system: You are a legal assistant. Answer concisely and accurately. When legal text is provided, rely on it and do not invent facts.

user: Read the following U.S. Supreme Court case excerpt and classify it into the correct legal issue area. Excerpt: 356 U.S. 38 78 S.Ct. 511 2 L.Ed.2d 568 HOOVER MOTOR EXPRESS CO., INC., Petitioner,v.UNITED STATES of America. No. 95. Argued Jan. 29 and 30, 1958. Decided March 17, 1958. Rehearing Denied April 14, 1958. See 356 U.S. 934, 78 S.Ct. 770. Mr. Judson Harwood, Nashville, Tenn., for petitioner. Sol. Gen. J. Lee Rankin, Washington, D.C., for respondent. Mr. Justice CLARK delivered the opinion of the Court. 1 The sole issue here—the deductibility for tax purposes1 of fines paid by a trucker for inadvertent violations of state maximum weight laws—is identical to one of the issues decided today in Tank Truck Rentals, Inc., v. Commissioner, 356 U.S. 30, 78 S.Ct. 507. 2 Most of the overweight fines paid by petitioner during 1951 1953 inclusive, the tax years in question, were incurred in Tennessee and Kentucky, two of the nine States in which petitioner operated. During the relevant period, both Tennessee and Kentucky imposed maximum weight limitations of 42,000 pounds overall and 18,000 pounds per axle,2 considerably less than those in the other seven States. Petitioner's fines resulted largely from violations of the axle-weight limits rather than violations of the overall truck weight limits. The District Court found that such violations usually occurred because of a shifting of the freight load during transit. 3 After paying the taxes imposed, petitioner sued in the District Court for a refund, claiming that no frustration of state policy would result from allowance of the deductions because (1) the violations had not been willful, and (2) all reasonable precautions had been taken to avoid the violations. The District Court held that even if petitioner had acted innocently and had taken all reasonable precautions, allowance of the deductions would frustrate clearly defined state policy. Judgment was entered for the Commissioner, 135 F.Supp. 818, and the Court of Appeals affirmed on the same reasoning. 241 F.2d 459. We granted certiorari, 1957, 354 U.S. 920, 77 S.Ct. 1376, 1 L.Ed.2d 1435, in conjunction with the grant in Tank Truck Rentals, Inc., v. Commissioner, 356 U.S. 30, 78 S.Ct. 507, and Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Sullivan, 356 U.S. 27, 78 S.Ct. 512, both decided today. 4 Wholly apart from possible frustration of state policy, it does not appear that payment of the fines in question was 'necessary' to the operation of petitioner's business. This, of course, prevents any deduction. Deputy v. du Pont, 1940, 308 U.S. 488, 60 S.Ct. 363, 84 L.Ed. 416. The violations usually resulted from a shifting of the load during transit, but there is nothing in the record to indicate that the shifting could not have been controlled merely by tying down the load or compartmentalizing the trucks. Other violations occurred because petitioner relied on the weight stated in the bill of lading when picking up goods in small communities having no weighing facilities. It would seem that this situation could have been alleviated by carrying a scale in the truck. 5 Even assuming that petitioner acted with all due care and without willful intent, it is clear that allowance of the deduction sought by petitioner would severely and directly frustrate state policy. Tank Truck Rentals, Inc., v. Commissioner, supra. As in Tank Truck, the statutes involved here do not differentiate between innocent and willful violators. 6 Affirmed. 1 '§ 23. Deductions from gross income. 'In computing net income there shall be allowed as deductions: '(a) Expenses. '(1) Trade or business expenses. '(A) In general. All the ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year in carrying on any trade or business * * *.' 53 Stat. 12, as amended, 56 Stat. 819, 26 U.S.C.A. § 23(a)(1)(A). 2 Ky.Rev.Stat., 1953, § 189.222; Williams' Tenn.Code, 1934 (1952 Cum.Supp. to 1943 Repl.Vol.), § 1166.33.

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