Original sentence: They then used this knowledge, combined with their own talents, to become the unquestionable world leaders in the natural sciences, mathematics, social sciences, engineering, arts, and philosophy from the time of the Hegira in ~622 CE, at least until the Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols in approximately ~1280 CE and were arguably more powerful than the West until perhaps the beginning of Modernity with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 CE
Edited sentence: They then used this knowledge, combined with their own equal talents, to become the unquestionable world leaders in the natural sciences, mathematics, social sciences, engineering, arts, and philosophy from the time of the Hegira in ~622 CE, at least until the Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols in approximately ~1280 CE and were arguably more powerful than the West until perhaps the beginning of Modernity with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 CE