fedml/databricks-dolly-15k-niid huggingface dataset:
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is a mitochondrion?
Response: A mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi. Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy. They were discovered by Albert von Kölliker in 1857  in the voluntary muscles of insects. The term mitochondrion was coined by Carl Benda in 1898. The mitochondrion is popularly nicknamed the "powerhouse of the cell", a phrase coined by Philip Siekevitz in a 1957 article of the same name.

Some cells in some multicellular organisms lack mitochondria (for example, mature mammalian red blood cells). A large number of unicellular organisms, such as microsporidia, parabasalids and diplomonads, have reduced or transformed their mitochondria into other structures. One eukaryote, Monocercomonoides, is known to have completely lost its mitochondria, and one multicellular organism, Henneguya salminicola, is known to have retained mitochondrion-related organelles in association with a complete loss of their mitochondrial genome.

Mitochondria are commonly between 0.75 and 3 μm2 in cross section, but vary considerably in size and structure. Unless specifically stained, they are not visible. In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling, cellular differentiation, and cell death, as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth. Mitochondrial biogenesis is in turn temporally coordinated with these cellular processes. Mitochondria have been implicated in several human disorders and conditions, such as mitochondrial diseases, cardiac dysfunction, heart failure and autism.

The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism, tissue, and cell type. A mature red blood cell has no mitochondria, whereas a liver cell can have more than 2000. The mitochondrion is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, cristae, and matrix.

Although most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus, the mitochondrion has its own genome ("mitogenome") that is substantially similar to bacterial genomes. This finding has led to general acceptance of the endosymbiotic hypothesis - that free-living prokaryotic ancestors of modern mitochondria permanently fused with eukaryotic cells in the distant past, evolving such that modern animals, plants, fungi, and other eukaryotes are able to respire to generate cellular energy.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Who formed the rock group One Day as a Lion?
Context: One Day as a Lion was an alternative rock supergroup that was started in 2008 by Zack de la Rocha, the vocalist of Rage Against the Machine, and Jon Theodore, former drummer of The Mars Volta and current drummer of Queens of the Stone Age. The duo blended elements of rock and hip hop. One Day as a Lion released their eponymous debut EP in July 2008 on the Anti- label. The band's name comes from a quote by Benito Mussolini
Response: Zack de la Rocha and Jon Theodore
Category: summarization
Instruction: Did Trump lose the 2020 presidential election?
Context: Trump lost the 2020 presidential election to Joe Biden but refused to concede defeat, falsely claiming widespread electoral fraud and attempting to overturn the results by pressuring government officials, mounting scores of unsuccessful legal challenges, and obstructing the presidential transition. On January 6, 2021, Trump urged his supporters to march to the U.S. Capitol, which many of them then attacked, resulting in multiple deaths and interrupting the electoral vote count.
Response: Yes. Trump lost the 2020 presidential election, but refused to concede defeat. He furthermore urged his supporters to commit insurrection and attack the U.S. Capitol on January 6th 2021.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Given a reference text about Wagyu, tell me the different types of cattle that are together known as wagyu.
Context: Wagyu 

Cattle were brought to Japan from China at the same time as the cultivation of rice, in about the second century AD, in the Yayoi period.: 209  Until about the time of the Meiji Restoration in 1868, they were used only as draught animals, in agriculture, forestry, mining and for transport, and as a source of fertilizer. Milk consumption was unknown, and – for cultural and religious reasons – meat was not eaten. Cattle were highly prized and valuable, too expensive for a poor farmer to buy.: 2 

Japan was effectively isolated from the rest of the world from 1635 until 1854; there was no possibility of the intromission of foreign genes to the cattle population during this time. Between 1868, the year of the Meiji Restoration, and 1887, some 2600 foreign cattle were imported.: 7  At first, there was little interest in cross-breeding these with the native stock, but from about 1900, it became widespread. It ceased abruptly in 1910 when it was realised that, while the cross-breeds might be larger and have better dairy qualities, their working capacity and meat quality was lower.: 7  From 1919, the various heterogeneous regional populations that resulted from this brief period of cross-breeding were registered and selected as "Improved Japanese Cattle". Four separate strains were characterised, based mainly on which type of foreign cattle had most influenced the hybrids, and were recognised as individual breeds in 1944.: 8  They are collectively known as wagyū, and are:: 66 : 420 

The Japanese Black (黒毛和種, kuroge washu), which constitutes over 90% of beef cattle in Japan; regional strains within the breed include the Tottori, Tajima, Shimane and Okayama.
The Japanese Brown or Japanese Red (褐毛和種, akage washu or akaushi), the other main breed, representing about 5% of all beef cattle;: 17  reared in southern Japan, in Kōchi Prefecture on Shikoku island, and in Kumamoto Prefecture on Kyushu island.: 8 
The Japanese Polled (無角和種, mukaku washu), found principally in Yamaguchi Prefecture: 8 
The Japanese Shorthorn (日本短角和種, nihon tankaku washu), reared in northern Japan, mainly in Iwate Prefecture; it constitutes less than one percent of all wagyu cattle.[
Response: The different types of cattle that are known as Wagyu are:
- The Japanese Black
- The Japanese Brown
- The Japanese Polled
- The Japanese Shorthorn
Category: classification
Instruction: Categorize these colors as either warm colors or cool colors: yellow, red, blue, green, white, black.
Response: Yellow and red are warm colors, green and blue are cool colors, white and black are neutral colors, considered neither warm nor cool.
Category: creative_writing
Instruction: Tell me an uplifting story about a recently departed dear friend and how she continues to inspire and guide me.  Use references from Star Wars to drive the point home.
Response: One year ago, Kate departed for the Next Place. 
It struck me this morning that--while I miss her like gangbusters--she is actually still “with” me, and now, more than ever. 
She's sitting right there on a sunny day; She's giggling at me when I'm ridiculous (and I know if the same thing happened to her, she’d be self-deprecating about it and just keep going, so I keep going too!);  Her advice lulls me to sleep when I’m contemplating difficult child-rearing problems; And there she is, whispering in my ear during work meetings, when I need to make tough decisions. 
She reminds me every day that I can do this.
ALL of this. 
Kate has become a Jedi/Force Ghost...and she is more powerful now than ever.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: what is quantum computer?
Context: A quantum computer is a computer that exploits quantum mechanical phenomena. At small scales, physical matter exhibits properties of both particles and waves, and quantum computing leverages this behavior using specialized hardware. Classical physics cannot explain the operation of these quantum devices, and a scalable quantum computer could perform some calculations exponentially faster than any modern "classical" computer. In particular, a large-scale quantum computer could break widely used encryption schemes and aid physicists in performing physical simulations; however, the current state of the art is still largely experimental and impractical.
Response: A quantum computer  is a computer use quantum mechanical phenomena to conduction the calculation. The current state of the art is still largely experimental a
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What city is the capital of Alberta Canada?
Response: The capital city of the province of Alberta in Canada is Edmonton.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What are the differences between the New York Giants and New York Jets?
Response: The New York Giants and New York Jets are both professional football teams in the NFL who play in the New York Metropolitan area. Both teams play in MetLife stadium which used to be called Giants stadium in East Rutherford, NJ. Their fan bases live in New Jersey and New York primarily. The Jets primary color is Green, while the Giants are blue.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Give me a short list with five ideas for hobbies I can do at home.
Response: Hobbies you can do at home include:
- painting
- cooking
- reading
- working out
- board games
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Who is Alexander McGuire?
Response: Alexander McGuire (born 5 October 1932) is a New Zealand cricketer. He played in four first-class matches for Central Districts in 1957/58.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Where is Cabernet Sauvignon grown?
Context: Cabernet Sauvignon (French: [kabɛʁnɛ soviɲɔ̃]) is one of the world's most widely recognized red wine grape varieties. It is grown in nearly every major wine producing country among a diverse spectrum of climates from Australia and British Columbia, Canada to Lebanon's Beqaa Valley. Cabernet Sauvignon became internationally recognized through its prominence in Bordeaux wines, where it is often blended with Merlot and Cabernet Franc. From France and Spain, the grape spread across Europe and to the New World where it found new homes in places like California's Santa Cruz Mountains, Paso Robles, Napa Valley, New Zealand's Hawke's Bay, South Africa's Stellenbosch region, Australia's Margaret River, McLaren Vale and Coonawarra regions, and Chile's Maipo Valley and Colchagua. For most of the 20th century, it was the world's most widely planted premium red wine grape until it was surpassed by Merlot in the 1990s. However, by 2015, Cabernet Sauvignon had once again become the most widely planted wine grape, with a total of 341,000 hectares (3,410 km2) under vine worldwide.
Response: France, Spain, California, New Zealand, South Africa, Australia, Chile, Canada
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is the more popular name for the Londonderry Air
Response: Danny Boy
Category: classification
Instruction: Which of the following is a famous food in Dali County Shaanxi Province in China: Waterbasin Lamb, Roujiamo, fried dumplings
Response: Waterbasin Lamb
Category: classification
Instruction: Which characters belong to DC or Marvel Universe? Magneto, Dr. Polaris
Response: Dr. Polaris is DC, Magneto is Marvel
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: What is the formal definition of a large language model?
Context: Though the term large language model has no formal definition, it often refers to deep learning models having a parameter count on the order of billions or more. LLMs are general purpose models which excel at a wide range of tasks, as opposed to being trained for one specific task (such as sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or mathematical reasoning). The skill with which they accomplish tasks, and the range of tasks at which they are capable, seems to be a function of the amount of resources (data, parameter-size, computing power) devoted to them, in a way that is not dependent on additional breakthroughs in design.

Though trained on simple tasks along the lines of predicting the next word in a sentence, neural language models with sufficient training and parameter counts are found to capture much of the syntax and semantics of human language. In addition, large language models demonstrate considerable general knowledge about the world, and are able to "memorize" a great quantity of facts during training.
Response: The term large language model (LLM) does not have a formal definition. However, it often refers to deep learning models having a parameter count on the order of billions or more.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What are the primary causes of inflation?
Response: There is often a decrease in the quality of money (currency value) when the money supply increases too rapidly in an economy.
In general, economists believe that increased money supply (monetary inflation) causes price increases over the long run, but disagree on causes for short-term inflation.
Category: summarization
Instruction: Provide a bulleted summary of the history of how home-field advantage is determined for the World Series.
Context: Home-field advantage
World Series
The World Series used several different formats in its early years. Initially, it generally followed an alternating home-and-away pattern, except that if a seventh game was possible, its site was determined by coin toss prior to the sixth game. In 1924 the Series began using a 2-3-2 format, presumably to save on travel costs, a pattern that has continued to this day with the exception of a couple of the World War II years when wartime travel restrictions compelled a 3-4 format (used in 1943 and 1945, but not in the 1944 series, which was contested between crosstown rivals the St. Louis Browns and St. Louis Cardinals; all games were held in the same stadium in St. Louis). From the start of the 2-3-2 format through the 2002 season, home-field advantage generally alternated between leagues each year. Prior to the 1994 strike, the National League champion received home-field advantage in even-numbered years and the American League champion in odd-numbered years; these were reversed for 1995–2002 (because 1994 would have been the NL's turn to have home-field, but the World Series was canceled by the aforementioned strike). That changed starting in 2003.

The 2002 All-Star Game ended in a tie, much to the displeasure of both fans and sportswriters, who complained about a lack of intensity and competitiveness on the part of the players. This hit especially close to home for Commissioner Bud Selig, as the game had been played in his home city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. In response, to make the game's outcome more meaningful, in 2003, MLB began assigning home-field advantage in the World Series to the winner of that year's All-Star Game, which is typically held in mid-July.

Following the acceptance of a new collective bargaining agreement after the 2016 season (which went into effect in 2017) home-field advantage in the World Series is no longer tied to the outcome of the All-Star Game, but instead is granted to the team with the better regular-season record. One exception was 2020, when all World Series games were played at a neutral site. The home-field advantage designation in the World Series was determined based on whichever pennant winner held the higher seed in its league, not necessarily the team with the better regular season record. However, in the event both pennant winners had held the same seeding number, only then regular season records would have determined the home team in Games 1, 2, 6, and 7.
Response: Home field advantage for the World Series has been determined in the following ways throughout history:
- 1924 - 2002: Home field advantage simply alternated between the American and National Leagues each year.
- 2002 - 2016: Home field advantage was determined by the winner of the All-Star game.
- 2016 - Present: Home field advantage is determined by the team with the best record playing in the World Series.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: How many grand slams did Boris Becker win?
Response: Boris Becker won a total of six Grand Slam titles during his career. He won Wimbledon in 1985, 1986 and 1989, the US Open in 1989 and the Australian Open in 1991 and 1996.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: What kind of grand prix is the 1932 Australian Grand Prix
Context: The 1932 Australian Grand Prix was a motor race held at the Phillip Island circuit in Victoria, Australia on 14 March 1932. It was the fifth Australian Grand Prix and the fifth to be held at Phillip Island.

The race was organized by the Light Car Club of Australia, formerly known as the Victorian Light Car Club, and was limited to cars having an engine with a piston displacement of 2000cc or less. It was the first Australian Grand Prix to be decided on a straight handicap basis, with the winner being the first car to complete the 31 laps. The two "scratch" competitors had to concede starts ranging up to 29 minutes, equating to an advantage of four laps. The previous practice of cars contesting four classes was discontinued. Weather conditions were reported to be "ideal".

The race, in which there were 18 starters, was won by Bill Thompson driving a Bugatti. Thompson was also awarded the Herald Trophy for recording the fastest time of the race.
Response: The 1932 Australian Grand Prix was a motor race held at the Phillip Island circuit in Victoria, Australia on 14 March 1932. It was the fifth Australian Grand Prix and the fifth to be held at Phillip Island.

The race was organized by the Light Car Club of Australia, formerly known as the Victorian Light Car Club, and was limited to cars having an engine with a piston displacement of 2000cc or less. It was the first Australian Grand Prix to be decided on a straight handicap basis, with the winner being the first car to complete the 31 laps. The two "scratch" competitors had to concede starts ranging up to 29 minutes, equating to an advantage of four laps. The previous practice of cars contesting four classes was discontinued. Weather conditions were reported to be "ideal".

The race, in which there were 18 starters, was won by Bill Thompson driving a Bugatti. Thompson was also awarded the Herald Trophy for recording the fastest time of the race.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What are the four standard sizes of beds in the United States?
Response: From smallest to largest, the four bed sizes are twin, full, queen, and king.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What are some different types of used clothing stores?
Response: Used clothing can be purchased in a variety of settings. There are second hand or thrift stores. These often rely on donations of used clothing from community members. Sometimes the organizations running these stores uses some of the proceeds to run community building or religious programming. There are also second hand stores that buy used clothing, to sell at a premium. Some antique stores also have sections for vintage clothing. There are also online retailers of vintage or other used clothing.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Extract the pupils of Abraham van Strij from the text. Separate them with a comma.
Context: Van Strij was born and died in Dordrecht. According to the RKD he was the son of Leendert and the brother of Jacob. Both he and his brother were pupils of his father, and after taking lessons from Joris Ponse, Abraham joined his father's workshop. He was a member of the Dordrecht Guild of St. Luke and later its director. His son Abraham II also became a painter, and besides his son, he and his brother took on pupils after taking over their father's workshop. Their pupils were Pieter Rudolph Kleijn, Johannes van Lexmond, Jacob de Meijer, Johannes Rutten, Johannes Schoenmakers, Johannes Christiaan Schotel, and Gillis Smak Gregoor.
Response: Pieter Rudolph Kleijn, Johannes van Lexmond, Jacob de Meijer, Johannes Rutten, Johannes Schoenmakers, Johannes Christiaan Schotel, Gillis Smak Gregoor.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What is forward slip in aviation?
Response: It is a technique you use to lose altitude quickly without gaining airspeed.  It is not efficient aerodynamically as it causes significant drag.  The plane will appear as if it is flying sideways.  A forward slip is executed by applying aileron input with opposite rudder.  Typically full opposite rudder is needed to compensate for the aileron input.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: According to this paragraph, when was the university of virginia founded?
Context: The University of Virginia (UVA) is a public research university in Charlottesville, Virginia. It was founded in 1819 by Thomas Jefferson. Set within the Academical Village, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the university is referred to as a "Public Ivy" for offering an academic experience similar to that of an Ivy League university. It is known in part for certain rare characteristics among public universities such as its historic foundations, student-run honor code, and secret societies.
Response: The University of Virginia was founded in 1819.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Why would someone want to ride a bike?
Response: Someone might want to ride a bike for a number of different reasons. Bikes, also known as bicycles, are used for recreation, fitness, and transportation. They are very common and used in nearly every city across the globe. There are also bike races across the world, particularly in Europe, where it is a pro sport.
Category: classification
Instruction: Tell me whether these athletes play or have played in the National Football League (NFL) or the National Basketball Association (NBA): Kobe Bryant, Kawhi Leonard, LeBron James, Larry Bird, Michael Jordan
Response: National Basketball Association (NBA)
Category: creative_writing
Instruction: What is a good city to visit in Michigan in the summer?
Response: Michigan is well known for the variety of activities it offers year round. In the summer, camping, golfing, bicycling, hiking and swimming are some of the popular activities locals and visitors enjoy. While there are many great cities in the state that cater to these and other activities, a perennial favorite is Traverse City. Traverse City is located on the western side of Michigan right on Lake Michigan and Grand Traverse Bay. This side of Michigan is often referred to as the Middle or Third Coast given the abundant shoreline. Traverse City is known for ease of access to all of the activities listed above as well as offering a small town feel with larger city amenities. There are also numerous cities and destinations all within a day’s drive including the famous Sleeping Bear Sand Dunes national lakeshore. The western side of Michigan is also known for its wine production and Traverse City has over 30 wineries within a 30 minute drive. Throughout the summer, Traverse City hosts many events, the most famous being the National Cherry Festival as Michigan is the largest tart cherry producing state in the US.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Believe it or not, Jimi Hendrix only had one Top 40 hit. Which song was it?
Response: "All Along the Watchtower"
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Name the two cities in India in which Kirby Building Systems produces their goods.
Context: Kirby Building Systems is a manufacturing company specialising in pre-engineered buildings. It was established in 1976 and is a wholly owned subsidiary of Alghanim Industries. Kirby has manufacturing facilities in Kuwait, Ras Al Khaimah, Hyderabad, Haridwar and Vietnam with a production capacity of over 400,000 MT per year. It has sales offices in 70 countries.
Response: Haridwar and Hyderabad
Category: classification
Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Kakko, Akonting
Response: Akoting is string, Kakko is percussion.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Extract all the geographical places from the following passage: On Thursday we flew to Sandakan in Sabah. The Qatar flight had several newspapers available for passengers to read. On the front page of all of them were stories about Saddam Hussein and the invasion of Iraq.  When we arrived in Borneo, we saw a two-page spread in a newspaper that dove into the history of Kurdistan. The very next article celebrated the liberation of Baghdad, the city juxtaposed against a backdrop of New York City in the United States.
Response: Geographical Places: Sandakan, Sabah, Iraq, Borneo, Kurdistan, Baghdad, New York City, the United States.
Category: summarization
Instruction: What is the Eupithecia spinibarbata
Context: Eupithecia spinibarbata is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in India (Darjeeling).

The wingspan is about 19 mm. The forewings are pale whitish grey.
Response: The Eupithecia spinibarbata is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in India (Darjeeling).

The wingspan is about 19 mm. The forewings are pale whitish grey.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Who was Lawrence Grant White?
Context: Lawrence Grant White (September 26, 1887 – September 8, 1956) was an American architect, a partner in the architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White, co-founded by his father Stanford White, and for five years the president of the National Academy of Design.
Response: Lawrence Grant White was born on September 26, 1887.   He was an American Architect, and was the President of the National Academy of Design for 5 years.   Larry, as known by his friends, was born in NY, and was the son of Sanford and Elizabeth White.   Larry graduated from Harvard University in 1908.   From 1915-1917 he worked at the firm McKim, Mead, and White.
Category: summarization
Instruction: Who painted the Two Monkeys
Context: Two Monkeys or Two Chained Monkeys is a 1562 painting by Dutch and Flemish Renaissance artist Pieter Bruegel the Elder. The work is now in the Gemäldegalerie (Painting Gallery) of the Berlin State Museums.
Response: The two Monkeys or Two Chained Monkeys is a 1562 painting by Dutch and Flemish Renaissance artist Pieter Bruegel the Elder. The work is now in the Gemaeldegalerie (Painting Gallery) of the Berlin State Museums.
Category: classification
Instruction: Tell me whether these are alcoholic or non alcoholic drinks: sprite, mojito, beer, orange juice, water, manhattan, cranberry juice, milk
Response: Sprite is a non alcoholic soft drink.
Mojitos are alcoholic cocktails that typically contain rum, lime juice, simple syrup, and fresh mint.
Beer is an alcoholic beverage,
Orange juice is a non alcoholic drink.
Water is a non alcoholic beverage.
A manhattan is a an alcoholic cocktail that typically contains whiskey, vermouth, bitters and a brandied cherry for garnish.
Cranberry juice is a non alcoholic drink.
Milk is a non alcoholic drink.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: What is a multiverse?
Context: Some physicists say the multiverse is not a legitimate topic of scientific inquiry. Concerns have been raised about whether attempts to exempt the multiverse from experimental verification could erode public confidence in science and ultimately damage the study of fundamental physics. Some have argued that the multiverse is a philosophical notion rather than a scientific hypothesis because it cannot be empirically falsified. The ability to disprove a theory by means of scientific experiment is a critical criterion of the accepted scientific method. Paul Steinhardt has famously argued that no experiment can rule out a theory if the theory provides for all possible outcomes.
Response: While there is nothing scientific around the term multiverse, the term has been popularized by science fiction, and conveys the idea that there are many iterations of universes that are tied together, but each in it's own way unique
Category: summarization
Instruction: Who is Hermenegildo Sosa and what is he known for?
Context: Hermenegildo Sosa (born April 12, 1946) is a Mexican painter and art professor who is best known for colorful depictions of Mexican rural landscapes, especially those of his home state of Tlaxcala. He was born there into a farming family, whose economic condition delayed his education as he had to work from a young age. In his teens he arrived to Mexico City to work as a domestic, but this allowed him to attend school, including painting classes. Eventually, he entered the Escuela Nacional de Pintura, Escultura y Grabado "La Esmeralda", where he eventually gained a career as a professor.
Response: Hermenegildo Sosa is a Mexican painter and art professor born in 1946. He is best known for his colorful depictions of Mexican rural landscapes, especially those of him home state in Tlaxcala.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is dry ice?
Response: Dry Ice is frozen carbon dioxide that turns into a gas when defrosts.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: What is linux Bootloader
Context: A bootloader, also spelled as boot loader or called boot manager and bootstrap loader, is a computer program that is responsible for booting a computer.

When a computer is turned off, its software including operating systems, application code, and data‍—‌remains stored on non-volatile memory. When the computer is powered on, it typically does not have an operating system or its loader in random-access memory (RAM). The computer first executes a relatively small program stored in read-only memory (ROM, and later EEPROM, NOR flash) along with some needed data, to initialize RAM (especially on x86 systems), to access the nonvolatile device (usually block device, eg NAND flash) or devices from which the operating system programs and data can be loaded into RAM.

Some earlier computer systems, upon receiving a boot signal from a human operator or a peripheral device, may load a very small number of fixed instructions into memory at a specific location, initialize at least one CPU, and then point the CPU to the instructions and start their execution. These instructions typically start an input operation from some peripheral device (which may be switch-selectable by the operator). Other systems may send hardware commands directly to peripheral devices or I/O controllers that cause an extremely simple input operation (such as "read sector zero of the system device into memory starting at location 1000") to be carried out, effectively loading a small number of boot loader instructions into memory; a completion signal from the I/O device may then be used to start execution of the instructions by the CPU.

Smaller computers often use less flexible but more automatic boot loader mechanisms to ensure that the computer starts quickly and with a predetermined software configuration. In many desktop computers, for example, the bootstrapping process begins with the CPU executing software contained in ROM (for example, the BIOS of an IBM PC or an IBM PC compatible) at a predefined address (some CPUs, including the Intel x86 series are designed to execute this software after reset without outside help). This software contains rudimentary functionality to search for devices eligible to participate in booting, and load a small program from a special section (most commonly the boot sector) of the most promising device, typically starting at a fixed entry point such as the start of the sector.
Response: A bootloader is a program written in machine code that loads the operating system into RAM during the boot process.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: What is deep learning?
Context: Deep learning is part of a broader family of machine learning methods based on artificial neural networks with representation learning. Learning can be supervised, semi-supervised or unsupervised.

Deep-learning architectures such as deep neural networks, deep belief networks, deep reinforcement learning, recurrent neural networks, convolutional neural networks and transformers have been applied to fields including computer vision, speech recognition, natural language processing, machine translation, bioinformatics, drug design, medical image analysis, climate science, material inspection and board game programs, where they have produced results comparable to and in some cases surpassing human expert performance.

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were inspired by information processing and distributed communication nodes in biological systems. ANNs have various differences from biological brains. Specifically, artificial neural networks tend to be static and symbolic, while the biological brain of most living organisms is dynamic (plastic) and analog.

The adjective "deep" in deep learning refers to the use of multiple layers in the network. Early work showed that a linear perceptron cannot be a universal classifier, but that a network with a nonpolynomial activation function with one hidden layer of unbounded width can. Deep learning is a modern variation that is concerned with an unbounded number of layers of bounded size, which permits practical application and optimized implementation, while retaining theoretical universality under mild conditions. In deep learning the layers are also permitted to be heterogeneous and to deviate widely from biologically informed connectionist models, for the sake of efficiency, trainability and understandability.
Response: Deep learning is part of a broader family of machine learning methods based on artificial neural networks with representation learning.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What should I check when planning a trip?
Response: In addition to the usual items like air tickets, accommodation, sightseeing spots, visa requirements, travel restrictions, ... you should also check some of these depending on where you’re heading:
- Monsoon season if for example traveling to Southeast Asia. It tends to rain more during this season which may impact the activities you can do or the road conditions. Keep in mind that the monsoon season varies across countries and even across regions of the same country.
- Major holidays: Including public holidays, festivals, school holidays. These impact the opening hours and the crowd at sightseeing spots. Check the major holidays in neighbouring countries as well. For example, long holidays in Australia may affect the crowd in Bali, Indonesia as a popular travel destination, or the Golden week in Japan means that a lot of locals would travel around Japan.
- Major events: Including popular festivals and major sport events. You are either interested in some of these events so you may want to plan your trip to attend those or you may want to avoid them as finding accommodation and air tickets can be more difficult and more expensive. For example, it is more difficult to travel to Melbourne during the Australian Open.
- Natural phenomena: Such as the cyclone season in Fiji or the jellyfish season in Cairns, Australia.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is the tallest structure in the Western Hemisphere?
Response: The CN Tower in Toronto, Ontario, Canada is the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. It was completed in 1976, and was the tallest structure in the world from 1975 until 2007, when it was surpassed by the Burj Khalifa.
Category: classification
Instruction: Identify which car manufacturer is German or American: Canoo, Pegasus
Response: Pegasus is German, Canoo is American
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Give me a list of popular DTC brands
Response: - Allbirds
- Away
- Warby Parker
- Stitch Fix
- Harry's
- Peloton
- Casper
- Birchbox
- Shein
- Chubbies
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Given the below text, how many days did it take for Captain Lewis to sail the Borneo from Banjarmasin to Madras? Explain how you did this calculation
Context: Borneo was launched in 1713 on the River Thames and made two voyages for the British East India Company (EIC) to Banjarmasin, Bencoolen, and Borneo. She then became a West Indiaman.

EIC voyage #1 (1713–1716): Captain Thomas Lewis sailed from The Downs on 2 October 1713, bound for Banjarmasin and Bencoolen. Borneo was at the Cape of Good Hope on 30 January 1714 and reached Batavia on 7 May. She was at Banjarmasin on 1 July and Bencoolen on 26 December. She was then at Bantal on 23 January 1715 before returning to Bencoolen on 9 February. She returned to Bantal on 4 March and Bencoolen on 29 March. She then was at Batavia on 13 June and Bencoolen yet again on 24 August. She stopped at Madras on 21 February 1716, and visited Bencoolen for the last time on 30 May. Her voyage ended on 1 August 1717.
Response: It took 600 days. The Borneo was in Banjarmasin on July 1st 1714, and then arrived in Madras on February 21st 1716. There are 600 days between these dates.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Give me a few ways that I can get stronger and in better shape before the next ski season.
Response: Skiing requires both muscular strength and endurance in your legs and core, and it is important that as you exercise these muscles your knees and other joints are strengthened as well. Some good leg and knee exercises to prepare for skiing include both normal lunges and reverse lunges, lateral jumps, and both normal planks and side planks. Improving your cardiovascular health is also important, although this can be done in any way that keeps your heart rate in Zone 2 or Zone 3 for an extended duration of time.
Category: classification
Instruction: I have a vegan friend coming over for dinner, which of the items in my kitchen can I use to make vegan food: chicken, kale, lettuce, honey, eggplant, tomato, rice,  cheese, yoghurt, ice-cream and chocolate.
Response: To prepare a vegan meal you will be able to use any items that do not contain animal products. From the list provided, you can use: lettuce, eggplant, tomato and rice.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Why do cloud providers use dedicated hardware for network and storage processing but not large enterprises for their private cloud?
Response: Large cloud providers use dedicated hardware called data processing unit (DPU) to support multi-tenancy and isolation in hardware vs. hypervisor, improve performance through offload, own and control the entire infrastructure stack, free up cores to generate more revenue, and scale to support a large number of tenants and workloads. Large enterprises don't have similar needs except for a few applications that require high performance, low latency, and scale. Moreover, enterprises want to reduce their investment in building and managing data centers.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: What are main vegetables in V8 juice?
Context: The original V8 is a savory juice. It is made mainly from water and tomato concentrate, and reconstituted vegetable juice blend: water and concentrate of eight vegetables, specifically: beets, celery, carrots, lettuce, parsley, watercress, spinach, and tomato. Campbell's has produced several varieties of the drink, such as Original, Spicy Hot, Hint of Black Pepper, Lemon, Picante, Low-Sodium, and Organic.

Three spin-offs of the V8 brand, "V8 Energy", "V8 Splash" and "V8 V•Fusion", are blends of fruit and vegetable (specifically carrot) juices. V8 Splash is a juice cocktail partially sweetened with high-fructose corn syrup and sucralose; diet versions of V8 Splash omit the high-fructose corn syrup. V8 Energy also classifies as a cocktail and is partially sweetened with sucralose. V•Fusion is made from 100% juice.
Response: beets, celery, carrots, lettuce, parsley, watercress, spinach, and tomato
Category: summarization
Instruction: What is the role of the coxswain?
Context: The coxswain (or simply the cox) is the member who steers the boat using rudder strings, and coordinates the power and rhythm of the rowers, by communicating to the crew, often through a device called a cox box and speakers. The cox usually sits in the stern of the boat facing the rowers but in bowloaders, usually seen in the coxed four and coxed pair types of boat, the coxswain lies in the bow.
Response: A coxswain sits in the stern of a rowing boat. A coxswain steers using rudder strings and coordinates the rowers through speakers located throughout the boat.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What is the main difference between decoder only transformer and encoder only transformer?
Response: The main difference is that the encoder-only transformer looks at the input sequence from both directions, both front and the back, this means they can better understand the relationships between each token in the sequence. On the other hand, the decoder-only transformer only look at one direction of the input, which means they are better suited for autoregressive language tasks such as text generation.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: How did the Australian Shepard get its name?
Response: Despite its name, the Australian Shepard is not actually from Australia but its origins trace back to the United States (California to be specific), where the breed was first developed. Australian Shepards were bred from a variety herding breeds, including shepherds from the Asturias region of Spain, and at one point were known as Spanish Shepherds.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What are places that should be on everyone's bucket list?
Response: Everyone's bucket list should include Acadia National Park in Maine, Arches National Park in Utah, Venice (Italy), Petra (Jordan), Santorini (Greece), Rothenburn ob der Tauber (Germany), New York City, Sydney (Australia), Hong Kong, Califoria's Big Sur coastline, London, Paris, Rome, Florence and the Amalfi Coast.
Category: classification
Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or woodwind: Sarangi, Basset horn
Response: Sarangi is string, Basset down is woodwind.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Is a Hot dog a sandwich?
Response: Technically a sandwich is defined as being made from 2 slices of some sort of bread or a split in half roll. By that definition, yes a hotdog is a sandwich. 

This is however an extremely contentious subject that many dispute.
Category: classification
Instruction: How many toes does a cat have?
Response: A cat typically has five toes: four on its paw pad and one smaller one on the side of its arm called the declaw. Some cats are polydactyl, which means they could have more than the average number of toes.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Given this paragraph about the terrain of the Iberian Peninsula, tell me the highest point in the peninsula and its altitude.
Context: The terrain of the Iberian Peninsula is largely mountainous. The major mountain systems are:

The Pyrenees and their foothills, the Pre-Pyrenees, crossing the isthmus of the peninsula so completely as to allow no passage except by mountain road, trail, coastal road or tunnel. Aneto in the Maladeta massif, at 3,404 m, is the highest point

The Mulhacén, the highest peak in the Iberian Peninsula
The Cantabrian Mountains along the northern coast with the massive Picos de Europa. Torre de Cerredo, at 2,648 m, is the highest point
The Galicia/Trás-os-Montes Massif in the Northwest is made up of very old heavily eroded rocks. Pena Trevinca, at 2,127 m, is the highest point
The Sistema Ibérico, a complex system at the heart of the peninsula, in its central/eastern region. It contains a great number of ranges and divides the watershed of the Tagus, Douro and Ebro rivers. Moncayo, at 2,313 m, is the highest point
The Sistema Central, dividing the Iberian Plateau into a northern and a southern half and stretching into Portugal (where the highest point of Continental Portugal (1,993 m) is located in the Serra da Estrela). Pico Almanzor in the Sierra de Gredos is the highest point, at 2,592 m
The Montes de Toledo, which also stretches into Portugal from the La Mancha natural region at the eastern end. Its highest point, at 1,603 m, is La Villuerca in the Sierra de Villuercas, Extremadura
The Sierra Morena, which divides the watershed of the Guadiana and Guadalquivir rivers. At 1,332 m, Bañuela is the highest point
The Baetic System, which stretches between Cádiz and Gibraltar and northeast towards Alicante Province. It is divided into three subsystems:
Prebaetic System, which begins west of the Sierra Sur de Jaén, reaching the Mediterranean Sea shores in Alicante Province. La Sagra is the highest point at 2,382 m.
Subbaetic System, which is in a central position within the Baetic Systems, stretching from Cape Trafalgar in Cádiz Province across Andalusia to the Region of Murcia. The highest point, at 2,027 m (6,650 ft), is Peña de la Cruz in Sierra Arana.
Penibaetic System, located in the far southeastern area stretching between Gibraltar across the Mediterranean coastal Andalusian provinces. It includes the highest point in the peninsula, the 3,478 m high Mulhacén in the Sierra Nevada.
Response: The highest point in the Iberian Peninsula is Mulhacen, located within the Penibaetic System. Its altitude is 3,478 m, or 11,411 ft
Category: open_qa
Instruction: How many James Bond movies did Daniel Craig star in?
Response: Daniel Craig starred in 5 James Bond movies
Category: classification
Instruction: Tell me if these vegetables are or are not green: carrot, courgette, bell pepper, radish, spaghetti squash, onion.
Response: carrot - not green
courgette - green
bell pepper - may be green
radish - not green
spaghetti squash - not green
onion - may be green
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What are the top reasons to become a vegan?
Response: -climate change 
-animal agriculture 
-health
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What were the horcruxes in the Harry Potter book series?
Response: In the Harry Potter book series, a horcrux is defined as an object that contains a shard of someones soul. The main villain of the story, Voldemort, performed a violent ceremony to split his soul a total of seven times (although one was accidental). The horcruxes he made were Tom Riddle's diary, Marvolo Gaunt's ring, Slytherin's locket, Hufflepuff's cup, Ravenclaw's diadem, Nagini (the snake), and Harry Potter.
Category: summarization
Instruction: What's the Moroccan infrastructure ?
Context: According to the Global Competitiveness Report of 2019, Morocco Ranked 32nd in the world in terms of Roads, 16th in Sea, 45th in Air and 64th in Railways. This gives Morocco the best infrastructure rankings in the African continent.

Modern infrastructure development, such as ports, airports, and rail links, is a top government priority. To meet the growing domestic demand, the Moroccan government invested more than $15 billion from 2010 to 2015 in upgrading its basic infrastructure.

Morocco has one of the best road systems on the continent. Over the past 20 years, the government has built approximately 1770 kilometers of modern roads, connecting most major cities via toll expressways. The Moroccan Ministry of Equipment, Transport, Logistics, and Water aims to build an additional 3380 kilometers of expressway and 2100 kilometers of highway by 2030, at an expected cost of $9.6 billion. It focuses on linking the southern provinces, notably the cities of Laayoune and Dakhla to the rest of Morocco.

In 2014, Morocco began the construction of the first high-speed railway system in Africa linking the cities of Tangiers and Casablanca. It was inaugurated in 2018 by the King following over a decade of planning and construction by Moroccan national railway company ONCF. It is the first phase of what is planned to eventually be a 1,500 kilometeres (930 mi) high-speed rail network in Morocco. An extension of the line to Marrakesh is already being planned.

Morocco also has the largest port in Africa and the Mediterranean called Tanger-Med, which is ranked the 18th in the world with a handling capacity of over 9 million containers. It is situated in the Tangiers free economic zone and serves as a logistics hub for Africa and the world.
Response: Morocco has the best infrastructure in Africa.Morocco is ranked 32 in the world in terms of Roads, 16th in Sea , 45th in Air and 64 in Railways. A High-speed railway system was inaugurated in 2018. It's linking the cities of Tangiers and Casablanca. An extension of the line is already planned.
Morocco has also  the largest port in Africa called Tanger Med. It's ranked 18th in the world.