fedml/databricks-dolly-15k-niid huggingface dataset:
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What is appealing about Charleston in South Carolina?
Response: Charleston has a lot of historical sites that you can visit, which is great for educational purposes. The food is very diverse and provides many options for the pickiest of eaters. The low country is a beautiful scenery that sets the scene for cocktails, sunset catching and listening to the sounds of the creatures. There is a lot to see and learn from Charleston because of its southern charm and the people that have built its culture into a blossoming city.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Who are the parents of Vivek Oberoi?
Context: Vivek Oberoi was born in Hyderabad, Telangana, to a Punjabi father, Suresh Oberoi, an actor. In 1974, Suresh married Yashodhara, from a Punjabi business family settled in the south, in Chennai. Because of his mother’s family being assimilated in the region, Oberoi is himself fluent in Tamil.

Oberoi went on to study at Mayo College, Ajmer and Mithibai College, Mumbai. At an actors' workshop in London, he was spotted by the director of New York University who took Oberoi to New York, where he completed his master's degree in film acting.
Response: Suresh Oberoi and Yashodhara.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: why do you like India
Response: I like India because it is a country of diverse culture with more than 25 states thousands of language spoken and with many religions.You get to witness diverse food culture and religious festivals across.With all these diversity you can still see a unity within the people that is the beauty of the country.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Why was there a lockout during the 1998-1999 NBA season?
Context: The 1998–99 NBA season was the Hawks' 50th season in the National Basketball Association, and 31st season in Atlanta. On March 23, 1998, the owners of all 29 NBA teams voted 27–2 to reopen the league's collective bargaining agreement, seeking changes to the league's salary cap system, and a ceiling on individual player salaries. The National Basketball Players Association (NBPA) opposed to the owners' plan, and wanted raises for players who earned the league's minimum salary. After both sides failed to reach an agreement, the owners called for a lockout, which began on July 1, 1998, putting a hold on all team trades, free agent signings and training camp workouts, and cancelling many NBA regular season and preseason games. Due to the lockout, the NBA All-Star Game, which was scheduled to be played in Philadelphia on February 14, 1999, was also cancelled. However, on January 6, 1999, NBA commissioner David Stern, and NBPA director Billy Hunter finally reached an agreement to end the lockout. The deal was approved by both the players and owners, and was signed on January 20, ending the lockout after 204 days. The regular season began on February 5, and was cut short to just 50 games instead of the regular 82-game schedule
Response: The players and owners failed to reach an agreement on salaries.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What are some different things you should bring with you on a day hiking trip?
Response: You should bring water, a snack, sunscreen, hiking boots, a first aid kit and a cellphone
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: When did ITV start broadcasting?
Context: The history of ITV, the United Kingdom "Independent Television" commercial network, goes back to 1955.

Independent Television began as a network of independently-owned regional companies that were both broadcasters and programme makers, beginning with four companies operating six stations in three large regions in 1955–1956, and gradually expanding to 17 stations in 14 regions by 1962. Each regional station was responsible for its own branding, scheduling and advertising, with many peak-time programmes shared simultaneously across the whole network.

By 29 February 2016, 12 regions in England and Wales shared national ITV branding and scheduling, and, together with a 13th region UTV in Northern Ireland, were owned by a single company, ITV plc. A further two regions in Scotland carry STV branding and are owned by the STV Group.
Response: ITV first broadcast in 1955.
Category: classification
Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Taiko, Vlier
Response: Vlier is string, Taiko is percussion.
Category: classification
Instruction: Classify the following as indoor, outdoor, activities or both: basketball, hiking, soccer, rock climbing, mountaineering, swimming.
Response: Basketball, soccer, rock climbing and swimming are both indoor and outdoor activities. Mountaineering and hiking are outdoor activities.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Do I need diverter to charge my car using excess generated power from solar panels?
Response: The need for a separate Solar PV diverter depends mostly on your EVSE (car charger). Some chargers already come with the capability to intelligently divert any extra power from your solar panels by monitoring your grid connection or a combination of solar panel output and your house consumption. Smart EVSE still requires the installation by a licensed electrician, but the overall system is much simpler than the alternatives.

Car chargers, which do not support monitoring your electrical grid, may still allow controlling the charging by an external system, but complicates the overall setup and requires multiple modules to work together to achieve the goal.

Car chargers, which neither can monitor the grid and doesn't support external control of the charging current, may not work well even with a Solar PV diverter depending on the mode of operation of the Solar PV diverter and the design of the car charger.
Category: classification
Instruction: Identify the bird from the list: Elder, Eider, Either
Response: Eider
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What are the key benefits of Delta Live Tables?
Response: Here are the key benefits of Delta Live Tables:

1. Enable citizen engineers to self serve and innovate rapidly with simple pipeline development and maintenance 
2. Trust your data with built-in quality controls and data quality monitoring to ensure accurate and useful BI, Data Science, and ML 
3. Scale with automated administration through broader visibility into pipeline operations, automatic error handling, and auto-scaling capabilities
4. Support a wider variety of use cases by unlocking the development of real-time and incremental data pipelines to a wider audience
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Extract the systems College Hoops 2K7 was released on. Separate them with a comma.
Context: College Hoops 2K7 is an American college basketball video game initially released on November 22, 2006 for the Xbox and Xbox 360 and released later for the PlayStation 2 (December 11) and PlayStation 3 (March 14, 2007). It is the 5th installment of the series, which began with NCAA College Basketball 2K3. It features former Duke JJ Redick on the cover. It is produced by 2K Sports. It is the first college basketball game for the PlayStation 3. Redick was a special correspondent to the development of the game and added his signature shot style in motion capture.

Every school competing in Division I NCAA College Basketball is included in 2K7, including D-1 transitional independents (such as New Jersey Institute of Technology). The game also features the ability to change and modify rosters.

Coaches Roy Williams, Lute Olson, Billy Donovan, John Calipari, Jay Wright, and Sidney Lowe lend their likenesses to the game.[citation needed] There is a preview show with hosts Greg Gumbel and Clark Kellogg.
Response: Xbox, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3
Category: classification
Instruction: Can you help me to categorize these things as either "expensive", "not expensive", or "I don't know": air, gold, rock, rocket and dream.
Response: Air and rock are not expensive, but gold and rocket are expensive. I don't know if dream is expensive or not.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: What is type 1 diabetes?
Context: Type 1 diabetes (T1D), formerly known as juvenile diabetes, is an autoimmune disease that originates when cells that make insulin (beta cells) are destroyed by the immune system. Insulin is a hormone required for the cells to use blood sugar for energy and it helps regulate glucose levels in the bloodstream. Before treatment this results in high blood sugar levels in the body. The common symptoms of this elevated blood sugar are frequent urination, increased thirst, increased hunger, weight loss, and other serious complications. Additional symptoms may include blurry vision, tiredness, and slow wound healing. Symptoms typically develop over a short period of time, often a matter of weeks.
Response: Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where beta cells that make insulin are destroyed by the immune system. Insulin is required to help regulate glucose levels in the bloodstream.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What are five words that rhyme with light?
Response: Here are five words that rhyme with light: knight, fight, kite, right and trite.
Category: summarization
Instruction: How does someone win the Tough Guy Contest?
Context: The Tough Guy Contest was an elimination style mixed martial arts tournament billed as “Anything Goes” and “Organized, Legalized, Streetfighting.” The inaugural field of 64 fighters was broken into light and heavyweight divisions. Bill Viola wrote the first codified set of mixed martial arts rules in 1979. Fighters were required to use open fingered padded gloves and permitted to use any combination of martial arts skills, including but not limited to boxing, wrestling, grappling, karate, judo, and jiu-jitsu techniques. Bouts were 3 two minute rounds judged using a 10-point-must system. Fighters could win by knockout, technical knockout, submission or decision. Fighters were broken into weight classes, required to wear Olympic style headgear, and subject to a doctor’s approval to fight.
Response: Fighters win the Tough Guy Contest by winning every round of an elimination style tournament in their weight class. Fighters may use any combination of mixed martial arts skills to win each round by knockout, technical knockout, submission or decision based on a 10-point-must system.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Does extended screen time cause speech delay in children?
Context: The many other causes of speech delay include bilingual children with phonological disorders, autism spectrum conditions, childhood apraxia, auditory processing disorder, prematurity, cognitive impairment and hearing loss. In addition, when children are addicted to screens, they aren't stimulated to be involved in conversations, causing speech delays.[unreliable source?] Broomfield and Dodd's (2004a)[full citation needed] found out after survey that 6.4% of children who are perfectly normal showed speech difficulty while they lacked these disorders will often show early signs and are at times identified as "at risk" when the speech delay is diagnosed. However, a study done in Saudi Arabia showed no relationship between smart device use and speech delay, although 64.8% of the parents believed that the smart devices are a "problem". A review study from Indonesia points out the existence of contradicting results on that issue.
Response: There is no definite proof that extended screen time cause speech delay in children because there are contradicting study results.
Category: summarization
Instruction: How did Frederic Hudson start working at the Herald?
Context: Hudson was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1819, and attended the town school in Concord, Massachusetts. When he was 17, he moved to New York City, where his brothers had opened "Hudson's News Room". In 1836, he there met James Gordon Bennett Sr., who had founded the Herald in 1835, and soon went to work for him, becoming the third full-time employee of the paper.
Response: While working at "Hudson's News Room" in 1836, Hudson met James Gordon Bennett Sr., who had founded the Herald just one year prior in 1835. The 17 year old Hudson went to work for the Herald shortly thereafter, becoming just the third full-time employee of the Herald.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: give me a bulleted list of ways to get to the other side of a lake.
Response: - walk across the suspension bridge hovering over the lake 
- swim across the lake
- if you are a scorpion, hitch a ride on a frogs back and behave
- canoe across the lake
- drive around the lake and reach the other side
- zip line across the lake
- skate across the lake in the winter when the lake is frozen
- water ski across the lake
- lay on a float and hope you end up on the other side of the lake
- drain the lake and walk across on the lake bed
- take a ferry across the lake
- scuba dive across the lake
Category: summarization
Instruction: Is there a secure desktop operating system I can use today?
Context: Qubes OS is a desktop operating system based around the Xen hypervisor that allows grouping programs into a number of isolated sandboxes (virtual machines) to provide security. Windows for programs running within these sandboxes ("security domains") can be color coded for easy recognition. The security domains are configurable, they can be transient (changes to the file system will not be preserved), and their network connection can be routed through special virtual machines (for example one that only provides Tor networking). The operating system provides secure mechanisms for copy and paste and for copying files between the security domains.
Response: Use Qubes OS! It is fairly complete and provide good isolation for most of your applications.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Increased money supply (i.e. money printing)
Response: Demand-pull inflation.
Cost-push inflation.
Increased money supply (i.e. money printing)
Currency devaluation.
Government policies and regulations.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: If you were falling from an airplane and your parachute failed, list some things that you could try to increase your odds of surviving the fall.
Response: 1. Use the reserve parachute.
2. Try to untangle the primary parachute.
3. Spread your arms and legs to maximize wind resistance.
4. Aim for softer surfaces like bushes, snow, or tall grass. Avoid water or concrete.
5. Land with an impact posture that helps distribute force away from your head.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Think of a bunch of ways that you could clean a house.
Response: You can use a Vacuum or bring in a rug cleaner.   You could dust extensively.  You could powerwash the outside of the house.  You could clean the bathrooms with bleach.  You could scrub down all of the kitchen with cleaning supplies.  You could paint the walls.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: How much sleep should I get per night?
Response: Adults 18+ should get at least 7 hours of sleep per night. This level of rest is proven to have a positive effect on productivity at work, happiness, and health. It also leads to better recovery for active individuals. Some tips to improve sleep quality include limiting screen time in bed, drinking water and not eating prior to bed, and aiming for 65 degrees Fahrenheit
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: In the following passage about mechanical-switch keyboards, which keyboards are the loudest, and how can I make them quieter?
Context: Every key on a mechanical-switch keyboard contains a complete switch underneath. Each switch is composed of a housing, a spring, and a stem, and sometimes other parts such as a separate tactile leaf or a clickbar. Switches come in three variants: "linear" with consistent resistance, "tactile" with a non-audible bump, and "clicky" with both a bump and an audible click. Depending on the resistance of the spring, the key requires different amounts of pressure to actuate and to bottom out. The shape of the stem as well as the design of the switch housing varies the actuation distance and travel distance of the switch. The sound can be altered by the material of the plate, case, lubrication, the keycap profile, and even modifying the individual switch. These modifications, or "mods" include applying lubricant to reduce friction inside the switch itself, inserting "switch films" to reduce wobble, swapping out the spring inside to modify the resistance of the switch itself and many more. Mechanical keyboards allow for the removal and replacement of keycaps with a common stem type.
Response: Mechanical-switch keyboards with "Clicky" switches come with both a bump and an audible click. Without adjusting the material of the plates or case, the way for users to reduce the noise would be to replace the keycaps or applying lubricant to reduce friction inside the switch.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What are teeth?
Response: Teeth are a part of your digestive system.  They are used to mash and grind food to allow your digestive system to be able to process it into nutrients and energy for the body.  Most humans have 32 teeth, and enamel is the protective outer layer of the teeth.  Teeth attach the the mandible bone and are very strong.  If you eat a lot of sugar the enamel on the teeth will break down causing cavities that have to be fixed and repaired at the dentist.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Given the following paragraph about Latin Text, what does "Dona nobis pacem" mean in English?
Context: "Dona nobis pacem" (Ecclesiastical Latin: [ˈdona ˈnobis ˈpatʃem], "Give us peace") is a round for three parts to a short Latin text from the Agnus Dei. The melody has been passed orally. The round is part of many hymnals and songbooks. Beyond use at church, the round has been popular for secular quests for peace, such as the reunification of Germany.
Response: "Give us peace"
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What makes a good password?
Response: Good passwords consist of a combination of letters, numbers, and symbols.  Good passwords should be long, easy for the user to remember, but hard to guess.  Most attempts to steal passwords use brute force, so the length of the password is more important in terms of the compute needed to discover it using brute force methods than would be special characters.  Special characters used in short passwords also prove ineffective because there are many well know leet dictionaries that provide common special character insertions.
Category: classification
Instruction: Which names below are more used for boys or girls in 2023
Response: Amy, Babara, Claire, Daniel, Eric, Florence, George, Hilary, Illy, Lilly, Molly, Nancy, Olive, Paula, Robert, Stanley, Tara, Urs, Victoria, Wallace, Young, Zara
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Panchatantra stories were written by
Response: Panchatantra stories were written by Kautilya in Sanskrit. The stories are about animals and humans living together in harmony. They teach valuable lessons about justice, compassion, and loyalty.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What are the primary causes of inflation?
Response: In an economy with too much money (the money supply), the currency value decreases when the total amount of money increases.
Prices of goods/services increase (price inflation) when the money supply increases (monetary inflation) over a longer period of time.
Economists disagree on the causes over shorter periods of time.
Category: classification
Instruction: Who is the haas formula 1 team principal?
Response: The current team principal of the Moneygram Haas F1 team is Geunther Steiner
Category: summarization
Instruction: What is the plot of Kuroko's Basketball?
Context: The Teiko Middle School basketball team dominated basketball teams within Japan, winning the middle school Nationals for three consecutive years. The star players of the team became known as the "Generation of Miracles". After graduating from middle school, the five star players went to different high schools with top basketball teams. However, there was a rumor that there was another player in the "Generation of Miracles": a phantom sixth man. This mysterious player is now a freshman at Seirin High, a new school with a powerful, if little-known, team. Now, Tetsuya Kuroko – the sixth member of the "Generation of Miracles", and Taiga Kagami – a naturally talented player who spent most of his youth in the US, aim to bring Seirin to the top of Japan by taking on Kuroko's former teammates one by one. The series chronicles Seirin's rise to become Japan's number one high school team. The Generation of Miracles include Ryota Kise, Shintaro Midorima, Daiki Aomine, Atsushi Murasakibara, and Seijuro Akashi.
Response: Kuroko's Basketball is an anime about basketball. The story starts with Teiko Middle School where 6 talented players are known as the Generation of Miracles and they went undefeated for 3 years. However, all of the players split off for high school. The protagonist, Tetsuya, is the mysterious sixth man who comes to Seirin high school and meets Taiga Kagami, who is a naturally talented American player. The show focuses on this duo beating the rest of the Generation of Miracles to become the top Japanese high school basketball team.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Give me exactly 5 characteristics of award winning songs.
Response: Popular songs that usually win awards have some common characteristics:
1. A catchy chorus that people can sing-a-long with
2. A simple beat that can be clapped along with or danced to
3. A powerful message in the lyrics that is relatable to a wide group of people
4. An instrument solo or prolonged period of instrumental-only music
5. A song length of around 3-5 minutes
Category: classification
Instruction: What is the name of the season that begins in the summer and ends in the winter?
Response: Fall
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Give me some ideas for what to do for a kids Easter party.
Response: For a children's Easter party you could have an egg painting competition, or arrange an Easter egg hunt with clues to each egg that the children solve together. Alternatively you could have a costume competition where you provide materials for the children to create Easter themed costumes.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What are some menu items I can buy at Taco Bell?
Response: Taco Bell serves items such as bean burritos, crunchy tacos, soft tacos, nachos, quesadillas, quesoritos, Crunchwrap Supremes, Mountain Dew Baja Blasts, and Doritos Tacos Locos.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: What is Pullman National Historical Park?
Context: Pullman National Historical Park is a historic district located in Chicago and was the first model, planned industrial community in the United States. The district had its origins in the manufacturing plans and organization of the Pullman Company and became one of the most well-known company towns in the United States, as well as the scene of the violent 1894 Pullman strike. It was built for George Pullman as a place to produce the famous Pullman sleeping cars.
Response: Pullman National Historical Park is a historic district located in Chicago and was the first model, planned industrial community in the United States. It was built for George Pullman as a place to produce the famous Pullman sleeping cars.The park was made a national monument by president Barack Obama on February 19, 2015. The district had its origins in the manufacturing plans and organization of the Pullman Company and became one of the most well-known company towns in the United States, as well as the scene of the violent 1894 Pullman strike. During the strike the American Railway Union led by Eugene V. Debs boycotted the company following the panic of 1893 crippling railroad traffic in the United States. Thousands of U.S marshals and army troops were deployed to break up the strike. The strike ultimately changed the American labor landscape showing the power a union could have against an industry.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What happened at the 1936 United States presidential election
Response: The 1936 United States presidential election in Nevada took place on November 3, 1936, as part of the 1936 United States presidential election. State voters chose three representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Nevada was won by incumbent President Franklin D. Roosevelt (D–New York), running with Vice President John Nance Garner, with 72.81% of the popular vote, against Governor Alf Landon (R–Kansas), running with Frank Knox, with 27.19% of the popular vote.

As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last occasion Douglas County voted for a Democratic presidential candidate, and the last time a Democratic nominee won every single county in the state.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is the triple crown of baseball?
Response: The triple crown is a rare feat accomplished in baseball when an individual player finishes the season with the American or National league lead in Home Runs, RBIs (runs batted in) and Batting Average.  There have been 14 triple crown winners all time in baseball.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: How Can I become a Referee?
Response: To become a Football Association (FA) referee you need to be at least 14-years-old and a resident in England. Contact your County FA for further information.

Note: You would need to attend a Basic Referees Course with your local County FA to train as a qualified referee.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: What would cause stride scheduling to cause inefficiency in CPU operations?
Context: The stride scheduling is a type of scheduling mechanism that has been introduced as a simple concept to achieve proportional CPU capacity reservation among concurrent processes. Stride scheduling aims to sequentially allocate a resource for the duration of standard time-slices (quantum) in a fashion, that performs periodic recurrences of allocations. Thus, a process p1 which has reserved twice the share of a process p2 will be allocated twice as often as p2. In particular, process p1 will even be allocated two times every time p2 is waiting for allocation, assuming that neither of the two processes performs a blocking operation.
Response: Blocking operations would cause dependency issues between p1 and p2 if either is blocking the other.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: What is WordPress?
Context: WordPress (WP or WordPress.org) is a free and open-source content management system (CMS) written in hypertext preprocessor (PHP) language and paired with a MySQL or MariaDB database with supported HTTPS. Features include a plugin architecture and a template system, referred to within WordPress as "Themes". WordPress was originally created as a blog-publishing system but has evolved to support other web content types including more traditional mailing lists and Internet fora, media galleries, membership sites, learning management systems (LMS) and online stores.
Response: WordPress is a Content Management System (CMS) written in hypertext preprocessor (PHP). It uses either a MySQL or MariaDB database and has a robust library of WordPress plugins and themes for customization.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Why are people migrating in the US from the NE and Mid-West to the South and SE?
Response: better weather year round
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What is a Peloton in a bicycle race?
Response: The peloton in a bicycle race is the group of riders all riding in a tightly grouped formation.  Riding in a group allows riders to save energy by drafting behind riders who are in the front.  When an individual or small group attempts to ride away in front of the peloton it is referred to as a break away.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: When is the best time of year to visit the Smoky Mountains?
Response: The Smoky Mountains are open and accessible year around.  One can visit the Smokies during each of the 4 different seasons and have a completely different experience in each.  Colder months, such as December through early March, are great if you want to explore when it's less crowded, but be prepared for certain higher elevation trails and roadways to be closed due to ice and snow.  Summer months are great for morning hikes and hikes at higher elevations as the temperatures are moderately warm and comfortable, but be prepared for larger crowds, as this is the busiest time of year around the park.  In October, the Smokies are full of red, orange, and yellow leaves changing colors before dropping for the Winter.  This is one of the more beautiful times of year in the Smokies, but also a very busy time as visitors flock to the park to see all the colors.  Spring break is also a great time of year to visit the Smoky Mountains, as the weather is cool for long hikes, the bears are just starting to come out with their cubs, and the crowds are less than what you'd see during the summer.
Category: classification
Instruction: Which is an imperial or a metric measurement: ounce, gram
Response: gram is metric, ounce is imperial
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Provide a bulleted list of reasons why Tesla stock could go up in the future.
Response: The following are reasons why Tesla stock could go up in the future:
1. Governments incentivizing citizens to purchase electric cars
2. Increased production of the Model S, 3, X, and Y
3. Launch of Tesla Cyber Truck
4. Launch of a cheaper, more widely used Tesla Model
5. Opening of more Giga Factories
6. Enhanced production capacity at current giga factories
7. Expansion of solar deployments
8. Expansion of the super charger network
9. Expansion of megapack deployments
10. Expansion of the Tesla insurance program
11. Improvement to full self driving
12. Launch of a robotaxi network.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Think up a bunch of different meals I can make that include potatoes.
Response: Potatoes are a very versatile food that can be used in many meals. Some of my favorites are:
- Shepherd's Pie
- Loaded Baked Potatoes
- Poutine
- Potatoes au Gratin
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Extract the most recent owner of the Seattle Storm from this Wikipedia article.
Context: Owners
Further information: Category:Seattle Storm owners
Barry and Ginger Ackerley, owners of the Seattle SuperSonics (2000–2001)
Howard Schultz, owner of the Seattle SuperSonics (2001–2006) 
Clay Bennett, owner of the Seattle SuperSonics (2007) 
Force 10 Hoops LLC, composed of Dawn Trudeau, Lisa Brummel, Ginny Gilder (2008–present)
Response: The current owner of the Seattle Storm is Force
Category: classification
Instruction: What is structural biology?
Response: Structural biology is a field that is many centuries old which, as defined by the Journal of Structural Biology, deals with structural analysis of living material (formed, composed of, and/or maintained and refined by living cells) at every level of organization. Early structural biologists throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries were primarily only able to study structures to the limit of the naked eye's visual acuity and through magnifying glasses and light microscopes.

In the 20th century, a variety of experimental techniques were developed to examine the 3D structures of biological molecules. The most prominent techniques are X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and electron microscopy. Through the discovery of X-rays and its applications to protein crystals, structural biology was revolutionized, as now scientists could obtain the three-dimensional structures of biological molecules in atomic detail. Likewise, NMR spectroscopy allowed information about protein structure and dynamics to be obtained. Finally, in the 21st century, electron microscopy also saw a drastic revolution with the development of more coherent electron sources, aberration correction for electron microscopes, and reconstruction software that enabled the successful implementation of high resolution cryo-electron microscopy, thereby permitting the study of individual proteins and molecular complexes in three-dimensions at angstrom resolution.

With the development of these three techniques, the field of structural biology expanded and also became a branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecules (especially proteins, made up of amino acids, RNA or DNA, made up of nucleotides, and membranes, made up of lipids), how they acquire the structures they have, and how alterations in their structures affect their function. This subject is of great interest to biologists because macromolecules carry out most of the functions of cells, and it is only by coiling into specific three-dimensional shapes that they are able to perform these functions. This architecture, the "tertiary structure" of molecules, depends in a complicated way on each molecule's basic composition, or "primary structure." At lower resolutions, tools such as FIB-SEM tomography have allowed for greater understanding of cells and their organelles in 3-dimensions, and how each hierarchical level of various extracellular matrices contributes to function (for example in bone). In the past few years it has also become possible to predict highly accurate physical molecular models to complement the experimental study of biological structures. Computational techniques such as Molecular Dynamics simulations can be used in conjunction with empirical structure determination strategies to extend and study protein structure, conformation and function.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Please list several after school activities my 8 year old daughter can participate in.
Response: At eight years old, your daughter has many options for after school activities. She could consider an artistic activity like painting, dance, or music classes. She could also join a sports team. Many children her age enjoy soccer. Try to find an activity she can do with her friends, it will make it more fun for her.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: How can I help soothe a teething baby?
Response: Babies often begin teething anywhere from 3 months onwards with most babies displaying their first tooth around 5 months of age.  Teething can be very painful and cause great discomfort for your baby.  Some things you can do to help soothe a teething baby include letting baby chew on a pacifier, teething ring (cold or room temperature), putting a wet washcloth in the freezer and letting baby suck on that, Tylenol for infants (be sure to check with your pediatrician first before giving baby any medication under 6 months of age).
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is Thomas Anderson's hacker name?
Response: Thomas Anderson, in The Matrix, called himself "Neo."
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Is it better to live in the city or the suburbs?
Response: I enjoyed living in the city when I was younger and spent a lot of time with friends; it was very convenient to be close to everyone. As I got older and had kids, it was important to have more space in my home - I was spending more time inside my home than outside it. When I retire, I may want to go back in to the city.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What family do tigers, lions and panthers all belong to?
Response: Tigers, lions and panthers are all a part of the cat family
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Was Thanos right ?
Response: In the 2018 sci-fi movie Avengers : Infinity war , the main protagonist “Thanos”, was obsessed with the idea of resource management . In a flash back to his story, he revealed that his planet suffered from overpopulation and hence lacked the necessary resources to maintain that society. The society and planet had subsequently ceased to exist. Thanos then believed that only by population control can you better manage the resources.  He set about to exterminate ½ the population of the galaxy. 

Thanos did succeed and as the 2019 blockbuster Avengers : Endgame and subsequent TV shows suggested , there were some positive environmental benefits to a reduced population. The issue is , and without stating the obvious that genocide is wrong , is that even with a reduced population, that rate that which humans would repopulate the world in the next one hundred years,  as a consequence of such staggering loss, would be exponentially faster than the last hundred years. Thereby defeating Thanos, plan for resource management. Instead Thanos should have explored technology for maximizing the longevity of those resources or looked at more sustainable solutions.
Category: classification
Instruction: Which of these items will be useful to pack when I’m getting ready for soccer practice: cleats, grass, guitar, water bottle, shin guards, helmet.
Response: Cleats, shin guards, and a water bottle may be helpful things to pack when you’re getting ready for soccer practice. A helmet is not typically used in soccer, a guitar is a musical instrument, and grass is the material soccer is usually played on but not something you’ll need to pack.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Prepare the count of trains which serves Mount Prospect for each day in a week starting with Monday. Use the format “Day-Count” and each entry should be in a new line.
Context: Mount Prospect is a station on Metra's Union Pacific Northwest Line located in Mount Prospect, Illinois. The station is located at 13 E. Northwest Highway near its intersection with Main St. (Illinois Route 83). Mount Prospect is 20.0 miles (32.2 km) from Ogilvie Transportation Center, the Northwest Line's southern terminus. In Metra's zone-based fare structure, Mount Prospect is located in zone D. As of 2018, Mount Prospect is the 11th busiest of the 236 non-downtown stations in the Metra system, with an average of 1,879 weekday boardings.The station has three tracks; an outbound track to the southwest, an inbound track to the northeast, and a bidirectional express track in the middle. There is a station house on the inbound platform where tickets may be purchased. Parking is available near Mount Prospect.As of April 3, 2023, Mount Prospect is served by 62 trains (31 in each direction) on weekdays, by 31 trains (16 inbound, 15 outbound) on Saturdays, and by 19 trains (nine inbound, 10 outbound) on Sundays.
Response: Monday-62
Tuesday-62
Wednesday-62
Thursday-62
Friday-62
Saturday-31
Sunday-19
Category: classification
Instruction: Which is a bird or fish: Black guillemot, Black bass
Response: Black guillemot is a bird, Black bass is a fish
Category: classification
Instruction: Which of these episodes of The X-Files were directed by Kim Manners?
Redux, Redux II, Unusual Suspects, Detour, Christmas Carol, Emily, Kitsunegari
Response: Redux II, Unusual Suspects, Emily
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Given a reference text about coleus rotundifolius, what are they commonly known as?
Context: Coleus rotundifolius, synonyms Plectranthus rotundifolius and Solenostemon rotundifolius, commonly known as native or country potato in Africa and called Chinese potato in India, is a perennial herbaceous plant of the mint family (Lamiaceae) native to tropical Africa. It is cultivated for its edible tubers primarily in West Africa, as well as more recently in parts of Asia, especially India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Indonesia.

C. rotundifolius is closely related to the coleus plants widely cultivated as ornamentals and is now again placed in the genus Coleus, after being placed in the defunct genus Solenostemon and in Plectranthus.
Response: Coleus rotundifolius are commonly known as country potato in Africa and Chinese potato in India.
Category: classification
Instruction: Classify each of the following as "Can Fly" or "Can't Fly": Kite, bird, dog, plane, car, scooter
Response: Kite: Can Fly
Bird: Can Fly
Dog: Can't Fly
Plane: Can Fly
Car: Can't Fly
Scooter: Can't Fly
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: These actors appeared in a film as certain characters.  What are the names of the actors sorted in order of last name?
Context: Deepak Paramesh as Karthik
Jaqlene Prakash as Pooja
Gunalan Morgan as Shiva
Mime Gopi as Mathew
Response: Mime Gopi
Gunalan Morgan
Deepak Paramesh
Jaqlene Prakash
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Have you heard of Yandovy or Яндовы?
Context: Yandovy (Russian: Яндовы) is a rural locality (a village) in Mstyora Urban Settlement, Vyaznikovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was one as of 2010.

Geography
Yandovy is located 16 km northwest of Vyazniki (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kostenevo is the nearest rural locality.
Response: Yes, I have. Yandovy or Яндовы is a rural locality (a village) in Mstyora Urban Settlement, Vyaznikovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population of this village was one as of 2010.
It is located 16 km northwest of Vyazniki (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kostenevo is the nearest rural locality.
Category: classification
Instruction: Identify which car manufacturer is British or American: Aston Martin, Cadillac
Response: Aston Martin is British, Cadillac is American
Category: general_qa
Instruction: When is the best time to visit the Jersey shore in New Jersey?
Response: New Jersey is known to have some of the best beach vacation spots in the United States. Sitting along the eastern coast of New Jersey, the Jersey shore includes many different towns and styles from the boardwalks in Asbury Park, the casinos of Atlantic City to the southern most tip of New Jersey, Cape May. The best time to travel to the Jersey shore is between the months of June and September. These months provide the warmest times to head to the beach for both hot sunny days in the sand and clear cool water in the Atlantic Ocean.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: In the provided text multiple examples of a metric are given. Extract the third example of a metric.
Context: In mathematics, a metric space is a set together with a notion of distance between its elements, usually called points. The distance is measured by a function called a metric or distance function. Metric spaces are the most general setting for studying many of the concepts of mathematical analysis and geometry.

The most familiar example of a metric space is 3-dimensional Euclidean space with its usual notion of distance. Other well-known examples are a sphere equipped with the angular distance and the hyperbolic plane. A metric may correspond to a metaphorical, rather than physical, notion of distance: for example, the set of 100-character Unicode strings can be equipped with the Hamming distance, which measures the number of characters that need to be changed to get from one string to another.

Since they are very general, metric spaces are a tool used in many different branches of mathematics. Many types of mathematical objects have a natural notion of distance and therefore admit the structure of a metric space, including Riemannian manifolds, normed vector spaces, and graphs. In abstract algebra, the p-adic numbers arise as elements of the completion of a metric structure on the rational numbers. Metric spaces are also studied in their own right in metric geometry and analysis on metric spaces.

Many of the basic notions of mathematical analysis, including balls, completeness, as well as uniform, Lipschitz, and Hölder continuity, can be defined in the setting of metric spaces. Other notions, such as continuity, compactness, and open and closed sets, can be defined for metric spaces, but also in the even more general setting of topological spaces.
Response: The third metric or distance function that was encountered in this example is the Hamming distance. The Hamming distance measures the number of character changes that are needed to transform a given string to another.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: How does Windows Fast Startup Work?
Response: Fast Startup is a Windows feature that allows you to boot your computer in a few seconds rather than a minute. Rather than going through the cold boot path, Fast Startup uses a minimal hiberfile to resume the system. When the feature is enabled, selecting “Shutdown” in the Windows UI doesn’t actually shutdown the system. Instead, it closes all user applications, logs the current user out, and then creates a hiberfile. Because this hiberfile only includes the kernel, device drivers and a subset of applications, it is small and can be reloaded quickly. 

Alternatively, the cold boot path requires loading the kernel and drivers from disk, initializing the kernel and drivers, and launching various user mode applications. This can be especially slow on computers that use spinning hard drives.
Category: classification
Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or woodwind: Gehu, Venu
Response: Venu is woodwind, Gehu is string.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: How many different Alaska Native tribes are there?
Response: There are 228 federally recognized Alaska Native tribes.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: if i wanted to ski the best snow on earth where would i go
Response: utah
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Given this paragraph about autonomous buildings, why would they be safer during a military attack?
Context: Advocates of autonomous building describe advantages that include reduced environmental impacts, increased security, and lower costs of ownership. Some cited advantages satisfy tenets of green building, not independence per se (see below). Off-grid buildings often rely very little on civil services and are therefore safer and more comfortable during civil disaster or military attacks. For example, Off-grid buildings would not lose power or water if public supplies were compromised.
Response: Autonomous buildings often rely on less civil services and are therefore safer and more comfortable during civil disasters or military attacks.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is an idea?
Response: In common usage and in philosophy, ideas are the results of thought. Also in philosophy, ideas can also be mental representational images of some object. Many philosophers have considered ideas to be a fundamental ontological category of being.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What causes Type 2 Diabetes?
Response: Type 2 diabetes primarily occurs as a result of obesity and lack of exercise. Some people are genetically more at risk than others.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What is the largest country in the world?
Response: There are multiple ways that large can be defined. By area, Russia is the largest country in the world alternatively by Population, China is the worlds most populated country.
Category: classification
Instruction: Tell me whether these beverages are acidic: Orange Juice, Grapefruit Juice, Coca-Cola, Soy Milk, Coconut Water, Carrot Juice
Response: Orange juice is a highly acidic beverage.
Grapefruit juice is a highly acidic beverage.
Coca-Cola is a highly acidic beverage.
Soy milk is low in acidity.
Coconut water is low in acidity.
Carrot juice is low in acidity.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is the fastest car?
Response: In 2017, the Koenigsegg Agera RS reached a top speed of 447.19 km/h (277.87 mph).
Category: classification
Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or woodwind: Spinet, Caval
Response: Caval is woodwind, Spinet is string.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Why isn't multi-threading making my Python code faster? How can I fix it.
Response: Python restricts access to the interpreter with a Global Interpreter Lock, referred to as the GIL, for internal thread-safety requirements. Unfortunately, this design decision restricts only allows one thread to interpret Python code at a time, even on a machine with the capability to run multiple threads together. 

If you wish to run Python code on a set of data, and the data can be broken up into independent segments (a process known as data partitioning), you may wish to look into the multiprocessing library in Python. 

As an example, consider the function foo which takes one argument, arg1, and say you wanted to run the foo function on a number of values, say, val1, val2, and val3.

def foo(arg1):
  # do something

if __name__ == '__main__':
  foo(val1)
  foo(val2)
  foo(val3)

To have foo execute on multiple processes together, you could use the multiprocessing Pool  to run multiple worker processes together:

from multiprocessing import Pool

def foo(arg1):
  # do something

if __name__ == '__main__':
  p = Pool()
  p.map(foo, [val1, val2, val3])

The multiprocessing library also provides various other APIs for parallel programming. Would you like to know more?
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is photosynthesis?
Response: Photosynthesis is the biological process by which plants use carbon dioxide, sunlight and water to create oxygen and energy.