Original sentence: In direct response to the Vatican’s announcements, Austria andling of dissent, e.Opponents of catholicism defined it as “antithesis of modernity”.The pope’s hy excommunication of critics or demanding their removal from schools and universities, was considered as  “epitome of papal authoritarianism”.bpassed the so-called May-Laws for Cisleithania in 1868, restricting the Concordat of 1855, and cancelled the concordat altogether in 1870
Edited sentence: Catholicism was defined as the “antithesis of modernity”.In direct response to the Vatican’s announcements, Austria passed the so-called May-Laws for Cisleithania in 1868, restricting the Concordat of 1855, and cancelled the concordat altogether in 1870.In view of the church’s opposition to enlightenment, liberal reforms and the revolutions of the 18th/19th centuries, these dogmas and the church’s expressed insistence on papal primacy were met with much desmay and angered governments and liberal-minded all across Europe, even among many leading Catholics, adding fuel to the heated debates.It was seen as a blunt attempt to expand the pope’s secular powers and to interfere in matters of state and secular society.The dogmas represented a threat to the secularized state as they reaffirmend that the fundamental allegiance of Catholics was not to their nation-state, but to the Gospel and the Church and that the pope’s teaching was absolutely authoritative and binding on all the faithful.The pope’s handling of dissent, e.by excommunication of critics or demanding their removal from schools and universities, was considered as  “epitome of papal authoritarianism”