system: You are a legal assistant. Answer concisely and accurately. When legal text is provided, rely on it and do not invent facts.

user: Read the following U.S. Supreme Court case excerpt and classify it into the correct legal issue area. Excerpt: Cite as: 577 U. S. ____ (2016) 1 Per Curiam SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES MELENE JAMES v. CITY OF BOISE, IDAHO, ET AL. ON PETITION FOR WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT OF IDAHO No. 15–493. Decided January 25, 2016 PER CURIAM. Under federal law, a court has discretion to “allow the prevailing party, other than the United States, a reason- able attorney’s fee” in a civil rights lawsuit filed under 42 U.S. C. §1983. 42 U.S. C. §1988. In Hughes v. Rowe, 449 U.S. 5 (1980) (per curiam), this Court interpreted §1988 to permit a prevailing defendant in such a suit to recover fees only if “the plaintiff ’s action was frivolous, unreason- able, or without foundation.” Id., at 14 (quoting Chris- tiansburg Garment Co. v. EEOC, 434 U.S. 412, 421 (1978) (internal quotation marks omitted)). In the decision below, the Idaho Supreme Court con- cluded that it was not bound by this Court’s interpretation of §1988 in Hughes. According to that court, “[a]lthough the Supreme Court may have the authority to limit the discretion of lower federal courts, it does not have the authority to limit the discretion of state courts where such limitation is not contained in the statute.” 158 Idaho 713, 734, 351 P.3d 1171, 1192 (2015). The court then pro- ceeded to award attorney’s fees under §1988 to a prevailing defendant without first determining that “the plaintiff ’s action was frivolous, unreasonable, or without founda- tion.” The court’s fee award rested solely on its interpreta- tion of federal law; the court explicitly refused to award fees under state law. Id., at 734–735, 351 P. 3d, at 1192– 1193. We grant certiorari, and now reverse. Section 1988 is a federal statute. “It is this Court’s responsibility to say what a [federal] statute means, and once the Court has spoken, it is the duty of other courts to 2 JAMES v. BOISE Per Curiam respect that understanding of the governing rule of law.” Nitro-Lift Technologies, L. L. C. v. Howard, 568 U. S. ___, ___ (2012) (per curiam) (slip op., at 5) (quoting Rivers v. Roadway Express, Inc., 511 U.S. 298, 312 (1994) (internal quotation marks omitted)). And for good reason. As Jus- tice Story explained 200 years ago, if state courts were permitted to disregard this Court’s rulings on federal law, “the laws, the treaties, and the constitution of the United States would be different in different states, and might, perhaps, never have precisely the same construction, obligation, or efficacy, in any two states. The public mis- chiefs that would attend such a state of things would be truly deplorable.” Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, 1 Wheat. 304, 348 (1816). The Idaho Supreme Court, like any other state or fed- eral court, is bound by this Court’s interpretation of federal law. The state court erred in concluding otherwise. The judgment of the Idaho Supreme Court is reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion. It is so ordered.

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