Edited sentence: As a result, his critics assert that he does not understand the context of much of the scholarship, and that he ignores variations of interpretations amongst different religious sources.His publication history in the 1990s consists exclusively of articles in Roman Catholic publications on matters of Catholic dogma and the need for absolute orthodoxy within the Church.Spencer does not understand Classical Arabic, so he relies on translations of the Quran and the works of other Islamic scholars.Spencer has been criticized for his lack of formal credentials as a scholar of Islam.They also assert that many of the key religious interpretations have never been translated into English, and are therefore inaccessible to Spencer.Though he claims to have been a researcher of Islam for 25 years, there is no public record of any study, interest or publications by Spencer related to Islam prior to 2001