This atlas of colonial South America is by Miguel Antonio Ciera. A noted mathematician and professor of astronomy at the University of Coimbra in Portugal, Ciera was part of an expedition sent to demarcate the border between Spanish and Portuguese holdings in South America following signature of the 1750 Treaty of Madrid and the 1756 Guarani War. The atlas focuses on the southern part of the continent, in the watershed of the Paraná River, where the borders were most disputed. The territory in the atlas includes present-day Argentina and Paraguay, as well as part of southwestern Brazil. In addition to the maps, the atlas contains colorful pictures of local birds and scenes from nature. Borders; Brazil -- History -- Colonial Period, 1500-1822; Brazil, South; Paraguay River; Paraná River; Rio de la Plata (Argentina and Uruguay); Rivers