Edited sentence: Also, when payment channels are used, funding them requires two on-blockchain transactions (to open and then close the channel) making single-use Lighting Network payment channels more expensive than doing a single on-blockchain Bitcoin transaction.In addition other opponents of this second layer solution such as Yours CEO Ryan Charles explain in clear terms how the Lightning Network can not work smoothly, where opening and closing channels will not happen instantly and users must be online at all times to receive a payment, in addition to other problems.Opponents of the Lightning Network have been quick to point out design flaws in the off-chain network which has been cited as a scaling solution to Bitcoin's scaling problems, citing various issues such as the path-routing problem which could make it difficult or even impossible to find payment routes.Others have criticized the Lightning Network saying it's impossible for the network to be decentralized, saying it will lead to a hub-and-spoke model of centralized hubs on the network.Some fear due to the centralizing nature of Lightning Network, it will lead to "Lightning Banks" where legislators may be able to target them in an attempt to regulate the system.Some solutions to the path-routing problem have been suggested such as Flare, but are also subject to centralisation by using trusted master nodes, called 'beacons'