegate or adorn with different colors.
- To practise the use of enamel or the art of enameling.
- n. The firm white substance which covers the bony scales of some ganoid fishes.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- n. any smooth glossy coating that resembles ceramic glaze
- n. a colored glassy compound (opaque or partially opaque) that is fused to the surface of metal or glass or pottery for decoration or protection
- n. a paint that dries to a hard glossy finish
- v. coat, inlay, or surface with enamel
- n. hard white substance covering the crown of a tooth
When this is not applied the filing does not, by destroying what we term the enamel, diminish the whiteness of the teeth; but the use of betel renders them black if pains be not taken to prevent it.
Absolutely thick molar enamel is consistent with large body size estimates and dietary inferences about Gigantopithecus blacki, which focus on tough or fibrous vegetation.
And you get to pick from the popular stainless steel, to the porcelain enamel, stone blend, metal or any other fancy types.
- An almost 50% increase in enamel defects, which indicates malnutrition
Mijares, who has exhibited across the country and abroad, is well-known to Jerseyans for her four large scale porcelain enamel murals in Union City's Bergenline Avenue light-rail station.
Dental enamel is the hardest tissue produced by the body.
But I think what you are referring to are Italian style espresso cups in enamel, presumably more decorative than plain graniteware.
The inclusion of a glossary of terms may have given readers who were novice artists the confidence to discuss the aesthetics and expectations of different painting techniques; de Massoul includes clear descriptions of painting in enamel (most solid and durable but the most difficult), mosaic, fresco, gouache, miniature, watercolor, pastel, and crayon.
Mr. Grignion attended and gave an account that the Workman he had employed to examine the Enamel had acquainted him that the enamel is not so good as that produced the last year.
The painting with vitreous colours on glass depends entirely on the same principles as painting in enamel, and he manner of executing it is likewise the same, except that in this the transparency of the colours being indispensably requisite no substance can be used to form them but such as vitrify perfectly, since, without such vitrification, there can be no transparency. | <urn:uuid:093d4555-8a89-46ad-8a76-69dba603c8e7> | {
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Apples are versatile fruits.
In generally, it’s a common saying that apples are versatile fruits. There are 15 benefits. 1. Get whiter, healthier teeth 2. Avoid Alzheimer’s 3. Protect against Parkinson’s 4. Curb all sorts of cancers 5. Decrease your risk of diabetes 6. Reduce cholesterol 7. Get a healthier heart 8. Prevent gallstones 9. Beat diarrhea and constipation 10. Neutralize irritable bowel syndrome 11. Avert hemorrhoids 12. Control your weight 13. Detoxify your liver 14. Boost your immune system 15. Prevent cataracts. In the other hand, there some risks and precautions. No serious side effects are linked to apple consumption. Apple seeds contain cyanide, a powerful poison. Eating too many apple seeds can potentially be fatal. Apple seeds should not be consumed. | <urn:uuid:bac6b902-71a3-44b3-8428-9766158a56af> | {
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It takes a trained ear to hear the difference between *beep* and *beeep*, but that’s exactly how rangers at East Africa’s first community conservancy use audible frequencies from what is called “telemetry” to track critically-endangered black rhinos.
CNN and National Geographic Traveler recently featured the Sera Community Conservancy for their protection of the rhinos and it’s newly added rhino tracking experience. Sera has teamed up with a new camp in the area to offer a walking safari that allows guests to actively contribute to the protection of the iconic species.
Since the conservancy’s creation, they have had a 100% success rate of protection from poachers. Now, more than 700 black rhinos inhabit Kenya. The hard work of the communities in Sera has also shaped better rangeland management that has brought back several other wildlife species, including elephant and zebra.
Safari Experts seeks to fund suppliers who actively support conservation and sustainable community development. Contact us to learn how we can help you plan your rhino tracking experience! | <urn:uuid:662fd454-06a4-4905-96bb-ed6f0644068f> | {
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TORONTO - With swine flu viruses now showing they can infect humans, pigs and turkeys, scientists will be looking closely for genetic evidence of whether the viruses change in potentially dangerous ways as they pass from one species to another.
Unfortunately, the first known case where the virus likely passed from people to pigs back to people won't provide any answers.
The head of Canada's National Microbiology Laboratory has revealed his lab couldn't isolate viruses from respiratory specimens collected from two federal employees who became infected while investigating an outbreak of the novel H1N1 virus on an Alberta pig farm.
Though the two Canadian Food Inspection Agency inspectors tested positive for the pandemic flu virus, lab technicians would have to have found live viruses in their specimens to be able to compare them to those of viruses isolated from pigs on the farm and from other humans.
"We weren't able to isolate virus from what we got. So we haven't really sequenced anything," Dr. Frank Plummer said in an interview Friday.
"It's too bad, but I think that's just the way it is."
It's not uncommon that specimens don't yield viruses for study. But in this case it is unfortunate. Scientists would have liked to have seen whether the cycling through different species created changes in the viruses - and what kind of changes.
"It absolutely would have been very interesting," said Plummer, who admitted without live viruses "there's nothing really more to be done."
The pandemic virus was first found in people in mid-April. Late this week officials in Chile announced they had found the virus in turkeys - a species known to be susceptible to influenza viruses.
Though it is largely comprised of swine influenza genes, there is no evidence the virus is spreading in pig populations or that pigs are fuelling the spread among humans. In fact, in the handful of cases where the virus was found in pig herds - in Canada, Argentina and Australia - the presumption has been that people have infected pigs, not the other way around.
The first such case occurred in mid-to-late April in Alberta, on a pig farm near Rocky Mountain House.
It's not known and may never be known who introduced the virus into the pig population, but CFIA believes the source was human. And the agency also believes two of its inspectors who investigated the outbreak and came down shortly thereafter with swine flu picked up the virus in the piggery. The men admitted they took off their protective equipment because they were hot.
As for the viruses isolated from the pigs, the National Centre for Foreign Animal Diseases - the animal counterpart to Plummer's lab - is continuing to study the genetic sequences of those viruses.
But the lab's director, Dr. Soren Alexandersen, said the isolates don't seem to contain any significant changes when compared to the genetic sequences of the viruses circulating in people.
"They are very similar and more than 99 per cent similar," Alexandersen said. "There's nothing that looks specific or interesting at this point."
The lab, which shares a campus with the National Microbiology Laboratory, is also sequencing virus samples taken from a pig herd in Quebec where the novel H1N1 virus was found.
That work isn't yet completed, but Alexandersen said the picture so far is much like the one seen with the Alberta pig isolates.
"Nothing interesting or particular. It's again very, very similar," he said. | <urn:uuid:36e86bd1-4aee-4c5b-890c-cb2429ffbcbe> | {
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Understanding your body
Your reproductive health
Getting your period
Getting enough sleep
Looking and feeling your best
Getting help with your health
Links to more information
Croup is a viral infection in the upper airway, around the vocal cords and windpipe. Swelling in this area causes a barking cough. Croup, most often seen in the fall, can affect kids up to age 5.
Frequent hand washing and avoiding contact with people who have respiratory infections are the best protection against the spread of viruses that cause croup.
Reviewed by: Steven Dowshen, MD
Date reviewed: April 2014
Note: All information is for educational purposes only. For specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor.
This site is owned and maintained by the Office on Women's Health in the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Healthat the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
USA.gov | FindYouthInfo.gov | <urn:uuid:5711e2e4-939a-43c3-9a2b-3fc60d682ae4> | {
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Around the world, governments are jostling to be at the forefront of new technologies. Policies range from tax breaks, research grants, and science parks to subsidising innovative start-ups and favouring domestic firms when buying technology. Some of this is undoubtedly helpful in driving technological development. However, adoption, not invention, is the main driver of economic growth in most countries.
True, the US economy is boosted by the new digital companies like Google, Facebook and Apple, but competitive pressures mean that the benefits of new technologies overwhelmingly go to the users rather than the producers. Especially for emerging markets (EMs), fast adoption is key and represents a massive opportunity for accelerated economic growth in the future. The rapid spread of mobile, the cloud, big data, the ‘internet of things’ and drones is leading a third wave of digitisation, following on from the personal computer and Internet in the 1990s and mainframes in the 1970s. Close behind are artificial intelligence systems (AI), 3D printing, robotics and driverless cars. Digital technology is a ‘general purpose technology’ or GPT, similar in its effects to earlier revolutions like the domestication of animals or electricity.
Technology will bring profound change
The three ‘Cs’ of computing, connectivity and copying are coming together to disrupt business models and bring profound economic change. If Moore’s Law holds, as most experts expect, computer power will be 32 times greater by 2025, doubling every two years. Connectivity has become ubiquitous, with Wi-Fi, mobile and other technologies linking people and machines on a real-time basis. Copying of software and content costs virtually nothing; information can be shared and transported with total ease, across the room or around the world.
As long as they embrace change, developed markets stand to gain from all of this, with a surge in business investment, which will boost lacklustre growth in productivity and GDP. In recent years, we have not seen much evidence of this effect, but the example of electricity in the early 20th century suggests that GPTs can slow productivity growth initially, until businesses figure out how to use them.
Fear of technology causing mass unemployment in the West is misplaced. Routine jobs will continue to be replaced by machines, but the experience of rapid technological change in the last 200 years tells us that new jobs will always be created. Moreover, such jobs tend to be better paid, safer and more pleasant.
Meanwhile, for many EMs, adoption poses a challenge, as well as an opportunity. Many are still struggling to spread older technologies, such as clean water and rapid transport, beyond the big cities: more than two-thirds of Africans still live without electricity. New technologies offer some scope for leapfrogging, as people and companies use innovations such as mobile banking instead of bank branches, delivery drones ahead of better roads, and solar power ahead of electricity grids. But all these still require higher investment, more trade and improved education.
For a full version of this article click here | <urn:uuid:85ce5aef-30fa-47b8-93ee-48c99cbbf7e7> | {
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Early Universe - The Research
KIPAC researchers are heavily focused on understanding the origin of the early universe, a period in which very different rules of physics were at play in the cosmos than those that govern it now. It is believed that the universe began with very high energies. To tease apart the forces that touched off the universe’s expansion – some 14 billion years ago -- KIPAC scientists are using an array of instruments such as telescopes and satellites to look as far away and as far back in time as possible.
Among the most important observational tools in KIPAC’s exploration of the early universe are instruments that measure irregularities in the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation, such as the WMAP and Planck satellites. By looking at the distribution of the irregularities in the Cosmic Microwave Background, for example, KIPAC researchers are attempting to reconstruct the quantum conditions of the early universe and understand the laws governing its dynamics at the beginning. By looking back, scientists may also deduce the existence of new particles, forces or dimensions in existence during the universe’s first moments and, in turn, gain a more comprehensive understanding of the laws of the present universe. | <urn:uuid:230872c8-2d92-4bea-9be4-cf64da847aec> | {
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Populations on continental islands are often distinguishable from mainland conspecifics with respect to body size, appearance, behaviour or life history, and this is often congruent with genetic patterns. It is commonly assumed that such differences developed following the complete isolation of populations by sea-level rise following the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). However, population divergence may predate the LGM, or marine dispersal and colonization of islands may have occurred more recently; in both cases, populations may have also diverged despite ongoing gene flow. Here, we test these alternative hypotheses for the divergence between wedge-tailed eagles from mainland Australia (Aquila audax audax) and the threatened Tasmanian subspecies (Aquila audax fleayi), based on variation at 20 microsatellite loci and mtDNA. Coalescent analyses indicate that population divergence appreciably postdates the severance of terrestrial habitat continuity and occurred without any subsequent gene flow. We infer a recent colonization of Tasmania by marine dispersal and cannot discount founder effects as the cause of differences in body size and life history. We call into question the general assumption of post-LGM marine transgression as the initiator of divergence of terrestrial lineages on continental islands and adjacent mainland, and highlight the range of alternative scenarios that should be considered.
|Journal||Proceedings of The Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences|
|Publication status||Published - 30 Oct 2013|
- Inbreeding depression
- Last glacial maximum
- Marine dispersal
- Sea level | <urn:uuid:8d05128f-eef0-4f67-ac72-3ec92ba86a4a> | {
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Was it last year? The year before? Guess when this international meeting was held:
What started as a routine international meeting of 300 scientists, government officials, climatologists and activists in Toronto turned into an urgent call for action on the threat of global warming and climate change.
‘Humanity is conducting an unintended, uncontrolled, globally pervasive experiment whose ultimate consequences could be second only to global nuclear war,’ said the conference summary statement. ‘Far-reaching impacts will be caused by global warming… as a result of the continued growth in atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. The best predictions available indicate potentially severe economic and social dislocation for present and future generations, which will worsen international tensions and increase risk of conflicts between and within nations. It is imperative to act now.’
Well actually it wasn’t last year or even last decade. The meeting was held in 1988 and it was reported in the special issue of the New Internationalist magazine Global Warming: how to turn down the heat.
Ahhhh. Did someone really say our action on climate change should be slowed?
The New Internationalist mini-eBook Climate Change Denial provides some memorable tools for debunking the myths of the climate change deniers. | <urn:uuid:d15f8b0c-28cf-48e6-ac16-b0ec26e86be7> | {
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Recently, studies have shown that people with musical training are better at picking out emotional cues in sound than people without the same musical background.
A team of neuroscientists at Northwestern University compared the auditory brainstem responses of musicians and non-musicians to different emotion-laden human sounds, like crying babies.
The results were not exactly what the researchers expected. They found that musicians’ brainstems paid attention to a more complex part of the sound known to carry more emotional elements. But their brains tended to de-emphasize the simpler part of the sound, which carries less emotional content. This wasn’t true for non-musicians.
The more musical experience and training a musician had, the more their nervous systems seemed able to process emotion in sound. The auditory centers in their brainstems showed a greater response than those of the non-musicians to these complex sound cues. | <urn:uuid:14fc9370-ab9c-40a7-bae1-627d9598a42b> | {
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Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, long time school fellows of Hamlet. Hamlet's friends who would stand by him through thick and thin, or loyal subjects of a treacherous king that would turn on Hamlet at the drop of a hat. They are asked to the castle by the king and queen to find out what is troubling Hamlet. They are used by Claudius. And they bring Hamlet to his death.
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern make their first appearance in the play when they are summoned by the king and queen. They are long time friends of Hamlet, and because of this the king and queen believe that they can find out what is troubling Hamlet. When they first appear we see them as loyal subjects to the king and as caring friends of Hamlet. When they first speak to Hamlet in the play he tells them that "Denmark's a prison." Or rather it is to him because of his bad dreams. When asked why they are at Elsinore. They say, "To visit you, my lord; no other occasion." They do not tell Hamlet that they were sent for by the king, or that they are here to find out what troubles him. However Hamlet knows that they were sent for, and when he asks them directly they hesitate before they answer.
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are used by the king. They betray the trust of Hamlet by working for the king in return for a hefty reward. Hamlet is no longer fooled by their false friendship. He sees them as enemies, as "adders fanged". It is at this point in the play that we see Rosencrantz and Guildenstern as loyal subjects as his majesty and not as friends of Hamlet. Hamlet describes them as, "[a sponge] that soaks up the King's countenance, his rewards, his authorities. But such officers do the King best service in the end. He keeps them, like an ape, in the corner of his jaw; first mouthed, to be last swallowed. When he needs what you have gleaned, it is but squeezing you and, sponge, you shall be dry again." Hamlet knows that they are loyal to the king and for this reason he keeps his "antic disposition" when he is around them.
In the final scenes with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern the king has them set off for England with Hamlet. Supposedly to get him away from Denmark after the killing of Polonius, but in actuality they are bringing him along with orders for his execution. This is the final proof that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are devoted to the king and do not care about Hamlet. However, all turns out o.k. when Hamlet switches the letter with one he forged telling England to execute Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. He can do this with a clear conscience because he believes that they are guilty by association with Claudius.
Were Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Hamlet's friends, or were they merely pawns in Claudius' web of deceit? If they were truly Hamlet's friends and they wanted to help him they would have been honest from the beginning. However, perhaps they were just loyal subjects to the king and they did not know what they were doing was wrong. The truth is that Shakespeare is not very clear on the details of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern and we can never be entirely sure of what they were thinking. | <urn:uuid:ba510872-955c-4de4-ab50-343daa5969ca> | {
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How to Measure Mobile Signal
It is always good to determine the signal you receive before you deploy your solution and compare it to the end result after implementation.
Measuring mobile signal is done in two ways, using the signal bars on your mobile device or obtaining exact readings.
The signal bars on your mobile device will offer a very basic interpretation of the mobile signal and also the signal quality. Each phone manufacturer calculates how many bars to display differently, resulting in different readings between phones in the same location.
It is important to stress that signal bars do not always mean you can make a call. Users will sometimes have signal bars, but cannot place a call due to network congestion.
The bars on your phone are a representation of both signal strength and the quality of the signal. As we have progressed from GSM, 3G and now 4G, the quality of the signal has become just an important as the signal strength level in determining your quality of service.
Users with five bars may have a low signal strength reading, but have excellent signal quality. iPhone – iOS 7 takes into account the signal strength, signal quality and also the number of people using the base station to determine how many bars are displayed.
This helps to prevent a user thinking they can place a call when they have several bars.
Other Phones – only takes into account the signal strength in dBm and the signal quality in determining how many bars to display.
The other way to measure signal is using exact readings from your phone. To access these readings you need either to put your phone into service mode or download a signal App. There are several measurements that determine the quality of your mobile signal:
Signal Strength – GSM & 3G/HSPA (RSSI) Applicable to GSM and 3G networks. The exact signal strength, often called Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI), is measured in dBm. The dBm scale is roughly between -50 and -120dBm, with -50 being perfect signal and -120 being when you fall off the network. RSSI measures both the usable signal and the noise in a single figure.
- -50 to -75 dBm – High Signal
- -76 to -90 dBm – Medium Signal
- -91 to -100 dBm – Low Signal
- -101db to -120 dBm – Poor Signal
4G/LTE (RSRP) LTE signal strength is measured on a different scale than 3G/HSPA, it is measured in Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP). This often ends up being around -20dBm lower than RSSI, so - 100dBm (RSSI) would equate to around -120dbm (RSRP).
RSCP = RSSI + Ec/Io RSRP does a much more accurate job of measuring signal strength than RSSI, as it excludes noise and interference on the network, measuring just the usable portion of the signal.
Just because RSRP signals appear lower, it will not mean your signal is worse.
- -75dBm and -88dBm is a strong signal
- -89dBm and -96dBm is a very good signal
- -97dBm and -105dBm is good
- -106dBm and -112dBm is fair
- -113dBm and -125dBm is poor
SNR - The “Signal to Noise Ratio” is a measurement that compares the signal strength to the level of background noise. The higher the SNR the better your signal quality will be.
The SNR reading will be automatically calculated by the base station in dB. On the SNR scale 4 is poor and 25 is great.
ASU - "Arbitrary Strength Unit" is a value that is proportional to your RSRP. The higher the number the better your signal quality.
ASU = RSRP + 140, so if you have a RSRP of -100dBm, then the ASU will be 40.
Ec/Io - Very similar to SNR above, this measurement is the ratio of signal to interference. With the best being around -10 and the worst quality being around -40.
RSRQ - Reference Signal Received Quality is the ratio of usable signal to noise and interference measured in
Field Test, Service and Engineering Modes
To access the exact readings you need to go into your phones field test mode or into the phones settings to get the current network status.
Field test mode is entered by typing a code into the phones keypad, with each phone model having it’s own unique code.
iPhone - dial *3001#12345#* into the keypad and press call.
Android - You can view the db reading by going into Settings > About Phone. For service mode enter *#0011# into the keypad.
ZTE/Telstra Phones For service mode enter *983*3641# into the keypad. To exit service mode enter *983*3640# | <urn:uuid:7353ac15-37ef-4e02-a0c7-f8ed4ca2af20> | {
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If your PC or Laptop is password protected, you have to enter the password before enter in computer. And once if you admitted in computer by providing the correct administrator password, then you don’t need to provide old password to change the admin password. It can be possible only by using command prompt.
It is really a funny trick and may be useful for many users of PCs and Laptops. One thing here which you need to remember that without run as Administrator, you can not implement this trick.
Actually, it really seems funny when you want to change the password of someone’s PC but you don’t know the current password of that PC. In this condition ask for their PC or Laptop to run for a while. Now type the following commands in command prompt(cmd).
Open command prompt by run it as administrator.
Command Prompt>>Run as Administrator
Type command Net Users to see the user accounts of Windows.
Command prompt screen with net users command
Now if you want to change password of Administrator, type the command Net Users Administrator * and hit Enter. Now you will see new line to type a new password for administrator.
Command Prompt>>Type a new password
So,now type a new password to change the current password. Let’s see the last step of this funny trick of cmd.
Password changed successfully using cmd
At last,you have done! Two another things that’s my duty to tell you that whenever you type the password in cmd then you can’t see the numbers or characters you have entered. You have to keep in mind the letters and retype again. And if you not log in as Administrator, you will an error message like system error 5 has occurred…..Access is denied. So keep in mind you have to log in as Administrator. | <urn:uuid:631aae88-8131-437d-9a63-f0716630077b> | {
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MAYAN BALLGAME HAD ASTRONOMICAL FUNCTION, EXPERTS DISCOVER IN THE YUCATAN’S RIVIERA MAYA
Experts: Mayan Ballgame Had Astronomical Function
MEXICO CITY – Restoration works at Chichen Itza, just a few miles away from world reknown Tulum in The Mayan Riviera, have confirmed the hypothesis that the ballgame played in that ancient Mayan city in southeastern Mexico had an astronomical function, the National Anthropology and History Institute, or INAH, said.
After almost two years of restoration and preservation work, the Great Ballcourt at Chichen Itza, at 120 meters (130 yards) long the largest in Mesoamerica, is gradually recovering its original appearance with the reincorporation of different elements, including the five “passages” that the ancient Mayas built on the site.
The passages are structures that, according to recent studies, were used to observe the path of the sun during the equinoxes and solstices, INAH said in a communique.
Archaeologist Jose Huchim, coordinator of the Chichen Itza comprehensive conservation project, said that observers were possibly stationed in those structures to follow the game and see if the ball went through the vertical stone ring and make sure players hit the ball according to the rules of the ritual.
Huchim said that 25 years ago, when he was studying archaeology, he observed the site with his then-professor Victor Segovia, a pioneer in the study of pre-Colombian astronomy, because both were convinced that the passages were oriented to the equinoxes and solstices.
“We found that the central passage did have an orientation that permitted a view of the equinoxes – that’s why we thought it important to restore all five to determine whether all of them were built in line with the extreme (nearest and farthest) distances of the sun from the equator,” he said.
Last year, as part of the comprehensive restoration project of the ballcourt, which dates back to 864 A.D., “we returned the five passages to 90 percent of their original form,” the INAH researcher said.
“I began making astronomical observations and could prove that one of them marks the winter solstice, while the central passages marked the equinoxes, and those toward the north, the summer solstice,” he said.
He recalled that for pre-Colombian Mayas, the sun was a vital element in their rituals for marking the change of seasons and to begin preparing the land for growing maize – the ball is an analogy of the sun and the movements of the game are an analogy of the sun’s trajectory.
“The arc of the sun, which rises in the east, reaches its zenith and disappears in the west, at a certain moment was reproduced with the movement of the ball during the ritual,” Huchim said. EFE | <urn:uuid:2a108bde-ada0-451c-9b3e-6a6f12c3598e> | {
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Glossary of "Ecology (6th ed.)" by Krebs (2009)
- organism that obtains energy from the sun and materials from inorganic sources; contrast with heterotroph. Most plants are autotrophs.
Glossary of "Plant Biology (1st ed.)" by Graham et al. (2003)
- An organism that is capable of producing its own organic food from inorganic materials.
Glossary of "Biology (3rd ed.)" by Hardin & Bajema (1978)
- an organism that can use CO2 as its only source of carbon.
Glossary of "Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet (2nd ed.)" by Botkin & Keller (1998)
- An organism that produces its own food from inorganic compounds and a source of energy. There are photoautotrophs (photosynthetic plants) and chemical autotrophs.
- Botkin, D. B. & Keller, E. A. 1998. Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet, 2nd ed. -xxxxii + 649 pp. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
- Graham, L. E., Graham, J. M. & Wilcox, L. W. 2003. Plant Biology. -xxxv + 497 pp. Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River.
- Hardin, G. & Bajema, C. 1978. Biology, its Principles and Implications, third edition. -x + 790 pp. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco.
- Krebs, C. J. 2009. Ecology, 6th ed. -xvi + 655 pp. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco. | <urn:uuid:fae3eb63-7de6-4cdb-ab6e-f166de074ba0> | {
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Definitions of upland
n. - High land; ground elevated above the meadows and intervals which lie on the banks of rivers, near the sea, or between hills; land which is generally dry; -- opposed to lowland, meadow, marsh, swamp, interval, and the like. 2
n. - The country, as distinguished from the neighborhood of towns. 2
a. - Of or pertaining to uplands; being on upland; high in situation; as, upland inhabitants; upland pasturage. 2
a. - Pertaining to the country, as distinguished from the neighborhood of towns; rustic; rude; unpolished. 2
The word "upland" uses 6 letters: A D L N P U.
No direct anagrams for upland found in this word list.
List shorter words within upland, sorted by length
All words formed from upland by changing one letter
Browse words starting with upland by next letter | <urn:uuid:d40736fb-1d37-4b80-aecc-aeccc1c9f7c0> | {
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Curtis Clark, ASC
A Controversial Beginning
As anyone involved with feature film and/or TV production knows, cinematography has recently been experiencing acceleration in the routine use of digital motion picture cameras as viable alternatives to shooting with film. The beginning of this transitional process started with George Lucas in April 2000.
When Lucas received the first 24p Sony F900 HD camera to shoot Star Wars Episode II, Attack of the Clones, cinematography was introduced to what was the beginning of perhaps the most disruptive motion imaging technology in the history of motion picture production. The initial marketing hype that accompanied 24p 8-bit 4:2:2 HD video claiming "film is dead” effectively and prematurely undermined any potential that digital cinematography might have had back then for establishing an early beach head toward industry acceptance.
What was missing at that time was a clear understanding of the requirements for a ‘digital motion picture camera’ that would be able to go beyond the imaging constraints of broadcast TV-based HD toward the image capture capabilities of motion picture film.
The majority of filmmakers recognized that the claim of imaging parity with 35mm film capture was preposterous. It wasn’t primarily the limitation of its 1920 x 1080 spatial resolution, but rather its limited dynamic range and color bit depth within the restrictive Rec.709 gamut, along with the camera’s 2/3 in. sensor size which significantly altered depth of field and necessitated using lenses designed for the world of HD video. Establishing a convincing "film look” was generally elusive and the prevailing non-DI (Digital Intermediate) post workflows of that time presented further challenges with film-outs for theatrical distribution. Also, it’s worth remembering that, at that time, Digital Cinema was not yet on the horizon. | <urn:uuid:d30337ae-9da0-432d-852e-6798f2fa6a61> | {
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Website evaluation can be a new concept for elementary and early middle school students. As they move into eighth grade, the CRAAP Test (pdf) works well for them. Younger students, however, need something simpler. According to Amy Gillespie, “Almost all of my students arrive at my school with one simple rule for choosing online sources: Don’t use Wikipedia. But beyond that, they tend to assume that if it’s online, it must be true. So in the middle school information skills class, we now teach the FART Test.”
The FART Test Evaluation tool for websites:
For specific details on the FART Test evaluation, click here.
Image credit: http://tinyurl.com/mhroxam, licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 | <urn:uuid:ba9ed2da-6c68-4098-96b0-7f44af220b0f> | {
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In this chapter, Dr. Norman Doidge introduces us to a very interesting individual – an important piece in the quest to use neuroplasticity to help people.
Barbara Arrowsmith Young, a rare individual, had a defect and though of a way to fix the problem. “Asymmetry” describes Barbara because there are areas of superior function -auditory and visual memory, having a driven determination due to a well-developed frontal cortex.
On the other hand, there were areas of very low functioning. Barbara’s mother joke, “The obstetrician must have yanked you out by your right leg,’ which was longer than her left, causing her pelvis to shift. Her right arm never straightened, her right side was larger than her left, her left eye less alert. Her spine was asymmetrical and twisted with scoliosis.” P. 27, 28
Learning difficulties included:
- She had difficulty pronouncing words due to damage in Broca’s Area of the brain.
- Her spatial reasoning was impaired. Our brain constructs an imaginary pathway before we execute movements. This is required for crawling which, in turn, promotes development.
- Spatial reasoning allows us to make a mental map, which allows us to organize our space. She was always getting lost outside as well.
- Kinesthetic perception, which allows us to be aware of where our body or limbs are in space, was also impaired. She was very clumsy.
- Her visual disability kept her from seeing more than a few letters at a time – her field of vision was very narrow.
- Relationships were difficult for her. Grammar, math concepts, logic and cause / effect were affected.
- Reversals (b, d, q, p, saw, was) and mirror writing contributed to a dyslexic diagnosis.
- Since she did not understand real time, she had to go over and over things to understand things from the past.
In those days (the 50s), there were no special education teachers. “You were either bright, average, slow, or mentally retarded. If you were mentally retarded, you were in the ‘opportunity classes.’ However, there were no opportunities for challenging a mind that had excellent visual and auditory memory. Her mother, Mary said, “You will succeed; there is no doubt and if you have a problem, fix it.” p. 31 In college and graduate school she studied child development, hoping to sort herself out. A fellow graduate student who also was learning disabled, Joshua Cohen ran a small clinic for struggling students. She did her research on the compensation skills used in the clinic. Her study showed that they did not work. Cohen suggested she look at the work of Aleksandr Luria (Basic Problems of Neurolinguistics, A Man With A Shattered World ) Reading about Luria’s patien, Barbara saw herself in his life What Luria failed to give Barbara was a treatment. She understood herself and her disability, but she became depressed for want of a treatment.
Then she read about research by Mark Rosenzweig of UC of Berkeley did on rats. In a stimulating environment, rats had more neurotransmitters. This became one of the first to demonstrate neuroplasticity. P. 35
Realizing that the brain could be modified, Barbara began developing exercises that would modify her brain and increase her function. First, she had Joshua Cohen right the correct time on the back of cards with clock faces. She spend hours over weeks reviewing these and using real clocks to understand that 2:45 was 45 minutes after 2:00 and 15 minutes to 3:00.
Barbara and Joshua married and opened the Arrowsmith School in Toronto. They developed a number of activities that modified brains and provided improvement in function. Applicants of the school go through 40 hours of assessment to determine precisely where the brain functions are weak. Students who were easily distracted can now focus. Some children patch the left eye to force visual input to the correct part of the brain.
Issues Addressed by the Arrowsmith School:
- Speech – our brains the sequence of symbols of speech(words and letters) into a sequence of movements (lips and mouth).Barbara and Luria believe this to be the managed by the left premotor cortex. P. 38 Difficulties here disrupt fluent speech.
- Written language – our brain converts symbols (words and letters) into movements of the fingers and hands. Difficulties here disrupt fluency in writing. Printing is easier because you write one stroke / letter at a time. With cursive we ‘run the letters together.’ P. 38-39
- Reading is also difficult for these individuals with damage in the premotor cortex. Reading can be slow and the reader will skip words.
One boy with all three of these problems. One of his brain exercises was to tracing complex lines to stimulate his neurons in the weakened premotor area – helping in speech, writing and reading. P. 39 By the time he graduated, he was reading above grade level and speaking longer, fuller sentences as well as his writing was improving.
For low auditory processing – difficulty following directions, spacing out when overloaded – some students listens to CDs and memorize poems and other exercises in rote memory.
“The Arrowsmith approach, and the use of brain exercises generally, has major implications for education. … When ‘weak links in the chain’ are strengthened, people gain access to skills whose development was formerly blocked, and they feel enormously liberated.” P. 41 | <urn:uuid:056cc123-0b28-4fdc-ac76-568b7ae0a325> | {
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Pedro II was succeeded by João V (r.1706-50), a youth of seventeen. He was an energetic king who introduced absolutist rule into Portugal, copying the style of the royal court of Louis XIV of France. Brazilian gold allowed João V to spend lavishly on major architectural works, the greatest being the royal palace at Mafra, begun in 1717, which sought to rival the Escorial in Spain. He also endowed the University of Coimbra with an elegantly decorated library, and built the Aqueduct of Free Waters (Aqueduto das Águas Livres) that brought water to Lisbon. João encouraged the development of decorative arts such as furniture design, clockmaking, and tapestry weaving. He pursued mercantilist policies to protect indigenous industries, including papermaking at Lousã, glassmaking at Marinha Grande, and textile weaving at Covilhã . He subsidized the publication of notable works such as Caetano de Sousa's História Geneológica da Casa Real. All in all, João V animated what has been called Portugal's second renaissance.
João V died in 1750 and was succeeded by his son José I (r.1750-77) who was indolent and placed the reins of government into the hands of Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, later the Marquês de Pombal. A petty noble who managed to surmount Portugal's rigid class system by a combination of energy, intelligence, good looks, and a shrewd marriage, Pombal became the veritable dictator of Portugal. Once Portugal's ambassador to Britain and Austria, Pombal had been influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment. Realizing how backward Portugal was, he sought through a ruthless despotism to reform it and create a middle class.
On the morning of November 1, 1755, a violent earthquake shook Lisbon and demolished most of the city. Thousands were killed in the subsequent fire and tidal wave. Pombal, who was at Belém at the time, energetically took appropriate measures. He improvised hospitals for the injured, controlled prices for various services, requisitioned food from the countryside, and organized public security. He decided to rebuild the city after a survey of the ruins. Under the direction of the architect Eugénio dos Santos and the engineer Manuel da Maia, a master plan for a new city was drawn up. The old city center was cleared of rubble and divided into squares of long avenues and cross streets. New buildings conforming to a standard architectural style were quickly erected using the latest construction techniques. Lisbon thus emerged from the earthquake as Europe's first planned city. Flanked by the Praça do Rossio at one end, and the Praça do Comêrcio at the other, this quarter of the city is known today as the Baixa Pombalina.
For his prompt and efficient action, Pombal was elevated to chief minister, which allowed him to consolidate his power. Desiring to destroy all forces within the society that could oppose his plans for modernizing Portugal, he began to systematically annihilate them, beginning with the nobility. An attempt on the life of the king on September 3, 1758 provided Pombal with a pretext to take action against the nobility. He accused many nobles of responsibility for the attempt and arrested about 1,000 individuals. Many confessed under brutal torture and were executed.
Pombal also attempted to rid Portugal of the Jesuits, whom he accused of taking part in the attempt on the king's life. He searched the houses belonging to the Jesuits, confiscated their belongings, closed their schools, and, in 1759, expelled them from the kingdom and its overseas possessions. In an effort to restrain the church, Pombal broke diplomatic relations with the Holy See in 1760 and imprisoned the bishop of Coimbra.
Pombal's economic policies were inspired by the protectionist doctrines of Colbert, which gave royal companies monopolies in certain fields. Following the initiatives in this regard established by the count of Ericeira, Pombal prohibited the export of gold and silver. In order to increase cereal cultivation, he prohibited the growing of grape vines in certain areas of the country. He protected the winemaking industry by founding, in 1756, a company with a monopoly on exporting port wine. Pombal created other companies with exclusive rights to commercial activities in various regions of Brazil, as well as a fishing and processing company for sardines and tuna in Portuguese waters. He transformed the silk industry into a textile industry and turned over the operation of the glassmaking factory at Marinha Grande to a British manager, who introduced new manufacturing techniques.
Pombal also made notable changes in the area of education. After expelling the Jesuits and confiscating their schools, he took the first steps toward establishing a system of public instruction. He founded a commercial school and established schools, paid for with a special tax, in the major cities. In addition, Pombal instituted numerous reforms of the university, whose decline he blamed on the Jesuits. He created two new departments--mathematics and philosophy--and increased the number of professors in the already existing departments. He put forward new methods of instruction based on the writings of Luís António Verney and António Nunes that stressed observation and experience, and set up laboratories, a natural history museum, a botanical garden, and an observatory.
José I died in 1777 and was succeeded on the throne by his daughter Maria I (r.1777-92), who dismissed Pombal and banished him to the village of Pombal. She immediately freed hundreds of prisoners, restored the old nobility to it former status, reestablished relations with the Holy See, revoked laws against the clergy, abolished many of the state companies, and generally dismantled Pombal's dictatorship. The strong, secular society that Pombal hoped to create did not materialize, and the old social and economic order quickly restored itself.
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If you’re new to the idea of preparing fresh food for your dog, you may be wondering, “Well, if dogs are descendents of wolves, and wolves in the wild survive off of meat, then why don’t we just feed our dogs a diet of 100% meat? Why do they need veggies added at all? Isn’t that unnatural?”
The answer is simple. Dogs are not wolves, and don’t have the same environmental conditions and genetic predispositions of normal wolves. Dogs have been domesticated for over 10,000 years, and their diet has varied dependent on the climate, location, and cultural inclinations of the people they have been raised around. We have also done amazing things in breeding our modern-day dogs to look drastically different from their wolf cousins, and a proper diet should also take into consideration the body structure and specific nutritional needs of each individual animal.
The modern dog is a descendent of the wolf, which crossed with the ancient Aureus dog in many different climates, conditions, and parts of the world. The evolutionary transition from the wolf to the Chihuahua, is due to selective breeding and selective feeding. It’s hard to imagine a pack of Chihuahuas bringing down caribou in the wilds of Canada! In fact, the Chihuahua was a sacred dog to the Toltecs and Mayans and historically enjoyed a “people food” diet of vegetables, corn, and a little meat.
When you think about it, it makes sense that a Chihuahua is going to have a different diet than a German Shepherd or other large dogs. As dedicated working dogs, German Shepherds would need more meat or protein than a Chihuahua, or any other kind of “toy breed.” Protein is needed to restore body cells, facilitate healing, and to help regenerate the biggest organs of the body: the muscles. One way to gauge what would be appropriate for your dog to eat is to examine your dog’s morphology and historical evolution.
If your dog fits these characteristics, then a diet higher in protein is probably correct (and vice versa).
- Large head and/or strong jaws
- Large body mass
- Actively working – hunting dogs, working dogs, herding dogs, etc.
An All-Meat Diet in the Wild?
Did you know that Mastiffs were historically used in war, and these dogs evolved into the large sizes we see today because they ate a 100% raw meat (BARF) diet? They still absorbed some nutritional properties from plants, by way of ingesting the intestines of game animals (like deer), which contained digested vegetables and grains, but got their bulk from the large amount of protein they ate.
This brings us to the next point, there is no such a thing as an all-meat diet in the wild. Wild wolves inevitably digest a fair amount of plant matter too – as they benefit from the plant diet of the prey animals they hunt.
Other Factors to Consider for a Balanced Diet
Another consideration when determining protein amounts in the diet is your dog’s age and activity level. As your dog ages and becomes less active, it is better to reduce protein. A 20-30% protein range (by volume) would be ideal for an older dog 8 years and up. Aging dogs require better quality proteins with high biologic values (which do not stress the kidneys) such as: eggs, fermented dairy products, organ meats, fresh tuna, and chicken breast and lamb, along with an assortment of cooked grains and vegetables.
The activity level of your dog, condition, age, breed, temperament, and the climate of where you live are some of the factors to consider when formulating a diet for your pet. Sick or weak animals may need more energy and thus require more protein. In other cases, some dogs may be ingesting too much protein, which can sometimes be indicated by increased aggression. Diet plays a very important role in all aspects of your dog’s health, and even the simplest change can create significant differences in behavior and health.
Hints for this Upcoming Holiday Season
Traditional Oriental Herbal Medicine theory emphasizes the medicinal properties of food. When weather is cold, damp, and windy, the diet needs to be adjusted to help the body improve resistance to infections, improve digestion and metabolism, and manage the temperate changes in the environment.
Warming foods are recommended to eat during times of cold, windy, and wet winter weather. Some of these foods include:
- Green beans
To learn more about how to formulate a balanced, breed-appropriate diet, please check out my new nutrition book “Fresh Food & Ancient Wisdom: Preparing Healthy & Balanced Meals for Your Dogs.” Or, email us to arrange a diet consultation, and I will prepare a diet plan specifically for your dog’s age, breed type, condition, lifestyle, and needs. | <urn:uuid:659a1f3a-0b3f-4383-88fe-d5f8af225d78> | {
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A lever (/ ˈ l iː v ər / or US: / ˈ l ɛ v ər /) is a simple machine consisting of a beam or rigid rod pivoted at a fixed hinge, or fulcrum. A lever is a rigid body capable of rotating on a point on itself. On the basis of the location of fulcrum, load and effort, the lever is divided into three types.
Levers and pulleys are two types of simple machines that allow people to use less energy when performing work. A simple lever is a long pole or platform used to lift an object. In a simple pulley system, a rope looped around a wheel is used to raise and lower objects.
Like scissors, shears combine slightly offset jaws to cut material through physical shear, and combine this with levers to apply a considerable shear force. Shears are usually intended for cutting much heavier material, such as leather, than scissors do.
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An international team of sky scholars, including a key researcher from Johns Hopkins, has produced new maps of the material located between the stars in the Milky Way. The results should move astronomers closer to cracking a stardust puzzle that has vexed them for nearly a century.
The maps [see video here] and an accompanying journal article appear in the Aug. 15 issue of the journal Science. The researchers say their work demonstrates a new way of uncovering the location and eventually the composition of the interstellar medium—the material found in the vast expanse between star systems within a galaxy.
This material includes dust and gas composed of atoms and molecules that are left behind when a star dies. The material also supplies the building blocks for new stars and planets.
“There’s an old saying that ‘We are all stardust,’ since all chemical elements heavier than helium are produced in stars,” said Rosemary Wyse, a Johns Hopkins professor of physics and astronomy who played a prominent role in the research and helped shape the Science paper. “But we still don’t know why stars form where they do. This study is giving us new clues about the interstellar medium out of which the stars form.”
In particular, the researchers focused on a mysterious feature in the light from stars, a peculiarity called diffuse interstellar bands, or “DIBS.” A graduate student who photographed the light from distant stars discovered these dark bands in 1922.
Analyzing rainbow-colored bands of starlight that have passed through space gives astronomers important information about the makeup of the space materials that the light has encountered. But in 1922, the grad student’s photographs yielded some dark lines indicating that some starlight was “missing’’ and that something in the interstellar medium between Earth and the star was absorbing the light.
Since then, scientists have identified more than 400 of these diffuse interstellar bands, but the materials that cause the bands to appear and their precise location have remained a mystery.
Researchers have speculated that the absorption of starlight that creates these dark bands points to the presence of unusually large complex molecules, but proof of this has remained elusive. The nature of this puzzling material is important to astronomers because it could provide clues about the physical conditions and chemistry of these regions between stars. Such details serve as critical components in theories as to how stars and galaxies are formed.
Wyse said more concrete clues should emerge from the new pseudo-3D maps of the DIB-material within our Milky Way Galaxy, maps that were produced by the 23 scientists who contributed to the Science article.
The maps were assembled from data collected over a 10-year period by the Radial Velocity Experiment, also known as RAVE. This project used the UK Schmidt Telescope in Australia to collect spectroscopic information from the light of as many as 150 stars at once. The maps are described as “pseudo-3D” because a specific mathematical form was assumed for the distribution in the vertical dimension that provides the distances from the plane of the Milky Way, with the maps presented in the remaining two dimensions.
Wyse, who is on the executive board of the RAVE project, said the survey supplied the mapmakers with data related to 500,000 stars. The vast size of the sample enabled the mapmakers to determine the distances of the material that causes the DIBs and thus how the material is distributed throughout the Milky Way Galaxy.
The resulting maps showed the intriguing result that the complex molecules thought to be responsible for the DIBs are distributed differently than another known component of the interstellar medium – the solid particles known as dust – also traced by the RAVE survey.
Future studies can use the techniques outlined in the new paper to assemble other maps that should further solve the mysteries surrounding where DIBS are located and what materials cause them. “To figure out what something is, you first have to figure out where it is,” Wyse said, “and that’s what this paper does. Larger surveys will provide more details in the future. This paper has demonstrated how to do that.”
Janez Kos and Tomaz Zwitter of the University of Ljubljana in Slovenia led the astronomy team that produced this paper. Wyse was the third author listed on the paper.
A portion of the funds for this project came from U.S. National Science Foundation grant AST-0908326.
RAVE is a multinational project with participation of scientists from Australia, Germany, France, UK, Italy, Canada, the Netherlands, Slovenia and the USA, coordinated by the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP), Germany. Funding of RAVE, which guarantees extensive data, telescope and instrument access is provided by the participating institutions and the national research foundations.
Photo of Professor Wyse available; contact Phil Sneiderman.
RAVE Survey Website:
Online video of stars observed by RAVE:
Rosemary Wyse’s Website:
Henry A. Rowland Dept. of Physics and Astronomy at Johns Hopkins:
Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts & Sciences at Johns Hopkins: http://krieger.jhu.edu/
Johns Hopkins University news releases are available online, as is information for reporters. Find more Johns Hopkins stories on the Hub.
Phil Sneiderman | newswise
First Juno science results supported by University of Leicester's Jupiter 'forecast'
26.05.2017 | University of Leicester
Measured for the first time: Direction of light waves changed by quantum effect
24.05.2017 | Vienna University of Technology
Staphylococcus aureus is a feared pathogen (MRSA, multi-resistant S. aureus) due to frequent resistances against many antibiotics, especially in hospital infections. Researchers at the Paul-Ehrlich-Institut have identified immunological processes that prevent a successful immune response directed against the pathogenic agent. The delivery of bacterial proteins with RNA adjuvant or messenger RNA (mRNA) into immune cells allows the re-direction of the immune response towards an active defense against S. aureus. This could be of significant importance for the development of an effective vaccine. PLOS Pathogens has published these research results online on 25 May 2017.
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a bacterium that colonizes by far more than half of the skin and the mucosa of adults, usually without causing infections....
Physicists from the University of Würzburg are capable of generating identical looking single light particles at the push of a button. Two new studies now demonstrate the potential this method holds.
The quantum computer has fuelled the imagination of scientists for decades: It is based on fundamentally different phenomena than a conventional computer....
An international team of physicists has monitored the scattering behaviour of electrons in a non-conducting material in real-time. Their insights could be beneficial for radiotherapy.
We can refer to electrons in non-conducting materials as ‘sluggish’. Typically, they remain fixed in a location, deep inside an atomic composite. It is hence...
Two-dimensional magnetic structures are regarded as a promising material for new types of data storage, since the magnetic properties of individual molecular building blocks can be investigated and modified. For the first time, researchers have now produced a wafer-thin ferrimagnet, in which molecules with different magnetic centers arrange themselves on a gold surface to form a checkerboard pattern. Scientists at the Swiss Nanoscience Institute at the University of Basel and the Paul Scherrer Institute published their findings in the journal Nature Communications.
Ferrimagnets are composed of two centers which are magnetized at different strengths and point in opposing directions. Two-dimensional, quasi-flat ferrimagnets...
An Australian-Chinese research team has created the world's thinnest hologram, paving the way towards the integration of 3D holography into everyday...
24.05.2017 | Event News
23.05.2017 | Event News
22.05.2017 | Event News
26.05.2017 | Life Sciences
26.05.2017 | Life Sciences
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This article was first published in 2008.
There are two ways to use skidpan (or skidpad)
testing. Firstly, to assess and optimise the handling of an existing design of
vehicle. Secondly, to help in the development of completely new vehicle
concepts. Both are incredibly important uses – but first of all, what is a
Throw out any ideas you might have of drift
merchants circulating a piece of bitumen in a lurid tail-out slide. Instead,
picture a skidpan as simply being a marked circle around which the vehicle is
Rather than a place to do slides, think of it as
a corner that never ends.
The continuous corner idea immediately
highlights the importance of a skidpan. Instead of being able to use a
traditional cornering ‘slow-in, fast-out’ approach, you have to maintain the
cornering line. Rather than following a ‘racing line’, the line you follow is
prescribed. Rather than being able to get a higher cornering power for just an
instant, it must be held continuously. And to negotiate the never-ending corner,
the steering must be accurate and sensitive, the motive power must be able to
generate enough power to keep you going around as fast as possible, the tyres
must continue to develop adequate grip, and the oversteer/understeer balance
must be good enough to allow the driver to keep all the wheels pointing as much
as possible in the direction of the corner.
Because, if any of these things cannot be
achieved, you’ll be going slower!
And the aim of a skidpan is to go as fast as
possible around the marked circle of a known diameter.
If you know the diameter of the circle and how
long it takes the vehicle to get around it, you can then work out the vehicle’s
maximum lateral grip (“cornering g’s”). This number represents the fastest that
a vehicle can go around a continuous corner, or to put it another way, the
maximum sideways grip it can develop – usually, on a smooth, dry surface.
Being able to directly measure the maximum
sideways grip is a fantastically easy way of finding out something that is
otherwise very hard to accurately calculate.
Sure, if you know the centre of gravity position
(height and position both longways and sideways), wheelbase and track, you can
calculate the cornering force at which the vehicle would overturn.
Alternatively, you can tilt the whole vehicle so far the inner wheels lift, and
then calculate the equivalent force from the tilt angle. And in fact, some
people use these numbers as if they’re true “g” figures. But of course they
aren’t – they don’t take into account how much the tyres can actually grip, they
doesn’t take into account whether the steering is good enough to allow the
vehicle to actually be driven in that way – and so on.
When the discussion is of unusual vehicles (for
example, tilting three wheelers), skidpan testing represents an easy way of
sorting fact from fiction.
For conventional vehicle designs, or ones where
evaluating of handling rather than pure grip is required, the skidpan is again
On a skidpan the fundamental steady-state handling
traits can be explored – for example, the understeer/oversteer balance. In
addition, the response of the vehicle to power changes is very easily determined
- for example, whether the car throttle-lift oversteers.
It is much easier to feel these aspects when
continuously cornering than it is when only ducking in and out of corners.
course, there are many aspects of grip and handling where a skidpan is useless.
Turn-in handling behaviour cannot be assessed, the poise of the vehicle under
hard braking is never judged, and it would be a fatal mistake to assume that a
vehicle with a higher lateral ‘g’ figure is always going to out-handle one with
a lower figure.
I use skidpan testing a lot - and I do it in two
quite different ways.
The first could perhaps be called ‘informal’ –
whenever I have a new car to test, I make sure that at some point I drive it
very hard around a medium/large sized empty roundabout.
I enter the roundabout relatively slowly and then
accelerate to the point at which the car is sliding. In every current car the
front will lose grip first – it will understeer. I then lift the throttle fairly
quickly and see what happens when the weight transfers forward. In many
front-wheel drive cars, the front will tuck-in and in some, the rear will slide
into oversteer. In rear wheel drive cars, the application of more power will
cancel the front understeer and push the car into oversteer.
Clearly, sliding cars around public road
roundabouts is quite politically incorrect – and may in fact be illegal in some
jurisdictions. Any use by you of the technique is completely at your own risk –
and also note that it requires far more skill than is shown by many drivers.
However, as stated above, I am emphatically not talking about drift-style
slides; instead, an observer would probably not even realise the car was
sliding. If the steering wheel of the understeering car is turned so far that it
is ploughing, you have not been listening to the car. If the steering is turned
so far in opposite lock that it can even be noticed from the outside, you have
let things go too far.
The beauty of an increasing speed skidpan test is
that things happen relatively slowly and with plenty of warning; as a result,
the corrections of steering and throttle can be achieved with subtlety.
Exactly the same test procedure applies to cars
with stability control; in fact, this is a really good way of feeling its
characteristics. Some manufacturers allow quite a lot of driver control of a
sliding car, while others shut things down very quickly.
I also suggest that a roundabout skidpan test is
by far the safest way of road assessing a car that has had handling
modifications. Especially when making mods that result in lift-off oversteer
(for example, stiffer rear springs and/or rear anti-roll bar), it’s vital to feel
the car’s behaviour when the car is on the edge of sliding.
In these types of testing, the time taken to
negotiate the skidpan circle is of far less importance that using the test to
feel the car’s characteristics.
The other skidpan testing that I do is on the
Human Powered Vehicles (HPVs) that I have developed.
In the field of HPVs there are some very
innovative designs – three wheelers that have wheels that lean into the corner,
machines with ultra-low centres of gravity, and those that tilt the rider.
Assessing the cornering prowess of these machines solely from their
specifications is impossible, whereas a simple skidpan test will soon show the
maximum continuous cornering power. Finding out the on-road reality is
especially important when (apparently) some of these machines cannot be pedalled
while being cornered hard, and (apparently) others are difficult to balance when
being cornered at max potential.
It’s also illuminating to note that many of these
more exotic machines are said by their owner/developers to handle like “they’re
I use a 6 metre diameter circle marked with chalk
on the roadway outside my house. I am fortunate to live at the end of a quiet
cul de sac and while the neighbours look on with puzzled amusement at my
testing, no-one has ever complained. Timing is by an observer with a
The equation to work out the maximum lateral
39.48 x radius
...where radius is in metres, time is in seconds
and the answer is in metres per second per second. Divide this by 9.81 to get
the results in g’s.
Skidpan testing has proved to be of great use to
me in making comparisons of variations in fundamental designs, tyre pressures
and ride heights. Especially on three-wheel machines that will tip when their
limit is exceeded, it is also a good test of steering sensitivity and precision
– good steering is needed to keep a trike balanced on the edge (or not balanced,
as the above pic shows!).
The following table shows some measured cornering
g’s obtained with recumbent pedal trikes on a smooth, dry, 6 metre diameter
The following table shows the results achieved by
making changes to one machine:
Air 150, different configurations
30 psi tyre pressures, standard ride height
30 psi tyre pressures, lowered ride height
60 psi tyre pressures, standard ride height
Whether you informally explore the concept when
negotiating a roundabout, or you’re testing a unique vehicle on a marked circle
under strictly controlled conditions, skidpans are enormously useful in
assessing vehicle dynamics – whatever the vehicle.
Did you enjoy this article?
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Explicitly plan out how you will incorporate each element of PBL into your lesson. This process will be taught in-depth in the Portfolio Module. Through this project they conduct research, learn about PSAs and stop motion technology, collaborate with peers, problem solve, use creativity, and express excitemen, Students get to design their own app with this project-based learning assignment and presentation! It includes links to video tours, pictures, and walking tours for five different landmarks in this region. FREE FRONTLOAD specific to Van Gogh and his Sunflowers available in our store. Art project: Owl, Coffee and Poetry - Art lesson plan, Art Lesson Plans Bundle : Grade 4 Visual Art, Project Based Learning Lesson Plan Template Unit Planner, Project Based Learning Planning Tools Bundle, Easy Winter Scene Art Project Collage Digital Lesson Plan. They include how-to’s, ideas, and examples. 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Suggested time line, pattern, contrast, and questions meant to help you prepare own. Google classroom the template in inquiry detailed, zentangle pyramid project combines drawing and sculpture into one project this look! Lessons developed by Kelly Chastain, Rutherford County Science Specialist 9-12 using materials! An integrated lesson plan templates term page » unit plan templates term »... School Chattanooga we hope to be absent and need last minute art sub?! In front of their eyes Fourth grade digital bundle - Anyone can do is based off the MU school Education. Teachers buy and sell original educational materials where teachers buy and sell original educational materials pace out each day s. Getting the free resources, updates, and special offers we send out every week our., PDW workshops are limited to 12 participants which makes student centered and... The students and teacher step-by-step through each part of the entire project praise from principal. 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Activities that are guided by key concepts for Social Science Anyone can do unit can be overwhelming work possible 9-12! Studying this lesson for a unique project based learning ( PBL ) lesson plan templates for in. ’ understanding of today ’ s lesson the PBL structure in your plan, better. | <urn:uuid:ff62320a-5226-4e83-ac97-886d72024c75> | {
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While the independent living skills required to make it through everyday life are second nature to many, no one is merely born with all of them. For most of us, we pick up on these skills as we grow up. During our formative childhood years, we model ourselves after parents and caregivers. For some, inconsistencies delivered by their parents end up inhibiting their own abilities down the line.
The following checklist details important independent living skills that everyone should know:
- How to prepare healthy meals: nutrition information, cooking, and use of utincels
- Effective exercise and fitness: including scheduling time to stay in shape
- Household maintenance: proper cleaning and sanitary measures
- Financial preparedness: how to balance a checkbook, paying bills on time, investing, and saving
- Effective communication: getting your point across without rambling, how to use emotional language
- Workplace behavior: appropriate work attire and language
- Time management: being on time, nixing bad habits like procrastination and multitasking
- Personal Appearance and Hygiene: dress yourself, brush teeth, and can sort and machine-wash clothes
- Health: can recognize and describe symptoms of colds, flu, and other common health problems.
- Housing: can identify type of housing that is within budget and meets current housing needs.
- Transportation: ride a bike, understands seat belt, and understands public transport
- Educational Planning:Has a general idea of what education is needed for the job he/she wants
- Job Seeking Skills: know what min-wage is. can fill out a job form, and can write a resume
- Emergency and Safety Skills: knows functions of police, ambulance and fire department and how to contact them
- Knowledge of Community Resources: nearest supermarket, shopping district, laundromat, and bank is located.
- Interpersonal Skills: can identify one friend, respond to introductions and simple questions
- Legal Skills: understand the law and how to call someone if arrested or victimized
- Pregnancy Prevention/Parenting and Child Care: resources for birth control and not to leave child without supervision
These are just the basics, and while they sound simple, there’s actually a lot to learn about running your own home life, staying healthy, and developing stable relationships. For some, this might sound daunting. Not everyone grows up in a well-organized household. If parents weren’t financially stable, ate a lot of junk food or prepackaged meals, and didn’t keep the family home up very well, then it is understandable how the child they reared wouldn’t know where to start to accomplish any of those things.
Transition Response has a great checklist.
Likewise, what comes after adolescence is just as important. Study results published in the Knox News account for 6 million young people who are neither working nor attending school. The article goes on to note the detriment to society these young adults pose when they become dependent on their parents or the government due to having missed out on the window of opportunity to educate themselves.
A lot of today’s young adults are merely products of society, existing in a generation that many believe has it too easy. Pew Research states that one in four young adults in their late 20s and early 30s have moved back in with their parents after having lived independently. This points toward the growing concern that the nation’s youth are going out on their own unprepared for what life has dealt them. There is no reason to let minor details like these hold you back from getting on with your adult life.
Relying on others to take care of you won’t leave you with very much self-esteem or pride at the end of the day. When you can complete these tasks on your own — and do them well — it will have a substantially positive impact on the way you see yourself. My Central Oregon reports that 18.1 percent of the population ages 25 to 34 are living at home with their parents. One has to question how many of these young adults are doing so merely out of fear and insecurity over whether or not they can appropriately care for and support themselves.
Stunted adolescents and young adults come to OPI broken, downtrodden, and even lacking faith in themselves and unsure of our programs, and they leave forever grateful, whole, and capable of living independently. We will teach you how to care for yourself fearlessly. Call today to find out how. | <urn:uuid:bdfab6d2-003d-491e-b2c1-6f7a5515a4ad> | {
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Hanan Porat, a driving force behind Israel's settlement of the West Bank, died Monday of cancer. He was 67.
Porat, a former Israeli lawmaker, was a founder of the now-defunct movement Gush Emunim _ Hebrew for "the bloc of the faithful" _ a messianic movement is committed to settling land Israel captured in the 1967 Middle East war. Followers believe God promised the West Bank to the Jewish people, and they set out to cement Israeli sovereignty there by creating a large-scale civilian presence.
But even before Gush Emunim was founded in 1974, Porat was a leading figure in the settlement movement launched after Israel captured the West Bank, Gaza and east Jerusalem in 1967. He helped establish the first settlement in the West Bank, Kfar Etzion, on the site of a kibbutz that had been captured by the Jordanian army in 1948.
He later helped create the Jewish enclave in the biblical city of Hebron, which is currently one of the most radical settlements. Hebron's ancient Jewish community was driven out after an Arab massacre in 1929.
Porat later turned to politics, and was elected to Israel's parliament in 1981, serving, except for a four-year hiatus, through 1999.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu expressed his sorrow over Porat's passing.
"Hanan Porat dedicated his life to building up the Land of Israel, and to educating generations of students about religious Zionism and loving the Land of Israel and the Jewish People," Netanyahu said in a statement. "I first met Hanan almost 40 years ago and was immediately impressed by his Zionist fervor and his deep commitment to restoring the Jewish People to its Land. This fervor did not lessen and accompanied him until his last day," Netanyahu said.
Today, about half a million Jewish settlers live in the West Bank and east Jerusalem. Israel withdrew settlers and soldiers from Gaza in 2005 _ a move Porat strongly opposed.
Israeli settlements, built on land the Palestinians claim for a future state, are widely denounced internationally. Continued construction there has been the latest wedge in relations with the Palestinians, who refuse to negotiate peace until the building stops.
Team Jeb Hits Back at Trump for Being 'Soft on Crime,' Cites Past Support for Legalizing Drugs | Cortney O'Brien
Sen. Chris Murphy Admits That Gun Control Legislation From Washington Probably Won’t Stop Shootings | Matt Vespa
NEW Underwood 9mm Xtreme Defender Test - Bearing Arms - Ammunition, Self Defense, Underwood, Video
Even newer 'poll numbers' show the terrifying 'Kanye effect' on presidential race
Scarborough: Cable news has put lives at risk, including MSNBC, for “a few ratings points” - Hot Air
Katie Pavlich - Latest Clinton Email Server Dump Reveals 150 More Documents Flagged For Classified Information
To Hell With You People | RedState
A Revealing Clue | Human Events
Daniel J. Mitchell - Great Moments in Socialism | <urn:uuid:bf783847-16e2-4747-91a7-9c4a148e71c7> | {
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Tetlin is a showcase of geologic and ecological features found throughout Interior Alaska. Here in a broad valley the Chisana and Nabesna rivers join near the center of the refuge to form the Tanana. Nearly everywhere the work of wildfires, permafrost, and fluctuating river channels have created a diversity of habitats. For example, the extensive stands of birch, aspen, and willow are testimony to the positive effects of wildfire. In these woodlands, moose, black bear, grizzly bear, ptarmigan, grouse, wolf, coyote, and red fox find food and shelter. Thousands of refuge lakes and ponds are interspersed with rolling hills, boreal forests, and snowcapped mountains.
The Tetlin Refuge supports a high density of nesting waterfowl on its extensive wetlands. The shallow marshes of the refuge thaw early, providing a needed rest stop for birds migrating to their nesting grounds throughout the state. The refuge provides habitat for 114 nesting species of birds and 68 migrant species. Sandhill cranes move through the refuge each fall and spring in a spectacular event. Other notable birds include arctic and common loon, osprey, bald eagle, trumpeter swan, and three species of ptarmigan.
Hunting, trapping, fishing, and photography are common activities. Moose and waterfowl hunting are especially popular. Common fish species include: northern pike, grayling, and burbot (fresh water ling-cod). Tetlin is one of two road-accessible refuges in Alaska. The Alaska Highway borders the refuge for nearly 70 miles. Interpretive information is available along the Alaska Highway and at the Interagency Visitor Center in Tok.
For information contact:
Refuge Manager - (907)883-5312
Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge
P.O. Box 779
Tok, AK 99780 | <urn:uuid:ec7dfc42-e361-43eb-9627-d56b3c1a6ea8> | {
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CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla., Oct. 4 (UPI) -- Researchers at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida will try out a rotor system that could be used in place of parachutes on returning spacecraft, NASA said.
The design would give a capsule the stability and control of a helicopter, although the rotors would not be powered, the space agency reported.
Instead, wind passing over the rotors as the capsule descends would make the blades turn, a process called auto-rotation that has been practiced repeatedly on helicopters making emergency landings but never tried on spacecraft.
Researchers said they were starting with scale models of rotor-equipped spacecraft to gather initial results.
"The purpose of the testing we're doing here is to study how to get the rotor starting to spin," said Jeff Hagen, an engineer from the Johnson Space Center in Houston. "We're trying to build as much of that story as we can."
The goal is to give real spacecraft a soft landing with enough control that they could touch down anywhere in the world like a helicopter, whether on a runway or the top of a building, researchers said.
"You can land gently and you can land where you want, you don't have to land out in the ocean," Jim Meehan, an engineer at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., said. "Compared to a parachute, you get a soft landing and you get a targeted landing." | <urn:uuid:a0ea30f1-1a11-4584-a3a0-9430824a8757> | {
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A May Day snowstorm dropped snow from Colorado to Minnesota. Some parts of Colorado and Wyoming received more than a foot of snow, including 16 inches (40 centimeters) in Fort Collins, Colorado, and just over 12 inches (30 centimeters) of snow in Boulder, Colorado. The snowfall in Boulder was a record for the date and possibly the largest May snowfall for that city since 1978. Single-day May snowfall records appeared to fall in multiple states, the Capital Weather Gang reported.
The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite captured the top image on May 2 after clouds had mostly cleared out of the Denver region. For comparison, the bottom image shows the same area on April 27, 2013, before the storm struck. Although far less dramatic than snow cover in February, the May Day snow nevertheless covered a wide area, especially for so late in the spring.
Record low temperatures—19°F (-7°C) in Denver, 17°F (-8°C) in Boulder, and 7°F (-14°C) in Laramie—followed the snow. Meanwhile, the storm system continued dropping snow northeast of the Rocky Mountains, possibly setting new records in Minnesota.
NASA images courtesy LANCE/EOSDIS MODIS Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC. Caption by Michon Scott.
- Terra - MODIS | <urn:uuid:ab7da2bf-b69b-4369-b03d-82bf06dcdc4e> | {
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How EU susbisides are wasted on environmentally harmful activities
The development of the no-toll 21-km A-2 Motorway (which runs parallel to the national road) from Cervera to Santa Maria del Camí cost the EU EUR 135 million through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). Not only was the road not tolled, it cost as much as the total amount the EU gives directly to nature and biodiversity every year for the whole of the EU. Spain’s national plans (such as its rural development plans and operational programmes) are essential for supporting environmental needs. Currently, agriculture funds and structural and cohesion funds only use 10% of their potential to benefit the environment.
How EU funds can be invested into future benefits
With the same amount of funds required to build 260 meters of the motorway Cervera – Santa Maria del Camí, Spain has built its National Renewable Energies Centre (also using ERDF), which apart from its impact on the local economy of Navarra (increasing production, income and employment thought the attraction of new companies and new economic activities), hired 120 researchers and advanced Spain as a global leader in renewable energies. The cost of 15 km of the same motorway is equivalent to a project aimed at strengthening energy saving and renewable energy “Andalusia A +”, which has saved 24,000 tons of CO2 since 2007, making Andalucía the leading region in Spain in terms of thermal solar energy.
Land based management activities have similar impacts to the Spanish economy. Since 2003, the EU’s agri-environment scheme for the conservation of the Great bustard has, for example, helped increase economic activity in disadvantaged rural areas. In the Villafafila Lagoons Natura 2000 site, this scheme has helped save and manage the largest Great bustard population in the EU. | <urn:uuid:2b92d501-c0b5-445b-8bff-29a8797c516f> | {
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It is so relaxing after a yoga class but I could never explain why. Sometimes I was quite emotional at the end of the class and I felt so weird. After I become a yoga teacher, I still find it hard to articulate in words how yoga connects body and mind. I can feel the cause and effect but I am not able to put it in words. Recently, I come across the effect of yoga/mindfulness while studying a counseling unit in occupational therapy course. It is great to see yoga/ mindfulness becomes an evidence-based tool for physical and mental exhaustion, anxiety and depression. Research on the effectiveness of yoga/mindfulness to manage mental health is emerging.
Connect to body
First, let me explain how yoga connects to body. Yoga stretches out the muscles and enhance relaxation in the musculoskeletal system. For example, we sit long hours everyday. Hip flexor is tight and muscles are shortening. Lunge pose helps extend hip flexor and lengthen the muscles in this muscle group. This reduces stiffness, tightness and enhances relaxation. We start noticing muscular tension or cohesion in yoga movement. For example, many yoga students experience tightness in hamstrings, or discover legs and arms coordination.
Connect to mind through body awareness
Then, it comes to connect to the mind through body awareness. This refers to body relations to different parts of the body (left and right, front and back, top and bottom) and body relations to the environment (gravity and anti-gravity). For example, in downward facing dog, your palms and feet give you sensory feedback to adjust and fine-tune the body posture. If your wrist is tiring, you press down the fingers onto the mat to distribute the body weight. Your wrists then feel better. Body awareness is essential for body and mind connection. In many yoga postures, it requires your awareness of anatomic alignment of pelvis, spine and trunk to hold the posture. These holding postures require your self-discipline, concentration and motivation.
Once you walk through the first few sessions (a bit of struggle) alive, you start feeling the flow of inner energy awareness of the yoga movement. This allows you to understand yourself and your experiences. The continuous self-adjustments create a pattern and help you respond to certain situations on the mat as well as off the mat. For example, in a difficult situation, breath…...Body-mind connection is important because our mind have unlimited thoughts and feelings. We constantly want to do a lot. However, our body is muscles and bones. We can only do that much at a time. We need to find the balance. Pace yourself.
Practicing yoga requires you to concentrate, stay at the present and let go of other thoughts in order to hold the posture. Yoga is one of the mindfulness practices. Mindfulness refers to watching your current emotions and body sensations without judgment. This self-regulation ability allows us not to think about the past (rumination) and the future (worries). Yoga/mindfulness improve our personal resources by directing attention to reduce negativity and draining activity. Instead, we can improve our cognitive resources for daily tasks.
Yoga is a psychological process, from body sensation to body awareness to self and environment, from body awareness to self-understanding, from self-understanding to non-judgmental. The ultimate goal is to experience inner peace and inner strength.
(It’s time to reflect 2019 and welcome 2020. I have a mixed bag of feelings and this year-end reflection doesn’t seem very joyful. Below involves what’s happening in Hong Kong and you may not want to read it.)
In 2019, it is complicated. Living in Perth, I basically do what I want in everyday life. My study and yoga teaching occupy almost all my time. Yet I have time to do some fun stuff, having weekend brunch, walking my dog, meeting friends and family. I call this a simple good life and it is enjoyable, yet I feel so unsettled. I have been watching news about Hong Kong protest in horror and Hong Kong people pay high price for their civil rights. I know I live in a parallel universe. I am not very well when my family and friends, or anyone in the Hong Kong community are not well. I am not able to express my sadness in words.
Power corrupts. Absolute power corrupts absolutely. If I had experienced what Hong Kong people went through in 2019, it would be:
It’s heartbreaking. The authoritarian state turns the society upside down and continues to stay strong. I know I need to be part of this civil rights movement. I am a believer of the butterfly effect. A small positive vibration can change the entire cosmos. Although I was not able to be at the forefront of the movement, I conveyed a message of yoga poses for mental health to the Hong Kong community. That’s the best thing I’ve done in 2019, if anyone in Hong Kong can feel better in this constant unrest.
I cherish a simple life more than ever. I love my social capital from the yoga community and my family. However, life can never be simple when I see what’s going on in the world on a destroying path. I have to do something. I have to do something bigger.
Everyone has a place in the world. I can make yoga and occupational therapy solutions accessible and help people face practical aspects of life. Inner strength and physical strength are key elements for any bigger-than-life missions. Yoga helps people connect body and mind, finding pace to reach your goal. In occupational therapy, people learn new ways to cope with daily challenges after injury or disease. Down the path, I’d like to focus on community rehabilitation and chronic disease management, blending yoga and occupational therapy together.
Although I am an agnostic person, I am going to learn from a serenity prayer. “ God grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change, courage to change the things I can, and wisdom to know the difference.” I hope I have clarity of mind to pour my time and energy to what truly matters. That will be my challenges in coming 2020.
Scoliosis (abnormal curvature of the spine), osteoarthritis (wear and tear of the joints) or degenerative disc disease (ageing process leading to rupture) are associated with low back pain. Surprisingly, many causes of low back pain are non-specific. That can be quite annoying. You may be standing in pain, sitting in pain laying flat in pain for no reason. It is frustrating as you are no longer able to concentrate on work or study. You need to keep adjusting your position so as to reduce the discomfort.
Daniel Lieberman thinks non-specific lower back pain is caused by hours of sitting in modern lifestyle. Even I am a yoga teacher, I can’t avoid long hours of sitting when studying anatomy in my occupational therapy course. With prolonged chair rest, we do not need to use our muscles to support body weight. This weakens core muscles of the back and abdomen. In addition, many hours of sitting mean bending hips for many hours. With the shortened hip flexors, we overarch our back to compensate while standing and walking. Regular stretching and strengthening back muscles are important to our back health.
I’ve read a research article about the effect of occupational therapy and yoga in non-specific lower back pain. Occupational therapy intervention includes sleeping position for back health, postural training of sitting, standing and lifting and core strengthening exercise. After 10 week of training, it shows that people with non-specific low back pain indicate improvements in back strength and range of motion of the spine, with the combination of occupational therapy and yoga. Here are a few yoga poses shown for lower back pain.
1. Reclining hand-to-big toe pose
Tips: It changes the pelvic tilt when lifting one leg up towards the ceiling. Keep your spine in neutral position. Ideally, lower back touches the mat and chin to chest. So, it doesn’t hyperextend the lower back and the neck.
Benefits: Reposition the lower back for a better alignment to relieve back muscles tension
2. Extended triangle pose
- Externally rotate the left thigh muscles when you take your left hand towards the left foot. Activate your legs.
- Open up the right shoulder to deepen the side body stretch
- Strengthen the thighs muscles to carry upper body weight or lift a heavy object
- Strengthen the abdomen to support the muscles surrounding the lower back
- Stretch the side body to relieve lower back pain (stretching the muscle attached to lumbar spine)
3. Bridge pose
- Maintain the knees and ankles hip width apart when lifting the buttocks off the mat.
- Pressing down the arms when lifting the buttocks off the mat
Lengthen hip flexors to balance out this muscle group. The hip flexors have attachments to lumbar spine (lower back), pelvis and femur. Shortened hip flexors cause unnatural curve of the lumbar spine and compression.
You may be worried about making any move because of the pain. Listen to your body and just do what you feel good. With limited range of movement, muscles become shortened and tighten. Other parts of the body will compensate the shorten muscle group. The idea of back pain relief is about strengthening and stretching the muscles associated with the back.
Daniel Lieberman, (2013), The Story of the human body, the Penguin Group
My semester break begins. I have time to reflect and write again.
Over the past couple of months, I basically studied all the time when I wasn’t involved in teaching yoga. I declined family and friends gatherings and also lost a bit of sleep. I wouldn’t be able to push myself so hard to learn without studying a master degree. In return, I learned prognosis of the most common diseases in Australia and how different health conditions impacted individual’s daily living, as well as framework of occupational therapy.
A lot of knowledge and learning experiences worth sharing but one comes to my mind - occupational imbalance. In occupational therapy, occupation doesn’t only mean jobs. It includes productivity (e.g. jobs), leisure and self-care. Occupational imbalance refers to an individual’s lifestyle without meeting satisfactory level of his/her physical, psychological and social needs.
We had an interesting activity in class. List all activities you do and the time required in your typical day. Everyone is different, but this is a general idea of how much time adults spend on productivity and self-care in a day.
During the weekend, you have 16 hours to do home maintenance and financial management (buy groceries, clean the toilet, mop the floor, do washing and pay the bills). These are the routines and I haven’t yet mentioned any ad hoc life events, seeing GP, specialists, etc.
These tasks are part of our life in a modern lifestyle. I don’t think I can change much about it unless I pay for someone to do it. I now study full time and need to save money for my yoga dream. Probably it is not a good option for me. I just think how lucky I was as a teenager/young adult that my family took up a lot of responsibilities so I could be able to enjoy my leisure time.
It’s important to keep track of the time and be fair to our body and mind. How much time do you spend for your leisure? Do you have one hour for yourself each day (1 out of 24) and simply do something you enjoy rather than something you have to get it done? This may not happen to you right now. Sometimes life is out of control. However, it’s important to be aware of it and plan for leisure. Things can get better. At the end of the day, we all want happy and healthy life. It's all about balance.
Find occupational balance in our own way. Yoga is a self-healing process, improving physical and mental wellbeing. Body movement and mindfulness connect body and mind. Gardening offers you social support networks and daily routines. In the meantime, you have an opportunity to enjoy the sun and fresh air. Simply having a cuppa and a good chat with friends improve quality of life. Little smiles add up. These are all important elements to balance your life, taking up responsibilities without feeling overwhelmed and depressed.
Of course, personal growth and/or career development is important too. In fact, this is part of the mental wellbeing. Human beings can’t live without hopes and dreams. Little achievement is an achievement. After all commitments, let’s squeeze some time for consistent work. Let’s squeeze some time for leisure.
How do you find time for leisure? Would love to get some more ideas!
A simple day is so good. It means I have plenty of time and space to enjoy what I like to do. What a luxury to be able to sit down and write a blog in my birthday. I have time, space, capability and energy.
I have been living in Perth for 3 years now. I know it will still take a while to establish my life here. However, I am grateful to live a sustainable life and move forward gradually. Here are my lessons at 39.
1. Be a student
I have a huge study commitment this year but studying in a wet lab is unexpected. I need to identify joints and muscles in a cadaver. I have so many questions that never come to my mind before. What kind of personalities of the person is willing to donate their bodies for learning and teaching? How does the school find the right person to cut a cadaver so precisely? I really thanked the bodies to offer me a chance to learn human anatomy. Being a student, I stretch my mind and feel alive. When I learn something new, I can share new ideas with people instead of talking about things in the past. When I learn something new, I can see things in different perspectives and it helps me agree to disagree. Of course, taking a new fitness class has the same benefits. I don't need to be so serious all the time.
2. Be a hunter-gatherer
I really enjoy eating simple and less. I like the feelings of not too full and also there is some rationale behind. When I eat a lot, the blood will be sent to the digestive system instead of other parts of the body. I will feel tired and lack of energy. I like Michael Pollen’s food documentaries. It’s so educational and inspiring. He said, ‘Don't eat anything your great-grandmother wouldn't recognize as food’. He mentioned history tells politicians that raw materials’ price has to be low. If people can’t even afford to buy a loaf of bread, revolution will be coming. Food manufacturers take advantages of low-cost raw materials. There are thousands of choices in supermarkets but only the quiet food is good food, e.g. fresh fruit and veggies. Processed food with advertising message like 99% reduced fat doesn’t tell you how much sugar in it. As I eat so light and plain, I feel a bit unwell and stop before my body is really sick.
3. Be ready to live till 100
Nobody knows when it's time to go but I do think I need to get well prepared to live till 100. The advanced medical system doesn’t allow me to die. If anything goes wrong, it seems surgeon will cut part of my bodies, liver, stomach or intestine to save my life. I may not have a good quality of life but I can’t die. In this case, I’d better keep myself well. I only have one liver, one stomach and one intestine in lifetime.
It doesn’t matter how long actually I am going to live. When I expect to have a long life instead of worrying about death, I feel I still have opportunities and possibilities in life and that’s very important to set up my mind. My yoga teacher reaches 80 and she is still teaching yoga. I want to be like her.
Thank you very much for all your birthday wishes. I am loved and touched.
Rachel is the founder of VAI YOGA. She follows her yoga journey from Hong Kong to Fiji and Australia. She is now sharing the joy of yoga and continues down this path in Perth. | <urn:uuid:7751f720-b2cb-4be7-be23-02112a5d9dca> | {
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Some recent education question and answer requested students to claim what they presume is the most crucial important aspect for a student to do to be able to accomplished success. One that response stood out from the rest was practice. People who were successful do not become successful by being born. They work hard and perseverance their lives to succeeding. If you want to get your goals, keep this in mind! down below are one of the answer and question example that you would certainly benefit from to practice and enriches your understanding and also give you insights that could help you to keep up your study in school.
Match each of these works with its artist.
Pieter Bruegelthe ElderIsenheim AltarpieceAlbrecht DürerBattle Between Carnivaland LentMatthiasGrünewaldThe Apocalypse of St.John
The correct match between the works and its artist include :
- Battle Between Carnival and Lent painting by Pieter Bruegel the Elder: This was work was done around 1559 and it gives an insight to the contemporary of people living in Southern Holland
- Isenheim Altarpiece painting by Matthias Grünewald was carried out between 1512–1516. This work contains the crucifixion of Jesus which was made to provide comfort.
- The Apocalypse of St. John painting by Albrecht Dürer was done around 1498 and depicts the martyrdom of Apostle John.
From the answer and question examples above, hopefully, they could simply guide the student handle the question they had been looking for and take notice of everything that declared in the answer above. Then can potentially carry out some sharing in a group discussion and also study with the classmate with regard to the topic, so another student also possess some enlightenment and still keeps up the school learning. | <urn:uuid:199a796f-6a3b-4a49-b8fe-c2d2103096e8> | {
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MIA: Encyclopedia of Marxism: Glossary of Periodicals
Revolutionary-democratic Russian newspaper published by Alexander Herzen and Nikolai Ogaryov.
1. A magazine founded by Lenin and published by the Editorial Board of Sotsial-Demokrat jointly with G. L. Pyatakov and E. B. Bosch, who financed it; Bukharin was one of the editors. Only one (double) issue was published. It carried, apart from the article "The Honest Voice of a French Socialist", two other articles by Lenin: "The Collapse of the Second International" and "Imperialism and Socialism in Italy".
The publication plan was worked out by Lenin in the spring of 1915. The organisational meeting of the editorial board was held under his guidance. Lenin planned to make Kommunist an international organ of the Left-wing Social-Democrats, but it soon transpired that there were grave contradictions between the Editorial Board and Bukharin, Pyatakov and Bosch, which were aggravated after the No. 1-2 issue. The Bukharin-Pyatakov-Bosch took at variance with the Bolsheviks on a number of points of principle in the Party's Programme and tactics-the right of nations to self-determination, the role of democratic demands and the minimum programme in general, etc.–and tried to make use of the magazine for factional purposes. On the Editorial Board Lenin fought the Bukharin-Pyatakov-Bosch group, exposed their anti-Bolshevik views and factional activites, and sharply criticised the concilatory attitude to the group on the part of G. Y. Zinoviev and A. G. Shlyapnikov.
In view of the groups anti-Party attitude, the Sotsial-Demokrat Editorial Board declared, on Lenin's proposal, that it concidered it impossible to continue publication. Lenin wrote the draft resolution of the R.S.D.L.P. Central Committee terminating the publication of the Kommunist. The Central Committee Bureau in Russia, having heard a report on the contradictions on the Kommunist Editorial Board, declared its full solidarity with the Editorial Board of the Central Organ, Sotsial-Demokrat, ad expressed the wish that "all publications of the Central Committee should be edited on lines strictly in conformity with the Central Committee's policy and adopted before the outbreak of the war". From October 1916, the Editorial Board of Sotsial-Demokrat began publication of Sbornik Sotsial-Demokrata.
2. A daily newspaper issued by the “Left-Communists” in Petrograd from March 5 to March 19, 1918 as the “organ of the St. Petersburg Committee and the St. Petersburg Area Committee of the R.S.D.L.P.” Only eleven issues appeared. It reflected the attitude of N. Bukharin and others on the Bolshevik Central Committee opposed to the negotiations with the Germans at Brest-Litovsk, whose delegation from the Soviets was headed Leon Trotsky. Kommunist, advocated “Revolutionary War” against the German Army as a way of fomenting revolution in Germany. The Left Communists regarded this as a principal, as did many Left-Socialist Revolutionaries. Publication of Kommunist, was ceased by decision of the Petrograd City Party Conference of March 20, 1918. The conference stated that the policy of the Petrograd Committee, as expressed in the newspaper Kommunist, was deeply erroneous, and that it completely failed to reflect the attitude of the Petrograd organisation of the Communist Party. The conference declared Petrogradskaya Pravda to be the organ of the Petrograd Party organisation in place of Kommunist. | <urn:uuid:a211d469-f1c9-422d-945a-f132a38ffda4> | {
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The official poverty ratios in India are estimated using certain minimum level of private consumer expenditure on food and non-food items. For example, according to the Rangarajan Committee report on poverty, the monthly per capita consumption expenditure of Rs 972 in rural areas and Rs 1,407 in urban areas was treated as the poverty line at the all-India level in 2011-12. This level of private expenditure has to be seen in the context of public expenditure being incurred in areas like health, education, food security, sanitation and drinking water. In this article, we argue that the actual well-being of the household will be higher than what is indicated by the poverty line, if we take into account public expenditure along with private expenditure. This aspect is specifically dealt with by the Rangarajan Committee.
The issue of public expenditure on the social sector has been mentioned in earlier committees on poverty as well. For example, the 1962 expert group of the Perspective Planning Division of the Planning Commission recommended a national minimum of private consumption expenditure on food and non-food items for estimating poverty ratios. The committee report says that “this national minimum excludes expenditure on health and education, both of which are expected to be provided by the state according to the Constitution and in the light of its other commitments”.
Similarly, the Lakdawala Committee on Poverty (1993) says the “poverty line derived from personal consumption patterns and levels does not take into account items of social consumption such as basic education and health, drinking water supply, sanitation, environmental standards, etc in terms of normative requirements or effective access”. It also says “consumption of free goods and services provided by the state or charitable institutions is not recorded. Social consumption of these publicly provided services is in the nature of transfer from the government to the people. In other words, the real levels of living of the poor, inclusive of social consumption are expected to be higher than what is reflected through the estimates of private consumption expenditure reported in NSS data”.
Public expenditure, particularly in the areas of health, education, food, sanitation, etc, constitutes a significant proportion of the total consumer expenditure of these items. Their proportion is high particularly among the poor as these services are provided either free or at nominal cost to them. In the seven-year period 2004-05 to 2011-12, public expenditures on education and health per capita at constant 2004-05 prices have nearly doubled with an implied compound annual growth rate of close to 10 per cent per annum (Table 1).
Given that these services are, typically, provided at heavily subsidised prices, if not given free, the reported private expenditures as captured in the NSS Consumer Expenditure Surveys on them would be lower than their true value. However, in the absence of data on the distribution of the public expenditures on these social services by the size-class of private consumption expenditure, they cannot be factored into either the construction of the poverty line or in the assessment of their impact on measured poverty. However, it is reasonable to assume that the bulk of the public expenditures on health and education would have gone to meet the needs of the lower deciles of the population.
Unlike in education and health, in the case of the PDS, we do have information on the monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) of households using PDS and the quantities of grains, etc bought. One could, therefore, analyse the impact of PDS on measured poverty. Abhijit Sen and Himanshu (2013) estimate the size of PDS transfers and the impact of these transfers on poverty. According to their estimates, the value of PDS transfer was 2.4 per cent of MPCE for the population as a whole and 5.2 per cent of MPCE for the bottom 40 per cent. In other words, the poor benefited more than others due to these in-kind food transfers. Their study also shows that with PDS transfers, the total poverty ratio (Tendulkar methodology) was 30.68 per cent in 2009-10. Without PDS transfers, the poverty ratio was higher at 33.85 per cent in the same year.
A survey on “Social Consumption: Education” was conducted in NSS 71st round (January-June 2014). In this survey, information was obtained for each student on various educational incentives received by them, such as free education or tuition fee waivers, scholarship/ stipend/ reimbursement, free books or stationery or at a subsidised price, mid-day meal, student’s concession in public transport, etc.
Table 2 provides the proportion of students receiving scholarships in the rural and urban categories for each quintile class of MPCE.
The percentage of students receiving scholarships was higher for lower quintile classes. For example, in rural areas, 33 per cent of students received scholarships for the bottom quintile compared to that of 13 per cent for the highest quintile. The table also shows that female students were getting more scholarships than male students.
The survey on education also shows that around 57 per cent of male and 63 per cent of female students were getting free education in primary schools. In the case of upper primary, these percentages were 58 per cent for male students and 64 per cent for female students. Regarding secondary schools, 32 per cent of male students and 37 per cent of female students were getting free education. The proportion of students getting free education must be much higher for the poor. Similarly, the poor must be getting higher benefits from the public expenditure on health.
To conclude, it is suggested here that increased public expenditure on health, education and other social services will have to be taken into account while assessing the trends in poverty. This is because the actual well-being is higher than what is indicated by the poverty line — and it has policy implications.
Rangarajan is chairman, Madras School of Economics. Dev is director, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai. | <urn:uuid:131c865b-4c19-4423-9647-2d258c7ff2d7> | {
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IS ALZHEIMER’S the result of a burnt-out brain? Healthy young adults carrying a gene variant that is a major risk factor for the disease seem to have extra activity in brain regions related to memory, even when their brains are at rest.
The gene APOE codes for a protein thought to help create, maintain and repair neuronal connections. One variant, epsilon 4, is considered the biggest risk factor for getting Alzheimer’s, increasing your risk by up to four times if you have one copy and up to 12 if you have two. It is not known exactly how epsilon 4 ups the risk, but in people who carry it and have developed Alzheimer’s, the hippocampus, which is involved in memory functions, is usually smaller.
To figure out if epsilon 4 influences brain function earlier on in life, Clare Mackay of the University of Oxford and her colleagues scanned the brains of 18 healthy adults with epsilon 4 and 18 controls who did not have the variant. In the scanner, the volunteers spent time performing memory tests and also doing nothing.
During the memory task, the epsilon 4 carriers had more activity in the hippocampus compared with controls, even though there was no difference in their performance on the tests, suggesting that their hippocampi expend more energy to achieve the same result (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0811879106).
For the scans when the volunteers did nothing, the researchers focused on the “default mode network“, a series of connected sites throughout the brain that are active even when the volunteer is resting. Parts of the DMN found in the hippocampus were more active | <urn:uuid:ea910667-fddd-49f0-a064-48af58294906> | {
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AIHA Internet Resources Digest
Supporting Access to High Quality Online Resources
Spotlight on: Social Bookmarking
Social bookmarking tools allow users to store, manage, search, organize and share their bookmarks online and access them from any computer. By default, the bookmarks are available for the network to view, but also there are options to make it private if required. These are very useful tools for collaboration and information sharing.
Diigo provides a browser add-on that can really improve your research productivity. As you read on the web, instead of just bookmarking, you can highlight portions of web pages that are of particular interest to you. You can also attach sticky notes to specific parts of web pages.
All the information -- highlighted paragraphs, sticky notes, and the original URL -- are saved on Diigo servers, creating your personal digest of the web, your own collection of highlights from the web. You can easily search, access, sort and share this collection from any PC or iPhone.
Diigo enables effective collaborative research. You can easily share your findings, complete with your highlights and sticky notes, with friends and colleagues. A project team can create a group on Diigo to pool relevant resources, findings and thoughts together.
You can find and subscribe to the most recent or most popular bookmarks under any set of tags. The system also provides recommended news and resources personalized to your interests.
While you are reading a web page, the Diigo sidebar shows you who else has bookmarked this page or this site, and what other similar pages and sites they have bookmarked, providing you a social browsing experience and a great way to find related content.
You can find "people like me" - those who are closest to you in interests, or search people by tags or sites to find others who share certain specific interests with you. Once you find people of interest to you, you can connect with them in multiple ways: invite them to add you as a friend, send them messages, invite them to a group, or simply add them to your watchlist.
CiteULike is based on the principle of social bookmarking and is aimed to promote and to develop the sharing of scientific references amongst researchers. It indexes now over 2 million articles.
After free registration you can add a reference to CiteULike directly from within the web browser, without needing a separate programme. For common online database like PubMed, author names, title, and other details are imported automatically. You can manually add tags for grouping of references. The web site can be used to search public references by all users or only your own. References can later be exported via BibTeX or EndNote to be used on local computers.
New entries are added as public by default, which makes them accessible to everyone. Entries can be added as private and are then only available to the specific user. Users of CiteULike thus automatically share all their public entries with other users. The tags assigned to public entries contribute to the site-wide tag network. All public references can also be searched and filtered by tag.
In addition, the site provides groups that users can join themselves or by invitation. Groups are typically labs, institutions, professions, or research areas.
CiteULike gives access to personal or shared bibliographies directly from the web. It allows you to see what other people have posted publicly, which tags they have added, and how they have commented and rated a paper. It is also possible to browse the public libraries of people with similar interests to discover interesting papers. Groups allow individual users to collaborate with other users to build a library of references. The data are backed up daily from the central server.
It is one of the most popular social bookmarking web services for storing, sharing, and discovering web bookmarks. Users can tag each of their bookmarks with freely chosen index terms. Use of Delicious is free. To facilitate newcomers, Delicious provides an option to import bookmarks from the web browsers to its site so that new users can quickly get started with the site. Many features have contributed to this, including the website's simple interface and RSS feeds for web syndication.
All bookmarks posted to Delicious are publicly viewable by default, although users can mark specific bookmarks as private, and imported bookmarks are private by default. The public aspect is emphasized; the site is not focused on storing private ("not shared") bookmark collections.
This is a bookmarking site particularly designed for bookmarking images and videos. It helps you to isolate just the image or video from the web page you are on and collect these together into various groups. Pinterest describes the groups as boards and uses the metaphor of pinning to describe the way it helps you to collect together resources onto a form of digital pin board.
Pinterest is a pinboard-style photo-sharing website that allows users to create and manage theme-based image collections such as events, interests, and hobbies. Users can browse other pinboards for images, "re-pin" images to their own pinboards, or "like" photos.
Users should be aware of certain terms and functions when using Pinterest. A "board" is where the users pins are located, users can have several boards for various items. A "pin" is an image that has either been uploaded or from a link on a website. Once users create boards and add pins, other users can now "repin" meaning that they can "pin" one users image to their board as well.
Once the users have set up their accounts and boards, they can browse, comment, and like other "pins". If a user wants to turn an image online into a "pin" there are a few steps to do so. First, the user must select image to pin. Second, the user then click on the “Add +” button on Pinterest. Third, copy and paste an image URL into the link box. Next, the users will select the exact image they wish to pin and place in the designated board. Users can then describe the pin and share it via Twitter or Facebook.
Other users can now click on the pin to see which board the image is pinned in, who pinned the image previously, where the original pin is from, and who has liked, commented, or repinned the image.
Pinboards can be used by educators to plan lessons. Teachers can pin sites for later referral. Students can pin and organize sources and collaborate on projects.
Cordell N. How I use it: social bookmarking. Occup Med (Lond). 2012 Dec;62(8):673 -4. Access to full-text through HINARI.
Sparks MA, O'Seaghdha CM, Sethi SK, Jhaveri KD. Embracing the Internet as a means of enhancing medical education in nephrology. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011 Oct;58 (4):512-8.
This review discusses how the internet currently is being used to provide medical education in the nephrology community and addresses some of the issues and dilemmas unique to using this media. It focuses on how blogs, wikis, podcasts/YouTube, social bookmarking/media, and mobile devices are used to deliver e-learning in nephrology. Access to full-text through HINARI.
Wink DM, Smith-Stoner M. Teaching with technology: free Web resources for teaching and learning. Nurse Educ. 2011 Jul-Aug;36(4):137-9.
In this bimonthly series, the department editor examines how nurse educators can use web-based search, communication, collaborative writing tools; social networking, and social bookmarking sites; virtual worlds; and web-based teaching and learning programs. Access to full-text through HINARI
Giglia E. Everything in its place. Social bookmarking and reference manager tools to collect, manage and cite information sources. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2010 Jun;46(2):301-7.
„Aim of this contribution was to present some free reference manager software and social bookmarking tools. They help scholars and authors in recording, managing and reusing Web pages, scientific articles and bibliographic citations. Most of them support integration within the commonly used browsers or word processors, in order to easily create or import a full bibliography or a single reference.“ Free full-text.
Barnes L. Social Bookmarking Sites as Collection Development Tools. The Informant: The Quarterly Newsletter of the Illinois Chapter of the Special Libraries Association Spring 2010, 3.
„Most librarians are familiar with social bookmarking sites like Delicious [http://www.delicious.com] and Diigo [http://www.diigo.com], which allow users to save and manage bookmarks from the web. These sites are not just useful for storing bookmarks so they’re accessible from anywhere. They’re also valuable tools for building lists of topical resources on the fly and sharing those lists with other people who are interested in that topic.“
Barnes L. Social Bookmarking Sites: A review. Collaborative Librarianship 2011, 3 (3), 180-182.
„Social bookmarking tools allow users to store, manage, search, organize, and share their bookmarks online and access them from any-where. Although these tools have been around since the mid-90s, librarians have not generally embraced them as tools for building information resources. However, these are incredibly useful tools for collaboration and information sharing. Following is a brief description of some of the more popular social bookmarking sites and ways in which librarians are using them to help users navigate the Web.“
Social Bookmarking 101 - What is Social Bookmarking and How Can It Help Me?
„Social bookmarking and social news allow you to specifically target what you want to see. Instead of going into a search engine, typing something in, and then searching for that needle in a haystack, you can quickly narrow down the items to what you are looking for. Because many social bookmarking sites display recently added lists and popular links, you can both stay current and see relevant information...”
A Review of Social Bookmarking & Other Link Curation Tools (Posted on August 14, 2011 by Julie Niles Petersen)
„The tools tested are Delicious, Diigo, Pinterest, PortaPortal, Scoop.It, Sqworl, Symbaloo, WordPress pages, and the WPTable Reloader plugin.
Obviously, there are pros and cons with each tool and they will vary depending on your wants and needs. I wanted a technology tool that:
• Created a visually attractive endproduct • Was not intimidating to non-users • Allowed me to annotate each link • Was relatively easy to use • Could easily be shared with others • Did not require a lot of scrolling • Had some capability of indicating when I added new resources”
Social Bookmarking. in Plain English Video from Common Craft Library
Quickstart Guide to Social Bookmarking
From Princeton University
Social tagging. HLWIKI International
“Social tagging (or folksonomic tagging) is a "non-hierarchical" informal term or words applied to a digital object to describe it. The activity allows users to store, describe and classify documents and websites for future discovery and retrieval. By assigning tags to digital materials, web users can collate, catalogue, track and recommend content. It is also a form of marking one's footprint on the web and taking ownership of one's data management.
Once a collection of tags have been applied to a group of websites, taggers can use the collection as a personal digital library or filing system. On social bookmarking sites, social tags are often displayed in weighted lists (tag clouds) which provide visual insight into the search habits of users...”
- Open Access Initiatives
- Patient Information Services
Social Media in Health Care. Internet Resources Digest, July 2011
Resources on Authorship Skills. Internet Resources Digest, November 2012
About the AIHA Internet Resources Digest
The Internet Resources Digest — previously called the Health Resources Digest — is distributed free of charge as a service of the American International Health Alliance’s Learning Resources Project thanks to the generous support of the American people through the US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). The Learning Resources Project is implemented through AIHA’s HIV/AIDS Twinning Center Program, which is funded through a cooperative agreement with the US Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA).
The Internet Resources Digest is compiled by Irina Ibraghimova, PhD, Library and Information Management Specialist, HealthConnect International (healthconnect-intl.org). The contents are the responsibility of AIHA and do not necessarily reflect the views of PEPFAR, HRSA, or the United States Government. If you have a suggestion for a Digest topic, or would like to contribute information about Internet resources, please contact ibra[at]zadar.net.
Back issues of the Internet Resources Digest for 2011-2013 are archived at www.healthconnect-intl.org/resources.html.
If this document is to be redistributed or posted on another Web site, we request that it be posted in full without alteration, and credit is given to the AIHA as the source of the document. | <urn:uuid:c84f9eb4-a005-48f3-ab7c-8a01b3794774> | {
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Why Digital Learning is Reshaping Education
Technology has changed just about every field, including education. Digital learning is reshaping education in unprecedented ways. The ways in which students learn are changing rapidly thanks to technology, and both students and teachers will benefit from it.
There are several specific changes that we can expect to see as digital learning takes over education. For one, the way teachers present information and how students work with that information has changed. Students are asked to be more hands-on and collaborative than ever before. There are also new skills that students must learn, such as digital literacy.
The Flipped Classroom
The traditional model of teachers lecturing in the classroom and students completing practice and homework on their own is changing. Instead, students are learning on their own and using the classroom as a place to dig more deeply into what they’ve learned. This model, known as the flipped classroom, is gaining popularity thanks to the rise of EdTech.
How does the flipped classroom work? Students watch lecture videos or complete readings at home. The following day in class, the teacher clarifies anything students didn’t understand. Students then work with the information to answer questions, complete projects, and do other activities that used to be reserved for homework.
The flipped classroom provides benefits for students and teachers alike. Teachers spend more time helping students with the content they don’t understand. This means more one-on-one help for students and less time listening to boring lectures in class.
Emphasis on Collaboration
Another change brought about by digital learning is a new emphasis on collaboration. Thanks to increased technology in the classroom, students able to collaborate online and work on projects together. With a flipped classroom model, teachers can spend less time lecturing and devote more time to collaborative activities and projects.
Technology has also created a more connected world, where everyone is reachable almost any time of day. Cloud-based apps, like Google’s Drive, allow students to share work and collaborate outside of school. Many teachers are already using social media or education apps to encourage students to communicate about class content or ask questions from home. As digital learning becomes more popular, this kind of after-hours collaboration will only increase.
More Higher-Order Thinking
Thanks to technology, students have instant access to all the information they could ever want or need. There’s no longer a need for students to memorize facts or dates. Today, there is much more emphasis placed on higher-order thinking.
Higher-order thinking occurs when students are asked not just to know a piece of information but to do something with that information. At the most basic level, this can mean analyzing information—comparing and contrasting, for example. At the highest level, students are asked to create something on their own that shows their understanding.
In nearly every classroom today, students are asked to do these types of higher-order thinking tasks. Gone are the days when teachers lectured and students regurgitated information for a quiz or test. Today’s students are learning how to be critical thinkers, a skill that is in-demand in today’s job market.
There are other skills that students will need to stay competitive in the 21st century. Digital literacy, the ability to use the internet and other digital technologies, is increasingly important for a wide variety of jobs. As technology becomes a bigger part of education, teachers will devote more time to teaching digital literacy.
In some states, digital literacy is already a part of the curriculum. More states are creating standards for digital literacy just as they would for reading or math.
These are just some of the ways that digital learning is reshaping education. As digital learning becomes a bigger part of the world of education, you can expect to see more changes in classrooms around the world.
How do you envison technology changing education? | <urn:uuid:8e71f6d6-e2e1-4631-81ff-50085d666a8e> | {
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The Bali tiger – the first tiger species completely extirpated by humans
Tigers once used to roam the wide regions of Asia from Eastern Anatolia to the coast of the Sea of Japan, from the southern foothills of the Himalayas to the Sunda Islands of Sumatra, Java and Bali. At the beginning of the 20th century the number of wild tigers was estimated around 100 000 globally – in 2015, less than 4000 individuals remained in small, isolated populations restricted to around 5-7 % of their historic range.
Based mainly on their geographical range there were 9 tiger subspecies distinguished and recognized until the end of the 1990s; four of them – the Javan, the Caspian, the South China and the Bali tigers – already driven to extinction in the wild by humans during the century.
In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group revised felid taxonomy: based on combined analysis of skulls, morphological, ecological and molecular traits tigers are now divided into two subspecies: Panthera tigris tigris with 6 populations on mainland Asia, and Panthera tigris sondaica with 2 already extinct (the Bali and the Javan tiger) and one critically endangered (the Sumatran tiger) populations on the Sunda Islands.
The critically endangered Sumatran tiger is the only extant population of the subspecies Panthera tigris sondaica
by Bernard Spragg
The number of tigers living in captivity is estimated to be around 10 000 individuals worldwide, most of them are of mixed genetics. Many of them are privately owned and kept as pets (mainly in the US and China).
Date of extinction: The last known Bali tiger – an adult female – was shot and killed by Dutch hunters at Sumbar Kima, West Bali, on 27 September 1937. There have been a few unconfirmed reports of tigers from West Bali in the 1960s, but as subsequent surveys in the late 1950s and in 1960 found no evidence of extant tigers on the island, these individuals were most probably stray Javan tigers swimming the 2.5 km wide Bali Straits from the Baluran Reserve on Java. By most experts, Bali tigers are considered to have gone extinct between the end of World War II and the 1950s – they were the first tiger species completely extirpated.
A Bali tiger shot around 1916
by Vincent Nijman via researchgate
Range: Endemic to the island of Bali in the Sunda Islands.
Habitat: The Bali tiger used to live in the mangrove forests and savannah of the island.
Description: The Bali tiger (Panthera tigris balica, now Panthera tigris sondaica) was the smallest tiger of all variations: males were about 220-230 cm long from head to end of tail and weighed about 90-100 kg, females were about 10 % smaller. Their fur was the darkest orange of all tiger races, but with fewer stripes and black spots scattered between them.
Sumatran tiger cub in the Jacksonville Zoo
The main prey of the Bali tiger was the Javan rusa, a deer species common on the islands of Indonesia. Based on the size of their required hunting territory, the tiger population of Bali was probably never more than a few hundred.
The Bali tiger is an important part of the folklore and magic of the island’s people, often appearing in folk tales and in traditional arts. One of the five forms of the traditional Barong mask dance representing the eternal battle between good (Barong) and evil (Rangda) is called barong macan (tiger barong). Barong is the king of the spirits in Balinese mythology, the mask of the Barong macan dancer is shaped like a tiger’s head.
Balinese Barong macan tiger mask, mid 20th century
Cause of extinction: Tiger hunting used to be a popular sport of the Dutch colonists of the Indonesian archipelago. After they gained political and economical control over Bali at the turn of the 20th century, hunting trips were organized for tourists and ‘sportsmen’ to hunt tigers on the island and the nearby island of Java.
Hungarian hunter baron Oscar Vojnich posing with a dead Bali tiger, November 1911
Meanwhile, the plantations of the intensive wet-rice agriculture occupied more and more area on the slopes of the volcanoes and the narrow alluvial strip around the island, causing significant loss and fragmentation of the natural habitat of the tigers. In 1941, a game reserve (today West Bali National Park) was established in the western part of the island but the area was too small and fragmented to save the Bali tiger from extinction. In fact, today there’s no adequate area of natural habitat on the island of Bali to host tigers…
The Bali tiger poster at the top of this post is available in my store on Redbubble, with design variations more suitable for apparel and other products. My whole profit goes to the Sea Shepherd to support their fight to protect our oceans and marine wildlife. | <urn:uuid:583a37c5-1f75-4665-a3f6-b37fd0f8f20c> | {
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History of Control Efforts
More than 75 years ago, the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, was accidentally brought into Mobile, Alabama, from South America. It now infests more than 325 million acres, comprising most of eleven southern states and Puerto Rico, with infestations also in New Mexico and California. It has recently been reported in northern Mexico, Australia, Taiwan and China. Another species, the black imported fire ant, Solenopsis richteri Forel, was introduced earlier, but this species is limited to northeastern Mississippi, northwestern Alabama, and
Tennessee. Colonies move vertically and horizontally in the soil profile to escape floods, droughts, and extreme temperatures. When new colonies are not actively foraging, they may be unaffected by baits or other pesticides applied to the soil surface.
Technological obstacles to eradication
Pesticide treatments are expensive, time-consuming, and limited in their effectiveness. There are three basic approaches:
- Surface treatment using a residual contact poison. This approach is the least environmentally sound because the treated surface remains toxic for a long time. The ants may survive by foraging underground.
- Individual mound treatment. This approach involves applying a large volume of pesticide to reach the queen. However, it is nearly impossible to locate all of the colonies in an area and difficult to manipulate large volumes of liquid. Also, mound treatment is more expensive and time-consuming than broadcast treatments. Colonies not eliminated may move or split into several colonies.
- Bait treatment. This approach uses some sort of attractive substance the ants like to eat. Unfortunately, baits are not always consumed, and the bait’s attractiveness is short-lived. The bait must be slow-acting and effective over a range of doses, since the dose the ants get cannot be controlled. Baits may also be attractive to and kill some native ant species that compete with fire ants.
Economic, regulatory, and environmental obstacles to eradication
The best way to treat large areas (hundreds of acres) is by an aerial application of bait. The larger the treatment area, the more slowly reinfestation occurs. However, not all areas can be treated because of label restrictions and application limitations. Even with a bait product, it is not feasible to treat the entire infested area or even a large part of a single state, and untreated areas may be reinfested. If periodic treatments are discontinued, the area may become more infested than it originally was within a year or two. | <urn:uuid:ffe9666b-244d-471d-8e1f-fa1f274bf86b> | {
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in degrees Fahrenheit. This TV map comes from the following link and should be updated automatically. “Afternoon” refers to 5 PM Alaska Time (-9 hours UTC)
The TV map doesn’t stay live for very long so here is an alternative from the same folks as the Jet Stream.
It is a little more cluttered (more than temperatures displayed) but is a 24-hr map. Temperatures are in degrees F but when it’s cold enough, Celsius overlaps.
Each weather map for Alaska shows (when available):
(1) Plots of surface weather station reports, including:
o wind speed (in knots) and wind direction;
o cloud cover;
o temperature and dew-point temperature (both in degrees Fahrenheit);
o sea-level pressure (coded, in millibars); and
o current weather (represented symbolically, if included).
During summer and early fall during daylight hours, some images also include:
(2) A GOES-West visible satellite image.
USAToday doesn’t believe Alaska and Hawaii are part of the United States. Neither does the American Meteorological Society (no wonder it is so difficult finding work from Bethel. We don’t exist! Where is Bethel?)
USAToday weather questions are good.
Site Search Tags: temperature, Bethel+Alaska, where+is, USAToday, SFSU, NOAA, maps, climate, weather, satellite | <urn:uuid:adeb3ddb-1792-46ca-94e1-11433cd83829> | {
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Outdoor activity or recreational outdoor recreation refers to recreational activity engaged outside of homes, usually in natural environments. The activities itself, such as hiking, camping, mountain biking, kayaking, and equestrian riding, are normally dependent on the surrounding environment practiced at.
For example, many people are familiar with outdoor recreation involving water sports such as snorkeling, scuba diving, rafting, sailing, or scuba diving, but the same holds true for fishing and hunting. Fishing, also known as angling, is considered to be one of the more “traditional” outdoor activities.
One of the most popular forms of traditional outdoor activities, however, is hunting. While hunting is a traditional pastime, it has not traditionally been confined to hunting deer or other game animals. In fact, some of the earliest recorded sporting events involved hunting wild game birds or wild boars. The modern version of hunting generally takes place on an ark or on land, though the concept of hunting has become increasingly popular for sport fishing.
Fishing is perhaps the most well-known form of outdoor recreation, though there are many others. There are numerous types of fishing that people can engage in. One of the most common is kayaking, which involves long-distance transportation over bodies of water, and involves using kayaks that have seats on top and that have paddles underneath. Kayaking is very popular in the United States, and kayaking clubs are frequently held in various cities, towns, and villages.
Hunting, as mentioned earlier, is one of the most typical outdoor activity. Many people consider hunting a sport of some sort. However, for hunters who are interested in hunting small game such as squirrels and rabbits, hunting wild game animals is much more popular than hunting a large animal. Although a hunter may be interested in both, he or she should take into consideration whether the game animal they will be hunting is not readily available to hunters nearby.
Another typical outdoor activity is mountain biking, although it differs from the above activity in that mountain bikers do not typically engage in such activities as horseback riding, but rather, engage in short, gentle jaunts. that do not take long to complete. Mountain biking, in most cases, does not involve any form of transportation, but instead, the biker uses only his or her own two or three wheels, walking along trails. and often avoiding motor vehicle traffic.
Horseback riding is another of the adventurous type of outdoor activity. Horseback riders engage in various activities, including carting around on horseback, going up and down steep hills, and even, if you happen to be a rider who likes to go for a walk, you could enjoy this by taking in the scenic beauty of nature. However, horseback riders do have to make sure that they do not come into contact with horses that are protected by fencing, which could make their journey a bit more difficult. For those who are interested in the outdoors and want to get off their car, horseback riding can be one of the best forms of outdoor activities available. If you find yourself in a situation where it is not possible for you to ride on your own, you can hire a horse and ride the streets, though this is not always an advisable option.
When it comes to activities for the entire family, canoeing, hiking, fly fishing, rafting, and kayaking are all other types of outdoor activities that can be enjoyed by people of all ages. Whether you’re seeking entertainment at a park, or simply want a few hours of relaxation outdoors in a peaceful setting, there is an activity for everyone in these categories.
Welcome to my blog about home and family.
This blog is a place where I will share my thoughts, ideas, and experiences related to these important topics.
I am a stay-at-home mom with two young children.
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The Census returns, when published, will enable us to ascertain, in some degrees, the extent of the combined ravages of famine and pestilence, in the first place, and of despair and emigration, in the second, in the depopulation of Ireland. But even these returns, authentic as they will be, cannot be complete; for the emigration that has gone on since the census was taken, and which still continues, will compell the statist to make large deductions from the amount which the census will yield, if he wish to ascertain the real number of the Irish people. The annals of the modern world offer no such record as that presented in the history of Ireland, since the memorable and deplorable years of the potato famine, and of the pestilence that followed in its track. The splendid emigrant ships that ply between Liverpool and New York, and which have sufficed in previous years to carry to the shores America an Irish emigration, amounting on the average to 250,000 souls per annum, have, during the present spring, been found insufficient to transport to the States the increasing swarms of Irish who have resolved to try in the New World to gain the independence which has been denied them in the old.
"Emigration," says a letter dated a few days back, "is proceeding to an rextent altogether unprecendented; but much less, in proportion, from Ulster than the other provinces. From most of the southern counties, the small farmers are hastening in vast numbers; and even in Leinster the mania for emigration prevails far and wide. The remittances from America are far greater in amount than in any previous year, and considerable sums are paid by the banks and by private commercial establishments, from day to day, on order from the United States. From some districts in Ulster, numbrs of the smaller tenantry are taking their departure. From one of the principal estates in Monaghan nearly one thousand persons of the cotter class are about to be sent to Canada at the expense of the landlord, who, it is stated, has made arrangements for providing them with a comfortable passage, and some small allowance of money to each family after reaching the port of their destination."
The number of emigrant vessels proceeding to America direct from Irish ports is quite unprecedented, and is one of the most extraordinary circumstances of the time. Within eight days, the following eleven vessels, carrying 1568 passengers, sailed from the single port of Cork:--The Dominique, for Quebec, 150 passengers; the Don, for New York, 160; the Lockwoods, for new York, 280; the Marchioness of Bute, for Quebec, 120; the Sara, for Boston, 104; the Solway, for New York, 196; the Try Again, for Quebec, 130; the Favourite, for Boston, 120; the Clarinda, for New York, 100; the Swift, for Boston, 120; the Field Marshal Radetzsky, for New York, 88 passengers. In addition to those vessels, the Hottspur went down the Cork river, on Tuesday, with 100 paupers on board, from the Kenmare Union-house.
[The anonymous reporter expresses incredulity that, despite the ever-increasing numbers of small farmer leaving the island, landowners and mortgagees continue to eject tenants for debt, citing the Galway Vindicator's estimate of above 4,000 farmers evicted in the district of Connemara alone just that spring. The situation in Limerick, Kerry, and Cork is just as bad.]
Images from This Article
- Irish Emigrants Leaving Home. — The Priest's Blessing.
- The Emigration Agents' Office. — The Passage Money Paid.
- Irish Emigrants Arrival at Cork
- Departure of the "Nimrod" and "Athlone" steamers with emigrants on board, for Liverpool.
- Emigration Vessel. — Between Decks.
"The Depopulation of Ireland," The Illustrated London News (10 May 1851): 386.
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By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Food Weekly News --
Investigators discuss new findings in Food Science. According to news reporting from Bengal, India, by VerticalNews editors, the research stated, "Increased evidence for the health benefits of probiotics for health restoration coupled with the consumer's inclination towards a safe, natural and cost-effective substitute for drugs have led application of probiotics as a pharmaceutical agent and are rapidly moving in clinical usage. In this context, this article attempts to highlight the potential of probiotics as a pharmaceutical agent."
The news correspondents obtained a quote from the research, "Design/methodology/approach - Endeavor has been made to explore the significance of probiotics for the modulation of gut ecology and their action. Potentiality of probiotics for their exploitation as a pharmaceutical agent has also been justified. Limitations of probiotic therapy and the various considerations for probiotic therapy have also been delineated.
Probiotic organisms influence the physiological and pathological process of the host by modifying the intestinal microbiota, thereby affecting human health. Beneficial effects of probiotics as a pharmaceutical agent seem to be strain and dose dependent and more efficacious with their early introduction. Combination of various probiotics proved to be more efficacious than single strain for exhibiting prophylactic activities. Research limitations/implications - Reviewed literature indicated that it is difficult to generalize for the beneficial effect of all probiotics for all types of diseases as efficacy of probiotics is strain-dependent and dose-dependent and its clinical application needs long-term investigations.
Practical implications - Clinical trials have displayed that probiotics may alleviate certain disorders or diseases in humans especially those related to gastro-intestinal tract. Originality/value - Ingestion of fermented dairy products containing probiotic cultures may provide health benefits in certain clinical conditions such as antibiotic-associated diarrhea, rotavirus-associated diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, inflammatory bowel syndrome, allergenic diseases, cancer, Helicobacter pylori infection and lactose-intolerance."
According to the news reporters, the research concluded: "Application of probiotics as a pharmaceutical agent is recommended."
For more information on this research see: Potential of probiotics as pharmaceutical agent: a review. British Food Journal, 2013;115(11):1658-1687. British Food Journal can be contacted at: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, W Yorkshire, England. (Emerald Group Publishing - www.emeraldinsight.com; British Food Journal - www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=0007-070X)
Our news journalists report that additional information may be obtained by contacting S. Sarkar, Metro Dairy Ltd, Dept. of Qual Assurance, Kolkata 700121, W Bengal, India.
Our reports deliver fact-based news of research and discoveries from around the world. Copyright 2013, NewsRx LLC
© 2013 Food Weekly News via VerticalNews.com
|Cold and Flu|
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Many people take dietary supplements to improve their health. Many people also take one or more medications for various health conditions. There are several known medication-nutrient interactions that people must be aware of – this post will highlight some of the most important interactions person’s taking these substances need to be aware of.
According to the Council on Responsible Nutrition, 77% of Americans reported taking dietary supplements in 2019. In addition, more than 66% of Americans use prescription medications. Knowing this, there is obvious overlap between these two groups. However, most people are unaware of potential interactions between the medications and supplements they are taking.
There are many sources of information that consumer’s can use to try and find the known and possible interactions between medications and nutrients. We’ve highlighted several of these in a previous post: Medication-Herb Interactions. Other good sources include the Therapeutic Research Centers Natural Medicines Database and PubMed.
Note that most of the information on medication-nutrients interactions focus on nutrient depletion, which can be extensive as both over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medications can negatively influence nutrient digestion, absorption, distribution, metabolism, function, catabolism (breakdown) and excretion. On the flip side, some vitamins, minerals and other nutrients can either increase or decrease the absorption of specific medications, which can contribute to adverse effects. Here are a couple of examples:
- Iron and zinc can reduce the intestinal absorption of many antibiotics, thereby reducing the medication’s efficacy.
- Calcium and iron supplements can decrease the absorption of levothyroxine, which may require an increase in dose of the medication.
- Vitamin B6 can reduce or negate the effects of carbidopa-levodopa combinations, which is a medication that is used for those with Parkinson’s Disease
Here are several other important medication-nutrient interactions (for more complete information, see this white paper):
|Caffeine||Increases analgesic effects
Increases elimination of drug
Increases risk of liver toxicity
|Decreases absorption of drug; increases TSH
Increases absorption of drug; decreases TSH
Decreases absorption of drug
Glucophage XL, Gluformin
|Berberine (300 mg)
Alcohol (>7 drinks/week)
|Improves insulin sensitivity; decreases HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, LDL-C
Increase effects of drug; increases lactic acidosis and lactate production
|EGCG||Significantly reduces systemic exposure of drug|
If you are taking medications, be sure and ask your pharmacist as well as your health care provider about possible interactions. Always remember, there is no substitute for doing your own research as well – your health is worth it.
- Mohn, E. S., Kern, H. J., Saltzman, E., Mitmesser, S. H., & McKay, D. L. (2018). Evidence of Drug-Nutrient Interactions with Chronic Use of Commonly Prescribed Medications: An Update. Pharmaceutics, 10(1), 36. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC5874849/#!po=43.6275
- https://hpi.georgetown.edu/rxdrugs/#:~:text=More%20than%20131%20million%20people,United%20States%20%E2%80%94%20use%20prescription%20drugs. Accessed 09/13/2021.
- Ding, Y., Jia, Y. Y., Li, F., Liu, W. X., Lu, C. T., Zhu, Y. R., Yang, J., Ding, L. K., Yang, L., & Wen, A. D. (2012). The effect of staggered administration of zinc sulfate on the pharmacokinetics of oral cephalexin. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 73(3), 422–427. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3370346/
- Duntas, L. H., & Jonklaas, J. (2019). Levothyroxine dose adjustment to optimize therapy throughout a patient’s lifetime. Adv Ther, 36, S30-S46. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31485977/
- Mason, P. (2010). Important drug-nutrient interactions. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 69(4), 551-557. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-nutrition society/article/important drug nutrient-interactions/47E373947A2F248374EF59D291BAA5AB/core-reader#
- Addressing pharmaceutical interactions in clinical practice. https://www.integrativepractitioner.com/partners/fullscript/addressing-pharmaceutical-interactions-in-clinical-practice. | <urn:uuid:30db170f-f3b2-40e1-b0ee-3e3bf6338476> | {
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Recently, the World Health Organisation took a stand on gaming addiction and tagged it a form of mental disorder. DAYO OJERINDE, who spoke with experts and parents on how to curb the addiction, writes
Experts say pathological video-gaming, which has been prevalent among adolescents, has some of its attendant negative effects, ranging from lower social competence to lower school performance.
Some of the reasons why young people play video games include entertainment, escapism or virtual friendship.
The experts, however, noted that when these basic motivations for playing video games are met and those involved still indulge in playing it, then, addiction is probably the next stage that sets in with its consequent psychological dependence and serious life conflicts.
Also, a study published in the Covenant International Journal of Psychology, released in June 2017 linked video game addiction to a low academic performance of male undergraduate students in selected Nigerian private Universities.
Speaking with our correspondent, Dr. Kehinde Shodimu, a consultant psychiatrist at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, stressed that although gaming is good, it becomes an addiction when the person playing the game begins to place it above every other thing and can no longer function or interact with other people again.
She advised parents to create time for games right from childhood before it becomes an addiction for the child.
“Games are fantastic, they help the brain to function well, if you limit it to one hour per day then you will get the benefit.
“But if you let it be that because you are busy the child can do whatever he wants with video games, then you are damaging that child, the child would not develop his other cognitive function,” she said.
For Dr. Adaobi Solarin, a paediatric nephrologist at LASUTH, urged parents to devise a means of balancing gaming with other activities the child does.
“I think the key word here is balance. We must establish balance in what we do, we cannot exclude ourselves from development. Even the people who established those games did not allow their kids to get addicted, but we are always going too far with everything in this country,” she noted.
She advised parents to create time for their children and not just allow the pursuit of money to allow their roles to be replaced with video games.
“Parents are always chasing money and meeting targets. They see video games as an escape route to keep their children busy and a lot of these games even teach kids how to commit suicide. There are games that take a child through a process to commit suicide.
“We hear that children are committing suicide every day. It is happening in different parts of Nigeria. It is the result of what they have been exposed to, vis-à-vis video games and other things.
She also called for the re-introduction of the traditional games that allow balance and social interaction in the society, saying, “This is also part of the development of a child. There is social interaction when you play games, such as hide-and-seek games. There is mental development, logic, ability to solve a problem and to relate with other people, as well as to work as a team. These are what the traditional games offer.
“Nowadays, with technology, the games allow you to be a loner and you just want to be in your own world. Those are the disadvantages. It does have some advantages, but we have to strike a balance and parents have to be up on their game to know where to draw the line and to nurture the child.”
A parent, Mrs. Kemi Omotoso, whose two sons play video games very well, said she had been able to draw a timetable for them so that they would not be addicted to video games.
She noted, “We have time for everything. There is time to read and time to play. How you know when someone is addicted was that when they were supposed to be sleeping or eating, they will be out there playing video games, but for us, we’ve been able to but when I draw the line they dare not go beyond their boundary.”
Also, Olumide Aduloju, a youth in his early 30s told our correspondent that he has not allowed video game to be an addiction as he only plays games when he was less busy.
“As with other kinds of play, there is time to game and time to do other things. It is about priorities and setting limits,” he noted.
All rights reserved. This material, and other digital content on this website, may not be reproduced, published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed in whole or in part without prior express written permission from PUNCH.
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I am Not in school. But I would still like help. I built my 8085
on my proto board.
I know it works. I can program it ok. But I have been playing with a real time clock.
My problem is I can't figure out how to make it use the buttons on my 8155 chip to add a min or add a hour. I can us the buttons for other things. Like I said I can use all of my computer. All my ports work fine. I just dont know the code. Right now I have the time on a small Dl1414 display. Its in binary. So the screen is wrong. but I think I can convert it to ascii. I found some code for that. But how do I tell it to look at the button and the to look at the min or hour and then add one and then program it back to the realtime clock chip. I can program any staring time I want in the bigging of my code. But what good is that. LOL.
Yes I would love some on to write my code for me. I know you say its not going to teach me. But for me I will break down what you wrote and figure it out.
My computer info
8155 Control port 80H, port A 81H, port B 82H, port C 83H, timer Lsb 84H, Msb 85H
My buttons are pulled low on port A Pa0 Pa1 Pulled high when button pushed.
Real Time 12c887 Starts at 00H
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“In summary, gathering and disseminating information, advocacy and the mobilization of public opinion are often the most common tools used by human rights defenders in their work.
They work at democratic transformation in order to increase the participation of people in the decision-making that shapes their lives and to strengthen good governance.
They also contribute to the improvement of social, political and economic conditions, the reduction of social and political tensions, the building of peace, domestically and internationally, and the nurturing of national and international awareness of human rights.”
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2004
In commemoration of International Human Rights Day, aditus foundation notes the precarious situation of Malta’s human rights defenders and calls for a broader respect for their central role in promoting and contributing towards Malta’s overall well-being.
Malta’s human rights defenders are those individuals and organisations that tirelessly seek to ensure that all persons are able to enjoy their fundamental human rights. They are active in a broad range of sectors, addressing various groups of persons and themes including: survivors of domestic violence, persons with disabilities, migrants and refugees, children, survivors of crime, the environment, LGBTIQ+ persons, inmates, women involved in prostitution, good governance and so many others.
They are present where State interventions are either absent or insufficient, where the risk of human rights violations is high.
Without human rights defenders, Malta would probably not be able to boast today’s levels of social wellbeing. As activists dedicated to ensuring human rights enjoyment for all persons, most of us push for stronger legal and policy standards, support the training of public officials, provide public information, support victims of violations and strive to hold the State accountable and responsible for its failures.
In return, many of us are bullied, harassed, insulted, threatened and stigmatised. Many of us are denied access to important dialogue with State entities, or exploited by the State as we provide those public services the State refuses or is unable to provide.
As the community of Malta’s human rights defenders is still mourning the brutal assassination of Daphne Caruana Galizia, we are uncertain of the security of our working environment and are concerned for the physical and psychological safety of our staff and volunteers.
We are not satisfied that our concerns are being taken seriously by the competent authorities, especially in view of the fact that we are often victims of hatred perpetuated by those entities responsible for our protection.
Understanding the importance of human rights defenders is fundamental for the fostering of a society that is geared towards respecting, protecting and fulfilling everyone’s human rights.
By tolerating this on-going abuse of its human rights defenders, Malta is not only offending the principles human rights embody – equality, non-discrimination, individual and social empowerment – but it is also further marginalising those communities and themes human rights defenders so vehemently stand up for.
On International Human Rights Day, we therefore urge Malta to rethink its relationship with human rights defenders. This means to not merely refrain from activities that instil fear and insecurity, but to take steps towards actively supporting human rights defenders. | <urn:uuid:307ea1e9-c629-4c8d-bed9-c695403dbe91> | {
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Psychological Treatment of Eating Disorders – part II
Bulimia nervosa is characterized by recurrent binge eating (uncontrolled consumption of large amounts of food), compensatory behaviors to control weight gain (vomiting, laxative abuse, over-exercising), and negative self-evaluation that is unduly determined by body shape and weight. Individuals with bulimia diet in a rigid and dysfunctional manner. Their body weight is usually normal or low, however, bulimia can also occur in overweight individuals. Bulimia is associated with other psychiatric problems such as depression, anxiety, and personality disorders as well as psychosocial impairment. | <urn:uuid:b308d345-5c4e-4a26-a5ac-3101387bb5ac> | {
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|Look up ulcer, ulcus, ulcerate, or ulceration in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
An ulcer is a discontinuity or break in a bodily membrane that impedes the organ of which that membrane is a part from continuing its normal functions. According to Robins pathology, "ulcer is the breach of the continuity of skin, epithelium or mucous membrane caused by sloughing out of inflamed necrotic tissue." Common forms of ulcers recognized in medicine include:
- Ulcer (dermatology), a discontinuity of the skin or a break in the skin.
- Pressure ulcers, also known as bedsores
- Genital ulcer, an ulcer located on the genital area
- Ulcerative dermatitis, a skin disorder associated with bacterial growth often initiated by self-trauma
- Anal fissure, a.k.a. an ulcer or tear near the anus or within the rectum
- Diabetic foot ulcer, a major complication of the diabetic foot
- Corneal ulcer, an inflammatory or infective condition of the cornea
- Mouth ulcer, an open sore inside the mouth.
- Aphthous ulcer, a specific type of oral ulcer also known as a canker sore
- Peptic ulcer, a discontinuity of the gastrointestinal mucosa (stomach ulcer)
- Venous ulcer, a wound thought to occur due to improper functioning of valves in the veins
- Stress ulcer, located anywhere within the stomach and proximal duodenum
- Ulcerative sarcoidosis, a cutaneous condition affecting people with sarcoidosis
- Ulcerative lichen planus, a rare variant of lichen planus
- Ulcerative colitis, a form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
- Ulcerative disposition, a disorder or discomfort that causes severe abdominal distress, often associated with chronic gastritis
| This article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names).
If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | <urn:uuid:98229ab8-b81c-4ec5-9241-7c8fc54cc7b9> | {
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Mars, which has a tiny atmosphere that has more than 100 times less pressure than that of Earth, is yet to be visited by such a probe. The Soviet/Russian program was scrapped in the 90's due to financial reasons. NASA/JPL also had some experiments in the 90's, but there's no such a real mission expected anytime soon.
However, a private group of space enthusiast, the Mars Society of Germany has proposed ARCHIMEDES, a short duration, low cost Mars balloon project, that would be launched as a piggy-back payload on AMSAT's P5-A orbiter. (About AMSAT P5A in german) Archimedes was named after the greek philosopher who discovered the floatation principle.
After considering other options, namely balloon deployment in air and balloon deployment after touchdown on the surface, it has been decided that the balloon would be deployed in space, its drag slowing down the probe to slowly sink to its operational altitude. This way, the ARCHIMEDES mission will demonstrate the technology for inflatable atmospheric drag devices on Mars. (This part of the design is novel.) This means it will provide valuable data even if later phases of the mission fail. By the way, the nominal duration of the mission is 10 sols (Martian days).
Apart from testing the technology and gathering data about airflow during entry, there will be three scientific experiments onboard.
A camera, provided by DLR (the German space agency), which will be based on the ROLIS camera on the lander of the Rosetta space probe. It will be able to achieve a resolution of up to 20 cm per pixel at a 7 km distance from the surface. While this resolution is not really stunning - HiRISE on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter almost reaches this at its highest resolution -, it will be able to take images from an oblique, 45 degree perspective.
A magnetometer, provided by the Technical University of Braunschweig. Measurements of Mars residual crustal magnetic field were last made by the Mars Global Surveyor space craft during the aerobreaking phase of the mission, in an altitude range between 100 km and 200 km. Archimedes would be able to make more local measurements. The combination of a high resolution camera and a magnetometer makes it possible to correlate magnetism and geological features. It would also be the first magnetic measurement below the ionosphere. It could also be compared to magnetic field measurements at the same time on board the orbiter.
Atmospheric sensors (thermometer, barometer, hygrometer), by the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI).
Due to weight and power supply constraints, the communication will be low power (few Watts), targeting the orbiter.
A series of experiments have already been carried out.
Regina - Residual Gas Inflation test for Archimedes. Its objective was to test balloon deployment in the vacuum of space and zero gravity, at about 100 km above Earth. Secondary objectives was testing onboard subsystems, computers & telemetry. Regina was launched from the Esrange in Kiruna, northern Sweden, as part of the Rexus-3, rocket for student experiments. All experiments went perfect except for one glitch: 160ms after the motor separation the payload hit the Regina module. The collision resulted in a tumbling motion of both, and Regina drifted away, leaving the field of view of the camera on the other module.
Regina was considered lost, as there were no funds for a complicated recovery effort in the far north environment. However, residents found the module and returned it to the Launch Center. The computer was recovered in such a good state that it will be used in the next experiment. After long and careful analysis of the data in the recovered module, taking months, it was decided that the experiment was successful, and the release and inflation of the balloon had gone as planned.
More images about Regina here
Next phase is going to be MIRIAM - a balloon probe that is a 1:2.5 scaled complete model of Archimedes. It will be launched in March 2008 from Sweden, to an altitude of 200 km.
If all goes well, launch of Archimedes to Mars can probably be expected to happen in the 2011 launch opportunity.
More about the Archimedes project at The Mars Society and The Mars Society, UK. | <urn:uuid:6b65fb37-b66f-4c8a-b089-b1f1b50edfc6> | {
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By 1820 the Federalists, as a presidential party, had simply disappeared. A small state cast three electoral votes for John Adams so that Washington's unanimous elections would remain unique. Monroe's election was otherwise unanimous.
The reason for the Republican (no, not today's Republicans) hegemony was "simple"- the Republicans had adopted all of the Federalist positions.
Certainly, in today's world, a Republican will never be legitimately elected President unless they have recognized the challenge of global warming. Sadly, this does not rule out another Republican President who does not recognize the problem. | <urn:uuid:eae1a7d1-a5cb-4149-8b3d-17ae5882f2cb> | {
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Martian Reptile? Facts About the Mysterious 'Creature' Allegedly Spotted on the Red Planet
Recently the world has been taken aback by a strange claim made by UFO enthusiasts. According to reports, these people are claiming that they have spotted yet again another impossible creature on the Red Planet -- a lizard.
The people who have seen the photo have been dubbing the lizard as a "martian reptile." But is there truth to this claim? Below is some information we know about the "martian reptile:"
Conspiracy theorists from Alien Art TV were the first ones to share the news. According to them, the lizard was spotted next to a rock on the Red Planet.
The Sun reported that the photos showing the strange creature was taken by the Mars Curiosity Rover. The reptile could be a proof that there existed life on Mars, Joe White, from Alien Art TV, explains:
"It seems to have a beak to the left and tiny horns on top. The eye, head and neck look reptilian but at this size it is hard to tell. It also looks like it has a shell and possible limbs. Perhaps it was frozen and preserved when the atmosphere was destroyed."
White also said there is a possibility that the lizard is just a rock, referring to other reports saying that ancient walled city have been spotted on Mars.
READ: NASA Captures Mysterious 'Ancient City' on the Red Planet
Daily Mail notes that this is not the first time a lizard has been seen on Mars, citing that in 2013, eagle-eyed netizens have also allegedly spotted an iguana. Scot Warring of UFO Sightings Daily posted a photo of the iguana, which was taken in NASA's archives.
"This is not the first animal found on Mars, actually there have been about 10-15 to date," Warring wrote.
Weird discovery on Mars is nothing but new. As mentioned by International Business Times, a chair-like object on the Red Planet was allegedly spotted by a conspiracy theorist from Britain this November. | <urn:uuid:b0e66717-3dbe-46e7-9ac7-63e0706caa9b> | {
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Buy custom Facing Economic Difficulties essay
The economic and financial world crisis also known as the Global Financial Crisis or the „Great Recession” whose first main effects were seen starting with 2008 led in early 2009 as the reports demonstrate us to a global jobs catastrophe as the number of global unemployment was significantly increasing.
As a reaction to the situation, countries tried to adopt massive financial rescue measures and established fiscal stimulus packages with little effectiveness, unfortunately. The social implication of the financial crisis and the constant fear of losing the job which became an important stress for the people and a main task on governmental task agenda led to the concept of global jobs pact as a global approach was considered to be needed to make the measures more effective.
The main argument was that a global crisis requires a global system of measures to overtake it. However, things didn’t go well for every employee and some of the measures took to fight the effects of the crisis started to change their lives.
Recently, Bloomberg quoted Jason Kennedy, the CEO of recruitment firm Kennedy Group, who stated that: “I have never seen it as bad. The future also looks bleak. This will continue for another 14 or 15 months. 2012 is definitely a write-off” (Here Is The City, 2011).
Because of all this for the first time a question arose and the answer could not be found very easily: do the employees enjoy working as they did before the crisis? Research studies were made and managers applied different strategies to keep motivating their employees to maintain the same level of performance.
Every analysis about motivation takes into consideration the question: “why people do what they do?” Therefore, the study of these behaviors is very important and the employee motivation is a key aspect within the discipline of organizational psychology. Job performance, absenteeism, turnover and counterproductive behaviors could be more easily understood if employee motivation is carefully researched, explained and categorized. Also, if a manager is well aware of the dynamics of these behaviors he can predict the future performance of their employees’. And by knowing what motivates an employee a manager can not only predict his behavior, but even influence it.
That is why several theories regarding motivation were made. The first step was defining motivation (Jex, 2002, pp. 209-210) as it was clear that it is a hypothetical construct as we do not see, nor feel motivation. We can observe its effects. The motivation determines the form, direction, intensity and duration of a work-related behavior. The motivation theories that emerged in time had as point of origin different aspects of this behavior and were based on needs that were satisfied, content of the jobs or principles of learning.
One of the theories of motivation that is based on the needs of the employee belongs to Maslow and it is known as the Need Hierarchy. Despite the facts that Maslow’s theory is constructed mainly on clinical observations rather than empirical research and that his goal was to create a “universal” theory that could explain human behavior, his work is very appreciated in the field of organizational psychology.
The Need Hierarchy consists of five levels and at the first of them, situated at the bottom is psychological needs. Maslow identifies in this category needs required for human existence like food, water, and oxygen. This needs are placed at the bottom of the hierarchy because they are capable of influencing the behavior only when their unsatisfied. After the psychological needs are satisfied, a person rises to a next level of the hierarchy: safety needs. Maslow considers that shelter against elements and predators are needs to be categorized as part of this level. We could develop further and say that a house in a safe neighborhood for him and his family and a guarantee retirement income are safety needs or an employee.
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If the safety needs are met, the next level to influence behavior at the workplace is love needs. This level of Marlow’s Need Hierarchy represents the desire to have a meaningful social relationship and to develop and feel a sense of belonging. This affiliation with coworkers that could generate strong social ties may play an important part in overcoming negative aspects in the work environment.
The fourth level of needs is the esteem needs understood as the desire to feel competence and mastery at the workplace by being efficient and achieving the goals. The last level of needs as theorized by Marlow in his Needs Hierarchy is the self-actualization. This level can be reached every time an employee achieves his best potential and that is why self-actualization is very rarely met and hard to define as it is different for each person.
Though nowadays it is considered that Marlow’s theory is unable to predict very well future work behavior, the hierarchy is still seen as a remarkable insight on general motivational factors in humans’ lives (Jex, 2002, pp. 211-212).
The theories regarding motivation can be focused not only on needs but also on job satisfaction. Frederick Herzberg analyzed the job factors that motivates an employee and constructed a two-dimensional paradigm to explain them. The theory is known as Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory (Motivation-Hygiene Theory).
His research makes a difference between hygiene factors and motivators. He states that factors as company policies, interpersonal relations, supervisions, working conditions and salary must be understood as hygiene factors. The fulfillment of all of them by the manager does not increase motivation. According to Herzberg’s theory unsatisfying hygiene factors can create job dissatisfaction and therefore decrease job performance and affect the entire management of the company.
Herzberg established through his theory that motivators were important elements that enriched an employee and found five factors that could lead to job satisfaction: company policies, interpersonal relations, supervisions, working condition. Also, Herzberg’s theory associates hygiene factors (dissatisfaction) with short-term changes in job performance and motivators (satisfaction) with long-term positive effects on the employee in all aspects regarding the workplace. Although it has a certain lack of empirical support (how to build these motivators or the assumption that all the employees want the same things), Herzberg’s Two Factors Theory was one of the first studies in organizational psychology that focused on job content (Jex, 2002, pp. 214-216).
The ability that humans have to make predictions regarding the future and act accordingly to them has led to another theory about motivation. The theory concerns the cognitive process that allows the employees to willingly direct their efforts in certain aspects of the job. The theory belongs to Victor Vroom and it is known as the Expectancy Theory. According to Vroom’s theory, an employee will take into consideration all the possible outcomes that are associated with all performance levels and choose to pursue those that could generate the most favorable outcome. The key elements to his theory are Expectancy (E), Instrumentality (I), and Valence (V) each of them representing a belief. Expectancy is understood as the assessment of the attainability of a certain level of performance on the job (determined by the confidence in his own skills, the support required and expected or quality of the equipment and materials used to attain the high level of performance).
Instrumentality is the belief that one outcome is linked to another, in other words, high job performance is linked with a certain reward. The term valence represents the emotional orientation of an employee regarding outcomes (rewards). Employees will elect levels of job performance that meet these requirements, no motivation could be force on them if the above mentioned conditions do not hold: they do not have the belief that he/she will be able to perform successfully and the task done will not be associated with positive outcomes, therefore having no value for the employee (Jex, 2002, pp. 226-229).
Motivation after the Financial Crisis
These times we are facing today are difficult for all the countries because layouts and cutbacks are ravaging social life as it can be seen btter in Greece through the Troika E.U. program for measures to adjust the financial crisis; a program that led to the transformation of all aspects of work process and faced constant and numerous social strikes (Nikolas, 2012). Having these realities as a background certain questions rise and demand an answer, as to the possibility of performing a job just because we like it. The main question here is whether people can afford doing what they like, or if they are forced to do something else, for a better salary. At this level a real strategy regarding motivation is required, so that management can keep employees willing to work.
Managers should make employees feel their efforts are needed and understand what they must do for the main goals of the company to be obtained. The employees could be empowered to use all their skills wherever they may be needed and this process might produce higher motivation. This action will also increase communication and inter-departmental synchronicity. A good leader should maintain the balance and point out all the moments of achievement with praise, acknowledgement and even rewards. A very good example for our study is the pool done in 2010 by Professor Denis Jelacic from the University of Zagreb on 14 companies involved in wood industry regarding employee motivation (Jelacic, 2011)
His conclusions were that providing for security and taking care of the relationship between employees are the most important goals of the companies for motivating their employees. Professor Jelacic suggested that managers should use rewards and praise and also include the employees into resolving the problems of the company.
- Can people still perform a job just because they love it?
- How can managers keep employees motivated in times of financial difficulties?
- How can companies apply motivational theories in the current economic context?
The financial and economic crisis from the last four years led to a series of transformation in all aspects of social life. Job environment was also affected as numerous jobs were lost and the insecurity at the workplaces increased significantly among the employees affecting their motivation and their performance. Several strategies were made according to motivation theories (Marlow’s Need Hierarchy based on the needs of the employee, Herzberg’s Two Factors Theory developed on job content and Vroom’s Expectancy Theory that focuses on the beliefs of the employee regarding the outcome of his actions at the workplace). All this studies reflected that in times of crisis managers should pay more attention to safety factors (working condition and salary, for example), strengthen the relation between employees and make use of praise and reward when the conditions are met in order to increase the motivation and the job performance.
What is motivation at work like nowadays, when the world is facing economic difficulties?
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The aim of this research study is to offer a critical view upon the motivation and job performance of employees in the present day, given the difficult financial conditions and the scars that the recent economic crisis has left on all markets. In order to achieve that aim, an exploratory research approach will be used. In the following lines, after explaining the main issues that arise from the topic, as well as the objectives and a summary of the research questions, the research methodology used in this research will be presented, along with the implications of such methods used, data collection methods and ethical considerations. The research methodology is important, as it represents the means to achieve the aim of the thesis. In addition, ethics is crucial, as unethical collection methods may lead to the invalidity of the data and of the study itself.
It is commonly agreed by specialists that motivation is the act done by stimulating a person or oneself in order to obtain a certain result or reaction. For this to be achieved, the complex features of motivation must be analyzed and understood. Motivation is a continuous process, usually generated by managers that always have a goal and that should not be confused with job satisfaction. Over the last century many theories have been made in order to explain the process of motivation with the final goal of helping managers to create strategies to maintain the level of performance of the employees and even predict their future behavior at the work place.
Motivation is the expression of the human condition always being described by a set of motives - needs, interests, intentions, trends, ideals - that support the achievement of certain actions, deeds, attitudes, and it is a fundamental law in psychology.
Derived from the Latin word "movere" (movement, to move), motivation is an inner state that energizes, activates or moves an individual, channeling or directing his behavior towards a goal or an objective. A motive or need was described by psychologists as an anxiety, a sense of lack or a strong desire or force. Once under the rule of the need, a human being will do something, anything to reduce anxiety, to eliminate the sense of lack and desire, or to alleviate or to mitigate the force. The key to understanding motivation and its significance lies within the relationship between needs, impulses and goals (objectives). The figure below describes the motivational process: needs generate impulses to achieve certain goals.
There are no formal means to motivate employees, as each company has its own way to achieve this goal. With confidence, will and understanding regarding the employees’ wishes, desires, needs and goals, the company can create a way to motivate them. Those who are willing to and can perform better on the job must be given incentives, taking into account their desire to satisfy their needs through their work.
One of the most important theories is Maslow’s Need Hierarchy based on the analysis of human needs. Marlow identifies five levels of needs that work as a hierarchy once every level of needs is satisfied: psychological needs (food, water, oxygen), safety needs (shelter, guarantee retirement income), love needs (meaningful social life, a sense of belonging to the workplace), esteem needs ( the desire to feel competence and mastery at the workplace by being efficient and achieving the established goals) and self-actualization needs (different for every employee and hard to achieve it refers to the process of reaching the employee’s best potential). The theories regarding motivation can be focused not only on needs but also on job content as it is the case with Herzberg’s Two Factors Theory. Frederick Herzberg believes that hygienic factors as he named them like company policies, interpersonal relations, supervisions, working conditions and salary can only decrease motivation if they are not satisfied but have no influence in the process of increasing the motivation of the employee or predict his behavior at the workplace.
The factors that are able to do this are the motivators and Herzberg identifies five of them: company policies, interpersonal relations, supervisions and working condition. Herzberg’s Two Factors Theory is the first one who tried to analyze motivation by focusing on job content.
Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory is based on the fact that every employee will consider all the outcomes of the levels of performance and choose the ones that will generate the best reward for him. Vroom’s theory has three key elements to understand this process of motivation, each of them representing a belief: Expectancy (the belief of the employee that he/she is able to perform the job), Instrumentality (the belief that links an outcome-the performed job with another outcome-a reward), and Valence (the emotional orientation of an employee regarding the reward). The relation between these key elements dictates and demonstrates the level of motivation at the workplace in Vroom’s opinion.
However, having a financial and economic crisis as the one we are facing nowadays with numerous measures that changed the working environment worldwide and with a great number of job losses, several studies were made concerning the transformation of the workplace and the strategies a manager should use in order to motivate the employees to maintain the same level of performance. These studies demonstrate that Herzberg&rsquoo;s theory could be applied as companies pay more attention to satisfying the need for safety of the employees, which is considered to be of great importance in this time of insecurity. Safety and paycheck (that has an influence on safety) are among the hygienic factors.
Also it is necessary to establish trustworthy relations between employees to motivate them corresponding to elements from Marlow’s and Vroom’s theories. Empowering the employees, using acknowledgements and even rewards when conditions are met will strengthen the confidence of the employee in his work and increase the motivation and the level of performance.
A first question is if we will be able nowadays because of all the measures took to fight the effects of the financial crisis to perform a job based only on the fact that we love to do it? It is of great importance to understand that the crisis led to a real catastrophe regarding job losses and that the companies must develop strategies in order to maintain increased motivation among the employees so that they could perform their job as usual.
A second question focuses on motivation and the entire process that defines and constructs it. We will demonstrate based on several theories how motivation is created and which are the means to increase it so that the levels of performance remain high.
The third question is how in these times of crisis should companies use the theories of motivation to keep their business as usual? We will show that by satisfying safety needs as working conditions and salary and also by making use of praises and rewards managers are able to increase motivation and levels of performance at the workplace.
In order to provide viable answers for all research questions, the research activity should be conducted according to some rules that will be further discussed in the methodology section.
The research methodology is a way to solve the research problem systematically. It deals with defining the problem, the formulation of a hypothesis, methods adopted for data collection and statistics techniques used for analyzing the data, and the logic behind their use. (Saunders 2009).
There are several research methods available to choose from, as reflected in the scheme below:
The present study will be undertaken by the researcher to explore the level of job satisfaction at a chosen company, and highlight the effectiveness of motivational theory in this time of economic difficulties. The researcher will send the survey questionnaire to at least 100 employees of the company to obtain the quantitative data. The quantitative data will then be analyzed and the resulting information can range from simple counts such as the frequency of occurrences of a certain phenomenon, to more complex data such as test scores, prices or rental costs.
To be useful, the data needs to be thoroughly analyzed and interpreted. This process will be assisted by quantitative data analysis techniques. They range from creating simple tables or diagrams that show the frequency of occurrence and using statistics such as indices to enable comparisons, through establishing statistical relationships between variables to complex statistical modeling (Saunders 2009).
Quantitative data can be divided into two separate groups: categorical data and numerical data. Categorical data is that data that returns values which cannot be measured statistically but can either be classified into various sets or categories, according to the characteristics that identify or describe the variable, or placed in a ranking order (Saunders 2009). Secondary data is also used to evaluate the previous research and theoretical models.
for more than
for more than
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3.1 Research approach
In this study an explorative research approach is used to assess the job satisfaction of the employee working at a chosen company and to assess the effectiveness of motivational theories to job satisfaction in the context of the harsh economic times in the present day.
The exploratory approach is explained in this context and it is supported by Nieswiadomy (2008). It is depicted as a method used in case the knowledge of a certain topic is very limited. Additionally, this research type is used as a descriptive approach, which is also best suited when the information upon a certain topic or issue is scarce. Bickman and Rog (1998) support this method, stating that the descriptive approach is used, as quoted, “when the researcher is attempting to answer ‘what is’ or ‘what was’ questions” (as cited in Bickman and Rog, 1998, p.15). The descriptive research method has certain limitations, as it can not be used in the identification of a cause and effect relationship, but it plays a crucial role in highlighting an interesting phenomenon.
Secondary research is very often the basis of exploratory research. The researcher may review available literature and data from previous research studies, or can pursue various qualitative approaches, such as individual discussions with managers, employees, customers, competitors and other key players involved in a company. Additionally, the researcher may pursue a more formal approach, doing in depth interviews, case studies, pilot studies, or focus groups. Additionally, exploratory research is not typically generalizable to the population at large.
3.2 Research design
A descriptive research design will be adopted for the present study so as to assess the job satisfaction of the employee and the effectiveness of motivational theories. The strategy used for obtaining the primary data necessary for the analysis is the survey.
In a descriptive survey design is used to obtain data from the selected sample. The survey strategy is usually associated with the deductive approach. Surveys are very popular and they are commonly used in management researches. It is most frequently used to answer who, what, where, how much and how many questions. It therefore tends to be used for exploratory and descriptive research. Surveys are popular, because they permit the collection of a huge amount of data from a significantly numerous population, in an extremely economical way.
Surveys are conducted usually through a questionnaire administered to a sample. After the data is collected, it is standardized, to allow the researcher to interpret and compare it easier. In addition, the survey strategy is perceived as convincing by the general academic society, and it is both easy to explain and to understand, comparatively. On a daily basis, a news bulletin or a newspaper reports the results of a new survey that indicates, for example, that a certain percentage of the population thinks or behaves in a particular way, attempting to explain why this happens (Saunders 2009).
The survey strategy allows collecting quantitative data which can be analyzed quantitatively using descriptive and inferential statistics. In addition, the data collected using a survey strategy can be used to suggest possible reasons for particular relationships between variables and to produce models of these relationships.
3.3 Sample and Data Collection Methods
The research will use various statistical methods to analyse the collected data. The questionnaire will first start with development of frequency tables & charts. The relationship between different variables will be evaluated by using the Pearson Correlation method. This method has been recommended by Yin (2009) as it helps to analyse the positive or negative relation or no relation if r = 0. The researcher is also planning to use Chi-Square Test to verify the hypothesis. Moreover the research will use deductive approach in the research where the collected data will be analysed and the results will be deduced.
The researcher has no intentions to affect the brand image of the company and no critical data would be shared with any third party. All the respondents have been given an ethical consent form and they can leave the study at any point if they are not comfortable. No discrimination has been done on the basis of ethnicity, belief or sexual orientation or colour of skin. However, it was made sure that the respondents know English and are over 18 years of age, due to the nature of the study.
Custom Facing Economic Difficulties essay
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- Tax Influence essay | <urn:uuid:63b0b123-a83a-4865-8763-69f94af66115> | {
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Learn web development
Welcome to the MDN learning area. This set of articles aims to provide complete beginners to web development with all that they need to start coding websites.
The aim of this area of MDN is not to take you from "beginner" to "expert" but to take you from "beginner" to "comfortable." From there, you should be able to start making your way, learning from the rest of MDN, and other intermediate to advanced resources that assume a lot of previous knowledge.
If you are a complete beginner, web development can be challenging — we will hold your hand and provide enough detail for you to feel comfortable and learn the topics properly. You should feel at home whether you are a student learning web development (on your own or as part of a class), a teacher looking for class materials, a hobbyist, or someone who just wants to understand more about how web technologies work.
The content in the learning area is being added to regularly. We have started keeping Learning area release notes to show what has changed — keep checking back frequently!
If you have questions regarding topics you'd like to see covered or feel are missing, drop us a message on our Discourse forum.
Looking to become a front-end web developer?
We have put together a course that includes all the essential information you need to work towards your goal.
- Complete beginner
- If you are a complete beginner to web development, we'd recommend that you start by working through our Getting started with the web module, which provides a practical introduction to web development.
- Beyond the basics
- If you have a bit of knowledge already, the next step is to learn HTML and CSS in detail: start with our Introduction to HTML module and move on to our CSS first steps module.
- Moving onto scripting
- Frameworks and tooling
Random glossary entry
- XLink is a W3C standard which is used to describe links between XML and XML or other documents. Some its behaviors are left to the implementation to determine how to handle.
The following is a list of all the topics we cover in the MDN learning area.
- Getting started with the web
- Provides a practical introduction to web development for complete beginners.
- HTML — Structuring the web
- HTML is the language that we use to structure the different parts of our content and define what their meaning or purpose is. This topic teaches HTML in detail.
- CSS — Styling the web
- CSS is the language that we can use to style and layout our web content, as well as adding behavior like animation. This topic provides comprehensive coverage of CSS.
- Web forms — Working with user data
- Web forms are a potent tool for interacting with users — most commonly, they are used for collecting data from users, or allowing them to control a user interface. In the articles listed below, we'll cover all the essential aspects of structuring, styling, and interacting with web forms.
- Accessibility — make the web usable by everyone
- Accessibility is the practice of making web content available to as many people as possible regardless of disability, device, locale, or other differentiating factors. This topic gives you all you need to know.
- Web Performance — making websites fast and responsive
- Web performance is the art of making sure web applications download fast and are responsive to user interaction, regardless of a user's bandwidth, screen size, network, or device capabilities.
- Tools and testing
- Server-side website programming
- Even if you are concentrating on client-side web development, it is still useful to know how servers and server-side code features work. This topic provides a general introduction to how the server-side works and detailed tutorials showing how to build up a server-side app using two popular frameworks: Django (Python) and Express (Node.js).
The code examples you'll encounter in the Learning Area are all available on GitHub. If you want to copy them all to your computer, the easiest way is to download a ZIP of the latest master code branch.
If you prefer to copy the repo in a more flexible way that allows for automatic updates, you can follow the more complex instructions:
- Install Git on your machine. This is the underlying version control system software that GitHub works on top of.
- Open your computer's command prompt (Windows) or terminal (Linux, macOS).
- To copy the learning area repo to a folder called learning-area in the current location your command prompt/terminal is pointing to, use the following command:
git clone https://github.com/mdn/learning-area
- You can now enter the directory and find the files you are after (either using your Finder/File Explorer or the
You can update the
learning-area repository with any changes made to the master version on GitHub with the following steps:
- In your command prompt/terminal, go inside the
cd. For example, if you were in the parent directory:
- Update the repository using the following command:
If you want to get in touch with us about anything, the best way is to drop us a message on our Discourse forum. We'd like to hear from you about anything you think is wrong or missing on the site, requests for new learning topics, requests for help with items you don't understand, or any other questions or concerns.
If you're interested in helping develop/improve the content, take a look at how you can help and get in touch! We are more than happy to talk to you, whether you are a learner, teacher, experienced web developer, or someone else interested in helping to improve the learning experience.
- Mozilla developer newsletter
- Our newsletter for web developers, which is an excellent resource for all levels of experience.
- Web demystified
- A great series of videos explaining web fundamentals, aimed at absolute beginners to web development. Created by Jérémie Patonnier.
- A great interactive site for learning programming languages from scratch.
- Basic coding theory with a gamified learning process. Mainly focused on beginners.
- Basic coding theory and practice, primarily aimed at children/complete beginners.
- Free and open courses for learning tech skills, with mentorship and project-based learning.
- Interactive site with tutorials and projects to learn web development.
- Web literacy map
- A framework for entry-level web literacy and 21st-century skills, which also provides access to teaching activities sorted by category. | <urn:uuid:62ba2f66-9d0e-4aae-9fc6-8ecad34d8a75> | {
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Probability For Dummies
Every so often someone asks a question like, "What's the probability of getting at least one 6 rolling two dice?" A common answer is 1/3, but this is not correct. The thinking here is that there's a 1/6 probability of rolling a 6 on each die, and 1/6 + 1/6 = 1/3. So I thought I'd talk about it.
Let's start with the basics.
The probability of any event occurring ranges from 0 (will not occur) to 1 (will occur). Probabilities can be expressed as a fraction, a decimal value, or a percent (which really just a decimal times 100).
The most common kinds of randomness in games are rolling dice and drawing cards from a shuffled deck. In both of these cases, the results are independent. This is a very important concept.
An independent event occurs without relation to any other event. For example, the results of any die roll are not affected by any past die rolls. This means that if you roll ten 6's in a row, the probability of rolling another 6 is still 1/6.
The other basic assumption is that the randomizing mechanism is fair. In the case of a 6-sided die, it is assumed to be balanced in such a way that the probability of each result is equal. This does not mean that if you roll 1,2,3,4,5 that the next roll will be a 6. It means that over a very large number of rolls, the number of each will be very close. The assumption also holds for cards. A well-shuffled deck implies that each card has an equal chance to be on the top.
To calculate the probability of a single fair event, divide the number of desired outcomes by the number of possible outcomes.
For example, the probability of rolling exactly a 3 on a d6 is 1 (one outcome in question) divided by 6 (six possible outcomes) making 1/6. This is probably intuitive for most people.
The probability of rolling an odd number is 3 (1, 3, 5) divided by 6, which is 3/6 or 1/2. This true of any 3 possible outcomes (rolling an even number, rolling 3 or less, rolling 2 3 or 5, etc.)
Now for more complex stuff.
The probability of multiple independent events ALL occurring is the product of their individual probabilities. However, you must be careful with the exact meaning of what you are looking for.
What is the probability of rolling two 6's on 2d6? The probabilities for each are 1/6. 1/6 * 1/6 = 1/36 (or 2.77%). Easy!
What is the probability of rolling 3 or more (both times) on 2d6? The probabilities for each are 4/6 (or 2/3). 2/3 * 2/3 = 4/9 (or 44.44%).
What is the probability of rolling a 6, then rolling an even number? 1/6 * 1/2 = 1/12 (or 8.33%).
What is the probability of rolling a 1 and a 5? This is the kind of question where you can easily go wrong. Do you mean rolling a 1 first, and rolling a 5 second? If so, it's 1/6 * 1/6 = 1/36 (or 2.77%). If you mean rolling two dice and having a 1-5 appear then what you really mean is rolling a 1 then a 5, or rolling a 5 then a 1. This leads us to:
The probability of one of several independent events occurring is the sum of their individual probabilities.
In the previous example, the probabilities of both 1-5 and 5-1 rolls are 1/36, so the probability of either of them occurring is 1/36 + 1/36 = 2/36 or 1/18 (or 5.55%).
What is the probability of rolling an odd/even pair on 2d6? This is a similar question. The probability of rolling odd then even is 1/2 * 1/2 = 1/4. The same for even-odd. So the total is 1/4 + 1/4 = 1/2 (or 50%).
Now let's kick it up a notch.
What is the probability of rolling 9 or more on 2d6? Rather than iterating all the probabilities for 9's, 10's 11's and 12's, you can do this by making a table:
You can see that 10 of the 36 results are 9 or more. And, as you guessed, the probability is 10/36 or 5/18 (or 27.77%).
What is the probability of rolling doubles (not triples) on 3d6? This one is tricky. Let's break it down by first examining case one: the first two rolls match and third does not. The first roll can be anything (probability 1). The second roll must match the first (probability 1/6). The third roll must not match (probability 5/6, do you see this?). So to total probability for case one is 1 * 1/6 * 5/6 = 5/36.
The second case is the same as the first one, but rearranged: any roll, no match, match first roll. Again we have 1 * 5/6 * 1/6 = 5/36. Likewise with the third case: anything, no match, match second roll = 1 * 5/6 * 1/6 = 5/36.
The final answer is the sum of the three separate cases: 5/36 + 5/36 + 5/36 = 15/36 (41.66%).
What is the probability of rolling three completely different numbers on 3d6? This one should be easy by now. The first number can be anything (1), the second must be anything but the first (5/6), and the third must be anything but the first two (4/6 or 2/3), resulting in 1 * 5/6 * 2/3 = 10/18 or 5/9 (or 55.55%).
Interesting note. Look at the previous two examples. One is for none of the three rolls to match, and other is for two of the rolls to match. The only other possibility is 3-of-a-kind. 1 (36/36) - 5/9 (20/36) - 15/36 = 1/36, which is the answer! The sum of the probabilities of all possible outcomes is 1.
What is the probability of drawing 2 aces from the top of a shuffled standard deck of cards? In this case, the second drawn card is going to be affected by the first drawn card, because the number of cards remaining in the draw pile has been changed. There are 4 aces in the deck and 52 cards. The probability of the first card drawn being an ace is therefore 4/52 or 1/13. Now what's left? There are 3 possible aces out of 51 cards: 3/51 or 1/17. So the answer is 1/13 * 1/17 = 1/221 (or 0.45%).
Now back to the original question. What's the probability of getting at least one 6 rolling two dice? Can you do it? There are two cases: 6-anything, and anything-6. However, notice that these two cases overlap. To make them distinct, we need to change the wording a bit: 6-anything, and not6-6. Case one is 1/6 * 1 = 1/6. Case two is 5/6 * 1/6 = 5/36. The final answer is 1/6 (6/36) + 5/36 = 11/36 (or 30.55%)! | <urn:uuid:be134eae-5f4b-416a-8464-ed95450b0bcc> | {
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If you’ve been thinking about adding a dog to your family maybe you’re thinking about getting a Chihuahua. But it’s possible you’ve heard they can be aggressive and that they can bite very hard so you may be having second thoughts.
Chihuahuas have a bite force of about 150 – 180 PSI which can be a bit forceful for their size. But with proper training and by watching out for certain behaviors like teething, pain, or fear you can teach them not to bite.
Chihuahuas are lovable, loyal dogs who require little maintenance and make great pets. Knowing about their potential aggressors and other quirks in advance allows you to prepare and train them properly so they’ll blend right in with your family.
How Strong Is The Bite Force Of A Chihuahua?
The force of a dog bite is generally determined by the size of its body and skull as well as the shape of its jaw and it’s hard to measure the exact bite force because each dog — even if it’s the same breed — has different strengths and aggressions. But although a Chihuahua is a smaller dog breed it’s estimated that their bite force is between 150 – 180 PSI (pounds per square inch)!
Chihuahuas certainly don’t make the top 20 list of dogs with strong bites, but their bites can still hurt! Because of their small teeth and jaw their bites will likely puncture the skin and cause bleeding — but it likely won’t be bad enough to tear flesh or cause major, lasting damage.
Are Chihuahuas Known For Biting?
Chihuahuas are not a dog breed that’s known for their tendency to bite when unprovoked. However, there are some circumstances which can cause them to become aggressive on occasion.
Why Are Chihuahuas So Aggressive?
Chihuahuas are loyal dogs who love their families and don’t generally tend to become aggressive unless there is a valid reason. Some of these reasons include:
Hormones. Female chihuahuas can display something called “maternal aggression” which occurs in the first few weeks to month after they give birth. A lot of hormones are running through her body during this time which can cause different — occasionally aggressive — behavior.
Do not scold or correct your Chihuahua’s behavior if they show maternal aggression. Simply give her space and take her to a veterinarian if this aggressive behavior doesn’t stop after a month or so.
Teething. Puppies will teethe between the ages of a few weeks up to four months of age. This can cause some discomfort for your Chihuahua and they may try to bite or chew to relieve their pain.
If your Chihuahua is biting people during their teething process re-direct them to a teething toy.
Pain. If your Chihuahua is in pain they may lash out and become aggressive — especially if you touch them in an area where they are feeling pain.
If your Chihuahua looks uncomfortable, has changed their eating patterns, becomes aggressive, or is retreating more than usual have them checked out by a qualified veterinarian.
Too Much Playful Behavior. Of course, you want to play with your Chihuahua but if you let them nip you during play and continue to encourage this behavior they won’t ever learn that’s not alright. And if someone is playing with them too roughly, they may bite harder than expected.
By all means play with your Chihuahua! But teach them early on that nipping and biting is not alright. Redirect them away from that behavior and reward them when they don’t bite.
Fear. Chihuahuas can be territorial and protective of their owners so if someone they don’t know is in their space or trying to pet them it’s not uncommon for them to lash out and become aggressive.
Although it can be good to have a “guard dog” who will protect you, it’s important they don’t lunge at the mail carrier or another innocent person. Keep your Chihuahua inside unless they’re supervised and separate them from anyone who enters your home that they’re not used to.
How Many Teeth Does A Chihuahua Have?
Chihuahua puppies have 28 teeth which then fall out to make room for their 42 adult teeth. All of their adult teeth will be in by the time they’re about eight months old.
Unfortunately, Chihuahuas are known for having dental issues that can quickly affect their gums and the roots of their teeth. Have your veterinarian check for tartar build-up and ask them if you should brush their teeth to prevent dental issues which could lead to them losing some or all of their teeth — and in some cases kidney disease or death.
Do Chihuahuas Have A Good Temperament?
Chihuahuas are lovable, playful, friendly dogs. They’re quite active but love to curl up and cuddle with their loved ones. As mentioned, they don’t generally become aggressive unless they’re faced with what they feel to be a threat.
Are Chihuahuas Easy To Train?
Chihuahuas are known to be stubborn and love to do what they want to do when they want to do it, so they have earned a reputation for being hard to train. However, there are certainly ways you can train them — and the earlier you start the better. If you can start training them when they’re a puppy that’s best so they don’t learn behaviors that will be hard to break in the future.
You must be patient and kind while you’re training your Chihuahua. Offer treats as incentives for good behavior and go slowly — teaching one new behavior at a time.
Can Chihuahuas Be Left Alone?
Chihuahuas are small dogs who are able to be left alone for some periods of time. You can even train them to use a litter box if you start them with one early so you don’t have to worry about messes.
It’s important that your Chihuahua gets enough exercise each and every day. They require about 30 minutes a day to play, walk, and jump around to stay healthy and happy.
Do Chihuahuas Like To Be Picked Up?
Chihuahuas generally are not dog breeds who like to be picked up or held — especially if they don’t initiate the cuddle time.
You can train your Chihuahua to be picked up and held from an early age so they get used it. Start slowly and reward them when they successfully let them do it. But even if they get used to you picking them up never allow a stranger to pick them up!
Do Chihuahuas Bark A Lot?
Chihuahuas are territorial and protective so they will bark if someone they don’t know comes near them or into their yard. They may also bark during play and if they see other animals. You can typically train them from a young age to bark less often in certain situations.
Are Chihuahuas Good For First Time Dog Owners?
Chihuahuas are quite energetic but they are certainly lovable, protective dogs so they make great pets! They make good first-time dogs for people who have the time and energy for a Chihuahua.
If you have a family with children try to get a Chihuahua who is already used to living with children or get a puppy who you can train to be gentle around children.
Do Chihuahuas Bond To One Person?
Chihuahuas do like to bond with their owners but will typically bond to anyone they are around the most. If one person walks them and plays with them more than others they will likely feel more of a bond with that person.
Do Chihuahuas Need Another Dog To Play With?
Chihuahuas do very well in pairs! Although having a single Chihuahua is fine if you give it enough attention they do always enjoy playing with a friend or sibling.
If you are not able to be home often you should consider getting two Chihuahuas so they can keep each other company. Try to get both dogs at the same time or shortly after so they grow up together and get used to each other right away.
Are Chihuahuas High Maintenance?
As far as dogs go, Chihuahuas are pretty low-maintenance. They only require a few things other than good quality dog food to stay happy and healthy:
Exercise. Chihuahuas require about 30 minutes of exercise a day. This could be one long walk or two or three shorter ones each day.
Brushing. Some Chihuahuas have longer hair and require brushing and de-tangling a bit more often (a few times a week) than their shorter hair counterparts who you should brush at least once a week.
Bathing. Chihuahuas are generally pretty clean dogs so they only require bathing once every month or two. Check their fur and skin for any mites, redness, or any other issues. You can take them to a professional groomer or ask your veterinarian how you can bathe them yourself at home.
Dental needs. If your Chihuahua is older or is showing signs of dental issues your veterinarian may recommend brushing their teeth regularly or bringing them in for dental treatment. | <urn:uuid:5456ba9a-b2b1-42c1-85b9-5078bbf752f2> | {
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Heliconius burneyiMargarita Beltrán
Early stages: Eggs are cream and approximately 1.1 x 0.9 mm (h x w). Females usually place 1 to 30 eggs on growing shoots of the host plant. Mature larvae have a maroon and black body, with black head and yellow scoli, length is around 1 cm. Caterpillars are gregarious. (Brown, 1981).
Heliconius burneyi is distributed in the Amazon Basin. The map below shows an approximate representation of the geographic distribution of this species. The original data used to draw these maps are derived from Brown (1979) which is available at Keith S. Brown Jr. (1979). Ecological Geography and Evolution in Neotropical Forests.
H. burneyi occurs from sea level to 1,800 m in tall forests. Usually individuals fly rapidly and in the middlestory. Females mate multiply. Adults roost solitary at night at 2-10 m above ground (Brown, 1981).
Hostplant: H. burneyi larvae feed primarily on plants from the subgenera Astrophea and Distephana (Passifloraceae) (Brown, 1981).
Brown K. S. 1981 The Biology of Heliconius and Related Genera. Annual Review of Entomology 26, 427-456.
Hübner J. [1761-1826] 1831 Zuträge... Augsburg, Jacob Hübner. 3: 1-48 (2 July 1827-31 December 1831]; 4: pls. [104-131].
Correspondence regarding this page should be directed to Margarita Beltrán at
Page copyright © 2010
Page: Tree of Life Heliconius burneyi Authored by . Margarita Beltrán. The TEXT of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License - Version 3.0. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. Click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. For the general terms and conditions of ToL material reuse and redistribution, please see the Tree of Life Copyright Policies.
- First online 18 February 2007
- Content changed 12 August 2008
Citing this page:
Beltrán, Margarita. 2008. Heliconius burneyi http://tolweb.org/Heliconius_burneyi/72246/2008.08.12 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/. Version 12 August 2008 (under construction). | <urn:uuid:1b2d50de-8a45-4a44-8342-0e199c3d858f> | {
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Online Writing Lab
The Personal Essay
A personal essay is a broad essay that often incorporates a variety of writing styles. Most personal essay assignments ask the writer to write about an important person, event, or time period in his/her life. The goal here is to narrate this event or situation in way that the reader can fully experience and understand. This type of writing generally incorporates both narrative and descriptive writing, which are two of the main modes in writing.
Here are some tips on making a personal essay more effective:
Focus on detail – The writer’s job is to show, not tell, what happened. Be sure to use plenty of detail to make this happen and avoid over relying on adjectives; strong verbs are often better. In other words, don’t tell the reader that the sunset was breathtaking, describe it.
Incorporate sensory detail - When describing a particular event, most writers focus on how a place or situation appeared. This is because most of us tend to be sight-dominant when using our senses. However, the reader can be brought further into the essay by incorporating a variety of senses: sound, smell, touch, taste, in addition to sight.
Connect the event/person/place to a larger idea - As you are describing this event, person, place, etc., don’t lose focus on the main idea: how the event changed you. This is the thesis of your personal essay, and it is important that you demonstrate how the details come together to create this thesis. Don’t get so caught up in narrating the actual event that you forget to also go into detail on the importance of it.
Be careful with verb tense – As you are shifting from the event itself, which occurred in the past, and how it has continued to impact your life, be sure to use the appropriate verb tense and keep it consistent. Some writers will describe a past event in present tense, hoping to make the reader feel more involved; this can be done, but doing it well involves great writing skill; no matter what, be sure to keep the verb tense consistent. When in doubt, stick with past tense for the actual event (s) and present tense to discuss the change (s). | <urn:uuid:791d8300-7362-470d-81a0-aec8ebd47f29> | {
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What does the future hold for Canada’s oil and gas industry?
After fighting the Covid-19 pandemic for almost two years, Canadians have recently turned their attention back to the environment as their primary concern . While prior to the pandemic one in five Canadians considered the environmental issue to be their primary concern, today 17.1% are again of that opinion.
You cannot ignore climate change when it comes to environmental protection. In Canada, the oil and gas sector and the transport sector are the largest GHG emitters. In 2019, according to data provided by the Government of Canada , these two economic sectors accounted for 52% of total emissions.
As the country’s largest GHG emitters, the oil and gas industry is literally faced with its greatest challenge ever: transforming the industry and becoming part of the solution, the only way for it to survive in the current sociopolitical context.
More broadly, Canada needs to find the right balance between its economic interests and its international responsibilities in the fight against climate change. No small feat, since the oil and gas industry is unlike any other in the land of the maple leaf.
Reserves and production
Canada has the third largest proven reserves of oil in the world; 97% of these reserves are in Alberta in the form of oil sands. Canada is also the fourth largest producer and third largest exporter of oil globally.
With respect to natural gas, Canada is the fourth largest producer and sixth largest exporter of natural gas in the world. According to Natural Resources Canada, “Canadian marketable resources of natural gas can sustain current production levels for up to 300 years.” We therefore have a long way to go before we run out of natural gas!
Contributions to the Canadian economy
In 2020, the oil and gas industry contributed $105 billion to the Canadian economy, or 10% of the national GDP. Some 500,000 jobs depend on the industry across the country.
In addition, crude oil is by far the top Canadian export product. In 2020, mineral fuel exports including oil amounted to $87 billion , or 17.7% of total Canadian exports. That same year vehicle exports came in second at $58.6 billion, or 11.9% of total exports.
Regarding oil exports, from a Canadian perspective, 2020 was a relatively minor even disappointing year. By way of comparison, in 2012 , crude oil exports alone accounted for $94.8 billion. The decline in 2020 was tied to a drop in global energy demand triggered as of March that year by the Covid-19 pandemic. The decline however will not last long because international demand for oil is expected to return to pre-pandemic levels by the beginning of 2022 . The industry’s contributions to the Canadian economy have not prevented the industry from facing issues that currently threaten its development as well as long-term vitality.
Ninety-eight percent (98%) of Canadian oil exports is destined for the United States, making the Land of the Free the only real export market for Canadian oil. Under these circumstances, US buyers hold the balance of power. And their power disadvantages Canadian producers who are compelled, given the lack of other potential export markets, to sell their resource at a discount: the Canadian Oil Discount.
The lack of access to international markets – along with the environmental issue – is one of the main issues the Canadian industry has had to face in recent decades. Without access to the coast, Canadian producers, in land-locked Alberta and Saskatchewan, the country’s second oil producing province, are unable to export their product on international markets, owing to the lack of adequate transportation capacity.
To overcome this issue, several oil pipeline projects, Northern Gateway, Keystone XL, Energy East and Trans Mountain, have been promoted since 2010. Three of these have failed to come to fruition. Trans Mountain is the only remaining active project.
The other major issue the Canadian hydrocarbon industry is facing is the fight against climate change.
Known to be more polluting than conventional oil, oil sands crude has substantially decreased its carbon footprint in recent decades, with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per barrel decreasing by more than 36% since 2000. Regardless, its reputation as a “dirty” oil seems to persist, periodically haunting public perceptions.
The industry however hopes to win over the skeptics. A number of initiatives specifically Canada’s Oil Sands Innovation Alliance (COSIA ), have been launched in recent years aimed at reducing the oil industry’s GHG emissions. Since 2012, the group has shared technological innovations designed to improve the environmental performance of oil producers operating in the oil sands. Such cooperation among competitors may seem unusual, even surprising, but it is allowing the entire industry to improve. Oil producers understand that they need to work together so that they can all enhance their environmental performance.
Pembina and TC Energy recently announced a plan to jointly develop a carbon transportation and sequestration system, which when fully constructed will be capable of transporting more than 20 million tonnes of CO2 annually throughout Alberta. With this ambitious project, called the Alberta Carbon Grid, Pembina and TC Energy intend to use their pipeline infrastructure to reduce their own GHG emissions as well as emissions generated by the entire Canadian oil and gas industry
Strangely enough, issues tied to the natural gas industry are increasingly similar to those the oil industry has faced in the past decade. In an effort to export Canadian natural gas to markets other than the US, liquefied natural gas (LNG) projects proliferated on the west coast of British Columbia, as well as in Quebec where the defunct Energy Saguenay project was until recently promoted by GNL Québec.
However, LNG projects are overall more complex than oil projects. They are indeed less polluting and produce concrete reductions in GHG emissions internationally by replacing sources of more polluting energy such as coal. On the other hand, they increase the carbon footprint of the regions from which LNG is exported. There is therefore an intrinsic locality versus globality duality to these projects. Finally, in terms of social and political acceptability, some of these projects in British Columbia are being promoted by First Nations that live on the impacted land.
On the basis of these considerations, it’s difficult to say whether the LNG projects on the west coast of British Columbia will be subject to the same fate as the other projects referred to above, or whether they’ll be approved. At any rate, they’ll face the same issues accessing international markets and overcoming climate change.
Where does the Canadian oil and gas industry fit into the global energy sector?
While the future of Canadian oil and gas resources has always been ambiguous due to its higher extraction costs than those of conventional resources, the most recent projections developed by the International Energy Agency (IEA) indicate that things could quickly get complicated for Canadian oil producers.
First, the IEA predicts that the price of oil could remain just above US $65, a relatively low price. Then, on the sidelines of COP26, several countries have made additional climate commitments. This is particularly the case of the member countries of the European Union which have set themselves Net Zero objectives. Thus, if the aforementioned conditions were to materialize, demand for Canadian oil could be the first to contract internationally, a trend that could be observable as early as 2030 (see APS scenario, in the figure below).
This does not mean that this is the death warrant for the Canadian oil industry. For the Canadian Energy Center , this analysis rather indicates that Canada has implemented public policies that penalize the Canadian oil industry more than any other in the world. For the organization funded by the Government of Alberta, while Canada is not even responsible for 2% of global GHG emissions, Canadians have the opportunity to provide the most responsible oil in the considering the environmental, social and governance (ESG) criteria. Therefore, there would be an opportunity for internationally competitive Canadian oil. To this end, the situation must receive special attention from the federal government, the main actor capable of overcoming the aforementioned issues.
Natural Gas and Bioenergy
LNG exports from North America to Chinese markets, or more broadly Asia, are expected to increase steadily until 2050. Even, the proportion of natural gas coming from North America imported into Asia could be even greater if North American demand for natural gas were to decline, allowing resources not consumed locally to be exported. Canada could therefore benefit from its gas resources by facilitating their export to Asian markets.
In an ideal scenario, the use of natural gas for electricity production, which today accounts for around a quarter of total electricity production, would decrease drastically to only 1% of global electricity production in 2050. That same year, more than 50% of the global production of natural gas would rather be used to produce blue or turquoise hydrogen, depending on the mode of production.
In addition to hydrogen, the IEA report predicts an increase in supplies of bioenergy in the broad sense, including biofuels and biogas, thus confirming what was already envisaged in its key energy statistics for the year 2021 unveiled last September.
As shown in the figure above, bioenergy will play a crucial role in the current energy transition. Other international energy experts share this analysis.
On June 11, 2019, Christoph Frei, the Secretary General of the World Energy Council at the time, was in Montreal to present a conference on the future of energy in the world. He said “Electricity currently accounts for only 20% of final energy demand. Eighty percent (80%) of that demand is met by “molecules.” So even if we double renewable electricity production in the next 20 years, and given that demand will continue to increase, that will meet only 30% of final energy demand. We will still need to meet 70% of final energy demand with molecules.”
Although renewable electricity is one of a range of solutions needed to drive the energy transition, it cannot be the only solution – hence the importance of bioenergy to as a complementary and substitute energy for fossil fuels, as molecule-based energy is not only here to stay, but it will also remain dominant in the decades to come.
It is therefore essential to understand the traditional hydrocarbon value chain and the applications in which hydrocarbons are used in our daily lives, otherwise it will be difficult to determine how to achieve the greening of molecule-based energy.
In light of our GHG reduction objectives, not only do we need to do everything in our power to produce as much renewable electricity as possible, but it is also imperative that we improve the environmental performance of the molecule-based energy value chains, specifically the traditional hydrocarbon value chain.
For the Canadian economy, the development of cutting-edge expertise in renewable energies is all the more important as it will have to compensate for possible job losses in the oil and gas sector, not to mention the loss of income of the various levels of provincial and federal government. Canadian consulting engineers must contribute to this development and aim to export their know-how.
It is therefore an array of solutions – carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), renewable electricity, bioenergy – that Canadian engineers will need to implement in the industry over the coming decades. Many projects are emerging that will require a collaborative and renewed professional approach.
AGENCE QMI. L’environnement redevient la priorité des Canadiens, dépassant la COVID-19, [Online]. [https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2021/10/06/lenvironnement-redevient-la-priorite-des-canadiens-depassant-la-covid-19] (Consulted on Octobre 12, 2021)
GOVERNMENT OF CANADA. Greenhouse gas emissions [online]. [https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/greenhouse-gas-emissions.html] (Consulted October 12, 2021)
GOVERNMENT OF CANADA. Natural Gas Facts [online]. [https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/science-and-data/data-and-analysis/energy-data-and-analysis/energy-facts/natural-gas-facts/20067] (Consulted on October 12, 2021)
NATURAL RESOURCES CANADA. 10 Key Facts on Canada’s Energy Sector [online]. [https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/science-and-data/data-and-analysis/key-facts-and-figures-on-the-natural-resources-sector/16013] (Consulted on October 12, 2021)
WORKMAN, Daniel. Canada’s Top 10 Exports [online]. [https://www.worldstopexports.com/canadas-top-exports/] (Consulted on October 12, 2021)
WIKIPÉDIA. List of exports of Canada [online]. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Canada] (Consulted on October 12, 2021)
SAMANTA, Koustav, Roslan Khasawneh et Florence Tan. APPEC-Global oil demand seen reaching pre-pandemic levels by early 2022 [online]. [https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/appec-global-oil-demand-seen-reaching-pre-pandemic-levels-by-early-2022-2021-09-27/] (Consulted on October 12, 2021)
THIBAULT, Jean-François. Étude du projet Énergie Est de l’entreprise TransCanada à l’aide de l’analyse stratégique de Crozier et Friedberg [online]. [https://biblos.hec.ca/biblio/memoires/m2019a613646.pdf] (Consulted on October 12, 2021)
Canada’s Oil Sands Innovation Alliance (COSIA). Page d’accueil, [online]. [https://www.cosia.ca/] (Consulted on October 12, 2021)
TC ENERGY. Pembina and TC Energy Partner to Create World-Scale Carbon Transportation and Sequestration Solution: The Alberta Carbon Grid [online]. [https://www.tcenergy.com/announcements/2021-06-17-pembina-and-tc-energy-partner-to-create-world-scale-carbon-transportation-and-sequestration-solution–the-alberta-carbon-grid] (Consulted on October 12, 2021)
LARIN, Vincent. Québec rejette officiellement le projet de GNL Québec [online]. [https://www.journaldequebec.com/2021/07/21/quebec-rejetterait-gnl-quebec-1] (Consulted on October 12, 2021)
RADIO-CANADA. La Première Nation Nisga’a propose un mégaprojet de GNL dans le nord de la C.-B. [online]. [https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1810065/projet-gnl-pipeline-gaz-naturel-nisgaa-prince-rupert] (Consulted on October 12, 2021)
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY (IEA). World Energy Outlook 2021, [online]. [https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/88dec0c7-3a11-4d3b-99dc-8323ebfb388b/WorldEnergyOutlook2021.pdf] (Consulted on October 18, 2021)
CANADIAN ENERGY CENTRE, A Matter of Fact: Report misrepresents long-term demand for Canadian oil, [online]. [https://www.canadianenergycentre.ca/a-matter-of-fact-report-misrepresents-long-term-demand-for-canadian-oil/] (Consulted on October 19, 2021)
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY (IEA). Key World Energy Statistics 2021, [online]. [https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/52f66a88-0b63-4ad2-94a5-29d36e864b82/KeyWorldEnergyStatistics2021.pdf] (Consulted on October 18, 2021)
THIBAULT, Jean-François. Christoph Frei du Conseil mondial de l’énergie : une double transition énergétique [online]. [https://blogue.genium360.ca/article/innovation/innovations-energetiques-une-double-transition/] (Consulted on October 12, 2021) | <urn:uuid:3eabf0ef-099a-49f7-bd97-1c7e089940d6> | {
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Study aim: To assess spine flexibility and possible muscle contractures at shoulder and hip joints in boys practicing football and in their untrained mates.Material and methods: Two groups of boys aged 10 - 13 years were studied: football players (n = 176) and untrained boys (n = 137). Warm-up stretching exercises were applied at every training session. Spine mobility was determined by measuring differences between standing and bent postures in the forward (thoracic and lumbar regions), backward and lateral bends and in axial rotation (body twist). Muscle contractures were detected by applying Thomas', Dega's (wall test) and pseudo-Laseque's (for sciatic-tibial muscles) tests.Results: Boys training football had significantly (p<0.01 - 0.001) better mobility of the thoracic spine and in the transversal plane, that latter being age-related. Muscle contractures (by pseudo-Laseque's test) were significantly (p<0.05) less frequent in football players than in untrained boys, especially in the older ones.Conclusions: Stretching exercises ought to be recommended as elements of warm-ups and of physical education classes in order to improve spine flexibility and reduce the incidence of muscle contractures (thoracic and sciatictibial muscles and hip flexors). | <urn:uuid:36f1497d-7dbb-4d25-aeac-f448a9e0a792> | {
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As the use of technology grows in the education sector, Google, among other technology companies, is keen to attract students and teachers to its products and services. Google has committed to innovation that it sees as a game-changer in education with Google Glass, a wearable device that puts the power of a computer on an optical display for the user.
Andrew Vanden Heuvel, a high school science teacher in Michigan, was selected by Google to purchase one of the Glass devices for $1,500 and use it as an early "Explorer" user of the new technology. Vanden Heuvel is using Google Glass to "virtually" take his students to amazing places in the world to learn about physics, science, math and more, according to Todd R. Weiss of Eweek:
When Google Glass asked prospective users to dream back in February about what they would do with Glass if they had one of the innovative, ground-breaking eyewear-mounted computers, Vanden Heuvel quickly composed his reply, which he sent off to Google's #ifihadglass Web page. "It would transform the way I would teach science, making every moment a teachable moment," wrote Vanden Heuvel in his entry.
The Google team selected Vanden Heuvel's description from one of some 8,000 chosen submissions in the contest. He was called by the company that his "entry had been selected as a winner and shared a surprise out of the blue."
Vanden Heuvel was offered by Google an all-expenses-paid trip with his newly purchased Glass device to Geneva, Switzerland, where he could capture his first lesson to his students from the site of the 16.7-mile-long Large Hadron Collider. He was accompanied by Google team and accompanying film crew delivered his Glass device to him at his home in Grand Haven, Mich.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator. It first started up on 10 September 2008, and remains the latest addition to CERN's accelerator complex. The LHC consists of a 27-kilometre ring of superconducting magnets with a number of accelerating structures to boost the energy of the particles along the way, according to CERN's website.
At the collider, Vanden Heuvel used Glass to communicate wirelessly via the Internet with a high school class that his brother, Ryan, teaches at South Christina High School in Grand Rapids, Mich.
Vanden Heuvel has been an independent online high school teacher since 2009. He works out of his home office to teach online classes at the Michigan Virtual School under contract. Previously, Vanden Heuvel had taught physics and astronomy in a traditional high school for three years.
Vanden Heuvel started a website, AGL Initiatives, where he develops online learning projects in science, math and technology. Following his Google Glass experiences, he created a video series called STEMbite, which he describes as "bite-size lessons in science and math from everyday life—all captured from a unique first-person point of view through Google Glass."
The STEMbite lessons, which are posted on YouTube, includes some 60 videos so far, including lessons on the physics of children's toys, the chemistry found in kitchens and the biology people can find in their own backyards. | <urn:uuid:9675528c-7154-4e16-842d-34230319a7ee> | {
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The temperature is dropping and it’s threatening to snow, so why not cozy up with Worth Reading, your weekly guide to the best in games writing? C’mon.
Hey, You Should Read These
This is an old piece, but I love stuff like this. Kevin Grazier takes the ridiculous fiction of Halo and tries to make sense of it from a scientific perspective. Specifically, he focuses on how the massive, awe-inspiring halos would work—how space ships would dock with it it, the (imaginary) materials needed to construct one, and where it would make sense to place one in the universe. Grazier treats this topic with a deadly seriousness, and you expect him to back down after the third page. Instead, he goes for six pages, and it’s a total delight.
Here’s an excerpt:
“Although Forerunner Halos are also huge ring-shaped habitats, they are comparatively smaller by several orders of magnitude: the radii of the Halo megastructures are a “mere” 5,000 kilometers—more similar to Earth’s average radius, 6,371 kilometers, than that of a ringworld. In fact, because the Halos we have seen to date orbit gas giant planets instead of encircling stars, they are less ring worlds than they are ringsatellites.
A 5,000 kilometer radius would yield a circumference of roughly 31,400 kilometers. If the Halos had a width-to-radius ratio similar to that of Niven’s Ringworld, they would be approximately 5.37 kilometers wide. They are significantly wider, though, at 320 kilometers. The Halos, then, would have a surface area of 10 million square kilometers— slightly larger than the surface area of Canada, and approximately 2 percent of the surface area of Earth. Of course, since we know that there are lakes, seas, and rivers on the Halos, the livable surface area would be fractionally less.
What raw materials would it take to construct a Halo, and in what quantities? In order to determine the amount of raw materials required, and what elements may exist in the necessary abundances, we first must calculate the volume of the structure. While a Halo is proportionally wider than a Niven Ring, it is thicker in absolute measure. Niven proposed that a Ringworld be 1 kilometer thick, whereas the Halos are quite a bit sturdier at 22.3 kilometers thick. The total volume of a Halo would be roughly 224 million cubic kilometers, a bit more than 0.02 percent of the volume of Earth.”
It’s hard to remember, but the original Assassin’s Creed was not a universally loved video game. I was working at 1UP when the first reviews hit, and EGM gave it a notoriously low score. The series didn’t come into its own until Assassin’s Creed II, but Michelle Ehrhardt argues the series had lost some of its radical nature by then. While the sequel was a better game, Assassin’s Creed was proposing some radical ideas for a game released in the middle of America’s “war on terror” in the post-9/11 years. (The first game came out in 2007.)
Here’s an excerpt:
“While Assassin’s Creed is not a shooter and does not literally take place during the War on Terror, it’s difficult to avoid drawing connections between the two, given Altair’s place as part of a small, idealistic group of freedom fighters led by a manipulative leader staving off Western invaders looking to establish themselves as the dominant power in his Middle-Eastern homeland. When taken in light of the the time of the game’s release and the elements it borrows from Alamut, Assassin’s Creed’s Crusades begin to feel like an allegory for the War on Terror, intentional or not. It seems as if the game’s designers were aware of this reading of its story, which may be the reason for the disclaimer about the developers being a multicultural team seen at the beginning of the game. After all, whereas titles such as Call of Duty 4 and Battlefield 2 had the player fighting to take down local rebel groups, Assassin’s Creed arguably casts the player as a member of one of said groups. In this way, it switches the perspective usually seen in games about the War on Terror to one hardly explored—that of the local militia members which are the equivalent of goombas in so many other titles.”
If You Click It, It Will Play
Oh, And This Other Stuff
- Adam Saltsman interviewed Davey Wreden about The Stanley Parable, The Beginner’s Guide, and what it’s like to make games while being a bartender.
- Leigh Alexander weighed in on Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain and how it’s a video game about video games, more so than Kojima’s past work.
- Adam Boffa argued Double Fine’s greatest contribution to gaming culture may be a documentary about the messy process of making video games.
- Sloane Cee spoke with Ashly Burch, who voiced Chloe in Life Is Strange, and touched on the game’s queerness, surprisingly dark subjects, and more.
- reddit users shared the worst things they’ve ever done to characters in The Sims, and it made be feel both better and worse about the human race.
- Caroline Sanders, one of the panelists whose SXSW session was cancelled over supposed threats, shared what the past week has been like for her. | <urn:uuid:cac48297-4850-487d-a085-9f892a0af428> | {
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You have seen health reminders concerning the hazards of smoking and over anywhere and again & again. But the majority of the time you get to produce explanations over and over again so that you may smoke. One is that you is only going to affect if completed after a lengthy moment. This, naturally, is erroneous. It doesn’t matter whether you bought the best strain or best pipe [ https://www.worldofglasspipes.com/ ], smoking should be done in accordance to your health — or none at all. I’ll examine the major effects on the body.
- Anxiety . Many men and women think that anxiety can be reduced by smoking but the truth is it makes matters worse for you. What relaxes you is your deep breathing. What destroy the entire thing would be the compounds that are dangerous you are breathing as soon as smoking. To put it differently, the longer you smoke, the further you’re encounter issues. Your system will get affected since smoke moves through mouth and your nose down to your lungs. Phlegm production and coughing occurs right off as the lungs attempt to guard itself from smoke’s materials. This could cause tightening of the airways to what a individual who has asthma encounters very similar. That is because your lungs are not healthy enough to shield you. No wonder you are out of breath every time you choose the staircase. Smoking may take its toll. It hurts the system that means less oxygen in your system, which makes you drowsy. Blood pressure also raises, requiring the heart to pump quicker and harder. It follows that if you smoke, your heart works as tough, wearing it. In addition to this, your blood pressure may lead to organ damage like the kidneys.
- Damage into the digestive tract . Your digestive tract is responsible for making certain you get in the food that you consume as nutrition. This system is influenced by cigarette smoking. If you smoke, your gut will increase production that could lead to nausea and heart burns. Smoke may reduce your appetite and interrupts the capacity to absorb nutrients in the food that you consume of your system, which makes your body. The immune system is the primary line of defense against ailments and diseases. Since compounds in cigarettes travel through our blood slowing the generation of antibodies and cells which protect the body instantly affects our system .
Have you ever noticed you easily capture a cold or flu and it takes you longer to recover compared to, if you are a smoker? | <urn:uuid:681a3efc-7b68-4d94-9394-9e3b24c24e7c> | {
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USGS Groundwater Information
The Use of Artificial Tracers to Determine Ground-Water Flow and the Fate of Nutrients in the Karst System Underlying the Florida Keys.
By Kevin S. Dillon1, D. Reide
Corbett2, William C. Burnett1,
and Jeffrey P. Chanton1
<--Return to Table of Contents
To determine the fate and movement of sewage derived contaminants and their possible interaction with surface waters in the Florida (USA) Keys, several types of experiments were conducted using SF6 as an artificial tracer. The first type of experiment examined fluid flow from septic tanks placed in Miami Oolite on Big Pine Key, where there is a shallow freshwater lens overlying saline ground waters. Here ground water transport rates were constrained to be between 0.11 to 1.87 m/hr, traveling in an easterly direction (Dillon et al., 1999). The second type of experiment took place on Key Largo where there is no freshwater lens and the matrix of the aquifer is solely the more porous Key Largo limestone (KLL). Here we injected the tracer into a shallow well, which was screened from 0.6 to 10 m. This allowed us to evaluate groundwater movement in the shallow upper portion of the aquifer, the area to which inputs by septic tanks occur. Groundwater transport rates in the Upper Keys were as great as 3.7 m/hr and were controlled by the Atlantic tide (Dillon et al., 1999). SF6 laden groundwater plumes moved back and forth due to tidal pumping. SF6 reached nearby surface waters within 8 hours. Our results indicate that wastewater injected into the shallow subsurface can travel rapidly and may reach marine surface waters within a few hours.
Three dual tracer experiments were conducted on Long Key, Florida USA to examine the fate of waste water following sewage disposal in 10 to 30 m deep injection wells. This waste disposal practice introduces extraordinary amounts of nutrients into the ground waters of the Florida Keys. In three experiments, artificial ground water tracers, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and radioiodine (131I) were used to determine transport rates and directions of soluble non reactive substances injected into the saline ground waters underlying the Keys. Simultaneously, reactive tracers (bulk unlabeled phosphate, PO4, and nitrate, NO3, and radio-labeled phosphate (32PO4) were also added to determine the fate of nutrients in the subsurface. Two types of transport were observed: (1) rapid flow (0.20 - 2.20 m/hr) presumably due to the many conduits present in the limestone and (2) slow diffusive flow (< 0.003 - 0.14 m/hr) associated with the limestone's primary porosity (Dillon et al., 2000). Vertical flow was comparable to horizontal flow due to either the density driven buoyancy of the waste water plume or to preferential flow paths which allow upward advection or combination of both. These experiments showed that conservative artificial tracers injected into the subsurface reach surface waters in a matter of days and can remain in the immediate vicinity of the injection well for several months.
At this low discharge site (2600 L/day) the reactive tracers' behaviors in the subsurface indicate that PO4 and NO3 are both partially removed from solution in the subsurface. Phosphate showed an initial rapid uptake followed by a slower removal, caused by adsorption-desorption reactions with the KLL (Corbett et al., 2000). Based on our observations, we estimate that approximately 95% of the PO4 injected into the subsurface could be removed in 20-50 hours. There was also evidence for some removal of nitrate from solution, most likely due to denitrification. Approximately 65% of the nitrate was removed over several days, suggesting denitrification rates between 2700 and 7000 mmoles m-3 hr-1. Collectively, our results from this site suggest that much of the nutrients injected into the subsurface are removed from solution and may not have a significant impact on surface waters. However, these experiments were conducted at a relatively small facility, while some facilities in the Keys inject as much as 750,000 L per day. Saturation of available adsorption sites and organic substrate availability may limit the efficiency of waste water nutrient removal under such conditions.
To evaluate the fate of waste waster at a high volume injection well facility, another dual tracer study using 32PO4 and SF6 was conducted. During this study, rapid conduit flow as high as 7.9 m/day was observed. At this site, waste water rises rapidly after injection to 18-27 m due to the buoyancy of the low salinity waste water plume. It buoys upward until it meets an impermeable mud layer at about 5 m that overlies the KLL. The majority of the plume is then advected to the east due to the local hydraulic gradient that exists across this site. Initially, phosphate was rapidly adsorbed as observed at the Long Key site. After approximately 36 hours, however we began to see radio labeled PO4 returning to solution, indicating that phosphate is being desorbed from the KLL and slowly returning to solution. The KLL underlying this site seems to be acting as a phosphate buffered system. As a result, the PO4 concentrations 15 m from the injection well seem to be maintained at approximately 25µM. This is supported by column experiments (Elliot, 1999), which also show that adding low phosphate water to KLL that is saturated with PO4 will cause desorption of PO4 until an equilibrium value of approximately 25 µM is reached.
Denitrification assays (Acetylene-block technique) suggest rates of denitrification as high as 3000 mmoles m-3 hr-1, comparable to estimates from the Long Key study. Seagrass and macroalgae samples collected from surface waters around the site indicate that isotopically heavy nitrogen, which is indicative of sewage derived nitrogen (McClelland et al., 1997), is being incorporated into the biomass of these primary producers. Macroalgae collected in a canal to the east of the disposal well showed a del 15N value of +13.55 per mil. Stable nitrogen isotopic samples of subsurface NO3 as well as N2/Ar samples have been collected and should provide a clearer picture of the fate of NO3 in the subsurface at this site.
Corbett, D.R., L. Kump, K.S. Dillon, W.C. Burnett, and J.P. Chanton. 2000. Fate of wastewater-borne nutrients under low discharge conditions in the subsurface of the Florida Keys, USA. Marine Chemistry 69, p. 99-115.
Dillon, K.S., D.R. Corbett, J.P. Chanton, W.C. Burnett, and D.J. Furbish. 1999. The use of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) as a tracer of septic tank effluent in the Florida Keys. Journal of Hydrology 220, p. 129-140.
Dillon K.S., D.R. Corbett, J.P. Chanton, W.C. Burnett, and L. Kump. 2000. Bimodal transport of a waste water plume injected into saline ground water of the Florida Keys. Ground Water 38, p. 624-634.
Elliot, Katherine. 2000. MS thesis. Dept of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University.
McClelland, J.W., I. Valiela, and R.H. Michener. 1997. Nitrogen-stable isotope signatures in food webs: A record of increasing urbanization in coastal watershed. Limnology and Oceanography 42, p. 930-937.
In Eve L. Kuniansky, editor, 2001, U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, St. Petersburg, Florida, February 13-16, 2001: USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 01-4011
The use of firm, trade, and brand names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not consitute endorsement by the U.S. Government. | <urn:uuid:141d94f9-046d-4a22-ad22-0482a58cce79> | {
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Draft National Water Reuse Action Plan
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced a draft National Water Reuse Action Plan that identifies priority actions supporting the reuse of water for human consumption, agriculture, business, industry, recreation and healthy ecosystems. Items proposed in the draft will require the collaboration between governmental and nongovernmental organizations to implement the actions.
What is Water Reuse?
Water reuse is an innovative and dynamic strategy that can dramatically change the future of water availability in the U.S. Water reuse can be used to meet water demands and mitigate the risks posed by droughts. Recycled water can be used for a wide variety of applications, including agriculture, potable water supplies, groundwater replenishment, industrial processes and environmental restoration. The water reuse process can stem from sources such as industrial process water, agricultural return flows, municipal wastewater, oil and gas produced water, and stormwater.
Why Implement a Water Reuse Action Plan?
The draft National Water Reuse Action Plan is the first initiative of its kind to be coordinated across the water sector. According to EPA’s Assistant Administrator for Water, David Ross, forty states anticipate shortages of fresh water within their borders over the next decade. Water reuse has the potential to ensure the viability of our water economy and provide safe and reliable drinking water for years to come.
After extensive research and outreach, it was determined that meaningful advancement of water reuse would best be accomplished by working cooperatively with all water sector stakeholders including federal, state, tribal, and local water perspectives. The EPA hopes to issue a final plan that will include clear commitments and milestones for actions that will increase the sustainability, security and resilience of the nation’s water resources.
What Does the Plan Entail?
The draft National Water Reuse Action Plan identifies 46 proposed actions across ten strategic objectives.
- Enable consideration of water reuse with integrated and collaborative action at the watershed scale.
- Coordinate and integrate federal, state, tribal, and local water reuse programs and policies.
- Compile and refine fit-for-purpose specifications.
- Promote technology development, deployment, and validation.
- Improve availability of water information.
- Facilitate financial support of water reuse.
- Integrate and coordinate research on water reuse.
- Improve outreach and communication on water reuse.
- Support a talented and dynamic workforce.
- Develop water reuse metrics that support goals and measure progress.
The EPA is soliciting public input through a 90-day public comment period. This period will seek to:
- Identify the most important actions to be taken in the near term.
- Identify and describe the specific attributes and characteristics of the actions that will achieve success.
- Secure specific commitments to lead/partner/collaborate on implementation of actions.
Comments close on December 16, 2019.
For more information, including opportunities to engage with EPA on this effort, visit https://www.epa.gov/waterreuse/water-reuse-action-plan.
For a quick snapshot of how water reuse works, check out this infographic created by World Bank. | <urn:uuid:650d2881-2dcd-4789-934e-7b3da407fcf0> | {
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It may seem impossible, but you really can make this happen in your house!
It’s always nice when a study confirms something you already know to be true. It not only validates what we do, but can inspire us to make changes we want to make.
Such is the case with the family meal. Every parents knows that eating together around the family dinner table is important, but now we can thank the University of Montreal for giving us some solid proof that the family meal makes a specific and measurable difference in kids’ lives.
Last month, Science Daily reported on study published in the Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics showing that “children who routinely eat their meals together with their family are more likely to experience long-term physical and mental health benefits.”
The researchers followed a group of children born between 1997 and 1998, and were able to account for factors such as temperament, cognitive abilities, educational level of the mothers, and prior family configuration and functioning:
When the family meal environment quality was better at age 6, higher levels of general fitness and lower levels of soft-drink consumption were observed at age 10. These children also seemed to have more social skills, as they were less likely to self-report being physical aggressive, oppositional or delinquent at age 10.
Université de Montréal doctoral student Marie-Josée Harbec and her professor supervisor, Linda Pagani, who conducted the study, said that the presence of parents at mealtimes “provides young children with firsthand social interaction, discussions of social issues and day-to-day concerns, and vicarious learning of prosocial interactions in a familiar and emotionally secure setting.”
Based on the data, the researchers say that the family meal has long-term implications for children’s well-being, and therefore needs to be something that we as a society need to support, encourage and prioritize. And that begins in our own homes, so how do we make the family meal happen more often in 2018? Here are four tips …
If you want your family to eat together more often, you need to take stock of what late afternoon/early evening commitments family members can let go or reschedule. You have to prioritize meal time by putting it high up on your list of commitments.
If you rarely have a meal together now and you decide to start having them seven days a week, you might be setting yourself up for failure. So if you eat together once a week now, commit to two or three nights in 2018. If you eat together three or four nights, add another one. If it seems all together impossible, pick one night for “family meal” night and make it a priority. Saturday or Sunday evening might be perfect for this when weekday nights are too crazy.
Keep it simple
Family meals are easier to pull together if you’re not struggling with what to make 10 minutes before dinner time. Meal plan and keep it simple.
Make it a family affair
Families don’t need to simply eat together, they can cook an clean up together, too. If you have kids older than toddlers, assign them dishes to make or tasks to do. Get the whole family involved. | <urn:uuid:4c690dad-741b-4728-9cac-b129b276b91b> | {
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August 26, 2019 | NVC PR | Leave a comment Over the summer NVC student Allie Sanchez used camera “traps”—motion-sensor cameras affixed to trees—to conduct an exploratory study of campus wildlife. Having been bitten by the “research bug” last year while studying, presenting, and publishing on students’ knowledge of climate change research alongside other NVC students, Allie embarked on a student-faculty, extracurricular study of her own design. Allie worked with Dr. Scott Walker in Geography and Environmental Sustainability to plan out where to place three camera traps around wooded parts of our campus and to map their locations using geospatial technology. For eight weeks Allie checked the cameras and retrieved the photos to determine what wildlife roams NVC day and night. She discovered raccoons, whitetail deer, opossum, skunk, a sounder of six feral hogs, coyote, grey fox, and a black-crested titmouse—a small bird common to this area. She was unable to “capture” any wildcat images. Read the full story here. | <urn:uuid:0c8873d0-8f2b-41e4-81f1-113768cd5577> | {
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