lpr won't print multiple files As far as I know, you can print multiple files with a single lpr command, and if I issue a command like this
lpr fileA.txt fileB.txt

both fileA.txt and fileB.txt are printed. But if I write:
lpr fileA.pdf fileB.pdf

only fileB.pdf is printed.
What do I do wrong?
I'm running Ubuntu 20.04.1 LTS.
EDIT
After printing, /var/log/cups/access_log contains this:
localhost - - [17/Dec/2020:19:39:19 +0100] "POST /printers/HP_OfficeJet_Pro_6970_7BE7A4_ HTTP/1.1" 200 490 Create-Job successful-ok
localhost - - [17/Dec/2020:19:39:19 +0100] "POST /printers/HP_OfficeJet_Pro_6970_7BE7A4_ HTTP/1.1" 200 6990 Send-Document successful-ok
localhost - - [17/Dec/2020:19:39:19 +0100] "POST /printers/HP_OfficeJet_Pro_6970_7BE7A4_ HTTP/1.1" 200 7085 Send-Document successful-ok
localhost - root [17/Dec/2020:19:39:20 +0100] "POST /admin/ HTTP/1.1" 200 306 CUPS-Add-Modify-Printer successful-ok
localhost - root [17/Dec/2020:19:39:21 +0100] "POST /admin/ HTTP/1.1" 200 306 CUPS-Add-Modify-Printer successful-ok

And /var/log/cups/error_log contains this:
E [17/Dec/2020:19:39:20 +0100] [Job 261] File \'\' not found

Copy and paste all the files you want to print into a new empty folder.
Open a terminal and navigate to that folder.
lpr *

This should work.


How reliable is the battery data in ubuntu the power statistics? Right now the power statistics show that:

Energy when full: 25.5 Wh
Energy (design):  93.2 Wh

And indeed the battery doesn't seem to be lasting as long as it used too.

My question:
Is this data reliable? Does it really indicate that I should replace the battery, or could it be the charger, laptop, or OS that is stopping the battery from fully charging?

Is any way of validating the battery is indeed to blame? I'd like to be sure before shelling out 90$ for a new battery.

(If it helps, the battery is a 3 year old dell 9 cell rated at 90 Wh).

For x86 laptops, the battery information you see in /sys/class/power_supply/*/uevent is as accurate as the data provided from the battery.  Typically this smart battery data comes over something like an i2c bus via an embedded controller and firmware allows one to gather the dynamically changing information via the ACPI battery status _BST control and the hard-set static battery information via _BIX or _BIF controls.   Since these are the standard ACPI interfaces and are accessible to userspace via the /sys/class/power_supply/*/uevent data I suspect the data you see here is exactly what Windows will be seeing too.

The only thing which will be different is the way the data is presented to you in higher level applications and widgets. Who knows what kinds of data averaging tricks will be done on the data in these applications.  In my opinion, if you want to see what the battery is actually reporting, look at the /sys interface.

As a person with an experience with battery failures, here is a strategy:

For two consecutive days work with the charger plugged in. On the third day, work with the battery. When the battery strength goes upto 5% set it to charging.
One a month, completely discharge your battery overnight by starting it in the expert command prompt mode.

A good solution to get the maximum out of your battery. Furthermore, a battery has a certain number of cycles (charging and discharging). Near the end of the number of cycles, the battery would go down. The lesser the charging and discharging cycles go, the battery would last the longer. But make sure that you DO discharge the battery completely once in a month.

Regarding the answer to the question: the battery power status is displayed differently in M$WINDOWS and Ubuntu Linux. I have remained ever confused with which one is the correct one.


Changing email application in Preferred Applications to GMail? I'm trying to change the Preferred Application for email. I have installed the package desktop-webmail, but there is no new option under System - Preferences - Preferred Application as you would expect, infact, there is only one option there, only Evolution.

According to this post it should be possible to set a custom application, but no option is available.

Is it possible to setup GMail as Preferred email app so that File -> Send by email works in gnome apps?

This seems to be a dup of another post here, Thing is that this works fine in 10.10, but in 11.04 this method no longer work. My post above is meant for 11.04 and the question is still valid.

To set GMail as the default for mailto links in Ubuntu 11.10 :

Install gnome-gmail
Edit ~/.local/share/applications/mimeapps.list and add the line below:

x-scheme-handler/mailto=gnome-gmail.desktop;
Open System Info (use the Dash) and under Default Applications change Mail to Gnome Gmail

To change the default email app:

cd ~/.local/share/applications
vi mimeapps.list

Which should output the following

1
2 [Default Applications]
3 x-scheme-handler/mailto=userapp-Evolution-RZZYTV.desktop
4
5 [Added Associations]
6 x-scheme-handler/mailto=userapp-Evolution-RZZYTV.desktop;

Now if you want Thunderbird to be your default e-mail application then make the following changes:

1
2 [Default Applications]
3 x-scheme-handler/mailto=thunderbird
4
5 [Added Associations]
6 x-scheme-handler/mailto=thunderbird;

Now whenever you click a mailto link it fires up Thunderbird.

Cheers !!


How to install a program in a 'system location'? I am quite new to Linux in general, using Ubuntu 16.04. I am planning to install the ecCodes software (https://software.ecmwf.int/wiki/display/ECC/ecCodes+installation), to load some grib files into R using the gribr package. The installation instruction of the gribr package suggest that the ecCodes library should be best installed into a system location ("ecCodes installed in a system location: The the libraries/headers should be found by the linker/compiler without any additional environmental settings.")

In the installation instruction of ecCodes linked above, the corresponding line in the instructions says

cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/path/to/where/you/install/eccodes ../eccodes-x.y.z-Source

So, to what path do I need to set /path/to/where/you/install/eccodes so that this is an appropriate system location?

The system location that you need to install it can vary. Your best bet would be to install it using a package manager like apt-get.

Check the ecCodes packages available here. It appears that there is only source code available in the repos though.


Unable to locate package bugzilla3 I am on Ubuntu 12.04 and am trying to install bugzilla3. I did:

sudo apt-get install bugzilla3

and I get:

E: Unable to locate package bugzilla3

What's going on here?

Figured it out. I had to add one of the repositories listed here to my /etc/apt/sources.list file.

This is what I added:

deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid main
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid main
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid universe
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid universe

Open your terminal and run this command:

sudo apt-get update

Then try again.


Why does ^C, ^V etc. appear in the terminal when I use the Ctrl+character keyboard shortcut? Sometimes, when copy-pasting text from the output of commands, I'll accidently use Ctrl+c instead of Ctrl+Shift+c.

So the command-line interprets it as ^C...

Why is this? Why does the command-line interpret control input as ^?

It does not actually insert the character sequence "^C". This is only a representation for unprintable ASCII control characters, such as:

^C → ETX (End of text, sends a kill signal), ASCII 0x03
^D → EOT (End of transmission, terminates input), ASCII 0x04
^H → BS (Backspace, \b), ASCII 0x08
^J → LF (Line feed, \n), ASCII 0x0A
^L → FF (Form feed, new page, clears the terminal), ASCII 0x0C
^M → CR (Carriage return, \r), ASCII 0x0D

This is only a small extract of possible ASCII control characters that can be inserted using the keyboard; you can find a full list here.

I think the most important ones to remember are Ctrl+C, Ctrl+D and Ctrl+L.

You should be using Ctrl+C and not Shift+Ctrl+C, because on the command line, they do the same thing (and Ctrl+C is easier than Shift+Ctrl+C).  That might not be true in certain graphical environments where the GUI captures some keystrokes and does something special, but if the keystrokes are truly sent to the command line, then there is no difference.  This is why pressing Ctrl+C may show ^C as a capital C, instead of a lowercase C.  The command line makes no distinction on which one you pressed (and uppercase was presumably judged to be easier to read).  This is true for letters; for other characters, the Shift may have an effect.)

Pressing Ctrl-C sends the ASCII code that is 64 below the uppercase letter's position in the ASCII table (and 96 less than the lowercase letter's position in the ASCII table).  So pressing Ctrl-c (lowercase) sends ASCII code 3 (which is 64 less than capital C's ASCII code of 67).  In many environments, you can hold Alt and then press 3 on the numpad (and then release the 3 key, and then release the Alt key) and you may get the same effect.

Regarding ^C, the ^ is just a well-known shorthand for the "Ctrl" key.  Similarly, M- is a shorthand for the "Alt" key.  Err, yeah.  M stands for the word "Meta", which can be entered by holding Alt and pressing whatever comes next, or sometimes by pressing Esc (and releasing Esc) and then pressing whatever comes next.  Wikipedia's article on "Control Key": "Notation" section describes this as "Traditional notation".  This is also known as Caret Notation (Wikipedia's article on Caret notation, Unix StackExchange: ryvnf's question about Caret Notation).

Regarding the last question, the command shell is not "interpreting" anything to be a caret.  In other words, the shell is not reading anything, and believing that it is a caret.  What is happening is that the shell is using the well-known caret notation for output.  As another example, you can see the well-known pager, "less", use caret notation by running: dd if=/dev/zero bs=64 count=1 | less

(The "nano" text editor also uses caret notation in its online help, including the full screens of online help shown after pressing ^G, a.k.a. Ctrl-g.)


How do I clear a Print-queue in Ubuntu? I am an absolute beginner with Ubuntu and I appear to have a long queue of documents in my H.P. 840C printer.

The question was how to kill all jobs.
The simple way to kill all jobs:
lprm -

The complicated linux old-school way is below:
Command line:
lpstat -o

to view outstanding print jobs.
cancel -a {printer}

to cancel ALL jobs or ...
cancel {printerjobid}

to cancel 1 job.

man page cancel

Well, answers given here didn't work for me so here's what I did -

ps aux | grep printer
kill {printer job}


"invoke-rc.d: initscript freeradius, action "force-reload" failed." while configure freeradious-mysql I am installing freeradius-mysql.

It Just give me an error.

Errors were encountered while processing:
   freeradius-mysql

I tried so many articles but they couldn't help me. Reinstalled it many time but no luck.

whole output

sudo apt-get install freeradius-mysql
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
freeradius-mysql is already the newest version. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. 1 not fully installed or removed. After this operation, 0 B of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
Setting up freeradius-mysql (2.1.12+dfsg-1.2ubuntu8) ...
reload: Unknown instance:
invoke-rc.d: initscript freeradius, action "force-reload" failed.
dpkg: error processing package freeradius-mysql (--configure):
 subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1
Errors were encountered while processing:
 freeradius-mysql
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

After sudo apt-get --reinstall install freeradius-mysql

Output :

sudo apt-get --reinstall install freeradius-mysql
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 reinstalled, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. 1 not fully installed or removed.
After this operation, 0 B of additional disk space will be used.
E: Internal Error, No file name for freeradius-mysql:amd64

i did the following:
editing the /var/lib/dpkg/info/freeradius-mysql.postinst file with gedit

sudo gedit /var/lib/dpkg/info/freeradius-mysql.postinst

on almost last of the script you'll find the following:

        if [ -x "`which invoke-rc.d 2>/dev/null`" ]; then
     invoke-rc.d freeradius force-reload
    else
      /etc/init.d/freeradius force-reload
    fi
;;

remove the command 'force-reload' with 'restart', as following:

        if [ -x "`which invoke-rc.d 2>/dev/null`" ]; then
     invoke-rc.d freeradius restart
    else
      /etc/init.d/freeradius restart
    fi
;;

then do sudo dpkg --configure -a, and finish

Just get the package from here and install it using

dpkg -i freeradius-mysql.deb

then restart your server.


Forbidden You don't have permission to access /phpmyadmin on this server I installed php, mysql, phpmyadmin on my Ubuntu 12.04 localhost in the following steps:

I try these steps:

sudo apt-get install apache2
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
sudo apt-get install php5 libapache2-mod-php5
sudo apt-get install php5-cli
sudo apt-get install php5-cgi
sudo apt-get install php5-mysql
sudo apt-get install php5-pgsql
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart

than after i faced phpmyadmin not found error and fixed using the following answer

How to solve the phpmyadmin not found issue after upgrading php and apache?

After applying that fix I got another error message:

Forbidden  You don't have permission to access /phpmyadmin on this server.

How can fix this?

It solved :

sudo apt-get install mysql-server
sudo dpkg-reconfigure phpmyadmin
sudo service apache2 restart

This worked for me in centos
removing unnecessary backup files of configuration

[root@Stats-Server-1 etc]# cd httpd/

[root@Stats-Server-1 httpd]# ls
conf  conf.d  conf.modules.d  logs  modules  run

[root@Stats-Server-1 httpd]# sudo nano conf.d

[root@Stats-Server-1 httpd]# cd conf.d

[root@Stats-Server-1 conf.d]# ls

autoindex.conf  phpMyAdminbk.conf  phpMyAdmin.conf.rpmsave  userdir.conf
php.conf        phpMyAdmin.conf    README                   welcome.conf

[root@Stats-Server-1 conf.d]# rm -rf phpMyAdminbk.conf

[root@Stats-Server-1 conf.d]# rm -rf phpMyAdmin.conf.rpmsave

[root@Stats-Server-1 conf.d]# sudo systemctl restart httpd.service


How to remove kubuntu-desktop completely? I was using Ubuntu 15.10 and decided to try KDE. I installed kubuntu-desktop. I did not like it and now want to remove it completely.
But the problem is, running this command

$ sudo apt-get purge kubuntu-desktop
The following packages will be REMOVED:
  kubuntu-desktop*
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 7 not upgraded.
After this operation, 41.0 kB disk space will be freed.

which means it still is not removing it completely.
How do I remove it completely.

Yes, this command will remove kubuntu-desktop completely. Even if it says 41 kb of data will be removed, a lot of it will actually be removed. But there is a problem: KDE will be removed, but other programs installed with it will not.

I suggest that you look for every program that came with kubuntu-desktop and remove them one by one. That is the most safe way (KDE programs usually have a 'K' in the beginning of their names).

A pro tip: whenever you want to test a Desktop Enviroment, do not install it as recommended in most guides. Google for  core/minimal version. The core or minimal versions come only with the desktop, no extra software, making it way simpler to remove afterwards. These versions take a lot less disk space, too. For example, you can install 'xubuntu-core', for XFCE, 'lubuntu-core', for LXDE, 'ubuntu-desktop --no-install-recommends' for Unity, etc., etc.


Keep a program running in terminal So I am well aware of nohup and suffixing commands with & to ensure that they go into the background.

However if I run a graphical application - sometimes using neither seems to do the job. So what can I prefix a  program/command with to ensure that it keeps running after the terminal is closed?

If you want the application to keep running when you close the terminal window you should do:

nohup chromium-browser &

You need both the nohup and the &.

nohup means keep this process/command running after the shell closes.
& means put this process/command in the background so it dose not block the shell (so you can use it for something else.

Close the terminal, from which you started the graphical program, with

exit


How to create custom keyboard short cut I want to create a new keyboard shortcut.  I want the shortcut Ctrl+Backspace to perform the same operation as if I pressed Ctrl+Home.  The reason is because my new keyboard does not have a home button, and yet I find Ctrl+Home so useful.   I went to Ubuntu 12.04 Keyboard pop up window, clicked on Custom Shortcuts at the bottom left.  Then I pressed the plus sign to add a new rule.  It asked my for a name and for a command.  For the name I wrote 'my special ctrlhome'.  For the command, I pressed down Ctrl+Backspace, but that didn't do anything.

How do I map Ctrl+Backspace to the same key combo as Ctrl+Home?

Try installing and running xbindkeys-config
Then having it run xdotool key Ctrl+Home when that key combination is pressed.

Install xdotool:

sudo apt-get install xdotool

This command simulates key presses.

Open Keyboard settings, and go to Shortcuts. Press the '+' button to add your Custom shortcut, and enter this as the command:

 xdotool key Ctrl+Home

This seemed to work in terminal, just it does not seem to work as a shortcut... even with bash -c "xdotool... "...

Using this worked in terminal: sleep 5; xdotool key Ctrl+Home - just select near the end of some text you have typed elsewhere, and wait for the cursor thing to move


apt-get remove --purge wine* removed everything! sudo apt-get remove --purge wine* opened the gates of hell and removed many things. I wasn't allowed to paste the output here, too big.  I stopped the process, I wanted to save what's left of my system!

How  to reinstall what has been removed?
Why were these packages removed? It is the most important question, why the hell were they removed? I can't see any relation between Spotify and wine!
If apt-get --purge might destroy your system, how to remove wine then? I removed it from software center but many files were still there.
Can you ever trust apt-get -- purge?

I'm on Xubuntu 14.04 64 bit.

This particular problem bit me too. apt-get remove wine told me wine was not installed, while which wine and wine version were still functional. wine-devel and multiple other packages were installed though and you don't want to type them all one by one.

It's especially frustrating as you look at the list and actually see a lot of wine software getting removed as expected (as the list is displayed alphabetically they come close to last and take nearly the whole screen) and then hit Y.

Both answers provided here are wrong and it is not a misuse of the wildcard. It is beautifully explained in gertvdijk's answer to What is the correct way to completely remove an application?

The issue comes from apt-get interpreting the input as a regular expression and therefore interpreted the asterisk as "zero or more times" and not as the expected wildcard, resulting in removing any packages that contain the string win and any package that depends on such a package (which basically uninstalls nearly your whole system).

The command that would've done what I expected would've been

apt-get remove --purge 'wine.*'

That removes all packages whose names contain wine.

Aside from @mchid's correct answer, the command you should've used was

sudo apt-get remove wine\*

Notice the backslash. It instructs the shell not to open the wildcard, and pass it to apt-get as is instead. What happened is that your shell interpreted the wine* and passed a whole lot of package names for apt-get to remove, instead of just the ones you expected.


Desktop freezes Ubuntu 15.10 radeon GPU I have kubuntu 15.10 on my desktop PC with a radeon r390. It happens sometimes that the desktop freezes completely and there is nothing that I can do to fix it but hard reboot. It can happen anytime and I can't find a pattern. I installed fglrx and it works very fine (beside this issue) and I had the same problem with the open source drivers.

I really don't know what to do anymore. I have looked around to find a solution but I can't find anything.

Try forcing the power profile to low, i have the same/similar issue and i think this solved it for me.
I got this from this bug report.

In case you can't open the link the suggestion that seems to work for me is:

  echo 'low' > '/sys/class/drm/card0/device/power_dpm_force_performance_level'

Should this work for you, it might be a good idea to make sure it is set to low on startup.

edit: I followed the instructions to update the firmware and now i think i have everything working even on the auto/balanced profile.

edit2: just froze on auto, will set to low and test for a while to see it low worked or i was just lucky.

There's a lot of factors that may cause this, My first guess would be not enough ram this can cause your machine to run sluggish and the distribution your using may not be the right one for this machine.

You might want to try a different distribution and see how that runs. Lighter distribution sometimes work better on older machines

I hope this will help get things running correctly

It's helps to post the specs of the machine in question so we can give the best possible answer


Terminal autocomplete doesn't work properly If I start typing a command like apt-g after hitting tab, the shell completes the command to apt-get, but for the second part of the command like install, if I enter some characters like insta, hitting tab, doesn't complete it to install.

Another example: after I enter sudo hitting tab doesn't complete anything. for example: sudo apt-ge [tab] and nothing.

I installed Ubuntu using mini iso (40MB network installer), so maybe there is a config that I missed!

I've added this code to my .bashrc but still it does not works:

if ! shopt -oq posix; then
  if [ -f /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion ]; then
    . /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion
  elif [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then
    . /etc/bash_completion
  fi
fi

I have also checked the permission of .bashrc and it's -rw-r--r--.

I also source the .bashrc after changes using source .bashrc to apply the changes to the new environment but still no effects.

I use xfce4-terminal so I thought it might be the terminal and not the bash.

But editing:

~/.config/xfce4/xfconf/xfce-perchannel-xml/xfce4-keyboard-shortcuts.xml

And changing:

<property name="&lt;Super&gt;Tab" type="string" value="switch_window_key"/>

to:

<property name="&lt;Super&gt;Tab" type="string" value="empty"/>

Doesn't makes any difference too.

bash-completion is a set of bash scripts which enables customized completion for specific commands.
This is not just for files and directories, but also e.g. for the commands. So you type partial of commands and by hitting Tab we get a auto completion of commands.
Installation
Step 1: Install bash-completion
$ sudo apt-get install bash-completion

And some times it works if we re-installed it by the follwing command:
$ sudo apt-get install --reinstall bash-completion

Step 2: Enable bash-completion in your .bashrc file
Open your gedit ~/.bashrc and if these content doesn't exist there, add them at the end of it and save it.
# enable bash completion in interactive shells
if ! shopt -oq posix; then
  if [ -f /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion ]; then
    . /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion
  elif [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then
    . /etc/bash_completion
  fi
fi

Important: After changing the file you need to source your  ~/.bashrc with source ~/.bashrc or reopen your Terminal. It should be fixed now.

In my case, I was trying to execute a script ./myScript.sh, and typing ./my[tab] would not auto-complete.

I had to add execute permissions to the file and auto-completion worked.


Why is Ubuntu 14.04 so slow on my laptop? I just installed Ubuntu 14.04 on a Dell laptop with 1.7Ghz Pentium M and 1Gbyte memory.

Graphics are Intel® 852GM/855GM x86/MMX/SSE2, OS type is 32bit.

The whole system is VERY slow. When I launch the applications manager, for example, I need to wait in order to see the letters I typed appear!

It is as if the CPU was overloaded and no memory available, but I only have Firefox running.

How can I make the system run smoother? It used to have Windows XP installed and it worked fine.

Because you only have 1GB of RAM! That isn't the only problem, but it is part of it. Simply, your computer can't handle the intensity of Unity's graphics.

Windows XP is not nearly as CPU / Graphically intensive as Unity, the default desktop of Ubuntu 11.04+. It is based on compiz and has all sorts of fancy graphics, such as the see through dash and the expanding launcher. I would advise installing Lubuntu or Xubuntu, or putting XFCE or LXDE on, and using that rather than unity.

I have both on 3 old XP computers, and they are running well (typed on a 2006 Lubuntu laptop with 683 MB of RAM).

  It is as if the CPU was overloaded and no memory available

The CPU probably is overloaded / there probably isn't enough RAM available. Try installing and using midori - it is lighter, and is what I'm using at the moment.

My pronouns are He / Him

Have you checked your swap file in System Monitor/Resources - though it was working OK in 13.10 - it has not been activated when I upgraded to 14.04 on my laptop.


How to run bash script only if passed a day? I'd like to run my script often (not by cron but manually) but some slow parts like apt-get update && apt-get -y upgrade should be run max once per day.

I think to save last execution time in /tmp/last_update.txt and check if it's more than now - 86400 but cannot understand how to make it nice with bash.

Cron is not accepted - it's dangerous to run these actions without checking application after that. Also during these tasks app is unstable and no need to run it every day - only when running script manually (deploying an app) but not more often than once per day.

Example:

some-fast-command-1

if [ not-run-command-2-for-24h ]; then
    some-slow-command-that-makes-app-unstable

    date > /tmp/last-run-command-2 # save last run time somehow
fi

some-fast-command-3

How to write not-run-command-2-for-24h condition the bash way?

In PHP I'd done something like

<?php
$filename = '/tmp/last-run-command-2';
$needRun = (!is_file($filename) && time() > file_get_contents($filename) + 86400);
if ($needRun) {
    run();
    file_put_contents($filename, time());
}

I've found an answer:
https://askubuntu.com/a/163570/26790

You can get current timestamp:
now=$(date --date=$(date --iso-8601) +%s 2>/dev/null)

Load timestamp from file:
stamp=$(date --date=$(date -r $stamp_file --iso-8601) +%s 2>/dev/null)

Compare:
delta=$(($now-$stamp))
interval=$(($interval*60*60*24))
if [ $delta -ge $interval ]; then


How to install virtualbox on ubuntu 14.04? using Ubuntu 14.04

I download the Ubuntu version from this link:

https://virtualbox.org/wiki/Linux_Downloads

Ubuntu 13.04/13.10/14.04 (64bit)

http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/4.3.18/virtualbox-4.3_4.3.18-96516~Ubuntu~raring_amd64.deb
installed with terminal like explained here

wget -q https:// virtualbox .org/download/oracle_vbox.asc -O- | sudo apt-key add -

cause it doesn't run I try new way

I download the windows version:

https://virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads
http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/4.3.18/VirtualBox-4.3.18-96516-Win.exe
install it by using "Wine"

  Error window: SUPR3HardenedMain Effective UID is not root (euid=1000
  egid=1000 uid=1000 gid=1000) (rc=-10) Please try reinstalling
  VirtualBox.

Any other idea or way to do it? cant find why is not working!

Virtualbox is available from the Ubuntu repository. You can install it from the Ubuntu Software Center or using the terminal by running sudo apt-get install virtualbox

If you need the Oracle maintained VirtualBox run this in the Terminal:

sudo sh -c "echo 'deb http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian
'$(lsb_release -cs)' contrib non-free' > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/virtualbox.list" &&
wget -q http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian/oracle_vbox.asc -O- | sudo apt-
key add - && sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install virtualbox-4.3 dkms


Unable to change brightness on a Toshiba L750 So, as a number of users seem to be experiencing, I am unable to change brightness on my laptop. Using the Brightness and Lock in settings, the slider moves but brightness does not adjust. The fn keys work for volume but not for brightness. I have updated my drivers and installed all updates, however the brightness is still at maximum.

I have heard that opening sudo gedit /etc/x11/xorg.conf and entering Option "RegistryDwords" "EnableBrightnessControl=1" can fix this, however when opening xorg.conf through Terminal I am greeted with a blank document... Not very reassuring.

Toshiba L750 Laptop

Nvidia Graphics Card

Dual boot with Windows

Same problem on Sony Vaio VPCEH and Ubuntu 12.04. The fn Keys moving the brightness slider but not affecting the real brightness on screen.

I edited /etc/X11/xorg.conf (very simple file) and added the line:

Option "RegistryDwords" "EnableBrightnessControl=1"

I rebooted the machine and now it works! Thanks to all!

it is iöprotant where you have add enablebrightness controll

it must ne in the
section "device"

endsection
ubuntu 14.04 fn brightness nvidia not working samsung r540


Kernel update gets stuck (Ubuntu 16.04, Kernel 4.4.0-22) The software updater displayed a message that new update are available. I chose install update. Apparently, the updates were supposed to install Kernel version 4.4.0-22. But, the installation process got stuck midway for several hours. I interrupted the update process and ran the command "sudo dpkg --configure -a". The same thing happens here, too. It gets stuck at "run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/dkms 4.4.0-22-generic /boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-22-generic"

The results of the command:

    sudo dpkg --configure -a
    Setting up linux-image-4.4.0-22-generic (4.4.0-22.39) ...
    Running depmod.
    update-initramfs: deferring update (hook will be called later)
    The link /initrd.img is a dangling linkto /boot/initrd.img-4.4.0-22-generic
    vmlinuz(/boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-22-generic
    ) points to /boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-22-generic
    (/boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-22-generic) -- doing nothing at /var/lib/dpkg/info
    /linux-image-4.4.0-22-generic.postinst line 491.
    Examining /etc/kernel/postinst.d.
    run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/apt-auto-removal 4.4.0-22-generic /boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-22-generic
    run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/dkms 4.4.0-22-generic /boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-22-generic

I would appreciate any help with this.

Update:

I also tried to remove the half-installed kernel packages with the command "sudo dpkg -P linux-generic linux-image-extra-4.4.0-22-generic linux-image-generic linux-image-4.4.0-22-generic". It also gets stuck. Here's the output to the command:

    sudo dpkg -P linux-generic linux-image-extra-4.4.0-22-generic linux-image-generic linux-image-4.4.0-22-generic
    (Reading database ... 288791 files and directories currently installed.)
    Removing linux-generic (4.4.0.22.23) ...
    Removing linux-image-generic (4.4.0.22.23) ...
    Removing linux-image-extra-4.4.0-22-generic (4.4.0-22.39) ...
    run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/apt-auto-removal 4.4.0-22-generic /boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-22-generic
    run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/dkms 4.4.0-22-generic /boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-22-generic

Apparently, I have found the culprit. I reinstalled Ubuntu. Updated everything including the kernel. No problems up to now. Next, I started installing the applications I needed. The first one was Eset Nod32 Antivirus. After installing it, restarting, and logging in, Ubuntu froze. After booting into the recovery mode (the graphic mode) and unistalling Eset Nod32 Antivirus and restarting again, everything returned to normal. It seems as if there is a clash between the Linux kernel 4.4.0-22 and this antivirus, for some reason.

The 'solution' is to uninstall nod32 before kernel/nvidia update.

It's a bad solution but works - blame eset devs.

I recommend contacting their tech support.

This thread contains the same 'solution'

https://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=2329082&page=7


Would installing Ubuntu only remove everything I have on my computer? Would installing Ubuntu 12.10 only and not alongside Windows 8 remove everything I have?
I don't want anything I had before to stay on my computer so I want to start fresh.

Would installing Ubuntu 12.10 only and not alongside Windows 8 remove everything I have?

Yes, but for someone else reading this question: You can have both if you want to. If you're doing a graphic install just select the option to replace Windows instead of Install Ubuntu side by side or do a manual partitioning and format Window's partition and write Ubuntu on it.

Alternatively, if you are dealing with sensitive data, there are a wide range of software to erase and write over files so they are beyond-recovery. You can also consider checking the Full Disk Encryption option when installing 12.10

Yes in order to install Ubuntu it will have to change the file type on the hard drive from NTFS to Ext4. This will require formatting the hard drive, and thus removing everything that has existed before that.

I would recommend that if there is any data that you want to keep do back it up before installing Ubuntu or you will never see it again!


Unable to Save edited IP config Network settings in Ubuntu 16.04 I have recently installed Ubuntu 16.04 .and my networking settings are Proxy oriented. I added IPv4 settings and saved them but when I see the added IPv4 settings again, the subnetmask settings are not saved as I entered. In the place of subnetmask (255.255.252.0) a default number 22 is saved as show in the image below.

I don't know why that number has been appearing again and again even after saving required IPv4 settings.

It's not error, 255.255.252.0/22 it's a representation.

Restart your network manager for network problem

Press Ctrl + Alt + T (open terminal) and type:

sudo service network-manager restart

sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces

and paste this under # The primary network interface:

auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
address 192.168.0.16
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway 192.168.0.1
dns-nameservers 8.8.4.4 8.8.8.8

Save that and restart the machine and check again with ifconfig, of course you don't have to use the same IP addresses like here....


How do I grant sudo privileges to an existing user? I want to grant a newly created user sudo privileges in Ubuntu.

I tried

sudo adduser hduser admin

but it says no admin group exists.
How can I do it?

You need to add the user hduser to the sudo group (which is the "administrators" group in Ubuntu).

If you have already created the user, you can add the user to the sudo group by running the following command in a Terminal:

sudo usermod -a -G sudo hduser

Edit the sudoers file: sudo visudo

and add:

user    ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL


Unity, gnome-shell and Cinnamon don't have their top panel after removing Lubuntu Using Ubuntu 12.04. First it came with Unity, then with a zeal of trying other Desktop Environments and I have installed GNOME-shell and no conflicts, works fine. Then I have gone through Lubuntu and Xubuntu as well. But some panel problem started with Lubuntu raised and I have removed Lubuntu DE from my PC.

But that thing got conflicted with my Unity, GNOME and Cinnamon & they are not working. These three are not having only of their Panels. I just see any empty desktop. Currently only KDE and Xfce can run fine with my Ubuntu 12.04. But I want to get back with Unity, GNOME and Cinnamon also.

This is how my desktop look like

I have experienced this bug as well.  The only way I have been able to fix this is by deleting my ~/.config folder.
A better option is to simply move your .config folder into another folder

mv -f ~/.config ~/.backupconfig

in case you are unfamiliar with terminal commands:

'mv' is the move command and '-f' forces the move

This will return Unity to normal and allow you to use it again, though you will have to set up your Launcher panel again.  I have yet to find a way to use both together, unfortunately, because I really like Lubuntu and Unity.  I hope problems will be resolved when LXQt is finished and Unity migrates to Qt.  I think the problems arise mainly from openbox, and some sort of conflicting config there.

I'm not sure how you have installed/uninstalled any of these desktop environments, but you might want to try to reinstall/uninstall such things using tasksel.

sudo apt-get install tasksel

Then run:

sudo tasksel

This will give you a list of the complete packages and desktop environments. Just select what you want by navigating up and down the list with your arrow keys, and select a package with the space bar. For example, if you select and installed the Xubuntu Desktop it will install the entire Xubuntu desktop, configured with all packages and software, on your system. If you want it removed, it'll remove all of it.

Try installing the Ubuntu Desktop package through tasksel, it might reinstall any missing or broken packages and configurations for you.


View history of commands run in terminal Is there a way to save all my typed terminal commands and view it like history in a log book?

This is automatically done. Bash stores your commands in ~/.bash_history. If you want to have a look at the history, either print the output of this file using one of

cat ~/.bash_history
less ~/.bash_history
...any other pager or output command...

Or you can use bash's builtin command:

history

To clear the history, delete the file and clear the temp history:

rm ~/.bash_history && history -c

The history size defaults to 500 commands. You can, however, increase this by adding a line to your ~/.bashrc file to set the HISTSIZE variable:

HISTSIZE=<number of entries, -1 for unlimited>

This will not take effect immediately, but only to newly started sessions. To apply this, re-source the .bashrc file:

. ~/.bashrc

or run HISTSIZE=... in your current session.

You may want to try https://github.com/dvorka/hstr which allows simple browsing, navigation and "suggest box style" filtering of your Bash history:

It can be easily bound to Ctrl-r and/or Ctrl-s


How to determine whether a process is running or not and make use it to make a conditional shell script? How can I determine if a process is running or not and then have a bash script execute some stuff based on that condition?

For example:

if process abc is running, do this
if it is not running, do that.

A bash script to do something like that would look something like this:

#!/bin/bash

# Check if gedit is running
# -x flag only match processes whose name (or command line if -f is
# specified) exactly match the pattern.

if pgrep -x "gedit" > /dev/null
then
    echo "Running"
else
    echo "Stopped"
fi

This script is just checking to see if the program "gedit" is running.

Or you can only check if the program is not running like this:

if ! pgrep -x "gedit" > /dev/null
then
    echo "Stopped"
fi

isProcessRunning() {  if [ $(pidof $1) > /dev/null ]; then retval='true'; else retval='false'; fi; echo $retval; }

isProcessRunning geany

true


Cant get RTL8125 Realtek driver working on version 20.04 I have installed Ubuntu 20.04 on a new PC and originally managed to get the RTL8125 NIC driver working by installing the Realtek driver. However after an update it has stopped working and I am unable to get it working again.
The output of sudo lshw -C network is:
*-network UNCLAIMED
   description: Ethernet controller
   product: RTL8125 2.5GbE Controller
   vendor: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd.
   physical id: 0
   bus info: pci@0000:06:00.0
   version: 05
   width: 64 bits
   clock: 33MHz
   capabilities: pm msi pciexpress msix vpd bus_master cap_list
   configuration: latency=0
   resources: ioport:f000(size=256) memory:fcd00000-fcd0ffff memory:fcd10000-fcd13fff

The output from lspci -knn | grep Eth -A3 is:
06:00.0 Ethernet controller [0200]: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8125 2.5GbE Controller [10ec:8125] (rev 05)
    DeviceName: RTL8111E Giga LAN
    Subsystem: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd RTL8125 2.5GbE Controller [1458:e000]
    Kernel modules: r8169

I have downloaded the driver from the realtek website at https://www.realtek.com/en/component/zoo/category/network-interface-controllers-10-100-1000m-gigabit-ethernet-pci-express-software
and followed the instructions in the README file.
However when I run the command sudo ./autorun.sh I get the error:
Check old driver and unload it.
Build the module and install
make[3]: *** No rule to make target 'information'. Stop.
make[2]: *** [Makefile:340: __build_one_by_one] Error 2
make[1]: *** [Makefile:167: clean] Error 2
make: *** [Makefile:48: clean] Error 2

I am fairly new to Linux so I don't understand what this error means, so any help would be much appreciated

I have now resolved the issue.
In the end I downloaded the “GBE Ethernet LINUX driver r8168 for kernel up to 5.6” driver from the Realtek website, instead of the 2.5GB driver and running the ./autorun.sh command as root worked.

In my case the r8168 didn't work with the Gigabyte B550 Aorus Elite motherboard. So what I did was:
I also downloaded the driver from the realtek website at https://www.realtek.com/en/component/zoo/category/network-interface-controllers-10-100-1000m-gigabit-ethernet-pci-express-software but I had to connect my mobile phone via usb and share the internet connection with the desktop in order to download the 2.5G Ethernet LINUX driver r8125 for kernel up to 5.6
From a Terminal window run:
sudo apt install r8168-dkms    (this package was needed in order to run the r8125-90004.01 diver script with no errors)
cd /home/username/Downloads
cd r8125-90004.01
sudo chmod +x autorun.sh
sudo ./autorun.sh
sudo reboot
Please keep in mind that, after a kernel update a re-install of the RTL8125 is nedeed. So it's a good ideia to keep the folder r8125-90004.01 in Downloads.


PPTP VPN on Ubuntu Server 12.10 fails to connect, with error: no ifupdown configuration found I am trying to setup a PPTP VPN server on Ubuntu Server 12.10. I had a few errors and by observing the logs, I managed to solve them.

Now, I get this error, and it seems I am not able to find a solution to it.

Here is the out put of tail -n 30 /var/log/syslog | grep -i ppp:

Jan  7 22:55:17 MyServer pptpd[32719]: CTRL: Starting call (launching pppd, opening GRE)
Jan  7 22:55:17 MyServer pptpd[32720]: CTRL (PPPD Launcher): program binary = /usr/sbin/pppd
Jan  7 22:55:17 MyServer pptpd[32720]: CTRL (PPPD Launcher): local address = 192.168.0.1
Jan  7 22:55:17 MyServer pptpd[32720]: CTRL (PPPD Launcher): remote address = 192.168.0.234
Jan  7 22:55:17 MyServer pppd[32720]: Plugin /usr/lib/pptpd/pptpd-logwtmp.so loaded.
Jan  7 22:55:17 MyServer pppd[32720]: pppd 2.4.5 started by root, uid 0
Jan  7 22:55:17 MyServer pppd[32720]: Using interface ppp0
Jan  7 22:55:17 MyServer pppd[32720]: Connect: ppp0 <--> /dev/pts/3
Jan  7 22:55:17 MyServer NetworkManager[1122]:    SCPlugin-Ifupdown: devices added (path: /sys/devices/virtual/net/ppp0, iface: ppp0)
Jan  7 22:55:17 MyServer NetworkManager[1122]:    SCPlugin-Ifupdown: device added (path: /sys/devices/virtual/net/ppp0, iface: ppp0): no ifupdown configuration found.
Jan  7 22:55:46 MyServer pptpd[32719]: CTRL: Reaping child PPP[32720]
Jan  7 22:55:46 MyServer pppd[32720]: Hangup (SIGHUP)
Jan  7 22:55:46 MyServer pppd[32720]: Modem hangup
Jan  7 22:55:46 MyServer pppd[32720]: Connection terminated.
Jan  7 22:55:46 MyServer NetworkManager[1122]:    SCPlugin-Ifupdown: devices removed (path: /sys/devices/virtual/net/ppp0, iface: ppp0)
Jan  7 22:55:46 MyServer pppd[32720]: Exit.

Can anyone help me with this?

Edit
As I said my server is Ubuntu Server 12.10. Client is Kubuntu 12.10.
I have successfully set up a PPTP VPN server on CentOS 6, but I failed to do so on Ubuntu.

I can see this is probably a dead topic by now. But, if you are using ubuntu server, most people run into problems using Network Manager and forwarding. You can uninstall this and only leave your eth0 in the adapter list (/etc/network/interfaces). PPTP will manage the up/down events for you. I found pptpd-ubuntu-12-04-vps-fail2ban to be the best guide I have seen so far and it has some troubleshooting steps.


Ubuntu 18.04 restart loop: computer turns on but won't boot up, possibly after software installation I installed Ubuntu less than a month ago and since then have been playing around with things I can do so I may have broken something in the process.

Recently I have restarted my computer (Matebook x Pro) and it is stuck on a loop where the keyboard lights up, the fans spin up for a second, the black screen with the Huawei logo comes on, and then immediately everything turns off. Then after a second, it repeats again.

I have tried powering it off, waiting, then turning it on again, but the loop continues.

I want to know if there is any boot repair shortcut I can use to boot properly again.

I am not dual booting. Ubuntu is the only OS on the computer.
The computer is new; I bought it a month ago so I doubt there was a hardware failure. I assume I can fix this by bringing up some sort of command line or using some sort of a shortcut.

I am not sure what caused the issue. I may have accidentally installed some packages for Ubuntu 16 and this could have broken something? I installed different things through the terminal and the instructions said to restart the computer and here I am now. I don't remember what exactly I was trying to install since I have played around with many things, but I didn't think this could affect the boot up instructions since they are read-only?

This is what I get when I follow the link in the comments:

The ctrl+alt+f2 combination brings me to  InsydeH20 Setup Utility.

Edit: I think this is because my BIOS is outdated. My version is something.17 but there is the .18 version available. I have downloaded the zip file onto my flash drive but the computer doesn't see it

Alright, so I have solved the issue and I really hope that anyone who has it can benefit from my answer.

All I had to do was to go into BIOS Ctrl+Alt+F2 then disable secure boot that is enabled by default. Then it all booted up and none of my data was lost. Thank you to everyone who tried to help

the exhaustive answer is at My computer boots to a black screen, what options do I have to fix it?

however its possible you deleted your desktop packages so you need to reach a command prompt for details see  https://www.howtogeek.com/196740/how-to-fix-an-ubuntu-system-when-it-wont-boot/

boot up and repeatedly tap the shift key which should boot you into a purple menu screen like the top most purple screen shown here  https://www.howtogeek.com/196520/grub2-101-how-to-access-and-use-your-linux-distributions-boot-loader/   UPDATE  if shift key fails to take you to grub menu instead hit ESC key during boot up to reach grub menu details at Grub menu at boot time... "holding shift" not working

if yes then use arrow keys to navigate to menu choice :

Advanced options for Ubuntu

then hit enter which should take you to the second purple screen shown in same link above ... now navigate down to top most line which says (recovery mode) and hit enter

now you should see the  Recovery Menu if so then naviate down to root (Drop to root shell prompt)

your filesystem will be in read-only mode so lets make it writable ... for details see  How do I change file system in recovery mode to read-write mode?    in your root terminal issue

mount -o rw,remount /

make sure you carefully type exactly above command ... if true now issue this to attempt to install your desktop packages

sudo apt-get install --reinstall ubuntu-desktop

tell us how you get on - good luck and yes your machine is fixable however it will require patience, time and fortitude ... alternative is to just perform a fresh install of Ubuntu (note 18.10 is nicer than 18.04)


Which is 100% free VPN for Ubuntu? Which is the best virtual private network? With 100% free.

Currently our government has blocked social media like Facebook, Whats App and YouTube. I need to access those web sites. I think if I use some virtual private network, I can access those. Help me to install some virtual private network.

I’d suggest using

sudo apt install proxychains

Features:

Access Internet from behind restrictive firewall
Source IP masquerade
SSH tunneling and forwarding
Dynamic LAN-to-LAN VPN channel
Servers and daemons friendly (works fine with sendmail MTA)

You will also need to install a Tor relay.

Lastly,

Edit the proxychains.conf file at the bottom and change sock4 to sock5

There are quite a few VPNs that are free and compatible with Ubuntu. I personally love Surfshark as recommended in this article on Free Ubuntu VPNs. But keep in mind that Surfshark only offers a 30-day money-back guarantee and you will have to claim a refund within this period to get enjoy this VPN free of cost for a whole month.

For a more permanent solution ProtonVPN and Windscribe are your best bet. The former offers unlimited bandwidth, though Windscribe caps data at 10GB/month. Performance-wise, all of these VPNs are pretty good, but Surfshark is a rare service because it has a GUI-based interface for Ubuntu.


What IRC servers are available for Ubuntu I want to setup an IRC server in my local network. I would like to know the IRC server options available for Ubuntu.
I heard that irc-hybrid is good.  Do you have any other suggestions.
The thing is that I want to use an IRC server which is generally used by most of the Ubuntu community(who uses IRC server).
I would also like to know the exact steps to configure it.

This is answered thoroughly (including both server packages and installation instructions) here: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/IrcServer

Basic steps:

Find package
Decompress/install make package
Run package
Connect to service


Can't install Kubuntu in UEFI Windows 8 preinstalled laptop I know this problem has been raised several times, but I have spent nearly four days, but I couldn't solve my problem. I just bought a Sony laptop that came preinstalled with Windows 8 with these specs: i5 CPU/4GB RAM/500GB HDD/1GB Nvidia GeForce 740M graphics.

I installed Ubuntu successfully in UEFI mode and secure boot disabled alongside Windows, but I didn't get any Grub bootloader. The problem was not solved even by boot-repair.

Then I tried Kubuntu, but this one wasn't even booting from the flash drive in UEFI mode and I was was compelled to change the mode to legacy which subsequently helped, but the same Grub problem persists. The mode has to be changed to legacy from boot setup each time I require to boot Kubuntu/Ubuntu and back to UEFI to boot Windows.

See the following pages:

My page on EFI-based Linux installations
The Ubuntu community documentation on EFI-based installations

Broadly speaking, my recommendation is to use rEFInd's USB flash drive or CD-R image to boot to Ubuntu, then install the Debian package (from the same page) to get it working permanently. (You may need to mount your ESP to /boot/efi before installing the Debian package.)


Installing PuppyLinux disables my Ubuntu install I had been using Lubuntu on this laptop of mine for quite some time. In order to install Lubuntu I had to use the --forcepae command. That is my processor has PAE support but must be force started. Below is the output of hardware-info regarding my processor.

-Processor-
Name      : Intel(R) Pentium(R) M processor 1.80GHz
Family, model, stepping      : 6, 13, 6 (Pentium III/Pentium III Xeon/Celeron)
Vendor      : Intel
-Configuration-
Cache Size      : 2048kb
Frequency      : 1800.00MHz
BogoMIPS      : 3590.92
Byte Order      : Little Endian
-Features-
FDIV Bug      : no
HLT Bug      : no
F00F Bug      : no
Coma Bug      : no
Has FPU      : yes
-Cache-
Cache information not available
-Capabilities-
fpu      : Floating Point Unit
vme      : Virtual 86 Mode Extension
de      : Debug Extensions - I/O breakpoints
pse      : Page Size Extensions (4MB pages)
tsc      : Time Stamp Counter and RDTSC instruction
msr      : Model Specific Registers
pae      : Physical Address Extensions
mce      : Machine Check Architeture
cx8      : CMPXCHG8 instruction
sep      : Fast System Call (SYSENTER/SYSEXIT)
mtrr      : Memory Type Range Registers
pge      : Page Global Enable
mca      : Machine Check Architecture
cmov      : Conditional Move instruction
clflush      : Cache Line Flush instruction
dts      : Debug Store
acpi      : Thermal Monitor and Software Controlled Clock
mmx      : MMX technology
fxsr      : FXSAVE and FXRSTOR instructions
sse      : SSE instructions
sse2      : SSE2 (WNI) instructions
ss      : Self Snoop
tm      : Thermal Monitor
pbe      : Pending Break Enable
bts      : Branch Trace Store
est      : Enhanced SpeedStep
tm2      : Thermal Monitor 2

Now I wanted to install puppylinux on the same system and dual boot both. I downloaded the PAE version of puppylinux but it failed to load informing me that I do not have PAE support. So I downloaded and installed the noPAE version and it ran as expected, after installing puppylinux, I ran GRUB4DOS so that it detects my other Ubuntu installations and I can dual boot.

The thing is that when I select Ubuntu 15.04 from the grub4dos screen at start i get the message that PAE is disabled or non-existant and that I should install the version suitable for my system.

When Ubuntu was installed with forcepae, why did it get disabled with the noPAE install of puppy? Cant I keep both? or am I forced to choose only one?

P.S. I installed this version of PuppyLinux: http://bkhome.org/news/?viewDetailed=00097

Right, I managed to sort this out. I booted from the Ubuntu Live CD`using the forcepae flag (which I believe enabled the pae on my processor). I then installed and ran boot repair, It repaired GRUB and detected puppy as well.

So now I can use both installations.


Cannot fsck a disk due to no r/w access I am trying to fsck an external drive (sdb)

However it says I do not have r/w access to the drive.

What should I do?

You have to run the fsck with sudo : sudo fsck /dev/sdb5
since normal users don't have the rights for this.

The answer is implied in fsck's output, you need root privileges:

$ sudo fsck /dev/sdb5

If device is mounted, unmount it before:

$ sudo umount /dev/sdb5


unable to format usb 1204 [daemon inhibited ] i try to format my usb 1st time its work all data gone but i can't save any file at this usb .

then i try to check is it working or broken  here the report

santos@santos:~$ sudo badblocks -v /dev/sdb
[sudo] password for santos:

Sorry, try again.

[sudo] password for santos:

Checking blocks 0 to 7824383

Checking for bad blocks (read-only test):   0.00% done, 0:00 elapsed. (0/0/0 errdone
Pass completed, 0 bad blocks found. (0/0/0 errors)
santos@santos:~$ sudo badblocks -v -w /dev/sdb
[sudo] password for santos:

Sorry, try again.
[sudo] password for santos:

/dev/sdb is apparently in use by the system; it's not safe to run badblocks!
santos@santos:~$

how to format and fix this issues?

i have read
this link
Formatting Pen Drive causes 'Daemon Is Inhibited' Error

and it said like this when i try to move any items from desktop " the destination is read only

also in this case i use google and find this http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1955353 article as same its
not helped

following user13509 suggestion ..

while im check my chmod setting for the usb .. i found it like this

  santos@santos:/media$ sudo chmod -R 777/media/New\ Volume chmod:
  missing operand after 777/media/New Volume' Trychmod --help' for
  more information.

  root@santos:/media# ls -l total 4 drwx------ 3 santos santos 4096 Jan
  1  1970 New Volume

Try this

  sudo killall udisks

then load gparted - format to desired file system

good luck Mal

When formating a disk from Gparted to ext3, you run it from root user. So you need to give back the rights to appropriate users.

$ sudo chown santos:santos /media/USB_key_name_here -R


Ext4 and NTFS partitions recovery I had two partitions in NTFS and one in ext4 (Ubuntu 12.04 installed one week ago), something gone wrong and the OS couln'd start. I tried to reinstall a new version and by mistake choosed the option to install the system on the previous, he erased all the data I had (NTFS and ext4), I wanted to format only the ext4 partition. On the NTFS partitions I had very important data. How can I recover it? What applications should I use?

Thank you in advance.

An application that I have personally found useful is testdisk. You can install it with

sudo apt-get install testdisk

It is a command line utility, but very powerful.


How do you run Ubuntu from USB on a Windows 8.1? I have Ubuntu installed on my USB (FAT32). Now how do I run it from the USB without deleting C: drive?

From Wikipedia

A live USB is a USB flash drive or a USB external hard disk drive containing a full operating system that can be booted. Live USBs are closely related to live CDs, but sometimes have the ability to persistently save settings and permanently install software packages back onto the USB device. Like live CDs, live USBs can be used in embedded systems for system administration, data recovery, or the testing of operating system distributions without committing to a permanent installation on the local hard disk drive.

Types of live USB devices

USB 2.0 flash drive
USB 3.0 flash drive
portable (small enough to fit in your pocket) external SSD
✔ external hard drive (SSD is much faster than HDD)

There are two types of Ubuntu installations on a USB flash drive, a full installation of Ubuntu on a USB flash drive and an Ubuntu live USB which is not a full installation of Ubuntu on a USB flash drive, also known as an Ubuntu live USB. Neither type of Ubuntu installation on a USB device is the equal of a dual boot-ed Ubuntu operating system due to performance and wear limitations inherent in USB flash drive media.

Full Installation of Ubuntu on a USB flash drive
The process of doing a full installation of Ubuntu to a USB flash drive is identical to installing Ubuntu on a hard drive except for the installing the GRUB bootloader. All of the steps to follow in the Ubuntu installer are identical except for installing the GRUB bootloader. Installing the GRUB bootloader on the USB flash drive will replace the existing GRUB bootloader on the hard drive which you don't want to do, unless you disconnect the cables to your hard drive(s) first before you start the Ubuntu installer to do a full installation of Ubuntu on a USB flash drive. So disconnect the hard drives first, then you can install Ubuntu on a USB flash drive.
You can alternatively do a full installation of Ubuntu on a USB flash drive without disconnecting the internal hard drive cables first by selecting the Something else option in the Installation type screen of the Ubuntu installer. You need to create only a single / partition (root partition), no swap partition, and change the installation of the grub bootloader to the USB flash drive. Double-check your partitioning choices that everything that will be changed is only changed on the USB flash drive, then click the Install Now button in the lower right corner.
Additional information about a full installation of Ubuntu on a USB flash drive.

I recommend that the USB flash drive be at least 32GB. This is consistent with the recommended >=25GB disk space for Ubuntu.
A USB 3.0 flash drive is a lot faster than a USB 2.0 flash drive.
The advantage of using a USB flash drive lies in its portability, not in its performance. The performance of a full install of Ubuntu on a 32GB USB flash drive is nothing like what you would get from running Ubuntu in a virtual machine application such as VirtualBox.

Ubuntu live USB
Is a full installation of Ubuntu on the USB flash drive what you wanted? Some people have suggested that what you wanted to do was to make an Ubuntu live USB which can also contain additional space for persistent file storage if necessary. An Ubuntu live USB session can be run after booting the USB flash drive without effecting any files on the C: drive. To make an Ubuntu live USB follow the instructions in How do I make a bootable Ubuntu USB?. To boot the Ubuntu live USB without automatically booting to Windows instead, follow the instructions in How to change boot priority?.

Get Unetbootin (http://unetbootin.sourceforge.net), plug in a USB, open UNBI, and select Ubuntu from the first dropdown. Select what version in the next dropdown (most likely, you'll want 14.04 since it's LTS) and make sure you choose the right architecture. Then click OK and it will automatically make a live USB for you. You can click the Reboot Now button to try it now, or if you want to use it on a different computer/try it later then just press exit.


How do I install Firefox 52 ESR on 16.04? This question asks how to install FF32 bit while keeping the 64 bit.

I want the much more simple thing: is there a canonical way to install firefox 52 ESR as "default" firefox in my 16.04?

I found this launchpad team ... but there are no packages; probably no wonder given the fact that the linked blog article dates back to 2012.

So, 2017, Ubuntu 16.04; how to install FF 52 ESR (as I simply need the java plugin to work for me).

( my current solution: I downloaded the TAR file from mozilla, extracted that to /opt; and then changed /usr/bin/firefox to be a link to that ESR version of firefox. works, but ugly )

There is an official Firefox ESR PPA for supported Ubuntu versions:
https://launchpad.net/~mozillateam/+archive/ubuntu/ppa

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:mozillateam/ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install firefox-esr

Try the open source web application I built to generate bash script with installation steps for each application.
https://www.ins2all.com/?a=Firefox_ESR

It will generate a bash script with the content:

#!/bin/bash
# Firefox ESR
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:jonathonf/firefox-esr

#Update system
sudo apt-get update

#Installing Firefox ESR
sudo apt-get install firefox-esr

You can run it to install the selected application.


How to transfer files between an Ubuntu machine and Windows machine? I have a desktop pc with Ubuntu and a laptop with Windows 7.

I'd like to transfer lots of files and archives from the desktop to the laptop. When I want to share a file, says I should install some Windows stuff and doesn't allow it because it is untrusted. How can I transfer all my data via Ethernet or something similar?

You can connect both devices via ethernet. when you configure your eth- ports so that they are in the same IP-range (e.g. winows is 192.168.1.1, Ubuntu is 192.168.1.2), you can use Nautilus to access your windows-PC and move or copy your files and directories. Another option would be to use an external USB-drive or a cloud service like Ubuntu One.


telegram with secret chats What is the best way to run telegram on linux with support for secret chats?

This is what I tried already:

run telegram desktop - works very well but no secret chats feature
pack android telegram apk as chrome app using ARC. Worked, have secret chats, unfortunately crashes sometimes, no easy to update
compile telegram-cli and write some python wrapper (too much effort, not so user friendly, not easy for updates)
install android telegram apk on android-x86 running on kvm or virtualbox (kind of heavy solution for chat application)

I will appreciate also another alternative open source  and trustworthy easy to use chat app with end-to-end encryption.

Thank you for your suggestions.

If you are a Pidgin user, there is a telegram-purple plugin:
https://github.com/majn/telegram-purple

It is provided for Ubuntu by the webupd8 repository:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:nilarimogard/webupd8
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install telegram-purple

There exist also an other method for telegram:
https://web.telegram.org/#/login

I don't know if you're able to use secret chats.With this options just try it :)

Try Tox, it's an open-source app with end-to-end encryption. Click on this  link for further informations:
official site Tox

It has a big community and the project is evolving fast


Second monitor doesn't get signal if highest resolution is set after upgrade to 16.04 I have two monitors connected to PC DisplayPort using DisplayPort-DVI converter. Samsung SyncMaster EX2220 and B2240. Ubuntu 16.04. Videocard is Intel® Haswell Desktop

Problem that second monitor can't work on highest resolution 1680x1050 - it loses signal immediately when I set it. It works only when I set 1440x900 (second in list) or below.

What is wrong? First monitor correctly works at maximum resolution (1920x1080).

Everything worked before upgrade from 14.04 to 16.04

I have exactly the same problem. I have two monitors, one with 1680*1050, and the other 1920*1200. After I updated my system from 14.04 to 16.04, the monitor with high resolution didn't work in its recommended resolution unless set with a lower resolution.

After searching and testing for two hours, I have it solved:

1) set the second monitor with lower resolution (in your case, 1440*900) so that it can work instead of losing signal.

2) turn the other monitor (your first monitor) off in Displays panel.

3) set the current working monitor (your second monitor) back to its maximum resolution (in your case, 1680 * 1050)

4) turn the other monitor on in Displays panel.

I have nvidia-364 installed in my system.

Hope that can help!

I had the same problem on Kubuntu. The solution by zjyin made things worse for me though, all my monitors went dark. To make them work again I had to find where Kubuntu stores information on enabled displays. None of the xrandr, display.xml etc... solutions offered by the net worked for me.
The file I had to edit is in this folder:
~/.local/share/kscreen
it is a json file, I could set my old monitor to enabled there.


Steam won't start on Ubuntu 16.04 After it was reinstalled, updates downloaded but it won’t start even from the terminal. This is the error message it gives:

Running Steam on ubuntu 16.04 32-bit
STEAM_RUNTIME is enabled automatically
[2016-04-25 09:12:35] Startup - updater built Mar 31 2016 19:10:48
SteamUpdateUI: An X Error occurred
X Error of failed request:  BadValue (integer parameter out of range for operation)

I've had the same problem, which I was able to solve following instructions from http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=2275526:

  This is a problem with steam and ubuntu 15.04. Steam bundles old libs
  and are colliding with mesa drivers, that is also why closed drivers
  aren't seeing this problem.

  There is a open bug in steam github the workaround for now is to
  remove the old lib version, at least until valve fix the issue in
  their startup script or similar. So enter this folders and do this

  Code:

cd $HOME/.steam/ubuntu12_32/steam-runtime/i386/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu
mv libstdc++.so.6 libstdc++.so.6.bak
cd $HOME/.steam/ubuntu12_32/steam-runtime/amd64/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu
mv libstdc++.so.6 libstdc++.so.6.bak

  It worked for me... but please note that if some game required that
  old lib from the steam runtime, it may crash (that is why should be
  valve fixing this)

Edit:
The steps in the thread were already quoted from Problem with installing Steam on Ubuntu 15.04+, so you can go there for more details in case these instructions are not enough for you to solve your problem.

sudo apt-get install libnvidia-gl-390:i386

ref:
https://steamcommunity.com/discussions/forum/0/3140616601474785172/


'chmod u+x' versus 'chmod +x' What is the difference between chmod u+x and just chmod +x?  I have seen a ton of tutorials that say to use u+x to make scripts executable.  However, omitting the u doesn't seem to have any effect.

The man page of chmod covers that.

u stands for user.
g stands for group.
o stands for others.
a stands for all.

That means that chmod u+x somefile will grant only the owner of that file execution permissions whereas chmod +x somefile is the same as chmod a+x somefile.

The chmod man page says:

  The format of a symbolic mode is
  [ugoa...][[+-=][rwxXstugo...]...][,...].
  Multiple symbolic operations can be
  given, separated by commas.

  A combination of the letters 'ugoa'
  controls which users' access to the
  file will be changed: the user who
  owns it (u), other users in the file's
  group (g), other users not in the
  file's group (o), or all users (a). If
  none of these are given, the effect is
  as if 'a' were given, but bits that
  are set in the umask are not affected.

chmod u+x file means add the executable bit to the owner of the file while ignoring the umask (Your mod will be set, no question).
chmod +x file means add the executable bit to the owner, group and others while considering the umask (First check with umask then apply the mods, it might have different effects based on umask's value ).

let's create two files:

$ touch file1 file2
$ ls -l file1 file2
-rw-rw-rw- 1 ravexina ravexina 0 Aug  5 01:45 file1
-rw-rw-rw- 1 ravexina ravexina 0 Aug  5 01:45 file2

Now I set the umask to "111" to remove executable bits: umask 111.

$ chmod u+x file1
$ chmod  +x file2

$ ls -l file1 file2
-rwxrw-rw- 1 ravexina ravexina 0 Aug  5 01:47 file1
-rw-rw-rw- 1 ravexina ravexina 0 Aug  5 01:47 file2

As you can see the chmod ignored the umask and the file1 got executable bit for its owner however the second one did nothing because it's considering umask's value.


How to patch the Heartbleed bug (CVE-2014-0160) in OpenSSL? As of today, a bug in OpenSSL has been found affecting versions 1.0.1 through 1.0.1f (inclusive) and 1.0.2-beta.

Since Ubuntu 12.04, we are all vulnerable to this bug. In order to patch this vulnerability, affected users should update to OpenSSL 1.0.1g.

How can every affected user apply this update now?

Security updates are available for 12.04, 12.10, 13.10 and 14.04 see Ubuntu Security Notice USN-2165-1.

So first you need to apply the available security updates, for example by running

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade

from the command line.

Do not forget to restart the services (HTTP, SMTP, etc.) that use the affected OpenSSL version, otherwise you are still vulnerable. See also Heartbleed: What is it and what are options to mitigate it? on Serverfault.com.

The following command shows (after an upgrade) all services that need to be restarted:

sudo find /proc -maxdepth 2 -name maps -exec grep -HE '/libssl\.so.* \(deleted\)' {} \; | cut -d/ -f3 | sort -u | xargs --no-run-if-empty ps uwwp

After that, you need to regenerate all server SSL keys, then evaluate whether your keys may have leaked, in which case attackers may have retrieved confidential information from your servers.

I noticed many commenters here that need help urgently.  They are following the instructions, and upgrading, and rebooting, and still vulnerable when using some of the test websites.

You must check to make sure you don't have packages on hold such as libssl.

:~$ sudo apt-get upgrade -V
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following packages have been kept back:
  libssl-dev (1.0.1-4ubuntu5.10 => 1.0.1-4ubuntu5.12)
  libssl1.0.0 (1.0.1-4ubuntu5.10 => 1.0.1-4ubuntu5.12)
  linux-image-virtual (3.2.0.31.34 => 3.2.0.60.71)
  linux-virtual (3.2.0.31.34 => 3.2.0.60.71)
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 4 not upgraded.

To upgrade those apt-mark unhold libssl1.0.0 (for example).  Then upgrade: apt-get upgrade -V.  Then, restart affected services.


How to really clear the terminal? I can issue the clear command or press Ctrl + L to clear the current Ubuntu terminal, but this just shifts previous output upwards and if you use mouse scroll or PgUP and PgDown keys it's hard to distinguish where the output of previous command ends and output of current command begins.

Is there a way to really clear the terminal so I won't see previous command results?

Yes, the command you're looking for is
reset

In contrast to clear, or Ctrl+L, reset will actually completely re-initialise the terminal, instead of just clearing the screen. However, it won't re-instantiate the shell (bash). That means that bash's state is the same as before, just as if you were merely clearing the screen.
As @Ponkadoodle mentions in the comments, this command should do the same thing more quickly:
tput reset

From the other answers:

You can set a Keyboard Shortcut to reset the terminal, as explained by towolf.

If you're running Kubuntu, and your terminal is Konsole, you need to go to Edit → Clear history, since reset doesn't work the same way there, as UncleZeiv notes.

Alternatively to reset, you can do echo -e "\033c", or have in your .bashrc, something like alias cls="echo -ne '\033c'"

The UNIX/Linux StackExchange, has a thread on this: How to clear terminal completely? (unix.stackexchange.com), as well as SuperUser : Clear terminal using keyboard shortcut (superuser.com).


Release upgrade to 14 failed with a Python exception So I attempted to upgrade by running

sudo do-release-upgrade

as it specifies in my login prompt. It runs for about a minute before crashing with the error:

AttributeError: 'AptCdrom' object has no attribute 'restore_backup'

Can I assume this is a bug and that I won't be able to upgrade from the command line?

Is there any workaround?

Edit: This is a headless server.

The problem was due to an old postgresql package that had somehow been blacklisted from removal. Since the upgrade required this package to be uninstalled, but couldn't due to the blacklist, it failed, but this true error was hidden in the logs and only this Python traceback was immediately visible.

Manually removing the package then re-running sudo do-release-upgrade fixed the error.

cat /var/log/dist-upgrade/main.log|less
...
Dist-upgrade failed: 'The package 'postgresql-9.4-postgis-2.1' is marked for removal but it is in the removal blacklist.'

Cited from Release Notes - Upgrading from Ubuntu 12.04 LTS or Ubuntu 13.10

  Upgrading from Ubuntu 12.04 LTS or Ubuntu 13.10

  To upgrade on a desktop system:

  Press Alt+F2 and type in update-manager into the command box.
      Update Manager should open up and tell you:

`New distribution release '14.04 LTS' is available.`

  Click Upgrade and follow the on-screen instructions.

  To upgrade on a server system:

  Install the update-manager-core package if it is not already installed.

  Launch the upgrade tool with the command sudo do-release-upgrade.
  Follow the on-screen instructions.

  Note that the server upgrade will use GNU screen and automatically
  re-attach in case of dropped connection problems.

  Offline upgrade options via alternate CDs are no longer offered for Ubuntu Desktop and Ubuntu Server. Please ensure you have network
  connectivity to one of the official mirrors or to a locally accessible
  mirror and follow the instructions above.

Another way to launch Update Manager to upgrade your 12.04 LTS is:

sudo update-manager -d

Hit Enter & good luck!


How do I stop OpenDNS from redirecting single-word searches? Every time I search for a single word in the Firefox address bar I am redirected to OpenDNS Guide search rather than my default search engine. How do I stop this? I have tried changing Keyword.URL in about:config, which is what every single solution to this problem I have seen says to do, but it hasn't worked. Single-word searches still go to OpenDNS. Searches with multiple words go to the default search engine. Does anybody know how to fix this? It's driving me nuts! I want to use a good search engine, not the piece of garbage that is OpenDNS Guide! Thanks for your help!

EDIT:

Okay, I've found a workaround. I installed the the add-on InstantFox, which lets you set search keywords. I know that this feature is already built into Firefox, but I was able to use InstantFox's "Standard Search Without Shortcuts" option and set a standard search URL. Everything works fine now. Not the most satisfactory fix, but at least it works.

The way this is working is that rather than sending askubuntu.com to opendns to convert the name to an IP address, you are sending simply askubuntu. instead. Of course there is no askubuntu., and if their DNS server was doing what it should, it should send an error code back to you. Instead, whenever there is no domain name matching what your computers send, it is returning the IP address of its own search service. (67.215.65.132) is what I just received. Ads there are probably how they pay for the service they offer.

There are ways to block this address, but there's no reason to believe they won't just change it. And, if you did block it, you would have your browser just spin and spin waiting for the blocked site to get back to you.

Your browser won't and can't know the difference.

I'd suggest instead that you use the DNS server provided by your ISP. You are paying for it so that's probably a reasonable thing to do.

Another approach is to use google's public DNS servers 8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4. I've heard they consider DNS server problems to be a threat to their business so they decided to provide their own DNS service as a public service. I suppose the question is whether you trust them. Their privacy web page indicates they are sensitive to privacy issues, but you should decide whether their policies are adequate for you, and whether you believe that they will adhere to them. Here's the page.

Here's an article with a list of public DNS services. I personally use my ISP's with one of google's as a backup. I'd research level 3 if I didn't want to use my own ISP's, opendns', or google's since their business is bandwidth rather than ads or content.

If you are OK with your ISP's service but it isn't completely reliable, maybe you could list it first and opendns or another open service listed second. That way the public service only get's your lookups (after a couple second delay) when your ISP's server is down.


iMac won't boot Ubuntu I have an iMac and I installed Ubuntu because Lion was causing my computer problems. But I still wanted a Mac OS so I brought it into the genius bar at Apple and they plugged it in and said they could dual boot the two operating systems (Ubuntu and Mountain Lion), but needed me to backup my files on Ubuntu and overwrite with OS X then reinstall Ubuntu. I brought it home to do the file backup and it won't turn on. I called Apple and they said bring it back in, but they don't know how it works and can't figure it out.

All I'm getting is a white screen and there is a bootable ISO on a CD in the drive that might be causing the problem, but I can't get it out. Finally I got the CD out by pressing F12 on startup, but it still won't turn on. Now I'm getting a flashing Icon of a folder with a question mark on it. I really don't want to lose my files on Ubuntu. I have month's worth of projects that I really want to keep.

I figured it out... I inserted the Ubuntu install CD and duel booted Ubuntu with Ubuntu and the computer booted fine.


How do I install openjdk 7 on Ubuntu 16.04 or higher? I would like to upgrade my main system to 16.04, but I work on projects that require OpenJDK 7.

Apparently it is not available from a trivial apt-get install openjdk-7-jdk. Only versions 8 and 9 are listed in the repository.

Can anyone point me to instructions on how to install it?

Security Warning

  Packages in the PPA mentioned below are not updated with security
  patches to Java. Do not use in production; see alternative answers
  instead.

  At time of writing, the last upload for OpenJDK 7 was done
  '2016-04-22' with version 7u95 and still available as 'latest', where
  Ubuntu 14.04 has been updated to 7u181.

UPDATE : ALTHOUGH THIS IS THE MOST VOTED ANSWER ITS PROBABLY NOT THE ONE YOU WANT TO USE IN 2018 DUE TO LACK OF SECURITY UPDATES BY THIS PPA.

I found the following instructions which worked for me :

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:openjdk-r/ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install openjdk-7-jdk

This defines the “PPA for OpenJDK uploads (restricted)” as an additional package repositiory, updates your information, and installs the package with its dependencies (from that repository).

An easy way is:

Add these lines to: /etc/apt/sources.list:

deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security main restricted universe multiverse

Then update apt and install. You will probably need to downgrade tzdata package.

After that, I would recommend to comment out those lines and apt update again to prevent install or update of packages from that repository (which could lead to unexpected behavior).

One problem is that you need to hold those packages so they don't get removed when you update your system (specially tzdata package).

NOTE: Use this method as last resort, prefer any other that will allow you to update without issues.


Install KDE4 on Ubuntu 15.10? Are there any packages to install KDE4 on Ubuntu 15.10?  I want to use Ubuntu 15.10 for the various bug fixes in lower-level libraries, but KDE5 itself is far too buggy to use.  (e.g. plasma crashes whenever an external monitor is plugged in/out)

You could tried this, and type this in the terminal:

 sudo apt-get install kde-full
 sudo apt-get update
 sudo apt-get upgrade
 sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

and it might work fine this way.


Lost ubuntu option from boot I was using ubuntu 12.10 until i lost all options from boot in somehow, but I've restored my (2) windows 7 options successfully using windows 7 format DVD and solved the problem using command prompt and some commands, but i don't know how to get the ubuntu option back, u know it is installed on my computer but i can't use it, i can't open it

When you recovered Windows, you used the Windows bootloader which doesn't recognise linux. therefore you need to reinstall grub.

You will need an liveDVD or liveUSB Ubuntu or even better the Ubuntu-Secure-Remix disk.

If you opt for a standard Ubuntu live medium, you have to install Boot-Repair.

In Ubuntu live, open a terminal and run: sudo add-apt-repository ppa:yannubuntu/boot-repair followed by sudo apt-get update
Install Boot-repair with sudo apt-get install -y boot-repair
Run Boot repair and follow instructions.

You will need to install the ubuntu version again as you lost ALL of the options in the boot menu. But all your files on the previous version of 12.10 will be lost.

And was you messing around with the computer (Eg. Using Terminal/Command Prompt) before you rebooted to see no boot options?


Wi-Fi connection problem with Qualcomm Atheros AR9285 adapter I've switched my HP Pavilion dv6 from Windows 7 to Ubuntu 14.04.1 LTS several months ago and had no problems whatsoever connecting to the internet via wifi. However, about two days ago, connection speed started to fluctuate greatly or stop working altogether at times. Rebooting helped at first but now it's dead, nothing helps. I reinstalled Ubuntu (because I was planning on doing it for another purpose and I thought I shouldn't loose time trying to fix the connection when a clean reinstall was going to do that anyway) but it didn't fix the problem. The wireless access point shows a valid connection but I can't actually connect. I have spent several hours trying solutions suggested for similar questions on this forum but nothing worked. So I've finally used the wireless script provided here and these are my readings http://paste.ubuntu.com/10236572/
Please advise! I can use the ethernet connection only for a limited period of time..
Thanks a lot!

I would change the router settings from channel auto or 1 to channel 2 or 3 as there are a few other access points on channel 1.  Also change encryption to WPA2-AES only with no WPA, WEP or TKIP.  You can see the results using iwlist scan and then look at the data for your access point, ideally you want to see this

IE: IEEE 802.11i/WPA2 Version 1
                    Group Cipher : CCMP
                    Pairwise Ciphers (1) : CCMP
                    Authentication Suites (1) : PSK

CCMP = AES

The issue may have been caused by a kernel update, did you attempt the 'Try Ubuntu without installing to see if the wifi is stable?  If so, booting into an older kernel may help

Please run following commands:

sudo -i
echo "options ath9k nohwcrypt=1 ps_enable=1" >> /etc/modprobe.d/ath9k.conf
modprobe -r ath9k
modprobe ath9k nohwcrypt=1
modprobe ath9k ps_enable=1

Then, reboot your system to take effect.This solution worked fine for me. To get more options, have a look at reynhout's chrx-repository.


Type password into login screen, hit enter - nothing happens I first install Ubuntu 13.10 a few weeks ago and its been going great. I'm still pretty new to Linux, so I haven't been doing a whole lot. The past couple days I've tried installing LAMP, then uninstalled it because I would probably never do anything with it. I then installed SSH, then uninstalled it because I probably would never login to it remotely. Then I install samba so my wife could access the files on my computer from hers and use my PC as a backup.

All is fine and well... until I reboot. I am unable to login. I type my password into the password field, and hit enter and nothing happens. If I type the wrong password in, the little wheel spins for 1/2 second then says 'incorrect password'. With the incorrect password, no wheel shows up - the password field fades away and the screen just sits there. I've waited about 10-15 minutes for something to happen, but nothing does.

I've tried to Google around to solve the issue, but nothing I've seen seems to do the trick. I am able to login through the command line (ctrl-alt-f1) just fine, just am not able to login in through the GUI.

Ive looked at my auth.log and found this:

lightdm: pam_succeed_if (lightdm:auth): requirement "user ingroup nopasswdlogin" not met by user "andrew"

I remember seeing something about pam when I was installing/configuring ssh and/or configuring keys for it, but I don't remember specifically what. Plus, I removed ssh shortly after I installed it - so could it still be causing an issue?

I've tried the following:

sudo dpkg-reconfigure lightdm

which says nothing and returns me back to the command prompt

I have tried removing ~/.Xauthority - which didn't help.

My .dmrc file is about four lines. The first two are blank, then [Desktop], then something=Ubuntu

I have tried:

pam-auth-update

everything is checked, doesn't help

and I've tried:

ppa-purge ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3

which doesn't help either.

I've tried renaming my home directory and creating a new one. No luck.

I'm at a loss of what else I can do. Any ideas?

I have had the same issue a couple of times, appeared to be something corrupted in my user profile. Removing the following files and directory located in your home directory always gives me back my login:

.cache/
.Xauthority
.ICEauthority

You can do so by switch to a text-based virtual console (Ctrl+Alt+F1), logging in, and running:

rm -rf .cache
rm .Xauthority
rm .ICEauthority

No go back with Alt+F7, log in and (hopefully) be happy again.

I solved the problem by liberating some free space(about 3g). You may cut data stored on your computer from any folder e.g Desktop or Downlload or home etc.
Step1:
Ctlr+alt+F1
Enter login and password
Step2:
Connect a pen drive or USB or external hard drive with enough free space(nb:depending on how much data you wish to cut)
Sudo fdisk -l (to verify name of storage device)
Sudo mkdir /media/usb
Sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /media/usb
 Step3:
Sudo mv Download/. /media/usb
Sudo umount /media/usb
Sudo reboot


Is there a way I can modify icon themes? There are currently two icon themes that I like, but I prefer certain icons over others. Is there a way to put certain image files into the different folders and mix the two themes?

I don't know if there is a specific method but you can perform this manually.
I changed the "view-app-grid-symbolic" icon by copying the new icon in the theme directory.
sudo cp ubuntu-icon.svg /usr/share/icons/Suru/scalable/actions/view-app-grid-symbolic.svg

After the copy, reload Gnome.
You have to perform the copy and reload at each update of your theme.
Hope this help.


What's the difference between package managers? What are the differences between apt-get, aptitude, and synaptic, and which one is the recommended choice for normal day-to-day package management?

This is a basic question, but I think it'd be good information to have on the site, and besides I am relatively new to Ubuntu so I could use an expert explanation.

Probably the most popular package managers are apt-get, aptitude, synaptic, and Software Center. There are others (Linux Mint has its own, and there are some designed for KDE), but these are the ones you'll run into most often.

apt-get is a simple command-line tool. It's handy if you know the exact package name of what you want to install and don't want to spend time clicking through a GUI to get it.

aptitude is very similar to apt-get, and I've heard that it deals better with crazy dependency situations. Which one is really better is debatable.

synaptic is a low-level GUI. This is a good choice if you are a fairly advanced user but are not comfortable with command-line utilities.

Software Center is a very high-level, new-user-friendly GUI. Software is nicely categorized so that, if you're not exactly sure what app you want, you can find what you need quickly.  The Software Center also stands out in that it is the only package manager in this list that allows you to purchase commercial applications.

dpkg is a lesser-used, low-level package manager standard for most Debian-based systems.  In reality, apt-get, aptitude, synaptic, and the Ubuntu Software Center are all just front-ends to either dpkg or apt, which is in itself a front-end to dpkg.

In answer to your question, "which one is the recommended choice for normal day-to-day package management", I would say that Software Center is recommended for most uses. But as you gain more experience, you will find some of the features of lower-level package managers useful.

One other tool that has hardly received mention is tasksel. It's used for selecting specific tasks, mark them for installation, and then installing them (possibly using aptitude -- not sure).

Run tasksel --list-tasks to have a look at what tasks are available.


Cannot connet to password protected wifis Network manager cannot connect to a wifi, if the wifi is password protected (WEP or WPA). However it can connect to passwordless wifis. Also, I can conned to password protected wifis manually as:

sudo service network-manager stop
sudo iwconfig eth1 essid "<WIFI-NAME>" key s:<WIFI-PASSPHRASE>
sudo dhclient eth1

But it would be nice to get the network manager working again. Any suggestions where to look for the cause of this problem?

The network manager does see the wifi, but then it just keeps forever trying to connect, never succesfully. I also tried installing an alternative manager, wicd, and it has the same problem, looks like it gets stuck to trying to get IP, never succeeds.

After update to 12.04 and trying several desktop environments (finally settling to xfce), I removed KDE, Gnome3 and Ubuntu desktop following these advice:

http://www.psychocats.net/ubuntu/pureubuntu
Remove Gnome Shell completely after installing it?
http://ubuntublog.org/how-to-remove-unity-desktop-in-ubuntu-12-04.htm

Maybe those removed some (maybe dhcp-related) component, that is causing my problem, but this is just a guess.

EDIT: As I said, I also tried with WICD, and it gets stuck in exactly same way.

Whatever this was, upgrading 12.04 -> 12.10 fixed the problem.

Try using WICD - http://wicd.sourceforge.net/.
Taken from this thread: What are the alternatives to Network Manager for wireless?


How to remove the Unity Amazon package in 16.04? I was able to go to the ubuntu software center before and remove it and now it doesn't show up since the switch to the gnome software store. Trying the terminal method of removing the shopping lens doesn't work in this release.

Removing the unity-webapps-common package removes Amazon from the dash. Since the Amazon webapp is part of that package, you can't just remove the Amazon portion (well, short of editing the source code). This is a problem when other programs (like Unity Tweak Tool) depend on that package.

As noted by fitojb in this answer to another question, however, this command will prevent the Amazon icon from showing up in the dash:

sudo rm -rf /usr/share/applications/ubuntu-amazon-default.desktop

However, as dobey pointed out in a comment below, when the unity-webapps-common package updates the file will be replaced and the command will have to be run again. A more permanent method is to copy the .desktop file to your local applications directory and then add a line to the file to prevent it from showing up in the dash:

echo 'Hidden=true' | cat /usr/share/applications/ubuntu-amazon-default.desktop - > ~/.local/share/applications/ubuntu-amazon-default.desktop

How can I remove Unity web apps?
-> Try:

sudo apt-get remove unity-webapps-amazon*

Can't say it's the solution, because first thing I did, was search "amazon" files and manualy deleted  "/usr/share/unity-webapps/userscripts/unity-webapps-amazon/" (no this it didn't remove Amazon) and now the apt-get wont find the Amazon.


Installed Okular using snap, toolbar file open entry don't work Just installed Okular using the snap package in my ubuntu 16.04 machine.
It works fine if right click a pdf and choose open with->okular.
If I open Okular I cannot use the file menu in the toolbar. If click "Open.." nothing happens and have no error in dmesg, no error displayed.
I am a newbie so please tell me if need you any further information, I will provide. Thank you.
If can help I had Okular previously installed using apt (which if I remember well version 0.24), perfectly working, just wanted to try latest version (1.7.2)
Any Idea?

EDIT

Seems that the problem is related to filesystem permissions because the only menu entries that are not working (clicking them nothing happen) are those one that should open a file dialog, so File->Open, File->Import.., File->Save As, File->Export As.. while File->Print and File->Properties for example are working.
I have other packages installed with snap, for example VLC, that are working flawless.

One of the kernels between 4.4.0-155-generic and 4.4.0-157-generic solved the issue, as the rest is the same and now everything is working.