2009年欧洲议会选举

2009年欧洲议会选举于2009年6月4日至7日在欧洲联盟的27个成员国中举行。本届欧洲议会由超过5亿的欧盟选民，选举出736席欧洲议会议员（MEPs）及18席观察议员（virtual MEPs）。这届选举是历史上最大的一次跨国选举。
概况.
主要的议会席次是在6月7日选举产生，不过因为各国之间选举投票规定和习惯的不同，因此选举投票日进行了四天。
有几个欧盟成员国也藉这次欧洲议会选举同时举行其他选举投票：卢森堡举行；拉脱维亚举行地方政府选举；联合王国部分地区举行；德国部分地区、义大利及马耳他；爱尔兰（两场中期选举在及）；比利时。而丹麦则举行一项，来表决是否给予女性同等权利拥有长子继承权。
罗马尼亚与保加利亚是首度与其他欧盟成员国家一同参与欧洲议会选举，两国在2007年加入欧盟时，曾个别举办过欧洲议会议员的选举。
投票.
根据投票结果已经确定的90%的席次情形：人民党265席、社会党195席、自民党95席、GUE–NGL40席、绿党35席、UEN35席。目前尚有70席议员尚未产生，不过一般预期极右派和反欧盟政党能增加20席的空间，反之独立派民主党的席次则会消退。
全部席次.
736席议会席次分布情况：
NB: "Adjusted" figures restate group numbers to proportionately reflect the reduction of the Parliament's size by 47, and to reflect the following political group movements announced prior to the election: DIKO (CY) from ALDE to Other; ODS (CZ) from EPP to Other; FF (IE) from UEN to ALDE; AN (IT) from UEN to EPP; PD (IT) from PES and ALDE to Other; PiS (PL) from UEN to Other; and Conservatives/UCUNF (UK) from EPP to Other.
竞选活动.
Many of the national parties running in the election are affiliated to transnational pan-European political parties known as political parties at European level. Those pan-European parties are EPP, PES, ELDR, EFA, European Greens, AEN, PEL, EDP and EUD. The question of which was the first to campaign transnationally is the subject of some debate, with the European Greens stating that they were the first in 2004.
New parties that aspire to pan-European status during the 2009 elections include Newropeans, Europe United, Europe – Democracy – Esperanto and Libertas Party Limited. The role for pan-European political parties has been expanded by changes enacted by the European Commission in 2007 under the direction of Margot Wallström.
Four incumbent European Commissioners will run as candidates in the election: Viviane Reding (Luxembourg, information society & media, Christian Social People's Party/European People's Party), Louis Michel (Belgium, development & humanitarian aid, Reformist Movement/European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party), Danuta Hübner (Poland, regional policy, Civic Platform/EPP), Meglena Kuneva (Bulgaria, consumer protection and National Movement for Stability and Progress/ELDR). Ján Figeľ (Slovakia, education, training & culture, Christian Democratic Movement/EPP) was tipped to but ultimately did not run. He is bound to become the new chairman of his party instead
Issue-based campaigns.
These divide into EU-wide and nationally based campaigns, often by non-governmental organisations focussed on specific policy areas. They are designed to influence MEP candidates, those with a strong interest in the issue, and voters in general. Examples of nationally based campaigns include those of the Royal College of Nursing and British Overseas NGOs for Development.
媒体报导.
The European Parliament, National broadcasters, the EBU, with the cooperation of the Communication Commissioner, Margot Wallström, are jointly working to make the 2009 election more interesting to the public in order to increase the turnout. Previously, diverse news media in the European Union, and the fact that the election takes place over several days, have made it hard to attract viewers. The media consortium is hoping to focus the 2009 election more towards the EU level and the European Parliament itself, hoping to make the election more interesting and cosmetically appealing for television viewers. Members of the European Parliament (MEP) also started initiatives in late 2007 to make the election more interesting to voters in a bid to increase turnout.
From 1 April Parliament started putting up election posters, internet banners and billboards encouraging people to vote, with messages such as "How much should we tame financial markets?" in order to demonstrate the role of Parliament. The same 10 posters, designed by Berlin-based advertising company Scholz & Friends Group, were translated into all 23 languages and have been deployed across the whole of the EU. However, some posters are put up more in countries where the issues they present are of more significance and the most posters will be put up in those countries which had the lowest turnout in 2004. The end slogan is "Use your vote in the European Parliament Elections" with the date of the election in that country. The entire campaign costs 18 million euros, or 0.05 euros per eligible voter, with Germany, Spain and Italy donating some advertising space free of charge.
参与政党改变.
Traditionally, realignment between the different political groups and European political parties occurs in the runup to the election and in the time between the election and the first sitting of the European Parliament, when the political groups are constituted; the first sitting of the EP elected in 2009 is set for 14 July 2009.
New rules regarding the minimum number of members needed for a political group will come into effect following the 2009 election. The PES and EPP–ED had initially proposed to raise the limit for groups in the EP from 20 MEPs and one fifth of member states to 30 MEPs and a quarter of member states, which would effectively close down UEN (only MEPs from six countries) and I/D (only 22 MEPs). All five smaller groups (UEN and I/D plus ALDE, Greens–EFA and GUE–NGL) protested against these proposed changes. The proposal was voted down 15 to 14 in committee, and in an eventual compromise, new rules were approved in plenary on 9 July 2008 which require 25 MEPs from at least a quarter of the member states (i.e. seven member states). Although UEN and I/D still fail to meet the basic requirements of the new rules, the adopted compromise also included a provision allowing the continued existence of a group which had fallen below the threshold, but only if it still had members from at least a fifth of the member states and only if it had been founded at least a year before dropping below the threshold; if there is "sufficient evidence" of the abuse of this provision, it need not be applied.
Fate of AEN/UEN.
The Union for Europe of the Nations (UEN) political group, today a rump body that can trace its ancestry back to its origins as a Gaullist ideological alignment, seems increasingly unlikely to be reconstituted following this election. The associated Alliance for Europe of the Nations (AEN) party would potentially suffer a similar fate. The desertion of key players for other alliances would likely lower both the UEN's membership to levels where it cannot exist for a lack of MEPs, and AEN's membership to levels where it cannot be funded for a lack of parties that reach the EU's electoral threshold.
The largest single contributor of MEPs to the UEN group, the Italian National Alliance, merged with Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia party into The People of Freedom (PdL) on 29 March 2009. PdL inherited FI's membership in the EPP; a single list of PdL candidates will be run in 2009 which would then take their seats in the EPP-ED (or a purely EPP) group, substantially reducing the potential MEPs that a UEN group could draw upon. This move will come after a series of attempts by National Alliance to abandon more staunchly national-conservative and Eurosceptic parties and move towards the moderate European centre-right, including a previous application for EPP membership.
National Alliance shares the group presidency with Ireland's Fianna Fáil, a centrist party that joined the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR) on 16 April 2009 with the intent of moving to the European Parliament's Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) group. As a longtime proponent of European integration, FF had been even more openly uncomfortable about its European affiliation, with former leader Bertie Ahern often distancing his party from the right-wing positions of his groupmates and describing UEN as purely a "technical arrangement." Fianna Fáil very nearly joined ALDE during the group reshuffle after the 2004 European elections, and had also previously explored seeking membership in ELDR. Current leader Brian Cowen announced that FF would join ELDR and ALDE after the election on 27 February 2009 and a resolution supporting such a move was passed by the party membership two days later. FF's leader in the European Parliament, Brian Crowley, criticised this decision and stated that FF might lose its position and influence due to the change, as Crowley currently enjoys a number of privileges as UEN leader which he can use to further FF's policies, but which he would lose if FF were to move to ALDE instead.
A third significant source of UEN's MEPs is Poland. Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland and League of Polish Families enjoy very little popular support and failed to stay in parliament in the Polish 2007 election,
AEN/UEN is also under threat from a potential new group led by members of the European Democrats (see below), who are attempting to woo its remaining members away. Law and Justice of Poland has been reported to be ready to do just this.
The looming disappearance of AEN/UEN might also have repercussions for Independence/Democracy, as it might also be a suitor for those parties of UEN left groupless. It has also been suggested that the Freedom Party of Austria and other far-right parties may, after another failed attempt to establish their own faction in the European Parliament in 2007, instead try to join the largely-deserted UEN after the 2009 election.
欧洲的改革运动.
The Conservatives and Ulster Unionists of the 联合王国, together with the 捷克 Civic Democrats might leave the European Democrats (effectively dissolving it through lack of members, as only one Italian will be left), which is currently allied to the European People's Party (EPP); instead, these parties will form a new parliamentary grouping based on the Movement for European Reform (MER).
Although the Conservatives alone have the minimum required number of MEPs at 19, they would still need to join with parties or independents from six other countries to formally create a group. There has been speculation that Polish Law and Justice would join the proposed grouping, although it expressed its support for the continuance of the UEN, it is reportedly keen to join MER.
Another possible party is the Latvian TB/LNNK, also currently aligned with AEN. There are also numerous independents that might join the group. The most optimistic estimates suggest MER could become the third largest group in the Parliament.
The Conservative Party reiterated its intention to leave the EPP in March 2009. The new group may be called "European Conservatives" or "European Conservatives and Reformists".
The foundation of the European Conservatives could mean that the PES would again be the largest party in the European Parliament.
义大利民主党.
The newly born Democratic Party in Italy is still discussing about the group its members will join in the European Parliament. The party was officially created in 2007 from the merge of the two biggest centre-left Italian parties, Democrats of the Left and The Daisy ("La Margherita"), whose members in the EP joined PES and ALDE respectively after the 2004 elections. Although pushing hard for a unification of all European progressive reformists, and therefore for a merger between PES and ALDE, it is likely that the two parliamentary groups will continue living as separate bodies, forcing the Italian Democratic Party to stay alone in the Parliament. In last general elections, it gained 33.7% of votes.
It was reported on 13 May 2009 that the Group of the PES in the European Parliament would likely choose a new name in order to accommodate the Democratic Party, with the most likely name being "Alliance of Socialists and Democrats".
基本议题.
席次的重新分配.
It had been the stated desire of the member-state governments to ratify the 里斯本条约 before the election so that its articles governing the European Parliament could enter force as of this election. However, this was blocked by the Irish rejection of the treaty in a referendum. Under Lisbon, there would be a somewhat different allocation of seats, with fewer seats eliminated, leading to a slightly different distribution totalling 751 MEPs. If the Lisbon Treaty is subsequently ratified, it is planned to give the additional seats to the "increasing" countries already before the next elections, bringing the number of MEPs to 754 for a transitional period until 2014.
In order to have the additional MEPs ready at hand, 18 "phantom MEPs" will be elected at the election. These will get observer status in the European Parliament and full payment from the start, but only become full members after the Lisbon Treaty is ratified. To make them full MEPs will require a decision by the European Council.
观察议员.
里斯本条约的角色.
It had initially been foreseen that the Treaty of Lisbon would have entered into force by the time of these elections, making them the first to be held under its provisions. However, primarily because of the failure of the referendum in Ireland, the framework established by the Treaty of Nice will be used again. Amongst other differences, the number of MEPs to be returned depends upon which rules are in effect: while 736 MEPs will be elected under the Nice rules, this number would have increased to 751 if the Lisbon Treaty were in force.
A further change that Lisbon would have brought was an increase to the powers of Parliament, including powers over the appointment of the President of the European Commission. It had been suggested by some that political parties could run with candidates for the Commission President; with leaders now linking the post to elections and that convention having being enshrined in the Constitution, further encouraging the possibility.
In 2007, it emerged that current Commission President José Manuel Barroso would likely seek a second term, which he confirmed on 19 July 2008, and he received the backing of French President Nicolas Sarkozy. In beginning to formalise the emerging party-political nature of the office, in early 2009 the centre-right People's Party backed Barroso as their candidate and the centre-left socialists opposed, however they did not put forward their own formal candidate.
议会主席.
There are rumours that the two largest groups in Parliament, the EPP-ED and PES, have already agreed to share the post of President of the European Parliament as they have done for all but two terms of Parliament. The first half of the term will be taken by Jerzy Buzek MEP of the EPP (who would be the first person from Eastern Europe to hold the post), who will then pass it over to Martin Schulz MEP, the current leader of PES. However, on 26 March 2009, it was reported Italian PM Silvio Berlusconi wanted the EPP's candidate to instead be Mario Mauro MEP of his party rather than Buzek; bad blood between Berlusconi and Schulz might prevent the PES from consenting to such an arrangement.
The previous term has seen a great amount of co-operation between the two groups following on from the 1999-2004 term which saw an EPP-ELDR alliance. Meanwhile, Graham Watson, the leader of ALDE, has stated he wishes to challenge this system of carving up the post, and has presented himself as a candidate. He has made a point of running a public campaign, to contrast against the closed-doors agreement of EPP-ED and PES, which he claims is the first such campaign to be run. Through this, he also states he hopes to open up a debate on the role of the President and make the figure more dynamic, to counter balance the growing power of the Presidency of the Council of the European Union.