Dual Boot Ubuntu on a laptop with Hard Drive I look online and try several approaches but so far no luck, I have a laptop with 2 hard drive

HD 1 normal laptop slot with Windows 2
HD 2 DVD/CD ROM using caddy (this where I want ubuntu install)

I install ubuntu on HD 2 GNOME 16.4.2 following this steps but the laptop does not recognize the second boot.

can this be done?
Result.txt

Your installation is quite odd. Some key points from the Boot Info Script output:

/dev/sda uses the GUID Partition Table (GPT). This is usually associated with EFI-mode booting.
/dev/sdb uses the older Master Boot Record (MBR) partitioning system. This is usually associated with BIOS-mode booting.
/dev/sdb's MBR has a copy of the Windows boot loader.
The main Windows installation is on /dev/sda.
/dev/sda1 is an EFI System Partition (ESP), and it looks like it holds a copy of GRUB, which is Ubuntu's boot loader.
The main Ubuntu installation is on /dev/sdb.

Thus, it looks like you've got a weird setup in which a BIOS-mode boot loader on /dev/sdb boots Windows from the GPT /dev/sda, and an EFI-mode boot loader on /dev/sda boots Ubuntu from the MBR /dev/sdb. I'm puzzled about how it got into this configuration, since I'd expect each OS's installer to complain quite loudly and refuse to contort itself into such a bizarre configuration; but obviously, it's somehow gotten configured in this way, and it sounds like Windows is booting.

My initial reaction to this setup is to advise you to wipe it out and start from scratch, re-installing both OSes in a more sensible way. If you're willing to do so, I recommend going with GPT and EFI-mode booting exclusively. The following pages will help you get this set up in a more reasonable way:

Adam Williamson's blog entry on how EFI works -- This page describes the theory behind EFI-mode booting.
My page on installing Linux on EFI systems -- This page is a more practical introduction to EFI-mode booting than Adam Williamson's blog.
My page on the CSM -- This page covers the CSM, including when it's useful and when it's not. If you follow my advice, you'd want to disable your CSM so it doesn't complicate things.

If you can't re-install everything, it's much trickier. I presume that you'd want to preserve Windows, since Ubuntu is a fresh installation; but the Windows boot path is so strange (being both cross-disk and involving an MBR/BIOS boot loader that boots an installation from a different GPT disk) that any procedure you follow runs a serious risk of rendering Windows unbootable. If you're willing to take that risk, I recommend:

Completely back up your Windows installation, or at least your important user data; there's a significant chance that you'll have to restore a backup if you follow the below procedure.
Boot the Ubuntu installer in BIOS mode (see my CSM page, above, for tips on how to do this). Tell it you want to try Ubuntu without installing.
Using GParted, shrink a partition on /dev/sda by 1MiB and create a BIOS Boot Partition in its place. (See here for basic GParted usage instructions.)
Launch the Ubuntu installer using the icon in the bar to the left of the screen.
Tell the installer to install to the existing partitions on /dev/sdb.
Tell the installer to install the boot loader to /dev/sda.
Finish the installation.

With any luck, the system will boot into GRUB, which will then enable you to launch either Windows or Ubuntu. If you're unlucky, though, it might not work at all, or you might be able to boot one OS but not the other. If you find that the system continues to boot straight to Windows, adjusting the boot order in your computer's firmware setup utility may fix the problem.

EDIT: Egrimo's suggestion to use rEFInd might be another way around the problem, but it's not as easy as just installing rEFInd. You'd need to adjust its scanfor line, as noted in my comment to Egrimo's answer. I strongly recommend testing it from a USB flash drive before attempting to install rEFInd to the hard disk, given the delicate nature of the current installation.

You can but you must format your second HD that you are installing UBUNTU on to FAT32, then from your Bios Boot order choose the second HD


How do I get a list of installed files from a package? I want to know where I can find my installed application when I installed it on Ubuntu using package manager.

I installed RabbitMQ and ran locate rabbitmq which gave me following result:

/home/anupamg/.m2/repository/com/rabbitmq
/home/anupamg/.m2/repository/com/rabbitmq/amqp-client
/home/anupamg/.m2/repository/com/rabbitmq/amqp-client/1.7.2
/home/anupamg/.m2/repository/com/rabbitmq/amqp-client/1.7.2/_maven.repositories
/home/anupamg/.m2/repository/com/rabbitmq/amqp-client/1.7.2/amqp-client-1.7.2.jar
/home/anupamg/.m2/repository/com/rabbitmq/amqp-client/1.7.2/amqp-client-1.7.2.jar.lastUpdated
/home/anupamg/.m2/repository/com/rabbitmq/amqp-client/1.7.2/amqp-client-1.7.2.jar.sha1
/home/anupamg/.m2/repository/com/rabbitmq/amqp-client/1.7.2/amqp-client-1.7.2.pom
/home/anupamg/.m2/repository/com/rabbitmq/amqp-client/1.7.2/amqp-client-1.7.2.pom.lastUpdated
/home/anupamg/.m2/repository/com/rabbitmq/amqp-client/1.7.2/amqp-client-1.7.2.pom.sha1
/home/anupamg/Downloads/rabbitmq-server-generic-unix-2.4.0.tar.gz

To see all the files the package installed onto your system, do this:

dpkg-query -L <package_name>

To see the files a .deb file will install

dpkg-deb -c <package_name.deb>

To see the files contained in a package NOT installed, do this once (if you haven't installed apt-file already:

sudo apt-get install apt-file
sudo apt-file update

then

apt-file list <package_name>

See this question for more

Use the synaptic-package-manager:

Assuming that we'd like to locate the files of the autotools-dev package, under 'Quick filter' enter autotools-dev to locate it. The autotools-dev package appears automatically. Select it by clicking on it and then press 'Properties'. In the appearing dialog, select the tab 'Installed Files'.


Help installing mythtv Need some help trying to install mythtv. I have installed it from the Ubuntu software center but every time i click on the mythtv back end it just gets stuck in a loop. when i try to login to mysql with mythtv it says access denied. I tried reinstalling mysql changed the password and still getting the same error. I have been fighting this for a few hours so any help would be appreciated. Also just did a fresh install if that info helps any.

I think you need to run:

mythtv-setup

or if that doesn't work:

sudo mythtv-setup

and you have to set up a password or user before you can login.

mythtv has a wiki:

Installing MythTV on Ubuntu

I'd also recommend reading this thread from the MythTV Forum.  It covers a fresh install.

MythTV Install Forum Thread


Delete Swap Partition on Dual Boot i've been using dual booted ubuntu 18.04 and windows 10 for awhile now, and i just realized that swap partition can cause damage to my SSD. i alocated 16 GB of swap when i installed ubuntu, i had 8 GB of ram but back then i thought i will add double the amount of ram just to be safe. now i've realized my mistake and i wanted to fix it. can anyone tell me how to safely remove the swap partition from my disk ?
this is my specs
ASUS S430FN
EFI
8GB RAM
intel i7 8565U
512 SSD

installation partition:
20 gb root
16 gb swap
64 gb home

There is a similar question on the unix exchange, let's check the most detailed answer: https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/224348/375560

Hope it will help.


wicd-curses errors on fresh default 14.04 install I have a brand new fresh 14.04 ubuntu install but cannot get wicd-curses to run. I can use wicd-gtk but I need wicd-curses to work as well.

ERROR

~ sudo wicd-curses
[sudo] password for ry:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/share/wicd/curses/wicd-curses.py", line 1063, in <module>
    main()
  File "/usr/share/wicd/curses/wicd-curses.py", line 995, in main
    ui.run_wrapper(run)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/urwid/display_common.py", line 757, in run_wrapper
    return fn()
  File "/usr/share/wicd/curses/wicd-curses.py", line 88, in wrapper
    return func(*args, **kargs)
  File "/usr/share/wicd/curses/wicd-curses.py", line 1003, in run
    app = appGUI()
  File "/usr/share/wicd/curses/wicd-curses.py", line 591, in __init__
    self.update_status()
  File "/usr/share/wicd/curses/wicd-curses.py", line 88, in wrapper
    return func(*args, **kargs)
  File "/usr/share/wicd/curses/wicd-curses.py", line 734, in update_status
    self.set_status):
  File "/usr/share/wicd/curses/wicd-curses.py", line 88, in wrapper
    return func(*args, **kargs)
  File "/usr/share/wicd/curses/wicd-curses.py", line 161, in check_for_wireless
    ('$C', ip))
  File "/usr/share/wicd/curses/wicd-curses.py", line 781, in set_status
    self.update_ui()
  File "/usr/share/wicd/curses/wicd-curses.py", line 88, in wrapper
    return func(*args, **kargs)
  File "/usr/share/wicd/curses/wicd-curses.py", line 930, in update_ui
    input_data = ui.get_input_nonblocking()
    AttributeError: 'Screen' object has no attribute get_input_nonblocking'

Make sure you have curses installed.

sudo apt-get install libncurses5-dev ncurses-bin

Check out this Issue

wicd-1.7.3 is incompatible with urwid-1.3.0


Change currency key symbol 15.04 Vivid.

I am using a standard US keyboard with US English in Europe. How can I PERMANENTLY change the keyboard map so that when I press the " $ " (Shift + 4) I get a Euro currency symbol?

First, you can try and see if one of the keyboard layouts in the "text entry" tab of the Settings suits you.
If not, you can manually change the behaviour of one key. To do so there are specific programmes.
This related question has lots of answers on how to do that.

You can't. If you keyboard is set to Europe, the Euro symbol should be on you 'E' key.


How to use ecryptfs with a non-home directory I would like to use ecryptfs to encrypt a random directory (i.e., not my home directory or a subdirectory thereof, principally due to disk space limitations on my home partition) and mount that directory when I log into my account.  I can't see how to do this or even if it is really possible with the existing software.  I have seen posts that provide vague suggestions (e.g., to use mount.ecryptfs_private with the ALIAS option), but I have yet to find simple, step-by-step instructions on how to do this.  Would someone be able to provide these instructions or direct me to where to find them?

You're only looking at the the super-easy scripts like ecryptsfs-setup-private and ecryptsfs-mount-private, they use the more "generic" tools you seem to be looking for: mount.ecryptfs and ecryptfs-add-passphrase. See their man pages for more info.

And the link Rinzwind posted has all the info you need, further down the page under Manual Setup. They're quite long, but the very very short version would be:

The "Manual Setup" way (archlinux wiki)

First choose an ALIAS as you like. Through this section, ALIAS will be secret. Create the required directories/files:

$ mkdir ~/.secret ~/secret ~/.ecryptfs
$ touch ~/.ecryptfs/secret.conf ~/.ecryptfs/secret.sig

The ~/.secret directory will hold the encrypted data. The ~/secret directory is the mount point where ~/.secret will be mounted as an ecryptfs filesystem.

[Now create the actual mount passphrase (the easy scripts will pick a pseudo-random 32 characters from /dev/urandom), make it a good one]

$ echo "$HOME/.secret $HOME/secret ecryptfs" > ~/.ecryptfs/secret.conf
$ ecryptfs-add-passphrase
Passphrase:
Inserted auth tok with sig [78c6f0645fe62da0] into the user session keyring

Write the output signature (ecryptfs_sig) from the previous command to ~/.ecryptfs/secret.sig:

$ echo 78c6f0645fe62da0 > ~/.ecryptfs/secret.sig

A second passphrase for filename encryption may be used. If you choose so, add it to the keyring:

$ ecryptfs-add-passphrase
Passphrase:
Inserted auth tok with sig [326a6d3e2a5d444a] into the user session keyring

If you run the command above, append its output signature (ecryptfs_fnek_sig) to ~/.ecryptfs/secret.sig:

$ echo 326a6d3e2a5d444a >> ~/.ecryptfs/secret.sig

Finally, to mount ~/.secret on ~/secret:

$ mount.ecryptfs_private secret

To unmount ~/.secret:

$ umount.ecryptfs_private secret

Or you could really get your hands dirty yourself and follow the Without ecryptfs-utils directions.
Or if you already looked at the easy scripts ecryptsfs-setup-private & ecryptsfs-mount-private, you might be able to copy those and edit them to point to your preferred directories, with a little bit of skill & patience.
Or just store the passphrase(s) yourself somehow (securely preferably) and do like the man ecryptfs page's example (must read the man pages):

The following command will layover mount eCryptfs on /secret with a passphrase
contained in a file stored on secure media mounted at /mnt/usb/.

mount  -t  ecryptfs -o key=passphrase:passphrase_passwd_file=/mnt/usb/file.txt /secret /secret

Where file.txt contains the contents "passphrase_passwd=[passphrase]".

Aside about encrypted home folders and an encrypted folder inside home - nested eCryptfs folders

And, an encrypted home folder normally stores files in /home/.ecryptfs/user/, while an encrypted Private folder has files inside your own home folder. You can not use both at the same time, eCryptfs will not do nested encrypted folders. But having an encrypted home, and encrypted folders outside of your home is ok.

I just tried creating a new user with an encrypted home sudo adduser --encrypt-home jack

It created a /home/.ecryptfs/ folder, with:

/home/.ecryptfs/jack/.ecryptfs/ - wrapped passphrase & config files to automount jack's home on login
/home/.ecryptfs/jack/.Private/ - actual encrypted home files, mounted to /home/jack/ when logged in.

And also the /home/jack/ folder, but it contained a link that stays there whether logged in or not:

/home/jack/.ecryptfs/ -> /home/.ecryptfs/jack/.ecryptfs
Next I logged in as jack, but the link was still there, so trying to run ecryptfs-setup-private caused it to look in /home/jack/.ecryptfs/ but really see the existing files in /home/.ecryptfs/jack/.ecryptfs so it failed to create another password file & fail with ERROR:  wrapped-passphrase file already exists, use --force to overwrite.

Trying the "ALIAS" steps above, using a .secret folder inside the encrypted home failed, with these errors:
Mount on filesystem of type eCryptfs explicitly disallowed due to known incompatibilities
Reading sb failed; rc = [-22]

"Nesting encrypted directories inside of encrypted directories is not supported with eCryptfs. Sorry." - eCryptfs author & maintainer
Changing the ALIAS folder outside of jack's home, trying /tmp/.secret/ &  /tmp/secret/ works. BUT if jack log's out the new encrypted folder will stay mounted, so you have to unmount it (umount.ecryptfs_private secret).

ecryptfs /destination/to/encrypted/storage /destination/to/seeing/unencrypted/data

e.g:

ecryptfs /home/$USER/EFILES /home/$USER/Downloads/RANDOMDIRECTORY

use the commmand above to create and mount encrypted system where files saved in RANDOMDIRECTORY are encrypted and saved to EFILES.

additional notes. make sure RANDOMDIRECTORY is empty when you begin. Once you run the command above, and the system is mounted and ready to go, any files that you save in RANDOMDIRECTORY will be encrypted in to EFILES if the system is mounted. For a quick moount/unmount you can either create a bash script, and run it through an app shortcut, or create an alias command for quick mounting.

I've been using this for more than a year now.

EDIT:
went home to confirm, thy command is not ecryptfs. its encfs
i.e.

encfs /destination/encrypted /destination/unencrypted

sorry about that. With this you will have to install a new program tho (probably)


Hibernation not working on Ubuntu 14.04 I am using Ubuntu 14.04. I am unable to hibernate my system with sudo pm-hibernate. The screen only flashes then it returns to desktop, nothing happens. I have a swap partition of 4GB my RAM size is 3GB. Even the hibernate tray option doesn't actually hibernate the system instead only sends the system to sleep. Kindly help.

I used this guide and it worked for me but on my laptop I had to use "uswsusp" Ubuntu's Help Wiki Hibernate and see if hitting Shift when sending to Standbye helps


Windows 7 and Ubuntu 10.10 network controller driver conflict? Has anyone had problems with how Windows and Linux drivers configure the network card? I have a Realtek 8112L LAN Controller and am dual-booting Windows 7 and Ubuntu 10.10. After using network processes under both systems the network card stops working under either, forcing me to reset the CMOS.

Update The CMOS reset works but is not necessary for me. Shutting down and unplugging the power cord works as well.

I fear the only solution will be for someone to fix the driver, if anyone has another idea I would love to hear it.

In my case, it works well on Ubuntu 10.10 but Win 7 cannot recognize the card. The solution is to cold reboot and wait for a few minutes then turn on and boot into Win 7 ( I googled somewhere but now I forgot). According to some explanation, Ubuntu loads some kind of firmware into the card that Win 7 cannot recognize. Anyway, it worked for me.

I was having the same problem.  Windows 7 ethernet not working, was previously working prior to installing Ubuntu as dual boot.  Ethernet works well in Ubuntu.
The solution is simple.  Totally unplug power cord, wait a few minutes, boot into Windows.  Problem will be gone!


How do I convert .ts files into something useful? I have a file that ends in .ts, which according to wikipedia is an MPEG2 file. I've never run into a file like this so I want it want the file to be in a more common format/container to use on multiple devices.

I tend to recommend leaving files in their original state, as any conversion has a chance to introduce loss. The .ts video format is a container format for MPEG, known as "Transport Stream", which is used most frequently by digital broadcasting systems (digital cable, satellite, etc). Many applications are unfamiliar with how to decode it, since it has a very different multiplexing format than the more conventional MPEG container known as "Program Stream", which is what is used on DVDs, and what is produced by many encoder cards. The difference between TS and PS is only how the packet structure is built; the A/V data inside it is the same.

To get better interoperability, I recommend converting the container from TS to PS. Virtually every piece of software that can decode TS can decode PS, so it's almost always better to have PS file. One of the simplest remuxing tools I've found to use is avidemux. Just choose "copy" for the video and audio streams, and choose the "PS" container format for MPEG:

Then just save out the result. This can also be done using ffmpeg. You just need to select the copy codec for each stream type:

ffmpeg -i input.ts -vcodec copy -acodec copy output.mpg

The ffmpeg program has been deprecated in favor of avconv.

You can pass the same arguments to avconv to convert from transport stream to program stream mpeg or matroska.

MPEG:

avconv -i input.ts -acodec copy -vcodec copy output.mpg

Matroska:

avconv -i input.ts -acodec copy -vcodec copy output.mkv


installation cd/dvd for xp i have a computer with windows xp home edition. I want to install Ubuntu. I am connect to the internet on a windows 10 computer. I want to create a cd/dvd for the xp computer. how is that done?

Download Ubuntu, burn the image on a cd/DVD with a burner.
Make sure the computer you want to installing Ubuntu on has the bios set to boot from the CD Rom.


Text editor to edit large (4.3 GB) plain text file Is there any text editor, which can edit such file?

I've  tried:

gedit
kate
nano
vim
mcedit

without success.

Another method is to use split. Split the file into 8 pieces and manipulate the files with a editor. After that, you reassemble the files again.

split -b 53750k <your-file>

cat xa* > <your-file>

SYNOPSIS
       split [OPTION]... [INPUT [PREFIX]]

-a, --suffix-length=N
              use suffixes of length N (default 2)

       -b, --bytes=SIZE
              put SIZE bytes per output file

       -C, --line-bytes=SIZE
              put at most SIZE bytes of lines per output file

       -d, --numeric-suffixes
              use numeric suffixes instead of alphabetic

       -l, --lines=NUMBER
              put NUMBER lines per output file

I work with NetBeans: it is better than Eclipse in that context.

I know that it is for developers, but you can open any plain text file with it.


How to hide a(n) (NTFS) partition from ubuntu I need to hide an NTFS partition from listing in the nautilus. How can I achieve that?

Is there any tool to do that?

And how can I hide files in ubuntu (except . operator)

Hiding partitions from Nautilus via »Disks«

In Ubuntu 12.10 and onward, there is a utility called Disks which shows all the available disks and allows to modify mount options for each partition.

Amongst the various options, you can decide if the partition will be mounted at boot time or not, and if it will appear in the user interface.  Admin privileges are needed to apply changes.

make a hidden folder
mount any partition there,,,,

mkdir ./.test

sudo mount /dev/sda1 ./.test/

To unmount

sudo umount ./.test/

./.test/is hidden

you can only mount a device if its not mounted already by the command I given
or u have to use

mount --bind oldmount newmount

oldmount and newmount are folder names


How do I execute a .deb file I downloaded deb-creator-i386 and it seemed to install. It is supposed to be a GUI for compiling and packaging. After install it says in order to run or execute the program or app, I have to do that with a command in terminal. Tried use ./.  Did not work. I am using Lubuntu 16.04.

To install a .deb file, open a terminal and type

sudo dpkg -i

drag the deb into the terminal and click enter

You can install the deb file with apt in a terminal. Open a terminal an navigate to the foilder where the downloaded deb file was saved. Then install the deb file with the command:

sudo apt-get install ./deb-creator-i386.deb


Internet connectivity drops upon installation I'm dual booting Ubuntu Mate with Windows xp (just to keep a few things) it installs just fine but as soon as I restart it after it won't connect to the Internet either by WiFi or by ethernet. Ive tried having xp release the ip with no avail. The WiFi won't turn on and there is no option to turn it on. I've read a bit about it requiring an extra driver but it's odd that it works while I stalling but not after.

When I shut it down I get a screen plastered in writing and a blinking underscore and then the machine doesn't shutdown.

iwconfig
lo        no wireless extensions.`

lsmod
Module                  Size  Used by
nvram                  16384  0
msr                    16384  0
snd_hda_codec_idt      53248  1
dell_laptop            24576  0
snd_hda_codec_generic    69632  1 snd_hda_codec_idt
video                  24576  1 dell_laptop
snd_hda_codec_hdmi     49152  1
dcdbas                 16384  1 dell_laptop
snd_hda_intel          32768  3
ssb                    57344  1
snd_hda_codec         118784  4 snd_hda_codec_hdmi,snd_hda_codec_idt,snd_hda_codec_generic,snd_hda_intel
mii                    16384  0
snd_hda_core           57344  5 snd_hda_codec_hdmi,snd_hda_codec_idt,snd_hda_codec_generic,snd_hda_codec,snd_hda_intel
wl                   6152192  1
kvm_amd                57344  0
snd_hwdep              16384  1 snd_hda_codec
kvm                   454656  1 kvm_amd
snd_pcm                90112  4 snd_hda_codec_hdmi,snd_hda_codec,snd_hda_intel,snd_hda_core
snd_seq_midi           16384  0
snd_seq_midi_event     16384  1 snd_seq_midi
snd_rawmidi            28672  1 snd_seq_midi
snd_seq                57344  2 snd_seq_midi_event,snd_seq_midi
snd_seq_device         16384  3 snd_seq,snd_rawmidi,snd_seq_midi
snd_timer              32768  2 snd_pcm,snd_seq
snd                    69632  17 snd_hwdep,snd_timer,snd_hda_codec_hdmi,snd_hda_codec_idt,snd_pcm,snd_seq,snd_rawmidi,snd_hda_codec_generic,snd_hda_codec,snd_hda_intel,snd_seq_device
soundcore              16384  1 snd
joydev                 20480  0
input_leds             16384  0
serio_raw              16384  0
k8temp                 16384  0
edac_core              49152  0
edac_mce_amd           24576  0
i2c_piix4              20480  0
cfg80211              483328  1 wl
shpchp                 32768  0
mac_hid                16384  0
parport_pc             32768  0
ppdev                  20480  0
lp                     20480  0
parport                45056  3 lp,ppdev,parport_pc
autofs4                40960  2
pata_acpi              16384  0
hid_logitech_hidpp     20480  0
hid_logitech_dj        20480  0
usbhid                 49152  0
hid                    98304  4 usbhid,hid_logitech_dj,hid_logitech_hidpp
radeon               1466368  5
psmouse               114688  0
i2c_algo_bit           16384  1 radeon
ttm                    86016  1 radeon
sdhci_pci              20480  0
drm_kms_helper        114688  1 radeon
sdhci                  45056  1 sdhci_pci
drm                   303104  8 ttm,drm_kms_helper,radeon
pata_atiixp            16384  0
ahci                   32768  2
libahci                32768  1 ahci
ati_agp                16384  0

dmesg runs over the character count.
Sorry for the formatting.

It uses broadcom hardware.
greps don't return any information.

Thanks in advance.

Are you using Ubuntu 15.04 or 15.10?

I have also faced same problem and install Ubuntu

Try to use LTS version.The Rolling Release version has a few bugs


What should I do when Ubuntu freezes? All operating systems freeze sometimes, and Ubuntu is no exception. What should I do to regain control when...

just one program stops responding?
nothing at all responds to mouse clicks or key presses?
the mouse stops moving entirely?
I have an Intel Bay Trail CPU?

In what order should I try various solutions before deciding to pull the power plug?

What should I do when starting up Ubuntu fails?  Is there a diagnostic procedure I can follow?

If it locks up completely, you can REISUB it, which is a safer alternative to just cold rebooting the computer.

REISUB by:

While holding Alt and the SysReq (Print Screen) keys, type REISUB.

R:  Switch to XLATE mode
E:  Send Terminate signal to all processes except for init
I:  Send Kill signal to all processes except for init
S:  Sync all mounted file-systems
U:  Remount file-systems as read-only
B:  Reboot

Some mnemonics for REISUB:

Rise up (from the dead) if you're inclined to zombie movies
BUSIER backwards, as in The System is busier than it should be!
Reboot Even If System Utterly Broken.
Or the classic: Raising Elephants Is So Utterly Boring

This is the SysReq key:

NOTE: There exists less radical way than rebooting the whole system. If SysReq key works, you can kill processes one-by-one using Alt+SysReq+F. Kernel will kill the mostly «expensive» process each time. If you want to kill all processes for one console, you can issue Alt+SysReq+K.

NOTE: You should explicitly enable these key combinations. Ubuntu ships with sysrq default setting 176 (128+32+16), which allows to run only SUB part of REISUB combination. You can change it to 1 (all commands enabled) or 244 which is potentially less harmful. To do this:

sudo nano /etc/sysctl.d/10-magic-sysrq.conf

and switch 176 to 244; then

echo 244 | sudo tee /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq

It will immediately work! You can test this by pressing Alt+SysReq+F. For me, it killed active browser tab, then all extensions. And if you will continue, you can reach X Server restart.

More info on all the Alt+SysReq functions here.

I had a custom built PC keep freezing on me.  I put the temperature sensors in the gnome panel and was able to see if the CPU, HDD, Motherboard (basically any system temp) were getting hot at the time of the lock.

Your ATI card might be running hot and you need increased airflow.


Unable to locate package gcc-defaults error This is the command I use:

sudo apt-get install -y gcc-defaults

When I run it, the terminal shows the error message:

Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
E: Unable to locate package gcc-defaults

Why? I'm using Ubuntu 12.10.

This is a source package. To obtain it, do

sudo apt-get source gcc-defaults

Try this:

sudo apt-get update

update your apt-get firstly.


How to get grub2 to remember last choice? Grub2 - Community Ubuntu Documentation says the following:

  Saving an OS can be achieved by running sudo grub-set-default if
  DEFAULT=saved is set in /etc/default/grub. It may also be saved if
  GRUB_SAVEDEFAULT=true is also set in /etc/default/grub. In this case,
  the default OS remains until a new OS is manually selected    from the
  GRUB 2 menu or the grub-set-default command is executed.

I put the lines DEFAULT=saved AND GRUB_SAVEDEFAULT=true in /etc/default/grub, and ran sudo grub-set-default.  Here is the output:

$ sudo grub-set-default
entry not specified.
Usage: grub-set-default [OPTION] entry
Set the default boot entry for GRUB.

  -h, --help              print this message and exit
  -v, --version           print the version information and exit
  --boot-directory=DIR    expect GRUB images under the directory DIR/grub
                          instead of the /boot/grub directory

ENTRY is a number or a menu item title.

Report bugs to <bug-grub@gnu.org>.

Am I not following the documentation correctly?  What's the correct way to do this?

The documentation in this case is wrong. All variables in /etc/default/grub start with GRUB_, so it's GRUB_DEFAULT=saved, not DEFAULT=saved. I've corrected the Ubuntu wiki to reflect that.

The official grub manual describes this correctly: http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub.html#Simple-configuration

Put the following in /etc/default/grub (command line: gedit admin:///etc/default/grub):

GRUB_DEFAULT=saved
GRUB_SAVEDEFAULT=true

Then run:

sudo update-grub

Thanks to ccpizza I figured out, that my Windows-menuentry in /etc/grub.d/40_custom was missing the savedefault Attribute:

menuentry 'Windows 10' {
    savedefault    # <<<<<<<<<<<< THIS Attribute was missing!
    insmod ntfs
    insmod ntldr
    insmod part_msdos
    insmod search_fs_uuid
    search --fs-uuid --no-floppy --set=root <WINDOWS_SSD_UUID>
    ntldr /bootmgr
}

In my case (Arch Linux, not Ubuntu ;) ) I found pacman -S grub-customizer  (from this Post on StackOverflow of matt-u) which is a nice GUI Tool for customizing GRUB-Menu!

PS: I could neither upvote nor comment on ccpizza's answer because of missing credits in this forum, so I decided to give another answer :(


Failed to launch "Terminal" I am using Ubuntu 18.04 but I cannot open the terminal. when i want to open the terminal i face a notification that is given below . please help me
I cannot install any other apps

I solve this problem by installing xterm from software, and running /usr/bin/gnome-terminal. This gave me an error I hadn't seen before, which was that my python installation was not as expected. I fixed the python installation and everything works again.

The python issue was that I was trying to use a python version manager, but gnome-terminal was looking for the binary python3 in /usr/bin. I had disabled that binary by renaming it to old_python3. I renamed it again to python3 and everything worked.

I found the solution for me was to follow the steps from the link below but changing the python version to the 3.6 in my case.
https://askubuntu.com/a/978471/1118361


Enable 3D HW acceleration on VMWare Workstation 10 on Ubuntu 14.04 I am trying to enable hardware accelerated 3D graphics in a Win 8.1 VM in VMware Workstation 10.0.3 on Ubuntu 14.04.1 LTS (Trusty Tahr) to play the game Smite smoothly. I have checked that the HW acceleration works in Ubuntu:

$ /usr/lib/nux/unity_support_test -p
OpenGL vendor string:   Intel Open Source Technology Center
OpenGL renderer string: Mesa DRI Intel(R) Haswell Mobile
OpenGL version string:  3.0 Mesa 10.2.2

Not software rendered:    yes
Not blacklisted:          yes
GLX fbconfig:             yes
GLX texture from pixmap:  yes
GL npot or rect textures: yes
GL vertex program:        yes
GL fragment program:      yes
GL vertex buffer object:  yes
GL framebuffer object:    yes
GL version is 1.4+:       yes

Unity 3D supported:       yes

In VMware Workstation, on the VM under "Virtual Machine Settings" -> "Display" -> "Accelerate 3D Graphics" is checked.

But while booting the VM, it says "No 3D support is available from the host".

How comes VMware does not detect HW 3D acceleration? How can I fix this?

Thanks!

Edit the file ~/.vmware/preferences and look for a line that starts with mks.gl.allowBlacklistedDrivers, if it is not present - you can add it into the file.

This should be changed to mks.gl.allowBlacklistedDrivers = "TRUE"
(note the double quotes around TRUE)

For me (Ubuntu 18.04, Intel graphic, VMware v16, Windows10), to activate 3D acceleration it was necessary to add mks.gl.allowBlacklistedDrivers = "TRUE". I have choosed to add this to my virtual machine (.vmx) file.
Without this, if 3D acc. is activated, W10 login screen, text and icons on popup notification and menus are totally not readable! All works fine if 3D acc. is not activated
After some hours : eclipse repeatedly freeze while debugging java application, task manager : csrss.exe process consuming #10% CPU.
3D acc. disactivated => same problem
mks.gl.allowBlacklistedDrivers = "TRUE" deleted => OK
So don't use mks.gl.allowBlacklistedDrivers = "TRUE"


How to center icons in bottom launcher? Already have launcher at the bottom and would like to center icons.

Don't use cario dock, it sucks, it looks horrible on my mac OS mod

I suggest plank

sudo apt update
sudo apt install plank

Ubuntu 16.04-18.04

You could also just head to the Ubuntu Software Centre and search Cairo Dock and install it.

It's a wonderful launcher that allows users to customise the way their dock looks as well as the various functions of clicking, right-clicking, and middle-clicking on the launcher icons. The icons are customisable, as well.

When you install it, the launcher appears in the bottom centre of the screen (when you hover near the bottom-centre) with some default icons that you can remove/edit, if you like, as well as further instructions on how to use Cairo-Dock.

Cairo-Dock behaves much like the OSX dock does in Macs.


How can I "reboot into" the non-default operating system in a dual-boot configuration? When I need to use Windows, I:

Reboot
Wait for the Grub boot menu to appear
Choose the Windows menu item in Grub

Is there a way to just "reboot into" Windows so that I don't have to stay at the computer and guide it to the right operating system? i.e. Can I set the default menu item in Grub for just the next boot?

This tutorial solves this problem: http://www.webupd8.org/2010/10/how-to-reboot-in-windows-from-ubuntu.html

From the aforementioned tutorial:

  3. Now to reboot Ubuntu in Windows or some other OS, run the following
  command: sudo grub-reboot X

  where X is the menuentry position
  (starting with 0 as the first entry)
  of the OS you want to restart in from
  the GRUB menu. So if Windows is the
  4th option in the GRUB menu, you would
  run "sudo grub-reboot 3". You can also
  use the exact menu entry instead of
  the menuentry position (like "Windows
  7 (on /dev/sda1)") but entering just a
  number should be easier to remember.
  The grub-reboot will set the default
  boot entry for the next boot only.

Just edit these two lines:

GRUB_SAVEDEFAULT=true
GRUB_DEFAULT=saved

and then choose windows OS from the grub menu. it will start automatically whenever you start your PC.

if you want add '0' to 'GRUB_TIMEOUT=' line ,and the menu will disapear :

  GRUB_TIMEOUT=0

Full answer: How can I undo the effects of grub-reboot?

PS: if you want to show the menu again, you have to press SHIF key during booting your PC


unload module sr_mod gives me an error : rmmod: ERROR: Module sr_mod is in use # lsmod | grep -i sr_mod
sr_mod                 22416  1
cdrom                  42556  1 sr_mod

but its not used by any other module

How can I find out that this module is used by which proccess or module?

I want to unload the sr_mod with this command:
rmmod sr_mod
and I get this error:
rmmod: ERROR: Module sr_mod is in use
************************************
#modinfo sr_mod | grep depends
depends:        cdrom
**************************************
#rmmod cdrom
rmmod: ERROR: Module cdrom is in use by: sr_mod
**************************************
#modinfo cdrom | grep depends
depends:

I think you're after:

modinfo sr_mod

It'll hopefully give you all the information you need.

Try this one-
lsmod cdrom | grep cdrom

It should display “sr_mod” as dependency.

Run below command to remove cdrom module.

modprobe -r sr_mod


How can I install different versions of PHP in xampp I installed the latest version of xampp i.e. 1.8.3-2 in ubuntu 12.04.

I found that it include php 5.5.6 and I want the lesser php version to work on my site.
How can i install the new version or multiple version in xampp so that my site can work.
I am working on magento and it does not support php 5.5 so any idea how can I do this.

Thanks

I dont't know if it is possible but you can install it manualy from the terminal.

sudo apt-get install apache2 php5

and then type your password for the user. And open firefox and type

http://localhost/

You dont need XAMP to run the apache or php server now


Is there a IRC Client which can use or emulate mIRC scripts I've used mIRC (Windows) for years, and have some custom scripts, written in mIRC's own scripting language.

Is there an Ubuntu/Linux IRC Client which will allow me to use my scripts as-is?

Failing that, is there a  "functions a lot like mIRC" Client available?

I've just tried Pidgin's IRC client, but it seems to be quite basic.
I couldn't see any way for it to tap into channel activity via scripts.

I don't want to use Wine... WineHQ reports it as having too many bugs for my liking, and anyhow, I try to avoid using Wine like I do Windows :)

Konversation is the most similar to mIRC.  I used it for a bit, then xchat but now am solely using  irssi.  It is hands down the best route if you learn how to use it properly.

Once you have scripts/themes/plugins setup the way you want it feels so nice and much less cumbersome than the GUI based irc clients.

irssi documentation - irssi documentation and information from irssi site, good general info and base setup guides there.
irssi and screen - screen is another app which leaves a persistent session, multiple sessions running.  This way you can run screen and have irssi run within a screen session so you can close your terminal and irssi remains running.  Later if you want to open irssi back up you can reattach to your screen session.  I run my irssi/screen on my media server that way from my desktop or anywhere else I can ssh to my media server, attach to screen running irssi and its right there for you.
irssi themes - Need to find the one you like.  You can modify them easily too.
irssi scripts - There are some good ones here, depends on what you want to do though.

The solution I came up with and that works very well is to just run VirtualBox. Install a nice clean version of Windows XP and install MiRC and it works wonders.


Ubuntu Software gets into a transparent background I'm using Ubuntu 20.04. Recently I've deleted some default icons from /usr/share/icons folder. I don't know if it's related, but, since then, my Ubuntu Software gets into a transparent background.
There's a way to revert this?

Here is a screenshot:

Ubuntu Software

Same issue here on 20.04. Fixed it! Go into settings -> appearance  -> and select  something to your preference in "Window colors"

go to terminal, and give these commands:
  sudo apt update
  sudo apt-get install gnome-software
  sudo apt-get install gnome-software-plugin-flatpak

Now you will get:
Gnome Software installed, use this instead of Ubuntu Software!
Hope it helps. (Note: This is an elaboration of @William Hood answer in the previous answers)


Update to 12.04 failed, now unusable system During the installation it mention something about sandbox or something like that.
But it continued normally. The installation was interrupted twice by a message that said only 500mb are free, delete some applications, etc. I pressed the option that would have allowed me to do that but never actually opened until the end of the installation were a message announce a mistake that made impossible to finish the process, said the system might be unusable and that a recovery stuff would start but that never happened.
I can open some programs like this one and libre office but can not start the software center and the update manager.
I've considered downloading the OS from Internet to a CD and reinstall but I know I'll lose all my applications, and documents, I made a backup before so my files are safe but I don't want to install all my apps again.
Is there any other way?
Thanks for any help or advice you can give me.

but I don't want to install all my apps again. Is there any other way?

You have no free space. That's why your upgrade failed and you are stuck in an "unusable" state. Please delete files to free up some space -- you can start by deleting the files you already have a backup of -- at least 1-1.5GB is recommended.

Once that's done, open Terminal Ctrl-Alt-T and run sudo apt-get install -f. That may give you errors; if it does, try resuming the upgrade with sudo do-release-upgrade.

Sometimes this won't work either because the system thinks you have upgraded to 12.04 but you are, in fact, stuck half-way. You can do this then:

sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.backup
sudo sed -i -e 's/precise/oneiric/g' /etc/apt/sources.list
sudo apt-get update
sudo do-release-upgrade

with a sudo apt-get install -f if that is recommended by apt-get/dpkg.

I solved this problem.  Please see my post on ubuntuforums.


Mouse cursor dissapears when long-pressing Alt in Gedit When I press Alt in Gedit, and hold it for two seconds or so, the mouse cursor disappears, and then as I continue moving the mouse, the cursor starts flickering. The flickering happens only inside the writing area.

If I short press it, the HUD is activated, and the flickering is not.

Even when I release Alt, the cursor is still flashing, until I:

change focus to some other app by clicking on it and then switch back to Gedit
start dragging the window by its border
press Alt again

Ubuntu version: 14.10.

This doesn't happen on my laptop which has the same software versions.

What's going on and how can I get it back to normal?

Yes! It seems to be this Bug:

bugs.launchpad.net/.../1376494

bugs.launchpad.net/.../1387219

Solution:

sudo apt install ibus-gtk
# Logout/Login

There are some other Tools affected by this Bug i think ...
e.g. gobby

My Hardware is an old Dell Vostro 3500 with SSD-Upgrade

$ uname -a
Linux V3500 3.16.0-28-generic #38-Ubuntu SMP Fri Dec 12 17:37:40 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

$ lsb_release -a
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description:    Ubuntu 14.10
Release:    14.10
Codename:   utopic

I noticed a mouse problem with gedit too (just moving into the window without pressing alt). You can install pluma, the MATE fork, to solve the problem:

sudo apt-get install pluma

Alternatively, you can install geany from universe:

sudo apt-get install geany


Error during converting jpg to pdf Each time I want to convert jpg file to pdf by this command

convert *.jpg pictures.pdf

I have this error message:

convert: not authorized `pictures.pdf' @ error/constitute.c/WriteImage/1028.

This problems comes from a security update:
https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/imagemagick/8:6.8.9.9-7ubuntu5.13

Someone reported it as a bug:
https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/imagemagick/+bug/1796563

As a temporary fix, I edited /etc/ImageMagick-6/policy.xml and changed the PDF rights from none to read|write there. Not sure about the implications, but at least it allows me to get things done.

Disabling security limitations is a bad habit to get into. The ImageMagick authors presumably made this one for a reason. You should respect that, unless you know exactly what you are doing. That does not seem probable for most people looking at these answers.
The right thing to do in this case is to use other software which the authors themselves believe to be secure.
Here img2pdf fits the bill:
img2pdf --output out.pdf in.jpg


How to mount UBIFS/MTD partitions? I have a lovely mount: unknown filesystem type 'ubifs' error with Ubuntu 14.04. What package provides this functionality?

It should be included in some previous versions of Ubuntu. The mtd-* packages are not helping.

The command that you need to execute in order to get UBIFS support is
modprobe ubifs

This will load three kernel modules:

mtd
ubi
ubifs

These modules should allow you to issue a mount command with -t ubifs after first doing a ubiattach -p /dev/XXX command for some device XXX that the kernel knows about.
The order of dependency of the modules is mtd, then ubi, then ubifs, so that to remove the modules you need to do:
rmmod ubifs ubi mtd

UBIFS is not simple to learn. This answer is just a start. Here is a more complete example.

I had the same problem. Using dmesg, I found following messages:

UBI error: ubi_open_volume: cannot open device 0, volume 0, error -19
UBIFS error (pid 2921): ubifs_mount: cannot open "ubi0", error -19

It indicates no volume was created. Running the following command fixed it:

sudo ubimkvol /dev/ubi0 -N myos -s 200MiB
sudo mount -t ubifs ubi0:myos /mnt/ubi


Postfix relay access denied, NOQUEUE: reject In trying to set up Postfix to use dovecot for SASL (using mysql for virtual_*) I am unable to send email, either through telnet or Outlook, to a domain other than the one that is on the server.  I am able to receive POP3 email just fine.

For SMTP, I am authenticating in Outlook on port 25, using TLS.

Update (probably important): I cannot authenticate via telnet.  When I try auth login I receive the error 503 5.5.1 Error: authentication not enabled

I get the error 554 5.7.1 Relay Access Denied.

I have included below the output of postconf -n, please let me know if you need additional information - any help is appreciated!

alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases
alias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases
append_dot_mydomain = no
biff = no
broken_sasl_auth_clients = yes
config_directory = /etc/postfix
inet_interfaces = all
mailbox_size_limit = 0
mydestination = /etc/mailname
myhostname = emaproduction.truckingshow.com
mynetworks = 127.0.0.0/8 [::ffff:127.0.0.0]/104 [::1]/128
myorigin = truckingshow.net
readme_directory = no
recipient_delimiter = +
relayhost =
smtpd_banner = $myhostname ESMTP $mail_name (Ubuntu)
smtpd_relay_restrictions = permit_sasl_authenticated, permit_mynetworks,         reject_unauth_destination
smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes
smtpd_sasl_path = private/auth
smtpd_sasl_security_options = noanonymous
smtpd_sasl_type = dovecot
smtpd_tls_auth_only = yes
smtpd_tls_cert_file = /etc/ssl/certs/dovecot.pem
smtpd_tls_key_file = /etc/ssl/private/dovecot.pem
smtpd_use_tls = yes
virtual_alias_maps = mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-alias-maps.cf
virtual_mailbox_domains = mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-mailbox-domains.cf
virtual_mailbox_maps = mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-mailbox-maps.cf
virtual_transport = lmtp:unix:private/dovecot-lmtp

This is the output of doveconf -n:

# 2.2.9: /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf
# OS: Linux 3.13.7-x86_64-linode38 x86_64 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS ext3
auth_mechanisms = plain login
auth_verbose = yes
log_path = /var/log/dovecot.log
mail_debug = yes
mail_location = maildir:/var/mail/vhosts/%d/%n
mail_privileged_group = mail
namespace inbox {
  inbox = yes
  location =
  mailbox Drafts {
    special_use = \Drafts
  }
  mailbox Junk {
    special_use = \Junk
  }
  mailbox Sent {
    special_use = \Sent
  }
  mailbox "Sent Messages" {
    special_use = \Sent
  }
  mailbox Trash {
    special_use = \Trash
  }
  prefix =
}
passdb {
  args = /etc/dovecot/dovecot-sql.conf.ext
  driver = sql
}
protocols = imap pop3 lmtp
service auth-worker {
  user = vmail
}
service auth {
  unix_listener /var/spool/postfix/private/auth {
    group = postfix
    mode = 0666
    user = postfix
  }
  unix_listener auth-userdb {
    mode = 0600
    user = vmail
  }
  user = dovecot
}
service imap-login {
  inet_listener imap {
    port = 0
  }
}
service lmtp {
  unix_listener /var/spool/postfix/private/dovecot-lmtp {
    group = postfix
    mode = 0600
    user = postfix
  }
}
service pop3-login {
  inet_listener pop3 {
    port = 0
  }
}
ssl = required
ssl_cert = </etc/ssl/certs/dovecot.pem
ssl_key = </etc/ssl/private/dovecot.pem
userdb {
  args = uid=vmail gid=vmail home=/var/mail/vhosts/%d/%n
  driver = static
}

Connect to port 587 to submit mail and enable TLS.


Will this work on my laptop? I have a laptop with Windows 7 Pro and a Core 2 duo processor. (Lenovo SL510 Laptop) My Lpatop has 6Gb ram. What version of ubuntu do i need? And will it work at all?
P.S. I have integrated graphics...

http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1467788 <- similar thread with the same laptop in question. Do refer to it.

You can install Ubuntu 64-bit version easily. However, I recommend that you burn a Live CD and use it first to see if all (or most of) your drivers are working. Your laptop has enough RAM. Enjoy!

I have a similar computer I suggest downloading 13.04 64 bit and try that.  If that doesn't work try 32 bit.  Hope this helps!! I had similar questions recently too.


Starting Ubuntu after first installation I have just installed Ubuntu on a laptop.

I am trying to set up the WIFI but I am asked to supply a "root" password to get supervisor access.

When downloading I set up a username and password.

Searching the net I am pointed to "sudo" and "gksudo" to try to get administrative priviledges. I find out how to get these but trying to get them I find I need administrative privileges. Thus I am going round in a circle. I can't find anything (yet) that can point me in the right direction.

How should I proceed?

If you absolutely need real root access and you don't know the password, try running in a shell

sudo su

It will ask for your password. This will be the password you use to log into the computer for your regular user. After you put your password in, type

passwd

This will ask for a new Unix password, and voila! You have changed (and now know) the root password!


USB Read-Only Filesystem I'm pretty confident in Linux now, but this USB stick is complaining of a read only file system, but I wrote to it in Windows 7 a minute ago, and there was no issues. I've tried all the suggestions from other posts, and all the things I can think of.

Here is the dmesg stating write-protection is off:

[ 5563.009330] scsi 11:0:0:0: Direct-Access     SanDisk  Cruzer Edge          1.26 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5
[ 5563.009676] sd 11:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg5 type 0
[ 5563.011878] sd 11:0:0:0: [sdi] 31266816 512-byte logical blocks: (16.0     GB/14.9 GiB)
[ 5563.013754] sd 11:0:0:0: [sdi] Write Protect is off
[ 5563.013759] sd 11:0:0:0: [sdi] Mode Sense: 43 00 00 00
[ 5563.014970] sd 11:0:0:0: [sdi] Write cache: disabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA

Here is the problem:

adam@Home:~$ sudo mount /dev/sdi ~/usb
mount: /dev/sdi is write-protected, mounting read-only

I have also formatted the usb with zero's with DD, and tried again:

adam@Home:~$ sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdi bs=1k count=2048
2048+0 records in
2048+0 records out
2097152 bytes (2.1 MB, 2.0 MiB) copied, 0.426446 s, 4.9 MB/s

adam@Home:~$ sudo parted /dev/sdi
GNU Parted 3.2
Using /dev/sdi
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) p
Error: /dev/sdi: unrecognised disk label
Model: SanDisk Cruzer Edge (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdi: 16.0GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: unknown
Disk Flags:
(parted) mklabel msdos
(parted) mkpart primary
File system type?  [ext2]? fat32
Start? 1MiB
End? 100%
(parted) p
Model: SanDisk Cruzer Edge (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdi: 16.0GB
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:

Number  Start   End     Size    Type     File system  Flags
 1      1049kB  16.0GB  16.0GB  primary  fat32        lba

(parted) q
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.

adam@Home:~$ lsblk
NAME                MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE   MOUNTPOINT
sda                   8:0    0 698.7G  0 disk
└─md0                 9:0    0   2.7T  0 linear /mnt/raiddrives
sdb                   8:16   0 698.7G  0 disk
└─md0                 9:0    0   2.7T  0 linear /mnt/raiddrives
sdc                   8:32   0 698.7G  0 disk
└─md0                 9:0    0   2.7T  0 linear /mnt/raiddrives
sdd                   8:48   0 698.7G  0 disk
└─md0                 9:0    0   2.7T  0 linear /mnt/raiddrives
sde                   8:64   1   7.6G  0 disk
├─sde1                8:65   1   487M  0 part   /boot
├─sde2                8:66   1     1K  0 part
└─sde5                8:69   1   7.1G  0 part
  ├─Home--vg-root   252:0    0   3.2G  0 lvm    /
  └─Home--vg-swap_1 252:1    0     4G  0 lvm    [SWAP]
sdi                   8:128  1  14.9G  0 disk
└─sdi1                8:129  1  14.9G  0 part

adam@Home:~$ sudo mkfs -t vfat /dev/sdi1
mkfs.fat 3.0.28 (2015-05-16)

adam@Home:~$ sudo mount /dev/sdi ~/usb
mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdi,
       missing codepage or helper program, or other error

       In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try
       dmesg | tail or so.

There is no button the USB to turn write protection on or off.

I wanted to extend john smiths answer. I had made two USB sticks bootable using Ubuntus "Start media creator". It made the sticks unusable afterwards, because they were write protected and I could not format them in Ubuntu or Windows. I tried fdisk, gparted. No dice.
What helped was inserting the stick (make sure this is the only USB drive inserted), finding out where it is mounted:

df -Th

That will show you a list of devices/partitions and their mount paths/points:

udev      devtmpfs 7,8G    0 7,8G 0% /dev
...
/dev/sdb1 vfat     7,5G 4,0K 7,5G 1% /media/<USER_NAME>/<STICK_NAME_OR_ID>

Find your USB stick and remember its partition device path (here: /dev/sdb1) and mount point (here: /media/USER_NAME/STICK_NAME_OR_ID). Then unmount it:

sudo umount /media/USER_NAME/STICK_NAME_OR_ID

Now recreate the file system (FAT32 in this case):

sudo mkfs.msdos -F 32 /dev/sdb1

Wait a short time and unplug the stick. Wait again and plug it in. It should be writable now...

Format the usb drive into fat32 filesystem using gparted partition Editor.After that remove it from the pc,reboot the pc and then reinsert the usb-drive.Now it works.

To give read,write,execute permission to your usb try the below command,

sudo chmod 777 /media/usbpartition-name


How to install Pantheon on Ubuntu 15.04? is it safe to install elementary OS DE Pantheon on Ubuntu 15.04 without doing any damage to the system? if so how?

Okay, for this answer, I'll follow the advice of Guss who managed to successfully install pantheon on Ubuntu 15.04.

First of all, rebuild ubuntu-extras-keyring locally following these commands:

mkdir ubuntu-keyring && cd ubuntu-keyring
sudo apt-get install -y debhelper
wget http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/u/ubuntu-extras-keyring/ubuntu-extras-keyring_2010.09.27.{tar.gz,dsc}
tar -xf *.tar.gz
cd ubuntu-extras-keyring-2010.09.17
debuild -i -us -uc -b
sudo dpkg -i ../ubuntu-extras-keyring_2010.09.27_all.deb

Guss then goes on to mention: "After that, elementary-desktop will install, but will error out at the end because it depends on systemd-shim which is no longer needed nor wanted with 15.04 having a full SystemD implementation.
" --------- Once you get this error, do the following:

sudo dpkg --force-depends -r indicator-datetime
sudo apt-get purge unity-control-center unity-control-center-signon

Pantheon should now be installed on your system.

Add repository

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:elementary-os/daily

Update and install

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install elementary-desktop

Thats it, now log out and on the login page, the Pantheon desktop should be visible in the list of desktop environments.


How to get the Sansa Clip Plus memory card to be treated as just part of the existing 8GB hard drive by Banshee? I recently purchased a Sansa Clip+ with 8 GB of storage.  That was not enough so I bought a 128GB microSDXC UHS-I Card with adapter.  When I boot up Banshee, the card is looked at as a separate device on which to store music and podcasts.  Is there a way to get Banshee to treat it as 128+8 = 136 GB of total storage rather than as a separate device?  Here is my ".is_audio_player" configuration file (which needs to be on both the 128GB and 8GB storage devices in order to be recognized by Banshee I believe) in case that helps.

audio_folders=Music/,Podcasts/
folder_depth=2
output_formats=audio/mp3

No, you cannot. The two storage locations are exposed as separate devices over the USB, so they will be displayed as such. There is no feature in Banshee, or udev, to have them combined into a single device.

Do you pine for the nice days of minix-1.1, when men were men and wrote their own device drivers?
  - Linus Torvalds

If the device reports the SD card as a second device, then udev registers two separate device files.

If you think of yourself as a person who could do it, you could try to create your own driver which takes care of deciding where to put the files, but I can't think of anything else you could do about it.

Actually it makes more sense to display both storage devices separately, so you can control what goes where.


PHP 7.3 not installing on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS I am trying to install php 7.3 over ubuntu 16.04. but its always shows

Reading state information... Done
E: Unable to locate package php7.3
E: Couldn't find any package by glob 'php7.3'
E: Couldn't find any package by regex 'php7.3'

i have tried everything available over net like following

LC_ALL=C.UTF-8 add-apt-repository ppa:ondrej/php

this also

add-apt-repository ppa:ondrej/php

with sudo access.

sudo apt install php7.3 php7.3-common php7.3-cli

nothing is working.

Have you run sudo apt update yet?  If you haven't, your system isn't going to know that the PHP 7.3 packages are available.

Run sudo apt update and then try the install commands you were trying.

In my case I replace the first command from sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ondrej/php to sudo apt-add-repository ppa:ondrej/php and it works for me. So finally I run:

sudo apt-add-repository ppa:ondrej/php
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y php7.3-gd


How can I successfully install Ubuntu 16.04.2 on a DELL inspiron 5565 which has Windows 10 preinstalled? I have been trying to install the Ubuntu 16.04.2 on my new DELL inspiron 5565 laptop. It has Windows 10 pre-installed, and I read that pre-installs may cause problems with Ubuntu installation: https://certification.ubuntu.com/hardware/201606-22367/

I have this far tried installing from a DVD and USB, but in both cases get a "failed to start login server" and "SCM failed to send message". THE GUI also does not open properly on boot. I set the bios with legacy options disabled, UEFI secure boot disabled, and UEFI boot selected. One thought was that the Ubuntu iso might not have been burn to the correct format.

I also tried an earlier installation of Ubuntu 15. This partially worked, however, the cursor disappeared and I couldn't connect to the internet. Is the DELL inspiron 5565 compatible with all versions of Ubuntu?

Advice on how to resolve/workaround the above issue would be greatly appreciated. I know there are numerous alternative ways of installing Ubuntu, and I would also be grateful for recommendations regarding these.

I would go ahead as follows: (I have done so before)
1. shrink the Windows 10 partition, using Windows own partition resizer
- Open explorer
- right-click on 'This PC', choose 'Manage'
- under the Storage section, click on 'Disk Management'
- right-click on your C: partition, choose 'Shrink'
- Open up the space you need for Ubuntu. I would say, 30 GB at least.
- after that is finished, shut down the PC.
2. Boot the PC with a Ubuntu DVD from an ISO or a bootable USB-stick
- choose install, Ubuntu will detect the HD partitioning
- choose to install side-by-side, in the space available
- simply let Ubuntu do it's thing.
After install and a reboot, you'll end up in GRUB, and the choice.
(Part 1 I could reproduce, Part 2 comes from memory) I have done it several times, with different flavors of Ubuntu/Linux, and it always turned out fine. I offer NO guarantees ;-)
Good Luck!

There really isn't any reason you cant load 16.04.2 on that laptop. You are on the right track with ensuring secure boot is disabled, and UEFI is enabled. But you want to ensure the usb stick was created on a computer while that computer also had UEFI enabled. Otherwise it might have a legacy loader. Try using the usb stick on any other computer. If you get to the Try/Install Ubuntu menu, your usb stick is probably fine.  A pre-installed copy of windows will not prevent you front installing Ubuntu. Just be sure to select "erase disk and install Ubuntu" when you get to the partition choices --assuming you want to vaporize everything that was on the hard disk.

EDIT:  See comments below for alternate perspective and some helpful links from another member.


How to open a PDF form file that says Please wait...? When I try to open the PDF file I need it looks this way (I have tried Evince, Chrome and Firefox), saying

  Please wait...

  If this message is not eventually replaced by the proper contents of the document, your PDF viewer may not be able to display this type of document.

  You can upgrade to the latest version of Adobe Reader for Windows®, Mac, or Linux® by visiting http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html.

  For more assistance with Adobe Reader visit http://www.adobe.com/support/products/acrreader.html.

I have found an explanation saying

  Certain PDF files (dynamic XFA forms) created in Adobe LiveCycle can only be opened in Adobe Reader and Adobe Acrobat. When you try to open these files in an alternative PDF viewer, then you will see this error message.

How are such files meant to be opened on Ubuntu given the official Adobe Acrobat Reader package is deprecated?

It's not a real problem for me practically as I have actually managed to install Adobe Acrobat Reader 9 (BTW I am, however, afraid this ancient version is going to start having problems with opening new files of this kind soon) on Xubuntu 15.10 a reasonably tidy way by unpacking the old Ubuntu DEB package, putting the necessary files to a subdirectory in /opt and editing the Reader's launch scripts but I believe it's a pretty serious issue for using Ubuntu in commercial/academy/government environments so there is to be a more proper way.

Try Master PDF Editor (proprietary). The free version is good for viewing, but for editing probably not (I read that it leaves watermarks).

You can also use the outdated, unsupported, probably very insecure, old Adobe Reader 9 for Linux.

Chrome should work BUT Chrome first needs the NotablePDF plugin to actually view the PDF. Make sure you have that plugin. That should get you smooth sailing viewing PDF via a browser. Can be found in the Chrome App Store.

Okular is supposed to be one of the most stable PDF readers on Linux systems. It is the default viewer in KDE. It has a little more features than Evince, which I saw you've already tried.

Good Luck and Enjoy.


How do I get my Mac to boot from an Ubuntu USB key? If you select "USB" and "Mac" on this download page, it gives a series of command line instructions to make a USB key which the MacBook will boot into Ubuntu from.

I've followed them to the letter two or three times on different USB keys, and it doesn't work. There's a very great deal of technical discussion about EFI etc. but this set of instructions seems to suggest it should just work, but it doesn't.

Help? I'm increasingly unhappy with the more locked-down approach Apple is taking, and I'd quite like to start using Linux with a view to transitioning over to using it as my main operating system, but booting from the CD takes forever, runs slowly and I'm really hoping to get it moving off USB.

Can anybody help me?

Short answer:  You can't.  Apple doesn't want you to boot an OS other than OS X off USB.  If your Mac has a working optical drive, use it.  It will save you pain.  If you have a newer Mac (64 bit), just remember to use the Mac iso(amd64+mac), not the regular amd64 iso.  (See this for an explanation of the difference)

Longer answer:  (Ok, I lied above.)  You can, but "it's complicated".  One method that has worked for a number of people is to dd the bootable USB key to its own partition on your hard drive and then boot off that partition.  The basic method is explained nicely here.

This doesn't always work, even on the same hardware.  In particular, if you have a MacBook Air, which doesn't have an optical drive, then the forums are filled with posts of trying the dd-to-a-partition trick and failing.  For MacBook Air owners, it is strongly advised to obtain a MacBook Air SuperDrive (no, a regular USB CD/DVD drive does not suffice) and then use that to install through the usual CD route (using the Mac iso for a 64 bit install).

Lastly, this USB method actually worked(!) to install 11.10 onto my MacBook Air 3,1 (late 2010 model).  However, I expect some modification is needed to work on other versions of the Air, not to mention other Macs.

Try to get a machine with Ubuntu already installed, a PC, notebook, whatever, maybe from a friend, and then get an ISO image of Ubuntu 12.10 amd64. Using Ubuntu, open the "Startup Disk Creator" utility, select the ISO image of Ubuntu, the USB device and create the disk.

Hold the option key while the Mac is booting and select the USB drive to boot from and you're done. I've done it, and it works.


Prevent gedit from creating files with the '~' (tilde) suffix I have observed that in gedit if I edit a file, another file is created in the same directory (the one with the same filename and a tilde '~' suffix). The extra file remains even if I close gedit.

I understand the need for a temp file (eg. in case of a crash), but vim for example deletes the extra file it creates, when I close it.

Is there a way to do the same with gedit? Some configuration perhaps?

Those are just backups of your original files that gedit creates before saving changes to your edited documents.

In gedit preferences you need to disable Create a backup copy of file before saving, and if you want to automatic save your edits automatically set a timer with the option enable Autosave files every X minutes.

That way the ~ will be gone and your last changes will be saved on the file every x minutes in case something goes bad or your computer crashes.

The changes made to the file will be saved to the file itself and not to a temporary file.

Please be aware that if you delete the contents of a file and auto save is enable there will be a chance that you end up with a saved empty file.

Always make sure that when you close on file while auto save is enabled that the contents of the file are correct, else undo them and save the file again.

What are these extra files?

These are backup files as answered by previous answerer.

  Is it safe to delete them?

Yes, you can safely delete them, if you are sure that you do not need that particular backup.

  Is it possible to stop them from appearing at all?

If you are using gedit text editor (default text editor), it can be stopped with the following way:

Open gedit text editor.
Go to Edit -> Preferences from menu. (It is on the top panel in Ubuntu now, called global menu)
Select Editor tab.
Uncheck the option Create a backup copy of files before saving.

Close the Preferences window


Screen flickering AMD I have an AMD Ryzen 5 2500U CPU with integrated graphics Radeon Vega 8. Since I installed Ubuntu 20.04, there are some ''random'' moments (half of the time, approximately) where the screen flickers.
It's pretty much the same as this question but the with another CPU/GPU. My computer is an HP Pavillion-15 cw0xxx dual-booting Windows 10 (there it doesn't happens) and the screen started flickering even in the installation.
Since there are no proprietary graphics drivers from AMD for my processor, I'm using the ones that the SO found.
I've tried changing the basic screens settings such as it's resolution and refresh rate. I've tried using Ubuntu with Wayland. It doesn't seems to be related to logging in and out.
By ''flicker'', I don't mean this (which I took from an answer on this question), I mean something like Right click ---> Refreshing in Windows.

Sadly, this is because of a unsupported discrete graphics card. I myself have a Lenovo Ideapad 330-15ARR with the processor same as yours and a radeon 540 graphics card. Been finding a solution for this problem forever but I finally found one which was to disable my discrete graphics card.
It isn't a problem for me to disable it since I'm mainly using it for work.
To solve this, you need to go to bios. Under 'Configurations' tab, search for a parameter (for graphics) which has a value of [Discrete]. Then change it to the another option (there should only be two of the 'Discrete' and the other one).


Is it dangerous to recover my old home directory? My computer crashed recently. Afterwards, I was not able to start a session in graphic mode with Unity or Gnome. Is it dangerous to re-use my old home directory? Will I get the same errors?

Don't reuse it. There are configurations and caches in ~/ that could have caused your initial issue (or cause further issues on the new install).

Instead of copying everything or using the old directory, only copy the files you need. Or, keep the directory somewhere easy to access and just take directly from that. It's just not a good idea to reuse a home directory.

no, home is where your personal files are stored, system and settings are stored elsewhere


How can I add arial to the fonts used by software? Hi people I've used Ubuntu's software centre to add Microsoft fonts (by downloading the package ttf-mscorefonts-installer) to Ubuntu but this doesn't seem to translate into the fonts being available for MarvinSketch which is actually the whole reason I added these new fonts. Plus it doesn't seem available for LibreOffice See I'm trying to create images that satisfy these conditions and one of them is that the text in MarvinSketch is in Arial font. I also can't seem to get this font to be used for general things like headings and default text in other software like Google Chrome (which I'm trying to achieve by means of Ubuntu Tweak Tool).

I faced similar issue, to this one when I declined its license while installation; And another case when I disabled network to avoid downloading them. (with wine installation)

ttf-mscorefonts-installer was marker as installed
Where its folder was empty (do you have any font files there):

/usr/share/fonts/truetype/msttcorefonts/

ttf-mscorefonts-installer is not a native package due to license, fonts are downloaded by a script (pre-/post-installation script)

Fixed by reinstalling it:

sudo apt-get install --reinstall ttf-mscorefonts-installer

The quickest and easiest way to install the Microsoft font pack (Arial, times new roman, Comic sans, Windings) is to open terminal by press Ctrl + Alt + T on keyboard  and then execute this following commands

sudo apt-get install ttf-mscorefonts-installer


Intel OpenCL on 14.04 I was trying to intall Intel OpenCL Runtime 15.1 for Ubuntu. I have a Xeon E3 Haswell.

Now, release notes clearly state 14.04 is supported: https://software.intel.com/file/448151/download , and installation instructions are pretty clear.

BUT, when I try to download the runtime from the official download page

https://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/opencl-drivers#ubuntu64

it downloads Intel Code Builder for Ubuntu, which supports 12.04 only.

How can I get runtime 15.1 installed on my Ubuntu 14.04?

apt-cache search opencl returns the following:

opencl-1.2-intel-cpu - OpenCL™ runtime for Intel® CPU device
opencl-1.2-devel - Set of OpenCL™ C header files
opencl-1.2-intel-devel - Intel tools for OpenCL™ application's development
opencl-1.2-base - OpenCL™ installable client driver loader

If they don't work follow the instructions here:

Ubuntu version of OpenCL - comment


How to fresh install Win7 under grub boot loader? I am new with Linux and my laptop has Ubuntu 12.10 and Win7/64bit. Grub boot loader makes me choose which to boot at startup. I want to clean re-install of Win7 without changing configuration of GRUB and UBUNTU. Is it possible? If possible please how? Thanks.

Here's the general outline:

Reinstalling Windows 7
Reinstate GRUB
Mount the /boot partition
Install the boot loader

Step One
Re-install Win7.

Step Two
Load up from your Ubuntu live CD, and then run these commands.

If you DO NOT have a separate /boot partition:

  sudo mount /dev/DEVICENAME_FROM_STEP_ONE /mnt
  sudo rm -rf /boot    # Careful here, make sure YOU ARE USING THE LIVE CD. I tried it, it works.
  sudo ln -s /mnt/boot /boot

If you have a SEPARATE /boot partition:

  sudo mount /dev/DEVICENAME_FROM_STEP_ONE /boot

Step Four
Then continue with those commands:

  sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install grub-pc
  sudo grub-setup /dev/sda     # NOTE THAT THERE IS NO DIGIT
  sudo umount /boot

And restart. It should work fine and boot both systems.

install Grub Customizer and Boot Repair:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:danielrichter2007/grub-customizer

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:yannubuntu/boot-repair

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install grub-customizer boot-repair


HP ChromeBook 14 N Videa tegra k1 I have ordered a HP chrome book 14 with the tegra k1 processor. Am I able to run Ubuntu Linux on this processor? I had a look at other threads and could not find the answer I was looking for. I know it runs on the Intel haswell processors but I'm unsure of the architechure of the tegra chip. Any help appreciated!

You need Ubuntu 14.04 LTS for ARM-32 or for ARM-64 depending on HP's choice of processor for the notebook. (Ask HP, as I can't find that on their website and report back in the comments if it's 64 bit or 32 bit)

I suggest to wait before buying an HP14 Tegra K1 if you only want to use it with chrubuntu/crouton (ubuntu based) since it doesn't work yet.
I tried to install chrubuntu through this script : [chrubuntu-tegra][Chrubuntu-Tegra] https://github.com/VCTLabs/chrubuntu-tegra
But it didn't work, failing on rsyslog install. Tried many other scripts but this one seems to be the best choice.
I also tried to duplicate an existing SD i had for an acer CB5-311-T8BT (also tegra K1, working fine), it looked better at first but the boot process ended up with a fatal error.
At this point, only Crouton seems to work and with the well known "inverted colors" bug. Seems to be a fix for that one.


Sound and Video issues on Chromebook I have installed Ubuntu 14.04 on my Chromebook Acer C720. I am running into issues playing YouTube videos, as well as playing any sound.

Commands haven't worked for the sound, and I have no clue how to solve the video issue.

You can follow steps described in here for troubleshooting sound problems.

And for youtube case, test your flash player plugin or better than that, make sure that you're using html5 video player.


Beta Steam Uninstall I jut installed Beta Steam for Ubuntu 12.04. And i can't open it, even with that command steam steam://open/friends it still won't start. So is there any possibility to uninstall it?

If you can find it in Software Center, then great! Just click uninstall!

Otherwise, you way look for it in Synaptic, in search bar steam.

Finally, if none of these work, try typing sudo apt-get remove steam.

If none of these work, you can remove most of its files by pressing CTRL-H in your home folder and deleting the .steam directory.

For kill steam you need kill home/xxxx/.local/Steam

Para acabar completamente con Steam es necesario liquidar el directorio
home/xxxx/.local/Steam.  No basta con eliminar home/xxxx/.Steam

Best Regards
Saludos


How to create bootable Windows 7 USB on Ubuntu 16.04 I have a Windows 7 ISO which I'm trying to put on my USB to install Windows alongside ubuntu (I already know the steps to take to fix grub when I'm done) My problem is when I use unetbootin, it gets stuck on a screen that repeats automatic boot in 10 seconds infinitely, and I can't install winUSB on ubuntu 16.04.

I tried all the solutions and it works, but when I try to boot I get some error messages about realtek. Will post a screenshot when I get home.

I tried doing it for a third time and it worked, for some reason. So thanks.

Go to 'Disks'.
Select the USB drive.
Restore the iso file from properties.

This worked for me.

You can use dd command in Ubuntu. The command is:

sudo dd if=/pathofiso of=/pathtousb


How to ungroup windows on Unity task switcher? I'm playing with ubuntu 12.04, precise pangolin, and there's an issue I can't see how to solve.

If I have three instances of, let's say, Firefox, in the switcher appears a single Firefox icon, I have to wait something like a second for it to open so that I can finally choose the one I'm looking for

I tried with compiz-settings and the unity plugin but couldn't find an option to ungroup Windows.

You can also press alt + ` (the key above Tab) to switch between instances of the current application.

Just hover during alt-tab.  It will expand the group windows with previews of each window.

I was informed for one of my questions that "feature requests" are "wishlist bugs".  This is how I responded.


Opening the file browser from terminal What's the command to open the file browser? I want it so that I can assign a keyboard shortcut to open a specific folder.

nautilus --browser will ensure that Nautilus is launched in browser mode even if you're normally using it in spatial mode.

You can append the path you want to open to the end:

nautilus --browser ~/some/directory

Use nautilus

For root file browsing, it's gksudo nautilus.


No Wireless interface on Ubuntu 14.04 with Broadcom driver on Asus R556L I can't seem to  enable the wireless interface on the newly installed Ubuntu 14.04 on Asus 14.04

I've tried the solutions on: Installing Broadcom Wireless Drivers
but it still doesn't work
I've installed that bcmwl-kernel-source and firmware-b43-installer
 and firmware-b43-installer and reboot several times.
here's the result for the following command:
rfkill list all

0: asus-wlan: Wireless LAN
    Soft blocked: no
    Hard blocked: no
1: asus-bluetooth: Bluetooth
    Soft blocked: no
    Hard blocked: no`

lspci -vnn | grep Network

03:00.0 Network controller [0280]: Broadcom Corporation BCM43142 802.11b/g/n [14e4:4365] (rev 01)

iwconfig
eth0      no wireless extensions.
lo        no wireless extensions.

sudo lshw -C network

  *-network
       description: Ethernet interface
       product: RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller
       vendor: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd.
       physical id: 0
       bus info: pci@0000:02:00.0
       logical name: eth0
       version: 10
       serial: 08:62:66:e0:4f:bd
       size: 100Mbit/s
       capacity: 1Gbit/s
       width: 64 bits
       clock: 33MHz
       capabilities: pm msi pciexpress msix vpd bus_master cap_list ethernet physical tp mii 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd 1000bt 1000bt-fd autonegotiation
       configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=r8169 driverversion=2.3LK-NAPI duplex=full firmware=rtl8168g-3_0.0.1 04/23/13 ip=202.125.210.63 latency=0 link=yes multicast=yes port=MII speed=100Mbit/s
       resources: irq:63 ioport:e000(size=256) memory:f7104000-f7104fff memory:f7100000-f7103fff
  *-network
       description: Network controller
       product: BCM43142 802.11b/g/n
       vendor: Broadcom Corporation
       physical id: 0
       bus info: pci@0000:03:00.0
       version: 01
       width: 64 bits
       clock: 33MHz
       capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list
       configuration: driver=bcma-pci-bridge latency=0
       resources: irq:19 memory:f7000000-f7007fff`

My computer is an Asus A450JF. I have same problem as you. My solution:

sudo rmmod -f acer-wmi


Cannot start pulseaudio I have no sound in application like Firefox. I do have system sounds (like the pop sound when you change volume).

I recently upgraded from 17.04 to 18.04 (big mistake!)

Pulseaudio seems to be broken:

$ pulseaudio -D
E: [pulseaudio] main.c: Daemon startup failed.

I have tried:

Restarting
Reinstalling Pulseaudio
Reinstalling alsa

These lines seem important:

$ pulseaudio -v
...
: [pulseaudio] (alsa-lib)utils.c: could not open configuration file /usr/share/alsa/ucm/HDA NVidia/HDA NVidia.conf
I: [pulseaudio] (alsa-lib)parser.c: error: could not parse configuration for card HDA NVidia
I: [pulseaudio] (alsa-lib)main.c: error: failed to import HDA NVidia use case configuration -2
I: [pulseaudio] alsa-ucm.c: UCM not available for card HDA NVidia
...

Any ideas?

To be honest error you quoted is something that pulseaudio is doing casually. It tries all the devices it sees eventually enabling one that will work. In your case none worked probably, but I am pretty sure not because of bit of logs you quoted.

For comparison my pulseaudio does this:

I: [pulseaudio] (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC0D0c' failed (-2)
I: [pulseaudio] alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device hw:0: No such file or directory
I: [pulseaudio] (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC0D0c' failed (-2)
I: [pulseaudio] alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device front:0: No such file or directory
I: [pulseaudio] (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC0D1c' failed (-2)
I: [pulseaudio] alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device iec958:0: No such file or directory
I: [pulseaudio] (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC0D0p' failed (-2)
I: [pulseaudio] alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device hw:0: No such file or directory
I: [pulseaudio] (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC0D0p' failed (-2)
I: [pulseaudio] alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device front:0: No such file or directory
I: [pulseaudio] (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC0D0p' failed (-2)
I: [pulseaudio] alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device surround21:0: No such file or directory
I: [pulseaudio] (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC0D0p' failed (-2)
I: [pulseaudio] alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device surround40:0: No such file or directory
I: [pulseaudio] (alsa-lib)pcm_hw.c: open '/dev/snd/pcmC0D0p' failed (-2)

I solved this problem by creating a live USB stick and reinstalling. I was able to keep all of my data by doing a repair installation. The steps for re-creating a user account are here: How to restore/add previous user account


Reusing encrypted home directory in a fresh system installation I had my home folder encrypted during installation by checking "Encrypt my home folder".

Now, I'd like to reinstall the system, but reuse this home folder.
(I have 2 separate partitions for / and /home. The former is formatted during the reinstall, the later - unformatted and reused. Been using this method without encryption for years - no issues.)

It seems that Ubuntu does not take care of it automatically.

Removing encryption and encrypting everything once more sounds incredibly workaroundish.
Depending on how you perform it, it could also leave out temporary unencrypted data ready to be recovered with recovery tools. Even when discarded after the migration process.

[Meta] Possible duplicate:

To all of folks that suggest that this is a duplicate of Why can I not deselect "encrypt my home folder"?:
Well, yes. That thread resolved my problem.
However, I did some research prior to posting this (which I always do) and the answer was nowhere to be found.
That's because I never saw the bloody form with encryption options disabled.
That's because I did some thinking on 'How will I migrate my encrypted $HOME?' before I actually got down to reinstalling and potentially carelessly loosing my data. 1
I sincerely hope there's more like-minded, precautious folk out there (if not, humanity is doomed).

IMO they will find this doubt reworded as "Reusing encrypted home …" helpful.
That's my opinion, however, it's up to you what you do with this thread.
 After all, the reputation score is the ultimate measure of one's right.
Isn't it?

1: Yes, I do have a backup. Still, why resorting to backup when you can easily preserve your original data?

Short:

The suggestion was wrong.
Ubuntu DOES take care of that automatically.

Long:

I mistakenly assumed that the problems described under the first link were happening despite using the same username and password combination.

It seems that some other combination was used, and a fresh install reuses encrypted $HOME quite seamlessly.

Encryption options will be disabled during the reinstall process:

Kudos to @Panther for showing me the thread about disabled encryption options in a comment below.

IMHO if your data is important enough to encrypt it is important enough to backup and you need a backup strategy for encrypted data.

You can start with this (run from home directory):

tar -cvpzf backup.tar.gz \
 /home/.ecryptfs/*/.ecryptfs \
--exclude=./backup.tar.gz \
--exclude=./.gvfs \
--exclude=./.cache \
--exclude=./.local/share/Trash ./

You may be able to exclude additional items in $HOME, up to you. Canidates for exclusion might include .thumbs and .themes and .icons. Alternately you can only include the data you want

cd ~
-cvpzf backup.tar.gz Documents Other_directory 1 Other_directory 2 ./

Note: /home/.ecryptfs/*/.ecryptfs is your configuration , take care when restoring the archive, you may wish to skip that file or back it up separate.

Then encrypt

gpg -c backup.tar.gz

To decrypt

gpg -d backup.tar.gz.gpg

Check the backup works, then, rm backup.tar.gz

Better you can script the whole process ;)

With a working backup you can try upgrading or installing preserving $HOME and if it fails for any reason, fresh install and restore from backup.

How to reinstall ubuntu and preserve home directory

When you reinstall, use the same UID and password as with your current install.

You should see a dialog as you install . Notice how the installer is recognizing your previously encypted home and the dialog to select encrypt home and automatic log in are greyed out:

IMHO the biggest "problem" with encryption is people forget they need an encrypted backup in the event of failure, it is not if you will have a system failure, but when it happens, are you prepared with a working backup.


Why use apt-get upgrade instead of apt-get dist-upgrade? I usually use apt-get update && apt-get upgrade to run my updates and upgrades instead of the GUI because it seems to run more quickly.

However, I've noticed lately that I often get a message that one of my upgrades was held back. I then usually run dist-upgrade to run it through and it works fine. As far as I can tell after reading this question and its answers, dist-upgrade does all the same things and then some.

So, my question is: Why use apt-get upgrade at all? Why not use apt-get dist-upgrade all the time? Why does apt-get upgrade even exist?

I typically upgrade my machines with:

sudo apt-get update && time sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

Below is an excerpt from man apt-get. Using upgrade keeps to the rule: under no circumstances are currently installed packages removed, or packages not already installed retrieved and installed. If that's important to you, use apt-get upgrade. If you want things to "just work", you probably want apt-get dist-upgrade to ensure dependencies are resolved.

To expand on why you'd want upgrade instead of dist-upgrade, if you are a systems administrator, you need predictability. You might be using advanced features like apt pinning or pulling from a collection of PPAs (perhaps you have an in-house PPA), with various automations in place to inspect your system and available upgrades instead of always eagerly upgrading all available packages. You would get very frustrated when apt performs unscripted behavior, particularly if this leads to downtime of a production service.

upgrade
    upgrade is used to install the newest versions of all packages
    currently installed on the system from the sources enumerated in
    /etc/apt/sources.list. Packages currently installed with new
    versions available are retrieved and upgraded; under no
    circumstances are currently installed packages removed, or packages
    not already installed retrieved and installed. New versions of
    currently installed packages that cannot be upgraded without
    changing the install status of another package will be left at
    their current version. An update must be performed first so that
    apt-get knows that new versions of packages are available.

dist-upgrade
    dist-upgrade in addition to performing the function of upgrade,
    also intelligently handles changing dependencies with new versions
    of packages; apt-get has a "smart" conflict resolution system, and
    it will attempt to upgrade the most important packages at the
    expense of less important ones if necessary. So, dist-upgrade
    command may remove some packages. The /etc/apt/sources.list file
    contains a list of locations from which to retrieve desired package
    files. See also apt_preferences(5) for a mechanism for overriding
    the general settings for individual packages.

Users might have come to rely on packages that were installed implicitly because of other (explicitly installed) packages' dependency on them.  Thus the packaging system cannot be aware of a user/administrator desire to retain certain functionality that might otherwise be removed via dist-upgrade.


How do I convert a PNG to PDF with only the default packages on 11.10? Openning a png file in ubuntu, I can see the menu item for 'print to file'. How can I do the same on shell? PS: I prefer installing no extra package, due to lack of root access.

EDIT: the operating system is ubuntu 11.10

convert xyz.png xyz.pdf should do the trick.

See man convert for more options.

In 18.04 LTS, open image using ImageViewer; then print to file as a PDF.


Open link in the already open browser instead of default My default browser is Firefox. However, if Google Chrome is open and I click any link outside that browser (in a PDF or Telegram, for example), the default behavior is to open Firefox to access the link I've just clicked.
Is it possible to open a new browser only if no one is already open, using the already open browser instead of the default when available?

If you click on any link, it will open in the new tab of the default browser. There is no other solution. You can only copy the link, and  paste in the desired browser tab.


Ubuntu 14.04 32bit.iso will not load, at all, from KINGSTON usb My computer doesn't seem to be capable of using this on a USB stick. Am I missing something here? I've followed all instructions i can find for using a USB drive but my computer will not load the .iso file at all. Am I supposed to convert it or what?

If you are using windows and want to install Ubuntu via USB stick flash drive it's here Installation/FromUSBStickQuick. Or not if you just to create a bootable USB stick it's here How to create a bootable USB stick on Windows

Use Universal USB Installer to load your iso to the USB stick. It makes USB Bootable of a lof kinds of OSes(include Windows, Linux, and more). I tried to make LiveUSB with a lot of tools, but this tool works perfect.


How to use sudo command in the default guest account? How can I use sudo command from terminal in the default Ubuntu 12.04 guest account, in order to connect to vpn client and service. (OpenVPN+TrustConnect+Comodo)

I know it has been disable by default(sudo), but I want to use guest account, apparmor, etc, and security feutures of guest account, and still be able to connect to vpn.

Vpn client and service wont star without sudo command.

Add a rule to the sudoers file that gives the guest account the permission to gain root privileges but only execute the command that starts the VPN, and possibly the command that stops the VPN.

Run visudo, and add lines like the following:

guest ALL = /usr/sbin/service openvpn start
guest ALL = /usr/sbin/service openvpn stop

Alternatively, if applicable, you could tie the VPN service to the network interface for general Internet connectivity. For example, if your network interface is eth0, add a file in /etc/network/if-up.d/ containing

#!/bin/sh
if [ "$IFACE" = "eth0" ]; then
  service openvpn start
fi

and in /etc/network/if-down.d/ containing

#!/bin/sh
if [ "$IFACE" = "eth0" ]; then
  service openvpn stop
fi

If you use OpenVPN and your network interface is configured in /etc/network/interfaces rather than via NetworkManager, you can configure an OpenVPN VPN to start there.

iface eth0 inet dhcp
    OPENVPN=trustconnect

There may be a way to do this with NM as well but I don't know how.

You could use sudo and the usermod command from an account that does have sudo access to add the adm group (for 12.04) to the account. Don't forget to use the -a option to add the group rather than replacing the group list.


How to uninstall VMware Player? I want to uninstall VMware Player on my Ubuntu 12.04 LTS system. How should I uninstall it?

sudo vmware-installer -u vmware-player

This issue has been discussed previously over here: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1364485

I had to change the command line Lorenzo Lerate provided to make it work for me for version 12.5.6:

sudo vmware-installer -u vmware-player


How to add a directory to PATH in Linux ? I am using Windows Subsystem for Linux - Ubuntu I am new at Linux and I am facing a problem.
I am trying to add the bin directory to the PATH in the Linux executing the command below:

$ export PATH="/opt/gcc-arm/bin:$PATH"

However, when I try to execute a command it returns me it was not found

Command 'arm-none-eabi-gcc' not found, but can be installed with:
sudo apt install gcc-arm-none-eabi

How could I add this directory to Linux PATH or there is a way to access the User variables from Windows using the Linux?

Edit1: I just run $PATH and I got this:

bash: /opt/gcc-arm/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/usr/local/games:/mnt/c/Program:

The Path to the file that I created is there (/opt/gcc-arm/bin), but I do not understand why the system cannot recognize it.

Edit2: I executed the command suggested by @steeldriver

  what is the result of file /opt/gcc-arm/bin/arm-none-eabi-gcc run

The result is: /opt/gcc-arm/bin/arm-none-eabi-gcc: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /lib64/l, for GNU/Linux 2.6.24, BuildID[sha1]=7af6e16f1d030393cdf4a6e6007a0e554470f126, stripped. But I have no idea what it means.

Edit3: Now the things start to work, first I use the command sudo -s and then

$ export PATH="/opt/gcc-arm/bin:$PATH".

After doing that I was able to run the commands from that PATH, however, when I close the Linux env and open again, it can not recognize those commands, so I have to include the PATH  again.
Is there some solution to avoid entering the PATH every time when I reopen the Linux?

Edit4: I followed this tutorial from Youtube Linux: Permanently set environment variables, now my PATH is permanent.

I hope this can help someone else that face this same problem

As the output suggests, you should run the following in your terminal (if you have not already tried doing so):

sudo apt install gcc-arm-none-eabi


flash videoplayer not working properly Flashs on websites are shown without any problem on both Firefox and Chrome. However, flash video players are not working properly; just background color and nothing at all. Interestingly youtube player is an exception.

Go to Mozilla website for plug-in. Install flash-aid or flash-video-replacer.

EDIT: flash-video-replacer is no longer offered

Open terminal(Ctrl+Alt+T)

sudo nautilus /etc/adobe/mms.cfg

And rename the file to something else(mms.cfg.bo)

Restart Firefox/Chrome and your videos should be working fine.


Wired LAN is connected to computer but internet is not working I'm using a Ubuntu live USB to install something to another drive but I can't get the internet to work. I've tried connecting a wired LAN, wifi, my phone as a hotspot but it never works. Oftentimes, it doesn't even connect to the LAN even though it is plugged in. And I can confirm the LAN does work with my 2010 MBP. And when it does detect the LAN, the internet never works. How can I fix this? I'm using Ubuntu 16.04.

Here's how I set IPs to DHCP on the daily:

Get and install vim (if needed):

sudo apt-get install vim

Open to edit the network interfaces file:

sudo vi /etc/network/interfaces

Make changes to the network interface for DHCP not static (note: I referenced My Ubuntu Server 16 LTSs Ethernet port named enp2s0. Be aware that I've also seen p2p1, as well as the classic eth0, your machine may have labeled your Ethernet port slightly differently):

auto enp2s0
iface enp2s0 inet dhcp

Then save the changes with the ESC Key and type:

:wq

Then restart the service as you normally do or as I would do:

sudo ifdown enp2s0

wait

sudo ifup enp2s0

Now check your ifconfig and you should now see the static IP
ifconfig

Good luck and Enjoy!

If that doesn't work, try shutting all network interfaces off and back on with sudo ifdown -a and sudo ifup -a


How do you select the fastest mirror from the command line? I want to update my sources.list file with the fastest server from the command line in a fresh Ubuntu Server install. I know this is trivially easy with the GUI, but there doesn't seem to be a simple way to do it from from the command line?

You don't have to do any searching anymore - as ajmitch has explained, you can use deb mirror to have the best mirror picked for you automatically.

  apt-get now supports a 'mirror' method that will automatically select a good mirror based on your location. Putting:

deb mirror://mirrors.ubuntu.com/mirrors.txt precise main restricted universe multiverse
deb mirror://mirrors.ubuntu.com/mirrors.txt precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb mirror://mirrors.ubuntu.com/mirrors.txt precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb mirror://mirrors.ubuntu.com/mirrors.txt precise-security main restricted universe multiverse

  on the top in your /etc/apt/sources.list file should be all that is needed to make it automatically pick a mirror for you based on your geographical location.

  Lucid (10.04), Maverick (10.10), Natty (11.04), and Oneiric (11.10) users can replace precise with the appropriate name.

The easiest and efficient way to get the fastest mirror is to use the apt mirror:// source, see

https://mvogt.wordpress.com/2011/03/21/the-apt-mirror-method/