fschieber/wit-captions huggingface dataset:
U fermentaciji etanola, (1) jedan molekul glukoze se razlaže u dva molekula piruvata. Energija ove egzotermne reakcije se koristi za vezivanje neorganski fosfata na 
  
    
      
        
          ADP
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\ce {ADP}}}
  
 i konvertovanje 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              NAD
              
                +
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {{\ce {NAD+}}}}
  
 u 
  
    
      
        
          
            NADH
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {{\ce {NADH}}}}
  
. (2) Dva piruvata se zatim razlažu u dva acetaldehida i otpoštaju se dva molekula 
  
    
      
        
          
            CO
            
              2
            
            
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\ce {CO2}}}
  
 kao nusproizvod. (3) Dva acetaldehida se zatim konvertuju do dva molekula etanola koristeći vodonične jone iz 
  
    
      
        
          
            NADH
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {{\ce {NADH}}}}
  
, uz konvertovanje 
  
    
      
        
          
            NADH
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {{\ce {NADH}}}}
  
 nazad u 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              NAD
              
                +
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {{\ce {NAD+}}}}
  
.
Abbildung 4: Oben: Eine Eichfunktion weist jedem Punkt 
  
    
      
        x
        ∈
        [
        a
        ,
        b
        ]
      
    
    {\displaystyle x\in [a,b]}
  
 ein offenes Intervall 
  
    
      
        γ
        (
        x
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle \gamma (x)}
  
 (grün) zu. Unten: Eine markierte Zerlegung 
  
    
      
        D
        =
        {
        (
        
          t
          
            i
          
        
        ,
        [
        
          x
          
            i
            −
            1
          
        
        ,
        
          x
          
            i
          
        
        ]
        )
        :
        i
        =
        1
        ,
        …
        ,
        n
        }
      
    
    {\displaystyle D=\{(t_{i},[x_{i-1},x_{i}]):i=1,\dots ,n\}}
  
 ist 
  
    
      
        γ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \gamma }
  
-fein, wenn 
  
    
      
        [
        
          x
          
            i
            −
            1
          
        
        ,
        
          x
          
            i
          
        
        ]
        ⊂
        γ
        (
        
          t
          
            i
          
        
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle [x_{i-1},x_{i}]\subset \gamma (t_{i})}
  
 für 
  
    
      
        i
        =
        1
        ,
        …
        ,
        n
      
    
    {\displaystyle i=1,\dots ,n}
  
.
Bild 1: Konstruktion der Tangente 
  
    
      
        t
      
    
    {\displaystyle t}
  
 durch Punkt 
  
    
      
        P
      
    
    {\displaystyle P}
  

 Verbinde Punkt 
  
    
      
        P
      
    
    {\displaystyle P}
  
 mit 
  
    
      
        O
      
    
    {\displaystyle O}
  
 und bestimme 
  
    
      
        ∠
        
          
          2
          α
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \angle {\;2\alpha }}
  
 mithilfe des Abstandes 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        A
        B
        
          |
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle |AB|}
  
 am Scheitel 
  
    
      
        P
        .
      
    
    {\displaystyle P.}
  
 Die Normale 
  
    
      
        n
      
    
    {\displaystyle n}
  
 zur Lemniskate 
  
    
      
        
          
            L
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {L}}}
  
 schneidet 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              O
              
                F
                
                  2
                
              
            
            ¯
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\overline {OF_{2}}}}
  
 in 
  
    
      
        R
        .
      
    
    {\displaystyle R.}
  
 Die abschließende Tangente 
  
    
      
        t
      
    
    {\displaystyle t}
  
 ist eine Senkrechte zu 
  
    
      
        n
      
    
    {\displaystyle n}
  
.
Portret colectiv al membrilor Junimii în 1883.
rândul 1: Nicolae Beldiceanu, Samson Bodnărescu, Teodor Nica, Gheorghe Roiu, Mihail Christodulo, Victor Castano, Mihail Gheorghiu;
rândul 2: Constantin Meissner, Ion Dospinescu, Alexandru Grigore Suțu, Ștefan Vârgolici, Vasile Burlă, Anton Naum, Gheorghe Racoviță, Ioan Buiucliu, Abgar Buiucliu;
rândul 3: Teodor T. Burada, Constantin Leonardescu, Gheorghe Bengescu [Dabija], Theodor Rosetti, Titu Maiorescu, Petre P. Carp, Ioan Mire Melik, Mihai Eminescu, Dumitru C. Ollănescu-Ascanio;
rândul 4: Nicolae Gabrielescu, Ion Luca Caragiale, Al. Farra, Vasile Pogor, Vasile Alecsandri, Iacob Negruzzi, Emil Max, Gheorghe Bejan, Ioan Slavici;
rândul 5: Ioan D. Caragiani, Mihail Cristodulo Cerchez, Nicolae Mandrea, Nicolae Gane, Neculai Culianu, Ioan Ianov, Grigore Mithridate Buiucliu, Nicu Burghele;
rândul 6: Constantin Constantiniu, Leon Negruzzi, Gheorghe Capșa, Dumitru Rosetti-Tescanu, Ștefan Nei, Pavel Paicu, Ion Creangă, Neculai Mihalcea;
rândul 7: Teodor Christodulo, Ioan Nenițescu, Miron Pompiliu, Alexandru Lambrior, Constantin Lepădatu, Gheorghe Scheletti, Theodor Șerbănescu;
rândul 8: Theodor Buiucliu, A. D. Xenopol, Petru Th. Missir, Aristide Peride, Alexandru Al. Beldiman, V. Cuciureanu, G. Zaharia;
rândul 9: Xenofon Gheorghiu, Valerian Ursian, Gheorghe Negruzzi, Alexandru Philippide, Constantin Dimitrescu-Iași, Ștefan Văleanu;
rândul 10: Nicolae Volenti, Vasile Bossie (Bossy), Telemac Ciupercescu.
English: Collective portrait of Junimea, a Romanian literary and political club (at the time relocated to Bucharest). Pictured, left to right: (1st row) Nicolae Beldiceanu, Samson Bodnărescu, Teodor Nica, Gheorghe Roiu, Mihail Christodulo [Cerkez], Victor Castan[o], Mihail Gheorghiu; (2nd row) Constantin Meissner, Ion Dospinescu, Alexandru G. Suţu, Ştefan Vârgolici, Vasile Burlă, Anton Naum, Gh. Racoviţă, Ioan Buiucliu, Abgar Buiucliu; (3rd row) Teodor T. Burada, Constantin Leonardescu, Gheorghe Bengescu [Dabija], Theodor Rosetti, Titu Maiorescu, Petre P. Carp, Ioan Mire Melik, Mihai Eminescu, D. C. Ollănescu-Ascanio; (4th row) Nicolae Gabrielescu, Ion Luca Caragiale, Al. Farra, Vasile Pogor, Vasile Alecsandri, Iacob Negruzzi, Emil Max, Gheorghe Bejan, Ioan Slavici; (5th row) Ioan D. Caragiani, Mihail Cerchez, Nicolae Mandrea, Nicolae Gane, Neculai Culianu, Ioan Ianov, Grigore Buiucliu, Nicu Burghele; (6th row) Constantin Constantiniu, Leon Negruzzi, Gheorghe Capşa, Dumitru Rosetti [Tescanu], Ştefan Nei, Pavel Paicu, Ion Creangă, Neculai Mihalcea; (7th row) Teodor Christodulo, Ioan Neniţescu, Miron Pompiliu, Alexandru Lambrior, Constantin Lepădatu, Gheorghe Schelitti, Theodor Şerbănescu; (8th row) Theodor Buiucliu, A. D. Xenopol, Petru Th. Missir, Aristide Peride, Alexandru Al. Beldiman, V. Cuciureanu, G. Zaharia; (9th row) Xenofon Gheorghiu, Valerian Ursian, Gheorghe Negruzzi, Alexandru I. Philippide, Constantin Dumitrescu, Ştefan Văleanu; (10th row) N. Volenti, Vasile Bossie (Bossy), Telemac Ciupercescu.
Барон Унгерн фон Штернберг Р. Ф. Один из немногих значимых белогвардейцев, открыто поддерживавших идею восстановления самодержавной монархии. В начале 1917 года (по другим источникам — в октябре 1916 года), прибыв на слёт Георгиевских кавалеров в Петроград, в пьяном виде избил комендантского адъютанта[37], за что был приговорён к трём годам тюрьмы, но был освобождён Февральской революцией[38]. В августе 1917 года в качестве комиссара Временного правительства прибыл вместе с казачьим атаманом Семёновым Г. М. в Забайкалье с целью формирования добровольческих частей из коренного нерусского населения. В 1920 году во главе Азиатской дивизии самовольно убыл в Монголию, где в феврале 1921 года взял Ургу, и фактически стал монгольским диктатором, ввёл в обращение первые монгольские деньги (см. Монгольский доллар). Внёс значительный вклад в восстановление независимости Монголии от Китая. Отличался жестокостью[39], в частности, устроив массовую резню евреев, китайцев и предполагаемых коммунистов[40]. Также был известен фанатизмом на грани психической нормальности. Составлял планы восстановления империи Чингисхана и, по некоторым источникам, перешёл в буддизм[41]. Адвокат Унгерна на советском суде настаивал на его невменяемости, и требовал вместо расстрела заключить его в «изолированный каземат, чтобы вспоминал об ужасах, которые творил». Перед расстрелом разломал зубами собственный Георгиевский крест, и съел обломки, чтобы они не достались коммунистам.
English: The "bloody baron" Roman Ungern von Sternberg in Mongolia around 1920.
Die trigonometrischen Funktionen am Einheitskreis:
          
  
    
      
        
          
            
              C
              P
            
            ¯
          
        
        =
        sin
        ⁡
        b
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\overline {CP}}=\sin b}
  

  
    
      
        
          
            
              S
              P
            
            ¯
          
        
        =
        cos
        ⁡
        b
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\overline {SP}}=\cos b}
  
 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              D
              T
            
            ¯
          
        
        =
        tan
        ⁡
        b
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\overline {DT}}=\tan b}
  

  
    
      
        
          
            
              E
              K
            
            ¯
          
        
        =
        cot
        ⁡
        b
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\overline {EK}}=\cot b}
  
 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              O
              T
            
            ¯
          
        
        =
        sec
        
        b
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\overline {OT}}=\operatorname {sec} \,b}
  

  
    
      
        
          
            
              O
              K
            
            ¯
          
        
        =
        csc
        
        b
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\overline {OK}}=\operatorname {csc} \,b}
Figure 2.  Géométrie pour le calcul du potentiel de marée causé par la Lune (masse 
  
    
      
        
          M
          
            L
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle M_{L}}
  
) à la distance 
  
    
      
        R
      
    
    {\displaystyle R}
  
 du centre de masse de la Terre seule et à la distance 
  
    
      
        
          R
          ′
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle R'}
  
 d'un point arbitraire 
  
    
      
        P
      
    
    {\displaystyle P}
  
 sur la surface terrestre. L'intersection du plan orbital de la Lune avec la surface de la Terre est représentée par une ellipse. Les coordonnées angulaires de 
  
    
      
        P
      
    
    {\displaystyle P}
  
 sont l'angle 
  
    
      
        θ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \theta }
  
, rapporté à la normale à ce plan, et l'angle 
  
    
      
        λ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \lambda }
  
, mesuré dans ce plan à partir de la droite qui joint le centre de masse de la Terre au centre de masse de la Lune. La Terre et la Lune orbitent toutes deux autour du centre de gravité du système, qui se trouve à une distance 
  
    
      
        b
      
    
    {\displaystyle b}
  
 du centre de la Terre. Cette distance 
  
    
      
        b
      
    
    {\displaystyle b}
  
 est un peu plus petite que le rayon de la Terre, désigné ici par 
  
    
      
        a
      
    
    {\displaystyle a}
  
.
Français : Description : Géométrie pour le calcul du potentiel de marée.
Objaśnienia:
kolor czerwony – trasa: Europa (Szczecin) – Ocean Atlantycki (pierwsze przejście) – Kanał Panamski – Ocean Spokojny – obejście Australii od strony północnej – Ocean Indyjski (pierwsze przejście) – Durban/Kapsztad
kolor niebieski – trasa: Durban – Ocean Indyjski (drugie przejście) – obejście Australii od strony południowej – Ocean Indyjski (trzecie przejście) – Durban/Kapsztad – Ocean Atlantycki (drugie przejście) – wschodnie wybrzeże Ameryki Południowej – Ocean Atlantycki (trzecie przejście) – Europa (Hawr),
kolor zielony (cyfra 4) – rejs z Jerzym Kurowskim, goszczącym załogę w Wenezueli,
 kolor pomarańczowy (cyfra 6) – przeloty na Nową Zelandię i Tasmanię, w ramach pobytu w celach zarobkowych
członkowie załogi: Kolor czerwony: 1 – Jerzy Mańkowski, Wojciech Jacobson, 2 – Wojciech Jacobson, 3 – Wojciech Jacobson, Andrzej Marczak,
kolor zielony: 4 – Wojciech Jacobson, Andrzej Marczak, Jerzy Kurowski, 
5 – Jerzy Pisz, Kazimierz Jasica, 6 – Kazimierz Jasica, David Walsh, Leif Boefeld, 7 – Bogdan Zahajkiewicz, 8 – Barbara i Glen Dicker, 9 – samotnie, 10 – Jerzy Boehm, 11 – Jerzy Boehm, Tadeusz Rochoń, 12 – Jerzy Boehm, 13 – Jerzy Boehm, Tadeusz Pośpiech, 14 – Jerzy Boehm, Tadeusz Pośpiech i Weitraud Witte-Pośpiech, David Wals, Maciej Rutkowski, Jim Carsley (Morze Arafura) i inni, 15 – Jim Doyle, 16 – Jim Doyle, John Jaques Mollineau, 17 – Andrzej Willman (do East London), 18 – Fritz Enichlmair, 18 – Wojciech Jacobson, Marek Kowalski
The graph of the bump function 
  
    
      
        (
        x
        ,
        y
        )
        ∈
        
          
            R
          
          
            2
          
        
        ↦
        Ψ
        (
        r
        )
        ,
      
    
    {\displaystyle (x,y)\in \mathbf {R} ^{2}\mapsto \Psi (r),}
  
 where 
  
    
      
        r
        =
        (
        
          x
          
            2
          
        
        +
        
          y
          
            2
          
        
        
          )
          
            
              1
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle r=(x^{2}+y^{2})^{\frac {1}{2}}}
  
 and 
  
    
      
        Ψ
        (
        r
        )
        =
        
          e
          
            −
            
              
                1
                
                  1
                  −
                  
                    r
                    
                      2
                    
                  
                
              
            
          
        
        ⋅
        
          
            1
          
          
            {
            
              |
            
            r
            
              |
            
            <
            1
            }
          
        
        .
      
    
    {\displaystyle \Psi (r)=e^{-{\frac {1}{1-r^{2}}}}\cdot \mathbf {1} _{\{|r|<1\}}.}
English: The function $\Phi(x_1,x_2)=\Psi(x_1,x_2)$
Слева: Закон дисперсии для графена 
  
    
      
        E
        =
        ±
        ℏ
        
          v
          
            F
          
        
        
          |
        
        
          
            k
          
        
        
          |
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle E=\pm \hbar v_{F}|{\textbf {k}}|}
  
. Зона проводимости для электронов показана красными линиями, а синими точечными линиями показана валентная зона для дырок. В центре: зона проводимости показана для дисперсионного соотношения 
  
    
      
        ε
        =
        
          |
        
        
          E
          
            F
          
        
        ±
        ℏ
        
          v
          
            F
          
        
        
          |
        
        
          
            k
          
        
        
          |
        
        
          |
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \varepsilon =|E_{F}\pm \hbar v_{F}|{\textbf {k}}||}
  
. Синей сплошной линией показаны дырочные возбуждения в зоне проводимости. Справа: Закон дисперсии при нулевой энергии Ферми 
  
    
      
        ε
        =
        
          |
        
        ℏ
        
          v
          
            F
          
        
        
          |
        
        
          
            k
          
        
        
          |
        
        
          |
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \varepsilon =|\hbar v_{F}|{\textbf {k}}||}
Os gráficos informam visual e eloquentemente sobre a evolução de temperatura ao longo do tempo. Este mostra a evolução da temperatura média global de 1880 até 2013, período em que a emissão de gases estufa acelerou com a rápida aceitação do petróleo como combustível. Os gráfico abaixo mostra a evolução da emissão de gases estufa nos últimos duzentos anos. O paralelismo é evidente: quando mais se emitiu gases, mais a temperatura subiu. Os últimos anos têm batido recorde sobre recorde em termos de temperatura, as três últimas décadas foram as mais quentes desde o início dos registros, e a tendência mais recente, que tem se repetido com poucas falhas nos últimos 15 anos, é de que cada novo ano bata o record do ano anterior. Essas informações mostram que as últimas décadas estão aquecendo cada vez mais e o processo parece nitidamente estar acelerando. Há alguns anos os negacionistas encontraram um bom cavalo de batalha em uma ligeira redução no aquecimento, o famoso "hiato" ou "pausa", como o evento ficou conhecido, mas o fato é que pequenas variações decadais não alteram a tendência de longo prazo, que é sempre para mais quente. Não apenas o hiato de forma alguma invalida a teoria geral do aquecimento, como a confirma, e deve-se esperar outros futuramente, pois essas variações periódicas um pouco para mais e um pouco para menos em uma curva mais ampla foram previstas desde que a base teórica do fenômeno se consolidou em meados do século XX.
Illustration af radioaktive doser opgivet i SI-enheden Sievert både fra hverdagsting, flyrejser – og det kernekraftarbejdere kan risikere at blive udsat for osv.



Klik på billedet – og 2 gange mere for fuld størrelse. Bemærk at doserne kun siger noget om dosen i det specificerede tidsinterval.



Hvis man f.eks. får radioaktive stoffer ind i kroppen (se f.eks. Alexander Litvinenko), som udskilles langsomt, vil man få betydeligt mere skadende stråling f.eks. resten af livet.



Det er grunden til at man skal undgå fødevarer og drikkevand, som indeholder radioaktive stoffer – da nogle af dem opkoncentreres i kroppen (f.eks. Cæsium-137, Strontium-90[1]).



Nogle radioaktive stoffer indeholdes i støvpartikler og det er grunden til, at man anbefaler folk at holde en stykke fugtigt stof for luftvejene, da partiklernes radioaktive stoffer ellers kan få adgang til blodet via lungerne – og dermed kroppen.



Partiklernes radioaktive stoffer er også grunden til at udsatte kernekraftarbejdere skal tage en lufttæt dragt på og nogle gange med ren lufttilførsel så partiklerne ikke kan komme ind via evt. mindre dragtutætheder. Den lufttætte dragt stopper udefrakommende alfapartikler, protonstråling og betapartikler, men ikke neutronstråling, røntgenstråling og gammastråling.



Ydermere vil visse radioaktive stoffer som opkoncentreres i kroppens kirtler (f.eks. Jod-131[1]) og benmarv (f.eks. plutonium[2]) skade mere end et kort eksempeltidsinterval.
English: Radiation Dose Chart by Randall Munroe as part of the webcomic xkcd. In response to concerns about the radioactivity released by the en:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011, and to remedy what he described as "confusing" reporting on radiation levels in the media, Munroe created a chart of comparative radiation exposure levels. The chart was rapidly adopted by print and online journalists in several countries, including being linked to by online writers for The Guardian[1] and The New York Times.[2] As a result of requests for permission to reprint the chart and to translate it into Japanese, Munroe placed it in the public domain, but requested that his non-expert status should be clearly stated in any reprinting.[3] ↑ Monbiot, George (2011-03-21). "Why Fukushima made me stop worrying and love nuclear power". The Guardian. ↑ Revkin, Andrew (2011-03-23). "The 'Dread to Risk' Ratio on Radiation and other Discontents". Dot Earth blog. The New York Times. ↑ Munroe, Randall. Radiation Chart. xkcd.com. Français: Graphique des doses radioactives par xkcd
Graphic example of the formula  
  
    
      
        
          
            cos
            ⁡
            (
            2
            π
            f
            t
            +
            ϕ
            (
            t
            )
            )
          
        
         
        =
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\color {Green}\cos(2\pi ft+\phi (t))}\ =}
  


  
    
      
        
          
            cos
            ⁡
            (
            2
            π
            f
            t
            )
            cos
            ⁡
            (
            ϕ
            (
            t
            )
            )
          
        
         
        +
         
        
          
            cos
            ⁡
            (
            2
            π
            f
            t
            +
            π
            
              /
            
            2
            )
            sin
            ⁡
            (
            ϕ
            (
            t
            )
            )
          
        
        .
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\color {Blue}\cos(2\pi ft)\cos(\phi (t))}\ +\ {\color {Red}\cos(2\pi ft+\pi /2)\sin(\phi (t))}.}
  

 The phase modulation (φ(t), not shown) is a non-linearly increasing function from 0 to π/2 over the interval 0 < t < 16.  The two amplitude-modulated components are known as the in-phase component (I, thin blue, decreasing) and the quadrature component (Q, thin red, increasing).
English: Graphic example of the formula cos ⁡ ( 2 π f t + ϕ ( t ) ) = cos ⁡ ( 2 π f t ) cos ⁡ ( ϕ ( t ) ) + cos ⁡ ( 2 π f t + π / 2 ) sin ⁡ ( ϕ ( t ) ) . {\displaystyle {\color {Green}\cos(2\pi ft+\phi (t))}={\color {Blue}\cos(2\pi ft)\cos(\phi (t))}+{\color {Red}\cos(2\pi ft+\pi /2)\sin(\phi (t))}.} The phase modulation (φ(t), not shown) is a non-linearly increasing function from 0 to π / 2 {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \pi /2} over the interval 0 < t < 16. The two amplitude-modulated components are known as the in-phase component (I, thin blue, decreasing) and the quadrature component (Q, thin red, increasing). Alternative description: Example of how an angle-modulated sinusoid can be decomposed into or synthesized from two amplitude-modulated sinusoids. The picture shows a modulation by non-linearly increasing the phase angle of the carrier from 0 to π / 2 {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \pi /2} over the interval 0 < t < 16. The two AM sinusoids have the same nominal frequency as the carrier and are offset in phase by one-quarter cycle ( π / 2 {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \pi /2} radians). They are known as the in-phase component (I, thin blue, decreasing) and the quadrature component (Q, thin red, increasing). In some contexts it is more convenient to refer to just the enveloping factors of the AM-signals (thick red and blue lines) by those component terms.