system: You are a legal assistant. Answer concisely and accurately. When legal text is provided, rely on it and do not invent facts.

user: Read the following U.S. Supreme Court case excerpt and classify it into the correct legal issue area. Excerpt: 356 U.S. 590 78 S.Ct. 946 2 L.Ed.2d 996 R. S. RAINWATER, Sr., Sloan Rainwater, Jr., William Rainwater, as Individuals and as Partners, Doing Business as R. S. Rainwater & Sons, et al., Petitioners,v.UNITED STATES of America. No. 276. Argued April 2, 1958. Decided May 26, 1958. Mr. Leon B. Catlett, Little Rock, Ark., for petitioners. Mr. George Cochran Doub, Washington, D.C., for respondent. Mr. Justice BLACK delivered the opinion of the Court. 1 This case involves two related suits by the United States to recover damages and forfeitures under the civil provisions of the False Claims Act.1 In each instance the complaint alleged that the defendants had successfully presented false applications for crop loans to the Commodity Credit Corporation, a wholly owned government corporation. The defendants moved to dismiss the complaints, arguing that a claim against Commodity was not a claim 'against the Government of the United States, or any department or officer thereof' as required by the Act. The District Court granted the motions to dismiss, but the Court of Appeals reversed and remanded for trial. 244 F.2d 27. Because of a conflict in the circuits2 we granted certiorari, 355 U.S. 811, 78 S.Ct. 43, 2 L.Ed.2d 29, solely to consider whether false claims against Commodity are covered by the False Claims Act. 2 Commodity is an 'agency and instrumentality of the United States, within the Department of Agriculture, subject to the general supervision and direction of the Secretary of Agriculture.'3 It was created by Congress to support farm prices and to assist in maintaining and distributing adequate supplies of agricultural commodities. Its capital was provided by congressional appropriation. Any impairment of this capital, which at times has been great due to the nature of its activities,4 is replaced out of the public treasury; any gains are returned to that treasury. All of its officers and other personnel are employees of the Department of Agriculture and are compensated as such. Like other government corporations, Commodity is subject to the provisions of the Government Corporation Control Act which provides such close budgetary, auditing and fiscal controls that little more than a corporate name remains to distinguish it from the ordinary government agency.5 In brief, Commodity is simply an administrative device established by Congress for the purpose of carrying out federal farm programs with public funds. 3 In our judgment Commodity is a part of 'the Government of the United States' for purposes of the False Claims Act.6 That Act was originally passed in 1863 after disclosure of widespread fraud against the Government during the War Between the States. It seems quite clear that the objective of Congress was broadly to protect the funds and property of the Government from fraudulent claims, regardless of the particular form, or function, of the government instrumentality upon which such claims were made. Cf. United States ex rel. Marcus v. Hess, 317 U.S. 537, 544—545, 63 S.Ct. 379, 384—385, 87 L.Ed. 443.7 By any ordinary standard the language of the Act is certainly comprehensive enough to achieve this purpose. In reaching our conclusion, we are aware that the civil portion of the Act incorporates, as a test of liability, the provisions of the criminal section as they were set out in § 5438 of the Revised Statutes of 1878,8 and that according to familiar principles the scope of these provisions should be confined to their literal terms. Yet even penal provisions must be 'given their fair meaning in accord with the evident intent of Congress.' United States v. Raynor, 302 U.S. 540, 552, 58 S.Ct. 353, 359, 82 L.Ed. 413. 4 In 1918 Congress amended the criminal provisions of the False Claims Act so that they explicitly prohibited false claims against 'any corporation in which the United States of America is a stockholder.'9 Petitioners contend that this amendment shows that the criminal provisions had not previously covered government corporations. From this they argue—relying on the rule that incorporation of a statute by reference generally does not include subsequent amendments to that statute—that the civil provisions, which have never been amended, also do not cover false claims against such corporations. 5 Despite its surface plausibility this argument cannot withstand analysis. At most, the 1918 amendment is merely an expression of how the 1918 Congress interpreted a statute passed by another Congress more than a half century before. Under these circumstances such interpretation has very little, if any, significance. Cf. Higgins v. Smith, 308 U.S. 473, 479—480, 60 S.Ct. 355, 358—359, 84 L.Ed. 406; United States v. Stafoff, 260 U.S. 477, 480, 43 S.Ct. 197, 199, 67 L.Ed. 358. Aside from this, the language of the 1918 amendment as well as its background indicates that Congress was primarily concerned with protecting certain government corporations, like the United States Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corporation, chartered under local laws and organized so that private parties could share stock ownership with the United States. See 39 Stat. 731; United States v. Bowman, 260 U.S. 94, 101—102, 43 S.Ct. 39, 42, 67 L.Ed 149. Any expression of congressional opinion regarding that type of corporation is of little value in deciding the applicability of the False Claims Act to a wholly owned and closely controlled government instrumentality like Commodity. 6 None of the cases relied on by petitioner call for a result different from the one we reach. Pierce v. United States, 314 U.S. 306, 62 S.Ct. 237, 86 L.Ed. 226, where the Court refused to apply a statute making criminal the impersonation of an officer of the United States to a person posing as an officer of the Tennessee Valley Authority, concerned another statute enacted for other purposes.10 Moreover, it rested in substantial part on the fact that the TVA Act specifically listed a number of federal criminal statutes as applicable to TVA operations but omitted the false impersonation statute. The cases persenting questions of governmental immunity, e.g., Keifer & Keifer v. Reconstruction Finance Corp., 306 U.S. 381, 59 S.Ct. 516, 83 L.Ed. 784, or intragovernmental organization, e.g., United States ex rel. Skinner & Eddy Corp. v. McCarl, 275 U.S. 1, 48 S.Ct. 12, 72 L.Ed. 131, involved nothing more than a search for congressional purpose with respect to the problems then before the Court. 7 Affirmed. 1 R.S. § 3490 (1878): 'Any person * * * who shall do or commit any of the acts prohibited by any of the provisions of section fifty-four hundred and thirty-eight (R.S. § 5438 (1878)) shall forfeit and pay to the United States the sum of two thousand dollars, and, in addition, double the amount of damages which the United States may have sustained by reason of the doing or committing such act * * *.' R.S. § 5438 (1878): 'Every person who makes or causes to be made, or presents or causes to be presented, for payment or approval, to or by any person or officer in the civil, military, or naval service of the United States, any claim upon or against the Government of the United States, or any department or officer thereof, knowing such claim to be false, fictitious, or fraudulent * * * shall be imprisoned at hard labor for not less than one nor more than five years, or fined not less than one thousand nor more than five thousand dollars.' 31 U.S.C.A. § 231. 2 See United States v. McNinch, 4 Cir., 242 F.2d 359, certiorari granted 355 u.S. 808, 78 S.Ct. 16, 2 L.Ed.2d 28, reversed in part and affirmed in part 356 U.S. 595, 78 S.Ct. 950. 3 See the Commodity Credit Corporation Charter Act, 62 Stat. 1070, as amended, 15 U.S.C. § 714 et seq., 15 U.S.C.A. § 714 et seq. 4 See, e.g., 67 Stat. 222; 70 Stat. 238, 15 U.S.C.A. § 713a 10. 5 59 Stat. 597, as amended, 31 U.S.C. § 841 et seq., 31 U.S.C.A. § 841 et seq. 6 Cf. Cherry Cotton Mills, Inc., v. United States, 327 U.S. 536, 66 S.Ct. 729, 90 L.Ed. 835; Inland Waterways Corp. v. Young, 309 U.S. 517, 60 S.Ct. 646, 84 L.Ed. 901; United States Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corp. v. Western Union Telegraph Co., 275 U.S. 415, 48 S.Ct. 198, 72 L.Ed. 345. 7 See Cong.Globe, 37th Cong., 3d Sess. 952—958. Cf. H.R.Rep. No. 2, Part 2, 37th Cong., 2d Sess. 8 Originally Congress provided both criminal and civil sanctions in the same statute. 12 Stat. 696. By the Revised Statutes of 1878 the civil sanctions were codified as § 3490, while the criminal provisions were separately enacted as § 5438. Section 3490 permitted the Government to recover forfeitures and damages for those acts prohibited by § 5438, e.g., submission of false or fraudulent claims 'against the Government of the United States, or any department or officer thereof.' See note 1, supra. The civil provisions as enacted in § 3490 have never been altered. 9 40 Stat. 1015. 10 Also see United States v. Strang, 254 U.S. 491, 41 S.Ct. 165, 65 L.Ed. 368. Compare United States v. Walter, 263 U.S. 15, 18, 44 S.Ct. 10, 11, 68 L.Ed. 137, and United States Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corp. v. Western Union Telegraph Co., 275 U.S. 415, 48 S.Ct. 198, 72 L.Ed. 345.

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