分形宇宙学

分形宇宙学（Fractal cosmology），亦作残形宇宙论，是物理宇宙学中的一个小众理论，是一种非主流学说。这一理论认为，宇宙中的物质分布和宇宙结构本身在各个尺度上具有分形结构，分形维数是这一理论的核心问题，即物质的分布及宇宙本身的分形维数是什么。简而言之，就是利用碎形学这门理论来研究宇宙和物质。
Publications.
The book "Discovery of Cosmic Fractals" by Yurij Baryshev and Pekka Teerikorpi gives an overview of fractal cosmology, and recounts other milestones in the development of this subject. It recapitulates the history of cosmology, reviewing the core concepts of ancient, historical, and modern astrophysical cosmology. The book also documents the appearance of fractal-like and hierarchical views of the Universe from ancient times to the present. The authors make it apparent that some of the pertinent ideas of these two streams of thought developed together. They show that the view of the Universe as a fractal has a long and varied history, though people haven’t always had the vocabulary necessary to express things in precisely that way.
Beginning with the Sumerian and Babylonian mythologies, they trace the evolution of Cosmology through the ideas of Ancient Greeks like Aristotle, Anaximander, and Anaxagoras, and forward through the Scientific Revolution and beyond. They acknowledge the contributions of people like Emanuel Swedenborg, Edmund Fournier D'Albe, Carl Charlier, and Knut Lundmark to the subject of cosmology and a fractal-like interpretation, or explanation thereof. In addition, they document the work of de Vaucoleurs, Mandelbrot, Pietronero, Nottale and others in modern times, who have theorized, discovered, or demonstrated that the Universe has an observable fractal aspect.
On the 10th of March, 2007, the weekly science magazine New Scientist featured an article entitled "Is the Universe a Fractal?" on its cover. The article by Amanda Gefter focused on the contrasting views of Pietronero and his colleagues, who think that the Universe appears to be fractal (rough and lumpy) with those of David Hogg of NYU and others who think that the Universe will prove to be relatively homogeneous and isotropic (smooth) at a still larger scale, or once we have a large and inclusive enough sample (as is predicted by Lambda-CDM). Gefter gave experts in both camps an opportunity to explain their work and their views on the subject, for her readers. 
This was a follow-up of an earlier article in that same publication on August 21 of 1999, by Marcus Chown, entitled "Fractal Universe.". Back in November 1994, Scientific American featured an article on its cover written by physicist Andrei Linde, entitled "The Self-Reproducing Inflationary Universe" whose heading stated that "Recent versions of the inflationary scenario describe the universe as a self-generating fractal that sprouts other inflationary universes," and which described Linde's theory of chaotic eternal inflation in some detail.
In July 2008, Scientific American featured an article on Causal dynamical triangulation, written by the three scientists who propounded the theory, which again suggests that the Universe may have the characteristics of a fractal.
历史.
1987年，卢西亚诺·皮特罗内罗 (Luciano Pietronero) 及其团队首次尝试用分形模式模拟星系分布。随后十年，随著编目的星系数量不断增加，对宇宙大尺度结构的更详细观察也逐渐浮现。皮特罗内罗认为，宇宙在相当宽的尺度范围内表现出明确的分形特征，分形维数约为2。均匀三维物体的分形维数为3，均匀表面的分形维数为2，而分形表面的分形维数介于2和3之间。
宇宙在非常大的尺度上是均匀分布的，这与标准大爆炸或弗里德曼-勒梅特-罗伯逊-沃克宇宙学以及大多数Lambda-冷暗物质模型的解释一致。科学界的共识解释是，斯隆数位巡天(SDSS) 表明，在100兆秒差距以上，宇宙确实变得平滑。