feyninc/tacha huggingface dataset:
## Table

|  |  | Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | March 31, | June 30, | September 30, | December 31, | Year Ended December 31, |
| 2018: |  |  |  |  |  |
| Operating revenues | $1,741.8 | $1,780.9 | $1,785.5 | $2,131.9 | $7,440.1 |
| Costs of operations (1) | 519.9 | 560.3 | 556.7 | 540.9 | 2,177.8 |
| Operating income | 402.9 | 546.0 | 567.2 | 388.9 | 1,905.0 |
| Net income | 280.3 | 314.4 | 377.3 | 292.7 | 1,264.7 |
| Net income attributable to American Tower Corporation stockholders | 285.2 | 306.7 | 366.9 | 277.6 | 1,236.4 |
| Dividends on preferred stock | (9.4) | — | — | — | (9.4) |
| Net income attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders | 275.8 | 306.7 | 366.9 | 277.6 | 1,227.0 |
| Basic net income per share attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders | 0.63 | 0.69 | 0.83 | 0.63 | 2.79 |
| Diluted net income per share attributable to American Tower Corporation common stockholders | 0.63 | 0.69 | 0.83 | 0.62 | 2.77 |

Question: How many quarters had operating revenues that was below $2,000 million?
Answer: 3
## Table

|  |  | Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | March 31, | June 30, | September 30, | December 31, | Year Ended December 31, |
| 2018: |  |  |  |  |  |
| Operating revenues | $1,741.8 | $1,780.9 | $1,785.5 | $2,131.9 | $7,440.1 |
| Costs of operations (1) | 519.9 | 560.3 | 556.7 | 540.9 | 2,177.8 |

Question: What was the change in Operating revenues between Three Months Ended March and June?
Answer: 39.1
|  |  | Three Months Ended |  |  |  |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | March 31, | June 30, | September 30, | December 31, | Year Ended December 31, |
| 2018: |  |  |  |  |  |
| Operating revenues | $1,741.8 | $1,780.9 | $1,785.5 | $2,131.9 | $7,440.1 |
| Costs of operations (1) | 519.9 | 560.3 | 556.7 | 540.9 | 2,177.8 |

Question: What was the percentage change in operating revenues between Three Months Ended  September and December?
Answer: 19.4
The difference between the income tax benefit (provision) and income taxes computed using the U.S. federal income tax rate

Question: What does the table show us?
Answer: The difference between the income tax benefit (provision) and income taxes computed using the U.S. federal income tax rate
## Table

|  | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amount computed using statutory rate | $841 | $2,122 | $(1,078) |
| Net change in valuation allowance for net deferred tax assets | (459) | (367) | 10,058 |
| AMT and other | — | (191) | 20 |
| Foreign rate differential | 664 | 22 | (169) |
| Non-deductible items | (151) | (276) | (370) |
| State income tax | (370) | 50 | (34) |
| Impact of tax reform on deferred taxes | — | (4,901) | — |
| Research and development credits | 1,694 | 475 | 2,494 |
| Foreign income tax | (494) | — | — |
| Stock compensation, net | 1,539 | — | — |
| Income tax benefit (provision) | $3,264 | $(3,066) | $10,921 |

Question: What are the income tax benefits (provision), for the fiscal years 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively?
Answer: $10,921, $(3,066), $3,264
## Table

|  | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amount computed using statutory rate | $841 | $2,122 | $(1,078) |
| Net change in valuation allowance for net deferred tax assets | (459) | (367) | 10,058 |
| AMT and other | — | (191) | 20 |
| Foreign rate differential | 664 | 22 | (169) |
| Non-deductible items | (151) | (276) | (370) |
| State income tax | (370) | 50 | (34) |

Question: What are state income tax for the years 2018 and 2019, respectively?
Answer: 50, (370)
|  | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amount computed using statutory rate | $841 | $2,122 | $(1,078) |
| Net change in valuation allowance for net deferred tax assets | (459) | (367) | 10,058 |
| AMT and other | — | (191) | 20 |
| Foreign rate differential | 664 | 22 | (169) |

Question: Which year has the highest income tax benefit? 
Answer: 2017

Question: What is the sum of amount computed using statutory rate and foreign rate differential in 2018 as a percentage of 2019?
Answer: 1.42

Question: What is the percentage change in research and development credits from 2018 to 2019?
Answer: 256.63
## Table

|  |  | Fiscal Years Ended March 31, |  |
|---|---|---|---|
|  | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 |
| Net income (U.S. GAAP) (1) | $206,587 | $254,127 | $47,157 |
| Non-GAAP adjustments: |  |  |  |
| Income tax expense (benefit) | (39,460) | 9,132 | 4,294 |
| Interest expense, net | 19,204 | 32,073 | 39,731 |

Question: What was the net interest expense in 2019?
Answer: 19,204
## Table

|  |  | Fiscal Years Ended March 31, |  |
|---|---|---|---|
|  | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 |
| Net income (U.S. GAAP) (1) | $206,587 | $254,127 | $47,157 |
| Non-GAAP adjustments: |  |  |  |
| Income tax expense (benefit) | (39,460) | 9,132 | 4,294 |
| Interest expense, net | 19,204 | 32,073 | 39,731 |
| Depreciation and amortization | 52,628 | 50,661 | 38,151 |

Question: What was the depreciation and amortization in 2017?
Answer: 38,151
## Table

|  |  | Fiscal Years Ended March 31, |  |
|---|---|---|---|
|  | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 |

Question: Which years does the table provide information for the reconciliation from U.S. GAAP Net income to non-GAAP Adjusted EBITDA?
Answer: 2019, 2018, 2017
## Table

|  |  | Fiscal Years Ended March 31, |  |
|---|---|---|---|
|  | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 |
| Net income (U.S. GAAP) (1) | $206,587 | $254,127 | $47,157 |
| Non-GAAP adjustments: |  |  |  |
| Income tax expense (benefit) | (39,460) | 9,132 | 4,294 |

Question: What was the change in the Net foreign exchange (gain) loss between 2017 and 2018?
Answer: 16903

Question: What was the change in the Loss on early extinguishment of debt between 2018 and 2019?
Answer: 15460

Question: What was the percentage change in the net interest expense between 2018 and 2019?
Answer: -40.12
Amortisation of intangibles was £1.9m lower than 2017/18 due to certain SAP software modules becoming fully amortised in the year. Fair valuation of foreign exchange and derivatives was a charge of £1.3m in the year.

Question: What was the operating profit in the year 2018/19 and 2017/18?
Answer: £4.5m, £69.3m
| £m | 2018/19 | 2017/18 | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted EBITDA3 | 145.5 | 139.6 | 5.9 |

Question: What is the adjusted EBITDA in 2018/19?
Answer: 145.5
The Group recognised £41.5m of estimated costs in the year associated with the equalisation of GMP for pension benefits accrued between 1990 and 1997. This follows a judgement case of Lloyds Banking Group on 26 October 2018 which referred to the equal treatment of men and women who contracted out of the State Earnings Related Pension Scheme between these dates.

Question: What led to Amortisation of intangibles being £1.9m lower than 2017/18?
Answer: due to certain SAP software modules becoming fully amortised in the year.
| £m | 2018/19 | 2017/18 | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted EBITDA3 | 145.5 | 139.6 | 5.9 |

Question: What is the change in Adjusted EBITDA from 2018/19 to 2017/18?
Answer: 5.9
## Table

| £m | 2018/19 | 2017/18 | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted EBITDA3 | 145.5 | 139.6 | 5.9 |
| Depreciation | (17.0) | (16.6) | (0.4) |

Question: What is the change in Depreciation from 2018/19 to 2017/18?
Answer: 0.4
## Table

| £m | 2018/19 | 2017/18 | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted EBITDA3 | 145.5 | 139.6 | 5.9 |
| Depreciation | (17.0) | (16.6) | (0.4) |
| Trading profit | 128.5 | 123.0 | 5.5 |

Question: What is the change in Trading profit from 2018/19 to 2017/18?
Answer: 5.5
For each of the segments that include services, Software-as-a-Service, consulting, education, training and other product-related services are included as services. For each of these segments, software includes product license charges and ongoing subscriptions.

Question: What is included in Client solutions?
Answer: Client solutions often include IBM software and systems and other suppliers’ products if the client solution requires it.
For each of the segments that include services, Software-as-a-Service, consulting, education, training and other product-related services are included as services.

Question: What is included in Services?
Answer: For each of the segments that include services, Software-as-a-Service, consulting, education, training and other product-related services are included as services.
For each of these segments, software includes product license charges and ongoing subscriptions.

Question: What is included in Software?
Answer: For each of these segments, software includes product license charges and ongoing subscriptions.
| ($ in millions) |  |  |  |
|---|---|---|---|
| For the year ended December 31: | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 |
| Cloud & Cognitive Software* |  |  |  |
| Software | $18,712 | $17,970** | $17,681** |
| Services | 4,321 | 4,082** | 3,920** |

Question: What is the average of Financing under Global Financing?
Answer: 1170

Question: What is the average of Used equipment sales?
Answer: 392.33

Question: What is the increase/ (decrease) in Used equipment sales from 2018 to 2019
Answer: -85
## Table

|  |  | Years Ended October 31, |  |
|---|---|---|---|
|  | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 |
|  |  | (In thousands)  |  |
| Income taxes at statutory rate | $13,408 | $ 7,132 | $148,585 |

Question: What is the Income taxes at statutory rate for fiscal years 2019 and 2018 respectively?
Answer: $13,408, $ 7,132
## Table

|  |  | Years Ended October 31, |  |
|---|---|---|---|
|  | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 |
|  |  | (In thousands)  |  |
| Income taxes at statutory rate | $13,408 | $ 7,132 | $148,585 |
| Discrete benefit resulting from TCJA  | — | (37,505) | — |
| State income taxes | 1,189 | 1,014 | 9,038 |

Question: What is the State income taxes for fiscal years 2019 and 2018 respectively?
Answer: 1,189, 1,014
The differences between the consolidated effective income tax rate and the federal statutory rate effective during the applicable year presented are as follows:

Question: How much credits would be recovered for 2019, 2018 and 2017 respectively?
Answer: $1.8 million, $0.7 million, and $0.6 million
|  |  | Years Ended October 31, |  |
|---|---|---|---|
|  | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 |
|  |  | (In thousands)  |  |
| Income taxes at statutory rate | $13,408 | $ 7,132 | $148,585 |
| Discrete benefit resulting from TCJA  | — | (37,505) | — |

Question: What is the average Income taxes at statutory rate for fiscal years 2019 and 2018?
Answer: 10270

Question: What is the average state income taxes for fiscal years 2019 and 2018?
Answer: 1101.5

Question: What is the change in Income taxes at statutory rate between fiscal years 2019 and 2018?
Answer: 6276
(1) Restricted stock shares issued for new awards under the Omnibus Incentive Plan and restricted stock shares, forfeited as shown above for the year ended December 31, 2019 includes 1,478 restricted stock shares issued and (5,024) restricted stock shares forfeited related to 2018 that were not yet reflected by our Recordkeeper as of December 31, 2018. The table above and our Consolidated Balance Sheets reflect the number of shares issued per our Recordkeeper.

Question: What does the table show?
Answer: summary of changes during the years ended December 31, in shares of our common stock and common stock in treasury
71,530 shares of common stock that had been repurchased by the Company in 2018

Question: What does the Repurchase of common stock for the year ended December 31, 2019 as shown above include that is not yet reflected by the Recordkeeper as of December 31, 2018?
Answer: 71,530 shares of common stock that had been repurchased by the Company in 2018
## Table

|  | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Changes in common stock: |  |  |  |
| Number of shares, beginning of year | 231,619,037 | 230,080,944 | 227,638,738 |
| Restricted stock shares issued for new awards(1) | 1,478 | 569,960 | 480,283 |
| Restricted stock shares, forfeited(1) | (110,984) | (86,518 ) | (184,235) |
| Shares issued for vested restricted stock units | 164,347 | 151,280 | 607,231 |
| Shares issued as part of acquisition(2) | — | 20,000 | — |
| Shares issued for 2014 Special Performance Stock Units (PSU) Awards | — | 658,783 | 749,653 |
| Shares issued for 2015 Three-Year PSU Awards | — | 129,139 | — |
| Shares issued for 2014 Three-Year PSU Awards | — | — | 636,723 |
| Shares issued for Stock Leverage Opportunity Awards (SLO) | 6,321 | 109,841 | 136,783 |
| Shares granted and issued under the Omnibus Incentive Plan and Directors Stock Plan to Directors | 123,824 | 10,841 | 15,768 |
| Canceled shares for tax netting(3) | (181,488) | — | — |
| Other activity(4) | — | (25,233 ) | — |
| Number of shares issued, end of year(1) | 231,622,535 | 231,619,037 | 230,080,944 |
| Changes in common stock in treasury: |  |  |  |
| Number of shares held, beginning of year | 75,964,667 | 61,485,423 | 34,156,355 |
| Repurchase of common stock(5) | 1,632,163 | 14,826,924 | 27,320,816 |
| Profit sharing contribution paid in stock | (487,108) | (538,524 ) | (502,519) |
| Shares withheld for taxes(3) | — | 190,844 | 510,771 |
| Number of shares held, end of year(5) | 77,109,722 | 75,964,667 | 61,485,423 |
| Number of common stock outstanding, end of year | 154,512,813 | 155,654,370 | 168,595,521 |

Question: What is the Number of common stock outstanding, end of year for 2019?
Answer: 154,512,813
|  | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Changes in common stock: |  |  |  |
| Number of shares, beginning of year | 231,619,037 | 230,080,944 | 227,638,738 |
| Restricted stock shares issued for new awards(1) | 1,478 | 569,960 | 480,283 |
| Restricted stock shares, forfeited(1) | (110,984) | (86,518 ) | (184,235) |

Question: What is the Number of shares held, end of year expressed as a percentage of Number of common stock outstanding, end of year?
Answer: 49.91

Question: What is the percentage change of the Number of shares held, end of year from 2017 to 2018?
Answer: 23.55
## Table

|  | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Changes in common stock: |  |  |  |
| Number of shares, beginning of year | 231,619,037 | 230,080,944 | 227,638,738 |
| Restricted stock shares issued for new awards(1) | 1,478 | 569,960 | 480,283 |
| Restricted stock shares, forfeited(1) | (110,984) | (86,518 ) | (184,235) |

Question: What is the number of shares issued, end of year excluding 1,478 restricted stock shares issued and (5,024) restricted stock shares for 2019?
Answer: 231616033
| (in thousands, except per share amounts and employee data) |  |  | Fiscal Years |  |  |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | 2019(1) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016(3) | 2015 |
| Operations: |  |  |  |  |  |
| Revenue: | $11,171,297 | $9,030,008 | $7,301,505 | $5,854,430 | $4,795,511 |
| Gross profit | $9,498,577 | $7,835,009 | $6,291,014 | $5,034,522 | $4,051,194 |

Question: What was the gross profit margin in 2018?
Answer: 86.77
(3) Our fiscal year is a 52- or 53-week year that ends on the Friday closest to November 30. Fiscal 2016 was a 53-week fiscal year compared with the other periods presented which were 52-week fiscal years.

Question: Why was the working capital negative in 2019?
Answer: working capital was in a deficit primarily due to the reclassification of our $2.25 billion term loan due April 30, 2020 and $900 million 4.75% senior notes due February 1, 2020 to current liabilities.
| (in thousands, except per share amounts and employee data) |  |  | Fiscal Years |  |  |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | 2019(1) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016(3) | 2015 |
| Operations: |  |  |  |  |  |
| Revenue: | $11,171,297 | $9,030,008 | $7,301,505 | $5,854,430 | $4,795,511 |
| Gross profit | $9,498,577 | $7,835,009 | $6,291,014 | $5,034,522 | $4,051,194 |

Question: What is the total liabilities of the company in 2019?
Answer: 4138267

Question: What was the total net income of basic shares in 2019?
Answer: 2951786.37
53-week

Question: What type is the year 2016, 52-week or 53-week?
Answer: 53-week
(2) As of November 29, 2019, working capital was in a deficit primarily due to the reclassification of our $2.25 billion term loan due April 30, 2020 and $900 million 4.75% senior notes due February 1, 2020 to current liabilities. We intend to refinance our Term Loan and 2020 Notes on or before the due dates.

Question: When did the company adopt the requirements of the Financial Accounting Standards Board's Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, Topic 606, utilizing the modified retrospective method of transition?
Answer: December 1, 2018
the timing and duration of minimum guarantee contracts up for renewal and executed, decreased NRE services revenue, as well as a decrease in per-unit royalty revenue

Question: Why was Product Licensing revenue decreased in 2019 compared to 2018?
Answer: the timing and duration of minimum guarantee contracts up for renewal and executed, decreased NRE services revenue, as well as a decrease in per-unit royalty revenue
## Table

|  |  | Years Ended December 31, |  |
|---|---|---|---|
|  | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 |
|  |  | (in thousands) |  |
| Revenue: |  |  |  |
| Royalty and license fees | $198,124 | $219,708 | $167,923 |
| Total revenue | 198,124 | 219,708 | 167,923 |
| Operating expenses: |  |  |  |
| Cost of revenues | 8,460 | 13,291 | 6,308 |
| Research, development and other related costs | 83,613 | 78,892 | 75,809 |
| Litigation | 1,656 | — | 288 |
| Amortization | 88,075 | 88,544 | 90,340 |
| Total operating expenses (1) | 181,804 | 180,727 | 172,745 |
| Total operating income (loss) | $16,320 | $38,981 | $(4,822) |

Question: What was the total operating income/loss from 2017 to 2019, respectively?
Answer: $(4,822), $38,981, $16,320
## Table

|  |  | Years Ended December 31, |  |
|---|---|---|---|
|  | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 |
|  |  | (in thousands) |  |
| Revenue: |  |  |  |
| Royalty and license fees | $198,124 | $219,708 | $167,923 |
| Total revenue | 198,124 | 219,708 | 167,923 |
| Operating expenses: |  |  |  |
| Cost of revenues | 8,460 | 13,291 | 6,308 |
| Research, development and other related costs | 83,613 | 78,892 | 75,809 |
| Litigation | 1,656 | — | 288 |

Question: What were the litigation costs in 2017 and 2019, respectively?
Answer: 288, 1,656
|  |  | Years Ended December 31, |  |
|---|---|---|---|
|  | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 |
|  |  | (in thousands) |  |
| Revenue: |  |  |  |
| Royalty and license fees | $198,124 | $219,708 | $167,923 |

Question: What is the overall proportion of litigation and amortization expense over the total operating expense in 2019?
Answer: 0.49

Question: What is the percentage change in total revenue in 2019 compared to 2018?
Answer: -9.82

Question: What is the average total operating expense from 2017 to 2019?
Answer: 178425.33
(1)  Includes results from the acquisitions of Foundry from April 18, 2019, ComputerEase from August 19, 2019, iPipeline from August 22, 2019, and Bellefield from December 18, 2019; and the results from the Imaging businesses through disposal on February 5, 2019 and Gatan through disposal on October 29, 2019.

Question: How should we read the table in conjunction with it?
Answer: “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes included in this Annual Report
## Table

|  |  |  | As of and for the Years ended December 31, |  |  |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | 2019(1)(8) | 2018(2) | 2017(3) | 2016(4) | 2015(5) |
| Operations data: |  |  |  |  |  |
| Net revenues | $  5,366.8 | $   5,191.2 | $   4,607.5 | $   3,789.9 | $  3,582.4 |
| Gross profit | 3,427.1 | 3,279.5 | 2,864.8 | 2,332.4 | 2,164.6 |
| Income from operations | 1,498.4 | 1,396.4 | 1,210.2 | 1,054.6 | 1,027.9 |
| Net earnings(6) | 1,767.9 | 944.4 | 971.8 | 658.6 | 696.1 |

Question: What does the operations data consist of?
Answer: Net revenues, Gross profit, Income from operations, Net earnings
## Table

|  |  |  | As of and for the Years ended December 31, |  |  |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | 2019(1)(8) | 2018(2) | 2017(3) | 2016(4) | 2015(5) |
| Operations data: |  |  |  |  |  |
| Net revenues | $  5,366.8 | $   5,191.2 | $   4,607.5 | $   3,789.9 | $  3,582.4 |
| Gross profit | 3,427.1 | 3,279.5 | 2,864.8 | 2,332.4 | 2,164.6 |
| Income from operations | 1,498.4 | 1,396.4 | 1,210.2 | 1,054.6 | 1,027.9 |
| Net earnings(6) | 1,767.9 | 944.4 | 971.8 | 658.6 | 696.1 |
| Per share data: |  |  |  |  |  |
| Basic earnings per share | $      17.02 | $        9.15 | $       9.51 | $       6.50 | $       6.92 |
| Diluted earnings per share | $     16.82 | $       9.05 | $       9.39 | $       6.43 | $       6.85 |
| Dividends declared per share | $   1.9000 | $   1.7000 | $    1.4625 | $    1.2500 | $   1.0500 |
| Balance sheet data: |  |  |  |  |  |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $     709.7 | $     364.4 | $      671.3 | $     757.2 | $     778.5 |
| Working capital(7) | (505.4) | (200.4) | (140.4) | (25.0) | 126.2 |
| Total assets | 18,108.9 | 15,249.5 | 14,316.4 | 14,324.9 | 10,168.4 |

Question: How much were the total assets during fiscal years 2018 and 2019, respectively?
Answer: 15,249.5, 18,108.9
## Table

|  |  |  | As of and for the Years ended December 31, |  |  |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | 2019(1)(8) | 2018(2) | 2017(3) | 2016(4) | 2015(5) |
| Operations data: |  |  |  |  |  |
| Net revenues | $  5,366.8 | $   5,191.2 | $   4,607.5 | $   3,789.9 | $  3,582.4 |
| Gross profit | 3,427.1 | 3,279.5 | 2,864.8 | 2,332.4 | 2,164.6 |

Question: What are the average net revenues from 2015 to 2019?
Answer: 4507.56
|  |  |  | As of and for the Years ended December 31, |  |  |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | 2019(1)(8) | 2018(2) | 2017(3) | 2016(4) | 2015(5) |
| Operations data: |  |  |  |  |  |
| Net revenues | $  5,366.8 | $   5,191.2 | $   4,607.5 | $   3,789.9 | $  3,582.4 |
| Gross profit | 3,427.1 | 3,279.5 | 2,864.8 | 2,332.4 | 2,164.6 |

Question: What is the percentage change in cash and cash equivalents in 2018 compared to 2015?
Answer: -53.19
## Table

|  |  |  | As of and for the Years ended December 31, |  |  |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | 2019(1)(8) | 2018(2) | 2017(3) | 2016(4) | 2015(5) |
| Operations data: |  |  |  |  |  |
| Net revenues | $  5,366.8 | $   5,191.2 | $   4,607.5 | $   3,789.9 | $  3,582.4 |
| Gross profit | 3,427.1 | 3,279.5 | 2,864.8 | 2,332.4 | 2,164.6 |

Question: What is the cost of goods sold (COGS) in 2017?
Answer: 1742.7
|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  |
|---|---|---|---|
| (IN MILLIONS) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 |
| Net income/(loss) attributable to Nielsen shareholders | $(415) | $(712) | $429 |
| Interest expense, net | 391 | 386 | 370 |
| (Benefit)/provision for income taxes | (260) | (182) | 388 |

Question: What is the interest coverage ratio in 2019?
Answer: 1.21

Question: What is the percentage change in the net loss from 2018 to 2019?
Answer: -41.71

Question: What is the percentage change in the adjusted EBITDA from 2018 to 2019?
Answer: 0.16
Other non-operating income/(expense), net: We exclude foreign currency exchange transaction gains and losses, primarily related to intercompany financing arrangements, as well as other non-operating income and expense items, such as gains and losses recorded on business combinations or dispositions, sales of investments, pension settlements, net income/(loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests and early redemption payments made in connection with debt refinancing. We believe that the adjustments of these items more closely correlate with the sustainability of our operating performance.

Question: How does share-based compensation expense vary?
Answer: based on the timing, size and nature of awards granted
The below table presents a reconciliation from net income/(loss) to Adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:

Question: When should adjusted EBITDA not be considered?
Answer: in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP
## Table

|  | Year Ended December 31, |  |  |
|---|---|---|---|
| (IN MILLIONS) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 |
| Net income/(loss) attributable to Nielsen shareholders | $(415) | $(712) | $429 |
| Interest expense, net | 391 | 386 | 370 |
| (Benefit)/provision for income taxes | (260) | (182) | 388 |
| Depreciation and amortization | 756 | 675 | 640 |
| EBITDA | 472 | 167 | 1,827 |

Question: What is the EBITDA for 2019, 2018 and 2017 respectively?
Answer: 472, 167, 1,827