Edited sentence: A look at a physical chemistry text will show that they do not possess any of the properties of submicroscopic solid elastic particles with finite diameter.At great distances from the centers of galaxies, even across galactic superclusters, this potenmtial remains significant whereas the 1/r2 potential has declined virtually to zero.George Ellis has suggested that we live in a relative void which will bias red-shift measurements toward the conclusion that the universe expansion rate is accelerating.It is not called w by accident.Its presence is still required to account for its gravitational effect.Just as serious is the certainty that the gravitational potential gradients around supermassive black-holes follows a decrease according to 1/r, rather than according to the Newtonian 1/r2 because black-holes are singularities.Objections to the Use of the Friedmann Equations to Model the Universe.Physical chemists know that the presence of even the smallest amounts of condensed phases in a system containing their vapors will cause massive deviation from ideality.Radiation as photons of light do not behave like an ideal gas either.So, the radiation component of the universe cannot be said to follow the ideal gas law either.The Friedmann equations require the validity of the Cosmological Principle.The assumption of the ideal gas law also implies that the universe exists as a system within another larger system that can exert positive or negative pressure upon it and upon which the universe can do work.Then, of course, the universe is simply NOT an ideal gas, as is assumed by the Friedmann equations.There is no way out: the Friedmann equations are a computational convenience only and mathematically, they should not be taken too seriously.These are both patently untrue.They also assume that the matter and energy in the universe may be treated as an ideal gas.They are not a "theory" on the same level of validity as general relativity.This implies that, for careful work, they should never be used to settle crucially important questions of cosmology and cosmogony.This is a hyperbolic gravitational potential gradient that possesses asymptotes to which the potential tends.This is also patently untrue and exemplifies the fact that the Friedmann equations are a computational approximation meant to make calculations tractable.This is the nature of the parameter w in the Friedmann equations.We cannot just ignore the presence of condensed phases of matter, however