How to create a URL link on the Unity desktop how do I create a URL link on the desktop? On Lucid one could create a URL by right clicking the desktop anywhere and a menu would appear that allowed the creation of a launchpad location (a URL) and once created when clicked it would launch the desired web location.  How is this accomplished in Oneiric Ocelot?

The old GUI dialog is still available if you still want to use this:

Using ALT+F2 type

gnome-desktop-item-edit --create-new ~/Desktop

This will launch the old GUI Dialog and you can create a shortcut on your Desktop:

Prerequisites

gnome-desktop-item-edit is installed automatically if you have installed gnome-shell/gnome-fallback.  It is also installed automatically if you have previously installed gnome-tweak-tool.

Alternatively, you can install the old gnome-panel without much of the bulk:

sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends gnome-panel

Linked Question:

How can I create launchers on my desktop?

i tried the assorted drag and drop suggestions.  it seemed to work on some web sites but i discovered that i didn't have a link, i had a copy of the web page.  on other sites i would have an icon but it wouldn't work until i had gone thru two dropdowns and selected firefox from a list.
  the gnome create trick above works with some modification.  you don't change the type to location, leave it as application.  it will have a command box where you type        "firefox web site name" (substitute the url of the web page you want complete with the http and : and //).
for info i'm running 12.04 ( i don't remember the cutsey name).

emmett


user permissions for programs I am running 16.04 and my administrator account has programs I consider distracting when it comes to doing work.

I know how to add a second user account, but I want to know how to make it so I can still access Skype/Chrome/LibreOffice from a new user account but not Steam and similar apps.

You should see the command chmod and id.


How to remove password recovery reset? How can I remove the ability to reset passwords outside of Ubuntu.  This probably is ill advised, but I already have set a really good password that I cannot forget with high entropy and 42 characters.  I think that it is great that Ubuntu can so easily reset a password, but it seems like a big security risk.  (I know you can edit grub, but anyone that knows anything about Linux will just edit the boot command and boot into recovery anyway.)  Thanks in advance.

Disable the recovery mode by uncommenting the line:

#GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY="true"

in /etc/default/grub (and running sudo update-grub afterwards), and password protect grub menu entry.

The best way to protect your installation is to apply all the above fixes and lock the PC into a box with ventilation in a room that only you have a key to.


create bootable usb with partitioned usb I have sandisk 32 GB USB partitioned in two partitions. Both are FAT32 format and first is 20 GB and second partition is of 10 GB.
I use 1st partition for file storage as it is detected in windows and 2nd partition is not detected (don't event want to) which I want to create bootable persistent Ubuntu.
While using Startup disk creator in Ubuntu 16.04, it only shows whole USB as a single and there is no option to select from two partitions.

How could I use 2nd partition to create bootable using Startup Disk Creator.

There is a tool that can create a persistent live drive and make partitions automatically, mkusb. The first partition 'usbdata' has an NTFS file system, and the intention is to use it for file sharing with Windows computers.

The following links helps you install and use mkusb for this purpose,

help.ubuntu.com/community/mkusb

help.ubuntu.com/community/mkusb/persistent

Making the drive be bootable requires overwriting the beginning of the whole drive so all partitions are lost because the partition table is overwritten.  Once you have made a Linux boot image then adding a FAT or NTFS partition after that should be seen be Windows.  Backup your data.


How can I easily install missing hplip dependencies? Having installed HPLIP on my 10.10 system, the HP Photosmart 420 gives "Device Communication Error" code 5012 when I try to print. Running hp-check lists 11 missing dependencies. Do I have to install them all one by one or is there an easier way to get the printer going? What is the command to install a dependency?

In terminal

sudo apt-get -f install hplip

should fix it

There is the other option here : source

which has the download and installation instructions. It has a section that will run

DEPENDENCY AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION

This is the direct download source

I also had this problem. The way for this to work is to install the hplip toolbox from the software center. Then sudo hp-toolbox and then you should be able to install the correct plugin. In fact if you type hp- then tab you should see a bunch of for HP printers.


How can I change/convert a Ubuntu MBR drive to a GPT, and make Ubuntu boot from EFI? I recently have upgraded my PC, my new Motherboard (ASUS M5A99X EVO) uses UEFi instead of the regular MBR option.

I have a Ubuntu 11.10 installation that I did when I had my previous hardware (MSI MS 7267) , Ubuntu alone boots fine, and so does Windows 7, however Windows 7 is using UEFI (GPT) boot whereas Ubuntu is using MBR.

I have my OSs in separate drives, so that GRUB2 wont' get replaced by the Windows Bootloader and viceversa, as I said both OSs boot fine on their own, but to do that I have to disconnect one drive in this case the Ubuntu drive as it prevents Windows from loading.

Now my question is, How can I change/convert Ubuntu's drive so that instead of using MBR it uses GPT and allow Windows to boot?.

Preferably without reinstalling the whole system or lose any data.

And if I were to wipe the drive, How can I install Ubuntu in GPT, UEFI, whatever it is mode?.

I have used gdisk to convert from MBR to GPT, but now Ubuntu can't boot seems like grub just doesn't start.

I have re installed the OS, and the drive is GPT now by default however grup-pc is still being used instead of grub-efi.

How can i make Ubuntu boot from EFI?.

Table of contents:

Terminology
Converting
Configuring (+ Dual boot)

Terminology

BIOS = Basic Input/Output System

(U)EFI = (Unified) Extensible Firmware Interface

MBR = Master Boot Record

GPT = GUID Partition Table

UEFI / EFI / BIOS = Firmware interface

MBR / GPT = How the computer knows (per hard disk) what partitions are on the
drive and how to boot from them.

UEFI / BIOS

A firmware interface is the way that the firmware (the software inside
devices) and operating system interact. It initialises the hardware then runs
the operating system and ensures that the operating system drivers can operate
 the hardware.

The BIOS has been the usual firmware interface that has been used. The UEFI is
a newer interface that has several features, such as being faster, having a GUI
and being able to start the network card and get an ip address. UEFI replaces
EFI. (Those developing EFI saw that there were others doing something similar
and so joined them, bringing the ideas of EFI with them. This then became UEFI).

A BIOS requires the bootloader to be at the start of the disk, however a UEFI
uses a partition for this and can choose among multiple boot loaders to use.

MBR / GPT + GRUB

The MBR is a section of code at the start of the disk that contains a boot
loader (for the BIOS), as well as the partition map and a unique disk identifier.

To install GRUB onto a disk with a MBR, GRUB places a small program in the MBR to
load the rest of GRUB from another part of the disk. (This is done because the
MBR is too small to contain all of GRUB). The space that is chosen is space
between the MBR and the first partition, which usually exists.

GPT is a standard for how the partitons are specified. It does have a 'protective'
MBR, however this is only for allowing BIOS based computers to boot and stop
tools that only know about MBR from trying to trash GPT. It can have

(How GPT is handled depends on whether it is booting using a BIOS (or UEFI system
in BIOS emulation mode) or UEFI. I will focus on UEFI as it relates to the question).

Boot loaders for operating systems are stored in a partion called EFI System
Partiton, that is formatted (usually) with FAT32. This is where GRUB is installed.

Converting

First...

We are playing around with the partition table, so guaranteed safety is not
possible. It is a risky operation. However, the method should not lose data.

Others coming across this: Do not use on Apple Macs.

Now...

You will need to do this on a live CD (or another linux installation installed
to a different disk.)

When dealing with GPT disks, we need to use a GPT aware program. 'GPT fdisk' is
a good tool to use and what I will be using. It can be called gptfdisk or
gdisk depending on distribution (Ubuntu calles it gdisk). Parted (and Gparted)
is also GPT aware, so can 'safely' be used with GPT disks.

To convert you need to:

Resize partitions to fit GPT data and EFI system partition.
Convert the disk and add partitions
Install GRUB to EFI system partition.

1) Resize partition

Use parted (command line) or gparted (GUI) to resize the first and last
partition. The first partion should have about 200MiB before it, and the last
partition should have 1MiB to 2MiB (either will do) taken off the end.

2) Convert the disk

Run

gdisk /dev/sdx

changing the device you want to convert is /dev/sdx.

It should tell you that it will convert the partiton table.

GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 0.6.14

Partition table scan:
  MBR: MBR only
  BSD: not present
  APM: not present
  GPT: not present

***************************************************************
Found invalid GPT and valid MBR; converting MBR to GPT format.
THIS OPERATION IS POTENTIALLY DESTRUCTIVE! Exit by typing 'q' if
you don't want to convert your MBR partitions to GPT format!
***************************************************************

Command (? for help):

Now add a new partition, making it of type 'EFI system'. It should find the free
space at the beginning (I suggest some low sector number like 34) and
automatically use all the free space.
The examples use a 4GB USB flash drive with 1 partition already on there, resized
as per above.

Command (? for help): n
Partition number (2-128, default 2): 2
First sector (34-7831518, default = 34) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Information: Moved requested sector from 34 to 2048 in
order to align on 2048-sector boundaries.
Use 'l' on the experts' menu to adjust alignment
Last sector (2048-421887, default = 421887) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Current type is 'Linux/Windows data'
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 0700): L
0700 Linux/Windows data    0c01 Microsoft reserved    2700 Windows RE
4200 Windows LDM data      4201 Windows LDM metadata  7501 IBM GPFS
7f00 ChromeOS kernel       7f01 ChromeOS root         7f02 ChromeOS reserved
8200 Linux swap            8301 Linux reserved        8e00 Linux LVM
a500 FreeBSD disklabel     a501 FreeBSD boot          a502 FreeBSD swap
a503 FreeBSD UFS           a504 FreeBSD ZFS           a505 FreeBSD Vinum/RAID
a800 Apple UFS             a901 NetBSD swap           a902 NetBSD FFS
a903 NetBSD LFS            a904 NetBSD concatenated   a905 NetBSD encrypted
a906 NetBSD RAID           ab00 Apple boot            af00 Apple HFS/HFS+
af01 Apple RAID            af02 Apple RAID offline    af03 Apple label
af04 AppleTV recovery      be00 Solaris boot          bf00 Solaris root
bf01 Solaris /usr & Mac Z  bf02 Solaris swap          bf03 Solaris backup
bf04 Solaris /var          bf05 Solaris /home         bf06 Solaris alternate se
bf07 Solaris Reserved 1    bf08 Solaris Reserved 2    bf09 Solaris Reserved 3
bf0a Solaris Reserved 4    bf0b Solaris Reserved 5    c001 HP-UX data
c002 HP-UX service         ef00 EFI System            ef01 MBR partition scheme
ef02 BIOS boot partition   fd00 Linux RAID
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 0700): ef00
Changed type of partition to 'EFI System'

You should now have the EFI partition.

Command (? for help): p
Disk /dev/sdd: 7831552 sectors, 3.7 GiB
Logical sector size: 512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): 669247F2-37F7-4797-98F9-9CE56F7EA8C8
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 7831518
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 4029 sectors (2.0 MiB)

Number  Start (sector)    End (sector)  Size       Code  Name
   1          421888         7829503   3.5 GiB     0700  Linux/Windows data
   2            2048          421887   205.0 MiB   EF00  EFI System

Then exit gdisk

Command (? for help): w

Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING
PARTITIONS!!

Do you want to proceed, possibly destroying your data? (Y/N): y
OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT).
The operation has completed successfully.

Now use Gparted (or command-line mkfs.vfat -F 32 /dev/partition) to format the partition as FAT32.

3) Install GRUB

This comes with less assurances that the previous part as I have not tried it myself.

I am not sure about this step, so I'll guess using RAOF's instructions:

  To switch to grub-efi you'd want to

  Find your EFI partition; mount it in /boot/efi. Add this to /etc/fstab¹
  Install the grub-efi package
  Switch your BIOS boot priority from UEFI and Legacy to UEFI only (or a similar option)

You should work out which version of grub-efi to install with

ioreg -l -p IODeviceTree | grep firmware-abi

If it says EFI32 install the grub-efi-ia32 package, if it says EFI64
install the grub-efi-amd64 package. You can install the packages with

sudo apt-get install <package name>

This will probably only work if you have booted in EFI mode.

If it does not work, you could try these step by step instructions
(under "Install GRUB2 in (U)EFI systems") once grub-efi is installed.

Configuring (+ Dual Boot)

If RAOK's instructions work, you should be able to add the following line to
/etc/grub.d/40_custom

menuentry "Windows 7" {
        set root='(hd0,gpt1)'
        chainloader /EFI/microsoft/bootmgfw.efi
}

It assumes that Windows is recognised as hd0 by GRUB. It may need to be changed
to hd1 in order to work.

Now run

update-grub

to update the config file.

References and further reading

I used several sources.

Rod Smith's "GPT fdisk tutorial". Good for more info.
Wikipedia pages for UEFI, BIOS, MBR and GPT.
Ubuntu's UEFI booting wiki page. Good for more how-to if you get stuck.
UEFI's own about page.

To complement Portablejim's answer (which really helped me for converting from MBR to GPT, thanks !), you can use Boot-Repair to reinstall grub. It worked like a charm to repair my boot after I failed to complete step 3, and once again when the installation of Windows 10 made the linux boot option disappear.


Can I install extra drivers via the command prompt? Since I can't seem to open the Additional Drivers program? And how do I know what driver I need to install?

For 14.04 and above
sudo ubuntu-drivers list

Will show all the driver packages which apply to your current system. You can then
sudo ubuntu-drivers install      # on modern Ubuntu, or
sudo ubuntu-drivers autoinstall  # on older versions.

to install all the packages you need, or you can do:
sudo ubuntu-drivers devices

to show you which devices need drivers, and their corresponding package names.

After install nvidia driver you can regenerate xorg config for your nvidia adapter:

sudo nvidia-xconfig

Also, you can download the driver from www.nvidia.com and install it manually:

sudo sh ./downloads/NVIDIA-Linux-x86-xxx.xx.xx.run


Mount single partition from image of entire disk (device) I made an image of my entire disk with

dd if=/dev/sda of=/media/external_media/sda.img

Now the problem is I'd like to mount an ext4 filesystem that was on that disk but

mount -t ext4 -o loop /media/external_media/sda.img /media/sda_image

obviously gives a superblock error since the image contains the whole disk (MBR, other partitions) not just the partition I need. So I guess I should find a way to make the disk image show up in the /dev/ folder...

Does anyone know how to do that?

PS: I can always dd back the image to the original disk, but that would be very inconvenient (I updated the OS and I'd like to keep it as it is)

Get the partition layout of the image

$ sudo fdisk -lu sda.img
...
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
...
  Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
sda.img1   *          56     6400000     3199972+   c  W95 FAT32 (LBA)

Calculate the offset from the start of the image to the partition start

Sector size * Start = (in the case) 512 * 56 = 28672

Mount it on /dev/loop0 using the offset

sudo losetup -o 28672 /dev/loop0 sda.img

Now the partition resides on /dev/loop0. You can fsck it, mount it etc

sudo fsck -fv /dev/loop0
sudo mount /dev/loop0 /mnt

Unmount

sudo umount /mnt
sudo losetup -d /dev/loop0

Here's a user-friendly and interactive way that requires that the excellent fzf utility is installed, as well as sudo.
First add this function to your .bashrc or .zshrc:
pmount() { sudo mount -o loop,offset=$(($(sudo fdisk -lu "$1" | sed -n '/^Device/,/^$/p' | tail -n+2 | fzf | sed -E -e 's/[[:blank:]]+/ /g' | cut -d' ' -f2) * 512)) "$1" "$2"; }

Then reload your shell (or type $SHELL).
You can then mount .img files with this command:
pmount my.img /mnt

A list pops up where you can select which permision you wish to mount, using the arrow keys and then pressing return.

Unmount with sudo umount /mnt.


Script to copy files to folders with the same shared template names Can anyone help me to define a script which would copy multiple files one by one to multiple folders in other destination based on their shared template names?

For example

I have several folders named like 15apr01d_c_000??gr_000??sq_v0?_000??hl_0000?ex.frames (the question marks are representing different numbers)

my files are in other folder named 15apr01d_c_000??gr_000??sq_v0?_000??hl_0000?ex.frames.region_000.sum-all_000-0??.box

So what I want is to copy each respective box file to each respective folder as they share the template name 15apr01d_c_000??gr_000??sq_v0?_0000?hl_0000?ex.frames

The bash script you are looking for is:

#!/bin/bash

#for loop

for n in {1..3500}

do

cp -r `find /media/first4t/boxes/ -type f -iname $(cd /media/first4t/frames && ls -d 15apr01d_c_000[0-9][0-9]gr_000[0-9][0-9]sq_v0[0-9]_000[0-9][0-9]hl_0000[0-9]ex.frames | head -$n | awk 'END{print}')* | awk 'END{print}'` /media/first4t/frames/`cd /media/first4t/frames && ls -d 15apr01d_c_000[0-9][0-9]gr_000[0-9][0-9]sq_v0[0-9]_000[0-9][0-9]hl_0000[0-9]ex.frames | head -$n | awk 'END{print}'`/

done

Save it as /path/to/anyname.sh & to run it do:

bash /path/to/anyname.sh

A bit of bash script can so this job quite well. A bit to write the scripts now.

Are you aware of bash script ?

Use rsync !!


Why does four ttyUSB entries appear when I plug one mobile broadband modem? I am using D-Link DWP-156 in Ubuntu 14.04 LTS. When I plug it into  one of the four USB ports on my laptop, 4 new devices are detected by /dev folder viz: ttyUSB0, ttyUSB1, ttyUSB2 and ttyUSB3. Why is this happening when I plug one device? Is it okay or is that a problem?

I can use the modem with no problems. I just want to know whether this behavior of /dev is ok or not.

You could try to enter this in the terminal:

     gedit /etc/fstab

and at the bottom of the file type this in:

     none     usb ttyusb0     errors=noremount-usb     1
     none     usb ttyusb1     errors=noremount-usb     1
     none     usb ttyusb2     errors=noremount-usb     1
     none     usb ttyusb3     errors=noremount-usb     1

and it might work fine this way when it is rebooted.


Okular no longer working in terminal after Kubuntu 18 upgrading I have recently upgraded from Kubuntu 16 to 18.
When I try to run okular in a terminal (konsole) as a user (as I have been successfully doing before, in vs 16), in vs 18 it fails, giving a message error: "Unable to find the okular component: The shared library was not found".
I can run okular from the Application Menu, and also from terminal provided I run it with sudo, but not when I try as a user. I wonder what has changed in the upgrading and how to fix the problem.
Thanks.

Perhaps this is not the solution you are asking for, but I fixed this on my machine by removing the snap version of Okular and installing the apt version instead.

I found the answer to the mystery. It was in my .bashrc file which contained a line:
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/Qt/5.10.1/gcc_64/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH which caused this and other similarly odd problems with other applications (kilefor instance). This appeared after upgrading, as that line was harmless before. I must finally mention that the quoted library directory exists in my installation (i.e. the problem is not caused because the directory is lacking).


Additional drivers page shows nothing at all. (Not an nVidia problem) I just reinstalled Ubuntu 12.10 because before the additional drivers page showed absolutely nothing. During the new install, I made sure to click install 3rd party software (I hadn't clicked this last time and thought that might be the problem).

However, when I was trying to connect to my wifi it didn't work (because of my router only allowing 5 people on at a time), so I said don't connect now. I planned to connect later and install the 3rd party software (what I assume contains the list for proprietary drivers).

Is there any way to get my list of "additional drivers" to show something? I thought maybe I could install updates and get it to work (but that didn't work last time.. But last time I also hadn't checked install 3rd party software..). I don't want to install updates if it won't work because my Internet is pretty slow.

Also, I have it set to check for updates once a day, but if updating is the solution then how do I choose to check for updates now instead of waiting for later?

If doing another reinstall of Ubuntu with wifi working is the solution then I'll be more than happy to do that. Someone please point me in the right direction!

Thanks

Edit1: I figured out how to check for updates immediately. I went to the top left on the unity taskbar and clicked the Dash Home icon. Typed in "software" and "software updater" popped up. That lets you install software updates immediately.

Also, when I looked into Ubuntu's software update settings, the box for installing proprietary drivers was checked, so hopefully this update will also get me the list of drivers. I'll edit again when the update is finished.

Edit2: The updates have finished installing and I restarted my computer, but there are still no options listed in the additional drivers menu. Does anyone know what I can do to see some optional drivers? I have an ATI HD 4200 in my laptop that I would really like the graphics drivers for.

I'm having the same issue trying to fix a graphics driver problem causing Ubuntu to crash upon login. Solved it by accident! I attempted to install some language updates, then went to the Software and Updates tab and tried to click X to close out of frustration. It then asked me to update, I accepted and upon reentering the list appeared. Try installing and update in general and try closing the tab to see if it asks you. Good luck


Grub2 menu problems with dualboot w7-ubuntu 11.10 I'm starting up with Linux and having loads of issues. Already tried to find answers here, but can't make anything out of them.

I installed Ubuntu (64 bit version) on a partition of my W7 HHD and created a SWAP too, but W7 keeps on booting straight away. I do not get any Grub2 menu. As I do not have a CD device, I am using USB for everything.

I tried several things that I found here to fix it (besides right shift and Esc repeatedly):

Try Ubuntu without installing (after being installed) would not let me click on anything.

Burn a Live-CD on my USB, open a terminal and use:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:yannubuntu/boot-repair

but it will say "command does not exist". Besides, it does not appear to recognize Ubuntu's installation. When I tried to use:

sudo install-grub

the system gives me a message saying if I'm sure if /dev is installed.

Burn a boot-repair USB and run it, but it says that I need internet access to complete the operation and repair grub2, and as I do not have a LAN connection I can´t do it either.

I also tried reinstalling and updating Ubuntu, downloading another iso just in case, but with similar results.

Any advice will be highly appreciated.

I have extracted the boot-repair info file, in case it helps for this issue.

Thanks to everyone!

I finally sorted it, after understanding a few things and doing:

Installing 11.10

Creating a Live-USB

running Live USB

installing and running boot-repair with:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:yannubuntu/boot-repair

sudo apt-get install boot-repair

 sudo apt-get update

GRUB came out here

selecting Ubuntu Classic/2D in login screen

Here I was able to click on things after

booting Ubuntu from my HDD

Updating

Restarting and selecting normal mode

Probably the problem is that grub2 insatlled in the usb... (Happened to me)
What you need is burn another Ubuntu x64 usb, and do not create it woth unetbooton, use better the one that Ubuntu.com/download recomenss you... ( there is a faq that says how to make a bootable usb)
Next boot from it and try Ubuntu, open a terminal and install boot-repair

  sudo apt-add-repository ppa:yannubuntu/boot-repair && sudo apt-get update

  sudo apt-get install boot-repair && boot-repair

Then go for recommended repair, Boot-repair will ask you to open a new terminal and write some commands down... It will repair grub...

Good luck and don't make your computer explode! :D


Latest update to Thunderbird 60.2.1 on 18.04 - Lightning calendar missing After completing an Ubuntu automatic software update (15 Oct 2018) that included Thunderbird 60.2.1 the Lightning calendar is now missing.
When I click on Thunderbird's Add-On tab to see if there's an update for Lightning I'm told that all the versions of Lightning available there are not compatible with the updated Thunderbird release. All my calendar data is no longer available to me - HELP!!

Same here, on (Ubuntu based) Linux Mint 19. It seems to be a thunderbird issue but the update should not have been passed through when it breaks what many regard as core functionality.

A solution is posted on the Linux Mint forums:

  I ran into this problem today in Mint 19 when Tbird 60.2.1 was
  installed through the Update Manager. Removing the Lightning add-on
  from Tbird and installing the "xul-ext-lightning" package allowed me
  to recreate my calendar and connect it to Google Calendar.

So the solution is:

remove the lightning add-on in Thunderbird;
exit from Thunderbird;
install xul-ext-lightning package with

sudo apt install xul-ext-lightning

(it will pull more packages in).
restart Thunderbird.

My previous settings had been retained and I did not need to recreate my calendar.

If calendar tab is missing: watch out for the mini "switch to calendar tab" icon on the very right of tab bar:

If still you can't see any calendar, try (after following steps 1...4 above) to follow the instructions in  this calendar troubleshooting article published on the Thunderbird Release Notes.

NOTICE that this seems to fail if the calendar is configured with  a language different from English. There is an extended discussion, with links to bug reports, on the mozilla help forums.

You can install the Lightning beta extension from xpi file for Thunderbird 60.
You can download the latest Lightning here.

Source: https://www.reddit.com/r/Thunderbird/comments/9gt80n/lightning_does_not_work_on_thunderbird_60/

This worked for me perfectly. Mint 17.2 64 bit


Night Light not working in Ubuntu 20.04 Today I realized that Night Light stopped working in my machine. When I try to set it up, nothing happens. See attached gif:

I am not sure what's causing it to fail. I don't know if there are any logs generated by this tool, or if there's another way to enable Night Light.
Any idea what to try? This was working a few months ago.
When I check /var/log/syslog, there are some messages related to night light when I use the «Sunset to Sunrise» schedule, but nothing indicates that it failed:
Sep 19 22:46:37 sambayon gnome-control-c[22940]: no sunset data, using 16.00
Sep 19 22:46:37 sambayon gnome-control-c[22940]: no sunrise data, using 8.00

I encountered the same problem in 20.04, so I tried to reinstall gnome-control-center and then tried to restart my computer and it works.
Try running this command in a terminal to reinstall control center:
sudo apt-get install --reinstall gnome-control-center

and then restart you computer.

I encountered the same issue in Ubuntu 20.10.
After turning on night light, I restart the computer and it works normally.


How to show installed applications when opening Unity I have Ubuntu 16.04.

At first I could see the applications I installed in Unity going to Applications.

Now if I search for a specific application then Unity finds it correctly; however I cannot see here in Unity all the applications I installed and going to Applications it just shows things such as: Banshee, Calculator, COLOURLovers and so on but I cannot see my applications such as Skype, Eclipse, VLC and so on.

Why is it not showing them?

Sorry, i am not yet allowed to comment. When you say you're a new user to ubuntu I would suspect that you have used windows before. I understand your question that you are missing the ordered list of all applications on the computer as e.g. in windows start menus.
I am using unity desktop and I am missing that too. I am not very happy to search every time I want to open a tool and never did use that feature on windows either. So I just put all Icons I regulary use either in the dock or put it on the desktop with works find. The only list of all application in the GUI is in the software / installed. But I do not find it very useful once there a more programs installed.

Maybe you should have a look at the other desktops provided by ubunut. For example I have been using the Xubunut desktop on two PCs. There is a start menu like thing. What I even like better is the right button context menu on the desktop. I can open a terminal where ever I point to and I can access a structured list with all applications installed (additionally to the start desktop). Its a little bit less stylish than unity, but not a lot. It has not doc, though.
I do not know the other variants, but I am sure its worth to take a look. You can install them all in parallel an switch the from the log in window. Just uninstall those which you do not like.

A program downloaded and run will not appear in the Ubuntu menu.  The items you install using the Software Center, the commandline of apt install, and many packages distributed as .deb installers.

Some programs may include a routine to create and install a menu item as part of the installer.  But the case of opening and package and running it, you won't find it in the menus.  You could alternatively manually create a launcher and add it to the the applications menu.

If you downloaded Eclipse from the official site, you most likely have a later version than the one from the repository (using apt install).  You can add your downloaded version to the launcher using these steps:

Create a launcher:

$ sudo apt install gnome-panel
$ gnome-desktop-item-edit --create-new ~/Desktop

For the new launcher use:

Type       Application
Name       Eclipse
Command    (Click the browse button. Browse to the the file to run eclipse.)
Commen     Eclipse programming Development IDE

Click OK

Now copy or move the new launcher from your ~/Desktop to ~/.local/share/applicatons/

Now you can launch That version of Eclipse from the Ubuntu Dash Search button.


How to use Undo functionality in Nano? I use the commmand line text editor nano. How do I undo an action while editing text?

For example:
I typed some text and then changed my mind. Now I want to return to previous state. How?

Starting with nano version 2.3.5 in July 2014, undo/redo became standard:

Alt-U or Option-U or EscU - undo
Alt-E or Option-E or EscE - redo

It's in the help:

And if you stretch the screen wider than about 1400 pixels, there's a hint at bottom right:

If these keys don't work, check nano --version.

nano versions 2.1.10 - 2.3.4 should use the command line option -u (thanks @sil). Tip:  add alias nano="nano -u" to your .bashrc (thanks @Benia). The implementation of undo during this period appears to have been buggy or incomplete.
nano versions 2.1.3 - 2.1.9 had some kind of undo feature. The -u option was not necessary.

M stands for meta.

You can also add the line

set undo

in the .nanorc file. This enables the experimental undo feature on startup in versions below 2.4, such as 2.2.6 which seems to be the standard installation on many Linux distros.


HDMI video lags on external screen I have a recent laptop with ubuntu 20.04 wih a Nvidia GForce 2060, which is correctly installed with nvidia drivers.
When I plug a TV via HDMI, it's detected and works, but the image lags, there's like lag lines in the middle of the screen when the images moves. It's only on the HDMI screen, not the computer screen.
When I start on the windows dual boot there is no lag.
It lags as well with a 360p video as with a 2160p video, I've tried with VLC, and other softwares like Videos, it's the same.
Thanks,

Yeah is getting worse week after installation...definitely  smth is fkd up...watching movies on 4k screen or using multiscreen via ubuntu is sht...even when you setup your monitor order its changing setup when you sign out...I do not know ubuntu is on the market so many years its cooporate with other satanic brnads and stil cant be faster fkn bill gates sht...


I forgot my root password How can I reset my password without knowing my password? I tried changing my password to a longer and harder password to crack and I wrote it down in a word file but now I lost the file and I can't remember my password. Does anyone know how to reset it? I need to know as soon as possible because it's nearly 5 am and I need to close my computer but I won't be able to log back in without knowing my password.

Boot an other Linux/Unix system. Mount your root-partition. Go to the mounted /way_to_mountpoint/etc. Edit the passwd, by deleting the x in the password field. Reboot your System in the normal way. Login as root, and change the root passwd in the normal way.


Windows 10 Ubuntu dual boot Recently I tried to dual boot Ubuntu 16.04 with Windows 10 on my Acer aspire laptop UEFI and ran into many issues. The main issue being after installation of Ubuntu 16.04, grub2 bootloader worked only the first time and never again even when I tried reinstalling and several workarounds. Ended up having to format the hdd and install Ubuntu 16.04 by itself.

I just picked up an HP Laptop and I definitely want to dual-boot but am afraid that Windows 10 is the problem as I have worked with UEFI many times and never had an issue.

I read on several forums that Windows 10 breaks grub. This was a few months ago. Nothing worked and many others complained of the same issue.

Many suggested reverting back to Windows 8 or 7 and it worked for them.

My question is, now that a few months have passed. Has this issue been resolved?

Does anyone know of a guaranteed method that works?

Has Canonical possibly fixed the issue?

When I first tried my Dual-Boot, Windows 10 was just released.

Is this no longer an issue?

Appreciate any help! I really do not want to even start the process if I am going to run into the same issue.

You seem to think that there is one issue that wreaks havoc with Windows 10/Ubuntu dual-boots. That's not true; there are many issues, most of which occur on only a small subset of computers. Thus, the only way to completely answer your question is to write a book on the subject. Literally, a book. As the author of over 20 published books on computers, I'm not exaggerating.

In some cases, you can install with little preparation and everything will work normally. Other times, you'll run into one of those many problems. To minimize the risk of your encountering a problem, or to help you recover should you do so, you can read up on the way EFI works and how Ubuntu (or other Linux distributions) works with it:

Adam Williamson's blog entry on how EFI works -- This page describes the theory behind EFI-mode booting.
A question and answers on the differences between BIOS and EFI booting on Superuser.com -- This provides the basics of the preceding, but is more concise.
My page on installing Linux on EFI systems -- This page is a more practical introduction to EFI-mode booting than Adam Williamson's blog.
My page on EFI boot loaders for Linux -- This page describes EFI boot loader choices for Linux systems.
My page on the CSM -- This page covers the CSM, including when it's useful and when it's not.
The Ubuntu community wiki entry on UEFI -- This page is a bit disjointed, but is the most Ubuntu-specific introduction to EFI and its issues.

I know that's a long reading list, and you probably don't want to read all of those pages. If you can read just one or two, I recommend Adam Williamson's blog post and/or my page on installing Linux on EFI systems.

Beyond that, you get into specific problem areas. The biggest of these is buggy EFIs that forget their settings. This problem used to be very common but is now less common -- but more common than it should be. HP used to be a known offender in this area, but I get the impression that recent models are fixed. Dell and ASUS seem to be above average in their EFI implementations. Less-popular brands are often troublesome, as a general rule.

Bad instructions are also an issue. In particular, many sites and posts (especially older ones) recommend enabling BIOS/CSM/legacy mode; but if Windows is already installed in EFI/UEFI mode, enabling BIOS/CSM/legacy support is asking for trouble. My page on the CSM describes why in detail.

If Ubuntu still boots but you CANNOT change OS's I have encountered this problem once. If this is the case I think your GRUB is not showing itself long enough or is just not showing itself meaning the show menu option is off. You can fix this by installing grub customizer

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:danielrichter2007/grub-customizer
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install grub-customizer

After installation open grub customizer and navigate to the 'General Settings' tab and under 'visibility' check 'show menu' and increase the 'Boot default entry' value to however long you want in seconds.

Hope this works :).


Quantal analyzes the HD in any boot I have installed Ubuntu 12.10 formating the HDD. Any time that I turn on the PC and boot Ubuntu, it always analyzes my HDD in search for bad blocks. This is what happens:
When I turn on the PC and load Ubuntu, before I can login my user, appears the following image. If I press C, the process ends and I can work, if I wait until the process can finish by itself also I can work.

Also I had this problem, related to the HDD.

My Hard Disk Driver is a Western Digital.

Is there any problem on the system? Can I stop this procedure?

Information that can help: tune2fs -l output

I solved the problem converting the file system from ext2 to ext4.

If you have the same problem, the first thing to do is discover what is your file system with sudo parted -l . If it is ext2 you should convert this to ext4. Review this question where you will find useful information related this procedure.

NOTE: You wont lose data converting your file system (if you do it well without problems..)

That is just a filesystem check, or fsck; it has nothing to do with bad sectors.  Based on your tune2fs output, it appears that you chose to format your disk with the ext2 filesystem rather than ext3 or ext4.  You should reinstall and use the recommended/default ext4 filesystem.


My pc boots directly to Ubuntu I had installed windows 7 and after that i tried to install ubuntu 14.04 with usb as dual boot. I did the disk partitioning by clicking something else at the installation prompt window. I also left space for swap area. I think that I have made mistake in the mount point since i chose '/'. Now when I restart the pc it directly boots from ubuntu(it doesnt show the grup menu) and at the hard drives it only shows the 30 GB I had saved for ubuntu (it doesn't show my windows hard drives). Are my windows files saved and is it possible to return this action?

Once you login to Ubuntu Linux you should open the terminal(Ctrl+Alt+T) and then issue the following commands

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:yannubuntu/boot-repair
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y boot-repair && boot-repair

to install boot-repair and fix this issue.

Using Windows installation DVD for Boot repair may do the trick. For details, please see http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/32523/how-to-manually-repair-windows-7-boot-loader-problems/

Hope it will help. Thanks


How to resize an image through the terminal? I have Ubuntu 10.04. I have converted image through terminal using the following command:

convert myfigure.png myfigure.jpg

But I want to resize the height and width of the converted image. Is there any way to do this?

Same command, with an extra option:

convert myfigure.png -resize 200x100 myfigure.jpg

or

convert -resize 50% myfigure.png myfigure.jpg

To resize multiple files, you can try the following command (as suggested by @test30)

find . -maxdepth 1 -iname "*.jpg" | xargs -L1 -I{} convert -resize 30% "{}" _resized/"{}"

imgp is a relatively new utility that does image resize and rotation. It has more features than nautilus-image-converter.

For example:

imgp -x 1366x768 *


When is the 16.04 LTS .iso file available? When is the 16.04 .iso file available? I mean the official .iso. I prefer torrent. Cant see any information on the page? Only 14.04 LTS :(

When it is made available as a final release an announcement email will go out over the mailing list, which you can subscribe to here.  There is no set time for 16.04 release though - it will be out when it is ready at some point on April 21.  Usually this is time zone agnostic so we don't base "April 21" on any one time zone.

Download from here http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/daily-live/current/
Is avalible 20 Aprile.


acquire::http::proxy for only specified repositories Is there a way to use acquire::http::proxy for some repositories?

I'm in a network that has a proxy server. So everybody has to update /etc/apt/apt.conf adding the lines like

Acquire::http::Proxy "http://yourproxyaddress:proxyport";
Acquire::https::Proxy "http://yourproxyaddress:proxyport";
Acquire::ftp::Proxy "http://yourproxyaddress:proxyport";
Acquire::socks::Proxy "http://yourproxyaddress:proxyport";

Everything working ok with that.

But now we have a LOT of ubuntu machines and I want to do a local ubuntu mirror.

So we should erase those proxy lines.... except for external repositories.

So, how do I configure something like that?

In RH based distros you can have a global proxy setting for yum and then use individual proxy settings for each repository. But didn't found something similar un Ubuntu.

Finally I got it working as I wanted.

For every local mirror you have to add a line like this:

Acquire::http::proxy::local.mirror.address "DIRECT";

So, in /etc/apt/apt.conf I got something like:

Acquire::http::Proxy "http://yourproxyaddress:proxyport";
Acquire::http::proxy::local.mirror.address "DIRECT";
Acquire::https::Proxy "http://yourproxyaddress:proxyport";
Acquire::ftp::Proxy "http://yourproxyaddress:proxyport";
Acquire::socks::Proxy "http://yourproxyaddress:proxyport";

That way I can use our web proxy for outside/external repositories and be able to use our local repository mirror without a web proxy.

This is how I solve this problem.

Remove all the acquire lines in apt.conf and bring it back to it's pristine state

Now, export your http_proxy as

export http_proxy=http://username:password@host:port
export no_proxy=.xyz.org

where xyz.org is your local domain name

Now finally run apt-get as follows.

sudo -E apt-get update

The -E option make the http_proxy variable available to apt-get. That's it. Proxy is now used for all external connections and not for the internal network.


GUI apps always generate Xlib: extension "RANDR" missing on display ":0.0". For a long time, I've had the following show up every time I launch a GUI application from the terminal:

Xlib:  extension "RANDR" missing on display ":0.0".

I've had this forever and I've also had some odd edge issues forever (Unity not working particularly well, for instance) so I'm wondering if it's indicative of a greater issue with my setup. What might cause this, and at the very least, how might I suppress it?

I'm running 11.10 and this is what lspci says about my video card:

01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: nVidia Corporation G98 [GeForce 8400 GS] (rev a1)

you have xinerama enabled . . .  i guess . . .then xrandr is not available . .  switch to twinview


Ubuntu 12.04 64bit Android source code download problem I am having AMD Athlon machine with OS Ubuntu 12.04 (64bit OS) installed on it. I need to download source code for android for which I need to follow number of steps as shown in the link.
http://source.android.com/source/initializing.html

While following this I need to run the command as

sudo apt-get install git-core gnupg flex bison gperf build-essential \
zip curl libc6-dev libncurses5-dev:i386 x11proto-core-dev \
libx11-dev:i386 libreadline6-dev:i386 libgl1-mesa-glx:i386 \
libgl1-mesa-dev g++-multilib mingw32 openjdk-6-jdk tofrodos \
python-markdown libxml2-utils xsltproc zlib1g-dev:i386

so at a single go this command fails somehow. so I had breaked it down and tried to install. Still I am facing problem when I run the following command:

sudo apt-get install build-essential libc6-dev libncurses5-dev:i386 libreadline6-dev:i386 g++-multilib zlib1g-dev:i386 libxext-dev:i386

the log that get printed in the terminal is as below:

> Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Package build-essential is not available, but is referred to by another package.
This may mean that the package is missing, has been obsoleted, or
is only available from another source

Package libc6-dev is not available, but is referred to by another package.
This may mean that the package is missing, has been obsoleted, or
is only available from another source
However the following packages replace it:
  linux-libc-dev:i386 libc-dev-bin

Package libncurses5-dev is not available, but is referred to by another package.
This may mean that the package is missing, has been obsoleted, or
is only available from another source
However the following packages replace it:
  libtinfo-dev

E: Package 'build-essential' has no installation candidate
E: Package 'libc6-dev' has no installation candidate
E: Package 'libncurses5-dev' has no installation candidate
E: Unable to locate package g++-multilib
E: Couldn't find any package by regex 'g++-multilib'
E: Unable to locate package zlib1g-dev

Please help on. How I get this solved?

Run:

sudo apt-get update

This will refresh your repositories and could&should solve your problem.

Run the following command:

sudo apt-get install git-core gnupg flex bison gperf build-essential \
zip curl zlib1g-dev libc6-dev lib64ncurses5-dev \
x11proto-core-dev libx11-dev lib64readline5-dev lib64z-dev \
libgl1-mesa-dev g++-multilib tofrodos


Nvidia driver on Kubuntu 20.04 does not load X or Steam I have installed kubuntu 20.04 and when I tried to install nvidia drivers X does not start. The ubuntu-drivers devices shows this:
filho@filho:~$ ubuntu-drivers devices
== /sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:01.0/0000:01:00.0 ==
modalias : pci:v000010DEd00000DE9sv00001043sd000010ACbc03sc00i00
vendor   : NVIDIA Corporation
model    : GF108M [GeForce GT 620M/630M/635M/640M LE]
manual_install: True
driver   : nvidia-driver-390 - distro non-free recommended
driver   : nvidia-340 - distro non-free
driver   : xserver-xorg-video-nouveau - distro free builtin

I have tried ubuntu-drivers autoinstall and also apt-get install nvidia-driver-390. The result is the one I described above, X does not start. I have to start an older kernel version and purge nvidia.
I also have tried this solution, but it did not work
Edit
I have managed to get X running after installing the nvidia driver. Before rebooting I ran nvidia-settings and choose the option "NVIDIA On-Demand" than rebooted. But when I tried to run Steam I got a window message saying "OpenGL GLX extension not supported by display".
Please help me.

Have you tried using sudo prime-select nvidia and rebooting (after installing the drivers)?
Also, after doing so, check the tab Additional Drivers in Software & Updates settings to see if the driver actually shows up as installed.


Tap-to-click not working in Lubuntu 14.04 I have quite a strange problem.

My sister upgraded her Lubuntu yesterday to 14.04 and everything went alright. After some reboots though (she said she hadn't done anything except for messing with the look and feel settings) the tap-to-click on the touchpad suddenly stopped working. Scrolling works alright.

What I've done:

Checked the mouse options. Everything was fine.
Logged in as guest. Tap-to-click worked just fine.
Put in the line Option "TapButton1" "1" into the inputclass section of 50-synaptics.conf. After rebooting/logging out nothing has changed.
Tried synclient tapbutton1=1. That works in the current session.
Put in the xorg.conf folder a new configuration file.

Still, I wasn't able to fix the problem permanently. I couldn't find any other solutions apart from the one described in 3.

I would be really thankful for any suggestions :)

Yesterday i had exactly the same problem, i also tried everything you listed here and nothing worked and i also tried to change the mouse options through the System Settings menu.

But today i connected my mouse to my laptop and he was also not working well, so then again i open the System Settings menu and gone to Mouse & Touchpad and in general changed the Primary Button to the Right and then to the Left again. And awkwardly this worked, now my touchpad and external mouse are working just fine.

I don't know if this will solve your problem, because like i said is an awkward solution/process for an awkward problem...

Had the same problem after upgrading to ubuntu 14.04 (xubuntu actually). I've installed a touchpad utility from synaptic package manager. Upon opening it the tap to click option had been disabled, I've enabled it and it now works.


Set up Logitech K380 for Linux Ubuntu 16.04 LTS I have just installed on my SSD new OS Linux Ubuntu 16.04 LTS. I of course tried to set-up my Logitech K380 keyboard on my new Linux.

Well. Yesterday I kind read a lot of pages about that, how to get all those settings in, but I didn't a thing.

So, can someone please explain from A-Z how to set-up Logitech K380 on Linux 16.04 LTS?

I have a Logitech K480.

First put the keyboard into pairing mode using the manual for instructions

Open bluetooth manager and press on the "+" to add a device

Bluetooth manager should find a device with name Logitech K380, click on Logitech K380 and then next.  You should be prompted to type a PIN in on the bluetooth keyboard, enter the PIN followed by the Enter button and you should be connected

I deleted ~/.config/pulse

And it worked. Found the solution on this Arch forum thread


Software to find desktop power usage? Since I have moved from Windows XP to Ubuntu 12.10, I have been constantly blamed for increased electricity bills.(That may be true, but I think the reason is  increase in the time I use my computer, because it is more productive now).

Is there any software that would calculate how much power my computer actually uses?

  Note that I use a Desktop and the Powertop, Powerstat, and Power Statistics programs referenceed  here only work for laptops.
  The answer suggests that for desktop the only solution "then" is to use a electronic watt-meter. Has the situation changed in last 2 years?

We have created a terminal tool to monitor CPU frequency/utilization/Temperature. It now also supports monitoring power on Intel CPUs newer than Sandy-Bridge.
You can see the power graph in watts on the bottom as well as on the side bar.
This only reads total CPU power, not per process and not including other components.

powerstat: Power Consumption Calculator for Ubuntu Linux

For that, open your Terminal and enter the below commands.

sudo apt-add-repository ppa:colin-king/powermanagement
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install powerstat

This should handle your request...

For more information and how to use check this


Skype 4.3 video problem Ubuntu 14.04 i want to make an video call with my contacts but there is a problem I am not able to solve..

I followed this manual:

    First you will need to make sure you have libv4l-0 installed.

    If you have installed Ubuntu restricted extras then you should already have it if not open Software Centre and install Ubuntu restricted extras from there.

    Once this is done open a Terminal and copy and paste the following command

    sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/skype.desktop

    After you have provided your password a text editor will open. Line 4 should look like this

    Exec=skype

    Replace with this text

    Exec=bash -c 'LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libv4l/v4l1compat.so skype'

    Save and exit the text editor and close the terminal. Now you can open Skype and test your webcam via 'options' then 'video devices'

I can see the video in Skype settings -> video .. in there works everything ok ..

but when i want to make a call, there is a CAM_icon which I cannot enable, so it is only "voice-call" ..

Do you have any ideas?

webcam: logitech c170

solution:

it is ok now... my fault guys ... it works only when the other person accept the call :)))) after the call was estabilished, webcam works perfect :) thank you

webcam: logitech c170

The steps you need to follow, as ~Fuhrer707 details, are:

Install User Agent Overrider Firefox add-on (https://addons.mozilla.org/en-gb/firefox/addon/user-agent-overrider/)
Set the user agent to Windows / Edge
Restart Firefox
Go to web.skype.com
Allow access to microphone and notifications
Make a Skype test call and adjust audio levels based on the recording


Can I install Ubuntu on a clean harddrive and keep rest as unallocated? So i have a fresh new 1TB hdd and I don't want to install windows now because i don't have installation key.
I want to install linux on a 200gb partition and leave rest as unallocated space for Windows installation
Is there any harm keeping space unallocated
Whenever I install windows, will i still be able to use GRUB or windows analogue of it?
I want my pc to boot windows by default how do I do that?

Install Windows without License
You do not need the key to install Windows, See https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/software-download/windows10startfresh
However Windows still technically requires a license for full performance.
Without activating, you won't be able to personalize the desktop background, window title bar, taskbar, and Start color, change the theme, customize Start, taskbar, and lock screen etc.
Additionally, you might periodically get messages asking to activate your copy of Windows
It might make your life easier to install Windows 10 before installing  Ubuntu.
You can let Windows sit until you get a key and then activate it when you are ready.
Windows is a little bit useful even without activation, you can always delete it is you decide Ubuntu is enough.

Yes you can do this.
Install Ubuntu to a 200GB partition, but leave the rest as unallocated space. This is absolutely imperative because the Windows installer will NOT install to an already formatted partition, you need unallocated space to make it's own partitions.
You can also keep using GRUB too. Windows may install it's boot manager to the EFI partition that GRUB makes, or it may make it's own. You need to keep both either way, however you can re-order your BIOS entries so you can boot into GRUB. Once installing Windows and it's boot manager, you need to regenerate the GRUB boot loader image otherwise it may not show up with the Windows Boot Manager option.


error while loading shared libraries: libjpeg.so.62: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory I am not sure if I must ask this in blender stakcexchange or in here. However, the problem is that when I run a custom compiled version of Blender(that wasn't compiled by me), I see this:

./blender: error while loading shared libraries: libjpeg.so.62: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

It shows that a library for loading jpeg files is missing. Now I don't have any idea how to fix it? Is it possible to kinda get it manually? I think that the problem is that Ubuntu 15.10 may have upgraded libjpeg to version 7 and deleted version 6.2 files. But that's all I know so far.

Try sudo apt-get install libboost-all-dev


Ubuntu 17.04 nvidia-settings, how to run from sshd? I have a simple script, with GPU settings:

#!/bin/bash
#nvidia-settings -a '[gpu:0]/GPUGraphicsMemoryOffset[3]=850'
nvidia-settings -a '[gpu:0]/GPUMemoryTransferRateOffset[3]=1900'
nvidia-settings -a '[gpu:0]/GPUFanControlState=1'
nvidia-settings -a '[fan:0]/GPUTargetFanSpeed=80'

But I can't run this script over ssh or using crontab. These settings work only from actual screen/monitor.

When I am running it remotely, I get those errors:

$ ./gpu0.sh
Unable to init server: Could not connect: Connection refused
ERROR: The control display is undefined; please run `nvidia-settings --help` for usage information.
Unable to init server: Could not connect: Connection refused
ERROR: The control display is undefined; please run `nvidia-settings --help` for usage information.
Unable to init server: Could not connect: Connection refused
ERROR: The control display is undefined; please run `nvidia-settings --help` for usage information.

How can I solve this ?


Archiver/extracting similar to winrar? Basically, I have been looking for an archiver/extracter/whatever you call it that is as good as winrar. Multiple part support, password support, GUI interface, easy to navigate, and basically everything that makes Winrar so awesome. I know Winrar makes a command line tool for Linux, bug I am looking for a GUI thing. When I tried to install Winrar on PlayOnLinux, that didn't work either, I got an error when installing. So does anyone have an archiving tool for Linux that does everything Winrar does? (Note, the built in one does not have password support)

If you have PlayOnLinux and Wine, I would suggest you to use the excellent Bandizip archive manager : http://www.bandisoft.com/bandizip/
It is a free (but not open source software) but it is the only solution I've found to open "rar" files on my Ubuntu.

I would suggest checking out free 7-zip. It has got a GUI and as far as I know it supports all the features you ask for including *.rar files.

You can install it from command line using sudo apt-get install p7zip-full as per this answer.


How do I mount a CIFS share? I'm using Ubuntu 11.10, and am trying to mount a freenas server.  I have the server set to share in cifs and nfs with no luck.

I have tried smbmount //192.168.1.### /mnt/

I am not new to Ubuntu but am nowhere near a power user, so I'd prefer a GUI option if available.

How do I mount a cifs share in 11.10?

There is pyNeighborhood which is a gui for mounting samba shares and available in the software centre for download.

There is a good article located here on how to set it up and use it.

First install cifs utils

sudo apt-get install cifs-utils

Alternatively, the basic terminal command is :

mount -t cifs -o username=USERNAME,password=PASSWD //192.168.1.88/shares /mnt/share

If you'd like to see your mount in Nautilus it would be good to create a subfolder first in /media/USERNAME/ for example:

mkdir /media/paul/cifsShare

also, password could ommited in the mount command for example (will also demonstrate file/folder modes):

sudo mount -t cifs //nas-server/cifsShare /media/paul/cifsShare -o username=paulOnNAS,iocharset=utf8,file_mode=0777,dir_mode=0777,soft,user,noperm

in this case you'll be asked for the password (actually for 2 passwords) on the mounting moment.

Have a read through the Samba documentation here on how to do it and set it up correctly to mount on start up etc.

I put together a little script (it's meant for Fedora though) to mount the CIFS filesystem from the command line and create/delete a test file. May be of some use:

#!/bin/bash
# Passes https://www.shellcheck.net/

set -o nounset

# See
#   https://wiki.samba.org/index.php/Mounting_samba_shares_from_a_unix_client
#   https://access.redhat.com/solutions/448263
# and also
#   https://serverfault.com/questions/309429/mount-cifs-credentials-file-has-special-character

# One needs to run "yum install cifs-utils" to have the kernel module, man page
# and other stuff.

rpm --query cifs-utils > /dev/null

if [[ $? != 0 ]]; then
   echo "Package cifs-utils is not installed -- exiting" >&2
   exit 1
else
   ver=$(rpm --query cifs-utils)
   echo "Package $ver exists ... good!" >&2
fi

# Where to find credentials? Use the "credential file" approach, which
# we call "authfile". Example content (w/o the leading #) below.
# Make sure there are no spaces around '=' (this is different than
# for "smbclient" which can deal with spaces around '='.)
# ----8<------8<----------------
# username=prisoner
# password=KAR120C
# domain=VILLAGE
# ----8<------8<----------------
# Trailing empty lines will lead to (harmless) error messages
# "Credential formatted incorrectly: (null)"

authfile='/etc/smb.passwd' # Make sure read permissions are restricted!!

# Server to contact.
# In the UNC path, we will use DNS name instead of the (more correct?)
# NetBIOS name.
# mount.cifs manpage says: "To mount using the cifs client, a tcp name
# (rather than netbios name) must be specified for the server."

server_dns=thedome.example.com

# The name of the connecting client, just to be sure (probably useless)

client_nbs=$(hostname --short | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper]')

if [[ -z $client_nbs ]]; then
  client_nbs=UNKNOWN
fi

# Connect to a certain service (which is a fileservice)
# and then switch to the given directory.
# Instead of appending $directory to form the complete UNC
# (Uniform Naming Convention) path, one could also use the option
# "prefixpath".
# If there is no need to mount a subdirectory of the service,
# the UNC would just be unc="//$server_dns/$service_name"

service_name='information'
directory='PERSONALDATA'

unc="//$server_dns/$service_name/$directory"

# Finally, we will mount the CIFS filesystem here (the
# permissions on that node are not directly of interest)

mntpoint=/mnt/portal

if [[ ! -d "$mntpoint" ]]; then
   mkdir "$mntpoint"
   if [[ $? != 0 ]]; then
      echo "Could not create mountpoint '$mntpoint' -- exiting" >&2
      exit 1
   fi
fi

# Only this user will be able to access the mounted CIFS filesystem

user=number6
group=number6

# Try to mount this so that only user "number6" can access it

mount -t cifs \
   "$unc" \
   "$mntpoint" \
   --read-write \
   --verbose \
   -o "credentials=$authfile,uid=$user,gid=$group,netbiosname=$client_nbs,file_mode=0660,dir_mode=0770"

res=$?

if [[ $res != 0 ]]; then
   echo "Mount failed!" >&2
   echo "Return code $res; more info may be in kernel log or daemon log" >&2
   echo "Try 'journalctl SYSLOG_FACILITY=0' or 'journalctl SYSLOG_FACILITY=3'" >&2
   echo "...exiting" >&2
   exit 1
fi

# Check permissions on the mount point

stat=$(stat --format="group=%G user=%U access=%A" "$mntpoint")
soll="group=$group user=$user access=drwxrwx---"

if [[ $stat != "$soll" ]]; then
   echo "Incorrect permissions on root of '$mntpoint'" >&2
   echo "Expected: $soll" >&2
   echo "Obtained: $stat" >&2
   echo "...exiting" >&2
   umount "$mntpoint"
   exit 1
fi

# CD to the mountpoint to be sure

cd "$mntpoint"

if [[ $? != 0 ]]; then
  echo "Could not cd to '$mntpoint'" >&2
  exit 1
fi

# CD to directory TEST which must exist (change as appropriate)

newcd="$mntpoint/TEST"

if [[ ! -d "$newcd" ]]; then
   echo "Directory '$newcd' not found - can't test!" >&2
   echo "...exiting" >&2
   exit 1
fi

cd "$newcd"

if [[ $? != 0 ]]; then
  echo "Could not cd to '$newcd'" >&2
  exit 1
fi

# Create a file and check the permissions

testfile=$(mktemp --tmpdir="$newcd")

if [[ $? != 0 ]]; then
   echo "Could not create temporary file in '$newcd'" >&2
   exit 1
fi

stat=$(stat --format="group=%G user=%U access=%A" "$testfile")
soll="group=$group user=$user access=-rw-rw----"

if [[ $stat != "$soll" ]]; then
   echo "Incorrect permissions on temporary file '$testfile'" >&2
   echo "Expected: $soll" >&2
   echo "Obtained: $stat" >&2
   echo "...exiting" >&2
   exit 1
fi

/bin/rm "$testfile"

echo "Mounted '$unc' on '$mntpoint'" >&2


How do I disable nautilus desktop? I am using nautilus on xfce and oneiric, but the desktop of nautilus shows up although I have activated it via gconf, e.g. by

gconftool-2 \
--type bool \
--set /apps/nautilus/preferences/show_desktop false

I remember this had worked on previous versions of Ubuntu.

Install gnome-tweak-tool. There is a setting called "Have file manager handle the desktop" that you can switch off.

The configuration system has been replaced, so gconf won't work in all cases anymore. However, not all apps have been converted yet, so it's still present.

none of the above solutions workedf for me with xfce in debian

however: Settings -> Desktop -> Icons - > Icon type: None

this worked for me!


How can I get wireless to work on a Dell Latitude D610? I cannot log into my wifi on my dell latitude.

I have to hard wire it to my other laptop to get on the Internet. Does anyone have any idea about how to get the wifi to work?

john@john-Latitude-D610:~$ rfkill list all
john@john-Latitude-D610:~$ lsmod
Module                  Size  Used by
snd_seq_dummy          12686  0
bnep                   17707  2
rfcomm                 37276  0
bluetooth             183228  10 bnep,rfcomm
b43                   347284  0
snd_intel8x0           33106  2
snd_ac97_codec        105616  1 snd_intel8x0
radeon                820734  3
joydev                 17161  0
ac97_bus               12670  1 snd_ac97_codec
snd_pcm                80163  2 snd_intel8x0,snd_ac97_codec
mac80211              461161  1 b43
snd_seq_midi           13132  0
ttm                    75534  1 radeon
snd_rawmidi            25382  1 snd_seq_midi
snd_seq_midi_event     14475  1 snd_seq_midi
snd_seq                51255  3 snd_seq_dummy,snd_seq_midi,snd_seq_midi_event
drm_kms_helper         47303  1 radeon
drm                   238768  5 radeon,ttm,drm_kms_helper
cfg80211              175375  2 b43,mac80211
snd_timer              24411  2 snd_pcm,snd_seq
snd_seq_device         14137  4 snd_seq_dummy,snd_seq_midi,snd_rawmidi,snd_seq
snd                    61991  11 snd_intel8x0,snd_ac97_codec,snd_pcm,snd_rawmidi,snd_seq,snd_timer,snd_seq_device
gpio_ich               13159  0
dell_laptop            17161  0
pcmcia                 39509  0
soundcore              14599  1 snd
psmouse                84843  0
i2c_algo_bit           13197  1 radeon
bcma                   34483  1 b43
snd_page_alloc         14036  2 snd_intel8x0,snd_pcm
microcode              18209  0
serio_raw              13031  0
dcdbas                 14054  1 dell_laptop
lpc_ich                16925  0
yenta_socket           27095  0
pcmcia_rsrc            18191  1 yenta_socket
ppdev                  12817  0
mac_hid                13037  0
pcmcia_core            21505  3 pcmcia,yenta_socket,pcmcia_rsrc
parport_pc             31968  1
video                  18847  0
lp                     13299  0
parport                40753  3 ppdev,parport_pc,lp
ssb                    50087  1 b43
tg3                   130448  0

With the ethernet connected, please do:

sudo apt-get install linux-firmware-nonfree
sudo modprobe -r b43 && sudo modprobe b43

Detach the ethernet and your wireless should be working.

try this and its works for me for my dell 5220

https://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=62666


Unable to change hostname in Ubuntu 18.04 server on Virtualbox What I’ve tried:

sudo hostnamectl set-hostname ubuntu-1
echo ‘ubuntu-1’ > /etc/hostname

Sadly, whenever I reboot the hostname changes back to what it was originally.

This can be solved by changing preserve_hostname to true in /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg

To reiterate:

Set preserve_hostname true in /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg
Update hostnamesudo hostnamectl set-hostname ubuntu-1
reboot

If you just want to change name , because its getting displayed as command prompt in terminal,
then you can replace "\h" in PS1 with "desired host name" in ~/.bashrc.

Like in ~/.bashrc put this line at end of file :

export PS2="continue-> ";

export PS1="\u@3050:~$ ";


refresh rate on CRT monitor So, I've got a geForce 650 Ti Boost, on a CRT monitor. My ubuntu is the latest, and I use Nvidias propietary driver. I've tried all the things that I know of to set my refresh rate to 85 hz. I'ts a old monitor, but it serves me just right. I've tried to set on nVidias control pannel, to no avail, and to use compiz manager, again to no avail.

Can you help me to find another way to set the refresh rate?

Type the following command in a terminal:

xrandr -r 85

But before that you have to make sure that the CRT monitor supports the new refresh rate.

Please type into a terminal the following command and paste the output: xrandr


How do I make a read-only file system writable for pendrive When I am trying to format my pendrive, I'm getting the following error.

root@obbu-G41M-Combo:/home/obbu# mkfs.vfat -n 'Ubuntu' -I /dev/sdb1
mkfs.vfat 3.0.14 (23 Jan 2023)
mkfs.vfat: unable to open /dev/sdb1: Read-only file system

Try copying all your files on the drive somewhere else. Then:

Install gparted:

sudo apt-get install gparted

Run gparted and select the drive (/dev/sdb ?)
Click on the Device from menu and select Create partition
Right click on the Unallocated space and click Create partition.
Create a new msdos partition and click the apply button.

If the problem lies with the drive itself this might help. If the problem lies with the way Ubuntu is handling pen drives then we would need logs as @gertvdijk pointed out.


How to do the windows equivalent of "format C:"? Bought a second hand laptop with no OS. Installed Ubuntu and have been running it now for about a year without any problems. Now need to use more windows applications (childrens educational applications that just won't run in Ubuntu).

I already have a spare copy and licence codes for XP and would like to do either of the following:

Completely wipe/erase Ubuntu from the laptop, then install XP ,
and then run Ubuntu with dual boot. (the only thing we do with this
laptop is browse the internet. we have no data saved to the hard
drive so we don't even need a backup)
Create a new partition and install XP with Ubuntu (this seems
like a very troublesome option).

Boot from a LiveCD
Use gparted to re-partition the drive; delete Ubuntu partition and create a FAT/NTFS partition leaving some space un-partitioned
boot from Windows install CD; install windows onto that partition
boot from Ubuntu LiveCD; install Ubuntu.

The point is - Ubuntu is aware of Windows and takes care not to break things (i.e. it'll add Windows entry to the boot menu etc.), while Windows installer does not behave nice to other OSes. So it makes sense to install Windows first.

Alternatively, if you only need Windows to run just a few applications, you can run Windows inside a VirtualBox. This is much better as it doesn't require rebooting your machine each time.

I dont think this is the right place to ask for how to format your partition using windows, better check any windows forums for detailed answers. I can only suggest that run your windows xp disc, it will automatically detect any empty disk space in your hard disk and show available partitions, delete the partiton containing linux. and create a new NTFS/FAT32 parition where you can install windows.


fglrx: No matching Device section for instance... found. how to fix it? I have HD 4850 card, Ubuntu 12.10 and installed legacy drivers using makson96 ppa.
The issue is, that FGLRX can not detect my device and loads vesa bios. I had the same problem on ubuntu 11.10, 12.04 versions. I want to manually help fglrx find a matching device to load as it shoudld do.

It is interesting, why does fglrx search for a device in a PCI:0@1:0:1 Bus?
in xorg.cof different bus is indicated:

Section "Device"
    Identifier  "aticonfig-Device[0]-0"
    Driver      "fglrx"
    BusID       "PCI:1:0:0"
EndSection

fglrxinfo
display: :0.0  screen: 0
OpenGL vendor string: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
OpenGL renderer string: ATI Radeon HD 4800 Series
OpenGL version string: 3.3.11653 Compatibility Profile Context

Here is a part of my xorg log:

[     3.846] (II) VESA: driver for VESA chipsets: vesa
[     3.846] (II) FBDEV: driver for framebuffer: fbdev
[     3.846] (++) using VT number 7

[     3.846] (WW) Falling back to old probe method for fglrx
[     3.883] (II) Loading PCS database from /etc/ati/amdpcsdb
[     3.883] (--) Assigning device section with no busID to primary device
[     3.883] (--) Chipset Supported AMD Graphics Processor (0x9442) found
[     3.884] (WW) fglrx: No matching Device section for instance (BusID PCI:0@1:0:1) found
[     3.884] (II) AMD Video driver is running on a device belonging to a group targeted for this release
[     3.884] (II) AMD Video driver is signed
[     3.884] (II) fglrx(0): pEnt->device->identifier=0xb7791d8f
[     3.884] (WW) Falling back to old probe method for vesa
[     3.884] (WW) Falling back to old probe method for fbdev

from lispci i foud out finally, that my video card is in 01:00.0 slot. logically, if fglrx searches for a vdeo card device in a wrong place, it will not find it.

01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] nee ATI RV770 [Radeon HD 4850]

The log also says:

(WW) fglrx(0): board is an unknown third party board, chipset is supported
Thanks in advance.

I had the exact same card, 4850 and I found that fglrx even when configured properly takes up too much resources for the card. The best performance is shown when using the opensource driver. Do

sudo amdconfig --uninstall

and stick to the opensource driver is my suggestion as a user of that card for 3 years on Linux.

You could try this:

sudo -i

and then this

gedit /etc/org/xorg.conf

and then alter this

pci:01:00.0

and then this

sudo apt-get purge fglrx

and then this

sudo apt-get install fglrx*-

and it might work fine this way.


"Wireless disabled by hardware switch" after suspend and other hardware buttons ineffective - how can I solve this? I have recently purchased a Novatech nFinity N1410 laptop and am having problems with the wireless, which

sudo lshw -C network

tells me is Centrino Wireless-N 2230 and using the iwlwifi driver.

The problem is that after the device has been suspended, I am not able to get the wireless working again without a restart. The network indicator states that the wireless disabled by hardware switch.

Though Fn+F2 is meant to be the wireless switch,

xev

tells me that the system doesn't see it as anything at all when I press this hardware combination. Also, though the brightness up/down buttons work fine, the volume up/down buttons do not work either.

What can I do to fix this? I am running Ubuntu 12.10 with all available updates installed.

I've been looking into buying one of these and have been looking for potential problems, looks like your solution can be found in the novatech forums:

Simply created a new file called brcm.sh
Inserted the below code and save:

#!/bin/bash
# Simple bash script to fix resume from suspend issues...
# Place this script in /etc/pm/sleep.d/
# then chmod +x /etc/pm/sleep.d/brcm.sh

case $1 in
  hibernate)
    /sbin/modprobe -r brcm80211
  ;;
  suspend)
    /sbin/modprobe -r brcm80211
  ;;
  resume)
    /sbin/modprobe brcm80211
  ;;
  thaw)
    /sbin/modprobe brcm80211
  ;;
esac

Placed it in /etc/pm/sleep.d/
Made it executable:

sudo chmod +x /etc/pm/sleep.d/brcm.sh

Source: http://forum.novatech.co.uk/showthread.php?25709-nFinity-N1411-solved-Ubuntu-12-10-install-and-wifi-wake-from-suspend&p=331411

Try installing wicd sudo apt-get install wicd and completely remove network-manager sudo apt-get remove --purge network-manager-gnome network-manager it fixed all Wi-fi problems on my Acer C720 including yours.


Unknown header type 4 When I boot up live or installation of Linux Ubuntu, before it goes to start page (loading of Ubuntu); it shows me a black screen with a text:

PCI 0000:01:02.0: Unknown header type 04, ignoring device...

What this text mean and can I safely install Linux - if not how to fix this issue

I recently had a similar problem.

Try taking out all PCI devices, checking for dust, and putting them back in. Maybe something isn't making a good connection because it's come loose or is dusty.


Override Built-In Maverick Keyboard Shortcuts Having used the Command+M keyboard shortcut to minimize windows in OS X, I'd like to use the same functionality in Ubuntu 10.10. When I try, though, it only brings up the "communications" section of the indicator applet; like so:

In the Keyboard Shortcuts preferences, I have set as the minimize shortcut Mod4+M, which I got by capturing the Apple Command key and the M key. I find no other shortcut using this key combination in Keyboard Shortcuts, and yet I cannot get the window to minimize when using it.

Does anyone know how to override Ubuntu's default usage of this key combination? Thanks!

Is it this bug? Bug #558581
It looks like an annoying race condition between programs that use global key bindings.
At that URL, Alex Beels wrote on 2011-01-05:

To replace indicator-applet with indicator-applet-complete:,

Install indicator-applet-complete.
Remove both indicator-applet (the mail icon) and indicator-session (the on-off button) from the gnome panel.(Right click on icon, and choose "Remove From Panel" from the menu.)
Add indicator-applet-complete to the gnome panel. (Right click on panel background, and choose "Add to Panel..." from the menu.)

To minimize windows in Ubuntu,  use Alt+F9.  It is simply learning something new.


How to install Terraform in Ubuntu I tried to install terraform in Ubuntu desktop but I am getting error:

bash: /usr/local/bin/terraform: cannot execute binary file: Exec format error"

The same steps working for cloud servers.

Steps to install terraform on Ubuntu / Ubuntu cloud server :

Install unzip

sudo apt-get install unzip

Confirm the latest version number on the terraform website:

https://www.terraform.io/downloads.html

Download latest version of the terraform (substituting newer version number if needed)

wget https://releases.hashicorp.com/terraform/0.12.18/terraform_0.12.18_linux_amd64.zip

Extract the downloaded file archive

unzip terraform_0.12.18_linux_amd64.zip

Move the executable into a directory searched for executables

sudo mv terraform /usr/local/bin/

Run it

terraform --version

sudo apt-get install terraform

then run the command sudo apt-get update then sudo apt-get upgrade

will help you to get the suitable version of the teraform into the simulated hardware that was fetched from the Ubuntu install or any of the Linux version installed into your system.


Not able to connect to Juniper VPN on Lubuntu 13.04 I am using Lubuntu 13.04. Tried this with Chrome, Firefox and Epiphany with the same result.

I log into my VPN webpage
Click start to open a connection.
Window pops up asking me if I want to install the jar file -> I click yes
Terminal pops up asking me for root password which I enter
Progress bar updates momentarily when it seems to time out and I am returned to step 2
I click start again and the progress bar continues where it left off, repeat this a few times
Eventually progress reaches end of bar but nothing happens
If I ping the machine I am trying to connect to the machine is not found
I don't see the VPN in my list of connections

I have tried the steps outlined by Mad Scientist at http://mad-scientist.us/juniper.html but it does not connect either (status show "connecting" for a second then "disconnected"), but I think something fundamental is going wrong before this stage anyway.

Any ideas?

*UPDATE***

According to the Juniper site from 7.3 onwards, Juniper SA devices support 64-bit Ubuntu for Network Connect:

"A native 64-bit VPN Tunneling client is not yet available. Instead, changes in the existing 32-bit client were made so that it can be run on 64-bit platforms. Because of this, VPN Tunneling has dependencies with 32-bit Java and 32-bit standard libraries even when running on a 64-bit platform." - http://www.juniper.net/techpubs/en_US/sa7.3/topics/reference/general/secure-access-nc-64-bit-linux-support.html

So apparently the answer is to install  the 64bit jre/jdk and icedtea then install the 32bit jre:

sudo apt-get install openjdk-7-jre icedtea-7-plugin
sudo apt-get install openjdk-7-jre:i386

I wiped my drive, reinstalled and tried the above without success. After entering my root password I would expect something to happen notifying me I am connected to the vpn, but as I said I keep getting returned to the page with the start button and if I keep clicking this eventually the progress completes but no notification that I am connected and I am unable to ping the machine.

That being said if I log out and back into the vpn website I get a message that another session is in progress. However if I type 'mcli con' in the terminal (not sure if this is the best command to use) I don't see any VPN connection

I have verified on Java.com that Java 7 64 bit is my default.

If You got Juniper SA older than 7.3, then You need to install both 32 and 64 bit.
You need to launch java 32 bit to run network connect.

You need to install libxtst6:i386 package to run 32bit version of java on 64 bit system:

sudo apt-get install libxtst6:i386 libxrender1:i386 libxi6:i386 libncurses5:i386 libncursesw5:i386 libncurses-ruby:i386

(if it fails, then install whole ia32-libs package).

install 64 bit version in /usr/lib/java/jre/

install 32 bit version in /usr/lib/java32/jre/

then do following:

sudo mv /usr/lib/java/jre/bin/java{,.orig}

sudo gedit /usr/lib/java/jre/bin/java

file should look like this:

#!/bin/bash
if [ "$3" = "NC" ]
then
  /usr/lib/java32/jre/bin/java "$@"
else
  /usr/lib/java/jre/bin/java.orig "$@"
fi

Then You need to make it executive:

sudo chmod +x /usr/lib/java/jre/bin/java

Then use update-alternatives to install appropriate version of java:

sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/lib/mozilla/plugins/libnpjp2.so java_plugin /usr/lib/java/jre/lib/amd64/libnpjp2.so 10
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/java java /usr/lib/java/jre/bin/java 10
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/javaws javaws /usr/lib/java/jre/bin/javaws 10

If You have encrypted home folder, since 13.04 there is nosuid added to mount options, so You can move .juniper folder outside of encrypted home, ie: /opt an the create a symlink:

cd ~
mv .juniper /opt
ln -s /opt/.juniper .

Determine if You have installed java plugin in Firefox (in add-ons -> plugins).
If So, You should be ready to go.

I took recipe from that page: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=232607&page=51

But if You want to run openjdk, then follow those steps:

sudo apt-get install openjdk-7-jre icedtea-7-plugin openjdk-7-jre:i386 ia32-libs
sudo mv /usr/lib/jvm/java-7-openjdk-amd64/jre/bin/java{,.orig}
sudo gedit /usr/lib/jvm/java-7-openjdk-amd64/jre/bin/java

It shoul look like this:

#!/bin/bash
if [ "$3" = "NC" ]
then
  /usr/lib/jvm/java-7-openjdk-i386/jre/bin/java "$@"
else
  /usr/lib/jvm/java-7-openjdk-amd64/jre/bin/java.orig "$@"
fi

Make it executive:

chmod +x /usr/lib/jvm/java-7-openjdk-amd64/jre/bin/java

So far it worked for me.

Regards,

Mario.

Doing the following steps after a fresh ubuntu 13.04 installation worked. Also my home folder is not encrypted....

sudo apt-get install openjdk-7-jre icedtea-7-plugin

sudo apt-get install openjdk-7-jre:i386

sudo apt-get install ia32-libs

Logged in and the setup asked for my su password and voila it worked. It is slow at first but after I logged off and logged in again it was back to windows performance.

I hope this works for you.

I have a dell inspiron 7720 with intel i7 and fusion graphics card apparently.

I did not buy it for windows at first until they shipped with Windows 8 which is sucky....


Trying to upgrade to 16.04 from 15.10, but "the required dependency 'apt (>= 1.0.10.2ubuntu2)' is not installed"? I tried sudo apt-get update, but got

E: Could not get lock /var/lib/apt/lists/lock - open (11: Resource temporarily unavailable)
E: Unable to lock directory /var/lib/apt/lists/
E: Could not get lock /var/lib/dpkg/lock - open (11: Resource temporarily unavailable)
E: Unable to lock the administration directory (/var/lib/dpkg/), is another process using it?

Any advice? Let me know if you need any more info.

Problem is solved by manually downloading and updating the apt.

Try to use

http://launchpadlibrarian.net/254524267/apt_1.0.10.2ubuntu2_amd64.deb.

If it shows error while updating then run this following deb file first then the previous one.

http://launchpadlibrarian.net/254524270/libapt-pkg4.16_1.0.10.2ubuntu2_amd64.deb

then run those commands:

sudo apt-get update
do-release-upgrade

Try to download and install this package manually:

wget http://launchpadlibrarian.net/254524270/libapt-pkg4.16_1.0.10.2ubuntu2_amd64.deb
apt-get install ./libapt-pkg4.16_1.0.10.2ubuntu2_amd64.deb


How to record with sox? I would like to record some text-to-speech. Right now I pipe the audio to play so that it can be played. The command that I use to play the tts is    play -q -

I have tried using audio-record and    arecord -f cd -t raw | lame -x -r - out.mp3 which I found online but I only hear static. With the rec command, I can't hear anything.

I don't know what else to do or what to check since I'm not very experience with Ubuntu.

If you want to record audio, you can use this ppa although ppas are untrusted:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:osmoma/audio-recorder
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install audio-recorder

This won't work on 15.10+. If you are using 15.10+ let me know and I'll post instructions on how to install on newer versions.

Here are the instructions for later versions (Ubuntu 15.X, 16.X, & 17.X):

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:audio-recorder/ppa
sudo apt-get -y update
sudo apt-get install --reinstall audio-recorder

Click here for more info and for instructions on removing the old ppa if needed.

To @mchid and others:
Audio-recorder for 15.10 has been released. There is a new PPA that belongs to the team.
Plase see:
http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=2295381


Which one is better: using ; or && to execute multiple commands in one line? In tutorials and how-to's I often see commands combined. For instance,

sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install pyrenamer

There seem to be four possible connectors: &, &&, || and ;. Though the &  connector is clear to me (it sends a process to the background and leaves the terminal available), it is not clear what the difference is between && and ;. And I did not know of || until Kaya's comment.

The following questions deal with the difference between the two connectors, but do so mostly in the comments:

How to start two Ubuntu applications in one go?
How to combine multiple commands in terminal?

So here are a number of related questions:

What is the difference between ; and &&?
When should you use them respectively? It would be nice to see some use cases: if I want to run a command and then after it shutdown my computer, which connector should I choose?
What are their advantages and dangers? Robie Basak mentions in a comment to this answer that a command like cd /somewhere_else; rm -Rf * can have destructive consequences if the first element in the command chain fails, for instance.
If relevant, where do they come from?

Cheatsheet:

A; B    # Run A and then B, regardless of success of A
A && B  # Run B if and only if A succeeded
A || B  # Run B if and only if A failed
A &     # Run A in background.

A; B    # Run A and then B, regardless of success of A

  A && B  # Run B if and only if A succeeded

  A || B  # Run B if and only if A failed

  A &     # Run A in background.

A very good rule of thumb.
I would add that in some cases, using these commands in a subshell  make sense when we want to consider them as a single unit or we don't want to couple some operations outcomes with the current shell.

Examples:

-concatenate the output of two commands :

(ls foo; ls bar) > single-result.txt

-going into a directory and perform a command from there while not changing the current directory of the shell :

(cd target-directory && jar -xf ../my-jar)


What does "TTY" stand for? On the Wikipedia's article (Computer terminal) under the hard copy terminals section of the article it says this "Early user terminals connected to computers were electromechanical teleprinters or teletypewriters (TeleTYpewriter, TTY)..."

So does TTY stand for teletypewriters?  But it doesn't make any sense for me because I have never seen it and have no idea what "tele" means.

Early user terminals connected to computers were electromechanical teleprinters or teletypewriters (TeleTYpewriter, TTY), and since then TTY has continued to be used as the name for the text-only console although now this text-only console is a virtual console not a physical console.

There are 6 virtual consoles in Ubuntu accessed by the keyboard shortcuts Ctrl+Alt+F1 to Ctrl+Alt+F6. You can move away from a virtual console (move the console to the background) by using the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+Alt+F7.

In Ubuntu 17.10 the login screen now uses virtual terminal 1. In Ubuntu 17.10 and later press Ctrl+Alt+F3 up to Ctrl+Alt+F6 for accessing a virtual console and press Ctrl+Alt+F2 to go back to the desktop environment.

Ubuntu 18.04 virtual console

So, back in the day. Computers where hooked up via serial connection to the Teletype you mention. They were essentially matrix printers. You can look on youtube and see how they work. To maintain legacy code, each terminal or UI window you have gets liked to a tty device under /dev.

Nothing but semantics.


How can I change what keys on my keyboard do? (How can I create custom keyboard commands/shortcuts?) I want to change the key bindings on some of the keys on my keyboard.  I want some to run commands and others to activate different keys.

What applications can I use to do this?

Index:

Xbindkeys
Default keyboard and shortcut settings (from within System Settings)
Xmodmap
Xkeycaps
Autokey
xkb

I'm still looking for answers using dconf and any other method.

xbindkeys..
sudo apt-get install xbindkeys

Xbindkeys is a very versatile program that lets you remap keys very easily.  It uses a config file, my default located in your home directory, to change key bindings into certain commands.
To create a default config file you use the command:
xbindkeys --defaults

Which prints the default config file.  So if you want to create the file containing the default values you would use:
xbindkeys --defaults > $HOME/.xbindkeysrc

Which prints the default values into a hidden file named .xbindkeysrc located in home (~).
Now to actually change the bindings of keys we first need to know what the name or keysym of those keys is.  xbindkeys allows us to use the -k handle to find the name of a key or key combination.  Run:
xbindkeys -k

And press a key or key combination.  Your output will look something similar to this (when pressing space):
"NoCommand"
m:0x10 + c:65
Mod2 + space

"No Command" tells us that currently no command is associated with the Space key.
m:0x10 + c:65
Mod2 + space

Is the name of the key/key combination.
the config file..
Lets open up the config file you made earlier:
gedit .xbindkeysrc

Here is an excerpt from the default config file:
#
# A list of keys is in /usr/include/X11/keysym.h and in
# /usr/include/X11/keysymdef.h
# The XK_ is not needed.
#
# List of modifier:
#   Release, Control, Shift, Mod1 (Alt), Mod2 (NumLock),
#   Mod3 (CapsLock), Mod4, Mod5 (Scroll).
#

# The release modifier is not a standard X modifier, but you can
# use it if you want to catch release events instead of press events

# By defaults, xbindkeys does not pay attention with the modifiers
# NumLock, CapsLock and ScrollLock.
# Uncomment the lines above if you want to pay attention to them.

#keystate_numlock = enable
#keystate_capslock = enable
#keystate_scrolllock= enable

# Examples of commands:

"xbindkeys_show"
 control+shift + q

Every line beginning with # is a comment and won't be read or run by xbindkeys.
So far the only line that isn't commented out is:
"xbindkeys_show"
 control+shift + q

This excerpt shows the basic syntax of xbindkeys commands:
"Command to run (in quotes)"
key to associate with command (no quotes)

So as you can see:
"xbindkeys_show"
 control+shift + q

Runs the command xbindkeys_show when you press Ctrl+Shift+q.
bind keys to commands..
Now lets try binding a few keys.  I recommend clearing the entire default file so that it's blank.  It contains preset key bindings you probably don't want.
Now lets say you want to use Ctrl+b to open your browser.  First you need to know what the name or keysym of Ctrl+b is.  As mentioned earlier you can use xbindkeys -k to find the name of a key or keys, but there is an easier way.  For simple combinations like Ctrl+b you can just use:
Control+b

A lot easier isn't it!
Now find the command for your favorite browser:

For Firefox: firefox

For Chromium: chromium-browser

For Opera:  opera

Remember the syntax from earlier?  The xbindkeys command to launch Firefox (or your other favorite browser) when you press Ctrl+b is:
"firefox"
Control+b

Now put that in your config file and save it.  Now you might notice your command doesn't work yet, that's because xbindkeys isn't running.  To start it just run xbindkeys from a terminal.  Your Ctrl+b should now start your browser!
bind keys to other keys..
If you want a key on your keyboard to call a different key on your keyboard, you will need an extra piece of software as xbindkeys does not support this on it's own.  I know of two programs which we can use, xdotool and xte.  I prefer xte so I'm going to use that.
Install it:
sudo apt-get install xautomation

The syntax for xte is like this:
xte 'command key/mousebutton/xyCoordinates'

Examples:

To call a single key press:  xte 'key keyName'

To call a key combination:  xte 'keydown keyName' 'keydown secondKeyName' 'keyup keyName' 'keyup secondKeyName

To call a mouse button:  xte 'mouseclick buttonNumber'  (We'll discuss finding button numbers a little latter)

To move the mouse:  xte 'mousemove xCoordinate yCoordinate'

And more! Read man xte

Now that you know the command for simulating key presses you can call it from your xbindkeys script, like this:
"xte 'key b'"
Control+b

As you might guess, this calls xte 'key b' when we press Ctrl+b, which would enter a b into any document you might be currently working on.
I thing to note however is that xbindkeys and xte don't always work very well together.  Sometimes you have to press the keys exactly at the same time to get output, other times it works just fine.  This may or may not have to do with system configuration and/or hardware.. I'm not sure.  See maggotbrain's answer for a more reliable way of binding keys to other keys.
bind mouse buttons to commands..
You can also use xbindkeys to bind mouse buttons to commands (and thence keyboard shortcuts, see above). The basic format for mouse buttons should be familiar to you now:
" [command to run]  "
b:n

Where [command to run] is the command you want to run and n the number of the mouse button you want to use for that command.
If you don't know the number of your mouse button you can use xev to find out what it is:
xev | grep button

The output will be something like this:
user@host:~$ xev | grep button
    state 0x10, button 1, same_screen YES
    state 0x110, button 1, same_screen YES
    state 0x10, button 2, same_screen YES
    state 0x210, button 2, same_screen YES
    state 0x10, button 3, same_screen YES
    state 0x410, button 3, same_screen YES

When I press each of my mouse buttons.
For example:
" firefox "
b:2

Launches firefox when I press my middle mouse button.

The shortcut already exist as WWW, just change it to Ctrl+Alt+b.  No need to create a new one.