Investment income decreased $85 million in 2016, primarily due to lower realized capital gains in 2016 and lower interest rates partially offset by a higher average invested balance.
Group segment pretax income for the year ended December 31, 2016 was essentially unchanged from the year ended December 31, 2015 as discussed in the results of operations discussion that follows.
Fully-insured commercial group medical membership decreased 42,300 members, or 3.6% from December 31, 2015 reflecting lower membership in both large and small group accounts.
Services revenue decreased $428 million, or 62.5%, from 2015 to $257 million for 2016 primarily due to the completion of the sale of Concentra on June 1, 2015.
The Group segment operating cost ratio of 24.0% for 2015 decreased 250 basis points from 26.5% for 2014, reflecting a decline in our group ASO commercial medical membership which carries a higher operating cost ratio than our fully-insured commercial medical membership, as well as operating cost efficiencies associated with our fully-insured business. Operating cost efficiencies were the result of both sustainable cost reduction initiatives and discretionary reductions. These declines were partially offset by the impact of an increase in the non-deductible health insurance industry fee. The non-deductible health insurance industry fee increased the operating cost ratio by approximately 140 basis points in 2015 as compared to 100 basis points in 2014.
Our ongoing capital expenditures primarily relate to our information technology initiatives, support of services in our provider services operations including medical and administrative facility improvements necessary for activities such as the provision of care to members, claims processing, billing and collections, wellness solutions, care coordination, regulatory compliance and customer service. Total capital expenditures, excluding acquisitions, were $527 million in 2016, $523 million in 2015, and $528 million in 2014.
In September 2014, we issued $400 million of 2.625% senior notes due October 1, 2019, $600 million of 3.85% senior notes due October 1, 2024 and $750 million of 4.95% senior notes due October 1, 2044. Our net proceeds, reduced for the underwriters' discount and commission and offering expenses, were $1.73 billion. We used a portion of the net proceeds to redeem our $500 million 6.45% senior unsecured notes.
In 2016, we paid the federal government $916 million for the annual health insurance industry fee. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016, enacted on December 18, 2015, included a one-time one year suspension in 2017 of the health insurer fee.
The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements and accompanying notes requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We continuously evaluate our estimates and those critical accounting policies primarily related to benefits expense and revenue recognition as well as accounting for impairments related to our investment securities, goodwill, and long-lived assets. These estimates are based on knowledge of current events and anticipated future events and, accordingly, actual results ultimately may differ from those estimates. We believe the following critical accounting policies involve the most significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.
Future policy benefits payable of $2.8 billion and $2.2 billion at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, represent liabilities for long-duration insurance policies including long-term care insurance, life insurance, annuities, and certain health and other supplemental policies sold to individuals for which some of the premium received in the earlier years is intended to pay anticipated benefits to be incurred in future years. At policy issuance, these reserves are recognized on a net level premium method based on premium rate increase, interest rate, mortality, morbidity, persistency (the percentage of policies remaining in-force), and maintenance expense assumptions. Interest rates are based on our expected net investment returns on the investment portfolio supporting the reserves for these blocks of business. Mortality, a measure of expected death, and morbidity, a measure of health status, assumptions are based on published actuarial tables, modified based upon actual experience. The assumptions used to determine the liability for future policy benefits are established and locked in at the time each contract is issued and only change if our expected future experience deteriorates to the point that the level of the liability, together with the present value of future gross premiums, are not adequate to provide for future expected policy benefits and maintenance costs (i.e. the loss recognition date). Because these policies have long-term claim payout periods, there is a greater risk of significant variability in claims costs, either positive or negative. We perform loss recognition tests at least annually in the fourth quarter, and more frequently if adverse events or changes in circumstances indicate that the level of the liability, together with the present
Humana Inc., headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky, is a leading health and well-being company focused on making it easy for people to achieve their best health with clinical excellence through coordinated care. Our strategy integrates care delivery, the member experience, and clinical and consumer insights to encourage engagement, behavior change, proactive clinical outreach and wellness for the millions of people we serve across the country. References throughout these notes to consolidated financial statements to “we,” “us,” “our,” “Company,” and “Humana,” mean Humana Inc. and its subsidiaries. We derived approximately 75% of our total premiums and services revenue from contracts with the federal government in 2016, including 14% related to our federal government contracts with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS, to provide health insurance coverage for individual Medicare Advantage members in Florida. CMS is the federal government’s agency responsible for administering the Medicare program.
If we fail to effectively implement our operational and strategic initiatives with respect to the implementation of the Health Care Reform Law, our business may be materially adversely affected. Additionally, potential legislative changes, including activities to repeal or replace the Health Care Reform Law, creates uncertainty for our business, and we cannot predict when, or in what form, such legislative changes may occur.
Investment securities classified as current and long-term were as follows at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively:
To the extent certain provisions of the Health Care Reform Law are successfully challenged in court or there are changes in legislation or the application of legislation, there can be no guarantee that receivables established under the reinsurance or risk adjustment provisions of the Health Care Reform Law will ultimately be collected. If we fail to effectively implement our operational and strategic initiatives with respect to the implementation of the Health Care Reform Law, our business may be materially adversely affected. Additionally, potential legislative changes, including activities to repeal or replace the Health Care Reform Law, creates uncertainty for our business, and we cannot predict when, or in what form, such legislative changes may occur.
The following table presents details of our other intangible assets included in other long-term assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2016 and 2015.
Restricted stock is granted with a fair value equal to the market price of our common stock on the date of grant and generally vests three years from the date of grant. Restricted stock granted on or after July 2, 2015, generally vests in equal annual tranches over a three year period from the date of grant. Certain of our restricted stock units also include performance-based conditions generally associated with strategic membership growth and return on invested capital. Restricted stock units have forfeitable dividend equivalent rights equal to the dividend paid on common stock. The weighted-average grant date fair value of our restricted stock was $168.12 in 2016, $165.26 in 2015, and $103.57 in 2014. Activity for our restricted stock was as follows for the year ended December 31, 2016:
Total compensation expense not yet recognized related to nonvested options was $14 million at December 31, 2016. We expect to recognize this compensation expense over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.7 years.
(LTSS), in Illinois and Virginia for stand-alone dual eligible demonstration programs serving individuals dually eligible for both the federal Medicare program and the applicable state-based Medicaid program as well as an Integrated Care Program, or ICP, Medicaid contract in Illinois.
On July 21, 2016, the United States government (acting under the U.S. Attorney General), along with the states of Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa and Ohio, the commonwealths of Pennsylvania and Virginia, and the District of Columbia, acting by and through their respective attorneys general, filed a civil complaint against us and Aetna in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia (we refer to this as the DOJ Action). The complaint alleges, among other things, that the proposed Merger would violate Section 7 of the Clayton Antitrust Act and seeks a permanent injunction to prevent the Merger. The trial commenced on December 5, 2016 and concluded on December 30, 2016. On January 23, 2017, the Court ruled in favor of the DOJ and granted a permanent injunction of the proposed transaction. On February 14, 2017, we and Aetna agreed to mutually terminate the Merger Agreement.