Ubuntu does not start after 5.8.0.28 generic kernel update I'm using Ubuntu with the following:
linux-image-5.8.0-28-generic
linux-modules-5.8.0-28-generic
linux-modules-nvidia-455-5.8.0-28-generic

After linux-modules-nvidia-455-generic-hwe-20.04-edge updates, I am stuck at the manufacturer's logo screen and cannot turn on the computer from the current kernel.
I can continue to use the computer by selecting the previous kernel (5.8.0.26) from the GRUB screen.
Can you tell me how to uninstall and reinstall the package in new updates and what should I do?
I am a new Ubuntu user.

Just keep using 5.8.0.26. Periodically check for a newer kernel version than the broken 5.8.0-28-generic by using:
$ ls /boot/vm*
/boot/vmlinuz-3.16.60-031660-generic    /boot/vmlinuz-4.14.188-0414188-generic
/boot/vmlinuz-4.14.110-0414110-generic  /boot/vmlinuz-4.14.70-041470-generic
/boot/vmlinuz-4.14.114-0414114-generic  /boot/vmlinuz-4.14.78-041478-generic
/boot/vmlinuz-4.14.120-0414120-generic  /boot/vmlinuz-4.14.89-041489-generic
/boot/vmlinuz-4.14.134-0414134-generic  /boot/vmlinuz-4.14.98-041498-generic
/boot/vmlinuz-4.14.140-0414140-generic  /boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-126-generic
/boot/vmlinuz-4.14.153-0414153-generic  /boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-128-generic
/boot/vmlinuz-4.14.165-0414165-generic  /boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-197-generic
/boot/vmlinuz-4.14.170-0414170-generic  /boot/vmlinuz-5.0.1-050001-generic
/boot/vmlinuz-4.14.177-0414177-generic

Keep in mind my list is unusual.
When you see something newer than the broken version on your screen reboot and select the most current option of plain old menu option "Ubuntu" and see if it works OK.
You don't have to do anything special to get the newer version it installs with regular updates. You don't have to do anything special to delete the older versions other than sudo apt autoremove after you confirm the current newest version is working OK.

TL;DR
Ignore answers advising to purge just a single package. There can be many packages for a specific kernel version:
$ apt list | grep 4.15.0-126

WARNING: apt does not have a stable CLI interface. Use with caution in scripts.

linux-headers-4.15.0-126/now 4.15.0-126.129~16.04.1 all [installed,local]
linux-headers-4.15.0-126-generic/now 4.15.0-126.129~16.04.1 amd64 [installed,local]
linux-hwe-tools-4.15.0-126/now 4.15.0-126.129~16.04.1 amd64 [installed,local]
linux-image-4.15.0-126-generic/now 4.15.0-126.129~16.04.1 amd64 [installed,local]
linux-modules-4.15.0-126-generic/now 4.15.0-126.129~16.04.1 amd64 [installed,local]
linux-modules-extra-4.15.0-126-generic/now 4.15.0-126.129~16.04.1 amd64 [installed,local]
linux-tools-4.15.0-126-generic/now 4.15.0-126.129~16.04.1 amd64 [installed,local]

There is clearly more than just:
linux-image-4.15.0-126-generic/now 4.15.0-126.129~16.04.1 amd64 [installed,local]

installed as another answer suggests.
Let's say you try to remove just one:
$ sudo apt purge linux-image-4.15.0-126-generic
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
  linux-hwe-tools-4.15.0-117 linux-hwe-tools-4.15.0-118 linux-hwe-tools-4.15.0-120
  linux-hwe-tools-4.15.0-122 linux-hwe-tools-4.15.0-123
Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove them.
The following packages will be REMOVED:
  linux-image-4.15.0-126-generic* linux-modules-extra-4.15.0-126-generic*
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 2 to remove and 59 not upgraded.
After this operation, 179 MB disk space will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
(Reading database ... 823126 files and directories currently installed.)
Removing linux-modules-extra-4.15.0-126-generic (4.15.0-126.129~16.04.1) ...
Purging configuration files for linux-modules-extra-4.15.0-126-generic (4.15.0-126.129~16.04.1) ...
Removing linux-image-4.15.0-126-generic (4.15.0-126.129~16.04.1) ...

Afterwards you still have:
$ apt list | grep 4.15.0-126

WARNING: apt does not have a stable CLI interface. Use with caution in scripts.

linux-headers-4.15.0-126/now 4.15.0-126.129~16.04.1 all [installed,local]
linux-headers-4.15.0-126-generic/now 4.15.0-126.129~16.04.1 amd64 [installed,local]
linux-hwe-tools-4.15.0-126/now 4.15.0-126.129~16.04.1 amd64 [installed,local]
linux-modules-4.15.0-126-generic/now 4.15.0-126.129~16.04.1 amd64 [installed,local]
linux-tools-4.15.0-126-generic/now 4.15.0-126.129~16.04.1 amd64 [installed,local]

Take a look at installed kernel images:
dpkg -l | grep linux-image
and after delete them whith:
sudo apt purge linux-image-x.x.x-x-generic


Ubuntu 12.10 won't boot from usb - isolinux.bin missing or corrupt This was an official 64-bit download from the Ubuntu site, so it's kind of sad to see even that's not working.

I made a bootable Ubuntu 12.10 USB stick with USB Image Writer (mintstick) on Linux Mint 14 Cinnamon and then shut down after ejecting the drive. When I put the drive back in and boot from it, a message shows briefly: 'isolinux.bin missing or corrupt,' before going black and booting to Mint.

I have tried Unetbootin instead of Mint's USB Image Writer but the USB drive does not show. Unetbootin has not worked for me in the past anyway whenever creating live USBs.

USB is formatted to msdos. Did not tamper w/ partitions, etc. in GParted, Disks, etc.

I have seen this issue asked once before on this website and other times across the web, but no one gives a good answer other than it's probably a bad download. If so, it's pretty disappointing because this is the official Ubuntu.com download link.

Any ideas? Are there any other alternate download mirrors besides the official one (that don't take hours to download)?

I came across this problem(isolinux.bin missing or corrupt) recently.
The flash disk is made by dd, the iso file is of 12.04.3 64 bit.
I fix this by change BIOS setting: change

  USB Flash Drive Emulation Type

from 'auto' to 'hard drive'.
Hope this helps.

Some folks may have just copied the ISO file to the stick hence the missing bin file. The ISO would actually need to be installed onto the USB stick via a program such as unetbootin. https://unetbootin.github.io/

Alternatively this could also be a permissions problem with ownership of the stick or the files and folders on it.

I wish you all the best of luck at sorting your issue out.


What's the latest, stable version of Ubuntu that doesn't use Unity? I'm looking for the latest, stable version of Ubuntu that uses Gnome 2. As much as I understand, newest, stable version - 11.04 - is using Unity... and that's new desktop environment.

Is Unity a Desktop Environment? helped a lot.

Ubuntu 11.04 is the latest version that uses Gnome 2 (Although this isn't exactly what you want, as you actually are talking about gnome-panel, which 11.04 uses Unity), but this version is no longer supported.

Ubuntu 10.10 is the latest version that uses gnome-panel by default, but this version is no longer supported.

Ubuntu 10.04.2 is the latest LTS release that uses gnome-panel, which is supported until April 2013 (for the Desktop) and April 2015 (for the server)

you can have 12.04 with Gnome2, here my:

here a little guide: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2012/03/gnome-classic-in-ubuntu-12-04-its-like-nothing-ever-changed


How to clean from non working files? I did file recovery using in Windows "Recuva" using deep scan so that recovered a lot bad non working files and im reviewing files in Ubuntu. So some files are opening and some not. Can i somehow clean or select bad files to move them to another folder?

Use  BleachBit. I guess this is default in Ubuntu.


How to set Value of JAVA_HOME variable My /etc/profile code is:

# /etc/profile: system-wide .profile file for the Bourne shell (sh(1))
# and Bourne compatible shells (bash(1), ksh(1), ash(1), ...).

if [ "$PS1" ]; then
  if [ "$BASH" ] && [ "$BASH" != "/bin/sh" ]; then
    # The file bash.bashrc already sets the default PS1.
    # PS1='\h:\w\$ '
    if [ -f /etc/bash.bashrc ]; then
      . /etc/bash.bashrc
    fi
  else
    if [ "`id -u`" -eq 0 ]; then
      PS1='# '
    else
      PS1='$ '
    fi
  fi
fi

# The default umask is now handled by pam_umask.
# See pam_umask(8) and /etc/login.defs.

if [ -d /etc/profile.d ]; then
  for i in /etc/profile.d/*.sh; do
    if [ -r $i ]; then
      . $i
    fi
  done
  unset i
fi

JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun
export JAVA_HOME

when I am running command echo $JAVA_HOME I am getting:

exportib/jvm/java-6-sun

I was expecting /usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun.

Please point how to get the expected value.

Try putting quotes around the location of JAVA_HOME
JAVA_HOME='/usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun'
EXPORT JAVA_HOME
Also you should add system-wide environment variables and exports to a script file in /etc/profile.d ex. /etc/profile.d/java_home.sh instead of using /etc/profile
See:
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/EnvironmentVariables
Look under: System-wide environment variables

should be:

 export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun


New alert keeps showing up: Server returned error NXDOMAIN, mitigating potential DNS violation DVE-2018-0001 I just installed a new Ubuntu Server 18.04. I set my hostname hostnamectl set-hostname ****.openbayou.biz and I set /etc/hosts:

127.0.0.1 localhost
[ip address] ****.openbayou.biz hostname
# The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts
[ip6 address] *****.openbayou.biz hostname
::1     localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
ff02::2 ip6-allrouters

I also installed OSSEC to monitor for new files, errors and changes to my server and I'm now getting these alerts:

Server returned error NXDOMAIN, mitigating potential DNS violation DVE-2018-
0001, retrying transaction with reduced feature level UDP.`

It's now repeating itself:

systemd-resolved[3195]: message repeated 4 times: [ Server returned error
NXDOMAIN, mitigating potential DNS violation DVE-2018-0001, retrying transaction
with reduced feature level UDP.]

I've looked online for a solution and nobody is reporting this issue.

This warning is logged by systemd-resolved, whenever a name can not be resolved by the DNS system (e.g. nslookup www.kjfoiqaefah34876asdf.com). This can be tolerated and is no reason to be alarmed.
This is no error and nothing needs to be fixed.
Redirecting /etc/resolv.conf to /run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf is wrong, because this way systemd-resolved is skipped and the application with the faulty DNS request talks directly to the name server and not to the systemd-resolved stub anymore. This way systemd-resolved does not notice the NXDOMAIN events any more and therefore cannot log it any more.
The NXDOMAIN events are caused by packages, which try to access non-existing servers during system startup.

This appears related to EDNS.  The difference between using stub-resolv.conf and resolv.conf is options edns0.

  Extension mechanisms for DNS (EDNS) is a specification for expanding the size of several parameters of the Domain Name System (DNS) protocol which had size restrictions that the Internet engineering community deemed too limited for increasing functionality of the protocol.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extension_mechanisms_for_DNS

More details under this issue: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/systemd/+bug/1766969

It sounds like, you can simply turn off that "option".


i have tried the apt-get command but it gives the following info . Please help me /home/user# sudo apt-get upgrade
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
You might want to run 'apt-get -f install' to correct these.
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 atom : Depends: git but it is not installed
E: Unmet dependencies. Try using -f.

Use command sudo apt-get install git and then try again

If that does not work. Open settings go to software and updates enable cannonical software and then exit out.

Use command sudo apt-get install git and then try again


How to manually open a port in Juju? After deploying a service, I would like to manually open a port in that service. Is there a way to do this manually?

I know expose will open a port, but I would like to manually open a different port.

You can do this in juju as a round about way. Juju provides a juju run command which allows execution of commands against a remote Juju unit.

So, for example, if you have an application deployed called foo, with the unit foo/0 you could do the following:

juju run --unit foo/0 "open-port 8000"

Replacing 8000 with whichever port you need. There are a plethora of hook-tools you can invoke in addition to standard commands like whoami.

For that list you can run juju help-tool and for more information on each tool juju help-tool open-port.

I'd also make sure you file a bug against the charm if that port is supposed to be open but is not.

It's probably iptables -I INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport port_number_here -j ACCEPT.


Is there a way to make the top bar in chrome transparent? I have my top panel transparent. It looks nice, except for when I browse the internet, the black bar along the top of chrome, which looks pretty against the non-transparent panel, sticks out like a sore thumb against the top panel. Here is a picture:

Is there some way I can make the top bar in chrome transparent too, so that they both look nice together? Thanks for any help in advance.

The top panel style you're using is controlled by Chrome themes. You can go to Chrome Preferences-Personal Stuff-Appearance and select a different theme by clicking "Get Themes". A theme can be selected that has top with a color close to the tone of your background. Not the transparency you desired but you will be able to select a lest stark color.

The theme I could find which is closure to the transparency effect on my window 7 is

https://chrome.google.com/webstore/category/themes?hl=en

Here is the screenshot.


Can't install Ubuntu on my Windows 7 laptop I tried installing Ubuntu in two different ways:

First, I tried the Windows Installer, and it goes well until I reboot the system and, when booting on Ubuntu, I get the error:

  No root file system defined.

Second, I uninstalled wubi by going to to Control Panel -> Uninstall Programs -> Ubuntu. Then, I booted the laptop from the live CD and selected install. It boots okay but in the screen right after the one that says to make sure you have 4.5 GB available, Internet connection, etc, when I click continue it throws me a message saying that Ubuntu had an internal error and asks me if I want to report the error. After that, I just have a black screen and nothing else! No Ubuntu installed, no boot option to go back to Windows. Nothing!

My goal is to install Ubuntu alongside Windows 7 (without the hassle of formatting the computer, creating partition, etc). How can I do it (preferable using Windows Installer)? How can I solve the "No root file system defined" that I encountered when I used the Windows Installer?

I once tried to instal through wubi but for me its easier partitioning. Esentially, when installing ubuntu you want to have three partitions. One for ubuntu "/" one for "efi boot" and one for "swap". Swap only needs to be as much as your RAM (typically). For the boot partition only 50mb and ubuntu partition depends how big you want it to be...i hope I helped at least a bit in explaining partitionong even though you need advice on wubi.


IPsec SAref does not work with L2TP kernel mode yet xl2tpd -D echo:

xl2tpd[7681]: Enabling IPsec SAref processing for L2TP transport mode SAs
xl2tpd[7681]: IPsec SAref does not work with L2TP kernel mode yet, enabling forceuserspace=yes
xl2tpd[7681]: init_network: Unable to bind socket: Address already in use. Terminating.

what should i do next? i want to build a vpn server on my vps.

just let xl2tpd run in userspace, it will be slower but it works for me

FYI - i don't feel it slow.

source: my daemon.log

Oct  4 18:29:39 tk xl2tpd[22238]: Enabling IPsec SAref processing for L2TP transport mode SAs
Oct  4 18:29:39 tk xl2tpd[22238]: IPsec SAref does not work with L2TP kernel mode yet, enabling forceuserspace=yes
Oct  4 18:29:39 tk xl2tpd[22238]: setsockopt recvref[30]: Protocol not available
Oct  4 18:29:39 tk xl2tpd[22238]: This binary does not support kernel L2TP.
Oct  4 18:29:39 tk xl2tpd[22239]: xl2tpd version xl2tpd-1.3.1 started on tk PID:22239
Oct  4 18:29:39 tk xl2tpd[22239]: Written by Mark Spencer, Copyright (C) 1998, Adtran, Inc.
Oct  4 18:29:39 tk xl2tpd[22239]: Forked by Scott Balmos and David Stipp, (C) 2001
Oct  4 18:29:39 tk xl2tpd[22239]: Inherited by Jeff McAdams, (C) 2002
Oct  4 18:29:39 tk xl2tpd[22239]: Forked again by Xelerance (www.xelerance.com) (C) 2006
Oct  4 18:29:39 tk xl2tpd[22239]: Listening on IP address 0.0.0.0, port 1701


How do I uninstall MySQL? I installed MySQL using sudo apt-get. Now I need to remove it from my system.

How can I do that?

I assume that you don't need MySQL anymore and you have already taken backup of your important databases. I suggest you to take backup of your important MySQL databases.
Note: Your all mysql data will be lost.
First make sure that MySQL service is stopped.
sudo systemctl stop mysql

Remove MySQL related all packages completely.
sudo apt-get purge mysql-server mysql-client mysql-common mysql-server-core-* mysql-client-core-*

Remove MySQL configuration and data. If you have changed database location in your MySQL configuration, you need to replace /var/lib/mysql according to it.
sudo rm -rf /etc/mysql /var/lib/mysql

(Optional) Remove unnecessary packages.
sudo apt autoremove

(Optional) Remove apt cache.
sudo apt autoclean

When I tried sudo apt-get purge mysql* it didn't work.

Purged mysql5 with:

sudo apt-get purge mysql-*

Then for cleaning up:

sudo apt-get autoremove
sudo apt-get autoclean


linksys ae2500 n600 dual-band wireless-n usb adapter for Ubuntu 14 - 64 bit doesn't work at all I have Ubuntu 14.04 lts 64 bit and have installed ndiswrapper and ndisgtk and when I load the *.inf file from xp driver It says "Invalid Driver" that is crossed out with a red X. Now I've read around and I'm only hearing about 32 bit versions of linux, but there must be a way to do it on a 64 bit platform. I'm just putting this out there if anybody has an answer or has solved this issue. Anyway cheers and keep the terminal open always.

the drivers that provides from linksys doesn't work with ndiswrapper. But I got a special driver from the chipset bcmwlhigh5 from the buried wikidevi. It have both 32bit & 64bit. But beware, wireless networks protected by password doesn't connect (unless you're lucky). Anyway it can connect to unprotected wifi networks.

bcmwlhigh5.inf


connect: Network is unreachable? - ping When I attempt to ping google's dns or any outside the network I get
connect: Network is unreachable?

I can't update either which I put down to this

I am new to networking... And Ubuntu. But these are results of some commands I thought might help

$ ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0e:7f:a9:10:54 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.0.5/24 brd 192.168.0.255 scope global eth0
    inet6 fe80::20e:7fff:fea9:1054/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: virbr0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN
    link/ether 86:0b:cb:43:63:a5 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.122.1/24 brd 192.168.122.255 scope global virbr0
mcserver@helloworld:~$

$ vi /etc/resolv.conf:
# Dynamic resolv.conf(5) file for glibc resolver(3) generated by resolvconf(8)
#     DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE BY HAND -- YOUR CHANGES WILL BE OVERWRITTEN
nameserver 192.168.0.5
nameserver 8.8.8.8

$ vi /etc/network/interfaces
# The loopback network interface
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

# The primary network interface
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
        address 192.168.0.5
        netmask 255.255.255.0
        network 192.168.1.0
        broadcast 192.168.0.255
        post-up iptables-restore < /etc/iptables.up.rules
        dns-nameservers 192.168.0.5 8.8.8.

The following line is wrong:

iface eth0 inet static
    address 192.168.0.5
    netmask 255.255.255.0
    network 192.168.1.0 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< It should be 192.168.0.0
    broadcast 192.168.0.255
    post-up iptables-restore < /etc/iptables.up.rules
    dns-nameservers 192.168.0.5 8.8.8.8

Also, there doesn't seem to be any default gateway setup.

Not having more info about your network, I would suggest adding the following line at the end:

    gateway <YOUR.ROUTER.IP.ADDRESS>

So, assuming your router ip address is 192.168.0.1, this would be the whole entry:

iface eth0 inet static
    address 192.168.0.5
    netmask 255.255.255.0
    network 192.168.0.0
    broadcast 192.168.0.255
    post-up iptables-restore < /etc/iptables.up.rules
    gateway 192.168.0.1
    dns-nameservers 192.168.0.5 8.8.8.8

In my case, if your system is behind a firewall, that can't interact with internet. Unless you specify a proxy server for HTTP/HTTPS/FTP, it is not reachable.

Try this:

export  http_proxy=http://yourcompanyproxy.company.com:1234
export  ftp_proxy=ftp://yourcompanyproxy.company.com:1234
export  https_proxy=https://yourcompanyproxy.company.com:1234


How to avoid restarting nginx to renew letsencrypt certificate? I have installed a Nginx server to host my website, and added HTTPS with LetsEncrypt.

The problem is every time the certificate expire, my site become inaccessible and I need to manually restart the service using
So every two months or so I am forced to manually do a:

sudo service nginx restart

I tried automating that several time already but failed. My last attempt was using this:

sudo crontab -e

0 0,12 * * * letsencrypt renew >/dev/null 2>&1
1 0,12 * * * root /etc/init.d/nginx reload

Is this the wrong way?
How can I validate this job works without waiting my site to be inacessible again?

You would want to add a cron job to go off every 3 months, this is typically done when using certbot in the first place.

Let’s Encrypt’s certificates are only valid for ninety days. This is to encourage users to automate their certificate renewal process. The certbot package we installed takes care of this for us by adding a renew script to /etc/cron.d. This script runs twice a day and will automatically renew any certificate that’s within thirty days of expiration.

To test the renewal process, you can do a dry run with certbot:

sudo certbot renew --dry-run

If you see no errors, you’re all set. When necessary, Certbot will renew your certificates and reload Nginx to pick up the changes. If the automated renewal process ever fails, Let’s Encrypt will send a message to the email you specified, warning you when your certificate is about to expire.

Also, you should NOT have to restart Nginx unless you are moving the certificate around, it should pick up where you left off once the new certificate is made.
When the SSL Certificate renewed is it being saved in the same spot?

Just deploy docker container with this command to install letencrypt ssl certificates

docker run \
--name=letsencrypt \
--cap-add=NET_ADMIN \
-e PUID=1000 \
-e PGID=1000 \
-e TZ=Europe/London \
-e URL=your.domain.com \
-e VALIDATION=http \
-e EMAIL=****@gmail.com \
-e PROD=true \
-p 443:443 \
-p 80:80 \
-v /path/to/appdata/config:/config \
-d \
--restart unless-stopped \
linuxserver/letsencrypt

Now auto renew certificates with the script available in /app/le-renew.sh
Install crontab to do this

0 0 1 * * sudo docker exec letsencrypt /app/le-renew.sh


How do I report a bug? I found a problem with an application on Ubuntu.

Questions :

How do I best report the issue?
What sort of information should I provide?

The Ubuntu Wiki has a very thorough guide that is well illustrated and covers many possible scenarios.

The essence of that page is that you first need a Launchpad account, then press Alt+F2 and enter ubuntu-bug packagename.  In 11.04 and later you can enter ubuntu-bug -w and click on the affected window.

There are also methods described on that wiki page telling you how to:

file bugs against running programs
against no particular package (and how to decide which package)
and from computers with no internet access.

There is a quick tutorial video that explains better.

And some more information on this site about how to gather information for a bug report:

I've got Internal Error whilst running a Ubuntu Beta. How to gather information and find out what it is?

Open Terminal and type:

$reportbug

It will display output like:

The program 'reportbug' is currently not installed. You can install it by typing:
apt-get install reportbug

$apt-get install reportbug
 Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y

Press Y: and it will install reportbug on Ubuntu machine

Now you can Report the Bug:

$reportbug
Please enter the name of the package in which you have found a problem.
> packagename
*** Welcome to reportbug.  Use ? for help at prompts. ***
Detected character set: UTF-8
Please change your locale if this is incorrect.


What ebook reading devices work well without Windows or Wine? I want to purchase an eBook reader device and eBooks. I don't use Windows, Mac OS or Wine. Most eBooks sold today are encumbered with DRM. Therefore, I need a workflow to buy and read DRM eBooks either using only the device or using Ubuntu.

The three popular types of DRM in use today are:

Adobe Digital Editions(ADE) used with the ePub format on multiple devices with books from several stores. This software requires Windows, Mac or Android. Sony Reader and B&N Nook Apps appear to be variants of ADE.
Apple iTunes. This software requires Windows or Mac (or an iDevice).
Amazon Kindle. This requires, a Kindle, Kindle software (such as on Androids) or Kindle Cloud (through web browser).

This leaves me with two option

an Android device with a DRM app (Kindle or ADE)
a Kindle

Both can directly communicate with a store and handle the DRM themselves, a computer is not required. To my knowledge there is no Android device with an eInk display.

Other devices are not an option because although the support ePubs with ADE DRM, it appears that a computer with the ADE software or some variant thereof is required (according Google eBooks, B&N, Sony) While many readers have Wifi or 3G, no manufacturer states that you can buy DRM books without going through a computer with the ADE software.

This brings me to the conclusion that Amazon's kindle is the only eInk device that will work for me. Can you name an alternative?

I want to purchase an eBook reader device and eBooks.

Purchasing an eBook (or eReader) is just like buying a computer.  You first have to identify the software ('books') that you are going to want, and which 'platform(s)' supports them.

For eBook purchases: Amazon is the market leader (in terms of selection, market value, or market share).  Barns and Noble (Nook), Sony, etc., are other alternatives ..

For free eBooks: The Internet has myriad sources for (quite literally) millions of titles.  Most are in .epub and .pdf format, but plenty are available in the format of your choice.

    I don't use Windows, Mac OS or Wine.

You don't need any of these.  The suppliers want you on their website.  For example, Amazon.com actively encourages you to send your purchases directly to your device.  This can be done a any time, by 'syncing' your device.  Anyone can do this, without any technical expertise ..

Most suppliers support (or allow) downloading the file to your PC.  The device can simply be connected via USB, allowing easy management of all content.

    Most eBooks sold today are encumbered with DRM.

YES, that is true.  And these eBooks are NOT intended to be used on multiple platforms (eg. Nook and Kindle).  Sadly, this is about protecting their market share and NOT the authorship ..

    Therefore, I need a workflow to buy and read DRM eBooks either using only the device or using Ubuntu.

You ONLY need Calibre and a browser.

sudo apt-get install calibre

Calibre will manage your (ever-growing) collections of books, convert between nearly ALL possible formats, has a built-in eBook reader, and will connect and manage most devices.

It will NOT convert the format of DRM eBooks - but unless you have multiple brands of eReader under one roof, and want to freely share, this should not be an issue ..

I have some 15,000 titles (mostly free), and use Calibre on Ubuntu 11.10 to manage my Kindle 3.  I previously used various earlier versions, and on Ubuntu 10.04 LTS.

Note: You have NOT stated what version of Ubuntu you are using, and an older OS (or newer device) may require some additional care & feeding.

for example: (I used this, about a year ago)

Using Calibre with a Kindle 3 on Ubuntu 10.04

http://www.peppertop.com/blog/?p=1054

UPDATE 20-Aug-2012

Still using Calibre (now v0.8.64), now under Ubuntu 12.04 LTS.

No longer using Kindle 3, gave it to a friend.  Now I have two Kindle 4 (non-touch), one for home use the other for work/traveling.

Basically, no issues to report ..

Maybe it's just me, but I find it difficult to tell what you're asking here.

Kindle-formatted books cannot be read on any other device without breaking the DRM. (Edit: This does not apply to devices that have Kindle apps available to them, such as Android phones/tablets, iPads, and even desktop browsers through Amazon's Cloud Reader. I am referring only to dedicated e-ink eReaders.) And Kindles can't read many other formats (only Amazon's proprietary format and PDF).  However, you can get data onto and off of Kindles in Ubuntu.

If you're looking for as much flexibility/portability as possible, you should buy your books in ePub format whenever possible. This format is supported by the widest number of devices (except for maybe PDF or plain text), and is an open standard, although it is frequently protected by DRM.

Booksellers who offer books in the ePub format include Kobo Books and Google eBooks. These can be purchased, downloaded to your PC, and transferred to any device that reads ePub-formatted books.

eReaders that can read the ePub format include the Kobo, the Sony Reader, and the Barnes & Noble Nook, but there are many more. Shop around to see which one suits you best.

In order to get eBooks onto your eReader, you won't necessarily even need to use your PC. Some, like the Kindle and Nook, can be used to purchase eBooks right from the device. Others will require you to upload the eBook to the eReader from your PC. There is a terrific native Linux application for eBook management called Calibre, available in the Ubuntu Software Center, which supports many different eReaders.

In short, regarding your final question ("Is it correct that the Kindle reader the only eInk device that would give Ubuntu users access to commercial ebooks?"), the answer is no.


How can I remove Cairo Dock from my desktop after having uninstalled it? I have uninstalled Cairo Dock and now that I have done this, it is still attached to my desktop.

Every time I reboot the computer and sign in, a warning shows up on my desktop regarding my installation. I would like to get rid of it all together but I am not sure how.

It seems as though all is uninstalled except the toolbar. How can I fix this?

Try this command :

sudo apt-get purge cairo-dock cairo-dock-plug-ins && sudo apt-get autoremove

This will delete every package name start with word cairo:

sudo apt-get remove --purge cairo*


Black display after wake from suspend via closing the lid I have bought a new HP 15-G002AX notebook recently, with

Processor: AMD A8-6410 APU with AMD Radeon R5 Graphics × 4
Graphics: Gallium 0.4 on llvmpipe (LLVM 3.4, 128 bits)

I am using Ubuntu 14.04 on my system dual-booted along with Windows 8.1
When I try to suspend the laptop using the lid, and try to resume back, it just shows a black screen and I have no other option left, have to shut it down with brute force (pressing the power key for long).
Why am I seeing this error? Is it due to my Graphics or anything else.
I have searched a lot on different forums, but I'm not able to find a pre ise solution to this. I want to be able to put it on sleep and wake up easily :)
Any help will be greatly appreciated. Thanks :)

i changed my video driver to solve this problem.

System Settings-> Software & Updates -> Additional Drivers.

I was using the X.Org X server Video driver for "AMD/ATI display".
I switched to the AMD graphics accelrators from fglrx-updates.

my video card is Radeon HD 6480G(Asus laptop)

I posted this answer elswhere it worked for me and may help you as well.

I am using a dell d430 with ubuntu 14.04. I was having this problem as well. After some tinkering I found a simple solution for the Dell computer and there should be a similar solution with other laptops as well. When I get the black screen after suspend I use the special function key (the key with the Blue Fn on it) and the f7 on the dell this has a blue picture of a monitor on it. press and hold the fn key and hit the monitor key (f7 in the case of the Dell) and the screen comes back on. No need to edit scripts or anything else. Hope this helps.


GTK vertical spacing too condensed I installed gnome-shell - for who knows what reason - on Natty, from gnome3 launchpad PPA:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade
sudo apt-get install gnome-shell
sudo apt-get install gnome-session

After I realized I made mistake:

ppa-purge ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3
sudo apt-get update

and reverted system to previous state. Everything seems fine except one problem - vertical spacing on some gtk elements. I had screenshot taken week ago and made new one for comparison (left window is good and right is bad):

http://i.stack.imgur.com/hDVLh.png

Screenshot is from scite editor, but it's same in other editors, in Eclipse, in Nautilus side pane... Everything is condensed and in some cases (Firefox 10 dropdown addressbar history) bottom part of font is missing because of this issue.

Changing theme doesn't help, so it's not some gtkrc issue. If I use spartan non GTK+ theme there is not issue, in case it matters

Can I do something to solve this issue?

Update 1:

I launched Guest Session, and there were no issues, so problem is in my own profile.
I deleted ~/.compiz folder, but nothing changed after relogin

Following the link provided by Amith, I did:

gconftool --shutdown
killall -r -I -9 dconf
killall -r -I -9 gconf
mv gconf-backup .gconf
mv config-dconf .config/dconf
sudo reboot

Still nothing :(

What else could it be?

Update 2:

I managed to make Nautilus side pane as before, by hand crafting current theme's gtkrc file:

GtkTreeView::vertical_separator = 2

Now if someone could only provide tip how to set vertical separator for editors gtk widgets (whatever they are called). I could not find any reference

Also I found out that root user doesn't have this problem, as can be seen from this screen-shot:

http://i.stack.imgur.com/qcAob.png

In case someone gets other idea ;)

It wasn't gnome-shell problem. Same day I also tried to browse font pack with Font Manager by adding folder to Font Manager without knowing that these fonts would be installed. It was 1GB font pack provided by Google, with various quality which made this problem

After removing this font folder everything back to normal. What a nightmare!

Try resetting the gnome settings

Open up a terminal and run

tar czvf gnome-backup.tar.gz .gnome .gnome2 .gconf .gconfd .metacity

And then run:

rm .gnome .gnome2 .gconf .gconfd .metacity

This will reverse the gnome settings

Incase something goes wrong, use this command to fix it

tar -zxvf gnome-backup.tar.gz

Source: https://askubuntu.com/a/100175/17722


Since automatic update on ubuntu 13.04, problem loading NVIDIA kernel module Since an automatic update which add X server (Xorg), problem on loading NVIDIA kernel module appears. Before Xorg doesn't appear in current process, that's why conclude that Xorg had been added.

Here is the /var∕log/Xorg.0.log :

[  4931.982]    Module class: X.Org Video Driver
[  4931.986] (EE) NVIDIA: Failed to load the NVIDIA kernel module. Please check your
[  4931.986] (EE) NVIDIA:     system's kernel log for additional error messages.

[  4932.785] (EE) Failed to initialize GLX extension (Compatible NVIDIA X driver not found)

Here is my graphic card:

$ lspci| grep VGA

01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: NVIDIA Corporation GT216M [GeForce GT 320M] (rev a2)

dmesg:
whole file here

...
[   20.883670] ppdev: user-space parallel port driver
[   21.190115] init: nvidia-persistenced main process (1257) terminated with status 1
[   22.037723] r8169 0000:03:00.0 eth0: link down
[   22.037777] IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): eth0: link is not ready
[   22.038057] IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): eth0: link is not ready
[   23.797388] Bridge firewalling registered
[   24.159079] ip_tables: (C) 2000-2006 Netfilter Core Team
[   24.372053] nf_conntrack version 0.5.0 (16384 buckets, 65536 max)
[   24.583618] IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): virbr0: link is not ready
[   25.197600] Ebtables v2.0 registered
[   25.252503] ip6_tables: (C) 2000-2006 Netfilter Core Team
[   25.271254] cgroup: libvirtd (1470) created nested cgroup for controller "memory" which has incomplete hierarchy support. Nested cgroups may change behavior in the future.
[   25.271263] cgroup: "memory" requires setting use_hierarchy to 1 on the root.
[   25.271301] cgroup: libvirtd (1470) created nested cgroup for controller "devices" which has incomplete hierarchy support. Nested cgroups may change behavior in the future.
[   25.271349] cgroup: libvirtd (1470) created nested cgroup for controller "blkio" which has incomplete hierarchy support. Nested cgroups may change behavior in the future.
[   77.508828] vesafb: mode is 640x480x32, linelength=2560, pages=0
[   77.508836] vesafb: scrolling: redraw
[   77.508840] vesafb: Truecolor: size=8:8:8:8, shift=24:16:8:0
[   77.513310] vesafb: framebuffer at 0xd1000000, mapped to 0xffffc90010d80000, using 1216k, total 1216k
[   77.513465] Console: switching to colour frame buffer device 80x30
[   77.514707] fb0: VESA VGA frame buffer device

[  167.689216] net_ratelimit: 14 callbacks suppressed
[  167.689267] ERROR @wl_cfg80211_get_station : Could not get rate (-1)
[  167.689333] ERROR @wl_cfg80211_get_station : Could not get rssi (-1)
[  167.689436] ERROR @wl_cfg80211_get_station : Could not get rate (-1)
[  167.690565] ERROR @wl_cfg80211_get_station : Could not get rssi (-1)
[  168.492108] cfg80211: Calling CRDA to update world regulatory domain
[  168.496662] cfg80211: World regulatory domain updated:
[  168.497392] cfg80211:   (start_freq - end_freq @ bandwidth), (max_antenna_gain, max_eirp)
[  168.498869] cfg80211:   (2402000 KHz - 2472000 KHz @ 40000 KHz), (300 mBi, 2000 mBm)

Is it possible to solve this issue?

Thanks

I finally found the issue. For developpement purpose I had to link gcc into gcc-4.4.
So to resolve my issue I had to link gcc to my latest: gcc-4.7.
Next basic procedure to reinstall driver works.

I faced similar problem after an upgrade  to 13.04 it was all good until 12.10 version.
I did the following

#uninstall the nvidia current driver.**
sudo apt-get remove nvidia-current

#use bumblebee
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:bumblebee/stable
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install bumblebee

More details can be found here

HIH


Bash If Statment help I have this if statment:

if $type = 1 then
 date +%s | md5 | base 64 | head -c $length >> $name.txt
        elseif $type = 2 then
        date +%s | shasum | base 64 | head -c $length >> $name.txt
                elseif $type = 3 then
                openssl rand -base64 $length  >> $name.txt
fi

and i keep getting the error:

./password: line 32: syntax error near unexpected token `fi'
./password: line 32: `fi'

it is probably me doing something silly but i can not work out where i am wrong!

Thanks in advance!!

Always organize your code and use -eq whenever performing conditions with integers

if [ $type -eq 1 ]
        then
     date +%s | md5 | base 64 | head -c $length >> $name.txt

   elif [ $type -eq 2 ]
       then
           date +%s | shasum | base 64 | head -c $length >> $name.txt

   elif [ $type -eq 3 ]
     then
         openssl rand -base64 $length >> $name.txt

fi


What antivirus programs are available? What antivirus programs are available for Ubuntu?

We previously used Symantec Endpoint Protection but it does not work in Ubuntu.

As an alternative to proprietary antivirus solutions like Symantec AntiVirus (non-free payware) and Avast AntiVirus (non-free freeware), you might consider ClamAV, which is free open source software. You can get it in Ubuntu by installing the clamav package. If you want a GUI for it, you can install clamtk. You can install packages in the Software Center or using apt-get from the command line as others have suggested (as well as other methods).

You can also get F-Prot for Linux, it is free to use for home users. Unfortunately it does not come with a GUI.

You can find out more here: Product Overview - F-PROT Antivirus Products

and download it from here: F-PROT Antivirus for Linux - home use - F-PROT Antivirus Downloads

The install is quite straight forward, as it comes with an install script.
It is recommended that you use the folder /usr/local/f-prot/ for the installation.

Open a terminal and extract the downloaded archive with this command:

tar -zxvf /path/to/fp-Linux.x86.32-ws.tar.gz

and then run the install script inside the folder you extracted it to:

/path/to/install-f-prot.pl


Why are all button and menu icons gone? Using Ubuntu 20.04 I found that - opposed to some other distributions - none of the menu icons or buttons icons are shown.
Is this another "tweak" of the Gnome team?
There has been a discussion here, it seems that people who can't read very well are getting a hard time.
Example:
Non Ubuntu distro:

Ubuntu:
-I was not able to take a screenshot with a pulled down menu on Ubuntu - I've used a tool from the guest system:

My questions are - and I could not find an answer in this forum:

Is it true, that you can't set any icons for menus and buttons anymore?
What is the reason behind this?

I've tried to set "menu_have_icons" in dconf to no avail, same with the buttons.
Is there any way to enable that feature for disabled persons?
This possible duplicate does not work, since it is the CLI interface for dconf, which I used in vain to enable the icons
Update
Just found out that Ubuntu derived "Linux Mint 20" has the scheme "org.cinnamon.desktop.interface/menu_have_icons" that seems to work. The same applies to the buttons...
It boils down to this:
Some users are aware of this problem or that problem and some aren't.
Gimp is disabled as well
(Continuing to select voices that think this approach is ... strange)

So I finally found out:
Since GTK-3.10 the gsettings scheme org.gnome.desktop.interface menus-have-icons is not valid any more.
Instead the following command can "reactivate" icons for menus and buttons:
gsettings set org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugins.xsettings overrides "{'Gtk/ButtonImages': <1>, 'Gtk/MenuImages': <1>}"

Looks like you disabled icons in menus. Type dconf reset -f / && reboot to fix it or use gnome-tweaks
CAUTION: The first command I mentioned resets EVERYTHING back to default values!


Why can not change the file /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward? $ sudo echo 1 >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
bash: /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward: Permission denied

then I try to get write privilege, also failed.

$ sudo chmod a+wx /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
chmod: changing permissions of `/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward': Operation not permitted

what is wrong?

You are trying to change the kernel values. Be sure of what you are doing.

Okay here is how you can change the value of ip_forward with root privilege (sudo -i)

First check the value of ip_forward using command: sysctl -a | grep ip_forward
Now using sysctl -w <parameter=value> you change the value of ip_forward:

sysctl -w ip_forward=1

Make these changes to reflect in kernel using: sysctl -p
Do the first step once again to check the values.

I recommend you to go through the man page of sysctl

Terminal:

sudo nano /proc/sys/net/ipv4 ip_forward

after change it, save with CTRL + O and exit with CTRL + X


What is Ubuntu's market share on the desktop? What is Ubuntu's market share on non-servers?

Since most users don't buy Ubuntu, it isn't traded, and if there is no trade, there is no market, hence no market-share.

This might look nitpicking, but of course you don't have sales figures, if you don't sell it, so how should you count it? How do you handle parallel installations, which are quite common?

Nobody counts the number of installations in a reliable way, So it is hard to estimate.

We don't know for sure. Microsoft says <1 % but I think its somewhere between 2% to 3%.


Can't install LAMP and can't run tasksel I can't get LAMP installed and I can't get TASKSEL to run. This is really becoming a drag now.

my input for installing LAMP: sudo apt-get install lamp-server
output:

The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 apache2 : Conflicts: apache2.2-common but 2.2.22-6ubuntu5 is to be installed
 apache2-bin : Conflicts: apache2.2-common but 2.2.22-6ubuntu5 is to be installed
 apache2-data : Conflicts: apache2.2-common but 2.2.22-6ubuntu5 is to be installed
 apache2.2-common : Depends: apache2.2-bin (= 2.2.22-6ubuntu5) but it is not going to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.
my input for running tasksel: sudo tasksel
next the interface (the familiar text based ui) starts and after selecting the progress bar starts. But then unexpected it breaks of (drops out of the ui)
with this message:
tasksel: aptitude failed (100)

now I search a lot and tried them all: "uninstalling apache" (none installed), "try to find broken packages" (none), "purge", "remove", etc.

Anyone a clue? Or after all these years I'm still a noob who's better off using windows? (Hope not.)
I'm considering making a fresh ubuntu reinstall, but that too is a drag. Besides it will make me feel like an idiot even more than I do right now.   (well,   ;)   )

$ apt-cache policy apache2
apache2:
  Installed: (none)
  Candidate: 2.4.7-1ubuntu4.1
  Version table:
     2.4.7-1ubuntu4.1 0
        500 archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-updates/main amd64 Packages
        500 archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty-security/main amd64 Packages
     2.4.7-1ubuntu4 0
        500 archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu trusty/main amd64 Packages
     2.2.22-6ubuntu5 0
        500 old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu raring/main amd64 Packages

$ lsb_release -a LSB Version: core-2.0-amd64:core-2.0-noarch:core-3.0-amd64:core-3.0-noarch:core-3.1-amd64:core-3.1-noarch:core-3.2-amd64:core-3.2-noarch:core-4.0-amd64:core-4.0-noarch:core-4.1-amd64:core-4.1-noarch:security-4.0-amd64:security-4.0-noarch:security-4.1-amd64:security-4.1-noarch Distributor ID: Ubuntu Description: Ubuntu 14.04.1 LTS Release: 14.04 Codename: trusty –

I don't know if this will fix it, but at https://help.ubuntu.com/community/ApacheMySQLPHP they say you should use it with a caret (^), that worked for me:

sudo apt-get install lamp-server^

just run

apt-get update

and try again. Worked for me.


What video conferencing software is available? There 're somebody i want to talk with him in a video conference in Ubuntu, how can i do that?

Skype:

You can use Skype, which fully supports video conferencing and other useful features, such as screen sharing. http://www.skype.com/download

aMSN

Even when aMSN is able to perform video conferencing, recently it is a difficult task as there are several changes in the MSN services and the way that it handles video connections.

In aMSN is it that easy as having installed Farsight, which is automatically installed in the majority of the cases and if not you will have enough information and a guide in order to install it.

Anyway it may fail as I have said in my initial words.

Web Services

You may wish to give a chance to an online free video conference service, such as

Ubiqq http://ubiqq.com

Ubiqq uses a flash player based interface in order to gain access to both your webcam and microphone and allows the same in your contact's side.

A whole thread about how to make these online services to work is fully documented right here. Just in case that you can't make it work out of the box.

Good luck!

GoMeetNow (http://www.gomeetnow.com) offers reliable, quality multi-point video conferencing despite platforms. It is full-featured and cost-effective and also listed in TOP 5 this year by Publicare. FYR, http://www.webconferencing-test.com/en/webconferencing_top5/webconference_compact_results.html.


APT downloading without my consent I installed natty (11.04) and wanted to play a video.
Went through the process the cancelled because it was slow and files were relatively large unstable and it was late .(Internet very expensive for me).
I copied the links to download later.

i closed mplayer and went on surfing in Firefox. Surfing was not working properly. And i got an error using traceroute(something about a buffer).

In system monitor i noticed my connection was going at nearly its max speed (17KBps)

I checked netstat but i didn't show any thing that indicated which application was downloading.

Killed all open apps. Didn’t fix

I opened the software manager and it told me that another app was using apt. I didn’t find anyway to kill it so i had to restart.(My uptime is usually around a month)
Problem fixed on restart.

#

What is the root cause of this issue?

Is there any app that can tell me what application is downloading what? Sorta like system monitor on windows or some firewalls on windows

Any per process firewalls for Linux like the type I’m using on windows (Comodo); Doesn’t have to be open source.

As royalsampler suggested above use nethogs for Realtime network usage viewing through terminal . Install it using

sudo apt-get install nethogs

and run it

sudo nethogs

For example you can see as here

NetHogs version 0.8.0

  PID USER     PROGRAM                      DEV        SENT      RECEIVED
2652  user     /usr/lib/firefox/firefox     eth0       2.318      48.183 KB/sec

And for a GUI preferred interface use Firestarter , approximately 500 KB's download.

To completely block apt from working, you need to block it from starting.
Go to /usr/lib/apt, then open the methods folder as administrator.
Rename http to http.bak.
This will affect all applications that depend on apt.


How to uninstall a .deb package? Suppose I download a .deb package from a website and install it. (I assume that when I double click the .deb file, the package is installed through a GUI that interfaces with dpkg right?)

How can I uninstall it?

Manually installed packages appear in the Software Centre, along with all the others. Just search the software centre for your package and remove it there.

You may have to click on "Show N technical items"

Along with this, there are a few other methods:

Synaptic:

Go to System → Administration → Synaptic Package Manager
Click the Status button and select "Installed (local or obsolete)"
Right click a package and select "mark for removal".
Click the Apply button.

This will have the benefit of listing all of your manually installed packages:

Command Line

You can either use sudo apt-get remove packagename if you know the name of the package, or if you don't, search for it using apt-cache search crazy-app and then remove it using apt get
You can also use dpkg --remove packagename.

This will also let you know if there are any unneeded packages left on your system, which were possibly installed as dependencies of your .deb package. Use sudo apt-get autoremove to get rid of them.

obviously, You can use the remove and force flags:
sudo dpkg -r --force-all    'some_bad_package'

but in very many cases that won't help at all. Neither will it help in case of dpkg breakage to try any of the GUI tools like synaptic or even worse ones, since they all depend on dpkg . This is because dpkg is very opinionated on those often-occurring errors, leaving many users marooned. Here is an example where a .deb was sideloaded and Ubuntu does not offer a GUI way nor CLI way to solve the problem:

LANG=en sudo   dpkg --purge    'brmfc7440nlpr:i386'

dpkg: error processing package brmfc7440nlpr:i386 (--purge):
package is in a very bad inconsistent state; you should
reinstall it before attempting a removal
Errors were encountered while processing: brmfc7440nlpr:i386

And yes, the lead to "reinstall it before attempting..." is of course utterly futile and redundant, since it just runs into the same error with another flavour.
And yes, adding  " --force-all " just is as futile as without, obviously.
This already will lead many users to reinstall Ubuntu in hopes of betterment, taking many, many hours of extra work. The package from the real-world example above is a laserprinter (lpr) driver for a brother MFC model 7440N.


Change eCryptFS mount options (remove nosuid)? Is there a way to modify the mount options for an encrypted home partition on Ubuntu, specifically to remove the nosuid option?

Relatedly, is removing nosuid likely to cause any difficulties mounting the encrypted home?

Adding more details because the original question was ambiguous.

I'm trying to build a project that requires it not be on a drive mounted with the nosuid mount option. Recently, after the update to Trusty, it started complaining about nosuid.

I checked fstab, but didn't see the option in use:

$ cat /etc/fstab

# <file system> <mount point>   <type>  <options>       <dump>  <pass>
proc            /proc           proc    nodev,noexec,nosuid 0       0
...
UUID=<snip> /               ext4    errors=remount-ro 0       1
...

So I checked /proc/mounts, and it looks like my home folder is a VFS mount used by eCryptFS because my home is encrypted:

$ cat /proc/mounts

...
/home/cdot/.Private /home/cdot ecryptfs rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,ecryptfs_fnek_sig=<snip>,ecryptfs_sig=<snip>,ecryptfs_cipher=aes,ecryptfs_key_bytes=16,ecryptfs_unlink_sigs 0 0 gvfsd-fuse /run/user/1001/gvfs fuse.gvfsd-fuse rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=1001,group_id=1001 0 0
...

But so far I can't find where the mount options eCryptFS is using were set, or how to change them. So that brings me back to the original questions: Where can I set this, and (bonus) is the nosuid option just precautionary or will removing it break eCryptFS?

Thanks in advance for any details.

I ran in to this problem building LinuxCNC to run on Ubuntu 18.04; the LinuxCNC code uses setuid root binaries to talk to the PREEMPT RT kernel extensions and specifically disallows execution as root. I built the code in my ecryptfs home directory and the LinuxCNC code did not have a useful error message but I eventually tracked it down to the 'nosuid' mount option ecryptfs adds.

My (temporary) workaround is to perform a run-time modification of the mount. This will not persist across reboots but has allowed me to test the application and it may be useful to others.

sudo mount -i -o remount,suid $HOME

Other than the security implications I do not expect the operation of the ecryptfs filesystem will be impacted.

You can modify the mount point in /etc/fstab. Ensure that whichever mount point you choose exists and has appropriate permissions.


How to run an alias in a shell script? I have an executable file mpiexec, whose full path is ~/petsc-3.2-p6/petsc-arch/bin/mpiexec.  Since I want to execute this command in different directories (without having to retype the entire path), I setup an alias in my home .bashrc file:

alias petsc="~/petsc-3.2-p6/petsc-arch/bin/mpiexec"

which allows me to execute this mpiexec file at the command prompt easily by typing:

petsc myexecutable

I tried to write a shell script file, named script, using my new alias petsc as a command.  After giving my shell script the appropriate permissions (using chmod), I tried to run the script.  However, it gave me the following error:

./script: line 1: petsc: command not found

I know that I could just write the full path to the mpiexec file, but it is cumbersome to write the full path everytime that I want to write a new script.  Is there a way that I can use my alias petsc inside the script file?  Is there a way I can edit my .bashrc or .bash_profile to make this happen?

Some options:

In your shell script use the full path rather then an alias.
In your shell script, set a variable, different syntax

petsc='/home/your_user/petsc-3.2-p6/petsc-arch/bin/mpiexec'

$petsc myexecutable

Use a function in your script. Probably better if petsc is complex

function petsc () {
    command 1
    command 2
}

petsc myexecutable

Source your aliases

shopt -s expand_aliases
source /home/your_user/.bashrc

You probably do not want to source your .bashrc, so IMO one of the first 3 would be better.

Please use #!/usr/bin/env sh instead of #!/usr/bin/env bash, then it works.
sample:
my.sh
#!/usr/bin/env sh

alias k="kubectl --kubeconfig ~/shop/config"
k version

./my.sh

If you have to use #!/usr/bin/env bash, then execute the script as the following way:
sh my.sh


Trouble loading Ubuntu 18.04.2 on new SSD I successfully installed to a new SDD via a USB installer, but grub install failed every time I tried, and I had to install it manually. I managed to figure out that the linux "/" dir was at /dev/sdc2 and configure my BIOS to use the right hard drive on boot, but it always puts me in the GRUB command line on startup. I have to type:

set root=(hd0,gpt2)
linux /vmlinuz root=/dev/sdc2 ro
initrd /initrd.img
boot

Then my Ubuntu 18.04.2 LTS installation boots properly. What do I need to do so that GRUB gives me a menu of kernel version options--or even better, just starts up?

Please use Boot-Repair, it will definitely solve the issue.
This will reinstall GRUB and add all other OS on the disk.


Unlock keyring with fingerprint reader on login I recently bought a Lenovo Thinkpad Edge E420s, which comes with a fingerprint reader. I have installed the fingerprint-gui and libbsapi to get it fully working (make: UPEK).

Is there a way to unlock the keyring on login using the fingerprint reader?

Apparently you can get it working by setting a blank password when using Thinkfinger, but that's not an option for me.

Running lsusb in the terminal returns
Bus 001 Device 003: ID 147e:1002 Upek

The whole pourpose of the keyring is to store your passwords and data on your storage device. To do that securely, they must be encrypted with something you know (your password). To unlock the keyring, you must provide the password so that gnome-keyring can decrypt the stored passwords. Your fingerprint can not be used as a password because it is not always the same. Fingerprint readers apply some fuzzy logic to tell if the stored fingerprint matches the read fingerprint and tell yes or no. That's why it can be used for authentication, but not for decryption of stored passwords (unless you have a blank password or would accept storing your master password unencrypted)
The only way it could work is if the fingerprint device could store your master password on a chip in plaintext that could only be read if the fingerprint matches. And that's assuming that reading the internal memory/registers of a chip is much much harder than reading your local storage.
I really don't know how it is done under windows, and I hope it is not security through obscurity. But if they're not using hardware to do this, they're simply using some obscure (but insecure) method to store your passwords.

According to this post from Ubuntu Forums, there is no way to do this.


how to find out the apache version installed in ubuntu? how to find out the Apache server version installed in Ubuntu 14.04?

Open the terminal and type:

apache2 -v

-v  Print the version of apache2, and then exit.

if you have PHP installed with you apache2, you can find it in $_SERVER variable or with phpinfo() function:

<?php
var_dump($_SERVER);
phpinfo();

returns (on my computer):

'SERVER_SIGNATURE' => string '<address>Apache/2.4.29 (Ubuntu) Server …</address>
'SERVER_SOFTWARE' => string 'Apache/2.4.29 (Ubuntu)'

# and in phpinfo arrays:
apache2handler
Apache Version  Apache/2.4.29 (Ubuntu)


Can't restore backup: Failed with an unknown error I had backed up a directory of information on my old tower.  Stupidly, I did not check the restore before wiping the disk and reinstalling Ubuntu (18.04 current version)

I have a backup 32GB USB stick and the backup is in /foo

The backup utility,with the required library was instructed to restore from the backup location 32GB (name of the stick and the directory /foo

Which gets the message, "Failed with an unknown error." Then the diagnostic messages:

**Traceback (innermost last):
  File "/usr/bin/duplicity", line 1555, in <module>
    with_tempdir(main)
  File "/usr/bin/duplicity", line 1541, in with_tempdir
    fn()
  File "/usr/bin/duplicity", line 1393, in main
    do_backup(action)
  File "/usr/bin/duplicity", line 1419, in do_backup
    action).set_values()
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/duplicity/collections.py", line 710, in set_values
    self.get_backup_chains(partials + backend_filename_list)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/duplicity/collections.py", line 836, in get_backup_chains
    add_to_sets(f)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/duplicity/collections.py", line 824, in add_to_sets
    if set.add_filename(filename):
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/duplicity/collections.py", line 105, in add_filename
    (self.volume_name_dict, filename)
 AssertionError: ({1: 'duplicity-inc.20190319T194123Z.to.20190329T203413Z.vol1.difftar.gz'}, 'duplicity-inc.20190319T194123Z.to.20190329T203413Z.vol1.difftar')**

Any help would be greatly appreciated.  TIA

Could be something like this: https://bugs.launchpad.net/duplicity/+bug/1566372

Before doing anything, you may want to ask there https://launchpad.net/duplicity or search there for completely identical problem. Its difficult to say if a slight difference in the problem could be same or not.

There's risk involved as its your backup so if you do something to it then there's potential for it to completely fail. You can try to backup the backup files first in the event messing with them makes things worse and maybe that will still work when you copy the files back but I don't know.


Do I really have to HOLD the super key in Unity 2d? I am switching to 2d and it's looking good.  But it seems like I can't do my usual Super+... combinations.  For example, Super+F doesn't do anything.

It's running much faster and I'm really pleased with that.  There are a couple of things that don't seem to work so well, however.  If I want to switch between running applications (e.g. Super+2) nothing happens - it just opens the dash!  It seems I have to hold super down for half a second before I press 2.

I don't mean to be picky, but half a second delays adds up to quite a lot in a full day's working.  Is there any way to get this instant like in 3d?

If you have installed compizconfig-settings-manager (Type in the terminal sudo apt-get install compizconfig-settings-manager to install it), then type into the search filter Unity, and click on the Ubuntu Unity Plugin.

Where it says "Key to show the launcher", you can change that key from Super to Super+, thus reserving the Super key for other application usage.


Cannot update nodejs to newer version Trying to install a newer version of nodejs but the same version keeps installing for some reason. Here's my flow:

sudo apt-get purge nodejs*
curl -sL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_7.x | sudo -E bash -
sudo apt-get install -y nodejs

After v0.10.25 is still installed, can someone please point me in the right direction?

I was able to install the newest version of node through node package manager (npm).

When you do that command you also install NODEJS Legacy which is the older version.

apt search nodejs
apt-get install nodejs

You'll get a list of NodeJS packages with a short description and the newer Node package.


unable to mount blank-dvdr disk I have inserted a blank disk into my dvd-rw but in ubuntu its showing an error that unable to mount the place is already mounted?

gnome-fallback-mount-helper I do not have this in my list of startup applications.

I'd like to know how I can get rid of this notification as well. It serves no purpose to tell me that it failed to mount it twice, because it is already mounted once. I'm not sure what that even means??? The popup is intrusive, and disrupts my activity, especially if I have to swap many blanks. At the very most, this notification should be in the corner like a notify-send message.

VENKI,

I disable gnome-fallback-mount-helper in startup applications and the error message don't appear anymore and now I can burn CD/DVD with Brasero normaly.


Changing default domain in mailutils I have installed mailutils on Ubuntu 12.10 and I have run into a problem where the domain being attached is the fully qualified host and not just the domain.  For example,

mail user2 [enter] then enter message and send produces a from address of user1@host.domain.com

I want the from address to be just user1@domain.com.  I did not have this problem in 12.04, it only started when I upgraded to 12.10.  Is there a system config file somewhere that would allow me to only set the domain.com as being added to the username when sending mail and not the full host name?

Thanks,
Tim

To use a local domain other than the hostname in Mailutils:

Create a file /etc/mailutils.conf with the following contents:

address {
  email-domain somedomain.com;
};

You can see what else can be configured in mailutils.conf with:

$ mail --config-help

You can do this by changing the hostname, or using the -F option of the mail command.

See also https://stackoverflow.com/questions/54725/change-the-from-address-in-unix-mail


Command to quit[cleanly] GUI applications from a tty? While running alpha/beta Ubuntu, I have often had problems where X freezes and I would have to restart X.

During this freeze, I'm able to switch to a tty and shutdown the programs. I either use top and kill the running apps[evolution/firefox/etc,..], or use killall commands.

But when I use those kill commands, the application shuts-down abruptly and when opening in the next session it 'recovers'. ex: Firefox needs to restore all the web-pages I was viewing, so if I had 20-30 tabs open it will literally freeze for a few mins. evolution would not have deleted messages in trash, etc..

Is there a command I can use to shutdown applications cleanly from a tty?
[apps that i use regularly are firefox,evolution,transmission,xchat]

The standard way to notify a POSIX application to close, while still having a grace period to do cleanup is to send it the SIGTERM (wikipedia link) signal. The SIGKILL (wikipedia link) signal, on the other hand, kills the application without even giving it a chance to tidy up.

However… both of your actions - calling top (by the way I would recommend that you switch to use htop instead of top) or killall - send the SIGTERM signal by default.

And I have just tested firing Firefox up - and trying it both with SIGKILL and SIGTERM. With SIGTERM, when I took Firefox again, I did not get any error or "restoration" message. With SIGKILL, I got the it's embarrassing screen.

So, the reason is simple: The instance of X for these apps is frozen. All these GUI applications operate under the premise that their instance of X is functioning properly. They probably cannot even try anything if X is frozen.

The way to solve your problem is to determine why X is freezing, and prevent that from happening.

Edit: Ah, sorry -  just saw that you talk about using the Ubuntu alpha/beta when X freezes. In which case… I would say it is part of the excitement of running an alpha/beta. Try to understand why it freezes, write/add to a bug report. In order to speed Firefox's startup in these, simply tell it to not reload the same tabs when it reopens. (You can still find these tabs in history). For the other applications, their cleanup actions are rather trivial - it should not cost you much that they didn't happen.

hello i guess to reboot your machine nicely just hold the right ALT+sysReq then type REUISB and it will reboot those letters has a meaning but im not sue but you can search for it i hop it will help

peace out


Why some packages in xenial have a higher version number than yakkety Why Some packages in Xenial have higher version number than on Yakkety.

for example mariadb version 10.0.27 on xenial, but version 10.0.25 in Yakkety. Even the 4.8 kernel has a higher version in xenial.

This is actually an issue, because many of the xenial package where not upgraded when upgrading 16.04 to 16.10. Because of that I had some inconsistencies.

I have 4.4% packages that are no longer downloadable, many are because the version in xenial is higher than Yakkety.

Since .deb files are version specific, it is probably because the developer hasn't compiled their code for your version of Ubuntu. It will probably be updated soon if it's a popular repository.
Good Luck!
- The Exp3rt


How can I see what ports are open on my machine? I would like to see what ports are open on my machine, e.g. what ports my machine is listening on. E.g. port 80 if I have installed a web server, and so on.

Is there any command for this?

I've always used this:
sudo netstat -ntlp

If the netstat command is not available, install it with:
sudo apt install net-tools

assuming u wanna check port 3000:
netstat -na | grep 3000


How to retain LCD brightness after reboot I frequently test different linux Distros and recently found a 'feature' that I would like to know how to turn on in Ubuntu. In my testing of Fedora 20 I noticed that it retained the LCD brightness settings on my laptop after a reboot. Ubuntu 13.10 nor 14.04 does this.

The laptop in question is a Lenovo T530. Does anyone know why/how Fedora (Gnome 3.10) does this? Can it be replicated in Ubuntu?

I don't know how this is done in Fedora, but to do this in Ubuntu:

First know the output name

xrandr -q

for example my output name is DVI-I-2

The brightness can be changed like this:

xrandr --output DVI-I-2 --brightness 1

Now add this command to your startup programs or to the /etc/rc.local file.


How to install glibc-devel in ubuntu-12.04? Possible Duplicate:
  How do I get the libc development libraries for Ubuntu 12.04?

When I run the following command:

sudo apt-get install glibc-devel

I get the following error:

E: Unable to locate package glibc-devel

How do I resolve this issue ?

Possible duplicate of How do I get the libc  development libraries?

Run the command from the terminal sudo apt-get install build-essential

The build package should also install the libc6-devel package for you as a dependency.

seems that the package is not in the LTS repository packages.


Newly installed application is not found until log-out I'm running a Ubuntu 16.04 machine and I noticed that whenever I install a new package (from command-line, I didn't try the Software center) I cannot find it, if I look for it by  hitting Super. The package is installed fine, because I can call it by its name in the Terminal and there's the respective .desktop file in /usr/share/applications. However if I log out and log in again, I can find the application via Super.

Is this normal behavior?

I already had this issue since 15.10 and its the same in 16.04 now.

Its very similar to a problem stated here where it was  zeitgeist related. Reinstantiating the zeitgeist db seemed to help. I did not try it though.


extend mounted Ubuntu drive with unallocated space I have installed two operating systems i.e. WINDOWS 10 and UBUNTU 16.04.

Windows 10 C: drive (shows /dev/sda5 in GParted) is 130GB whereas accidentally, Ubuntu 16.04 drive (shows /dev/sda2 in GParted under extended which is mounted) is 9.59GB and giving me no free space available which is a headache for me.

I have freed 90.66GB from Windows 10 drive (it had became 130GB) and I make it unallocated. Now, I wanted to MERGE it with Ubuntu drive but Ubuntu drive is mounted and the unallocated space tends to merge in C: drive instead of the Ubuntu drive.

Note: I have tried every possible solution but all in vain. I have tried using GParted in Ubuntu and Disk Management and Easeus Partition Master in Windows 10. In GParted, I can create standalone drive and also can merge in the C: drive but cannot merge in Ubuntu drive. Same happens for the Windows 10 softwares.

You first need to grow the extended partition before it can be added to ubuntu.
Because ubuntu in in the Extended partition it can only use space inside the partition.

Also it is safest to manipulate partitions when unmounted, so booting a LiveCD to do the operations is advisable.

Boot from a LiveCD. add the free space to the extended partition.
Then add the free space inside the extended partition to  the ubuntu partition.

A second option which does not require resizing partitions is to make a partition from the free space that you mount as your home directory.
You current ubuntu partition is about 10GB. This is the amount usually given for root.

To move your /home directory:
First make a partition from the free space using gparted, and record the UUID.
mount the drive to /media, then copy the the contents of home to the new partition.
 rsync -a /home /media/(uuid of partition)
verify the copy succeed.
Rename /home ( it can be deleted later when everything is known to be working)
mv /home /homebackup

add this line to /etc/fstab
UUID=(uuid of partition) /home ext4 defaults 0 2


SSH connection from local machine to a remote one failing I'm trying to connect to my remote machine from my local machine using SSH. I have done the following steps:

I opened the terminal on my local machine (ubuntu 20.04 LTS) and typed ssh-keygen -b 4096 (path: ~)
I pressed enter for every step until the key was generated (no passphrase)
There was then a .ssh file created. I then did cd .ssh/
By typing the ls -la command my private and public keys were displayed. I then do cat id_rsa.pub and copy the public key to my clipboard
I move to my virtual machine which is supposed to have a role as a remote one (Kali)
I open my terminal and do mkdir .ssh (path: ~) and then cd .ssh/
I then do nano authorized_keys and paste the public key which I had previously copied to the clipboard into it, save the file, and exit.
I then go back to my original (local) machine, change directory to home (~), and type ssh [my_remote_hostname]

But this is what I get in the terminal as result: ssh: Could not resolve hostname kali: Temporary failure in name resolution
What have I missed? What am I doing wrong?

If you want to ssh to a machine using the remote hostname you need to define the IP address of the remote hostname in your config file in the .ssh directory.

vi ~/.ssh/config

Host [hostname]
    HostName [ip_address]
    PreferredAuthentications publickey
    IdentityFile [path_to_ssh_key]
    User [username]
    Port [port]
    AddKeysToAgent yes
    ForwardAgent yes

The HostName, PreferredAuthentcations and IdentityFile are obligated if you want to ssh to a machine using a ssh key. The User, Port, AddKeysToAgent and ForwardAgent are not required.

to connect remote server you first need to install open ssh server.

use sudo apt-get openssh-server to install the openssh-server on your remote server.

now you need to change the configuration of your openssh-server.

the file name is sshd_config and its located in /etc/ssh/sshd_config.
root permissions are needed to access this directory

now you need to allow user and password connection (to connect on the first time to the remote machine).

on the sshd_config find #PasswordAuthentication  change it to PasswordAuthentication yes careful after creating a key to connect the remote host it is recommended to unable this option because encrypted key is safer then login password.
you can use existing user or create a new one.
the login command from your host to the remote machine is ssh existuser@ip.
the ssh server will ask for password, the password is the user password.
if you want to change the ssh port you can do i by deleting the # from #Port 22 on the sshd_config and write another port number that you want to use.

after accessing first time to your remote server you can use an encrypted key to connect the server.

run this command on your host computer ssh-keygen -t <encryption type>  - it will then generate a private and a public-key, copy your public key to the authorized_keys file on the ssh server.

you can copy the public key manual or with ssh-copy-id command by this syntax ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/<keyname> user@hostip
after adding your public key to the authorized_keys file witch have to be located in the remote ssh server on this path /<user-home-folder>/.ssh/authorized_keys.
now you have to enable the option to connect with authorizedkey on the sshd_config change the #PubkeyAuthentication yes to PubkeyAuthentication yes (just delete the # sine).
now you can try to connect the server with your generated private key, after you check that is working, you can remove the option to connect the server with password as a security step.

if you want to improve the security on your ssh server here are few links with more details:

https://blog.devolutions.net/2017/4/10-steps-to-secure-open-ssh
https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-unix-bsd-openssh-server-best-practices.html
https://devops.ionos.com/tutorials/secure-the-ssh-server-on-ubuntu/

it should work out, if you have any issues during this explain you can ask for more information in the comments and i will help you out.


How to remove a repository? Please let me know how to remove certain repositories in Ubuntu 11.04. I am getting the following errors while updating.

sudo apt-get update

Err http://ppa.launchpad.net natty/main Sources
  404  Not Found
Err http://ppa.launchpad.net natty/main i386 Packages
  404  Not Found
......

E: Some index files failed to download. They have been ignored, or old ones used instead.

Or from the terminal -

sudo add-apt-repository -r ppa:<ppa to remove>

Or, edit the /etc/apt/sources.list to find your ppa there, and remove from there manually (or automatically).

Or, remove the ppa file from /etc/apt/sources.list.d in newer versions of Ubuntu.

Using PPA Purge:
ppa-purge can remove a PPA and downgrade all the packages you've installed from that PPA to the newest version in your other repositories. This is the cleaner way of removing repos.
sudo apt-get install ppa-purge

via:WebUpd8
If you know the PPA address:
sudo ppa-purge ppa:<the PPA to purge>

Example:
sudo ppa-purge ppa:fcitx-team/nightly

If you don't know the PPA address:
You can also purge repositories that don't have the address in the correct format yet, by changing it. Change it from:
https://<ppa_host>/<ppa_owner>/<ppa_name>

to
sudo ppa-purge -s <ppa_host> ppa:<ppa_owner>/<ppa_name>

Example: If you want to remove WineHQ repo.
Find the correct file:
ls -al /etc/apt/sources.list.d/

Get the address from that file:
cat /etc/apt/sources.list.d/dl_winehq_org_wine_builds_ubuntu.list

Change the address from:
deb https://dl.winehq.org/wine-builds/ubuntu/ bionic main

to
sudo ppa-purge -s dl.winehq.org ppa:wine-builds/ubuntu

You can find a bit more info using man ppa-purge.
Via GUI:
Or you can go to Software Sources on the Ubuntu Software Center Edit menu, enter your password, go to the Other tab, look for the PPA you wan to remove, click remove and close, it will ask you to update the repos and done.


How to install Google Chrome on Ubuntu 14.04? I need to know how to install Google Chrome and how to use terminal on Ubuntu 14.04.

Go to https://www.google.com/intl/en-US/chrome/browser/

Click Download and a small window will pop up with some download options.

Select anyone option from first and second depending on your system.

Open the downloaded file. It will land you to Ubuntu Software Center

Click on Install.

On command line

sudo apt-get install google-chrome-stable


Warning image in Gparted Suddenly I have got a warning symbol (at /dev/sda2 partition) in my gparted display.

What does it mean? What's wrong with my HDD? Help me correct it.

Generally that symbol just means there was a problem accessing the data within the partition, either because of an unsupported filesystem or some other issue. Try right clicking on the partition and then clicking on "Information"

What you are seeing is just an indication that this partition does not yet contain a filesystem. Right clicking on the line that shows the exclamation point in a red circle will bring up a context menu that allows selection of a filesystem to format the partition with.


"connection unsuccessful" transfering a file via Bluetooth from Android phone When I try to send a file from my Samsung Galaxy Nexus phone to my Ubuntu 12.10 PC, I get a message on the phone reading "connection unsuccessful". What might be the cause of this?

The devices are paired and I can succesfully send files from the PC to the phone.

Search and find "Personal File Sharing" in the dash and activate both check boxes under "Receive Files over Bluetooth". This way you won't have to install blueman.

i config it through the dconf

make a search using ctrl+f and type in dialog box bluetooth
and enable the options that it list to you.

restart you PC and it work!!!

my laptop was with the same problem but it solve bluetooth problem!!!

i hope that solve you problem!!! Greetings!!!


how to install rpmrebuild-2.11-3.el7.noarch.rpm on ubuntu system I tried to install rpmrebuild using the below command :

rpm -ivh rpmrebuild-2.11-3.el7.noarch.rpm.

But fails with the below errors:
error:

Failed dependencies:
        /bin/bash is needed by rpmrebuild-2.11-3.el7.noarch
        /bin/sh is needed by rpmrebuild-2.11-3.el7.noarch
        rpm-build is needed by rpmrebuild-2.11-3.el7.noarch
        textutils is needed by rpmrebuild-2.11-3.el7.noarch

besides the question whether it is a good idea to install rpms on a debian-based os (like ubuntu); rpm does not manage dependencies; in the same way dpkg won't do that for you either. So you have two options:

search online and make sure you download the rpms that are needed (in this case bash*.rpm, rpm-build*.rpm, coreutils*.rpm and maybe others; then when installing you need to specify them all at once on the command line: rpm -ivh rpmrebuild-2.11-3.el7.noarch.rpm bash*.rpm rpm-build*.rpm
coreutils*.rpm
use a package manager; like zypper or yum which uses repositories where it looks for the required packages for you and installs them. Again; no idea how that's going to work out on ubuntu.

You might try the rpm option --nodeps; that should cause rpm to ignore missing dependencies.  You are then on the hook for installing them yourself.  /bin/bash and /bin/sh should already be in place (although on Ubuntu /bin/sh pointing to dash might cause problems).  If you've already got rpm installed then I think you can ignore rpm-build:

$ rpm-build
No command 'rpm-build' found, did you mean:
 Command 'rpmbuild' from package 'rpm' (universe)
rpm-build: command not found

No guess what textutils covers.  You might try grabbing that package from a centos repo, and unpacking it.  (Google how to do it but has something to do with cpio and a pipe.)  I suspect that those files might be part of your Ubnuntu install already.

Good luck but proceed with extreme caution.  As others have noted mixing rpms into an otherwise Ubuntu system may cause problems.


How to get desktop notification for new mails using mutt? I have switched my email client to mutt. Currently, I have a pull-workflow, meaning I have to check regularly if new mails have arrived. As email is a communication tool I barely use (or even avoid to use), I have a tendency to  not know about emails, which is bad.

This is why I would to get desktop notifications when new mails arrive matching a pattern. I also don't want to use a different mail client, like Thunderbird, I want to use mutt or maybe some other only for this purpose.

Is there a way I can configure mutt to run regularly and issue a desktop notification?

I know this is a 1-year old question, but aside from hacking a script to run mutt, you could just get some third-party app that checks your mail for you.

I use Mail Notification and I've been enjoying it, don't have to rely so much on my tablets informing me of mail.

One way to do this is to use offlineimap and then check the folders for new files (a new email in your inbox corresponds to a new file in the inbox folder). I would also highly recommend this if you do not check your email often because this way you can do everything very fast. The process is: download all your emails, and then process them fast (because they are already on your computer so mutt does not need to download everytime you open an email).

I recommend offlineimap + mutt-kz + notmuch. Your life will be so simple and happy.


If I want 8GB swap, am I supposed to select 8000MB or 8192MB when selecting size? When selecting the partition to use manually, you can enter the size of the partition. So my question is, if I want 8GB swap size for my 8GB ram (yes I know the FAQs about the size of the swap etc) , am I supposed to select 8000MB as in 1GB = 1000MB or 8192 as in 1GB = 1024MB?

TL;DR: It does not really matter.

RAM is universally measured in powers of 2. This is often written as GiB, so 8GiB is 8*1024=8192MiB RAM.

If you look at physical RAM chips they'll always come in powers of two, e.g. 1024MiB, 2048, 16384MiB etc.

Hard drives are typically measured in powers of ten, using SI prefixes, for instance, 80GB = 80*1000MB.

So 8GiB of RAM is 8192MiB of RAM. For swap, you typically want a swap space that is big enough to hold all of RAM for suspension, so 8192MiB would be the safe option. Note that it really doesn't matter, as Linux will almost never use 100% of RAM anyway; a lot will be used for caching and so on, which will not be saved when you hibernate.

It can matter very much, which size the swap-drive is.  My swap-drive is a partition shared by all ten (10) of my multi-booting Linux operating systems.  If the swap-drive is on the motherboard's spinning HDD, the sector-cluster is fixed by the physical sizes on the spinning disk.  If the swap-drive is on a flash-drive or SSD, the size is "electronic" rather than physical, so it matters much less if the size is exactly of factor of 512 bits.

Using "gparted" or similar, allows seeing the effects of choosing the wrong partition size. A strange unused partition appears if the wrong numbers are chosen.  Often changing his to upsize or down-size will make these strange left-over partitions disappear.

In Linux with 16 GB of DDR3 memory on m Dell notebook, the swap partition is never used by the Linux operating systems.  However, when running "live" Linux operating systems, it may be used or needed.

Swap partitions in Linux behave differently in Microsoft Windows.  My Dell notebook has also three (3) Windows-10 operating systems as well.  Even though the setting is zero swap partitions, Windows-10 always will demand a swap partition on the booting partition.  So I create a tiny, fixed size partition there.  The on-board SSD has a variable swap-file on it, to be shared by all Windows-10 operating systems.


PulseAudio Loopback Latency I am using pulseaudio loopback's to link together my system sounds and my microphone. The problem is that my system sounds have a delay of a second or even more sometimes. I have changed ticked simultaneous in paprefs but that has not fixed it. I am using this script to do so.

STREAM_MODULE=$(pactl load-module module-null-sink sink_name=StreamAudio sink_properties=device.description="StreamAudio")

pactl load-module module-loopback source=alsa_output.pci-0000_00_1b.0.analog-stereo.monitor sink=StreamAudio latency_msec=1 >> /dev/null
pactl load-module module-loopback source=alsa_input.usb-AKM_AK5370-00-AK5370.analog-mono sink=StreamAudio latency_msec=1 >> /dev/null

pactl load-module module-device-manager >> /dev/null

read -p "Loaded! Press enter to unload!"

pactl unload-module $STREAM_MODULE
pactl unload-module module-device-manager
pactl unload-module module-null-sink
pactl unload-module module-loopback

I have gone through pages of google, but nothing seems to fix it. Is there something obvious I am missing?

alsa_output.pci-0000_00_1b.0.analog-stereo.monitor are all my system sounds.

alsa_input.usb-AKM_AK5370-00-AK5370.analog-mono is my microphone

Here is an example where the delay becomes 3.4 seconds: http://screencloud.net/v/tNAQ while the other loopback has a lot less http://screencloud.net/v/suIF

From what I can tell, for some reason the buffer fills up. Any way I can flush it or something?

I have found a temporary way out, but this still confuses me. I have made a combined module, and after that I link every sound source I want to the combined one, which then routes to my system sounds and to the Streaming sink.

STREAM_MODULE=$(pactl load-module module-null-sink sink_name=StreamAudio sink_properties=device.description="StreamAudio")
COMBINE_MODULE=$(pactl load-module module-combine-sink sink_name=Combined sink_properties=device.description="Combined" slaves=StreamAudio,alsa_output.pci-0000_00_1b.0.analog-stereo)

pactl load-module module-loopback rate=44000 adjust_time=0 source=alsa_input.usb-AKM_AK5370-00-AK5370.analog-mono sink=StreamAudio latency_msec=1 >> /dev/null

pactl load-module module-device-manager >> /dev/null

read -p "Loaded! Press enter to unload!"

pactl unload-module $COMBINE_MODULE
pactl unload-module $STREAM_MODULE
pactl unload-module module-device-manager
pactl unload-module module-loopback

There is probably a way I can grep the results of pacmd list-clients and then clean out only valid sources, change their output to the combined sink, but that would take too long and complex to do.

Though now a new problem arises, and I even tested it by running the command through terminal. For some reason I can't change the output sink of Java. Here is what I tried and what it returned:

vilsol@skynet:~$ pacmd move-sink-input 6421 124
Welcome to PulseAudio! Use "help" for usage information.
>>> Moved failed.

I tried with others as well and they all worked. 6421 is the Java index, and 124 is the sink index.

Sometime ago I was able to loopback my guitar to the speakers without noticeable delay, so pulseaudio supports that, but I remember having trouble with delays less than 10ms. My suggestions are

to review the command parameters
use a bigger delay
test each loopback separately and
ask directly pulseaudio developers for instructions.


Dual monitor workspaces in Ubuntu 18.04 Dual monitor setup on Ubuntu 18.04; when I hit activities only the left monitor switches workspaces while the right monitor just keeps whatever is on its screen. Is there a way to make the workspace span both monitors so that when I switch from one workspace to another both monitors switch?

Had the same problem. Turned out it was super easy to fix.
Install the GNOME Tweaks app. Go to Workspaces and set Display handling to Workspaces span displays. Done!

I recommend to you to use the Multi Monitos Add-on extension, available in GNOME Extensions. It is pretty easy to use, and it also gives you the ability to add a panel in the second monitor.
To get up and running all the GNOME extensions config directly in your browser, you only need the following:

Install the gnome-shell-extensions package:
sudo apt install gnome-shell-extensions

Install the host connector:
sudo apt install chrome-gnome-shell

Install the GNOME Shell integration extension (Chrome) or add-on (Firefox).

Find and install the Multi Monitos Add-on extension.


Chromium wont start? I reinstalled chromium now it does not start at all.

I have Ubuntu 11.10 How do I check what is wrong?
Why is it so hard to post a question on here?  It keeps saying I have not met the formatting standards.

Reset Chromium settings
Issue this command in Terminal:

rm -r ~/.config/chromium


How to show Arabic properly in PDF files? I have some PDF files in Arabic, They work fine on windows. however not on Ubuntu 12.04. In System Settings ▸  Language support I did install Arabic. I also tried other PDF programs but I just get messed up letters.

Looking at your comment

  it says "cannot find or create the font 'SimplifiedArabic,Bold'..." any idea how to add that font or something ???

and Googling for Simplified Arabic shows up to you this page on Microsoft website from where you can easily reach (and purchase for 36€) the font family you are missing.

Unfortunately for you, the pdf file your are trying to look does not embed its fonts, so you need to have them properly installed on your system from other sources.

If you have the possibility maybe it can be a good idea to ask to the producer of the pdf to give you a version with embedded fonts.

Have you tried opening them in Adobe Reader:

sudo apt-get install acroread

or click this


USB drive will not let me copy/paste files, "permission denied" So today I plugged in my 31 GB USB flash drive and opened it up. I was in the process of creating a Windows bootable device, when I tried to copy the files from my computer to the USB. I got an error message telling me I do not have permissions to add files.

I added and removed partitions on the usb thousands of times
I formatted it a bazillion times

And it seems I am unable to do the simple task of copying and pasting files.

I have passwords for the systems. I own the computer.

Why can't I copy files?

Formated it to ext2, fat32 and nfts: no results, same nonsense

Do as said in this question last part like this:

New update:
I found solution by using gparted app by this instruction:
This has been reported as a bug. But you can try this work around and
see if it works. Install Gparted if you don't have it installed. If
its not, just press Ctrl+Alt+T on your keyboard to open Terminal. When
it opens, run the command(s) below:
sudo apt-get install gparted
Once installed, open the application, and before formatting, make sure
that you choose the right drive, and Unmount the disk by right
clicking on the partition, and choose Unmount, then you can use the
format To option, to format it to whatever type of file system you
wish. Once done click on the green check mark to apply the changes.

like this:

unfortunately i don't saved the result log file which could help to
understand what happened . ( but based of sudo journalctl | grep sdc
it seems that not unmounted correctly by removing form PC USB port
manually and ...


I have 120GB SSD and 930GB HDD. BIOS. Want to have Windows 7, Ubuntu, Manjaro I would love to install all three aforementioned OSes for (not so) obvious reasons.
1. Windows 7 for Visual Studio (C# + .NET); one day maybe Photoshop
2. Manjaro for every other dev project
3. Ubuntu for leisure like movies or reddit browsing
I know it may sound weird, but i need separate environments for relax and work. I have overwhelming difficulties with focusing on tasks.
I don't need Ubuntu to be SSD-ish fast. It'd be nice if it only booted rapidly. I'd also like to designate ~8GB of RAM for swap partition on both GNU/Linuxes.
I already have pen drives with Ubuntu 16.04 Unity and Manjaro 16.08 KDE prepared, as well as working Windows 7 CD with key.
Now I have few questions for you:
1) How should I divide space on both physical disks to use their capabilities according to my needs? How much space for both /s, /homes? Can Manjaro and Ubuntu share /boot and swap?
2) What is the best order I should take to have the least complications possible?
3) Where to install bootloader and from which installation disk?
If you could add little technical explanation regarding questions 2 and 3 I would greatly appreciate it. I'd love to enrich my "Linux systems" knowledge and still don't quite understand boot process and why it's so difficult to have few OSes bootable at the same time. Additionally, if you could recommend me BIOS alternative for rEFIned, I'd love to use it to improve booting visual experience :)
Thanks in advance!
Janek

I suggest that you might want to look into Type 1 Hypervisors if you want speed (aka Bare Metal Hypervisors) [I personally have not used this]

If you want to give up a bit of speed and go for convenience then look to Type 2 Hypervisors (aka Virtual Machines). This is great especially if you need two of them to run at the same time. You can make use of Shared Folders to transfer files.

Read more here: http://searchservervirtualization.techtarget.com/tip/Virtualization-hypervisor-comparison-Type-1-vs-Type-2-hypervisors

Edit: I might not have fully answered your question but I personally am not a big fan of dual booting.


Cron.hourly won't run Ok, So I've made my script, I dropped it in /etc/cron.hourly then I chmod 777 the file but it won't run (automatically). If I manually run it, it works fine. Do I need to do anything else?

Entries in cron.hourly are run by the run-parts mechanism (man run-parts for more info).  And run-parts is choosy about what filenames it considers valid.

For example, giving your script an extension will make it invalid and result in the job not being run. [a-zA-Z0-9_-] are the valid characters, so the '.' makes it invalid.

When adding a job to /etc/cron.hourly ( or .daily, .weekly, etc), always test afterwards that run-parts will actually run it by issuing the command:

run-parts --test /etc/cron.hourly

If by running this command it shows your file it means it worked. Otherwise, if doesn't show anything your file name is not valid.

What was the name of your script?

When you run

crontab -l

is this task on the list?

if not, add it

crontab -e

add this line

0 * * * * yourScript

if it is in this list, try to add the path of programing language to the top of your script

Example:

bash: #!/bin/bash

This 2 things always solved my problems :)


No sound on Virtualbox with Mac OS Mojave as guest Hi I installed MacOS Mojave in virtualbox, everything is working fine except sound, there are no input and output devices showing in MACOS guest.

I am on Ubuntu 19.04 and using latest virtualbox 6.0.1

I would also like to mention that its working super fine in wmware, But I don't wanna use that as there are some graphics issues.

I'm still tracking down audio but the above answer on screen resolution is just not correct. Run this from your Virtual Box install location. I've ran this on Windows 10 and have full screen.

VBoxManage setextradata "<your VM Name>" VBoxInternal2/EfiGraphicsResolution 1920x1080

Note: Be sure to change <your VM Name> to the name of your VM instance.

Try switching the guest audio driver to Intel HD Audio. ICH AC'97 Is a very old codec from 1997 and will most likely NOT work on newer hardware.

EDIT: Despite having the option, VBOX does not support MacOS at ALL, and will not recognize anything other than the mouse and keyboard. Sure, you might get a display, but it's outputting in a resolution of 1024x768, but this is fixed and you can't change the resolution. Sorry, it's just the way it is.