fenil210/Med-Lamma huggingface dataset:
what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Osteoporosis ?
Scientists are pursuing a wide range of basic and clinical studies on osteoporosis. Significant advances in preventing and treating osteoporosis continue to be made. Such advances are the direct result of research focused on -  determining the causes and consequences of bone loss at the cellular and tissue levels  - assessing risk factors  - developing new strategies to maintain and even enhance bone density and reduce fracture risk  - exploring the roles of such factors as genetics, hormones, calcium, vitamin D, drugs, and exercise on bone mass. determining the causes and consequences of bone loss at the cellular and tissue levels assessing risk factors developing new strategies to maintain and even enhance bone density and reduce fracture risk exploring the roles of such factors as genetics, hormones, calcium, vitamin D, drugs, and exercise on bone mass.  Get more information about ongoing research on osteoporosis from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) at NIH. + NIHSeniorHealth + Osteoporosis
What is (are) Osteoporosis ?
Osteoporosis is a disease that thins and weakens the bones to the point that they break easily. Women and men with osteoporosis most often break bones in the hip, spine, and wrist, but osteoporosis can be the cause of bone fractures anywhere. + NIHSeniorHealth + Osteoporosis
Who is at risk for Osteoporosis? ?
Some risk factors for osteoporosis cannot be changed. These include - Gender. Women are at higher risk for osteoporosis than men. They have smaller bones and lose bone more rapidly than men do because of hormone changes that occur after menopause. Therefore, if you are a woman, you are at higher risk for osteoporosis.  - Age. Because bones become thinner with age, the older you are, the greater your risk of osteoporosis.  - Ethnicity. Caucasian and Asian women are at the highest risk for osteoporosis. This is mainly due to differences in bone mass and density compared with other ethnic groups. African-American and Hispanic women are also at risk, but less so.  - Family History. Osteoporosis tends to run in families. If a family member has osteoporosis or breaks a bone, there is a greater chance that you will too.  - History of Previous Fracture. People who have had a fracture after the age of 50 are at high risk of having another. Gender. Women are at higher risk for osteoporosis than men. They have smaller bones and lose bone more rapidly than men do because of hormone changes that occur after menopause. Therefore, if you are a woman, you are at higher risk for osteoporosis. Age. Because bones become thinner with age, the older you are, the greater your risk of osteoporosis. Ethnicity. Caucasian and Asian women are at the highest risk for osteoporosis. This is mainly due to differences in bone mass and density compared with other ethnic groups. African-American and Hispanic women are also at risk, but less so. Family History. Osteoporosis tends to run in families. If a family member has osteoporosis or breaks a bone, there is a greater chance that you will too. History of Previous Fracture. People who have had a fracture after the age of 50 are at high risk of having another. + NIHSeniorHealth + Osteoporosis
Who is at risk for Osteoporosis? ?
Here are risk factors for osteoporosis that you can control. -  Poor diet. Getting too little calcium over your lifetime can increase your risk for osteoporosis. Not getting enough vitamin D -- either from your diet, supplements, or sunlight -- can also increase your risk for osteoporosis. Vitamin D is important because it helps the body absorb calcium. An overall diet adequate in protein and other vitamins and minerals is also essential for bone health.  - Physical inactivity. Not exercising and being inactive or staying in bed for long periods can increase your risk of developing osteoporosis. Like muscles, bones become stronger with exercise.  - Smoking. Cigarette smokers may absorb less calcium from their diets. In addition, women who smoke have lower levels of estrogen in their bodies.  Learn more about smoking and bone health.    - Medications.  Some commonly used medicines can cause loss of bone mass. These include a type of steroid called glucocorticoids, which are used to control diseases such as arthritis and asthma; some antiseizure drugs; some medicines that treat endometriosis; and some cancer drugs. Using too much thyroid hormone for an underactive thyroid can also be a problem. Talk to your doctor about the medications you are taking and what you can do to protect your bones.  - Low body weight. Women who are thin -- and small-boned -- are at greater risk for osteoporosis. Poor diet. Getting too little calcium over your lifetime can increase your risk for osteoporosis. Not getting enough vitamin D -- either from your diet, supplements, or sunlight -- can also increase your risk for osteoporosis. Vitamin D is important because it helps the body absorb calcium. An overall diet adequate in protein and other vitamins and minerals is also essential for bone health. Physical inactivity. Not exercising and being inactive or staying in bed for long periods can increase your risk of developing osteoporosis. Like muscles, bones become stronger with exercise. Smoking. Cigarette smokers may absorb less calcium from their diets. In addition, women who smoke have lower levels of estrogen in their bodies.  Learn more about smoking and bone health.  Medications.  Some commonly used medicines can cause loss of bone mass. These include a type of steroid called glucocorticoids, which are used to control diseases such as arthritis and asthma; some antiseizure drugs; some medicines that treat endometriosis; and some cancer drugs. Using too much thyroid hormone for an underactive thyroid can also be a problem. Talk to your doctor about the medications you are taking and what you can do to protect your bones. Low body weight. Women who are thin -- and small-boned -- are at greater risk for osteoporosis. + NIHSeniorHealth + Osteoporosis
Who is at risk for Osteoporosis? ?
If you have any of these red flags, you could be at high risk for weak bones. Talk to your doctor, nurse, pharmacist, or other health care professional. Do any of these apply to you? - ____ Im older than 65.  - ____ Ive broken a bone after age 50.  - ____ My close relative has osteoporosis or has broken a bone.   - ____ My health is fair or poor.   - ____ I smoke.   - ____ I am underweight for my height.  - ____ I started menopause before age 45.  - ____ Ive never gotten enough calcium.  - ____ I have more than two drinks of alcohol several times a week.  - ____ I have poor vision, even with glasses.  - ____ I sometimes fall.  - ____ Im not active.  - ____ I have one of these medical conditions:       - Hyperthyroidism    - Chronic lung disease    - Cancer    - Inflammatory bowel disease    - Chronic hepatic or renal disease    - Hyperparathyroidism    - Vitamin D deficiency    - Cushings disease    - Multiple sclerosis    - Rheumatoid arthritis      ____ Im older than 65. ____ Ive broken a bone after age 50. ____ My close relative has osteoporosis or has broken a bone. ____ My health is fair or poor. ____ I smoke. ____ I am underweight for my height. ____ I started menopause before age 45. ____ Ive never gotten enough calcium. ____ I have more than two drinks of alcohol several times a week. ____ I have poor vision, even with glasses. ____ I sometimes fall. ____ Im not active. ____ I have one of these medical conditions:     - Hyperthyroidism   - Chronic lung disease   - Cancer   - Inflammatory bowel disease   - Chronic hepatic or renal disease   - Hyperparathyroidism   - Vitamin D deficiency   - Cushings disease   - Multiple sclerosis   - Rheumatoid arthritis    - Hyperthyroidism  - Chronic lung disease  - Cancer  - Inflammatory bowel disease  - Chronic hepatic or renal disease  - Hyperparathyroidism  - Vitamin D deficiency  - Cushings disease  - Multiple sclerosis  - Rheumatoid arthritis  Hyperthyroidism Chronic lung disease Cancer Inflammatory bowel disease Chronic hepatic or renal disease Hyperparathyroidism Vitamin D deficiency Cushings disease Multiple sclerosis Rheumatoid arthritis - ____ I take one of these medicines:       - Oral glucocorticoids (steroids)     - Cancer treatments (radiation, chemotherapy)    - Thyroid medicine    - Antiepileptic medications    - Gonadal hormone suppression    - Immunosuppressive agents     ____ I take one of these medicines:     - Oral glucocorticoids (steroids)    - Cancer treatments (radiation, chemotherapy)   - Thyroid medicine   - Antiepileptic medications   - Gonadal hormone suppression   - Immunosuppressive agents   - Oral glucocorticoids (steroids)   - Cancer treatments (radiation, chemotherapy)  - Thyroid medicine  - Antiepileptic medications  - Gonadal hormone suppression  - Immunosuppressive agents Oral glucocorticoids (steroids) Cancer treatments (radiation, chemotherapy) Thyroid medicine Antiepileptic medications Gonadal hormone suppression Immunosuppressive agents + NIHSeniorHealth + Osteoporosis
Who is at risk for Osteoporosis? ?
Women have smaller bones, and they lose bone more rapidly than men because of hormone changes that occur after menopause. Therefore, women are at higher risk for osteoporosis. + NIHSeniorHealth + Osteoporosis
How to prevent Osteoporosis ?
Preventing falls is a special concern for men and women with osteoporosis. Falls can increase the likelihood of fracturing a bone in the hip, wrist, spine, or other part of the skeleton. In addition to the environmental factors listed below, falls can also be caused by impaired vision or balance, chronic diseases that affect mental or physical functioning, and certain medications, such as sedatives and antidepressants. It is also important that individuals with osteoporosis be aware of any physical changes that affect their balance or gait, and that they discuss these changes with their health care provider. Here are some tips to help eliminate the environmental factors that lead to falls.  Outdoors: - Use a cane or walker for added stability.   - Wear rubber-soled shoes for traction.  - Walk on grass when sidewalks are slippery.  - In winter, carry salt or kitty litter to sprinkle on slippery sidewalks.  - Be careful on highly polished floors that become slick and dangerous when wet.  - Use plastic or carpet runners when possible. Use a cane or walker for added stability. Wear rubber-soled shoes for traction. Walk on grass when sidewalks are slippery. In winter, carry salt or kitty litter to sprinkle on slippery sidewalks. Be careful on highly polished floors that become slick and dangerous when wet. Use plastic or carpet runners when possible.  Indoors: -  Keep rooms free of clutter, especially on floors.   - Keep floor surfaces smooth but not slippery.  - Wear supportive, low-heeled shoes even at home.  - Avoid walking in socks, stockings, or slippers.  - Be sure carpets and area rugs have skid-proof backing or are tacked to the floor.  - Be sure stairwells are well lit and that stairs have handrails on both sides.  - Install grab bars on bathroom walls near tub, shower, and toilet.  - Use a rubber bath mat in shower or tub.  - Keep a flashlight with fresh batteries beside your bed.  - If using a step stool for hard-to-reach areas, use a sturdy one with a handrail and wide steps.  - Add ceiling fixtures to rooms lit by lamps.  - Consider purchasing a cordless phone so that you dont have to rush to answer the phone when it rings, or so that you can call for help if you do fall. Keep rooms free of clutter, especially on floors. Keep floor surfaces smooth but not slippery. Wear supportive, low-heeled shoes even at home. Avoid walking in socks, stockings, or slippers. Be sure carpets and area rugs have skid-proof backing or are tacked to the floor. Be sure stairwells are well lit and that stairs have handrails on both sides. Install grab bars on bathroom walls near tub, shower, and toilet. Use a rubber bath mat in shower or tub. Keep a flashlight with fresh batteries beside your bed. If using a step stool for hard-to-reach areas, use a sturdy one with a handrail and wide steps. Add ceiling fixtures to rooms lit by lamps. Consider purchasing a cordless phone so that you dont have to rush to answer the phone when it rings, or so that you can call for help if you do fall. Learn more about devices that can help prevent falls in older adults. + NIHSeniorHealth + Osteoporosis
Who is at risk for Osteoporosis? ?
The more likely you are to fall, the higher your risk for a fracture. And more severe falls increase your risk for fractures. Factors that increase your risk of falling and of fracturing a bone include - decreased muscle strength   - poor balance  -  impaired eyesight  - impaired mental abilities   - certain medications, such as tranquilizers and muscle relaxants  - hazardous elements in your living environment, such as slippery throw rugs and icy sidewalks.  decreased muscle strength poor balance impaired eyesight impaired mental abilities certain medications, such as tranquilizers and muscle relaxants hazardous elements in your living environment, such as slippery throw rugs and icy sidewalks. + NIHSeniorHealth + Osteoporosis
What is (are) Osteoporosis ?
If you have osteoporosis, ask your doctor which activities are safe for you. If you have low bone mass, experts recommend that you protect your spine by avoiding exercises or activities that flex, bend, or twist it. Furthermore, you should avoid high-impact exercise to lower the risk of breaking a bone. You also might want to consult with an exercise specialist to learn the proper progression of activity, how to stretch and strengthen muscles safely, and how to correct poor posture habits. An exercise specialist should have a degree in exercise physiology, physical education, physical therapy, or a similar specialty. Be sure to ask if he or she is familiar with the special needs of people with osteoporosis. If you have health problemssuch as heart trouble, high blood pressure, diabetes, or obesityor if you aren't used to energetic activity, check with your doctor before you begin a regular exercise program. + NIHSeniorHealth + Osteoporosis
What are the symptoms of Osteoporosis ?
Osteoporosis does not have any symptoms until a fracture occurs. Some people may be unaware that they have already experienced one or more spine fractures. Height loss of one inch or more may be the first sign that someone has experienced spinal fractures due to osteoporosis. People who have experienced a fracture are at high risk of having another one. A fracture over the age of 50 or several fractures before that age may be a warning sign that a person has already developed osteoporosis. Any fracture in an older person should be followed up for suspicion of osteoporosis. + NIHSeniorHealth + Osteoporosis
What is (are) Osteoporosis ?
Consider talking to your doctor about being evaluated for osteoporosis if - you are a man or woman over age 50 or a postmenopausal woman and you break a bone  - you are a woman age 65 or older  - you are a woman younger than 65 and at high risk for fractures   - you have lost height, developed a stooped or hunched posture, or experienced sudden back pain with no apparent cause  - you have been taking glucocorticoid medications such as prednisone, cortisone, or dexamethasone for 2 months or longer or are taking other medications known to cause bone loss   - you have a chronic illness or are taking a medication that is known to cause bone loss   - you have anorexia nervosa or a history of this eating disorder.  - you are a premenopausal woman, not pregnant, and your menstrual periods have stopped, are irregular, or never started when you reached puberty.  you are a man or woman over age 50 or a postmenopausal woman and you break a bone you are a woman age 65 or older you are a woman younger than 65 and at high risk for fractures you have lost height, developed a stooped or hunched posture, or experienced sudden back pain with no apparent cause you have been taking glucocorticoid medications such as prednisone, cortisone, or dexamethasone for 2 months or longer or are taking other medications known to cause bone loss you have a chronic illness or are taking a medication that is known to cause bone loss you have anorexia nervosa or a history of this eating disorder. you are a premenopausal woman, not pregnant, and your menstrual periods have stopped, are irregular, or never started when you reached puberty.  Here is how to find an appropriate health care professional to treat osteoporosis. + NIHSeniorHealth + Osteoporosis
How to diagnose Osteoporosis ?
Diagnosing osteoporosis involves several steps, starting with a physical exam and a careful medical history, blood and urine tests, and possibly a bone mineral density assessment. When recording information about your medical history, your doctor will ask questions to find out whether you have risk factors for osteoporosis and fractures. The doctor may ask about -  any fractures you have had   -  your lifestyle (including diet, exercise habits, and whether you smoke)  - current or past health problems   - medications that could contribute to low bone mass and increased fracture risk  - your family history of osteoporosis and other diseases   - for women, your menstrual history.  any fractures you have had your lifestyle (including diet, exercise habits, and whether you smoke) current or past health problems medications that could contribute to low bone mass and increased fracture risk your family history of osteoporosis and other diseases for women, your menstrual history. + NIHSeniorHealth + Osteoporosis
What are the treatments for Osteoporosis ?
A comprehensive osteoporosis treatment program includes a focus on proper nutrition, exercise, and safety issues to prevent falls that may result in fractures. In addition, your doctor may prescribe a medication to slow or stop bone loss, increase bone density, and reduce fracture risk. Nutrition.  The foods we eat contain a variety of vitamins, minerals, and other important nutrients that help keep our bodies healthy. All of these nutrients are needed in balanced proportion. In particular, calcium and vitamin D are needed for strong bones and for your heart, muscles, and nerves to function properly.   Exercise. Exercise is an important component of an osteoporosis prevention and treatment program. Exercise not only improves your bone health, but it increases muscle strength, coordination, and balance, and leads to better overall health. Although exercise is good for someone with osteoporosis, it should not put any sudden or excessive strain on your bones. As extra insurance against fractures, your doctor can recommend specific exercises to strengthen and support your back. Therapeutic medications.  Several medications are available for the prevention and/or treatment of osteoporosis, including: bisphosphonates; estrogen agonists/antagonists (also called selective estrogen receptor modulators or SERMS); calcitonin; parathyroid hormone; estrogen therapy; hormone therapy; and a recently approved RANK ligand (RANKL) inhibitor. (Watch the video to learn how exercise helped a 70-year-old woman with osteoporosis. To enlarge the video, click the brackets in the lower right-hand corner. To reduce the video, press the Escape (Esc) button on your keyboard.) + NIHSeniorHealth + Osteoporosis
What is (are) Osteoporosis ?
Millions of Americans are able to lead healthy, productive lives while living with osteoporosis. If you have been feeling symptoms of depressionsuch as loss of appetite, hopelessness, feeling useless and helpless, or having thoughts of suicidefor more than 2 weeks, consult a doctor, social worker, or therapist. Medications and counseling are available to fight depression.  Learn more about the emotional impact of osteoporosis.  Learn more about older adults and depression. (Watch the video to learn more about coping with osteoporosis. To enlarge the video, click the brackets in the lower right-hand corner. To reduce the video, press the Escape (Esc) button on your keyboard.) + NIHSeniorHealth + Osteoporosis
How to prevent Kidney Disease ?
Risk Factors Diabetes and high blood pressure are the two leading causes of kidney disease. Both diabetes and high blood pressure damage the small blood vessels in your kidneys and can cause kidney disease -- without you feeling it. Other risk factors for kidney disease include: - cardiovascular (heart) disease  - family history -- if you have a mother, father, sister, or brother who has had kidney failure, then you are at increased risk. cardiovascular (heart) disease family history -- if you have a mother, father, sister, or brother who has had kidney failure, then you are at increased risk. Additionally, African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans are at high risk for developing kidney failure. This is in part due to high rates of diabetes and high blood pressure in these communities.  If you have ANY of these risk factors, talk to your health care provider about getting tested for kidney disease. If you have kidney disease, you may not feel any different. It is very important to get tested if you are at risk. (Watch the video to learn more about reducing your risk for kidney disease. To enlarge the video, click the brackets in the lower right-hand corner. To reduce the video, press the Escape (Esc) button on your keyboard.) Prevention If you are at risk for kidney disease, the most important steps you can take to keep your kidneys healthy are to - get your blood and urine checked for kidney disease.  - manage your diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease. get your blood and urine checked for kidney disease. manage your diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease. Manage your diabetes and high blood pressure, and keep your kidneys healthy by -  eating healthy foods: fresh fruits, fresh or frozen vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy foods  - cutting back on salt   - limiting your alcohol intake   - being more physically active   - losing weight if you are overweight   - taking your medicines the way your provider tells you to   - keeping your cholesterol levels in the target range   - taking steps to quit, if you smoke  - seeing your doctor regularly.  eating healthy foods: fresh fruits, fresh or frozen vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy foods cutting back on salt limiting your alcohol intake being more physically active losing weight if you are overweight taking your medicines the way your provider tells you to keeping your cholesterol levels in the target range taking steps to quit, if you smoke seeing your doctor regularly. By following these steps and keeping risk factors under control -- especially your blood pressure -- you may be able to delay or even prevent kidney failure. Talk to your health care provider to find out the steps that are right for you. Learn about preventing high blood pressure.  Learn about preventing type 2 diabetes. + NIHSeniorHealth + Kidney Disease