1939年列支敦士登政变

1939年列支敦士登政变，又称吞并政变（Anschlussputsch），是由纳粹德国支持、列支敦士登德意志民族运动（VDBL）发动的一次政变，计划以此吞并列支敦士登。1939年3月24日，列支敦士登德意志民族运动党计划向瓦杜兹游行以并夺取该国政府的控制权，借此挑起冲突。一些德国军队进入列支敦士登，试图将该国并入德国，但VDBL的行动被反对派挫败，大多数参与政变的成员被捕并被驱逐，少部分成功逃脱。第二次世界大战之后，有几名参与者因政变期间的行为而受到指控，其中七人被定罪。
背景.
列支敦士登纳粹党的成立.
自从1933年起，由于受到纳粹德国的崛起和德国反犹太主义法律的颁布，大量犹太难民涌入了列支敦士登。难民的影响使得当时列支敦士登的纳粹主义组织成立。 而1938年的德奥合并间接推动了列支敦士登的列支敦士登德国民族运动（缩写VDBL）成立。列支敦士登德国民族运动是列支敦士登的一个政治组织，旨在将列支敦士登并入德国。 这使得右翼民粹主义和反对弗朗茨·约瑟夫二世的声浪开始传播。 在德奥合并不久后，党卫队国外德意志民族事务部跟列支敦士登德国民族运动合作，前者计划资助后者，通过列支敦士登的民主选举掌权，结束与列支敦士登与瑞士的关税同盟并倒向德国，最后将该国合并入德意志国的领土。据报道，这个计划得到了约瑟夫·戈培尔的支持，但是德国元首阿道夫·希特勒不希望使该国跟瑞士的关系变得更复杂化，因此他在1938年3月18日时最终阻止了这个计划。
自从1933年起，由于受到纳粹德国的崛起和德国反犹太主义法律的颁布，大量犹太难民涌入了列支敦士登。难民的影响使得当时列支敦士登的纳粹主义组织成立。 
Preparation and coup.
The plan was drawn up by Nazi authorities in Feldkirch and the leader of the VDBL Theodor Schädler, although not backed by the German government itself. The plan was for members of the VDBL to march on Vaduz and seize control of the government, which it was hoped would cause clashes between them and the government. German troops from Feldkirch would then move into Liechtenstein in response to a call for help and incorporate the country into Germany. It has also been speculated that the Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle was involved in the coup. It was originally planned for 22 March 1939, in the same month of a visit by Franz Joseph II and Josef Hoop to Berlin where they met Hitler and Joachim von Ribbentrop, but it was delayed until the 24th. This is accredited with removing the element of surprise from the preparations, as, reportedly, employees of the Deutsche Reichsbahn informed Swiss authorities of German troops amassing in Feldkirch.
In the late evening of 24 March, approximately 40 members of the VDBL marched from Nendeln towards Vaduz. In front of Schaan, opponents had gathered to stop them and the VDBL were convinced to turn back by government councillor Anton Frommelt who also blocked their telephone lines, in addition to aid from Ferdinand Risch. Some VDBL members subsequently gathered outside of Schaan under the leadership of Theodor Schädler, but many others were prevented from leaving their homes by opponents. Further coup participants were supposed to close the Triesen-Balzers road and the Vaduz-Sevelen Rhine bridge in the wake of the German invasion, though the invasion did not happen as it was blocked on Hitler's orders following intervention by Alois Vogt. Instead, VDBL members resorted to burning swastikas in order to provoke an intervention from Nazi Germany.
Vogt later met Schädler, where he explained that the German invasion would not happen, and that he would allow the Swiss border police to open fire on the VBDL demonstrators should they not stand down. Realizing that the coup was a failure, many of coup's participants were arrested or fled. However, many were prevented by border guards in both Switzerland and Nazi Germany once they gained news of the attempted coup.
Aftermath.
After the coup's failure, 36 out of the over 100 participants fled to Feldkirch, and another 76 people were arrested and questioned, with about 50 of them being charged. However, out of fear of German intervention, they were all released in December 1939 on condition that they leave Liechtenstein. It is not known exactly why Hitler decided against intervening in the coup, though it has been speculated that he had little interest in Liechtenstein, and that he did not want to provoke a war with Switzerland.
During the attempted coup, a large majority of Jews living in Liechtenstein fled the country to Switzerland, though most returned in the days following its failure. The coup was unpopular with most people in Liechtenstein, and it generated a strong sense of patriotic unity. This caused the Liechtenstein Loyalty Association to heighten its operations against the VDBL and launch a petition to reaffirm Liechtenstein's independence, which received 2492 signatures. 
The VDBL was effectively defunct after the coup until it was relaunched by Alfons Goop in 1940. After World War II, twelve coup participants were put on trial on charges of high treason, of which seven were convicted in 1946. Alois Batliner, Franz Beck, and Josef Frick were each sentenced to five years in prison, while Egon Marxer and Goop were sentenced to 2.5 years, and Alois Kindle, Hermann Marxer, and Josef Gassner each received suspended two-month sentences. During the war, Batliner had served in the Schutzpolizei, while Marxer and Goop had served in the Waffen-SS on the Eastern Front.