管理行为

《管理行为》(Administrative Behavior: a Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organization)是司马贺所撰写的一本书。书中认为“决策是行政的核心，行政理论必须研究人做选择时的逻辑和心理”。本书的写作为之后对行政组织的科学分析提供了基础。2001年司马贺死亡，在一篇纪念司马贺的报导中，总结本书“摒弃绝对理性的、总能追求利益最大化的经济人，代之以能给出优秀方案的行政人”。本书为之后的奠定了基础。
《管理行为》的研究领域横跨政治学、经济学等社会科学。司马贺后来的作品中也提到了本书中的一些想法，例如他于1969年出版的《》。在1978年授予司马贺诺贝尔经济学奖时，瑞典皇家科学院评价本书为“开天辟地”的一本书。1990年，一篇发表在《》上的文章评价本书为“半世纪（1940-1990）以来最好的公共行政学书籍”。本书被选为 20 世纪第五大最具影响力的管理学书籍。
本书第一版于1947年出版；第二版于1957年出版；第三版于1976年出版；第四版于1997年出版。基于本书第三版的中译版于1988年5月出版，而基于本书第四版的中译版最早于2004年出版。
背景.
本书基于司马贺在芝加哥大学的政治学博士论文。1937年，司马贺开始筹划他的博士论文。当时，芝加哥大学政治学系的系主任是查尔斯·爱德华·梅里亚姆。
从1936年开始，司马贺在 (ICMA)担任半职研究助理，并随后成为全职工作人员 。在ICMA时，他从主任Clarence Ridley那里了解了行政管理和科学合作，并于1938年与Ridley一起出版了他的第一本书。尽管司马贺认为他的思想很受Ridley的影响，但在IMCA时，司马贺没有真正地推进过他论文的创作。
司马贺于1939年至1942年间在加州大学伯克利分校的任职。在伯克利，他完成了他的博士论文。他的博士论文得到了由雷纳德·杜皮·怀特、C. Herman Pritchett、克拉伦斯·里德利和Charner Marquis Perry组成的委员会批准。1942年，他获得了芝加哥大学的博士学位。
影响.
司马贺在撰写这本书时很受切斯特·巴纳德《经理人员的职能》的影响。在他1991年的自传中，他评价巴纳德的书“完全优于当时的其他行政文献，并且完全符合他从决策角度看待管理的偏好”。司马贺“煞费苦心地”阅读这本书、由此反思自己的经历并专注于行政决策。在1988年的一次采访中，司马贺说：
我的研究完全建立在巴纳德的基础上，并因此一直深感亏欠他。 科学是一种累积的努力……在书中有十四处提到巴纳德……贡献-诱导平衡、权威和接受范围的概念都来自巴纳德……我现在认为《管理行为》的主要新颖性是组织识别概念的发展...根据处理决策前提和有限理性概念来描述决策过程...其余大部分都是“巴纳德”，当然，甚至那些“新奇”的想法都与巴纳德的组织观没有任何矛盾。
Mitchell 和 Scott 注意到巴纳德和司马贺在“权威”、“组织平衡”和“决策”等概念上的相似之处。例如，巴纳德的“冷漠地带”（下属毫无疑问地接受权威）变成了西蒙的“接受地带”。此外，米切尔和斯科特得出结论，西蒙和巴纳德都认为大型组织控制着个人的行为并操纵他们的意见。
其他对司马贺有影响的哲学家包括威廉·詹姆士、约翰·杜威、阿尔弗雷德·朱勒斯·艾耶尔和鲁道夫·卡尔纳普。行为心理学家爱德华·托尔曼和社会学家塔尔科特·帕森斯的思想也为西蒙的工作做出了贡献。司马贺称他自己的哲学方法为逻辑实证主义.
版本.
初稿（1945）.
本书的初始版本与司马贺的论文相似。1945年，当司马贺在伊利诺伊理工学院时，他将本书的初始版本的油印副本发送给了大约200人，因为司马贺认为这些人可能对他的工作感兴趣。巴纳德就是收到副本的人之一。尽管司马贺当时和巴纳德并不相识，但巴纳德向司马贺发送了总共 25 页的详细评论，从而司马贺得以对本书进行彻底的修改。 随后，司马贺请巴纳德写这本书的前言。
第一版（1947）.
第一版有16页前页（比如序言、致谢和巴纳德写的前言）。其正文（即第一至第十一章）和后页（附录和索引）总共有259页。
第一版在许多方面与初始版本不同，包括：
在前言中，巴纳德表示：
在致谢中，司马贺感谢了：
第二版（1957）.
第二版采用了新的引言，使该书的前页扩展到48页。新的引言总结了本书的结构，并为想应用本书的管理人员提供了建议。同时，新的引言还讨论了理性行为和的概念、评论了书中的特定章节，并且提供了最近的参考资料。
第三版（1976）.
第三版的前页占50页，正文和后页总共占364页。本书的第三版被分为两个部分，第二版的第一至第十一章被放在第一部分，而新增的六个新章节（第十二章至第十七章）被放在第二部分。新增的章节分别基于司马贺的文章：
第四版（1997）.
第四版有前页15页、正文和后页368页。第四版本书副标题最后一个词由“Organization”改为“Organizations”。第四版删除了巴纳德的前言。与第三版引言和第二部分不同，第四版的引言更简短，而且第二部分的每一章后面都有司马贺的评论。
中文版.
基于第三版的中译版（1988）.
此版本由杨砾、韩春立和徐立翻译，于1988年5月由北京经济学院出版社出版。此版本的前页共有53页，包括译者的献词、司马贺为中文版出版而写的前言、中译本代序以及翻译后的第三版前页内容。正文和后页除翻译第三版内容之外，还包括2页的译后记。
基于第四版的中译版（2004）.
基于本书第四版的中译版由詹正茂翻译，并于2004年由机械工业出版社出版。
基于第四版的中译版（2013）.
该中译版与2004年出版的相似，同样由詹正茂翻译，并由机械工业出版社出版。该版本有29页前页内容，除翻译第四版前页内容之外，还包含了数个中国该领域学者为之写的推荐以及译者的出版说明。
。 Simon distinguishes between "value judgments" (which "lead toward the selection of final goals") and "factual judgments" (which "involve the implementation of such goals"), a topic which he explores more fully in Chapter III. The relationship of the individual and the group in decision-making is explored; for example, influences upon individuals include authority, organizational loyalty, efficiency, advice and information, and training.
第二章：管理理论的某些问题.
Based on a 1946 article in "Public Administration Review" entitled "The Proverbs of Administration", Chapter II is notable for the following passage near its beginning:
It is a fatal defect of the current principles of administration that, like proverbs, they occur in pairs. For almost every principle one can find an equally plausible and acceptable contradictory principle. Although the two principles of the pair will lead to exactly opposite organizational recommendations, there is nothing in the theory to indicate which is the proper one to apply. To substantiate this criticism, it is necessary to examine briefly some of the leading principles.
These principles were found in the 1937 book "Papers on the Science of Administration" edited by Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick. After pointing out the shortcomings in the four principles, such as ambiguities and lack of empirical evidence, Simon states that "over-all efficiency must be the guiding criterion" in administrative organizations and that scientific methods must be applied to determine how to improve that efficiency.
第三章：决策的事实要素和价值要素.
Chapter III "clarifies foundational aspects of the logic of choice." The first section of the chapter provides details for the explanation in Chapter I of "facts" versus "values". The chapter's second section on "Policy and Administration" discusses how the legislative and executive branches of government apply facts and values.
第四章：管理行为中的理性.
After considering how the ideas of means and ends relate to decision-making, Simon distinguishes among "objectively", "subjectively", "consciously", "deliberately", "organizationally", and "personally" rational decisions.
第五章：管理决策心理学.
In the first part of this chapter, "The Limits of Rationality", Simon wrote:
Actual behavior falls short, in at least three ways, of objective rationality…:
The remainder of the chapter concerns "Purposive Behavior in the Individual" and "The Integration of Behavior".
第六章：组织平衡.
As summarized by Simon in the 4th edition's "Commentary on Chapter VI", the central idea of this chapter is that "the survival and success of organizations depend on their providing sufficient incentives to their members to secure the contributions that are needed to carry out the organizations' tasks".
第七章：权威的角色.
Chapters VII-X deal with four ways in which an organization can influence an individual's decisions: authority, communication, criterion of efficiency, and loyalties and organizational identification.
In Chapter VII, Simon discusses the nature of authority and how it is used in organizations: enforcing responsibility, obtaining decision-making expertise, and coordinating activity. Four methods are described for avoiding conflicts in authority when a subordinate has multiple superiors.
第八章：信息沟通.
Simon defines communication as "any process whereby decisional premises are transmitted from one member of an organization to another". Communication can be formal or informal, may need to be archived to provide "memory" for an organization, and is sometimes accomplished through training. The 4th edition's "Commentary on Chapter VIII" discusses computerized communications which were unavailable in 1947.
第九章：效率准则.
This chapter expands upon a concept that had been mentioned briefly in preceding chapters. In a for-profit organization, the "criterion of efficiency" states than an individual will select an alternative that will maximize income and minimize cost so as to "yield the greatest net (money) return to the organization". More generally (i.e., to include nonprofit organizations) the criterion causes ""that choice of alternatives which produces the largest result for the given application of resources"." In the remainder of the chapter, Simon counters criticisms of the efficiency criterion and outlines methods by which efficiency can be attained (e.g., by "functionalization" and by the public budgeting process).
第十章：忠诚心和组织认同.
Following a concept of Harold Lasswell, Simon asserts that ""a person identifies himself with a group when, in making a decision, he evaluates the several alternatives of choice in terms of their consequences for the specified group."" Such organizational identification can be associated with decisions that are not optimal in terms of an organization's efficiency or adequacy ("the degree to which its goals have been reached").
第十一章：组织的剖析.
Simon describes the organizational decision-making process and writes:
The need for an administrative theory resides in the fact that there "are" practical limits to human rationality, and that these limits are not static, but depend upon the organizational environment in which the individual's decision takes place. The task of administration is so to design this environment that the individual will approach as close as practicable to rationality (judged in terms of the organization's goals) in his decisions.
附录：什么是行政科学？.
In the final part of the book common to all editions, Simon discusses the "theoretical" (descriptive) aspects and "practical" aspects (i.e., leading toward the improved attainment of objectives) of the science of administration.
=第二部分：=
遗产.
Simon felt that the reviews of the first edition "were generally kind, but the reviewers were not exhilerated ", and that the book "created no sensation" at first. Nevertheless, it became notable for the following innovations:
"The central concern of administrative theory is with the boundary between the rational and the nonrational aspects of human social behavior". Administrative theory is peculiarly the theory of intended and bounded rationality – of the behavior of human beings who "satisfice" because they have not the wits to "maximize".
Simon would return to the concepts from "Administrative Behavior" in later books that he co-authored, including "Public Administration" (with Donald W. Smithburg and Victor A. Thompson, 1950); "Organizations" (with James G. March, 1958); and "The Sciences of the Artificial" (1969). Among books written by other authors, "Administrative Behavior" influenced:
In 1978, Sune Carlson said in a speech at the ceremony awarding Simon a Nobel Prize in Economics:
…the study of the structure and the decision-making of the firm became an important task in economic science. … In his epoch-making book "Administrative Behavior", which first appeared in 1947 and which has been translated into nearly a dozen languages, as well as in a number of subsequent works, Simon describes the company as an adaptive system of physical, personal and social components, which are held together by a network of intercommunications and by the willingness of its members to co-operate and to work towards common goals. …
Nevertheless, it was reported that economists Albert Ando and William Baumol had "made little reference to "Administrative Behavior"" in arguing to the Nobel Prize Committee that Simon should win.
Between 1955 and 1988, the book was translated into 12 languages: Chinese, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish. A set of 12 papers about the book appeared in "Public Administration Quarterly" in 1988-1989 for the book's 40th anniversary.
In 1990, Sherwood reported in "Public Administration Review" that 19 of 20 members of an informal advisory panel voted "Administrative Behavior" one of the "five or six most influential" books in academic public administration published between 1940 and 1990, making it the "public administration book of the half century." It was the "overwhelming leader" among the books nominated, receiving "twice as many nominations as any other book." Despite over 150,000 copies of the book having been sold in English, in a small survey of recent graduates from a Master of Public Administration program, Sherwood found widespread belief in the administrative proverbs that Simon attempted to discredit in Chapter II.
The fourth edition of the book was released in 1997; its Introduction noted the book's "fiftieth birthday." The book was cited in obituaries of Simon in 2001.
By 2009, the book had received 7,746 citations on Google Scholar. Of the articles that cited the book, the articles that were most-cited concerned organizational learning, the economic sociology, transaction cost economics, and organizational decision making. "Administrative Behavior" appeared in at least three lists of "best" or "most influential" management and business books between 2001 and 2011. As of 2012, the fourth edition of the book is still in print.
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