fenil210/Med-Lamma huggingface dataset:
What are the treatments for Nerve Disease and Bladder Control ?
The job of the sphincter muscles is to hold urine in the bladder by squeezing the urethra shut. If the urethral sphincter fails to stay closed, urine may leak out of the bladder. When nerve signals are coordinated properly, the sphincter muscles relax to allow urine to pass through the urethra as the bladder contracts to push out urine. If the signals are not coordinated, the bladder and the sphincter may contract at the same time, so urine cannot pass easily.
                
Drug therapy for an uncoordinated bladder and urethra. Scientists have not yet found a drug that works selectively on the urethral sphincter muscles, but drugs used to reduce muscle spasms or tremors are sometimes used to help the sphincter relax. Baclofen (Lioresal) is prescribed for muscle spasms or cramping in patients with multiple sclerosis and spinal injuries. Diazepam (Valium) can be taken as a muscle relaxant or to reduce anxiety. Drugs called alpha-adrenergic blockers can also be used to relax the sphincter. Examples of these drugs are alfuzosin (UroXatral), tamsulosin (Flomax), terazosin (Hytrin), and doxazosin (Cardura). The main side effects are low blood pressure, dizziness, fainting, and nasal congestion. All of these drugs have been used to relax the urethral sphincter in people whose sphincter does not relax well on its own.
                
Botox injection. Botulinum toxin type A (Botox) is best known as a cosmetic treatment for facial wrinkles. Doctors have also found that botulinum toxin is useful in blocking spasms like eye ticks or relaxing muscles in patients with multiple sclerosis. Urologists have found that injecting botulinum toxin into the tissue surrounding the sphincter can help it to relax. Although the FDA has approved botulinum toxin only for facial cosmetic purposes, researchers are studying the safety and effectiveness of botulinum toxin injection into the sphincter for possible FDA approval in the future. + NIDDK + Nerve Disease and Bladder Control
What are the treatments for Nerve Disease and Bladder Control ?
Urine retention may occur either because the bladder wall muscles cannot contract or because the sphincter muscles cannot relax.
                
Catheter. A catheter is a thin tube that can be inserted through the urethra into the bladder to allow urine to flow into a collection bag. If you are able to place the catheter yourself, you can learn to carry out the procedure at regular intervals, a practice called clean intermittent catheterization. Some patients cannot place their own catheters because nerve damage affects their hand coordination as well as their voiding function. These patients need to have a caregiver place the catheter for them at regular intervals. If regular catheter placement is not feasible, the patients may need to have an indwelling catheter that can be changed less often. Indwelling catheters have several risks, including infection, bladder stones, and bladder tumors. However, if the bladder cannot be emptied any other way, then the catheter is the only way to stop the buildup of urine in the bladder that can damage the kidneys.
                
Urethral stent. Stents are small tube-like devices inserted into the urethra and allowed to expand, like a spring, widening the opening for urine to flow out. Stents can help prevent urine backup when the bladder wall and sphincter contract at the same time because of improper nerve signals. However, stents can cause problems if they move or lead to infection.
                
Surgery. Men may consider a surgery that removes the external sphincter-a sphincterotomy-or a piece of it-a sphincter resection-to prevent urinary retention. The surgeon will pass a thin instrument through the urethra to deliver electrical or laser energy that burns away sphincter tissue. Possible complications include bleeding that requires a transfusion and, rarely, problems with erections. This procedure causes loss of urine control and requires the patient to collect urine by wearing an external catheter that fits over the penis like a condom. No external collection device is available for women.
                
Urinary diversion. If other treatments fail and urine regularly backs up and damages the kidneys, the doctor may recommend a urinary diversion, a procedure that may require an outside collection bag attached to a stoma, a surgically created opening where urine passes out of the body. Another form of urinary diversion replaces the bladder with a continent urinary reservoir, an internal pouch made from sections of the bowel or other tissue. This method allows the person to store urine inside the body until a catheter is used to empty it through a stoma. + NIDDK + Nerve Disease and Bladder Control
What to do for Kidney Failure: What to Expect ?
For people who are on dialysis or approaching total kidney failure, adequate nutrition is important for maintaining energy, strength, healthy sleep patterns, bone health, heart health, and good mental health. A persons treatment will dictate the type of diet that should be followed:
                
- People on hemodialysis must watch how much fluid they drink and avoid eating foods with too much sodium, potassium, and phosphorus.  - In contrast, people on peritoneal dialysisa type of dialysis that uses the lining of the abdomen, or belly, to filter the blood inside the bodymay be able to eat more potassium-rich foods because peritoneal dialysis removes potassium from the body more efficiently than hemodialysis.  - Both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis can remove proteins from the body, so anyone on either form of dialysis should eat protein-rich foods such as meat, fish, and eggs.
                
All dialysis centers and transplant clinics have a renal dietitian who specializes in helping people with kidney failure. People who are on dialysis or have a kidney transplant should talk with their clinics renal dietitian to develop a meal plan that will enhance the effectiveness of their treatment.
                
For more information about nutrition for people with advanced CKD or who are on dialysis, see NIDDK health topics, Nutrition for Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease in Adults or Kidney Failure: Eat Right to Feel Right on Hemodialysis. + NIDDK + Kidney Failure: What to Expect
What to do for Kidney Failure: What to Expect ?
- Kidney failure can affect a persons health in several ways.  - When the kidneys stop working, waste products build up in the blood, a condition known as uremia.  - People with kidney failure can avoid most of the problems of uremia by having regular dialysis treatments and limiting foods that contain sodium, potassium, and phosphorus.  - Anemia is common in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD), as well as those on dialysis, because the damaged kidneys slow the produc-tion of the hormone erythropoietin (EPO), which helps the bone marrow make red blood cells.  - People with kidney failure, particularly dialysis patients, have far higher rates of heart and blood vessel problems than people without kidney problems.  - People who have uremia often lose their appetite.  - Many people treated with hemodialysis complain of itchy skin.  - Kidney failure weakens the bones due to a condition called chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder.  - Kidney failure can cause pain, stiffness, and fluid in the joints. These symptoms result from amyloidosis, a condition in which an abnormal protein in the blood called amyloid is deposited in tissues and organs, including the joints and tendons.  - People on dialysis often have insomnia, sleep apnea syndrome, and restless legs syndrome.  - People who have kidney failure and depression should tell their health care provider because depression can often be treated with adjustments to the diet and dialysis dose, medications, counseling, and cognitive behavioral therapy.  - For people who are on dialysis or approaching total kidney failure, adequate nutrition is important for maintaining energy, strength, healthy sleep patterns, bone health, heart health, and good mental health.  - All dialysis centers and transplant clinics have a renal dietitian who specializes in helping people with kidney failure. People who are on dialysis or have a kidney transplant should talk with their clinics renal dietitian to develop a meal plan that will enhance the effectiveness of their treatment. + NIDDK + Kidney Failure: What to Expect
What is (are) What I need to know about Hepatitis A ?
Hepatitis* A is a virus, or infection, that causes liver disease and inflammation of the liver. Viruses can cause sickness. For example, the flu is caused by a virus. People can pass viruses to each other.
                
Inflammation is swelling that occurs when tissues of the body become injured or infected. Inflammation can cause organs to not work properly. + NIDDK + What I need to know about Hepatitis A
What is (are) What I need to know about Hepatitis A ?
The liver is an organ that does many important things. You cannot live without a liver.
                
*See the Pronunciation Guide for tips on how to say the words in bold type.
                
The liver
                
- removes harmful chemicals from your blood  - fights infection  - helps digest food  - stores nutrients and vitamins  - stores energy + NIDDK + What I need to know about Hepatitis A
Who is at risk for What I need to know about Hepatitis A? ?
Anyone can get hepatitis A, but those more likely to are people who
                
- travel to developing countries  - live with someone who currently has an active hepatitis A infection  - use illegal drugs, including noninjection drugs  - have unprotected sex with an infected person  - provide child care
                
Also, men who have sex with men are more likely to get hepatitis A. + NIDDK + What I need to know about Hepatitis A
What are the symptoms of What I need to know about Hepatitis A ?
Most people do not have any symptoms of hepatitis A. If symptoms of hepatitis A occur, they include
                
- feeling tired  - muscle soreness  - upset stomach  - fever  - loss of appetite  - stomach pain  - diarrhea  - dark-yellow urine  - light-colored stools  - yellowish eyes and skin, called jaundice
                
Symptoms of hepatitis A can occur 2 to 7 weeks after coming into contact with the virus. Children younger than age 6 may have no symptoms. Older children and adults often get mild, flulike symptoms. See a doctor right away if you or a child in your care has symptoms of hepatitis A. + NIDDK + What I need to know about Hepatitis A
How to diagnose What I need to know about Hepatitis A ?
A blood test will show if you have hepatitis A. Blood tests are done at a doctors office or outpatient facility. A blood sample is taken using a needle inserted into a vein in your arm or hand. The blood sample is sent to a lab to test for hepatitis A. + NIDDK + What I need to know about Hepatitis A
What are the treatments for What I need to know about Hepatitis A ?
Hepatitis A usually gets better in a few weeks without treatment. However, some people can have symptoms for up to 6 months. Your doctor may suggest medicines to help relieve your symptoms. Talk with your doctor before taking prescription and over-the-counter medicines.
                
See your doctor regularly to make sure your body has fully recovered. If symptoms persist after 6 months, then you should see your doctor again.
                
When you recover, your body will have learned to fight off a future hepatitis A infection. However, you can still get other kinds of hepatitis. + NIDDK + What I need to know about Hepatitis A
What to do for What I need to know about Hepatitis A ?
If you have hepatitis A, you should do things to take care of yourself, including eating a healthy diet. Avoid drinking alcohol, which can harm the liver. Talk with your doctor before taking vitamins and other supplements. + NIDDK + What I need to know about Hepatitis A
What to do for What I need to know about Hepatitis A ?
- Hepatitis A is a virus, or infection, that causes inflammation of the liver.  - Anyone can get hepatitis A, but some people are more likely to than others.  - You could get hepatitis A through contact with an infected persons stool.  - Most people do not have any symptoms of hepatitis A.  - Children younger than age 6 may have no symptoms of hepatitis A.  - Hepatitis A may cause mild, flulike symptoms in older children and adults.  - See a doctor right away if you or a child in your care has symptoms of hepatitis A.  - A blood test will show if you have hepatitis A.  - Hepatitis A usually gets better in a few weeks without treatment.  - You can avoid getting hepatitis A by receiving the hepatitis A vaccine.  - Tell your doctor and your dentist if you have hepatitis A.  - See your doctor right away if you think you have been in contact with the hepatitis A virus. + NIDDK + What I need to know about Hepatitis A
What is (are) Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your diabetes under control ?
Diabetes problems are health problems that can happen when you have diabetes. If your diabetes is not under control, you will have too much glucose*, also called sugar, in your blood. Having too much glucose in your blood for a long time can affect many important parts of your body, such as your
                
- blood vessels and heart  - nerves  - kidneys  - mouth  - eyes  - feet
                
You can do a lot to prevent or slow down these health problems if you keep your diabetes under control.
                
This chart shows the body parts that can be affected by diabetes and the resulting health problems you may have.
                
Affected Body Part    Resulting Health Problems You May Have          Blood vessels and heart             - Heart disease      - Heart attack      - Stroke      - High blood pressure      - Poor blood circulation, or flow, throughout your body            Nerves             - Pain, tingling, weakness, or numbness in your hands, arms, feet, or legs      - Problems with your bladder, digestion, having sex, and keeping your heartbeats and blood pressure steady            Kidneys             - Protein loss through your urine      - Buildup of wastes and fluid in your blood            Mouth             - Gum disease and loss of teeth      - Dry mouth      - Thrush, or the growth of too much fungus in the mouth            Eyes             - Loss of vision and blindness            Feet             - Sores      - Infections      - Amputation
                
*See the Pronunciation Guide for tips on how to say the the words in bold type. + NIDDK + Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your diabetes under control
What is (are) Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your diabetes under control ?
The A1C test, also called the hemoglobin A1C test, HbA1C, or glycohemoglobin test, is a blood test that reflects the average level of glucose in your blood during the past 3 months. Your A1C test result is given in percents. Your doctor might use the A1C test to help diagnose your diabetes. Your doctor will draw a sample of your blood in the office or send you to a lab to have a sample of your blood drawn for the test. After being diagnosed with diabetes, you should have the A1C test at least twice a year.
                
Your A1C result plus your record of blood glucose numbers show whether your blood glucose is under control.
                
- If your A1C result is too high, you may need to change your diabetes care plan. Your health care team can help you decide what part of your plan to change. For instance, you might need to change your meal plan, your diabetes medicines, or your physical activity plan.  - If your A1C result is on target, then your diabetes treatment plan is working. The lower your A1C is, the lower your chance of having diabetes problems.
                
This chart shows the A1C goals for different types of people with diabetes.
                
Types of People    A1C Goals          Most people with diabetes    below 7%        Women with diabetes who want to get pregnant or who are pregnant    below 6%
                
A1C goals can also depend on
                
- how long you have had diabetes  - whether or not you have other health problems
                
Ask your doctor what goal is right for you.
                

                
This chart shows how your A1C result may match up to your average blood glucose number.
                
What Your A1C Result Means          My A1C Result    My Average Blood Glucose Number        6%    135        7%    170        8%    205        9%    240        10%    275        11%    310        12%    345 + NIDDK + Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your diabetes under control
What to do for Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your diabetes under control ?
Following a healthy eating plan is a key step in living with diabetes and preventing diabetes problems. Your health care team will help you make a healthy eating plan.
                
More information is provided in the NIDDK health topic, What I need to know about Eating and Diabetes or call 18008608747. + NIDDK + Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your diabetes under control
How to prevent Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your diabetes under control ?
You can take steps each day to prevent diabetes problems.
                
Steps          Healthy Eating                     - Follow the healthy eating plan that you and your doctor or dietitian have made.      - Learn what to eat to keep your blood glucose levels under control.      - Make wise food choices to help you feel good every day and to lose weight if needed.            Blood Glucose                     - Check your blood glucose every day.      - Each time you check your blood glucose, write the number in a record book to share with your health care team.      - Treat low blood glucose quickly.            Physical Activity                     - Even small amounts of physical activity help manage diabetes. Aim for 30 to 60 minutes of physical activity most days of the week. Children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes who are 10 to 17 years old should aim for 60 minutes of activity every day.      - Not all physical activity has to take place at the same time.      - Do aerobic activities, such as brisk walking, which use your large muscles to make your heart beat faster. The large muscles are those of the upper and lower arms and legs and those that control head, shoulder, and hip movements.      - Do activities to strengthen muscles and bone, such as lifting weights or sit-ups. Aim for two times a week.      - Stretch to increase your flexibility, lower stress, and help prevent muscle soreness after physical activity.      - Increase daily activity by decreasing time spent watching TV or at the computer. Children and adolescents should limit screen time not related to school to less than 2 hours per day. Limiting screen time can help you meet your physical activity goal.      - Always talk with your doctor before you start a new physical activity program.            Medicines                     - Take your medicines as directed, including insulin if ordered by your doctor.            Feet                     - Check your feet every day for cuts, blisters, sores, swelling, redness, or sore toenails.            Mouth                     - Brush and floss your teeth every day.            Blood Pressure                     - Control your blood pressure and cholesterol.            Smoking                     - Dont smoke. + NIDDK + Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your diabetes under control
How to diagnose Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your diabetes under control ?
This chart lists important tests, exams, and vaccines to get at least once or twice a year.
                
Tests, Exams, and Vaccines to Get at Least Once or Twice a Year    Make Sure to          A1C test             - Have this blood test at least twice a year. Your result will tell you what your average blood glucose level was for the past 3 months.            Cholesterol test             - Get a blood test to check your              - total cholesterol        - LDL        - HDL        - triglycerides                  Kidney tests             - Once a year, get a urine test to check for protein.      - At least once a year, get a blood test to check for creatinine, a waste product healthy kidneys remove from the body.            Eye exam             - See an eye doctor once a year for a complete eye exam that includes using drops in your eyes to dilate your pupils.      - If you are pregnant, have a complete eye exam in your first 3 months of pregnancy. Have another complete eye exam 1 year after your baby is born.            Dental exam             - See your dentist twice a year for a cleaning and checkup.            Flu vaccine             - Get a flu vaccine each year.            Pneumonia vaccine             - Get this vaccine if you are younger than 64.      - If youre older than 64 and your vaccine was more than 5 years ago, get another one.            Hepatitis B vaccine             - Get this vaccine if youre younger than 60 and you have not already had the vaccine.      - Prevent exposure to Hepatitis B by not sharing blood glucose monitors or other diabetes equipment. + NIDDK + Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your diabetes under control
What is (are) What I need to know about Hepatitis C ?
Hepatitis* C is a virus, or infection, that causes liver disease and inflammation of the liver. Viruses can cause sickness. For example, the flu is caused by a virus. People can pass viruses to each other.
                
Inflammation is swelling that occurs when tissues of the body become injured or infected. Inflammation can cause organs to not work properly. + NIDDK + What I need to know about Hepatitis C
What is (are) What I need to know about Hepatitis C ?
The liver is an organ that does many important things. You cannot live without a liver.
                
*See the Pronunciation Guide for tips on how to say the words in bold type.
                
The liver
                
- removes harmful chemicals from your blood  - fights infection  - helps digest food  - stores nutrients and vitamins  - stores energy + NIDDK + What I need to know about Hepatitis C
Who is at risk for What I need to know about Hepatitis C? ?
Anyone can get hepatitis C, but those more likely to are people who
                
- were born to a mother with hepatitis C  - are in contact with blood or infected needles at work  - have had more than one sex partner in the last 6 months or have a history of sexually transmitted disease  - are on kidney dialysisthe process of filtering wastes and extra water from the body by means other than the kidneys  - are infected with HIV  - have injected illegal drugs  - have had tattoos or body piercings  - work or live in a prison  - had a blood transfusion or organ transplant before July 1992  - have hemophilia and received clotting factor before 1987
                
Also, men who have sex with men are more likely to get hepatitis C. + NIDDK + What I need to know about Hepatitis C
What are the symptoms of What I need to know about Hepatitis C ?
Most people do not have any symptoms until the hepatitis C virus causes liver damage, which can take 10 or more years to happen. Others may have one or more of the following symptoms:
                
- feeling tired  - muscle soreness  - upset stomach  - stomach pain  - fever  - loss of appetite  - diarrhea  - dark-yellow urine  - light-colored stools  - yellowish eyes and skin, called jaundice
                
When symptoms of hepatitis C occur, they can begin 1 to 3 months after coming into contact with the virus. See a doctor right away if you or a child in your care has symptoms of hepatitis C. + NIDDK + What I need to know about Hepatitis C
What is (are) What I need to know about Hepatitis C ?
Acute hepatitis C is a short-term infection with the hepatitis C virus. Symptoms can last up to 6 months. The infection sometimes clears up because your body is able to fight off the infection and get rid of the virus. + NIDDK + What I need to know about Hepatitis C