Torchmark, through its subsidiaries, owns or leases buildings that are used in the normal course of business. Torchmark owns and occupies a 300,000 square foot facility in McKinney, Texas. This facility is Torchmark’s corporate headquarters and also houses the operations of a subsidiary, United American, as well as many operations of other subsidiaries. In addition, United American leases 5,000 square feet of space in Omaha, Nebraska and, through a subsidiary, leases 2,500 square feet of office space in Syracuse, New York.
Liberty National, also in McKinney, Texas, leases a 24,000 square foot facility in Hoover, Alabama (a Birmingham suburb). An 8,000 square foot facility is leased for storage in Pelham, Alabama.
There is accounting guidance (ASC 320-10-35-1, Investments- Debt and Equity Securities) requiring available-for-sale fixed maturities to be recorded at fair value each period. The effect of this rule on diluted equity per share reflects the amount added or (deducted) under this rule to produce GAAP Shareholders’ equity per share. See discussion under the caption Capital Resources in Management’s Discussion and Analysis in this report concerning the effect this rule has on Torchmark’s equity.
The tables in Note 14-Business Segments in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements reconcile Torchmark’s revenues and expenses by segment to its major income statement line items for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016. Additionally, this Note provides a summary of the profitability measures that demonstrate year-to-year comparability and which reconciles to net income. That summary is reproduced below from the Consolidated Financial Statements to present our overall operations in the manner that we use to manage the business.
(1) Certain current year amounts were prospectively adjusted to give effect to the adoption of ASU 2016-09 related to excess tax benefits from stock compensation as described in Note 1-Significant Accounting Policies under "Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in the Current Year."
excluded from Torchmark's continuing operations including the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, other than Note 2-Statutory Accounting and Note 6-Discontinued Operations.
Excess investment income, the measure of profitability of our investment segment, increased to $224 million or 2% from the prior year amount of $220 million. In 2015, excess investment income decreased 2%. Investment yields continue to be pressured by reinvesting proceeds from dispositions at lower rates relative to the fixed maturity assets being disposed of and spreads related to required interest on net policy liabilities throughout the three-year period. Excess investment income has also been hampered by a lag in government reimbursements of Medicare Part D costs. The impact of the lost investment income from delayed receipt of reimbursements is reflected in income from continuing operations rather than discontinued operations in accordance with applicable accounting rules. As noted previously, the Medicare Part D business has been classified as discontinued operations.
Total revenues rose 4% in 2016 to $3.9 billion, or $169 million over the prior year total of $3.8 billion. Life premium rose 6% or $116 million in 2016 to $2.2 billion. Life premium increased $107 million in 2015 to $2.1 billion. Net investment income rose $16 million or 2% in 2015, and rose 4% or $33 million in 2016. Health premium increased 2% to $948 million in 2016 and contributed $22 million to 2016 revenue growth, after having gained 6% to $926 million in 2015. Health premium contributed $56 million to 2015 revenue growth.
Life insurance premium and underwriting margins have grown steadily in each of the last three years ended December 31, 2016. The increase in life premium was driven by sales growth and improvements in persistency. While premium and underwriting margins grew, margin as a percent of premium declined in 2016 to 26%, after decreasing from 28% to 27% from 2014 to 2015. These declines were due primarily to higher than expected Globe Life Direct Response policy obligations. Net life sales were flat in 2016 at $412 million after increasing 9% in 2015. The life insurance segment is discussed further in this report under the caption Life Insurance.
The investment segment’s pretax profitability, or excess investment income, is based on three major components: net investment income, required interest on net policy liabilities (interest applicable to insurance products), and financing costs. In 2016, net investment income rose 4%, compared with 2% in 2015. At the same time, our investment portfolio grew 6% in 2016 and 3%, on an amortized cost basis, in 2015. In recent years, net investment income has not grown as fast as the portfolio due primarily to new investments being made at yield rates lower than the yield rates earned on securities that matured or were otherwise disposed. The growth rate of net investment income is sometimes impacted by a lag between the time when proceeds from maturities and dispositions are received and when the proceeds are reinvested, during which the funds are held in cash. In addition, Torchmark’s share repurchase program (described later under this caption) has diverted cash that could have otherwise been used to acquire investments and increase net investment income. Net investment income was negatively impacted during 2014 through 2016 by our Medicare Part D business. Under the program, we were required to cover certain costs in the current period that are the federal government’s responsibility, but are not reimbursed until late in the next calendar year. This delay in reimbursement reduced our funds available for investment in each year, resulting in reduced investment income.
Insurance administrative expenses were up 5.6% in 2016 when compared with the prior year period, and increased to 6.3% as a percentage of premium from 6.2% in 2015 and 2014. The increase in administrative expenses is primarily due to investments in information technology that will enhance our customer experience, improve our data analytic capabilities, improve our ability to adapt to future changes and bolster our information security programs. Stock compensation expense declined $2 million in 2016 to $26.3 million compared with a decrease of $4 million in 2015 to $28.7 million. The decline in stock compensation expense in 2016 and 2015 resulted primarily from lower expense associated with performance shares as well as lower option values on 2016 and 2015 option awards.
Torchmark has in place an ongoing share repurchase program which began in 1986. With no specified authorization amount, we determine the amount of repurchases based on the amount of the excess cash flow at the Parent Company, general market conditions, and other alternative uses. The majority of these purchases are made from excess cash flow. Excess cash flow at the Parent Company is primarily comprised of dividends received from the insurance subsidiaries less interest expense paid on its debt, dividends paid to Torchmark shareholders, and other limited operating activities. Additionally, when stock options are exercised, proceeds from these exercises and the tax benefit are used to repurchase additional shares on the open market to minimize dilution as a result of the option exercises. The Board of Directors has authorized the Company’s share repurchase program in amounts and with timing that management, in consultation with the Board, determines to be in the best interest of the Company and its shareholders. The following chart summarizes share purchase activity for each of the last three years.
A discussion of each of Torchmark’s segments follows. The following discussions are presented in the manner we view our operations, as described in Note 14-Business Segments in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Life insurance is our largest insurance segment, with 2016 life premium representing 70% of total premium. Life underwriting income before other income and administrative expense represented 72% of the total in 2016. Additionally, investments supporting the reserves for life products produce the majority of excess investment income attributable to the investment segment.
We use three statistical measures as indicators of premium growth and sales over the near term: “annualized premium in force,” “net sales,” and “first-year collected premium.” Annualized premium in force is defined as the premium income that would be received over the following twelve months at any given date on all active policies if those policies remain in force throughout the twelve-month period. Annualized premium in force is an indicator of potential growth in premium revenue. Net sales is annualized premium issued, net of cancellations in the first thirty days after issue, except in the case of Globe Life Direct Response where net sales is annualized premium issued at the time the first full premium is paid after any introductory offer period has expired. We believe that net sales is a better indicator of the rate of premium growth as compared to annualized premium issued. First-year collected premium is defined as the premium collected during the reporting period for all policies in their first policy year. First-year collected premium takes lapses into account in the first year when lapses are more likely to occur, and thus is a useful indicator of how much new premium is expected to be added to premium income in the future.
Annualized life premium in force was $2.26 billion at December 31, 2016, an increase of 5.2% over $2.15 billion a year earlier. Annualized life premium in force was $2.04 billion at December 31, 2014.
The Globe Life Direct Response unit offers adult and juvenile life insurance through a variety of direct-to-consumer marketing approaches, which include direct mailings, insert media, and electronic media. These different approaches support and complement one another in the unit’s efforts to reach the consumer. The Globe Life Direct Response channel’s growth has been fueled by constant innovation. In recent years, electronic media production has grown rapidly as management has aggressively increased marketing activities related to internet and mobile technology, and has focused on driving traffic to the inbound call center. We continually introduce new initiatives in this unit in an attempt to increase response rates.
Globe Life Direct Response’s life premium income rose 5% to $783 million, representing 36% of Torchmark’s total life premium during 2016. Life premium in this channel increased 6% in 2015 to $747 million over the 2014 total of $702 million. Net sales of $150 million for this group decreased 9% from $164 million in 2015, after a 4% increase in 2015. The sales decline was expected as we have shifted our marketing efforts away from certain segments that no longer meet our profit objectives. First-year collected premium decreased 7% to $98 million in 2016 after having risen 6% in 2015.
The Liberty National Exclusive Agency markets individual and group life insurance to middle-income customers. Life premium income for this agency was $270 million in 2016, a slight decline from $271 million in 2015. Life premium income in 2014 totaled $272 million. Net sales increased 12% during 2016 to $40 million over the 2015 total of $36 million. Net sales in 2015 increased 4%. The increase in net sales during 2015 marked the first increase in several years, reflecting changes in structure of the agency that management has put in place in recent years. First-year collected premium increased 6% to $29 million during 2016 and increased 7% in 2015 to $28 million.
We market supplemental health insurance products through a number of distribution channels. The following table presents net sales by distribution method for the last three years.
The decline in Medicare Supplement net sales and first-year premium was primarily due to group sales returning to a normal level after unusually high sales in late 2014 that positively affected the 2015 first-year collected premium. Group sales vary significantly from period to period due to the impact of large groups that are sold from time to time which in turn impact premium income. First year limited-benefit premium increased 7% to $71 million in 2016 compared with an increase of 11% in 2015 over the 2014 total of $60 million.
The UA Independent Agency consists of independent agencies appointed with Torchmark who may also sell for other companies. The UA Independent Agency was Torchmark’s largest health agency in terms of health premium income. In 2016, premium income was $355 million, representing 38% of Torchmark’s total health premium. Net sales were $56 million, or 39% of Torchmark’s health sales. This agency is also Torchmark’s largest producer of Medicare Supplement insurance, with Medicare Supplement premium income of $342 million. The UA Independent Agency represents 72% of all Torchmark Medicare Supplement premium and 91% of Medicare Supplement net sales. Medicare Supplement premium in this agency rose 4% in 2016. Total health premium increased 3% in 2016 and 13% in 2015. Medicare Supplement net sales decreased 22% in 2016 from the prior year, primarily due to a decline in group sales. As noted earlier, Group Medicare Supplement sales have historically fluctuated from period to period.
As presented in the following table, Torchmark’s health insurance underwriting income before other income and administrative expense increased 3% to $210 million in 2016, after an increase of 3% to $204 million in 2015. As a percentage of health premium, margins were flat at 22% in 2016 and were down slightly to 22% in 2015 from 23% in 2014.
Annuities. Our fixed annuity balances at the end of 2016, 2015, and 2014 were $1.24 billion, $1.32 billion, and $1.36 billion, respectively. Underwriting income was $9.4 million, $4.6 million, and $4.3 million in each of the respective years.
While the fixed annuity account balance has been declining slightly year over year, underwriting income has increased each year over the prior year. The significant increase in underwriting income in 2016 was primarily due to a slowdown in amortization as assumptions were adjusted to reflect longer retention of the annuity block than previously estimated as a result of the continuing low interest rate environment. Policy charges have actually declined slightly in each successive year. The majority of policy charges consist of surrender charges which are based on a function of account size and time lapsed since deposit. A considerable portion of fixed annuity profitability is derived from the spread of investment income exceeding contractual interest requirements, which can result in negative net policy obligations. In the three-year period, however, spreads tended to level as crediting rates reached guaranteed minimums. We do not currently market annuity products, favoring instead protection-oriented life and health insurance products. Therefore, we do not expect that annuities will be a significant portion of our business or marketing strategy going forward.
Insurance administrative expenses were up 5.6% in 2016 when compared with the prior year after increasing 6.5% during 2015. As a percentage of total premium, insurance administrative expenses increased to 6.3% in 2016 from 6.2% in 2015 and 2014. Total operating expenses increased 3.7% in 2016, after increasing 2.9% in 2015. The primary reason for the increase in administrative expenses are higher information technology costs. The decline in stock compensation expense is primarily due to lower expense associated with performance share awards and lower option values on the 2016 and 2015 grants.
We also view excess investment income per diluted share as an important and useful measure to evaluate the performance of the investment segment. It is defined as excess investment income divided by the total diluted weighted average shares outstanding, representing the contribution by the investment segment to the consolidated earnings per share of the Company. Since implementing our share repurchase program in 1986, we have used $6.8 billion of excess cash flow at the Parent Company to repurchase Torchmark shares after determining that the repurchases provided a greater return than other investment alternatives. Share repurchases reduce excess investment income because of the foregone earnings on the cash that would otherwise have been invested in interest-bearing assets, but they also reduce the number of shares outstanding. In order to put all capital resource uses on a comparable basis, we believe that excess investment income per diluted share is an appropriate measure of the investment segment.
Excess Investment Income. The following table summarizes Torchmark’s investment income and excess investment income.
Certain current year amounts were prospectively adjusted to give effect to the adoption of ASU 2016-09 related to excess tax benefits from stock compensation as described in Note 1-Significant Accounting Policies under "Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in the Current Year."
Financing costs increased $7 million or 9% from 2015 to 2016. The additional interest expense on our funded debt resulted from the issuance of our new 6.125% Junior Subordinated Debt security seventy days before the maturity and repayment of our 6.375% Senior Notes. In 2016, interest on short-term debt increased because of the increase in the weighted-average interest rate. Financing costs also increased slightly from 2014 to 2015. More information on our debt transactions are disclosed in the Financial Condition section of this report and in Note 11-Debt in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
As previously noted, growth rates in our excess investment income decline when growth in income from the portfolio is less than that of the interest required by policy liabilities and financing costs, as has been the case in recent years. In an extended low-interest-rate environment, the portfolio yield will tend to decline as we invest new money at lower long-term rates.
of cash that we invest is significantly greater than the amount that we borrow at short-term rates. Therefore, Torchmark would benefit if rates, especially long-term rates, were to rise.
During calendar years 2014 through 2016, Torchmark invested almost exclusively in fixed maturity securities, primarily in corporate bonds with longer-term maturities. The following table summarizes selected information for fixed maturity purchases for the last three years. The effective annual yield shown is the yield calculated to the potential termination date that produces the lowest yield, commonly referred to as the “worst call date.” For non-callable bonds, the worst-call date is always the maturity date. For callable bonds, the worst-call date is the call date that produces the lowest yield, typically the first call date.
Tax-equivalent basis, where the yield on tax-exempt securities, is adjusted to produce a yield equivalent to the pretax yield on taxable securities.
During the three years 2014 through 2016, acquisitions consisted of securities spanning a diversified range of issuers, industry sectors, and geographical regions. All of the acquired securities were investment grade. In addition to the fixed maturity acquisitions, Torchmark invested $30 million in a limited partnership in 2015 with an additional investment in the partnership of $19 million in 2016. The limited partnership is a diversified investment fund that currently invests opportunistically in global credit assets with the potential for attractive returns relative to risk. It is classified within long-term investments.
Portfolio Composition. The composition of the investment portfolio at book value on December 31, 2016 was as follows:
Approximately 96% of our investments at book value are in a diversified fixed maturity portfolio. Policy loans, which are secured by policy cash values, make up 3% of our investments. We also have insignificant investments in equity securities and other long-term investments. Because fixed maturities represent such a significant portion of our investment portfolio, the remainder of the discussion of portfolio composition will focus on fixed maturities.
Torchmark calculates the average life and duration of the fixed maturity portfolio two ways:
Credit Risk Sensitivity. The following tables summarize certain information about the major corporate sectors and security types held in our fixed maturity portfolio at December 31, 2016 and 2015.
At December 31, 2016, fixed maturities had a fair value of $15.2 billion, compared with $13.8 billion at December 31, 2015. The net unrealized gain position in the fixed maturity portfolio increased from $506 million at December 31, 2015 to $1.1 billion at December 31, 2016, primarily as a result of a decrease in market interest rates. The December 31, 2016 net unrealized gain consisted of gross unrealized gains of $1.3 billion offset by $216 million of gross unrealized losses, compared with the December 31, 2015 net unrealized gain which consisted of a gross unrealized gain of $1.1 billion and a gross unrealized loss of $564 million.
Of the $14.2 billion of fixed maturities at amortized cost as of December 31, 2016, $13.4 billion or 95% were investment grade with an average rating of A-. Below-investment-grade bonds were $751 million with an average rating of B+. Below-investment-grade bonds at amortized cost were 19% of our shareholders’ equity, excluding the effect of
Our investment policy regarding fixed maturities is to acquire only investment-grade obligations. Thus, any increases in below investment-grade issues are a result of ratings downgrades of existing holdings. We have no direct investments in commercial or residential mortgages and we are not a party to any credit default swaps or other derivative contracts. We do not participate in securities lending, we have no off-balance sheet investments, and we have only an insignificant exposure to European sovereign debt consisting of $2 million in German government bonds at December 31, 2016. Our exposure to Puerto Rican obligations is insignificant. On June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom voted to depart the European Union (EU) under the referendum commonly referred to as "Brexit." Although the formal separation from the EU will take time, the nature and extent of the effects on interest rates and economic performance are uncertain at this time. We do not expect an increase in other-than-temporary impairments on our limited exposure related to this event.
The following table illustrates the market risk sensitivity of our interest-rate sensitive fixed maturity portfolio at December 31, 2016 and 2015. This table measures the effect of a parallel shift in interest rates (as represented by the U.S. Treasury curve) on the fair value of the fixed maturity portfolio. The data measures the change in fair value arising from an immediate and sustained change in interest rates in increments of 100 basis points.
Realized Gains and Losses. Our life and health insurance companies collect premium income from policyholders for the eventual payment of policyholder benefits, sometimes paid many years or even decades in the future. Because benefits are expected to be paid in future periods, premium receipts in excess of current expenses are invested to provide for these obligations. For this reason, we hold a significant investment portfolio as a part of our core insurance operations. This portfolio consists primarily of high-quality fixed maturities containing an adequate yield to provide for the cost of carrying these long-term insurance product obligations. As a result, fixed maturities are generally held for long periods to support the liabilities. Expected yields on these investments are taken into account when setting insurance premium rates and product profitability expectations.
Realized gains and losses can be significant in relation to the earnings from core insurance operations, and as a result, can have a material positive or negative impact on net income. The significant fluctuations caused by gains and losses can cause period-to-period trends of net income that are not indicative of historical core operating results or predictive of the future trends of core operations. Accordingly, they have no bearing on core insurance operations or segment results as we view operations. For these reasons, and in line with industry practice, we remove the effects of realized gains and losses when evaluating overall insurance operating results.
The following table summarizes our tax-effected realized gains (losses) by component for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016.
As described in Note 4-Investments under the caption Other-than-temporary impairments, we have not incurred any write downs in our fixed maturity portfolio as a result of other-than-temporary impairment for the years 2014 through 2016.
Consolidated Liquidity. Consolidated net cash inflows provided from continuing operations were $1.2 billion in 2016, compared with $1.1 billion in 2015 and $1.0 billion in 2014. In addition to cash inflows from operations, our companies received proceeds from maturities, calls, and repayments of fixed maturities in the amount of $236 million in 2016, compared with $376 million in 2015 and $273 million in 2014.
As of December 31, 2016, we had no unconsolidated affiliates and no guarantees of the obligations of third party entities. All of our guarantees were guarantees of the performance of consolidated subsidiaries, as disclosed in Note 15-Commitments and Contingencies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
The following table presents information about future payments under our contractual obligations for the selected periods as of December 31, 2016.
Debt is itemized in Note 11-Debt in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Shareholders’ equity was $4.6 billion at December 31, 2016, compared with $4.1 billion at December 31, 2015. During the twelve months since December 31, 2015, shareholders’ equity was reduced by the $311 million in share purchases under the repurchase program and $93 million to offset the dilution from stock option exercises. However, it was increased by $550 million of net income and $357 million of after-tax unrealized gains in the fixed maturity portfolio.
We plan to use excess cash available at the Parent Company as efficiently as possible in the future. Possible uses of excess cash flow include, but are not limited to, share repurchases, acquisitions, increases in shareholder dividends, investment in securities, or repayment of short-term debt. We will determine the best use of excess cash after ensuring that targeted capital levels are maintained in our companies.
A.M. Best states that it assigns an A+ (Superior) rating to insurance companies that have, in its opinion, a superior ability to meet their ongoing insurance obligations. It assigns an A (Excellent) rating to insurance companies that have, in its opinion, an excellent ability to meet their ongoing insurance obligations.
During the fourth quarter of 2016, S&P reviewed our operations and financial outlook. Based on their review, they confirmed our "AA-" financial strength ratings at our insurance subsidiaries and Torchmark Corporation's senior debt "A" credit rating. We intend to maintain adequate capital levels for S&P and any changes to our capital position to maintain such levels are not expected to have any significant impact on our share repurchase program or our financial results in future periods.
Approximately 86% of our liabilities for future policy benefits at December 31, 2016 were traditional insurance liabilities where the liability is determined as the present value of future benefits less the present value of the portion of the gross premium required to pay for such benefits. The assumptions used in estimating the future benefits for this portion of business are set at the time of contract issue. These assumptions are “locked in” and are not revised for the lifetime of the contracts, except where there is a premium deficiency, as defined in Note 1-Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements under the caption Future Policy Benefits. Otherwise, variability in the accrual of policy reserve liabilities after policy issuance is caused only by variability of the inventory of in force policies. Torchmark did not have a premium deficiency event for its traditional business during the three years ended December 31, 2016.
Approximately 99% of our recorded amounts for deferred acquisition costs at December 31, 2016 were related to traditional products and are being amortized over the premium-paying period in proportion to the present value of actual historic and estimated future gross premiums. The projection assumptions for this business are set at the time of contract issue. These assumptions are “locked-in” at that time and, except where there is a loss recognition issue, are not revised for the lifetime of the contracts. Absent a premium deficiency, variability in amortization after policy issuance is caused only by variability in premium volume. We have not recorded a deferred acquisition cost loss recognition event for assets related to this business for any period in the three years ended December 31, 2016.
The remaining 1% of deferred acquisition costs pertain to deposit business for which deferred acquisition costs are amortized over the estimated lives of the contracts in proportion to actual and estimated future gross profits. These contracts are not subject to lock-in. The assumptions must be updated when actual experience or other evidence suggests that earlier estimates should be revised. Revisions related to our deposit business assets have not had a material impact on the amortization of deferred acquisition costs during the three years ended December 31, 2016.
Valuation of Fixed Maturities: We hold a substantial investment in high-quality fixed maturities to provide for the funding of our future policy contractual obligations over long periods of time. While these securities are generally expected to be held to maturity, they are classified as available for sale and are sold from time to time, primarily to manage risk. We report this portfolio at fair value. Fair value is the price that we would expect to receive upon sale of the asset in an orderly transaction. The fair value of the fixed maturity portfolio is primarily affected by changes in interest rates in financial markets, having a greater impact on longer-term maturities. Because of the size of our fixed maturity portfolio, small changes in rates can have a significant effect on the portfolio and the reported financial position of the Company. This impact is disclosed in 100 basis point increments under the caption Market Risk Sensitivity in this report. However, as discussed under the caption Financial Condition in this report, we believe these unrealized fluctuations in value have no meaningful impact on our actual financial condition and, as such, we remove them from consideration when viewing our financial position and financial ratios.
Market trends in the senior-aged health care industry that provide alternatives to traditional Medicare, such as health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and other managed care or private plans, and that could affect the sales of traditional Medicare Supplement insurance;
General economic, industry sector or individual debt issuers’ financial conditions that may affect the current market value of securities that we own, or that may impair issuers’ ability to pay interest due us on those securities;
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016
In our opinion, such consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Torchmark Corporation and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, such financial statement schedules, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, present fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.
Torchmark accounts for its variable interest entities (VIEs) under accounting guidance which clarifies the definition of a variable interest and the instructions for consolidating VIEs. Only primary beneficiaries are required or allowed to consolidate VIEs. Therefore, a company may have voting control of a VIE, but if it is not the primary beneficiary, it is not permitted to consolidate the VIE. As further described under the caption Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Interests below in this note, Torchmark holds passive interests in limited partnerships which provide investment returns through the provision of tax benefits (principally from the transfer of federal or state tax credits related to federal low-income housing). These interests are considered to be VIEs. They are not consolidated because the Company has no power to control the activities that most significantly affect the economic performance of these entities and therefore the Company is not the primary beneficiary of any of these interests. Torchmark’s involvement is limited to its limited partnership interest in the entities. Torchmark has not provided any other financial support to the entities beyond its commitments to fund its limited partnership interests, and there are no arrangements or agreements with any of the interests to provide other financial support. The maximum loss exposure relative to these interests is limited to their carrying value.
As discussed in further detail in Note 6-Discontinued Operations, Torchmark sold one of its operating segments, Medicare Part D during 2016. The financial results of this business are excluded from Torchmark's continuing operations including the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, other than Note 2-Statutory Accounting and Note 6-Discontinued Operations.
Investments: Torchmark classifies all of its fixed maturity investments, which include bonds and redeemable preferred stocks, as available for sale. Investments classified as available for sale are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses, net of deferred taxes, reflected directly in accumulated other comprehensive income. Policy loans are
carried at unpaid principal balances. Other long-term investments include equity securities, real estate, and limited partnerships. Investments in equity securities, which include common and nonredeemable preferred stocks, are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses, net of deferred taxes, reflected directly in accumulated other comprehensive income. Investments in real estate are reported at cost less allowances for depreciation. Depreciation is calculated on the straight-line method. Investments in limited partnerships are accounted for using the cost method of accounting as Torchmark's partnership interest is minor since Torchmark lacks the ability to exercise significant influence over the partnership's operating and financial policies. The Company considers its cost method investments for impairment when the carrying value of such investments exceeds the net asset value (“NAV”). Short-term investments include investments in interest-bearing time deposits with original maturities of twelve months or less. Gains and losses realized on the disposition of investments are determined on a specific identification basis.
The great majority of Torchmark's fixed maturities are not actively traded and direct quotes are not generally available. Management therefore determines the fair values of these securities after consideration of data provided by third-party pricing services, independent broker/dealers, and other resources. At December 31, 2016, Torchmark's investments in fixed maturities were primarily composed of the following significant security types: Corporate securities, state and municipal securities, redeemable preferred stocks, and U.S. government securities. The remaining security types represented less than 1% of the total in the aggregate.
Over 95% of the fair value reported at December 31, 2016 was determined using data provided by third-party pricing services. Prices provided by these services are not binding offers, but are estimated exit values. Third-party pricing services use proprietary pricing models to determine security values by discounting cash flows using a market-adjusted spread to a benchmark yield.
the security’s benchmark yield. The security's expected cash flows are discounted using this spread-adjusted yield, and the resulting present value of the discounted cash flows is the evaluated price.
When third-party vendor prices are not available, the Company attempts to obtain valuations from other sources, including but not limited to broker/dealers, broker quotes, and prices on comparable securities.
Torchmark invests in a portfolio of private placement bonds which are not actively traded. This portfolio is managed by third parties and was $565 million at amortized cost and $574 million at fair value on December 31, 2016, compared with $542 million at amortized cost and $546 million at fair value a year earlier. The portfolio managers provide valuations for the bonds based on a pricing matrix utilizing observable inputs, such as the benchmark treasury rate and published sector indices, and unobservable inputs such as an internally-developed credit rating. If they cannot be corroborated, the fair values are classified as Level 3. As of December 31, 2016, fair values of $15 million were classified as Level 2, while the remaining balance of $559 million was classified as Level 3. As of December 31, 2015, fair values of $15 million were classified as Level 2, while the remaining balance of $531 million was classified as Level 3.
Fair Value Measurements, Other Financial Instruments: Fair values for cash, short-term investments, short-term debt, receivables and payables approximate carrying value. Policy loans are an integral part of Torchmark’s subsidiaries’ life insurance policies in force and their fair values cannot be valued separately and apart from the insurance contracts. The fair values of Torchmark’s long-term debt issues are based on the same methodology as investments in fixed maturities. Because observable inputs were available for these debt securities at December 31, 2016, they were classified as Level 2 in the valuation hierarchy. The fair value for each debt instrument as of December 31, 2016 is disclosed in Note 11-Debt. As described in Note 9-Postretirement Benefits, Torchmark maintains a nonqualified supplemental retirement plan. Therefore the assets which support the liability for this plan are considered general assets of the Company. These assets consist of the cash value of corporate-owned life insurance policies and exchange traded funds (ETFs). The fair value of the insurance cash values approximates carrying value. Fair values for the ETFs are derived from direct quotes and are considered Level 1 in the valuation hierarchy.
Impairment of Investments: Torchmark’s portfolio of fixed maturities fluctuates in value due to changes in interest rates in the financial markets as well as other factors. Fluctuations caused by market interest rate changes have little bearing on whether or not the investment will be ultimately recoverable. Therefore, Torchmark considers these declines in value resulting from changes in market interest rates to be temporary. In certain circumstances, however, Torchmark determines that the decline in the value of a security is other-than-temporary and writes the book value of the security down to its fair value, realizing an investment loss. The evaluation of Torchmark’s securities for other-than-temporary impairments is a process that is undertaken at least quarterly and is overseen by a team of Company investment and accounting professionals. Each security which is impaired because the fair value is less than the cost or amortized
Accrued investment income: Accrued investment income consists of interest income or dividends earned on the investment portfolio, but are yet to be received as of the balance sheet date.
Other Receivables: Other receivables consist primarily of agent debit balances, which represent commissions advanced to insurance agents. These balances are repaid to the Company over time as the premiums associated with the advanced commissions are collected by the Company and the agents' commissions on such premiums are retained. The balance was $353 million and $334 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Management believes these balances are recoverable as they are less than the estimated present value of future commissions.
In the qualitative analysis, the Company determines if it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount by assessing current events and circumstances. If there are factors present indicating potential impairment, the company should proceed to the two-step quantitative analysis as described as follows.
Torchmark tested its goodwill annually as of June 30th in each of the years 2014 through 2016. Torchmark’s goodwill was not impaired in any of those periods.
Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Interests: Torchmark invests in limited partnerships that provide low-income housing tax credits and other related federal income tax and state premium tax benefits to Torchmark. The carrying value of Torchmark’s investment in these entities was $280 million and $306 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. At December 31, 2016, $280 million associated with the federal interests was included in "Other assets" on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. At December 31, 2015, $302 million associated with the federal interests was included in "Other assets" with the remaining $4 million state-related interests included in "Other long-term investments". As of December 31, 2016, Torchmark was obligated under future commitments of $57 million, which is included in the above carrying value. For guaranteed investments acquired prior to January 1, 2015, the Company utilizes the effective-yield method of amortization while the proportional method of amortization is utilized for all non-guaranteed as well as guaranteed investments acquired on or after January 1, 2015. All amortization expense is recorded in “Income tax expense” on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
reduction of unamortized deferred acquisition costs or an increase in the liability for future policy benefits. From that point forward, the liability for future policy benefits would be based on revised assumptions.
Recognition of Premium Revenue and Related Expenses: Premium income for traditional long-duration life and health insurance products is recognized when due from the policyholder. Premiums for short-duration health contracts are recognized as revenue over the contract period in proportion to the insurance protection provided. Premiums for universal life-type and annuity contracts are added to the policy account value, and revenues for such products are recognized as charges to the policy account value for mortality, administration, and surrenders (retrospective deposit method). Life premium includes policy charges of $18 million, $19 million, and $21 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. Other premium consists of annuity policy charges in each year. For most insurance products, the related benefits and expenses are matched with revenues by means of the provision of future policy benefits and the amortization of deferred acquisition costs in a manner which recognizes profits as they are earned over the revenue recognition period. For limited-payment life insurance products, the profits are recognized over the contract period.
Excess Tax Benefits: In March 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting to simplify certain aspects of accounting for share-based payment award transactions including: (a) income tax consequences; (b) classification in the statement of cash flows; and (c) accounting for forfeitures. Torchmark elected to early adopt this standard as of January 1, 2016, as permitted. This new accounting standard primarily causes excess tax benefits to be recognized through earnings affecting Torchmark's computations of net income, diluted shares outstanding, and earnings per share.
Below is a listing of the effects of the prospective adoption of this guidance due to the change in accounting of excess tax benefits:
Consolidated statement of operations: For the year ended 2016, the Company recorded $20 million in excess tax benefits as a component of income taxes, which resulted in an increase in net income as compared with 2015 and 2014 when the excess tax benefits of $18 million and $19 million, respectively, were recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital on the balance sheet.
Income Taxes: In October 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-16, Income Taxes: Intra-Entity Transfer of Assets Other Than Inventory. This guidance was issued to improve the accounting for income tax consequences of intra-entity transfers of assets other than inventory by allowing the immediate recognition of the current and deferred income tax effects. Current guidance prohibits the recognition of current and deferred income
An analysis in the change in balance by component of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income is as follows for each of the years 2014 through 2016.
A summary of fixed maturities available for sale by cost or amortized cost and estimated fair value at December 31, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:
Other-than-temporary impairments (OTTI): Based on the Company's evaluation of its fixed maturities in an unrealized loss position in accordance with the OTTI policy as described in Note 1-Significant Accounting Policies, the Company concluded that there were no other-than-temporary impairments during the three years ended December 31, 2016. As of year end 2016, previously written down securities remaining in the portfolio were carried at a fair value of $54 million, or less than 0.4% of the fair value of the fixed maturity portfolio. Torchmark is continuously monitoring the market conditions impacting its portfolio. While adverse market conditions for an extended duration could lead to some
ratings downgrades in certain sectors, Torchmark has the ability and intent to hold these investments to recovery, and does not intend to sell or expect to be required to sell any of its securities in such a position.
Unrealized gains/loss analysis: The following tables disclose gross unrealized investment losses by class and major sector of investments at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 for the respective periods of time in a loss position. Torchmark considers these investments to be only temporarily impaired.
Torchmark did not have any invested assets that were non-income producing during the twelve months ended December 31, 2016.
As of December 31, 2016, securities of state and municipal governments represented 9% of invested assets at fair value. Such investments are made throughout the U.S. At year end 2016, the state and municipal bond portfolio at fair value was invested in securities issued within the following states: Texas (30%), Ohio (7%), Washington (7%), Illinois (6%), and Alabama (5%). Otherwise, there was no concentration within any given state greater than 5%.
At year end 2016, 4% of invested assets at fair value were represented by fixed maturities rated below investment grade. Par value of these investments was $834 million, amortized cost was $751 million, and fair value was $695 million. While these investments could be subject to additional credit risk, such risk should generally be reflected in their fair value.
The below table illustrates the total incurred claims for short-duration products over the last five years. Claim frequency is determined by duration and incurred date.
This table illustrates the total cumulative paid claims and allocated claims for short-duration products over the last five years:
The cumulative paid claims for all years prior to 2016 are unaudited.
Due to the adoption of ASU 2016-09, the excess tax benefits related to share-based awards are now recorded through income tax expense rather than additional paid in capital as described in Note 1-Significant Accounting Policies under "Stock Compensation."
In each of the years 2014 through 2016, deferred income tax expense was incurred because of certain differences between net income before income taxes as reported on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and taxable income as reported on Torchmark’s income tax returns. As explained in Note 1-Significant Accounting Policies, these differences caused the financial statement book values of some assets and liabilities to be different from their respective tax bases.
The effective income tax rates for the year ended December 31, 2016 differed from the effective income tax rates for 2015 and 2014 primarily as a result of the Company adopting ASU 2016-09 as of January 1, 2016. As a result of the adoption, the excess tax benefits related to share-based awards are now recorded through income tax expense rather than additional paid-in capital. See Note 1-Significant Accounting Policies for further discussion.
Torchmark has net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $11.2 million at December 31, 2016 which will begin to expire in 2032 if not otherwise used to offset future taxable income. A valuation allowance is to be provided when it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets will not be realized by the Company. No valuation allowance has been recorded relating to Torchmark’s deferred tax assets as management believes Torchmark will more likely than not have sufficient taxable income in future periods to fully realize its existing deferred tax assets.
Torchmark’s continuing practice is to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. The Company recognized interest income of $9 thousand, $11 thousand, and $465 thousand, net of federal income tax expense, in its Consolidated Statements of Operations for 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. The Company had no accrued interest or penalties at December 31, 2016 or 2015.
Torchmark has qualified noncontributory defined benefit pension plans and contributory savings plans which cover substantially all employees. There are also two nonqualified noncontributory supplemental benefit pension plans (SERPs) which cover a limited number of employees. The total cost of these retirement plans charged to operations was as follows:
Because this plan is nonqualified, the investments and the policyholder value of the insurance policies in the Rabbi Trust are not included as defined benefit plan assets, but rather assets of the Company. They are included in “Other Assets” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Allowed investments are limited to equities, fixed maturities, and short-term investments (invested cash). The assets are to be invested in a mix of equity and fixed income investments that best serve the objectives of the pension plan. Factors to be considered in determining the asset mix include funded status, annual pension expense, annual pension contributions, and balance sheet liability. Equities can include common and preferred stocks, securities convertible into equities, mutual funds and exchange traded funds that invest in equities, and other equity-related investments. Equities are listed on major exchanges and adequate market liquidity is required. Fixed maturities consist of marketable debt securities rated investment grade at purchase by a major rating agency. Short-term investments include fixed maturities with maturities less than one year and invested cash. Short-term investments in commercial paper must be rated at least A-2 by Standard & Poor’s with the issuer rated investment grade. Invested cash is limited to banks rated A or higher. Investments outside of the aforementioned list are not permitted, except by prior approval of the Plan’s Trustees.
As of December 31, 2016, Torchmark sold all equity securities in various sectors and replaced them with an exchange traded fund that mirrors the S&P 500 index to better align with a passive approach rather than an actively managed portfolio. At December 31, 2016, there were no restricted investments contained in the portfolio. Plan contributions have been invested primarily in fixed maturity and equity securities during the three years ended December 31, 2016.
The portion of other comprehensive income that is expected to be reflected in pension expense in 2017 is as follows:
The accumulated benefit obligation (ABO) for Torchmark’s funded defined benefit pension plans was $411 million and $371 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. In the nonqualified plans, the ABO was $69 million at December 31, 2016 and $63 million at 2015.
Torchmark’s postretirement defined benefit plans other than pensions are not funded. Liabilities for these plans are measured as of December 31 for the appropriate year.
The term loan has higher priority than all other debt issues.
Callable subject to “make-whole” premium until June 15, 2021 and at par on and any time after June 15, 2021.
Commercial paper outstanding and any amortization payments of the term loan due within one year are reported as short-term debt on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. A table presenting selected information concerning Torchmark’s commercial paper borrowings is presented below.
There were no anti-dilutive shares as of December 31, 2016, 2015, or 2014. Income available to common shareholders for basic earnings per share is equivalent to income available to common shareholders for diluted earnings per share. As discussed earlier in Note 1-Significant Accounting Policies, the Company adopted ASU 2016-09 on January 1, 2016.
Torchmark’s stock-based compensation consists of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, and performance shares. Certain employees and directors have been granted fixed equity options to buy shares of Torchmark stock at the market value of the stock on the date of grant, under the provisions of the Torchmark stock option plans. The options are exercisable during the period commencing from the date they vest until expiring according to the terms of the grant. Options generally expire the earlier of employee termination or option contract term, which ranges from seven to ten years. Options generally vest in accordance with the following schedule:
A summary of stock compensation activity for each of the three years ended December 31, 2016 is presented below:
Due to the adoption of ASU 2016-09 as described in Note 1-Significant Accounting Policies under "Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in the Current Year", certain current year balances related to excess tax benefits from stock compensation were adjusted prospectively.
The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding at December 31, 2016.
An analysis of option activity for each of the three years ended December 31, 2016 is as follows:
Additional information about Torchmark’s stock option activity as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 is as follows:
Below is the final determination of the performance share grants in 2012 to 2014:
For the 2015 and 2016 performance share grants, actual shares that could be distributed range from 0 to 353 thousand for the 2015 grants and 0 to 335 thousand shares for the 2016 grants.
A summary of restricted stock grants for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016 is presented in the table below.
Torchmark’s reportable segments are based on the insurance product lines it markets and administers: life insurance, health insurance, and annuities. These major product lines are set out as reportable segments because of the common characteristics of products within these categories, comparability of margins, and the similarity in regulatory environment and management techniques. There is also an investment segment which manages the investment portfolio, debt, and cash flow for the insurance segments and the corporate function. Torchmark's chief operating decision makers evaluate the overall performance of the operations of the Company in accordance with these segments.
Life insurance products include traditional and interest-sensitive whole life insurance as well as term life insurance. Health insurance products are generally guaranteed-renewable and include Medicare Supplement, critical illness, accident, and limited-benefit supplemental hospital and surgical coverages. Annuities include fixed-benefit contracts.
In 2016, Torchmark recorded $3.8 million in administrative settlements ($2.5 million after tax) related to benefits paid for deaths occurring in prior years where claims had not been filed. These administrative settlements were included in “Policyholder benefits” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations in 2016.
In 2015, Torchmark recorded $1.4 million in administrative settlements ($906 thousand after tax) related to a post closing adjustment on the sale of a former subsidiary. These administrative settlements were included in "Commissions, premium taxes, and non-deferred acquisition costs" in the Consolidated Statements of Operations in 2015.
During 2014, Torchmark accrued for certain litigation matters in the net amount of $3.7 million ($2.4 million after tax) that were not directly related to its insurance operations. Additionally, Torchmark received $1.3 million ($853 thousand after tax) in settlement of litigation regarding investments. Also in 2014, the Company recorded $8.2 million in
administrative settlements ($5.3 million after tax) related to benefits paid for deaths occurring in prior years where claims had not been filed. These administrative settlements were included in “Policyholder benefits” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations in 2014.
The following tables set forth a reconciliation of Torchmark’s revenues and operations by segment to its major income statement line items. See Note 1-Significant Accounting Policies for additional information concerning reconciling items of segment profits to pretax income.
(2) Income from discontinued operations (after tax) is included for purposes of reconciling to net income.
Liabilities for each segment are reported also on a specific identification basis similar to the assets. The insurance segments' liabilities contain future policy benefits, unearned and advance premiums, and policy claims and other benefits payable. Other policyholders' funds are included in Other as well as current and deferred income taxes payable. Debt represents both short and long term.
Reinsurance: Insurance affiliates of Torchmark reinsure that portion of insurance risk which is in excess of their retention limits. Retention limits for ordinary life insurance range up to $2 million per life. Life insurance ceded represented 0.4% of total life insurance in force at December 31, 2016. Insurance ceded on life and accident and health products represented 0.3% of premium income for 2016. Torchmark would be liable for the reinsured risks ceded to other companies to the extent that such reinsuring companies are unable to meet their obligations.
Insurance affiliates also assume insurance risks of other companies. Life reinsurance assumed represented 1.9% of life insurance in force at December 31, 2016 and reinsurance assumed on life and accident and health products represented 0.7% of premium income for 2016.
Future minimum rental commitments required under operating leases having remaining noncancelable lease terms in excess of one year at December 31, 2016 were as follows:
Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Interests: As described in Note 1-Significant Accounting Policies, Torchmark had $280 million invested in entities which provide certain tax benefits at December 31, 2016. As of December 31, 2016, Torchmark remained obligated under these commitments as follows:
Equipment leases: Torchmark has guaranteed performance of certain subsidiaries as lessees under three leasing arrangements which include two for aviation equipment and one for computer software, furniture, and equipment. One aviation lease expires in August 2022 and the second expires in September 2024. The office equipment lease expires in December 2017. At December 31, 2016, total remaining undiscounted payments under the leases were approximately $15 million. The Torchmark parent company would be responsible for any subsidiary obligation in the event the subsidiary did not make payments or otherwise perform under the terms of the lease.
As previously reported, litigation was filed on February 10, 2015 against Torchmark subsidiary, Globe Life And Accident Insurance Company in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma District Court (Proctor v. Globe Life And Accident Insurance Company, Case No. CJ-2015-838) asserting claims for breach of the implied covenants of good faith and fair dealing and for false representation, deceit and conversion in connection with Globe’s denial of plaintiff’s claim on a life insurance policy for non-payment of premium. Plaintiff, who had alleged that Globe had improperly retained 12 monthly premium payments on a policy that was treated as lapsed or not returned to in-force status, seeks actual and punitive damages, prejudgment interest, attorney fees, costs and other relief. Plaintiff subsequently amended his complaint to add allegations of conversion and civil theft on behalf of a purported class of Globe’s U.S. policyholders who had paid premiums retained by Globe when their policies were lapsed and not reinstated at the time of the premium payments. Globe removed the case to the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma (Case No. 15-CV-0070-M) on July 10, 2015 and filed a Motion to Dismiss on July 17, 2015. The Court denied plaintiff’s Motion to Remand back to state court on October 26, 2015, but allowed the plaintiff to amend the complaint to assert a putative class action in federal court. Plaintiff filed a Motion for Class Certification on September 23, 2016. Globe filed a Response in Opposition on November 4, 2016. The Court has not yet ruled on Plaintiff’s Motion.