ಅರ್ಥ್-ಗ್ಲೋಬಲ್ ಏರ್‌ಕ್ವಾಲಿಟಿ -2014 ನೈಟ್ರೋಜನ್ ಡೈಆಕ್ಸೈಡ್ ಲೆವೆಲ್ಸ್ -2015; ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 14, 2015- ನಾಸಾ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿಗಳು ಕಳೆದ ಒಂದು ದಶಕದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿವಿಧ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮತ್ತು ಜಗತ್ತಿನ 195 ನಗರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ವಾಯುಮಾಲಿನ್ಯದ ಪ್ರವೃತ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ಪತ್ತೆಹಚ್ಚಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಸ್ಟೇಟ್ಸ್, ಯುರೋಪ್ ಮತ್ತು ಜಪಾನ್ ಹೊರಸೂಸುವಿಕೆ ನಿಯಂತ್ರಣ ನಿಯಮಗಳಿಗೆ ಧನ್ಯವಾದಗಳು, ಆದರೆ ಚೀನಾ, ಭಾರತ ಮತ್ತು ಮಧ್ಯಪ್ರಾಚ್ಯವು ವೇಗವಾಗಿ ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತಿರುವ ಆರ್ಥಿಕತೆ ಮತ್ತು ವಿಸ್ತರಿಸುವ ಉದ್ಯಮದೊಂದಿಗೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ವಾಯುಮಾಲಿನ್ಯವನ್ನು ಕಂಡಿದೆ. ಕ್ರೆಡಿಟ್ಸ್: ನಾಸಾ ಇಮೇಜ್: ಯುನೈಟೆಡ್ ಸ್ಟೇಟ್ಸ್ನ ಟ್ರೆಂಡ್ ಮ್ಯಾಪ್ 2005 ರಿಂದ 2014 ರವರೆಗೆ ಪರಿಸರ ನಿಯಮಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿರುವ ಸಾರಜನಕ ಡೈಆಕ್ಸೈಡ್ ಸಾಂದ್ರತೆಯ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಇಳಿಕೆಗಳನ್ನು ತೋರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. [೩]
English: Dec. 14, 2015 - 15-233 http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/new-nasa-satellite-maps-show-human-fingerprint-on-global-air-quality New NASA Satellite Maps Show Human Fingerprint on Global Air Quality VIDEO (01:42): Using new, high-resolution global satellite maps of air quality indicators, NASA scientists tracked air pollution trends over the last decade in various regions and 195 cities around the globe. The United States, Europe and Japan have improved air quality thanks to emission control regulations, while China, India and the Middle East, with their fast-growing economies and expanding industry, have seen more air pollution. Credits: NASA IMAGE: The trend map of the United States shows the large decreases in nitrogen dioxide concentrations tied to environmental regulations from 2005 to 2014. Credits: NASA IMAGE: The trend map of East Asia shows the change in nitrogen dioxide concentrations related to a mix of economic growth and environmental controls across China, South Korea and Japan from 2005 to 2014. Credits: NASA IMAGE: The trend map of the Middle East shows the change in nitrogen dioxide concentrations from 2005 to 2014. The decreases in Syria are tied to the economic disruption caused by their civil war. Credits: NASA IMAGE: This global map shows the concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the troposphere as detected by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument aboard the Aura satellite, averaged over 2014. Credits: NASA Using new, high-resolution global satellite maps of air quality indicators, NASA scientists tracked air pollution trends over the last decade in various regions and 195 cities around the globe. The findings were presented Monday at the American Geophysical Union meeting in San Francisco and published in the Journal of Geophysical Research. "These changes in air quality patterns aren't random," said Bryan Duncan, an atmospheric scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, who led the research. "When governments step in and say we're going to build something here or we're going to regulate this pollutant, you see the impact in the data." Duncan and his team examined observations made from 2005 to 2014 by the Dutch-Finnish Ozone Monitoring Instrument aboard NASA's Aura satellite. One of the atmospheric gases the instrument detects is nitrogen dioxide, a yellow-brown gas that is a common emission from cars, power plants and industrial activity. Nitrogen dioxide can quickly transform into ground-level ozone, a major respiratory pollutant in urban smog. Nitrogen dioxide hotspots, used as an indicator of general air quality, occur over most major cities in developed and developing nations. The science team analyzed year-to-year trends in nitrogen dioxide levels around the world. To look for possible explanations for the trends, the researchers compared the satellite record to information about emission controls regulations, national gross domestic product and urban growth. "With the new high-resolution data, we are now able to zoom down to study pollution changes within cities, including from some individual sources, like large power plants," said Duncan. Previous work using satellites at lower resolution missed variations over short distances. This new space-based view offers consistent information on pollution for cities or countries that may have limited ground-based air monitoring stations. The resulting trend maps tell a unique story for each region. The United States and Europe are among the largest emitters of nitrogen dioxide. Both regions also showed the most dramatic reductions between 2005 and 2014. Nitrogen dioxide has decreased from 20 to 50 percent in the United States, and by as much as 50 percent in Western Europe. Researchers concluded that the reductions are largely due to the effects of environmental regulations that require technological improvements to reduce pollution emissions from cars and power plants. China, the world's growing manufacturing hub, saw an increase of 20 to 50 percent in nitrogen dioxide, much of it occurring over the North China Plain. Three major Chinese metropolitan areas -- Beijing, Shanghai, and the Pearl River Delta -- saw nitrogen dioxide reductions of as much as 40 percent. The South African region encompassing Johannesburg and Pretoria has the highest nitrogen dioxide levels in the Southern Hemisphere, but the high-resolution trend map shows a complex situation playing out between the two cities and neighboring power plants and industrial areas. "We had seen seemingly contradictory trends over this area of industrial South Africa in previous studies," said Anne Thompson, co-author and chief scientist for atmospheric chemistry at Goddard. "Until we had this new space view, it was a mystery." The Johannesburg-Pretoria metro area saw decreases after new cars were required in 2008 to have better emissions controls. The heavily industrialized area just east of the cities, however, shows both decreases and increases. The decreases may be associated with fewer emissions from eight large power plants east of the cities since the decrease occurs over their locations. However, emissions increases occur from various other mining and industrial activities to the south and further east. In the Middle East, increased nitrogen dioxide levels since 2005 in Iraq, Kuwait and Iran likely correspond to economic growth in those countries. However, in Syria, nitrogen dioxide levels decreased since 2011, most likely because of the civil war, which has interrupted economic activity and displaced millions of people. To view and download high-resolution air quality maps, go to: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12094 For more on NASA’s research into nitrogen dioxide, and air quality data for 195 cities, visit: https://airquality.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Français : Les scientifiques de la Nasa produisent de nouvelles cartes satellitaires mondiales haute résolution sur la qualité de l'air, permettant un suivi de l’évolution d’indicateurs de pollution de l’air depuis plus d’une décennie dans diverses régions et 195 villes du monde. Ce travail a été présentés lors d’une réunion de l’American Geophysical Union à San Francisco et publiés dans le Journal of Geophysical Research. Ces évolutions de qualité de l'air « ne sont pas aléatoires » note Bryan Duncan, scientifique étudiant l’atmosphère au centre de vol de la NASA en: Goddard Space Flight Centre à Greenbelt (Maryland), ayant piloté ce travail "quand les gouvernements décident de construire quelquepart ou de règlementer un polluant, l'impact est visible par les satellites." Duncan et son équipe ont examiné les données collectées de 2005 à 2014 par l'instrument de surveillance de l'ozone néerlando-finlandais à bord du satellite Aura de la NASA. Cet instrument détecte aussi le dioxyde d'azote, un gaz (jaune-brun quand il est concentré), émis par les véhicules, les centrales électriques et les activités industrielles. Ce NO2 peut rapidement se transformer en ozone troposphérique (polluant respiratoire majeur du smog urbain). Les Hot-spots de pollution par le NO2 sont presque situés dans les régions industrielles et dans et autour des grandes villes de pays développés et en développement. La Nasa étudie les tendances annuelles du NO2 dans le monde et cherche à les expliquer en comparant les enregistrement satellitaux aux informations sur les émissions des pays et les réglementations en matière de contrôle des émissions, de produit intérieur brut national et de croissance urbaine. Des études et cartes antérieures basées sur les données de satellites à faible résolution ne repéraient pas les variations sur de courtes distances. Cette nouvelle carte montre des informations plus cohérentes sur la localisation des problèmes et sources de pollution, et peuvent aider les pays émergeants ou les régions ne disposant pas (ou peu) de stations de surveillance de l’air au sol. Les tendances varient beaucoup selon la région considérée. États-Unis et Europe sont encore parmi les plus gros émetteurs de NO2, mais ont aussi enregistré les réductions les plus spectaculaires de 2005 à 2014 (en partie en exportant leur industrie vers des pays émergent à main d’œuvre moins chère) ; Le NO2 a diminué de 20 à 50% aux États-Unis et jusqu'à 50% en Europe de l’ouest, en grande partie grâce aux réglementations environnementales qui ont poussé certaines améliorations technologiques permettant de réduire les émissions polluantes des voitures et des centrales électriques. En Chine, l’usine du monde, encore en pleine croissance a au contraire augmenté de 20 à 50% ses émissions de dioxyde d'azote, principalement dans les plaines du nord .Mais trois connurbations Beijing (Pékin), Shanghai et le delta de la rivière des Perles - ont vu leurs émissions diminuer jusqu'à 40%. En Afrique Johannesburg et Pretoria émettent le plus de NO2 dans tout l'hémisphère sud, mais la carte des tendances à haute résolution montre une situation complexe avec des responsabilités partagées entre les villes et centrales électriques et les zones industrielles voisines, qui expliquent des études antérieures apparemment contradictoires dans cette région note Anne Thompson, co-auteur de l’étude. Au Moyen-Orient, l'augmentation des niveaux de dioxyde d'azote depuis 2005 en Iraq, au Koweït et en Iran correspond probablement à la croissance économique de ces pays. Cependant, en Syrie, les niveaux de dioxyde d'azote ont diminué depuis 2011, probablement à cause de la guerre civile, qui a interrompu l'activité économique et déplacé des millions de personnes. - afficher et télécharger des cartes haute qualité de la qualité de l’air : http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12094 - plus d'informations sur la NASA et le NO2 dans l'air de 195 villes : https://airquality.gsfc.nasa.gov/