腹绞痛

腹绞痛是指因流向腹腔动脉、肠系膜上动脉、肠系膜下动脉或周围器官的血流减少导致的进食后腹痛。症状包括腹痛、体重减轻、腹泻、恶心、呕吐，以及因进食引发疼痛而产生的厌食。
消化道依赖腹腔动脉、肠系膜上动脉及肠系膜下动脉供血，当这些动脉阻塞或狭窄，无法提供充足血流时就会引发腹绞痛。性别、年龄、吸烟、高血压、糖尿病和高脂血症是其风险因素。
肠绞痛的诊断须经影像学检查证实存在血管狭窄性病变。鉴别诊断需涵盖胃食管反流病、食物不耐症、便秘、胰腺炎、腹腔脓肿、阑尾炎、肠易激综合征、胃肠炎、肝炎与胃肠道炎症等疾病。慢性肠系膜缺血需通过手术和治疗，具体治疗手段包括血管支架置入、主动脉和动脉搭桥。
腹绞痛从症状出现到接受治疗通常存在约一年的延迟，常引发营养不良或肠梗死等并发症。该病在女性中更为常见，男女患病比例为3:1，平均发病年龄为60岁。1918年，Baccelli医生首次将腹绞痛描述为进食后出现的下腹部疼痛。
症状.
Symptoms of abdominal angina include postprandial abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and an aversion or fear of eating caused by the pain associated with eating.
Abdominal angina usually starts 30 minutes after eating and persists for one to three hours. Individuals typically express the pain as a dull ache by clenching their fists over the epigastrium (Levine sign).
Sometimes people may reduce their caloric intake in an attempt to decrease pain which can lead to weight loss. There may also be changes in bowel habits, most commonly diarrhea from malabsorption or rarely constipation.
病因.
Abdominal angina is caused by obstruction or stenosis of the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA), celiac trunk, or superior mesenteric artery (SMA). More than 95% of abdominal angina is caused by stenosis of the splanchnic arteries due to local atherosclerosis. The occlusion mainly affects the ostia or the last few centimetres of the mesenteric arteries.
In rare cases, compression of the celiac trunk by the diaphragm's arcuate ligament can result in isolated occlusive disease (also known as "median arcuate ligament syndrome"). Other less common causes of vascular obstruction include vasculitis, chronic mesenteric venous thrombosis, fibromuscular dysplasia, radiation enteritis, and, in rare cases, extrinsic obstruction or vessel encasement by a tumour.
风险因素.
Approximately 82% of those with abdominal angina have diabetes. Hyperlipidemia, which frequently causes peripheral vascular disease, raises the risk of abdominal angina by 70% and correlates with the atherosclerotic aspect of the disease process. Smoking plays a part in the development of abdominal angina. Smokers account for 75% to 80% of all abdominal angina cases. Age also plays a role. The average age of onset is more than 60. This data corresponds with the vascular damage that occurs with age. Gender appears to play a role in the development of abdominal angina. Women are threefold more likely to develop abdominal angina than men. Hypertension is another known risk factor. Six out of ten of those with abdominal angina will be hypertensive.
发病机制.
The celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric arteries are the three primary blood vessels that support the digestive tract. Abdominal pain happens because the digestive processes require increased blood flow to the stomach. The stenotic or occluded artery cannot give adequate blood flow. The pain is caused by ischemia of the affected tissues, which do not receive the essential perfusion to preform digestion.
The gastrointestinal system has significant collateral circulation, which may worsen in cases of vascular stenosis. Along with the protection provided by collateral blood flow, the colon possesses various other mechanisms to prevent ischemia, such as opening of all mesenteric capillaries, redistribution of intramural blood supply, and improved oxygen extraction. But if those are exceeded, these defensive mechanisms become overwhelmed and no longer provide protection.
Some people with a single-vessel lesion experience symptoms, while others with up to three lesions are asymptomatic; hence, the number of arteries required to cause symptoms of ischemia is debatable. The occurrence of angina is determined by factors besides the number of arteries affected, such as the location of the lesion, the time of advancement of the lesions, and concurrent disorders that impact angiogenesis.
诊断.
Abdominal angina is diagnosed by identifying stenosis with imaging. Since the symptoms of abdominal angina overlap with various other disorders, other causes of symptoms are ruled out as a part of the diagnostic process. Gastric ulcers, abdominal aortic aneurysms, and gastrointestinal cancers can have similar symptoms and can be ruled out by esophagogastroduodenoscopy, CT scans, or MR angiogram. Other differential diagnoses include GERD, dietary or food sensitivities, constipation, pancreatitis, abdominal abscess, appendicitis, irritable bowel syndrome, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, and inflammation of the gastrointestinal system. Duplex ultrasound, MR angiography, angiography, and computed tomography angiography can be used to help confirm the diagnosis of abdominal angina. Duplex ultrasound may be used to screen for abdominal angina but is not ideal for visualizing stenosis. Angiography, MR angiography, or CT angiography can be used to further visualize the celiac and mesenteric arteries.
治疗.
Abdominal angina is treated differently based on the severity and cause. Antibiotics are often used in the case of colonic ischemia as there is often cooccuring infections. When possible the underlying cause of abdominal angina may be treated. This includes medications to treat heart failure, hypertension, dysrhythmia, or hyperlipidemia.
The most effective treatment for chronic mesenteric ischemia is surgical revascularization and percutaneous treatment such as stents. Surgical treatment may include transaortic endarterectomy of the effected arteries or creating a retrograde or anterograde bypass in the arteries.
Similarly to other vascular disorders, abdominal angina can be slowly progressive. There is often a one-year delay between the onset of symptoms and treatment. Complications of abdominal angina such as malnutrition or bowel infarction can cause increased morbidity and mortality in this population.
流行病学与历史.
The prevalence of abdominal angina is unknown. It is more prevalent in females than males with a ratio of 3:1. The mean age of those affected is 60 years old.
The term "abdominal angina" was first used by Dr. Baccelli in 1918. He used the term to describe a group of patients who had developed lower abdominal pain after eating. In 1936 Dunphy made the connection between abdominal angina and gastrointestinal necrosis. 21 years later Mikkelson introduced a surgery which could help restore blood flow to the gastrointestinal system. Although there was early interest in research, there has been very little subsequent research in the years following.