Edited sentence: Among the 1,300 allowed out were almost no refuseniks, no activists, and only a single Hebrew teacher.Andropov's message was clear: the era of emigration was at an end.Behind the arrests, trials, sentences, and growing number of refusals under Andropov had been an upsurge of anti-Zionist and antisemitic press articles and public cartoons.From a peak of more than 50,000 in 1979, only 1,300 Jews were allowed to leave the Soviet Union in 1983, and only 88 in the last full month of Andropov's rule.He was opposed, he declared in December 1982, to the "festering sore" of false cultural demands by those whom he described as "bad elements.Jews who wanted to go to Israel were denounced as anti-Soviet, as agents of hostile forces, as tools of the American and Israeli intelligence forces.Shortly after coming to power, Andropov gave clear expression to his attitude towards the Jewish cultural movement inside the Soviet Union: the private Hebrew classes, the Jewish religious seminars, and the ferment of Jewish national aspirations.The gates of emigration were slammed shut.This closing of the gates was swift, savage, and demoralizing.Throughout the Andropov era, short though it was, Soviet Jews suffered in ways unknown for more than a decade