fschieber/wit-captions huggingface dataset:
Illustration of the basic underlying principles of the reciprocity relation between photovoltaic quantum efficiency and external luminescence quantum efficiency of a light emitting diode. On the left, the band diagram of a p-n junction solar cell is depicted with a thin n-type region on the left and a thicker p-type region on the right. Light absorption in the p-type base leads to free electrons that have to be collected by diffusing to the edge of the space charge region between the n and p-type regions of the diode. On the right, a forward voltage is applied to the same diode. Electron injection will lead to recombination and consequently light emission. The emission spectrum of the luminescence emitted in the situation on the right is directly related to the quantum efficiency of photocurrent in the photovoltaic situation on the left. The relation between the two situations is based on the principle of detailed balance that relates absorption and radiative recombination via the van Roosbroeck-Shockley equation and charge collection and injection via the Donolato theorem.
English: Schematic description of the reciprocity between photovoltaic operation and luminescent operation of a pn-junction diode.
Simulação de 1.000 observações retiradas a partir de um modelo de mistura de Dirichlet. Cada observação no interior de um cluster é retirada independentemente a partir da distribuição normal multivariada 
  
    
      
        N
        (
        
          μ
          
            k
          
        
        ,
        1
        
          /
        
        4
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle N(\mu _{k},1/4)}
  
. As médias de cluster 
  
    
      
        
          μ
          
            k
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mu _{k}}
  
 são retiradas a partir de uma distribuição 
  
    
      
        G
      
    
    {\displaystyle G}
  
 que é ela mesma retirada a partir de um processo de Dirichlet com parâmetro de concentração 
  
    
      
        α
        =
        0
        ,
        5
      
    
    {\displaystyle \alpha =0,5}
  
 e distribuição de base 
  
    
      
        H
        =
        N
        (
        2
        ,
        16
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle H=N(2,16)}
  
. Cada linha é uma nova simulação.
English: Simulation of 1000 observations drawn from a Dirichlet mixture model. Each observation within a cluster is drawn iid from N ( m u k , 1 / 4 ) {\displaystyle N(mu_{k},1/4)} where the cluster means μ k {\displaystyle \mu _{k}} are drawn from a distribution G drawn from a Dirichlet Process with concentration parameter α = 0.5 {\displaystyle \alpha =0.5} and base distribution H = N ( 2 , 16 ) {\displaystyle H=N(2,16)} .
D
                G
                +
                D
                H
                +
                D
                F
              
            
            
              
              
                
                

                
                =
                
                  |
                
                D
                G
                
                  |
                
                +
                
                  |
                
                D
                H
                
                  |
                
                −
                
                  |
                
                D
                F
                
                  |
                
              
            
            
              
              
                
                

                
                =
                R
                +
                r
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{}\qquad DG+DH+DF\\&{}=|DG|+|DH|-|DF|\\&{}=R+r\end{aligned}}}
illustration of carnot's theorem
A rotor that rotates vectors in a plane rotates vectors through angle 
  
    
      
        θ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \theta }
  
, that is 
  
    
      
        x
        ↦
        
          R
          
            θ
          
        
        x
        
          R
          
            θ
          
          
            †
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle x\mapsto R_{\theta }xR_{\theta }^{\dagger }}
  
 is a rotation of 
  
    
      
        x
      
    
    {\displaystyle x}
  
 through angle 
  
    
      
        θ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \theta }
  
. The angle between 
  
    
      
        u
      
    
    {\displaystyle u}
  
 and 
  
    
      
        v
      
    
    {\displaystyle v}
  
 is 
  
    
      
        θ
        
          /
        
        2
      
    
    {\displaystyle \theta /2}
  
. Similar interpretations are valid for a general multivector 
  
    
      
        X
      
    
    {\displaystyle X}
  
 instead of the vector 
  
    
      
        x
      
    
    {\displaystyle x}
  
.[10]
A Büchi automaton with two states, 
  
    
      
        
          q
          
            0
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle q_{0}}
  
 and 
  
    
      
        
          q
          
            1
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle q_{1}}
  
, the former of which is the start state and the latter of which is accepting. Its inputs are infinite words over the symbols 
  
    
      
        {
        a
        ,
        b
        }
      
    
    {\displaystyle \{a,b\}}
  
. It accepts the infinite word 
  
    
      
        (
        a
        b
        
          )
          
            ω
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle (ab)^{\omega }}
  
, where 
  
    
      
        
          x
          
            ω
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle x^{\omega }}
  
 denotes the infinite repetition of a string. It rejects the infinite word 
  
    
      
        a
        a
        a
        
          b
          
            ω
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle aaab^{\omega }}
  
.
Français : Automate de Büchi reconnaissant les mots infinis contenant un nombre infini de a
Das Verhältnis des Volumens einer Kugel (
  
    
      
        
          V
          
            K
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle V_{K}}
  
) mit Radius 
  
    
      
        r
      
    
    {\displaystyle r}
  
 zum Volumen des umbeschriebenen Zylinders (
  
    
      
        
          V
          
            Z
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle V_{Z}}
  
) ist
 
  
    
      
        
          V
          
            K
          
        
        :
        
          V
          
            Z
          
        
        =
        
          
            4
            3
          
        
        ⋅
        
          
            1
            2
          
        
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle V_{K}:V_{Z}={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot {\frac {1}{2}}\;}
  
 
  
    
      
        ⇒
        
          V
          
            K
          
        
        :
        
          V
          
            Z
          
        
        =
        2
        :
        3
      
    
    {\displaystyle \Rightarrow V_{K}:V_{Z}=2:3}
Lazer frekansının Fabry-Perot oyuğuna kilitlenmesi için PDH servo döngüsünün şeması.Lazerden gelen ışık faz modülatörüne gönderilir ve ardından oyuk üzerine yöneltilir.(Diyot lazerler için,hızlı frekans veya faz modülasyonu, ekstra bir elektro-optik veya akusto-optik modulatöre gerek kalmaksızın sadece diyot akımını modüle ederek gerçekleştirilebilir.) Yalıtıcı(isolator) PDH düzeneğine dahil değildir, o sadece muhtelif optiksel parçalardan yansıyan ışığın lazerin içine geri yansımamasını sağlar.Polarize ışın ayracı ve λ/4 plaka ışığın iki yönde işleyişini ayırt etmek için birlikte çalışır;  1→2 yönünde işleyen ışık doğrudan geçer ve oyuğa girerken,  2→1 yönünde işleyen ışık ise optiksel oyuktan fotosele doğru yönlendirilir.  Faz modülatörü osilatörden gelen sinüs dalgası ile güdülür; bu, yanbandları lazer ışığı üzerine bastırır. PDH okunan-veri fonksiyonu bölümünde de ifade edildiği gibi fotoselin sinyali(karıştırıcı ve düşük geçirgen filtreden geçen) lazerin frekansını kontrol eden aksamını geri besleyen bir hata sinyali üretmek için tersten module edilir (demodulation).
"Basic schematic layout of Pound-Drever-Hall laser locking control loop"
« Quand ilz [les Utopiens] viennent à l'église, les hommes se mettent au costé dextre, & les femmes à part à fenestre, & s'establissent, en sorte que tous les enfantz masles de chacune maison sont devant le père de famille, les filles devant la mère. Ainsi met on ordre & arroy, affin que ceulx qui ont la charge d'instruire & endoctriner lesdictz enfantz en leurs maisons, pareillement quand sont dehors ayent esgard à leurs gestes contenances & manière de l'église. Samblablement lesdictz Utopiens sont soigneux en ces lieux sacrez de mesler & joingdre un jeune enfant avec un plus âgé, de craincte que si on donnoit charge d'un enfant à un aultres d'âge esgal, ilz n'abuzassent l'un l'autre & passassent le temps à folies puériles, lors qu'ilz deveroient servir à dieu, estre en dévotion, & concepvoir un esmouvement & inflammation aux vertuz[645]. » Gravure de François van Bleyswik à la page 237[n 108] de l'édition française de L'Utopie de 1715, traduite par Nicolas Gueudeville. (« Source : ETH-Bibliothek Zürich »). Ci-dessus, la traduction est celle de J. Le Blond datée de 1550.
English: Engraving by François van Bleyswik for Th. More's Utopia translated in french by N. Gueudeville in 1715 (ETH-Bibliothek Zürich). This engraving (page 323) represents how goes a ceremony in a church of Utopia. We can see tant woman are seated on the left and men on the right. A priest conducts the ceremony and utopians citizens play music.
[
              Cu
              
                
                  (
                  
                    NH
                    
                      3
                    
                    
                      
                    
                  
                  )
                
                
                  4
                
                
                  
                
              
              
                
                  (
                  
                    H
                    
                      2
                    
                    
                      
                    
                  
                  O
                  )
                
                
                  2
                
                
                  
                
              
              ]
            
            
              2
              +
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\ce {\ [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]^2+}}}
  
錯体の球棒モデル。銅(II)に典型的な八面体形分子構造を示す。
Ball and stick model of the tetraamminediaquacopper complex.
Kordan 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              
                A
                B
              
              ¯
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\overline {AB}}}
  
 (röd)  med längden 
  
    
      
        
          a
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \textstyle a}
  
 i en cirkel med radien 
  
    
      
        
          r
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \textstyle r}
  
. Bisektrisen (grön) till medelpunktsvinkeln 
  
    
      
        
          α
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \textstyle \alpha }
  
 är mittpunktsnormal till kordan[1] och diameter i cirkeln. Från definitionen av sinus får vi att halva kordans längd är 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              a
              2
            
          
          =
          r
          ⋅
          sin
          ⁡
          
            
              α
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\frac {a}{2}}=r\cdot \sin {\frac {\alpha }{2}}}
  
.
(a) طرح‌واره‌ای از سلول خورشیدی حساس شده به پروسکایت که در آن لایۀ فعال شامل یک فیلم مزومتخلخل 
  
    
      
        
          
            TiO
            
              2
            
            
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\ce {TiO2}}}
  
است که با جاذب پروسکایت پوشانده شده است. برای جمع‌آوری الکترون و حفره،‌ این لایه فعال به ترتیب در تماس با یک ماده نیم رسانای نوع n و نوع p قرار می‌گیرد. (b) طرح‌واره‌ای از یک سلول خورشیدی پروسکایت لایه نازک. در این ساختار،‌ لایۀ نازکی از پروسکایت بین دو اتصال ساندویچ شده است. (c) ترابرد بار در ساختار سلول خورشیدی حساس شده. پس از جذب نور در جاذب پروسکایت، الکترون‌های تولید شده به فیلم مزومتخلخل 
  
    
      
        
          
            TiO
            
              2
            
            
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\ce {TiO2}}}
  
 تزریق می‌شوند. حفره‌ها نیز به نیم رسانای نوع p منتقل می‌شوند. (d) تولید و استخراج بار در ساختار لایه نازک. پس از جذب نور،‌ هر دو فرایند تولید و استخراج بار درون فیلم پروسکایت انجام می‌شود.
English: a) Schematic of a sensitized perovskite solar cell in which the active layer consist of a layer of mesoporous TiO2 which is coated with the perovskite absorber. The active layer is contacted with an n-type material for electron extraction and a p-type material for hole extraction. b) Schematic of a thin-film perovskite solar cell. In this architecture in which just a flat layer of perovskite is sandwiched between two selective contacts. c) Charge generation and extraction in the sensitized architecture. After light absorption in the perovskite absorber the photogenerated electron is injected into the mesoporous TiO2 through which it is extracted. The concomitantly generated hole is transferred to the p-type material. d) Charge generation and extraction in the thin-film architecture. After light absorption both charge generation as well as charge extraction occurs in the perovskite layer.
Ulaz u Dade i Homestead C. I. u Dade C. I. su danas  smješteni muški zatvorenici, a Homestead C. I. ženske zatvorenice. Danas je najpoznatiji stanovnik ove ustanove nesretna Clover Boykin koja odslužuje svoju doživotnu kaznu i u kojem se nalazi od osnutka, a kaznu odslužuje od 15. veljače 1996. Njezina tužna životna priča započela je u njezinoj 18. godini (1993) kada je ubila Kaylu Basante, devetomjesečnu bebu obiteljskih prijatelja a iduće 1994. i svog petomjesečnog sina Daytona. Odrasla je u obitelji koju je otac napustio kad je imala svega 7 godina. Prema riječima njezine odvjetnice Alysoun B. Powell, iz West Palm Beacha, cijeli slučaj rezulatat je njezinog nesretnog života, oduzetog djetinjstva i roditeljskog nerazumijevanja djetetovih emocionalnih potreba. Alysoun dalje obrazlaže, da nesretno djetinjstvo “zvuči kao banalan izgovor, ali to je objašnjenje zašto se neki od tih zločina događaju, a to je zato što roditelji ne priznaju ili ignoriraju emocionalne potrebe svoje djece, a kada se ove potrebe ne ispune, ovo je još jedan primjer onoga što se može dogoditi.”[1]
English: Dade Correctional Institution/Homestead Correctional Institution Español: Institución Correccional de Dade/Institución Correccional de Homestead
R
          
            2
          
        
        =
        1
        −
        
          
            
              
                S
                
                  S
                  
                    res
                  
                
              
            
            
              
                S
                
                  S
                  
                    tot
                  
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle R^{2}=1-{\frac {\color {blue}{SS_{\text{res}}}}{\color {red}{SS_{\text{tot}}}}}}
  

 The better the linear regression (on the right) fits the data in comparison to the simple average (on the left graph), the closer the value of 
  
    
      
        
          R
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle R^{2}}
  
 is to 1. The areas of the blue squares represent the squared residuals with respect to the linear regression. The areas of the red squares represent the squared residuals with respect to the average value.
Mapa de la península de Jutlandia      Jutlandia septentrional (Nørrejylland, esto es, Jutlandia al norte del río Kongeå. En danés, la región puede subdividirse en Nord-, Midt-, y Sydjylland. No debe confundirse con "Nordjylland", esta última denominación se corresponde básicamente con la región del norte de Dinamarca)      Islas de Jutlandia septentrionales; habitualmente consideradas parte de Jutlandia, aunque técnicamente una isla, puesto que fue separado de la península de Jutlandia en 1825 por una inundación.      Jutlandia meridional (Sønderjylland en danés) o Schleswig septentrional (Nordschleswig en alemán): Dinamarca (Edad Media), parte del ducado de Schleswig (un feudo de la corona danesa) siglo XIII hasta 1864; alemán entre 1864 y 1920; danés desde 1920      Schleswig meridional (alemán desde 1864; parte del ducado de Schleswig (un feudo de la corona danesa) hasta 1864; históricamente una parte integrante de Jutlandia meridional)      Región histórica de Holstein, a veces considerada parte de la península de Jutlandia – hacia el sur hasta el Canal Elba-Lübeck
Schematic geological west-east cross section through Cape Peninsula, based on a section through the Back Table just south of Table Mountain. Not to scale. On the Peninsula the basement layer consists in the main of Cape Granite. The Table Mountain Sandstone (in the same colour as in the diagram on the left) forms the steep escarpments that surround the approximately 5 km-wide central plateau. It consists of the layer below the "Pakhuis diamictite", of which there is only a trace at the highest point on Table Mountain at 1085 m above sea level. The lowermost formation of the Table Mountain Group is the "Graafwater Formation", which rests unconformally on the Cape Granite base, as opposed to the Malmesbury Formation base in most of the rest of the extent of Cape Supergroup in the Western Cape (see illustration above, on the left). Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens, and all the major wines estates on the Peninsula are situated on the fertile (weathered) granite slopes on the east side of the mountain. The soils derived from Table Mountain Sandstone are very poor in nutrition.
English: Schematic geological west-east cross section through Cape Peninsula (South Africa) at about the 33° 58' S parallel. Not to scale.
一個簡單的電路，其中的電壓和電流分別以小寫字母 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              
                
                  v
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}v\end{smallmatrix}}}
  
 和 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              
                
                  i
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}i\end{smallmatrix}}}
  
 表示，電阻是
  
    
      
        
          
            
              
                
                  R
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}R\end{smallmatrix}}}
  
。
對於歐姆導體，電壓、電流和電阻之間有 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              
                
                  v
                  =
                  i
                  R
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}v=iR\end{smallmatrix}}}
  
的關係。
Plano de la iglesia durante el asedio:
 1. Puerta principal
 2. Baptisterio (en cuya pared se abrieron tres aspilleras)
 3. Puerta lateral (hacia el camino que iba al río)
 4. Entrada a las trincheras que protegían las puertas
 5. Huerto
 6. Línea del coro
 7. Altar mayor
 8. Puerta de acceso a la sacristía
 9. Sacristía (con pared totalmente aspillerada)
 10. Puerta de la sacristía al corral 
 11. Boquete de acceso al foso de la trinchera de la sacristía 
 12. Paso del primer patio (donde se hallaba el «convento») al corral (o segundo patio)
 13. Pozo construido por los defensores 
 14. Letrina construida en una de las ventanas 
 15. Urinario
 16. Patio de aseo embaldosado
 17. Trinchera con foso protegiendo las puertas de la iglesia
 18. Ventanas aspilleradas
 19. Horno de pan y cocina
 20. Barandilla del presbiterio
 21. Parapetos construidos encima de los muros de la iglesia
 22. Pozo de aguas negras
 23. Entrada al antiguo convento (terraplenada por el interior)
 24. Trinchera protegiendo la puerta de la sacristía
 25. Foso y trinchera sobre el muro de la sacristía
English: Plan of the church of Baler from Under the red and gold: being notes and recollections of the siege of Baler (1909), by Saturnino Martín Cerezo (translation into English by Frank Loring Dodds)
Рис. 2. Точка 
  
    
      
        P
      
    
    {\displaystyle P}
  
 — точка поверхности Земли, через которую проходит нормальная уровенная поверхность, 
  
    
      
        U
        =
        
          U
          
            p
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle U=U_{p}}
  
 — нормальная уровенная поверхность, 
  
    
      
        
          U
          
            p
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle U_{p}}
  
 — нормальный потенциал в точке 
  
    
      
        P
      
    
    {\displaystyle P}
  
, 
  
    
      
        
          P
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            P
            
              γ
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle P_{1}{P_{\gamma }}}
  
 — нормальная высота, 
  
    
      
        ζ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \zeta }
  
 — аномалия высоты, 
  
    
      
        
          P
          
            1
          
        
        
          P
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle P_{1}{P}}
  
 — геодезическая высота
Русский: Нормальная высота точки P
Schnittwinkel 
  
    
      
        α
      
    
    {\displaystyle \alpha }
  
, Gerade g, Ebene E, Projektionsgerade p
 
  
    
      
        γ
        =
        β
        =
        
          90
          
            ∘
          
        
        −
        α
        ⇒
        sin
        ⁡
        (
        α
        )
        =
        cos
        ⁡
        (
        
          90
          
            ∘
          
        
        −
        γ
        )
        =
        
          
            
              
                |
              
              n
              ⋅
              x
              
                |
              
            
            
              
                |
              
              n
              
                |
              
              
                |
              
              x
              
                |
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \gamma =\beta =90^{\circ }-\alpha \Rightarrow \sin(\alpha )=\cos(90^{\circ }-\gamma )={\frac {|n\cdot x|}{|n||x|}}}
Latina: nomen est omen
Bula Exurge Domine, Contra Errores Martine Lutheri et sequatium: butlla contra els errors de Martí Luter i els seus seguidors (15 de juny de 1520), per la qual el papa Lleó X amenaça amb l'excomunió si no es retracta de 41 punts inclosos en les seves famoses 95 tesis sobre les indulgències del 31 d'octubre de 1517, en les quals Luter, indignat, atacava la idea que la compra de les butlles podia ser causa de perdó de penes espirituals; fet habitual en l'època i on la causa ocasional va ser que el papa Lleó X havia arrendat les butlles d'indulgències a la Banca Fugger per obtenir cabals per a la construcció de la basílica de Sant Pere del Vaticà. Luter va cremar públicament la butlla (10 de desembre de 1520) i l'excomunió es va fer efectiva (3 de gener de 1521). Aquestes dates són fites de l'edat moderna, però no haurien passat de ser una disputa teològica si no haguessin trobat el formidable ressò que la difusió de la impremta va permetre, i no s'haguessin acollit per una societat madura per rebre'ls i uns agents polítics disposats i capaços d'aprofitar el seu potencial