fedml/databricks-dolly-15k-niid huggingface dataset:
Category: summarization
Instruction: What are some modern examples of companies that have harnessed the power of network effects?
Context: In economics, a network effect (also called network externality or demand-side economies of scale) is the phenomenon by which the value or utility a user derives from a good or service depends on the number of users of compatible products. Network effects are typically positive, resulting in a given user deriving more value from a product as more users join the same network. The adoption of a product by an additional user can be broken into two effects: an increase in the value to all other users ( "total effect") and also the enhancement of other non-users' motivation for using the product ("marginal effect").

Network effects can be direct or indirect. Direct network effects arise when a given user's utility increases with the number of other users of the same product or technology, meaning that adoption of a product by different users is complementary. This effect is separate from effects related to price, such as a benefit to existing users resulting from price decreases as more users join. Direct network effects can be seen with social networking services, including Twitter, Facebook, Airbnb, Uber, and LinkedIn; telecommunications devices like the telephone; and instant messaging services such as MSN, AIM or QQ. Indirect (or cross-group) network effects arise when there are "at least two different customer groups that are interdependent, and the utility of at least one group grows as the other group(s) grow". For example, hardware may become more valuable to consumers with the growth of compatible software.

Network effects are commonly mistaken for economies of scale, which describe decreasing average production costs in relation to the total volume of units produced. Economies of scale are a common phenomenon in traditional industries such as manufacturing, whereas network effects are most prevalent in new economy industries, particularly information and communication technologies. Network effects are the demand side counterpart of economies of scale, as they function by increasing a customer's willingness to pay due rather than decreasing the supplier's average cost.

Upon reaching critical mass, a bandwagon effect can result. As the network continues to become more valuable with each new adopter, more people are incentivized to adopt, resulting in a positive feedback loop. Multiple equilibria and a market monopoly are two key potential outcomes in markets that exhibit network effects. Consumer expectations are key in determining which outcomes will result.
Response: Examples of modern companies that have harnessed the power of network effects include social networking services such as: TikTok, Youtube, Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, Airbnb, Uber, and LinkedIn.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Who invented Calculus?
Response: Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invented the foundations of Calculus at around the same time.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What are the words of House Ambrose?
Response: "Never Resting"
Category: summarization
Instruction: Tell me about the Sukhoi-Gulfstream
Context: Sukhoi-Gulfstream S-21 was a projected Russian-American supersonic business jet.

In the early 1990s, Gulfstream Aerospace and the Sukhoi Design Bureau began a joint effort to develop a supersonic small business jet, code named the S-21. Due to questionable market demand for commercial supersonic air travel, commitment to the project weakened and delays mounted.

Gulfstream eventually dissolved the partnership, although Sukhoi continued work on the S-21.

The S-21 would be capable of sustained cruise at Mach 2+ and much research and development has gone into the management of the troublesome transonic effects phenomena associated with near Mach 1 air speeds.

As of 2012, the project had not received any funding for the 2013-2025 development period and appeared to be cancelled.
Response: The Sukhoi-Gulfstream S-21 was a projected Russian-American supersonic business jet.

In the early 1990s, Gulfstream Aerospace and the Sukhoi Design Bureau began a joint effort to develop a supersonic small business jet, code named the S-21. Due to questionable market demand for commercial supersonic air travel, commitment to the project weakened and delays mounted.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Is a hotdog a sandwich?
Response: That’s a tricky question because most people would consider a hotdog to not be a sandwich; however, if a sandwich is considered to be meat between two pieces of bread, then it is a sandwich.  There are several counter points to this argument.  A burrito is usually not considered a sandwich but is very similar to a hotdog.  An ice cream sandwich is called a sandwich but has no meat.
Category: classification
Instruction: Identify the bird from the list: Bar-tailed godwit, Leopard, Shark
Response: Bar-tailed godwit
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Provide bulleted list of the years mentioned and what happened in that year in the format {Year}--{What happened}
Context: There have been minor changes to the uniform design throughout the years, such as changing the silver stripe patterns on the jersey sleeves, and changing the colors of the jersey numbers. "TV numbers", which are auxiliary uniform numbers to help TV broadcasters identify players from the line of scrimmage, were added to the jersey sleeves in 1956. White trim was added to the logo in 1970, with outlines (white on the blue jersey, silver on the white jersey) added to the numbers in 1972; the color arrangement on the numbers on the blue jerseys was reversed in 1982. The silver facemasks became blue in 1984. In 1998, the team wore blue pants with their white jerseys along with grey socks but dropped that combination after the season. In 1999, the "TV numbers" on the sleeves were moved to the shoulders.
Response: * 1956--"TV numbers", auxiliary uniform numbers to help TV broadcasters identify players from the line of scrimmage, were added to the jersey sleeves
* 1970--White trim was added to the logo
* 1972--Outlines (white on the blue jersey, silver on the white jersey) were added to the numbers
* 1982--The color arrangement of the numbers on the blue jerseys was reversed
* 1984--The silver facemasks were changed to blue
* 1998--The team wore blue pants with their white jerseys along with grey socks but dropped that combination after the season
* 1999--The "TV numbers" on the sleeves were moved to the shoulders
Category: summarization
Instruction: Please describe what Business Process Mapping is and why it is used
Context: Business process mapping refers to activities involved in defining what a business entity does, who is responsible, to what standard a business process should be completed, and how the success of a business process can be determined.

The main purpose behind business process mapping is to assist organizations in becoming more effective. A clear and detailed business process map or diagram allows outside firms to come in and look at whether or not improvements can be made to the current process.

Business process mapping takes a specific objective and helps to measure and compare that objective alongside the entire organization's objectives to make sure that all processes are aligned with the company's values and capabilities.

International Organization for Standardization or ISO 9001 : 2015 encourages a process approach to quality management. It is important to understand how each process relates to other processes within the organization and how those interactions impact Quality Management.
Response: Business Process Mapping describes the capture of a set of business activities that deliver an outcome.  Mapping is usually performed using visual tools that use standardized shapes to indicate entities.  Mapping involves capturing activities, the roles performing the activities, systems and tools used to execute the activities and inputs and outputs from the activities.  Process mapping is frequently conducted in cross functional workshops with a facilitator capturing the activities performed by Subject Matter Experts (SMEs).  Common uses of process mapping include:
* automation
* compliance documentation
* business process improvement
* standardization
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is "Scandoval?"
Response: "Scandoval" is a term coined to describe the interpersonal relationship drama between multiple cast members on the reality show Vanderpump Rules (VPR). It combines the word "scandal" with the surname of the main perpetrator, Tom Sandoval. Tom Sandoval, a sometime bartender and longtime cast member on VPR, had an affair on his girlfriend of 8 years, fellow bartender and cast member Ariana Maddox, with Raquel Leviss. Leviss is a VPR cast member, former beauty queen, and most notably, one of Ariana's closest friends. The scandal shocked cast members and VPR fans alike, primarily due to the unforeseen nature of the affair, as well as Tom and Raquel's lack of remorse for their behavior. The drama became so nationally amplified that even celebrities - from model Chrissy Teigen to SNL's Aidy Bryant - and fashion brands - including bag brand Beis - made public comments regarding it.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Why is the sun more intense at high altitude
Context: The amount of heat energy received at any location on the globe is a direct effect of Sun angle on climate, as the angle at which sunlight strikes Earth varies by location, time of day, and season due to Earth's orbit around the Sun and Earth's rotation around its tilted axis. Seasonal change in the angle of sunlight, caused by the tilt of Earth's axis, is the basic mechanism that results in warmer weather in summer than in winter.Change in day length is another factor.

Presents a case when sunlight shines on Earth at a lower angle (Sun closer to the horizon), the energy of the sunlight is spread over a larger area, and is therefore weaker than if the Sun is higher overhead and the energy is concentrated on a smaller area.
Response: It's commonly known that the sun is more intense at higher altitudes. However, contrary to popular belief, the sun is not more intense due to being closer to the sun, but the angle of incidence of the sun. The angle of incidence is steeper, and therefore the density of the sun's  radiant energy is concentrated to a high density in a smaller area. This makes the sun's energy more intense
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is the Forever War about?
Response: The Forever War was written by Joe Haldeman and published in 1974. It follows the story of the main protagonist, William Mandella, as he is conscripted to fight in an interstellar war against the Taurans. The book was awarded the Nebula Award in 1975 and the Hugo and Locus awards in 1976. 

The Forever War deals with themes of a soldier's experience with war and represents the author's experience in the Vietnam War. The sequels, Forever Peace (1997) and Forever Free (1999), followed and are direct sequels to the original novel.
Category: summarization
Instruction: Summarize the following paragraph about modern fighter jets
Context: Currently the cutting edge of fighter design, fifth-generation fighters are characterized by being designed from the start to operate in a network-centric combat environment, and to feature extremely low, all-aspect, multi-spectral signatures employing advanced materials and shaping techniques. They have multifunction AESA radars with high-bandwidth, low-probability of intercept (LPI) data transmission capabilities. The infra-red search and track sensors incorporated for air-to-air combat as well as for air-to-ground weapons delivery in the 4.5th generation fighters are now fused in with other sensors for Situational Awareness IRST or SAIRST, which constantly tracks all targets of interest around the aircraft so the pilot need not guess when he glances. These sensors, along with advanced avionics, glass cockpits, helmet-mounted sights (not currently on F-22), and improved secure, jamming-resistant LPI datalinks are highly integrated to provide multi-platform, multi-sensor data fusion for vastly improved situational awareness while easing the pilot's workload. Avionics suites rely on extensive use of very high-speed integrated circuit (VHSIC) technology, common modules, and high-speed data buses. Overall, the integration of all these elements is claimed to provide fifth-generation fighters with a "first-look, first-shot, first-kill capability".
Response: Fifth-generation fighter jets take advantage of variety of technological advancements, new materials and design principals to give pilots comprehensive, early visibility of all potential threats while minimizing their own detectability.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Based on the following passage regarding the economy of Sweden, what is the economic sector that accounts for the largest output?
Context: Sweden is an export-oriented mixed economy featuring a modern distribution system, excellent internal and external communications, and a skilled labor force. Timber, hydropower and iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy heavily oriented toward foreign trade. Sweden's engineering sector accounts for 50% of output and exports. Telecommunications, the automotive industry and the pharmaceutical industries are also of great importance. Agriculture accounts for 2 percent of GDP and employment. The armaments industry has a technologically highly advanced reputation.
Response: According to this passage, the engineering sector accounts for the largest output, generating 50% of output and exports.
Category: classification
Instruction: Classify the below natural satellites based on the planet. 
Titan, Europa, Moon, Ganymede
Response: Moon - Earth
Europa, Ganymede - Jupiter
Titan - Saturn
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is an LCR circuit?
Response: An LCR circuit is a resonant circuit that is also often called an RLC circuit. It consist of an inductor (L), a capacitor (C), and a resistor (R). The three components may be connected in series or in parallel.

Radio and television receivers contain oscillators that are based on the LCR circuit. The circuit is used to tune into transmitting stations.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What is VTEC?
Response: VTEC stands for "Variable Valve Timing & Lift Electronic Control." It is a technology used by some Honda cars for changing the way an engine runs based on the engine speeds. It works   by using oil pressure to activate a different camshaft profile at higher engine speeds. The camshaft profile allows more air to enter the engine cylinders, and thus causes more effective combustion and more power. At lower engine speeds, VTEC disengages and uses a default camshaft profile, which is optimized for fuel efficiency.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Write a review of Carlos Ruiz Zafon's book The Shadow of the Wind
Response: What a beautiful book; it reminds me of Murakami - magical yet still very grounded. The Shadow of the Wind has everything going for it: mystical Barcelona, heartwarming characters, poetic language, intriguing plot.

The language and setting of the book was amazing. Zafon is extremely talented, his words are elegant and poetic, and he paints Barcelona in a myriad of different ways: dark and gothic at night, or blissfully cheerful, or dreary gloom, all depending on the characters.

I loved the cast of Shadow of the Wind. Each character was well developed and given an appropriate backstory. They bumped into each other in mysterious turns, and their interactions, like Daniel and Clara, or Daniel and Nuria, were heart wrenching.

But most of all, Zafon tells a wonderful story. I loved the parallels between Julian Carax and Daniel, and how Daniel's life becomes entangled with Julian's. It makes it feel much more like magical realism, and makes for an entertaining read.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Think up a couple of ways to use old shirts
Response: Here are some ways to use old shirts: 
- As cleaning / dusting rags
- To make tie-dye shirts 
- To make headbands / head accessories 
- As garden ties for your plants 
- turning them into quilts 
- turning them into rugs
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What are some interesting things to do in the spa town of Harrogate, North Yorkshire?
Response: Some interesting things to do in the spa town of Harrogate, North Yorkshire, are to visit the Royal Pump Room Museum, take a stroll through the Valley Gardens, and have afternoon tea at Bettys Cafe Tea Rooms.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What are the tax boxes in the Netherlands?
Response: There are three tax boxes in the Netherlands:
- Box One: This box includes income from employment or primary residence
- Box Two: This box includes income from a large stake in a business
- Box Three: This box includes income from savings and investments
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What are the advantages to studying Engineering in college?
Response: Studying engineering in undergraduate education has many benefits.
1) Engineering education provides the student with technical / hard skills that make them valuable in the workforce
2) Engineering education teaches students who to think critically, from first principles, to solve complex problems
3) Engineering education teaches students that there may not be one solution to a problem, and the process for arriving at the solution is just as valuable as the solution itself.

Overall, studying Engineering has many benefits both technical and non-technical.  Rather, it teaches students how to think.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What content is popular on Tictok?
Response: Tiktok hosts user-submitted videos so everyone can create their own content.
It tends to appeal to younger users, as almost half of its users are between the ages of 16 and 24.
When business see the user base, they starts marketing and creating high quality commercial contents. There are some content categories always drive thousands of clicks. First of all, the image of beauty, baby and beast presents the attractiveness factors which is related to human behavior. Secondly, exploration on beautiful scenery or Extreme Sports always make people think they are involved and also part of the adventure.
Some other categories like knowledge transfer is always popular as people are eager to learn and getting information from others.
Category: classification
Instruction: which of these is a musical movie: Despicable Me 1, John Wick 4, Avengers or Singin' in the Rain?
Response: Singin' in the Rain
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: What is the colloquial term for LSD?
Context: Lysergic acid diethylamide, commonly known as LSD (from German Lysergsäure-diethylamid), also known colloquially as acid, is a potent psychedelic drug. Effects typically include intensified thoughts, emotions, and sensory perception. At sufficiently high dosages LSD manifests primarily mental, visual, as well as auditory, hallucinations. Dilated pupils, increased blood pressure, and increased body temperature are typical. Effects typically begin within half an hour and can last for up to 20 hours. LSD is also capable of causing mystical experiences and ego dissolution. It is used mainly as a recreational drug or for spiritual reasons. LSD is both the prototypical psychedelic and one of the "classical" psychedelics, being the psychedelics with the greatest scientific and cultural significance. LSD is typically either swallowed or held under the tongue.
Response: Lysergic acid diethylamide is commonly known as LSD or acid
Category: general_qa
Instruction: For Bronze layer, how do you suggest handling the data sources that are coming as JSON/CSV/Avro, etc. (Onprem SQL data imported as json via Azure Data Factory into ADLS Or API Calls that return JSON) Should that be stored without processing in bronze layer in ADLS/Process them and store as Delta in bronze or should we have a pre bronze layer?
Response: Either method will work.  There are some advantages to using a delta bronze layer over relying on your JSON files in ADLS.  It is a lot more performant to re-process data that's in the bronze delta format than re-processing the json files in ADLS.  This is because all of your data will be consolidated and filesizes will be optimized in your bronze layer.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What does long hair say about a woman?
Response: It found that people regarded long- or short-haired women as being equally self-assured and independent, although women with long hair were perceived as being more feminine. You'd think they'd logically perceive long-haired women as possessing qualities we've traditionally associated with womanhood—passivity, empathy
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What happens when the sun goes down?
Response: When the sun sets, the evening starts.
Category: classification
Instruction: Which of these animals are domesticated: Dog, Cat, Serval, Monkey, Ferret, Goldfish, Lion, Bear, Sable
Response: Domesticated: Dog, Cat, Serval, Ferret, Goldfish, Sable
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What are the northern lights?
Response: The northern lights are a common term referring to the aurora borealis. The aurora borealis is a natural phenomenon seen in the northern hemisphere near the arctic circle. Auroras are caused by disturbances in the magnetosphere caused by solar winds which result in emissions of light of varying colours and complexities.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Name five teams in the Ligue 1 in France.
Response: Five teams in League 1 are Lyon, Nice, Marseille, Lens, and PSG.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Was Dracula a real person?
Response: Dracula is a fictitious character created by the British novelist Bram Stoker. Stoker drew inspiration from a Romanian prince called Vlad Dracul. Vlad led a Romanian province situated in the south of Transylvania for parts of the 15th century. Vlad was renown at the time for his cruel measures to punish his enemies through impaling them. For this reason, he was also called Vlad the Impaler or, in Romanian, Vlad Tepeș
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What are your favourite films?
Response: Le Bossu is a French language film starring Daniel Auteuil is an excellent film that I've watched many times. I also enjoy the same actor's great film, Jean de Florette and its sequel Manon des Sources, which are, combined, an incredible tale of betrayal, love, and revenge. If I had to choose a director, I would recommend any film by Christopher Nolan, including Memento, Inception, and Tenet, all of which can only be fully understood through multiple viewings. My final suggestion though is entirely different, Dirty Rotten Scoundrels, starring Michael Caine and Steve Martin, is very funny and can be watched many times, even though no one would describe it as a work of high art.
Category: creative_writing
Instruction: What is the role of whistleblowers in a democratic market economy?
Response: Whistleblowers play an important role in a democratic market economy. With highly complex structured contracts, specifically in the financial sector, there’s asymmetric information due to limited access. Shareholders cannot adequately monitor the behavior of financial traders who can take risks, which when materialized shareholders will not be able to repay. There’s also a lack of efficient monitoring on part of the regulators/government agencies due to resource constraints or revolving doors among the staff working at these financial institutions and regulatory agencies. Thus, whistleblowers play a critical role in exposing potential fraud within their organizations.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Are electric vehicles better for the environment than cars powered by fossil fuels?
Response: The rise of electric vehicles (or EVs) has been fueled by many factors -- including innovation, acceleration, design and tax breaks -- but the underlying assumption that electric vehicles are less harmful to the environment and may even mitigate global warming has been a primary motivator for hundreds of thousands of buyers.

Despite the virtuous aura of owning an electric vehicle, the jury is still out on whether EVs have a net positive impact on the environment or will do anything to curtail climate change.  That's because, while the experience of driving an EV may feel like a zero-compromise embrace of green energy, the vast industrial network needed to build and power EVs diminishes the halo effect. On the other hand, the fossil fuels that power traditional vehicles are definitely contributing to global warming and leave the world vulnerable to oil shocks and pressure from oil-producing countries. 

Whether EVs are better or worse for the environment is still to be determined. But a more insidious trend is the growing size and power of electric vehicles. Smaller vehicles, traveling fewer miles, represents a proven formula for reducing emissions and reversing climate change. But already, we're seeing the advent of electric trucks and SUVs, which are heavier, loaded with bells and whistles so they require more and more power to move people around. Coupled with the problem of drivers feeling like their EV gives them the right to drive as much as they want and you can see a reality emerging where the problem of Americans driving giant gas guzzlers is being replaced with American driving giant, power-sucking EVs. And that's leading us even faster down the road to environmental disaster.
Category: classification
Instruction: Classify each of these as a cereal grain or legume: wheat, lentils, chickpeas, rye, corn, soybeans, peas, millet
Response: Cereal grains:  Wheat, rye, corn, millet
Legumes: Lentils, chickpeas, soybeans, peas
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: What is postmodernism?
Context: Postmodernism is an intellectual stance or mode of discourse characterized by skepticism toward the "grand narratives" of modernism; rejection of epistemic certainty or the stability of meaning; and sensitivity to the role of ideology in maintaining political power. Claims to objectivity are dismissed as naïve realism, with attention drawn to the conditional nature of knowledge claims within particular historical, political, and cultural discourses. The postmodern outlook is characterized by self-referentiality, epistemological relativism, moral relativism, pluralism, irony, irreverence, and eclecticism; it rejects the "universal validity" of binary oppositions, stable identity, hierarchy, and categorization

Initially emerging from a mode of literary criticism, postmodernism developed in the mid-twentieth century as a rejection of modernism, and has been observed across many disciplines. Postmodernism is associated with the disciplines deconstruction and post-structuralism. Various authors have criticized postmodernism as promoting obscurantism, as abandoning Enlightenment rationalism and scientific rigor, and as adding nothing to analytical or empirical knowledge
Response: Postmodernism is a philosophical position that questions the certainty and immutability of human knowledge. It emerges in opposition to the main tenets of modernism and rejects claims of objective universal truths that are not bound and shaped by the social, historical, political and cultural context in which they arise. Postmodernist attitudes are characterized by moral relativism, a view where opposite moral precepts and world views are equally valid regardless of their consequences or scientific underpinning. This has led to criticism from thinkers that subscribe to rationalism and the notion that objective truths can be derived from scientific rigor.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: What is Violet Jessop well know for?
Context: Violet Constance Jessop (2 October 1887 – 5 May 1971), often referred to as the "Queen of sinking ships" or "Miss Unsinkable," was an Argentine woman of Irish heritage who worked as an ocean liner stewardess, memoirist, and nurse in the early 20th century. Jessop is most well known for having survived the sinking of both the RMS Titanic in 1912 and her sister ship the HMHS Britannic in 1916, as well as having been onboard the eldest of the three sister ships, the RMS Olympic, when it collided with the British warship HMS Hawke in 1911.
Response: Violet Jessop is well known for been onboard the RSM Olympic when it collided in 1911, and letter surviving the RMS Titanic in 1912, and the HMHS Britannic in 1916.
Category: classification
Instruction: Which of the followings are Chinese martial arts? Tai chi, Shaolin, Wing chun, Boxing, Taekwondo, Karate
Response: Tai chi, Shaolin, and Wing chun are Chinese martial arts. Notably Bruce Lee was a practitioner of Wing chun.

Boxing, Taekwondo, and Karate are not Chinese martial arts.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What architecture does GPT use?
Response: GPT uses the transformer architecture which is a neural network architecture based on the attention mechanism to find global dependencies between the input and the output. To be more specific, GPT belongs to a sub type in the transformer family that is called decoder-only transformer.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Why do muscle twitch (or twinge)?
Response: Muscle twitch could be related to too much stress, caffeine, poor diet or lack of exercise.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What are some good rainy day activities?
Response: Watching a movie, baking, knitting, drawing, coloring, organizing your closet, organizing your kitchen cabinets, getting rid of clutter around the house, painting a picture, cleaning ceiling fans and baseboards
Category: creative_writing
Instruction: Discuss at least two risks associated with scraping data from websites. Describe steps an analyst could take to mitigate those risks.
Response: No clear Terms-of-service for scrapping the B2B partnership data 

The companies like Hubspot (https://legal.hubspot.com/website-terms-of-use) and Salesforce do not have a clear Terms of Service (TOS) when using partnership data. The TOS is subject to interpretation. 

Automation is highly fragile 

Web-scrapping the B2B partnership data with an automated scrapping tool or a programming language like Python- BeautifulSoup is a highly fragile process. The website layout, which can be dynamically changing, can break the automated scraping. Even with automatic scrapping, there will be many manual activities to normalize the data. 

An analyst could list the top companies for B2B partnerships and request the companies for the B2B data. The analyst can start approaching the smaller companies and build the business model to illustrate the value of sharing B2B data, creating a flywheel where more companies will be willing to share the data.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Who is the greatest physicist of all time?
Response: There have been many great physicists over the years, and while it's not possible to say with certainty who was the 'greatest', Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein are very strong contenders for that title.

Isaac Newton (1642-1746) was an English physicist and mathematician  most famous for inventing calculus, classical mechanics. His three laws of classical mechanics successfully predicted the behavior of solid bodies across all observable scales - from the motion of planets to falling apples. For over 250 years his laws were applied with greater and greater precision, always giving the correct answers.

However, in the late 1800s physicists struggled to reconcile measurements of the speed of light with Newton's laws. This one of the observations that led to Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity.

Albert Einstein (1879-1955) was a German-born physicist who revolutionized our understanding of space, time and matter with his theories of relativity and quantum mechanics. His theories of special and general relativity changed our understanding of space and time and successfully explained the motion of light and the behavior of gravity.  His theories of quantum mechanics likewise revolutionized our understand of the sub-atomic world.

In addition to Newton and Einstein there are many other physicists who made groundbreaking discoveries,  including Galileo Galilei, James Clerk Maxwell,  Marie Curie, Neils Bohr, Richard Feynman, and Stephen Hawking.
Category: classification
Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or woodwind: Mandobass, Pommer
Response: Pommer is woodwind, Mandobass is string.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Based on the reference text, why was the eastern section of the bridge rebuilt?
Context: The San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, known locally as the Bay Bridge, is a complex of bridges spanning San Francisco Bay in California. As part of Interstate 80 and the direct road between San Francisco and Oakland, it carries about 260,000 vehicles a day on its two decks. It has one of the longest spans in the United States.

The toll bridge was conceived as early as the California Gold Rush days, with "Emperor" Joshua Norton famously advocating for it, but construction did not begin until 1933. Designed by Charles H. Purcell, and built by American Bridge Company, it opened on Thursday, November 12, 1936, six months before the Golden Gate Bridge. It originally carried automobile traffic on its upper deck, with trucks, cars, buses and commuter trains on the lower, but after the Key System abandoned rail service on April 20, 1958, the lower deck was converted to all-road traffic as well. On October 12, 1963, traffic was reconfigured to one way traffic on each deck, westbound on the upper deck, and eastbound on the lower deck, with trucks and buses allowed on the upper deck.

In 1986, the bridge was unofficially dedicated to former California Governor James Rolph.

The bridge has two sections of roughly equal length; the older western section, officially known as the Willie L. Brown Jr. Bridge (after former San Francisco Mayor and California State Assembly Speaker Willie L. Brown Jr.), connects downtown San Francisco to Yerba Buena Island, and the newer unnamed eastern section connects the island to Oakland. The western section is a double suspension bridge with two decks, westbound traffic being carried on the upper deck while eastbound is carried on the lower one. The largest span of the original eastern section was a cantilever bridge.

During the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, a portion of the eastern section's upper deck collapsed onto the lower deck and the bridge was closed for a month. Reconstruction of the eastern section of the bridge as a causeway connected to a self-anchored suspension bridge began in 2002; the new eastern section opened September 2, 2013, at a reported cost of over $6.5 billion; the original estimate of $250 million was for a seismic retrofit of the existing span. Unlike the western section and the original eastern section of the bridge, the new eastern section is a single deck carrying all eastbound and westbound lanes. Demolition of the old east span was completed on September 8, 2018.
Response: The eastern section of the bridge was rebuilt because a portion of its upper deck collapsed onto the lower deck during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: My daughter's friend is lactose intolerant. What foods should we avoid when we take out to eat with us?
Response: You'll want to look out for anything that contains milk, butter, cream, buttermilk, cheese, or ice cream. This means pizza is off the table (it almost always has cheese), and much Italian cuisine like lasagna or alfredo sauces must be avoided. You also need to be careful about fried foods, because batters often contain milk or buttermilk. Ask about the ingredients of bread, as these can contain butter: croissants typically do. Even salads can be a concern, because many restaurants will add cheese as a topping, even without listing cheese on the menu. Desserts are also problematic, because chocolate nearly always contains milk, as do most ice creams. Look for vegan products where you can, such as vegan cheeses and vegan ice cream, which can be delicious.
Category: creative_writing
Instruction: Write 5 distinct, unique and creative statements that help someone think about Friedrich Nietzsche's "Beyond Good & Evil", which critically analyzes the idea of binaries in complexity
Response: 1. Black and white movies contain a high number of greyscale pixels.
2. The scientific community in the 21st century embraces that for some complex diagnoses, the evaluation should be placed on a spectrum.
3. The point-forward is an especially valuable basketball position that is never found on an official roster, which only contains guards and forwards. 
4. Those who write intelligently are often verbose and those who write simply are often grammatically incorrect; the best sentences are simple and intelligent. 
5.  The wealthiest people went to elite universities where in some cases 90 percent of students are denied but some say "C students run the world".
Category: summarization
Instruction: What is the plot of the Waterloo Road
Context: The ninth series of the British television drama series Waterloo Road began airing on 5 September 2013 on BBC One and ended on 12 March 2014. The series follows the lives of the staff and pupils of the eponymous school, a troubled Scottish comprehensive school. It consists of twenty episodes. This series also marks the departure of Grantly Budgen (Philip Martin Brown), the last of the original cast members.

Plot
The show follows the lives of the teachers and the pupils at the eponymous school of Waterloo Road, a failing inner-city comprehensive, tackling a wide range of issues often seen as taboo such as drug dealing, sexting, catfishing, stuttering, prescription drug abuse, stroke, identity fraud, stalking, human trafficking, deportation, drink driving and empty nest syndrome.
Response: The ninth series of the British television drama series Waterloo Road began airing on 5 September 2013 on BBC One and ended on 12 March 2014. The series follows the lives of the staff and pupils of the eponymous school, a troubled Scottish comprehensive school. It consists of twenty episodes. This series also marks the departure of Grantly Budgen (Philip Martin Brown), the last of the original cast members.

The show follows the lives of the teachers and the pupils at the eponymous school of Waterloo Road, a failing inner-city comprehensive, tackling a wide range of issues often seen as taboo such as drug dealing, sexting, catfishing, stuttering, prescription drug abuse, stroke, identity fraud, stalking, human trafficking, deportation, drink driving and empty nest syndrome.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: A client with whom you have been training for 10 weeks retakes a submaximal exercise test and finds that his heart rate is lower at each stage (workload) of the test. He is bothered by this because he thought his heart would be stronger and beat more times per minute. Brainstorm an easy-to-understand explanation to help him understand what is going on. How would you respond?
Response: I would explain that, counterintuitively, the stronger your heart is, the less you can expect it to beat (lower heart rate). To explain it simply, his heart is more efficient; being able to pump the necessary amount of oxygen into his body without contracting as many times as before, i.e. the muscles of his heart are stronger. He can relax because his lower heart rate means he has better cardiovascular health now!
Category: classification
Instruction: Which of these are helpful for starting a fire and which are better for putting out a fire: water, dirt, matches, dry newspaper, sticks, charcoal lighter fluid, and human pee.
Response: The following items are helpful for starting a fire: matches, dry newspaper, sticks, and charcoal lighter fluid. These items are useful for putting out a fire: water, dirt, and human pee.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Who is the most sensational player in MLB today?
Response: Shohei Ohtani
Category: general_qa
Instruction: why do human beings have a tendency to think they are always right?
Response: As a first attempt to answer the question of why human beings have a tendency to think they are always right, we could point to cognitive biases, and in particular to one called "confirmation bias". This bias conditions human beings to use any new evidence to confirm their pre-existing beliefs, and to reject any new evidence that contradicts these beliefs. People may also experience the so-called illusory superiority, another bias that conditions them to overestimate their skills and make them believe they are superior to the rest. However these biases, as concrete as well-proven as they are, are only part of the explanation. The book "Being Wrong: Adventures in the Margin of Error" by Kathryn Schulz is an exploration on why humans have the tendency to disregard errors and think they are always right. Shulz describes how people start with the assumption that they are right in everything they believe, and when they realise they have made a mistake, instead of challenging this assumption, they actually feel relief and think: "I was right except for this particular error I was making, but now that I have realised it I can certainly say that I am 100% right in everything".
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Which industry is the top industry in Gabon's economy?
Context: The economy of Gabon is characterized by strong links with France, large foreign investments, dependence on skilled foreign labor, and decline of agriculture. Gabon enjoys a per capita income four times that of most nations of sub-Saharan Africa, its reliance on resource extraction industry releasing much of the population from extreme poverty.

The country is rich in natural resources such as timber, manganese and oil. The country is the fifth largest oil producing nation in Africa, which has helped drive its strong growth in the later 20th century.

The oil sector now accounts for 50% of GDP and 80% of exports. Although there have been recent offshore finds, oil production is now declining from its peak of 370,000 barrels per day (59,000 m3/d) in 1997, and periods of low oil prices have had a negative impact on government revenues and the economy. In 2012 there were six active oil rigs in Gabon.

The government has plans to diversify its economy away from its dwindling oil reserves. The government announced in 2012 that it would reassess exactly how much iron ore the Belinga site contains before awarding the concession to a mining company, most likely to be China's CMEC, which temporarily secured the rights to the ore in 2007.

Around 80% of Gabonese live in cities. The capital city, Libreville is home to 59% of the total population. The remainder of the country is still sparsely populated, as those areas remain densely forested.
Response: Oil industry is the largest industry in Gabon, accounting for 50% of its GDP and 80% of exports. But, its contribution is declining.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: What are dogs?
Context: The dog has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Dog breeds vary widely in shape, size, and color. They perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship, therapy, and aiding disabled people. Over the millennia, dogs became uniquely adapted to human behavior, and the human–canine bond has been a topic of frequent study. This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet of "man's best friend".
Response: The dog (Canis familiaris or Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated descendant of the wolf. Also called the domestic dog, it is derived from the extinct Pleistocene wolf, and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative. Dogs were the first species to be domesticated by hunter-gatherers over 15,000 years ago before the development of agriculture. Due to their long association with humans, dogs have expanded to a large number of domestic individuals and gained the ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canids.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Why do the San Francisco 49ers play in Santa Clara, California?
Response: The San Francisco 49ers originally played at Kezar Stadium in San Francisco before moving to Candlestick Park in 1971.  When negotiations to build a new stadium fell apart they worked with the city of Santa Clara to build a new stadium which was located next to their training facilities.  Because of brand recognition and close proximity, the decision was made to keep the name, San Francisco 49ers.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: From the passage provided about sports articles, extract total number of articles categorized as good and calculate the percentage of good articles
Context: Currently, out of the 6,639,824 articles on Wikipedia, 37,625 are categorized as good articles (about 1 in 177), most of which are listed below. An additional 6,245 are listed as featured articles (about 1 in 1,070) and 4,089 as featured lists (about 1 in 1,630). Because articles are only included in one category, a good article that has been promoted to featured status is removed from the good articles category. Adding good and featured articles and lists together gives a total of 47,959 articles (about 1 in 139). A small plus sign inside a circle (This symbol designates good articles on Wikipedia.) in the top-right corner of an article's page indicates that the article is good
Response: 37625 articles are categorized as good and percentage of good articles is approximately 0.57
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Extract a name of a water passage that separates Egypt form Jordan and Saudi Arabia
Context: Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip of Palestine and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. The Gulf of Aqaba in the northeast separates Egypt from Jordan and Saudi Arabia. Cairo is the capital and largest city of Egypt, while Alexandria, the second-largest city, is an important industrial and tourist hub at the Mediterranean coast. At approximately 100 million inhabitants, Egypt is the 14th-most populated country in the world.
Response: The Gulf of Aqaba in the northeast separates Egypt from Jordan and Saudi Arabia.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: From the passage provided, extract the years when the galaxies were added to the catalogue. Include the names of astronomers that added them. Separate them with a comma.
Context: The catalogue consists of a diverse range of astronomical objects, from star clusters and nebulae to galaxies. For example, Messier 1 is a supernova remnant, known as the Crab Nebula, and the great spiral Andromeda Galaxy is M31. Further inclusions followed, the first addition came from Nicolas Camille Flammarion in 1921, who added Messier 104 after finding Messier's side note in his 1781 edition exemplar of the catalogue. M105 to M107 were added by Helen Sawyer Hogg in 1947, M108 and M109 by Owen Gingerich in 1960, and M110 by Kenneth Glyn Jones in 1967.
Response: 1921, Nicolas Camille Flammarion
1947, Helen Sawyer Hogg
1960, Owen Gingerich
1967, Kenneth Glyn Jones
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Given this paragraph on Anton Chekhov, please tell me which playwrights he is most often grouped with?
Context: Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (Russian: Антон Павлович Чехов[note 1], IPA: [ɐnˈton ˈpavləvʲɪtɕ ˈtɕexəf]; 29 January 1860[note 2] – 15 July 1904[note 3]) was a Russian playwright and short-story writer who is considered to be one of the greatest writers of all time. His career as a playwright produced four classics, and his best short stories are held in high esteem by writers and critics. Along with Henrik Ibsen and August Strindberg, Chekhov is often referred to as one of the three seminal figures in the birth of early modernism in the theatre. Chekhov was a physician by profession. "Medicine is my lawful wife", he once said, "and literature is my mistress."
Response: Chekhov is most often grouped with Henrik Ibsen and August Strindberg as one of the three seminal figures of early modernist theater.