Edited sentence: In point of fact, the later dreaded Muslim heavy cavalry were literally Arabs who had adopted clibanarii cavalry weapons and tactics.Ironically, the Asawaran (Azatan) knightly caste would survive in spirit, in not in person, in Western Europe, which came to adapt virtually the same system of warrior caste, feudal estates, code of knightly honor, and noble obligation to the throne, in the Middle ages in Europe.Ironically, the Sassanids, who had given birth to the first "Knights" with their Asawaran (Azatan) knightly caste, and clibanarii cavalry and saw those same "Knights" adopted by the Arabs, also were then the founders of western heavy cavalry, since Martel used captured stirrups, and armour from the Muslim dead at Tours to create the first western Knights and heavy cavalry.It is clear historically that the first "Knights" complete with their feudal caste system, and code of honor, developed in the Sassanid Empire in the Asawaran (Azatan) knightly caste, and clibanarii cavalry weapons and armour, and were adopted by the Arabs, who in turn, gave them to the West.It was this heavy cavalry, adopted from Persia, that overran the remainder of the Roman Empire until Charles Martel inflicted the most devastating major defeat of the Islamic Expansion Era at the Battle of Tours, using both tactics inspired by the ancient Greek phalanx and terrain advantages to neutralize the Muslim heavy cavalry