Original sentence: According to Walker, the assertion that policies to reduce working time are based on a belief in a "fixed amount of work" is a straw man argument.In 2000, Tom Walker published a critique and historical review of the "lump-of-labour fallacy" claim that argued that the claim itself is incoherent, inconsistent and ultimately spurious.Rae's 1894 argument about advocates basing their expectations of job creation on a fixed amount of work was carefully refuted by Charles Beardsley in 1895.Schloss, in 1892 disavowed any connection between his fallacy of "the Theory of the Lump of Labour" and the issue of the length of the working day.The other, John Rae, was an advocate of the eight-hour day but argued that job creation was not one of its benefits.Tom Walker's critique and historical review of the "Lump-of-Labour fallacy" claim.Walker identified in the literature at least three conflicting explanations of how advocates of reduced working time supposedly commit the fallacy and stated that the only thing the  explanations have in common is their failure to identify an authoritative source for the fallacy claim.Walker then traced the origin of the phrase and its application to working time policies to two different late 19th century authors, one of whom, D