Monarchies and republics in Europe on 8 July 1815 (Second restauration of Louis XVIII of France after Napoleon's Hundred Days). Monarchies (55) Republics (9) The Ottoman Empire and Russian Empire are counted amongst Europe. Counted as republics are the Swiss Confederation, the Free Cities of Hamburg, Bremen, Lübeck and Frankfurt, the Most Serene Republic of San Marino, the Republic of Cospaia, the Septinsular Republic and the German Confederation; however, member states of the German Confederation are also separately counted (35 monarchies).