Original sentence: Batman and Robin continue to be fairly popular figures in gay culture, and have become the objects of study by historians such as Vittorio Lingiardi who postulates that the relationship of Batman with Robin echoes one of the most ancient metaphors of male love, that in which the lover "elevates" his beloved, exemplified by the relationship between Zeus and Ganymede.Characters such as the Joker, who had previously been murderers, became characterized by themed crime sprees, such as committing robbery while dressed as famous jester characters from literature.He also criticized the dark and violent portrayals of crime in comic books as promoting juvenile delinquency.He succeeded in raising a public outcry, eventually leading to the establishment of the Comics Code Authority.He suggested that Batman and Robin had a homosexual relationship, hinted at, among other things, by the bare legs in Robin's costume and their happy domesticity as single men in a posh mansion.In 1953, the book Seduction of the Innocent by psychologist Frederic Wertham used Batman and Robin, among several examples, as evidence that the comic book medium corrupted the morals of the young.The original inspiration for Wertham's interpretation came from fans of Batman in the fifties, who brought the comic book to his attention as an example of the idealisation of a homosexual lifestyle.The outcry particularly affected Batman comics; the characters of Bat-Girl and Batwoman were introduced to "prove" that Batman and Robin were not gay, and the stories took on a campier, lighter feel.Their interpretation is seconded by Burt Ward, who, in his autobiographical Boy Wonder: My Life in Tights agrees that the characters could be interpreted as lovers, while the show's double entendres and lavish camp help make the case persuasive.This is somewhat ironic, as the TV series was an attempt at a tamer, more family-friendly version of Batman which tried to be less violent than the comic series — one of Wertham's arguments against comics