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user: Read the following U.S. Supreme Court case excerpt and classify it into the correct legal issue area. Excerpt: 128 S. Ct. 2198 (2008) Richard IRIZARRY, Petitioner, v. UNITED STATES. No. 06-7517. Supreme Court of United States. Argued April 15, 2008. Decided June 12, 2008. *2199 Arthur J. Madden, III, Mobile, AL, for petitioner. Matthew D. Roberts, Washington, D.C., for respondent. Peter B. Rutledge, Charlottesville, VA, as amicus curiae, appointed by this Court, in support of the judgment below. Jonathan D. Hacker, Harvard Law School, Supreme Court and Appellate Advocacy Clinic, Cambridge, MA, Arthur J. Madden III, Counsel of Record, Madden & Soto, Mobile, AL, Walter Dellinger, Mark S. Davies, Ryan W. Scott, Admitted only in Illinois, Susan M. Moss, O'Melveny & Myers LLP, Washington, DC, for petitioner. Paul D. Clement, Solicitor General, Counsel of Record, Alice S. Fisher, Assistant Attorney General, Michael R. Dreeben, *2200 Deputy Solicitor General, Matthew D. Roberts, Assistant to the Solicitor General, Sangita K. Rao, Attorney, Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for United States. Justice STEVENS delivered the opinion of the Court. Rule 32(h) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, promulgated in response to our decision in Burns v. United States, 501 U.S. 129, 111 S. Ct. 2182, 115 L. Ed. 2d 123 (1991), states that "[b]efore the court may depart from the applicable sentencing range on a ground not identified for departure either in the presentence report or in a party's prehearing submission, the court must give the parties reasonable notice that it is contemplating such a departure." The question presented by this case is whether that Rule applies to every sentence that is a variance from the recommended Federal Sentencing Guidelines range even though not considered a "departure" as that term was used when Rule 32(h) was promulgated. I Petitioner, Richard Irizarry, pleaded guilty to one count of making a threatening interstate communication, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 875(c). Petitioner made the following admissions in the factual resume accompanying his plea: (1) On November 5, 2003, he sent an e-mail threatening to kill his ex-wife and her new husband; (2) he had sent "dozens" of similar e-mails in violation of a restraining order; (3) he intended the e-mails to "convey true threats to kill or injure multiple persons"; and (4) at all times he acted knowingly and willfully. App. 273-275. The presentence report (PSR), in addition to describing the threatening e-mails, reported that petitioner had asked another inmate to kill his ex-wife's new husband. Brief for United States 6. The PSR advised against an adjustment for acceptance of responsibility and recommended a Guidelines sentencing range of 41-to-51 months of imprisonment, based on enhancements for violating court protective orders, making multiple threats, and intending to carry out those threats. Brief for Petitioner 9. As possible grounds for a departure, the probation officer stated that petitioner's criminal history category might not adequately reflect his "`past criminal conduct or the likelihood that [petitioner] will commit other crimes.'" Ibid. The Government made no objection to the PSR, but advised the court that it intended to call petitioner's ex-wife as a witness at the sentencing hearing. App. 293. Petitioner objected to the PSR's application of the enhancement based on his intention to carry out the threats and its rejection of an adjustment for acceptance of responsibility. Id., at 295-296. Four witnesses testified at the sentencing hearing. Id., at 299. Petitioner's ex-wife described incidents of domestic violence, the basis for the restraining order against petitioner, and the threats petitioner made against her and her family and friends. Id., at 307, 309, 314. She emphasized at some length her genuine concern that petitioner fully intended to carry out his threats. Id., at 320. A special agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation was called to describe documents recovered from petitioner's vehicle when he was arrested; those documents indicated he intended to track down his ex-wife and their children. Id., at 326-328. Petitioner's cellmate next testified that petitioner "was obsessed with the idea of getting rid of" *2201 his ex-wife's husband. Id., at 336. Finally, petitioner testified at some length, stating that he accepted responsibility for the e-mails, but that he did not really intend to carry out his threats. Id., at 361. Petitioner also denied speaking to his cellmate about killing his ex-wife's husband. Id., at 356-357. After hearing from counsel, the trial judge delivered a thoughtful oral decision, which included findings resolving certain disputed issues of fact. She found that petitioner had deliberately terrorized his ex-wife, that he intended to carry out one or more of his threats, "that he still intends to terrorize Ms. Smith by whatever means he can and that he does not accept responsibility for what he has done." Id., at 372. After giving both petitioner and counsel an opportunity to make further comment, the judge concluded: "I've considered all of the evidence presented today, I've considered everything that's in the presentence report, and I've considered the statutory purpose of sentencing and the sentencing guideline range. I find the guideline range is not appropriate in this case. I find Mr. Irizarry's conduct most disturbing. I am sincerely convinced that he will continue, as his ex-wife testified, in this conduct regardless of what this court does and regardless of what kind of supervision he's under. And based upon that, I find that the maximum time that he can be incapacitated is what is best for society, and therefore the guideline range, I think, is not high enough. "The guideline range goes up to 51 months, which is only nine months shorter than the statutory maximum. But I think in Mr. Irizarry's case the statutory maximum is what's appropriate, and that's what I'm going to sentence him." Id., at 374-375. The court imposed a sentence of 60 months of imprisonment to be followed by a 3-year term of supervised release. Id., at 375. Defense counsel then raised the objection that presents the issue before us today. He stated, "We didn't have notice of [the court's] intent to upwardly depart. What the law is on that now with," to which the Court responded, "I think the law on that is out the window .... You had notice that the guidelines were only advisory and the court could sentence anywhere within the statutory range." Id., at 377. The Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit affirmed petitioner's sentence, reasoning that Rule 32(h) did not apply because "the above-guidelines sentence imposed by the district court in this case was a variance, not a guidelines departure." 458 F.3d 1208, 1211 (2006) (per curiam). The Court of Appeals declined to extend the rule to variances. "After [United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S. Ct. 738, 160 L. Ed. 2d 621 (2005),] parties are inherently on notice that the sentencing guidelines range is advisory.... Given Booker, parties cannot claim unfair surprise or inability to present informed comment." Id., at 1212. Because the Courts of Appeals are divided with respect to the applicability of Rule 32(h) to Guidelines variances,[1] we granted *2202 certiorari. 552 U.S. ___, 128 S. Ct. 828, 169 L. Ed. 2d 625 (2008). We now affirm. II At the time of our decision in Burns, the Guidelines were mandatory; the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, § 211 et seq., 98 Stat. 1987, prohibited district courts from disregarding "the mechanical dictates of the Guidelines" except in narrowly defined circumstances. 501 U.S., at 133, 111 S. Ct. 2182. Confronted with the constitutional problems that might otherwise arise, we held that the provision of Rule 32 that allowed parties an opportunity to comment on the appropriate sentencenow Rule 32(i)(1)(C)would be "render[ed] meaningless" unless the defendant were given notice of any contemplated departure. Id., at 135-136, 111 S. Ct. 2182. Justice SOUTER disagreed with our conclusion with respect to the text of Rule 32 and conducted a due process analysis. Id., at 147, 111 S. Ct. 2182 (dissenting opinion). Any expectation subject to due process protection at the time we decided Burns that a criminal defendant would receive a sentence within the presumptively applicable guideline range did not survive our decision in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S. Ct. 738, 160 L. Ed. 2d 621 (2005), which invalidated the mandatory features of the Guidelines. Now faced with advisory Guidelines, neither the Government nor the defendant may place the same degree of reliance on the type of "expectancy" that gave rise to a special need for notice in Burns. Indeed, a sentence outside the Guidelines carries no presumption of unreasonableness. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. ___, ___, 128 S. Ct. 586, 596-97 (2007); see also Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. ___, 127 S. Ct. 2456, 168 L. Ed. 2d 203 (2007). It is, therefore, no longer the case that "were we to read Rule 32 to dispense with notice [of a contemplated non-Guidelines sentence], we would then have to confront the serious question whether [such] notice in this setting is mandated by the Due Process Clause." Burns, 501 U.S., at 138, 111 S. Ct. 2182. The due process concerns that motivated the Court to require notice in a world of mandatory Guidelines no longer provide a basis for this Court to extend the rule set forth in Burns either through an interpretation of Rule 32(h) itself or through Rule 32(i)(1)(C). And contrary to what the dissent argues, post, at 2204-2205 (opinion of BREYER, J.), the rule does not apply to § 3553 variances by its terms. "Departure" is a term of art under the Guidelines and refers only to non-Guidelines sentences imposed under the framework set out in the Guidelines. The notice requirement set out in Burns applied to a narrow category of cases. The only relevant departures were those authorized by 18 U.S.C. § 3553(b) (1988 ed.), which required "an aggravating or mitigating circumstance of a kind, or to a degree, not adequately taken into consideration by the Sentencing Commission in formulating the guidelines that should result in a sentence different from that described." That determination could only be made based on "the sentencing guidelines, policy statements, and official commentary of the Sentencing Commission." Ibid. And the notice requirement only applied to the subcategory of those departures that were based on "a ground not identified as a ground for ... departure either in the presentence report or in a pre-hearing submission." Burns, 501 U.S., at 138-139, 111 S. Ct. 2182; see also Fed. Rule Crim. Proc. 32(h). Although the Guidelines, as the "starting point and the initial benchmark," continue to play a role in the sentencing determination, see Gall, *2203 552 U.S., at ___, 128 S. Ct. 586, 596-97, there is no longer a limit comparable to the one at issue in Burns on the variances from Guidelines ranges that a District Court may find justified under the sentencing factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) (2000 ed. and Supp. V). Rule 32(i)(1)(C) requires the district court to allow the parties to comment on "matters relating to an appropriate sentence," and given the scope of the issues that may be considered at a sentencing hearing, a judge will normally be well-advised to withhold her final judgment until after the parties have had a full opportunity to present their evidence and their arguments. Sentencing is "a fluid and dynamic process and the court itself may not know until the end whether a variance will be adopted, let alone on what grounds." United States v. Vega-Santiago, 519 F.3d 1, 4 (C.A.1 2008) (en banc). Adding a special notice requirement whenever a judge is contemplating a variance may create unnecessary delay; a judge who concludes during the sentencing hearing that a variance is appropriate may be forced to continue the hearing even where the content of the Rule 32(h) notice would not affect the parties' presentation of argument and evidence. In the case before us today, even if we assume that the judge had contemplated a variance before the sentencing hearing began, the record does not indicate that a statement announcing that possibility would have changed the parties' presentations in any material way; nor do we think it would in most cases. The Government admits as much in arguing that the error here was harmless. Brief for United States 37-38. Sound practice dictates that judges in all cases should make sure that the information provided to the parties in advance of the hearing, and in the hearing itself, has given them an adequate opportunity to confront and debate the relevant issues. We recognize that there will be some cases in which the factual basis for a particular sentence will come as a surprise to a defendant or the Government. The more appropriate response to such a problem is not to extend the reach of Rule 32(h)'s notice requirement categorically, but rather for a district judge to consider granting a continuance when a party has a legitimate basis for claiming that the surprise was prejudicial. As Judge Boudin has noted, "In the normal case a competent lawyer... will anticipate most of what might occur at the sentencing hearingbased on the trial, the pre-sentence report, the exchanges of the parties concerning the report, and the preparation of mitigation evidence. Garden variety considerations of culpability, criminal history, likelihood of re-offense, seriousness of the crime, nature of the conduct and so forth should not generally come as a surprise to trial lawyers who have prepared for sentencing." Vega-Santiago, 519 F.3d, at 5. The fact that Rule 32(h) remains in effect today does not justify extending its protections to variances; the justification for our decision in Burns no longer exists and such an extension is apt to complicate rather than to simplify sentencing procedures. We have confidence in the ability of district judges and counselespecially in light of Rule 32's other procedural protections[2]to make sure that all relevant *2204 matters relating to a sentencing decision have been considered before the final sentencing determination is made. The judgment of the Court of Appeals is affirmed. It is so ordered. Justice THOMAS, concurring. Earlier this Term, I explained that because "there is no principled way to apply the Booker remedy," it is "best to apply the statute as written, including 18 U.S.C. § 3553(b), which makes the [Federal Sentencing] Guidelines mandatory." Kimbrough v. United States, 552 U.S. ___, ___, 128 S. Ct. 558, 578, 169 L. Ed. 2d 481 (2007) (dissenting opinion) (referencing United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 258-265, 125 S. Ct. 738, 160 L. Ed. 2d 621 (2005)); see also Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. ___, 128 S. Ct. 586, 603 (2007) (THOMAS, J., dissenting) (applying the Guidelines as mandatory). Consistent with that view, I would hold that the District Court committed statutory error when it imposed a sentence at "variance" with the Guidelines in a manner not authorized by the text of the Guidelines, which permit sentences outside the Guidelines, or "departures," only when certain aggravating or mitigating circumstances are present. See United States Sentencing Commission, Guidelines Manual § 1B1.1 (Nov.2007). But the issue whether such post-Booker "variances" are permissible is not currently before us. Rather, we are presented with the narrow question whether Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32(h) requires a judge to give notice before he imposes a sentence outside the Guidelines on a ground not identified in the presentence report or in a prehearing submission by the Government. I agree with the Court that neither Rule 32(h) nor Burns v. United States, 501 U.S. 129, 111 S. Ct. 2182, 115 L. Ed. 2d 123 (1991), compels a judge to provide notice before imposing a sentence at "variance" with the post-Booker advisory Guidelines, ante, at 2203. Each addresses only "departures" under the mandatory Guidelines and does not contemplate the drastic changes to federal sentencing wrought by the Booker remedy. For this reason, I join the Court's opinion. Justice BREYER, with whom Justice KENNEDY, Justice SOUTER, and Justice GINSBURG join, dissenting. Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32(h) says: "Before the court may depart from the applicable sentencing range on a ground not identified for departure either in the presentence report or in a party's prehearing submission, the court must give the parties reasonable notice that it is contemplating such a departure." The question before us is whether this Rule applies when a sentencing judge decides, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) (2000 ed. and Supp. V), to impose a sentence that is a "variance" from the advisory Guidelines, but is not a "departure" within the Guidelines. The Court says that the Rule does not apply. I disagree. The Court creates a legal distinction without much of a difference. The Rule speaks specifically of "departure[s]," but I see no reason why that term should not be read to encompass what the Court calls § 3553(a) "variances." The Guidelines define "departure" to mean "imposition of a sentence outside the applicable guideline range or of a sentence that is otherwise *2205 different from the guideline sentence." United States Sentencing Commission, Guidelines Manual (USSG), § 1B1.1, comment., n. 1(E) (Nov.2007). So-called variances fall comfortably within this definition. Variances are also consistent with the ordinary meaning of the term "departure." See, e.g., Webster's Third New International Dictionary 604 (1993) (defining "departure" to mean a "deviation or divergence esp. from a rule" (def. 5a)). And conceptually speaking, the substantive difference between a "variance" and a "departure" is nonexistent, as this Court's opinions themselves make clear. See, e.g., Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. ___, ___ - ___, 128 S. Ct. 586, 594-95 (2007) (using the term "departure" to describe any non-Guideline sentence); Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. ___, ___ - ___, 127 S. Ct. 2456, 2464 (2007) (stating that courts "may depart (either pursuant to the Guidelines or, since Booker, by imposing a non-Guidelines sentence)"). Of course, when Rule 32(h) was written, its drafters had only Guidelines-authorized departures in mind: Rule 32(h) was written after the Guidelines took effect but before this Court decided United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S. Ct. 738, 160 L. Ed. 2d 621 (2005). Yet the language of a statute or a rule, read in light of its purpose, often applies to circumstances that its authors did not then foresee. See, e.g., Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 79-80, 118 S. Ct. 998, 140 L. Ed. 2d 201 (1998). And here, the purpose behind Rule 32(h) requires that the Rule be construed to apply to variances. That Rule was added to "reflect" our decision in Burns v. United States, 501 U.S. 129, 111 S. Ct. 2182, 115 L. Ed. 2d 123 (1991). See Advisory Committee's Notes on Fed. Rule Crim. Proc. 32, 18 U.S.C.App., p. 1141 (2000 ed., Supp. II). (2002 Amendments). In Burns, the Court focused upon "the extraordinary case in which the district court, on its own initiative and contrary to the expectations both the defendant and the Government, decides that the factual and legal predicates for a departure are satisfied." 501 U.S., at 135, 111 S. Ct. 2182. The Court held that "before a district court can depart upward on a ground not identified as a ground for upward departure either in the presentence report or in a prehearing submission by the Government ... the district court [must] give the parties reasonable notice that it is contemplating such a ruling." Id., at 138, 111 S. Ct. 2182. Our holding in Burns was motivated, in part, by a desire to avoid due process concerns. See 501 U.S., at 138, 111 S. Ct. 2182 ("[W]ere we to read Rule 32 to dispense with notice, we would then have to confront the serious question whether notice in this setting is mandated by the Due Process Clause"). That is perhaps why the majority today suggests that "[a]ny expectation subject to due process protection at the time we decided Burns" failed to survive Booker. Ante, at ____. But the due process concern was not the only reason for our holding in Burns, nor was it even the primary one. Rather, the Court principally based its decision upon Rule 32's requirement that parties be given "`an opportunity to comment upon ... matters relating to the appropriate sentence.'" 501 U.S., at 135, 111 S. Ct. 2182 (citing then-Rule 32(a)(1)). "Obviously," the Court said, whether a sua sponte departure was warranted was a "matter relating to the appropriate sentence." Ibid. (internal quotation marks omitted). To deprive the parties of notice of such a departure would thus "rende[r] meaningless" their right to comment on "matters relating to the appropriate sentence." Id., at 136, 111 S. Ct. 2182 (internal quotation marks omitted). Notice, the Court added, *2206 was "essential to assuring procedural fairness." Id., at 138, 111 S. Ct. 2182. The Court's decision in Burns also relied on what the Court described as Rule 32's overall purpose of "provid[ing] for focused, adversarial development of the factual and legal issues" related to sentencing. Id., at 134, 111 S. Ct. 2182. This could be gleaned, inter alia, from the requirement that parties be given an opportunity to file responses or objections to the presentence report and from the requirement that parties be given an opportunity to speak at the sentencing proceeding. Ibid. Construing Rule 32 not to require notice of sua sponte departures, the Court reasoned, would be "inconsistent with Rule 32's purpose of promoting focused, adversarial resolution" of sentencing issues. Id., at 137, 111 S. Ct. 2182. The primary grounds for the Court's decision in Burns apply with equal force to the variances we consider here. Today, Rule 32(i)(1)(C) provides a virtually identical requirement that the district court "allow the parties' attorneys to comment on the probation officer's determinations and other matters relating to an appropriate sentence." (Emphasis added.) To deprive the parties of notice of previously unidentified grounds for a variance would today "rende[r] meaningless" the parties' right to comment on "matters relating to [an] appropriate sentence." Burns, 501 U.S., at 136, 111 S. Ct. 2182 (internal quotation marks omitted). To deprive the parties of notice would today subvert Rule 32's purpose of "promoting focused, adversarial resolution" of sentencing issues. In a word, it is not fair. Id., at 137, 111 S. Ct. 2182. Seeking to overcome the fact that text, purpose, and precedent are not on its side, the majority makes two practical arguments in its defense. First, it says that notice is unnecessary because "there is no longer a limit comparable to the one at issue in Burns" as to the number of reasons why a district court might sua sponte impose a sentence outside the applicable range. Ante, at ____. Is that so? Courts, while now free to impose sentences that vary from a Guideline-specified range, have always been free to depart from such a range. See USSG ch. 1, pt. A, § 4(b) (Nov.1987), reprinted in § 1A1.1 comment., editorial note (Nov.2007) (suggesting broad departure authority). Indeed, even Burns recognized that "the Guidelines place essentially no limit on the number of potential factors that may warrant a departure." 501 U.S., at 136-137, 111 S. Ct. 2182 (citing USSG ch. 1, pt. A, § 4(b) (1990)). Regardless, if Booker expanded the number of grounds on which a district court may impose a non-Guideline sentence, that would seem to be an additional argument in favor of, not against, giving the parties notice of the district court's intention to impose a non-Guideline sentence for some previously unidentified reason. Notice, after all, would promote "focused, adversarial" litigation at sentencing. Burns, supra, at 134, 137, 111 S. Ct. 2182. Second, the majority fears that a notice requirement would unnecessarily "delay" and "complicate" sentencing. Ante, at 2203, 2204. But this concern seems exaggerated. Rule 32(h) applies only where the court seeks to depart on a ground not previously identified by the presentence report or the parties' presentencing submissions. And the Solicitor General, after consulting with federal prosecutors, tells us that "in the vast majority of cases in which a district court imposes a sentence outside the Guidelines range, the grounds for the variance have previously been identified by the [presentence report] or the parties." Brief for United States 32. In the remaining cases, notice does not necessarily mean delay. The parties may *2207 well be prepared to address the point and a meaningful continuance of sentencing would likely be in order only where a party would adduce additional evidence or brief an unconsidered legal issue. Further, to the extent that district judges find a notice requirement to complicate sentencing, those judges could make use of Rule 32(d)(2)(F), which enables them to require that presentence reports address the sentence that would be appropriate in light of the § 3553(a) factors (including, presumably, whether there exist grounds for imposing a non-Guidelines sentence). If a presentence report includes a section on whether a variance would be appropriate under § 3553(a), that would likely eliminate the possibility that the district court would wind up imposing a non-Guidelines sentence for some reason not previously identified. Finally, if notice still produced some burdens and delay, fairness justifies notice regardless. Indeed, the Government and the defendant herethe parties most directly affected by sentencingboth urge the Court to find a notice requirement. Clearly they recognize, as did the Court in Burns, that notice is "essential to assuring procedural fairness" at sentencing. 501 U.S., at 138, 111 S. Ct. 2182. I believe that Rule 32(h) provides this procedural safeguard. And I would vacate and remand to the Court of Appeals so that it could determine whether the petitioner received the required notice and, if not, act accordingly. I respectfully dissent. NOTES [1] Compare United States v. Vega-Santiago, 519 F.3d 1 (C.A.1 2008) (en banc); United States v. Vampire Nation, 451 F.3d 189 (C.A.3 2006); United States v. Mejia-Huerta, 480 F.3d 713 (C.A.5 2007); United States v. Long Soldier, 431 F.3d 1120 (C.A.8 2005); and United States v. Walker, 447 F.3d 999, 1006 (C.A.7 2006), with United States v. Anati, 457 F.3d 233 (C.A.2 2006); United States v. Davenport, 445 F.3d 366 (C.A.4 2006); United States v. Cousins, 469 F.3d 572 (C.A.6 2006); United States v. Evans-Martinez, 448 F.3d 1163 (C.A.9 2006); and United States v. Atencio, 476 F.3d 1099 (C.A.10 2007). [2] Rule 32 requires that a defendant be given a copy of his PSR at least 35 days before sentencing, Fed. Rule Crim. Proc. 32(e)(2). Further, each party has 14 days to object to the PSR, Rule 32(f)(1), and at least 7 days before sentencing the probation officer must submit a final version of the PSR to the parties, stating any unresolved objections, Rule 32(g). Finally, at sentencing, the parties must be allowed to comment on "matters relating to an appropriate sentence," Rule 32(i)(1)(C), and the defendant must be given an opportunity to speak and present mitigation testimony, Rule 32(i)(4)(A)(ii).

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