Dutch in battle against the Chinese on or near Macao. The illustration is taken from the work 'Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indien' by Francois Valentyn. In 1622 the VOC, on orders from governor general J.P. Coen, mounted an offensive against China. An unsuccessful attack was undertaken on Macao. This severely angered the Chinese emperor and trade relations with the VOC settlement on Pehoe were refused. China remained closed to the VOC.