Edited sentence: Cognitive theories based on dual coding theory, multimedia learning, and cognitive load theory began to dominate more reputable journals (e.Constructivist learning activities are quite useful in settings where learners have some prior knowledge (as in graduate schools) but when dealing with novices (learners in a K-12 environment) these activities tend to be less useful.In the 1990s, educators began to question the philosophical framework of Constructivism claiming it was highly theoretical, but not very practical.Instead they began to develop evidence-based learning theories and empirically derived solutions to performance problems.Journals of Educational Psychology).While some educators still profess a constructivist educational philosophy, evidence-based educational reforms like the "No child left behind act" have begun to reshape educational practice to bring accountability to the classroom