时体气

时体气（时态-体-语气/tense–aspect–mood/'、tense–modality–aspect/'、时体气系统/时式动貌系(时貌态)统—）表示在语言之语法体系中，所涵盖之时态表示(在时间位置上)、体(时间结构-单一时间块，时间连续流，或重复发生)，及语气或情态(必要性程度、义务、概率、能力度)。 在某些情况下，言据性(evidentiality、证据是否存在的语句，或表"如果是什么样的"之语式)也可被包括在内。
该术语的使用是简便性的，也因此它往往难以解开语言深层结构的一些特性。时常出现的"时态-体-语气"中的任意两项(或全部三项)可以由单一的语法结构来表达。但是这种系统可能是不完整的，然而并非所有可能的组合或可能含有可行性的架构。在其他情况下，有可能无法清晰的界定"时态及语气"，或者"体及语气"等之分类。
例如，许多印欧语言不会很明确的区分"时态"及"体"。 在有些语言里，比如西班牙语和现代希腊语中，传统上"未完成体"(imperfective aspect)是和"过去式"结合在一起被称为"未完成式"(imperfect)。而在其它语言中则另用"过去未完成式"(past imperfective)来表示、比如拉丁语及波斯语。
并非所有语言会将"时态、体，及语气"混为一谈。不过，在理论上"时态、体，及语气"能以独立的语法标记更接近地表现出理想上三者的区别性。在一些分析语言(analytic language)里、比如克里奥尔语上会出现这种语言生物程序理论(Language bioprogram theory)的现象。
克里奥尔语.
克里奥尔语，使用在大西洋和非大西洋地区，其语言往往涵盖有著大量的句法功能，包括避免规范词素(附著词素)的特性。 Each aspect has a past form and a non-past form. The non-past verb forms are conjugated by person/number, while the past verb forms are conjugated by gender/number. The present tense is indicated with the non-past imperfective form. The future in the perfective aspect is expressed by applying the conjugation of the present form to the perfective version of the verb. There is also a compound future imperfective form consisting of the future of "to be" plus the infinitive of the imperfective verb.
The conditional mood is expressed by a particle (=English "would") after the past tense form. There are conjugated modal verbs, followed by the infinitive, for obligation, necessity, and possibility/permission.
罗曼斯语言.
Romance languages have from five to eight simple inflected forms capturing tense–aspect–mood, as well as corresponding compound structures combining the simple forms of "to have" or "to be" with a past participle. There is a perfective/imperfective aspect distinction.
法语.
French has inflectionally distinct imperative, subjunctive, indicative and conditional mood forms. As in English, the conditional mood form can also be used to indicate a future-as-viewed-from-the-past tense–aspect combination in the indicative mood. The subjunctive mood form is used frequently to express doubt, desire, request, etc. in dependent clauses. There are indicative mood forms for, in addition to the future-as-viewed-from-the-past usage of the conditional mood form, the following combinations: future; an imperfective past tense–aspect combination whose form can also be used in contrary-to-fact "if"-clauses with present reference; a perfective past tense–aspect combination whose form is only used for literary purposes; and a catch-all formulation known as the "present" form which can be used to express the present, past historical events, or the near-future. All synthetic forms are also marked for person and number.
Additionally, the indicative mood has five compound (two-word) verb forms, each of which results from using one of the above simple forms of "to have" (or to "to be" for intransitive verbs of motion) plus a past participle. These forms are used to shift back the time of an event relative to the time from which the event is viewed. This perfect form as applied to the present tense does not represent the perfect tense/aspect (past event with continuation to or relevance for the present), but rather represents a perfective past tense–aspect combination (a past action viewed in its entirety).
Unlike Italian or Spanish, French does not mark for a continuous aspect. Thus, "I am doing it" and "I do it" both translate to the same sentence in French: "Je le fais". However, this information is often clear from context; and when not, it can be conveyed using periphrasis: for example, the expression "être en train de quelque chose" ("to be in the middle of something") is often used to convey the sense of a continuous aspect.
意大利语.
Italian has synthetic forms for the indicative, imperative, conditional, and subjunctive moods. The conditional mood form can also be used for hearsay: "Secondo lui, sarebbe tempo di andare" "According to him, it would be time to go". The indicative mood has simple forms (one word, but conjugated by person and number) for the present tense, the imperfective aspect in the past tense, the perfective aspect in the past, and the future (and the future form can also be used to express present probability, as in the English "It will be raining now"). As with other Romance languages, compound verbs shifting the action to the past from the point in time from which it is perceived can be formed by preceding a past participle by a conjugated simple form of "to have", or "to be" in the case of intransitive verbs of motion. As with French, this form when applied to the present tense of "to have" or "to be" does not convey perfect aspect but rather the perfective aspect in the past. In the compound pluperfect, the helping verb is in the past imperfective form in a main clause but in the past perfective form in a dependent clause.
Unlike French, Italian has a form to express progressive aspect: in either the present or the past imperfective, the verb "stare" "to stand", "to be temporarily" conjugated for person and number is followed by a present gerund (indicated by the suffix "-ando" or "-endo" "-ing").
葡萄牙语.
Portuguese has synthetic forms for the indicative, imperative, conditional, and subjunctive moods. The conditional mood form can also express past probability: "Seria ele que falava" "It_would_be he that was_speaking". The subjunctive form seldom appears outside dependent clauses. In the indicative, there are five one-word forms conjugated for person and number: one for the present tense (which can indicate progressive or non-progressive aspect); one for the perfective aspect of the past; one for the imperfective aspect of the past; a form for the pluperfect aspect that is only used in formal writing; and a future tense form which, as in Italian, can also indicate present tense combined with probabilistic modality.
As with other Romance languages, compound verbs shifting the time of action to the past relative to the time from which it is perceived can be formed by preceding a past participle by a conjugated simple form of "to have". Using the past tense of the helping verb gives the pluperfect form that is used in conversation. Using the present tense form of the helping verb gives a true perfect aspect, though one whose scope is narrower than that in English: it refers to events occurring in the past and extending to the present, as in "Tem feito muito frio este inverno" "It_has made very cold this winter" "It has been very cold this winter (and still is)".
Portuguese expresses progressive aspect in any tense by using conjugated "estar" "to stand", "to be temporarily" plus the present participle ending in "-ando", "-endo", or "indo": "Estou escrevendo uma carta" "I_am writing a letter".
Futurity can be expressed in three ways other than the simple future form: using the present tense form of "to go" as in "Vou ver João esta tarde" "I_go to_see John this afternoon"; using the present tense form of one verb meaning "to have" as in "Temos que ver João hoje" "We_have that to_see John today"; and using the present tense form of another verb also meaning "to have" as in "Hei-de ver João amanhã" "I_have-of to_see John tomorrow".
西班牙语.
Spanish morphologically distinguishes the indicative, imperative, subjunctive, and conditional moods. In the indicative mood, there are synthetic (one-word, conjugated for person/number) forms for the present tense, the past tense in the imperfective aspect, the past tense in the perfective aspect, and the future tense. The past can be viewed from any given time perspective by using conjugated "to have" in any of its synthetic forms plus the past participle. When this compound form is used with the present tense form of "to have", perfect tense/aspect (past action with present continuation or relevance) is conveyed (as in Portuguese but unlike in Italian or French).
Spanish expresses the progressive similarly to English, Italian, and Portuguese, using the verb "to be" plus the present participle: "estoy leyendo" "I_am reading".
日耳曼语言.
Germanic languages tend to have two morphologically distinct simple forms, for past and non-past, as well as a compound construction for the past or for the perfect, and they use modal auxiliary verbs. The simple forms, the first part of the non-modal compound form, and possibly the modal auxiliaries, are usually conjugated for person and/or number. A subjunctive mood form is sometimes present. English also has a compound construction for continuous aspect. Unlike some Indo-European languages such as the Romance and Slavic languages, Germanic languages have no perfective/imperfective dichotomy.
德语.
The most common past tense construction in German is the "haben" (Eng. "to have") plus past participle (or for intransitive verbs of motion, the "sein" (Eng. "to be") plus past participle) form, which is a pure past construction rather than conveying perfect aspect. The past progressive is conveyed by the simple past form. The future can conveyed by the auxiliary "werden", which is conjugated for person and number; but often the simple non-past form is used to convey the future. Modality is conveyed via conjugated pre-verbal modals: "müssen" "to have to", "wollen" "to want to", "können" "to be able to"; "würden" "would" (conditional), "sollten" "should" (the subjunctive form of "sollen"), "sollen" "to be supposed to", "mögen" "to like", "dürfen" "to be allowed to".
丹麦语.
Danish has the usual Germanic simple past and non-past tense forms and the compound construction using "to have" (or for intransitive verbs of motion, "to be"), the compound construction indicating past tense rather than perfect aspect. Futurity is usually expressed with the simple non-past form, but the auxiliary modals "vil" ("want") and "skal" ("must"—obligation) are sometimes used (see Future tense#Danish). Other modals include "kan" ("can"), "kan gerne" ("may"—permission), "må" ("must"), and "må gerne" ("may—permission). Progressivity can be expressed periphrastically as in "er ved at læse" ("is in_process to read"), "er i færd med at vaske" ("is in process with to wash"), "sidder og læser" ("sits and reads"), and "står og taler" ("stands and talks"). The subjunctive mood form has disappeared except for a few stock phrases.
荷兰语.
The simple non-past form can convey the progressive, which can also be expressed by the infinitive preceded by "liggen" "lie", "lopen" "walk, run", "staan" "stand", or "zitten" "sit" plus "te". The compound "have" (or "be" before intransitive verbs of motion toward a specific destination) plus past participle is synonymous with, and more frequently used than, the simple past form, which is used especially for narrating a past sequence of events. The past perfect construction is analogous to that in English.
Futurity is often expressed with the simple non-past form, but can also be expressed using the infinitive preceded by the conjugated present tense of "zullen"; the latter form can also be used for probabilistic modality in the present. Futurity can also be expressed with "go" plus the infinitive: "Hij gaat een brief schrijven" "He goes a letter to_write", "He is going to write a letter". The future perfect tense/aspect combination is formed by conjugated "zullen" + "hebben" "to have" (or "zijn" "to be") + past participle: "Zij zullen naar Breda gegaan zijn" "They will to Breda gone to_be", "They will have gone to Breda".
The conditional mood construction uses the conjugated past tense of "zullen": "Hij zou graag thuis blijven" "He would gladly home to_stay", "He would gladly stay home". The past tense/conditional mood combination is formed using the auxiliary "to have" or "to be": "Hij zou graag thuis gebleven zijn" "He would gladly home stayed to_be", "He would gladly have stayed home". In contemporary use the subjunctive form is mostly, but not completely, confined to set phrases and semi-fixed expressions, though in older Dutch texts the use of the subjunctive form can be encountered frequently.
There are various conjugated modal auxiliaries: "kunnen" "to be able", "moeten" "to have to", "mogen" "to be possible" or "to have permission", "willen" "to want to", "laten" "to allow" or "to cause". Unlike in English, these modals can be combined with the future tense form: "Hij zal ons niet kunnen helpen" "He will us not to_be_able to_help", "He will not be able to help us".
冰岛语.
As with other Germanic languages, Icelandic has two simple verb forms: past and non-past. Compound constructions that look to the past from a given time perspective use conjugated "to have" (or "to be" for intransitive verbs of motion) plus past participle. In each voice there are forms for the indicative mood and the subjunctive mood for each of the simple past, the simple non-past, the perfect, the past perfect, the future, and the future perfect, and there are a non-past conditional mood form and a past conditional mood form, as well as an imperative mood. The perfect form is used for a past event with reference to the present or stretching to the present, or for a past event about which there is doubt, so the perfect form represents aspect or modality and not tense. The future tense form is seldom used. The non-past subjunctive form expresses a wish or command; the past subjunctive form expresses possibility. The indicative mood form is used in both clauses of "if situation...then..." sentences, although "if" can be replaced by the use of the subjunctive mood form. The subjunctive form is used in both clauses of "if situation...then..." sentences, and is often used in subordinate clauses. There are various modal auxiliary verbs. There is a progressive construction using "to be" which is used only for abstract concepts like "learn" and not for activities like "sit": "ég er að læra" "I am learning".
英语.
The English language allows a wide variety of expressions of combinations of tense, aspect, and mood, with a variety of grammatical constructions. These constructions involve pure morphological changes (suffixes and internal sound changes of the verb), conjugated compound verbs, and invariant auxiliaries. For English from the perspective of modality, see and; for English from the perspective of tense, see and; for English from the perspective of aspect see.
未标注动词.
The unmarked verb form (as in "run", "feel") is the infinitive with the particle "to" omitted. It indicates nonpast tense with no modal implication. In an inherently stative verb such as "feel", it can indicate present time ("I feel well") or future in dependent clauses ("I'll come tomorrow if I feel better"). In an inherently non-stative verb such as "run", the unmarked form can indicate gnomic or habitual situations ("birds fly; I run every day") or scheduled futurity, often with a habitual reading ("tomorrow I run the 100 meter race at 5:00; next month I run the 100 meter race every day"). Non-stative verbs in unmarked form appearing in dependent clauses can indicate even unscheduled futurity ("I'll feel better after I run tomorrow; I'll feel better if I run every day next month").
The unmarked verb is negated by preceding it with "do/does not" ("I do not feel well", "He does not run every day"). Here "do" has no implication of emphasis, unlike the affirmative ("I do feel better", "I do run every day").
形态学变化.
The aspectually and modally unmarked past tense is usually marked for tense by the suffix -"ed", pronounced as , , or depending on the phonological context. However, over 400 verbs (including over 200 with distinct roots – short verbs for features of everyday life, of Germanic origin) are irregular and their morphological changes are internal (as in "I take, I took"). (See List of English irregular verbs.) This aspectually unmarked past tense form appears in innately stative verbs ("I felt bad") and in non-stative verbs, in which case the aspect could be habitual ("I took one brownie every day last week") or perfective ("I took a brownie yesterday"), but not progressive.
This form is negated with an invariant analytical construction using the morphologically unmarked verb ("I / he did not feel bad", "I did not take a brownie"). As with "do" and "do not", no emphasis is imparted by the use of "did" in combination with the negative "not" (compare the affirmative "I / he did take the brownie", in which "did" conveys emphasis).
For the morphological changes associated with the subjunctive mood, see English subjunctive.
共轭复合动词.
There are two types of conjugated compound verbs in English, which can be combined.
Both of these morphological changes can be combined with the compound verbal constructions given below involving invariant auxiliaries, to form verb phrases such as "will have been taking".
不变助词.
Aside from the above-mentioned auxiliary verbs, English has 14 invariant auxiliaries (often called "modal verbs"), which are used before the morphologically unmarked verb to indicate mood, aspect, tense, or some combination thereof. Some of these have more than one modal interpretation, the choice between which must be based on context; in these cases, the equivalent past tense construction may apply to one but not the other of the modal interpretations. For more details see English modal verbs.
巴斯克语.
Although several verbal categories are expressed purely morphologically in Basque, periphrastic verbal formations predominate. For the few verbs that have synthetic conjugations, Basque has forms for past tense continuous aspect (state or ongoing action) and present tense continuous aspect, as well as imperative mood.
In the compound verbal constructions, there are forms for the indicative mood, the conditional mood, a mood for conditional possibility ("would be able to"), an imperative mood, a mood of ability or possibility, a mood for hypothetical "if" clauses in the present or future time, a counterfactual mood in the past tense, and a subjunctive mood (used mostly in literary style in complement clauses and purpose/wish clauses). Within the indicative mood, there is a present tense habitual aspect form (which can also be used with stative verbs), a past tense habitual aspect form (which also can be used with stative verbs), a near past tense form, a remote past tense form (which can also be used to convey past perspective on an immediately prior situation or event), a future-in-the-past form (which can also be used modally for a conjecture about the past or as a conditional result of a counterfactual premise), and a future tense form (which can also be used for the modality of present conjecture, especially with a lexically stative verb, or of determination/intention).
There are also some constructions showing an even greater degree of periphrasis: one for progressive aspect, and ones for the modalities of volition ("want to"), necessity/obligation ("have to", "need to"), and ability ("be able to").
夏威夷语.
Hawaiian. is an isolating language, so its verbal grammar exclusively relies on unconjugated auxiliary verbs. It has indicative and imperative mood forms, the imperative indicated by "e" + verb (or in the negative by "mai" + verb). In the indicative its tense/aspect forms are: unmarked (used generically and for the habitual aspect as well as the perfective aspect for past time); "ua" + verb (perfective aspect, but frequently replaced by the unmarked form); "ke" + verb + "nei" (present tense progressive aspect; very frequently used); and "e" + verb + "ana" (imperfective aspect, especially for non-present time).
Modality is expressed non-grammatically in Hawaiian: "Pono" conveys obligation/necessity as in "He pono i na kamali'i a pau e maka'ala", "It's right for children all to beware", "All children should/must beware"; ability is conveyed by "hiki" as in "Ua hiki i keia kamali'i ke heluhelu" "Has enabled to this child to read", "This child can read".