苏军通信兵

苏联国防部通信兵是苏联军队的一个兵种。
苏联内务部队、边防部队、国家安全委员会的通信兵不属于国防部通信兵主任领导。
历史.
苏俄内战.
By order of the Revolutionary Military Council of June 6, 1920, under the head of communications of the Red Army, a full–time Military–Technical Communications Council was established, which was responsible for making decisions on all the main issues of organizing and developing military communications, including the management of scientific research and the creation of new technical means, as well as resolution of current pressing issues.
间战期.
After the persistent efforts of the Chief of Communications of the Red Army, Innokenty Khalepsky, the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic on April 15, 1923 established the Research Institute of the Military–Technical Communications Council of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (now the 16th Central Research and Testing Institute). A scientific center appeared in the communication troops, which, on the basis of constant analysis of scientific and technical achievements in the country and the world, began to search for and military–technical substantiation of specific ways of their use in military communications. From the first days of its formation to the present time, the Institute has become a reliable support for the leadership of the communication troops in the formation and implementation of technical policy in the field of improving and developing systems and technical complexes of military communications. On the basis of research by the institute and the country's communications industry (including its own personnel) in the pre–war period, the first generation of military field radio stations, telephone and telegraph devices, switching devices, communication cables, ground electronic reconnaissance equipment with which the Red Army entered into the Great Patriotic War. In terms of their technical level, these funds basically met the requirements of the troops of that time, but they were not enough. A significant number of obsolete communications equipment continued to remain in the Red Army. The problem of providing troops with communications equipment became especially acute with the beginning of the massive deployment of the army and navy in the fall of 1939.
By the end of the 1920s, the communication troops remained qualitatively at the level of the final stage of the civil war. The subsequent industrialization of the country led to organizational and staff changes and an overall increase in the size of the Red Army, which was reflected in changes in the communication troops.
In 1924, the First Congress of the chiefs of communications of military districts, formations and commanders of communications units was held. The congress examined theoretical and practical issues of the development of military communications. The recommendations of the congress were included in the Field Manual of the Red Army in 1925, which outlined the main principles and methods of organizing communications by various means, the responsibilities of commanders and staffs for command and control of troops and communications.
In the early 1930s, the communication troops had in their composition (excluding corps and division battalions and communication squadrons):
By June 1941, the communication troops were:
By the middle of 1941, the number of troops radio equipment was: in the General Staff – Front link up to 35%, in the Army – Corps link – 11%, in divisions – 62%, in regiments – 77%, in battalions – 58%. Of the total number of obsolete radio stations in the front–line radio networks were 75%, in the army – 24%, in the divisional – 89%, in the regimental – 63%. By this time, a set of communications units only of central and district subordination consisted of 19 separate communications regiments, 25 separate communications battalions and other units and organizations.
Communication warriors in the pre–war period took part in hostilities on the Chinese–Eastern Railway (1929), near Lake Khasan (1938), near the Khalkhin–Gol River (1939), in the liberation of Western Belarus and Western Ukraine (1939), in the Soviet–Finnish War (1939–1940). The communication troops from April 1924 to June 1941 were consistently led by Nikolai Sinyavsky, Roman Longva, Alexey Aksyonov, Ivan Naydenov, Nikolay Gapich.
苏德战争.
With the outbreak of hostilities in the Great Patriotic War, in connection with the urgent need to provide communications in all levels of the Red Army's command and control, the number of communication troops increased sharply. For this reason, on August 5, 1941, the Communications Department of the Red Army was reformed into the Main Communications Department of the Red Army.
In 1941, during the Great Patriotic War, by order of the People's Commissariat of Defense, the post of chief of the communications troops of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army was created. In the first, most difficult period of the war, major shortcomings in the preparedness of the border areas with regard to communications, technical equipment and in the preparedness of the communication troops of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army became obvious.
The basing of wire communications on the network of state permanent air lines allowed aviation and enemy saboteurs to disable it. Radio communications were neither organizationally nor financially prepared to ensure stable command and control of troops. In the conditions of retreat and the most difficult defensive battles, the formations and units of the Red Army were not fully equipped with communications units and subunits. The staffing and equipment of the communications units and subdivisions were extremely insufficient. These circumstances were one of the reasons for the failures of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army in the initial period of the war. At the same time, the scale of the unfolding battles from the very beginning demanded the use of all the country's capabilities in the interests of ensuring communication with the troops.
In November 1942, special radio divisions, engaged in electronic reconnaissance, were allocated from the Communication Troops of the Red Army, which were transferred to the subordination of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union.
The experience of combat operations brought changes to the organization of the communication forces. So, in the period from May to August 1943, separate communication divisions of the Reserve of the Supreme Command and special–purpose communication centers were created to provide communication between representatives of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command with the General Staff and with the headquarters of the fronts.
In order to centralize the leadership of communications in the country and the army, by the decision of the State Defense Committee of July 23, 1941, Colonel Ivan Peresypkin (since February 1944 – Marshal of the Communication Troops) was appointed Chief of Communications of the Red Army, who also retained the post of People's Commissar of Communications of the Soviet Union.
As new front–line and army directorates were formed, the need for communication troops and technical means for them continuously increased. During the first year of the war, under the energetic leadership of Ivan Peresypkin, over 1,000 new communications units were formed, schools and courses were created for the accelerated training of various specialists to meet the needs of the front in them.
Ivan Peresypkin managed to use all the resources and opportunities available in the country to establish mass production of communications equipment and supply them to the troops. As a result of all these efforts, it was possible to reverse the situation with providing communications for the active forces.
In 1942, the first portable domestic ultrashort–wave radio station A–7 with frequency modulation for rifle and artillery regiments was developed, which received very high praise in the troops.
A noticeable increase in the role of radio communications occurred already during the operations of the summer–autumn campaign of 1942.
The experience of military operations has convincingly shown that radio, especially in an offensive, is becoming the main, and often the only, means of communication providing command and control of troops.
In the course of the war, the equipment of troops with radio communications equipment increased sharply. In 1944, the industry supplied more than 64 thousand radio stations of all types to the troops.
Further improvement of communications control bodies, organizational and staff structure of formations, units and subdivisions of communications, an increase in their number took place.
New elements were introduced into the communications system of the General Staff – special–purpose communications centers, through which direct wire communications of the Supreme High Command Headquarters were provided with 2–4 fronts. Communication centers for special purposes were located 50–200 kilometers from the front line. Through them communication was also provided between adjacent fronts. Throughout the war, the proportion of signalmen in the total number of army personnel increased continuously.
By the end of 1944, separate communications brigades were created, consisting of several separate battalions, and additional communications centers were deployed. Due to the increase in the number of active fronts and the increase in the distance between the General Staff and the headquarters of the fronts, the number of communication units of the Supreme High Command Reserve increased significantly, and communication brigades of the Supreme High Command Reserve were formed.
By the end of the war, the Red Army had in its composition a large number of communication formations, the largest type of which was the communication regiment.
In total, by May 1945, the Communication Troops of the Red Army had:
6 regiments were awarded the rank of guards.
294 signalmen became Heroes of the Soviet Union, more than 100 signalmen became full holders of the Order of Glory. Many thousands of military signalmen were awarded orders and medals.
During the war, almost 600 communications units were awarded orders. A number of front–line and army communications units were awarded the title of Guards.
In 1944, the rank of communications marshal appeared (3 more generals were appointed marshals of troops after the war).
战后时期.
In connection with the post–war mass demobilization in the armed forces and the reduction of the armed forces in the period from 1945 to 1946, more than 300 communications units were disbanded (not counting those that were part of the corps and divisions).
In March 1946, the Main Directorate of Communications of the Red Army was reorganized into the Directorate of the Chief of Communications of the Ground Forces of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union.
Also in 1946, the Special Forces of the Intelligence Directorate of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, which carried out radio intelligence, were returned to the subordination of the War Ministry from the structure of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs – People's Commissariat of State Security.
In April 1948, by a directive from the Minister of Defense of the Soviet Union, the Office of the Chief of Communication Troops of the Ground Forces was transformed into the Directorate of Communication Troops of the Soviet Army.
In October 1958, the Directorate of the Communication Troops of the Soviet Army was transformed into the Directorate of the Chief of the Communication Troops of the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union.
The main part of the formations and units of the Communication Troops supported the activities of the ground forces.
The generalization and analysis of the experience of the combat use of communication troops convincingly showed that success in operations and battles depends to a decisive extent on the quality of command and control, and command and control – on the state of technical equipment, capabilities and level of preparedness of the communication troops.
In the first post–war years in the communication troops of the Soviet Army, much attention was paid to the development and implementation into practice of new principles for organizing communications of operational formations and combined–arms formations on the basis of the richest experience of the Great Patriotic War, as well as the development and substantiation of operational–tactical requirements for new means and complexes of communications, capable of providing command and control in the new conditions of warfare.
Marshal Ivan Peresypkin at the end of 1944 set the task of starting work on the preparation of the first post–war weapons system for military communications.
In the late 40s and 50s, the troops began to receive new communication systems with qualitatively new tactical and technical characteristics.
Short–wave car radio stations were created for the radio networks of the General Staff, for front–line, for army (corps) radio networks, as well as for divisional networks and a tank radio station.
Portable ultra–short–wave radio stations were created, which provided search–free and tuningless communication in the tactical control link.
At the same time, technical means were created for a fundamentally new type of communication for the Soviet Army – radio relay communication (multichannel station R–400 and low–channel station R–401), as well as frequency multiplexing and channelization complexes, qualitatively new samples of telephone and telegraph equipment, switching devices, several types of field communication cables.
Equipping troops with radio relay stations was a qualitatively new stage in the development of communication systems of operational formations and combined–arms formations, increased their reliability, survivability and noise immunity, and also improved a number of other indicators. The introduction of new technology into the troops required a revision of the organizational and technical structure of communication centers. Based on the use of new means of communication, standard complexes of automobile control rooms were created for the formation of mobile field communication centers for various control points. For the first time, mobile communications units of industrial production began to enter service with the troops. The time for the deployment of such communication centers was sharply reduced, the mobility of communication systems in general increased significantly.
In the second half of the 50s, the rapid development of nuclear missile weapons began, and the qualitative improvement of other means of armed struggle began, which led to significant changes in the structure of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union. These circumstances, in turn, necessitated the development of new methods of command and control of troops and weapons.
The period of the 60s, in general, is characterized by the beginning of practical work on the creation of automated complexes for command and control of troops and weapons (anti–aircraft, artillery and missile forces) and design work in the field of automation of control of the armed forces.
Increased requirements for communication systems and channels began to appear in terms of their stability, noise immunity, secrecy and timeliness in the transmission of information. The Communication Troops were successfully solving these complex new tasks.
With the retirement of Marshal of the Communication Troops Ivan Peresypkin in 1957, Alexei Leonov began to lead the Communication Troops (since 1961, Marshal of the Communication Troops). Under his leadership, work continued to improve the structure of the troops and create new means of communication.
The introduction of new short–wave and ultra–short–wave single–band radio stations of high and medium power has significantly increased the quality characteristics of radio communication channels in operational and operational–tactical levels of command and control.
Radio relay communications were further developed. Means were created for a new type of communication – tropospheric communication, which made it possible to provide high–quality multichannel communication directly between control points at a distance of up to 150–250 kilometers from each other (without retransmission).
In the 60s, the first practical work on the creation of satellite communication lines was launched. Complexes of unified compression and channeling equipment common for cable, radio relay and tropospheric communication lines, new means of telephone, telegraph and facsimile equipment, data transmission equipment and complexes of equipment for classifying information for various purposes were created.
Based on the use of a new generation of various communication technologies, a new generation of hardware field communication centers was created, as well as several types of command and staff vehicles on an automobile and armored transport base for commanders of motorized rifle (tank) regiments and battalions. Appropriate clarifications were also made to the organizational structure of the communication troops and to the system of training highly qualified command and engineering personnel.
The next stage in the development of the communication troops since 1970 is associated with the activities of Andrei Belov (in 1973, he was awarded the military rank of Marshal of the Communication Troops).
At the beginning of the 70s, on his initiative, a system of routine maintenance and controlled operation of communications equipment was developed and introduced into the troops. Vigorous measures were taken to solve the problem of managing the communication system itself and its elements.
The industry at that time did not produce technical means for equipping communications control posts. In this regard, the 16th Central Scientific Research Testing Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union was instructed to promptly develop and manufacture atypical complex equipment for communications control posts.
Based on the provisions of the theory and practice of the communication troops, it was concluded that it was necessary to create unified communication systems of large formations and formations while preserving the communication subsystems of the combat arms, special forces and services with a certain specificity of combat activities (reconnaissance, air defense and aviation, missile troops and artillery, rear and more). In this regard, and also taking into account the increasing role of communication systems and complexes in the management of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union, on May 26, 1977, a directive of the General Staff No. 314/3/0534 was issued according to which the Office of the Chief of Communications of the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union was included in the General headquarters as the Office of the Chief of Communications of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union. At the same time, the position of the head of this department began to be called as "Chief of Communications of the Armed Forces – Deputy Chief of the General Staff".
At the end of the 1970s, measures were taken to develop comprehensive research in scientific organizations of the Ministry of Defense and Industry to substantiate conceptual issues of the creation and operation of a promising automated communication system of the Armed Forces. Based on the results of these studies, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union in 1980 issued a special decree on the creation of a large cooperation of industrial and research organizations of the Ministry of Defense in order to launch work on the creation of a United Automated Communication System of the Armed Forces and the creation of technical equipment for it. At the same time, an automated front communications system, a unified satellite communications system of the Ministry of Defense (separately from the system of the Ministry of Communications – while maintaining the general system for launching spacecraft and command and measuring complexes) and promising technical means for them were created.
Measures were taken to develop comprehensive research in scientific organizations of the Ministry of Defense and Industry to substantiate conceptual issues of creating and operating a promising automated communication system of the Armed Forces. Based on the results of these studies, by a special resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union in 1980, a large cooperation of industrial organizations and research organizations of the Ministry of Defense was created, work was launched on the development of a Joint Automated Communication System of the Armed Forces and the creation of complexes of technical means for it. At the same time, a unified satellite communications system of the Ministry of Defense and promising technical means for it were created.
To ensure the functioning of the developed automated control systems for the Armed Forces, troops and weapons, special data transmission systems were created. The creation of automated control systems has caused a significant increase in the requirements for the technical characteristics of communication facilities and the communication system as a whole.
In this regard, attention was constantly paid to the creation of new generations of basic communication means of general use and the modernization of some of the existing means. At the end of the 1980s, to ensure reliable radio communication at the tactical level, an automated complex of short–wave and ultra–short–wave radio stations R–163 (12 types) was created. At the end of the 1990s, to replace it, a perfect complex of noise–immune radio communications of the tactical level R–168 (17 types) entered the troops.
New promising radio relay stations for multichannel and low–channel communications were created, including the first domestic microwave radio relay communications, as well as new effective means of tropospheric communications.
苏联解体时的通信兵部队.
通信兵的任务.
任务有:
通信部队建制结构.
通信兵部队最大建制单位为通信旅。七十年代后期开始大规模组建通信旅。约有50个旅。包括:
通信旅（除了通信枢纽旅）辖3至5个不同种类的通信营：无线电营、对流层通信营、长途通信营、无线电中继通信营、无线电中继线缆营、地下通信线缆营、有线电通信营、枢纽营、通信工程营等)，以及营级的野战枢纽与永久枢纽。
战术部队（摩步师、坦克师、空降师）以及战斗兵种、特种部队、技术支持部队、后勤部队，辖独立通信营与通信连、通信排、指挥排、军邮站、技术排、通信器材修理车间。 
四大战略方向（西方、西南方、南方、远东）总司令部各辖2个通信旅、2-3个独立通信营。每个边境军区与驻德苏军集群各辖2–3个通信旅、1个通信团与2-4个独立通信营。
每个坦克集团军与诸兵种合成集团军，辖集团军直属通信团（辖2个通信中心与1个通信连）与一个无线电-线缆中继通信营。
陆军主战部队的通信兵由不同种类的营组成，编入旅、团的建制。
通信营的种类有:
通信兵装备器材.
苏德战争时期，陆军装备了12–RT, RBM, A–7, RSB–F, RAF–KV–3等型号的无线电台，野战电报机2BDA–43。
1944年底，开始接收RAF–KV–4无线电台与"Karbid"设备用于电传打字。当时苏联也能生产超短波电台。
部队中装备的电台密度也在不断增长。例如，战争初期步兵师只有22部无线电台，战争后期达到了130部。
四五十年代开始大量装备车载短波电台:
战术部队的免搜索与免调节小型超短波无线电台: R–105, R–1Ob, R–108, R–109, R–114, R–116 与 R–113 (坦克).
同时期，开始引入了无线电中继通信，多信道的R–400与低信道的R–401电台，以及频分复用与信道复用的P–310, P–304, P–311, P–312 , P–313, P–314等。改进了电话机、电报机、交换机、几种野战通信电缆。第一款司令部指挥通信车R–125 "Alphabet", R–118无线电台与R–403、R–405中继台入役。使用GAZ–69或GAZ–bZ车辆，后来换为UAZ–469与GAZ–66.
五六n暗袋强调野战通信中心的机动性:
战术部队的指挥控制开始使用新型短波、超短波单边带大功率或中功率无线电台: R–135, R–136, R–137, R–140. 战术使用的便携车载宽带超短波电台R–107与R–111，可在预设的频率上自动调频。 
新型的高质量多信道中继台R–121, R–122, R–408可覆盖150–250公里。
七十年代初期，在国防部通信兵主任安德烈·伊万诺维奇·别洛夫上将领导下开始了通信装备器材的换代革命。通信指挥车辆开始采用主战履带车底盘(BMP–1KSh 与 BMD–1KSh), 以及新型汽车底盘的R–141, R–142, R–148，冀东野战通信中心R–146A, 统一的通信线路 "Topaz" (P–300, P–301, P–302); 保密通信使用的T–206–ZM.1972年开始使用师、集团军、方面军的空中机载通信。对流层通信从多台车(R–408使用3台ZIL–157汽车带长拖车)换型为机动紧凑的使用单台车的R–410与R–412。1972年开始使用卫星通信地面站R–440 "Kristall"。
野战通信枢纽的软硬件都改型了，安装在轮式底盘上：
通信兵的器材装备使用了轮式越野底盘：GAZ–63, GAZ–69, GAZ–66, ZIL–157, ZIL–131, Ural–375, Ural–4320与KamAZ–4320. 底盘上安装了标准通信方舱(KUNG–1M, KM–66, KM–131).
使用的装甲人员输送车与步兵战车底盘改装的通车车底盘有：
人员训练.
军官培训.
高等通讯军事指挥与工程学校培养初级军官：
军官的轮训与高级通信军官的培训，在列宁格勒以苏联元帅布琼尼命名的荣获列宁勋章与红旗勋章的军事通信学院。
初级专业技术人员的培训.
为培养指挥系统的通信旅、通信营的专业技术军士，设有：
作战部队编成内的通信专业技术军士在各军区作战师的独立通信训练营。