(1) Included in net realized gains are other-than-temporary impairments of $30, $4,387, $1,843, $7,836 and $11,167 for 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, and 2010, respectively.
(2) During 2012, we incurred losses of $250,206, net of reinsurance, mainly associated with Superstorm Sandy. During 2011, we incurred losses of $157,645 associated with Hurricane Irene, Tropical Storm Lee, wildfires in Texas and severe storms, including tornadoes in the southeast. Reportable catastrophe losses include only individual catastrophic events that generated losses to the Company in excess of $5,000, pre-tax and net of reinsurance.
(3) Following the completion of our annual goodwill impairment analysis, we recorded an impairment charge of $306,381 related to Assurant Employee Benefits and Assurant Health during the fourth quarter of 2010. The impairment charges resulted in a decrease to net income but did not have any related tax benefit.
(4) During 2011, we had an $80,000 release of a capital loss valuation allowance related to deferred tax assets.
(6) Total stockholders’ equity divided by the basic shares outstanding for book value per basic share calculation. At December 31, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, and 2010 there were 70,276,896, 72,982,023, 79,866,858, 89,743,761 and 103,227,238 shares, respectively, outstanding.
The following discussion covers the twelve months ended December 31, 2014 (“Twelve Months 2014”), twelve months ended December 31, 2013 (“Twelve Months 2013”) and twelve months ended December 31, 2012 (“Twelve Months 2012”). Please see the discussion that follows, for each of these segments, for a more detailed analysis of the fluctuations.
Consolidated net income decreased $18,000, or 4%, to $470,907 for Twelve Months 2014 from $488,907 for Twelve Months 2013. The decrease was primarily related to lower net income at Assurant Specialty Property, a net loss at Assurant Health and a $19,400 (after-tax) loss associated with a divested business. Please see Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information. These items were partially offset by improved results in our Assurant Solutions and Assurant Employee Benefits segments, lower expenses in the Corporate and Other segment, an increase in net realized gains on investments and a favorable change in tax liabilities.
Overall, we expect Assurant Solutions 2015 net income and net earned premiums and fees to approximate Twelve Months 2014 amounts. Continued growth from our mobile and vehicle service contract businesses will be offset by the loss of a domestic mobile tablet program, reduced mobile carrier marketing programs and declines at certain domestic retailers. Foreign currency exchange rate volatility will also impact results.
Assurant Specialty Property net income decreased $81,829, or 19%, to $341,757 for Twelve Months 2014 from $423,586 for Twelve Months 2013. The decrease was primarily due to lower placement and premium rates and higher non-catastrophe losses in our lender-placed insurance business.
Assurant Health results decreased $69,605, or 1,188%, to a net loss of $63,748 for Twelve Months 2014 from net income of $5,857 for Twelve Months 2013. The loss was primarily attributable to increased claims from new Affordable Care Act qualified policies, reflecting the guaranteed issue requirements and the health profiles of many first-time buyers, as well as higher non-deductible expenses and reform fees related to the Affordable Care Act. 2014 pricing assumptions were made prior to last year’s open enrollment period regarding the risk pool of consumers buying policies in a guaranteed issue environment. At that time, we believed that existing policyholders who were required to transition to Affordable Care Act plans would be healthier than new enrollees. However, rule changes announced in November 2013 and March 2014 allowed policyholders to extend their existing coverage through 2016. This resulted in Affordable Care Act business having worse morbidity characteristics than we had assumed and 2014 policy pricing could not be modified.
Increased claims were partially offset by estimated recoveries from the Affordable Care Act risk mitigation programs. Estimated recoveries from the Risk Adjuster program are based on each carrier’s risk relative to that of the overall market.
The expense ratio for Twelve Months 2014 declined 200 basis points compared with Twelve Months 2013 primarily due to continued operational discipline. Twelve Months 2014 includes a $19,937 annual insurer fee related to the Affordable Care Act.
The Assurant Health loss ratio reported in “Results of Operations” below (the “GAAP loss ratio”) differs from the loss ratio calculated under the MLR rules. The most significant differences include: the fact that the MLR is calculated separately by state, legal entity and type of coverage (individual or group); the MLR calculation includes credibility adjustments for each state/entity/coverage cell, which are not applicable to the GAAP loss ratio; the MLR calculation applies only to some of our health insurance products, while the GAAP loss ratio applies to the entire portfolio, including products not governed by the Affordable Care Act; the MLR includes quality improvement expenses, taxes and fees; changes in reserves and Affordable Care Act risk mitigation program amounts are treated differently in the MLR calculation; the MLR premium rebate amounts are considered adjustments to premiums for GAAP reporting whereas they are reported as additions to incurred claims in the MLR rebate estimate calculations; and the MLR is calculated using a rolling three years of experience while the GAAP loss ratio represents the current year only.
Assurant Health has estimated the 2014 impact of this regulation based on definitions and calculation methodologies outlined in the HHS regulations and guidance. The estimate was based on separate projection models for individual medical and small group business using projections of expected premiums, claims, and enrollment by state, legal entity and market for medical businesses subject to MLR requirements for the MLR reporting year. In addition, the projection models include quality improvement expenses, state assessments, taxes, and estimated impacts of the Affordable Care Act risk mitigation programs (commonly referred to as the “3R’s”). The premium rebate is presented as a reduction of net earned premiums in the consolidated statement of operations and included in unearned premiums in the consolidated balance sheet.
Beginning in 2014, the Affordable Care Act introduced new and significant premium stabilization programs. These programs, discussed in further detail below, are meant to mitigate the potential adverse impact to individual health insurers as a result of Affordable Care Act provisions that became effective January 1, 2014.
Because establishment of reserves is an inherently complex process involving significant judgment and estimates, there can be no certainty that ultimate losses will not exceed existing claim reserves. Future loss development could require reserves to be increased, which could have a material adverse effect on our earnings in the periods in which such increases are made. See “Item 1A - Risk Factors - Risks related to our Company - Our actual claims losses may exceed our reserves for claims, and this may require us to establish additional reserves that may materially affect our results of operations, profitability and capital” for more detail on this risk.
The following table provides reserve information for our major product lines for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013:
IBNR reserves calculated using generally accepted actuarial methods represent the largest component of reserves for short duration medical claims and benefits payable. The primary methods we use in their estimation are the loss development method and the projected claim method. Under the loss development method, we estimate ultimate losses for each incident period by multiplying the current cumulative losses by the appropriate loss development factor. When there is not sufficient data to reliably estimate reserves under the loss development method, such as for recent claim periods, the projected claim method is used. This method utilizes expected ultimate loss ratios to estimate the required reserve. Where appropriate, we also use variations on each method or a blend of the two.
Key sensitivities as of December 31, 2014 for short duration medical reserves include claims processing levels, claims under case management, medical inflation, seasonal effects, medical provider discounts and product mix. The effects of these sensitivities can be summarized by adjusting loss development factors, as follows:
The loss development method involves aggregating loss data (paid losses and case-incurred losses) by accident quarter (or accident year) and accident age for each product or product grouping. As the data ages, we compile loss development factors that measure emerging claim development patterns between reporting periods. By selecting the most appropriate loss development factors, we project the known losses to an ultimate incurred basis for each accident period.
adjust commissions based on claims experience. Thus, any adjustment to prior years’ incurred claims is partially offset by a change in commission expense, which is included in the underwriting, general and administrative expenses line in our consolidated statements of operations.
The deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”) asset is tested annually to ensure that future premiums or gross profits are sufficient to support the amortization of the asset. Such testing involves the use of best estimate assumptions to determine if anticipated future policy premiums and investment income are adequate to cover all
DAC and related claims, benefits and expenses. To the extent a deficiency exists, it is recognized immediately by a charge to the consolidated statements of operations and a corresponding reduction in the DAC asset. If the deficiency is greater than unamortized DAC, a liability will be accrued for the excess deficiency.
Acquisition costs relating to individual voluntary limited benefit health policies issued in 2007 and later are deferred and amortized over the estimated average terms of the underlying contracts. These acquisition costs relate to commission expenses which result from commission schedules that pay significantly higher rates in the first year.
We have used reinsurance to exit certain businesses, including blocks of individual life, annuity, and long-term care business. The reinsurance recoverables relating to these dispositions amounted to $4,549,699 and $3,680,176 at December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively.