Original sentence: Groups such as the American Civil Rights Institute, run by Ward Connerly, have opted for the more legally precise terms "race preference", "gender preference," or "preferential treatment" generally, since these terms are contained and defined within existing civil rights law, such as the 1964 Civil Rights Act.Harvard professor Roland Fryer, however, has argued that there is no logically tenable difference between "quotas" and "goals.In the United States, the term reverse discrimination has been used in past discussions of racial quotas for collegiate admission to government-run educational institutions.Many legal cases involving claims of "reverse discrimination" are settled before they go to court.Reverse discrimination, known as positive discrimination in the United Kingdom is the practice of favouring a historically disadvantaged group at the expense of members of a historically dominant group (usually in university admissions or employment).Such policies were held to be unconstitutional in the United States, while non-quota race preferences are legal.The term is often used to describe the perceived effects of government policies (most notably affirmative action).Those challenging specific government or university policies have sought redress through the courts
Edited sentence: Critics of affirmative action argue that the practice destroys or distorts competition, and that the United States suffers educationally and economically as a result.Groups such as the American Civil Rights Institute, run by Ward Connerly, have opted for the more legally precise terms "race preference", "gender preference," or "preferential treatment" generally, since these terms are contained and defined in existing civil rights law, such as the 1964 Civil Rights Act.It has also been applied in awarding of government contracts to businesses owned by women or minorities.Reverse discrimination, known as positive discrimination in the United Kingdom and other countries, and also known as affirmative action, is the practice of favouring an identified historically economically or socially disadvantaged group, usually at the expense of a better qualified person.Sometimes the affirmation action may be in the form of quotas, or the setting of a margin on some measure, to advantage an applicant who belongs to the favoured group