fedml/databricks-dolly-15k-niid huggingface dataset:
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Given a reference text about the incudomalleolar joint, tell me its main function.
Context: The incudomalleolar joint (more correctly called incudomallear joint) or articulatio incudomallearis is a small synovial joint between the malleus (hammer) and the incus (anvil). The joint's function is to transfer vibrations between the ossicles in the middle ear, which is perceived as sound. Contrary to other synovial joints the movement is very limited. All of the ossicles move more or less as a unit, at least at low frequencies.

When the eardrum is moved inward due to sound vibrations, transferred through the outer ear, it transmits to the handle or manubrium of the malleus which is connected to the ear drum. The head of the malleus (caput mallei) moves with it and transfers energy/movement to the corpus of the incus (corpus incudis), which is located directly behind. The sound vibrations are then transferred to the stapes (stirrup) through the incudostapedial joint.
Response: The function of the incudomalleolar joint is to transfer vibrations between the ossicles in the middle ear.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Why do people like gardening?
Response: People like to garden to grow their own food, flowers, and medicine, as well as experience the outdoors and natural ecosystems around us.  Some also like to garden to improve the aesthetics and monetary value of their property.
Category: classification
Instruction: Which is a bird or fish: Red-crested pochard, Redfish
Response: Redfish is a fish, Red-crested pochard is a bird
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What are some good body weight exercises for the upper body?
Response: Some good body weight exercises for the upper body include parallel bar dips, pull ups, one arm planks, and push ups.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Where was Tabunia
Response: Tabunia, is an ancient city and former bishopric of Roman North Africa, which remains a Latin Catholic titular see.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is a romance language?
Response: Romance languages are a subset of languages derived from Latin roots into fully fledged nationally spoken languages. Examples of Romance languages are French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: why wax snowboard?
Response: Waxing snowboard improves the speed of the skiing by reducing friction
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: What parts are there in an academic dress? Extract them and place them in a numbered list.
Context: Academic dress is a traditional form of clothing for academic settings, mainly tertiary (and sometimes secondary) education, worn mainly by those who have obtained a university degree (or similar), or hold a status that entitles them to assume them (e.g., undergraduate students at certain old universities). It is also known as academical dress, academicals, and, in the United States, as academic regalia.

Contemporarily, it is commonly seen only at graduation ceremonies, but formerly academic dress was, and to a lesser degree in many ancient universities still is, worn daily. Today, the ensembles are distinctive in some way to each institution, and generally consist of a gown (also known as a robe) with a separate hood, and usually a cap (generally either a square academic cap, a tam, or a bonnet). Academic dress is also worn by members of certain learned societies and institutions as official dress.
Response: 1. Gown
2. Hood
3. Cap
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Think up a bunch of different ways to exercise
Response: Running, walking, jogging, weight lifting, swimming, yoga, biking, boxing, sit ups, pushups, planks, jumping jacks
Category: summarization
Instruction: Where is Przystań?
Context: Przystań [ˈpʂɨstaɲ] (German: Pristanien, from 1938-45 Passdorf) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Węgorzewo, within Węgorzewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) west of Węgorzewo and 89 km (55 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

The village has a population of 80.
Response: Przystań is a small village in Poland close to the Russia border. It has a population of 80
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Is cricket a popular sports in USA?
Response: Cricket is not a popular sports in USA. Although, it is getting popularity due to multiple reasons. First, the immigrants from Asia, Australia and UK  have taken initiatives to launch local leagues for their second generation living in USA. Second, the Microsoft has recently invested in an international level cricket ground in Redmond, Washington. The USA also has recently launched a state level cricket league which will represent some known legends of Cricket.
Category: classification
Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Whip, Waldzither
Response: Waldzither is string, Whip is percussion.
Category: summarization
Instruction: Provide me some details about United States attorneys with the given text as a reference.
Context: United States attorneys are officials of the U.S. Department of Justice who serve as the chief federal law enforcement officers in each of the 94 U.S. federal judicial districts. Each U.S. attorney serves as the United States' chief federal criminal prosecutor in their judicial district and represents the U.S. federal government in civil litigation in federal and state court within their geographic jurisdiction. U.S. attorneys must be nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate, after which they serve four-year terms.
Response: 1. In each of the 94 federal court districts in the United States, United States attorneys are representatives of the U.S. Department of Justice who act as the top federal law enforcement officials.
2. Each U.S. attorney represents the U.S. federal government in civil action in federal and state court within their geographic jurisdiction and acts as the country's top federal criminal prosecutor in their judicial district.
3. U.S. attorneys serve four-year terms after being appointed by the President and being confirmed by the Senate.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Extract the population for Paris mentioned in the paragraph
Context: Paris (English: /ˈpærɪs/; French pronunciation: ​[paʁi] (listen)) is the capital and most populous city of France, with an official estimated population of 2,102,650 residents as of 1 January 2023 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the fourth-most populated city in the European Union as well as the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2022. Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of the world's major centres of finance, diplomacy, commerce, fashion, gastronomy, and science. For its leading role in the arts and sciences, as well as its early and extensive system of street lighting, in the 19th century it became known as "the City of Light". Like London, prior to the Second World War, it was also sometimes called the capital of the world.
Response: The official estimated population of Paris is 2,102,650 residents
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What are some easy to buy birthday gifts for a coworker?
Response: A book, a giftcard, a box of chocolates, a bag of candy, a desk plant or a desk decoration
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Why do you practice Kyokushin karate?
Response: Kyokushin karate represents a traditional form of karate focused on full-contact, bare-handed techniques. It's a response to the commercialized forms of karate that while they have their benefits have lost much of the original intent and effectiveness of the martial arts form.  In Kyokushin, you learn to not just deliver blows but to receive them, to endure pain and discomfort and to overcome the fear of being hit.  This helps you develop the mental and emotional fortitude to remain composed in difficult situations.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What is gravity?
Response: Gravity is the force by which a planet or other body draws objects toward its center. The force of gravity keeps all of the planets in orbit around the sun.
Gravity (or the acceleration due to gravity) is 9.81 meters per second squared, on the surface of Earth, because of the size of Earth and the distance we are on its surface from its center.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Can you suggest 5 ways to use a Katana other than a weapon ?
Response: 1. The Katana in its' sheath can be used as a walking stick
2. Used to removed overgrown foliage. 
3. Can presented as a gift 
4. Decorative purposes for your office, house or vehicle    
5. Fancy dress events
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Given this paragraph about history of China, what is the name of the river that nurtured China's civilization.
Context: The history of the area now known as China has alternated between periods of prosperity, political unity, and peace and periods of war and statehood. The Yellow River nurtured China's civilization. Between eras of multiple kingdoms and warlordism, Chinese dynasties have ruled parts or all of China; in some eras control stretched as far as Xinjiang, Tibet and Inner Mongolia, as at present. The regions were occupied by other people-groups; often, non-settled peoples of the steppe identified as Mongolic, Turkic and Khitan. With thousands of years of continuous history, China is among the world's oldest civilizations and is regarded as one of the cradles of civilization.
Response: The river nurtured China's civilization is named the Yellow River
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: How is a circular economy different than the USA's economy?
Context: A circular economy (also referred to as circularity and CE) is a model of production and consumption, which involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling existing materials and products for as long as possible. CE aims to tackle global challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, waste, and pollution by emphasizing the design-based implementation of the three base principles of the model. The three principles required for the transformation to a circular economy are: eliminating waste and pollution, circulating products and materials, and the regeneration of nature. CE is defined in contradistinction to the traditional linear economy. The idea and concepts of circular economy (CE) have been studied extensively in academia, business, and government over the past ten years. CE has been gaining popularity because it helps to minimize emissions and consumption of raw materials, open up new market prospects and principally, increase the sustainability of consumption and improve resource efficiency.

At a government level, CE is viewed as means of combating global warming as well as a facilitator of long-term growth. CE may geographically connect actors and resources to stop material loops at the regional level. In its core principle, the European Parliament defines CE as, “a model of production and consumption, which involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling existing materials and products as long as possible. In this way, the life cycle of products is extended.”

In a linear economy, natural resources are turned into products that are ultimately destined to become waste because of the way they have been designed and manufactured. This process is often summarized by "take, make, waste". By contrast, a circular economy employs reuse, sharing, repair, refurbishment, remanufacturing and recycling to create a closed-loop system, reducing the use of resource inputs and the creation of waste, pollution and carbon emissions. The circular economy aims to keep products, materials, equipment and infrastructure in use for longer, thus improving the productivity of these resources. Waste materials and energy should become input for other processes through waste valorization: either as a component for another industrial process or as regenerative resources for nature (e.g., compost). The Ellen MacArthur Foundation (EMF) defines the circular economy as an industrial economy that is restorative or regenerative by value and design.
Response: A circular economy focuses on the principles of eliminating waste and pollution, circulating products and materials, and the regeneration of nature. In contrast, most capitalistic economies are called "linear" in that raw materials are turned into products which are eventually discarded. While a circular economy focuses on sustainable consumption on an Earth with limited resources, linear economies like the USA's implicitly assume a never-ending supply of raw material inputs.
Category: classification
Instruction: What is the best football club in the world in 23 between Arsenal, Real Madrid, Napoli, Manchester City, and Bayern Munich?
Response: The answer is : 
1. Manchester City 
2. Bayern Munich 
3. Napoli
4. Real Madrid
5. Arsenal
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Give me an example of a screened subnet
Response: In network security a screened subnet refers to the use of one or more logical screening routers as a firewall to define three separate subnets: an external router (sometimes called an access router), that separates the external network from a perimeter network, and an internal router (sometimes called a choke router) that separates the perimeter network from the internal network. The perimeter network, also called a border network or demilitarized zone (DMZ), is intended for hosting servers (sometimes called bastion hosts) that are accessible from or have access to both the internal and external networks. The purpose of a screened subnet or DMZ is to establish a network with heightened security that is situated between an external and presumed hostile network, such as the Internet or an extranet, and an internal network.

A screened subnet is an essential concept for e-commerce or any entity that has a presence in the World Wide Web or is using electronic payment systems or other network services because of the prevalence of hackers, advanced persistent threats, computer worms, botnets, and other threats to networked information systems.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What are the different methods to open a pomegranate?
Response: 1 - Vertical cutting: roll the pomegranate over the surface of the cutting board to loosen the seeds; position it in the middle; cut the top (flower) and pop it off; slice it in half vertically along the ridges; cut each of the ridges to create 5 slices and then tear it apart to remove the seeds.
2 - Submerging it in water to remove the seeds: fill a large bowl with cool water; make a shallow cut down the side and use your thumbs to tear it into 2 halves then place them in the water and use your fingers to nudge the seeds free and finally strain the seeds into a bowl.
3 - Removing seeds with a wooden spoon: make a shallow horizontal slice in the middle and tear it into 2 halves; for each half place it seeds side down over a bowl and hit the skin with a wooden spoon for seeds to fall out.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What are the best movies I've ever seen?
Response: Game Night, Goodwill Hunting, The Hangover, The Wolf of Wall Street, The Godfather, Goodfellas, Dances with Wolves, The Firm, The Game.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: how to become fit
Response: Getting fit is a journey than just a milestone. It starts with maintaining a positive attitude, healthy lifestyle comprising of good eating habits, good sleep cycle and an active lifestyle. If you are trying to get fit, start with making small life style changes like including walking, running, a sport, an exercise routine or any activity that you think is fun in your every day life. Apart from that eat healthy and get good sleep for your body & mind to rest and recover.  Most importantly remember that there are no short cuts or a quick solution to getting fit. So start you journey today and enjoy yourself.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Best places to visit in India During Winter to experience Snowfall
Response: Kashmir, Manali, Shimla, Sikkim, Tawang
Category: classification
Instruction: Which numbers between 1 to 10 are prime numbers and which are composite numbers?
Response: 2,3,5,7 are prime numbers. 4,6,8,9,10 are composite numbers.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is 12-3-30?
Response: 12-3-3- is the viral workout trend that's been popularized on social media. It entails walking on a treadmill at an incline of 12, a speed of 3 mph, for 30 minutes.
Category: classification
Instruction: Identify which of these episodes appear in Season 5 or Season 6 of The X-Files: The Pine Bluff Variant, Bad Blood, Detour, Emily, Christmas Carol, The End, Dreamland, Triangle, Drive, The Beginning, S.R. 819, Field Trip
Response: Season 5: The Pine Bluff Variant, Bad Blood, Detour, Emily, Christmas Carol, The End
Season 6: Dreamland, Triangle, Drive, The Beginning, S.R. 819, Field Trip
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Who's the protagonist in the book "Gone with the wind"
Response: Scarlett O Hara
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Give me some facts about Ethiopia?
Response: Ethiopia is a federal parliamentary republic with a population of 113,656,596 people, as of 2021 (World factbook). The country is led by Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, who came to power in 2018. Voting is allowed for citizens over 18 years of age, but it is not mandatory. Despite its leadership in government, Ethiopia faces significant issues with corruption. According to a corruption scale, the country ranks 129th out of 180 countries, with bribery being a common occurrence in government affairs. Agriculture is a major part of Ethiopia's economy, with 38.5 million hectares of land being cultivated in 2020(World factbook). The major crops grown in the country include coffee, pulses, oilseeds, cereals, potatoes, sugarcane, and vegetables. Approximately 80% of Ethiopia's population resides in rural areas due to the need for farming, while the remaining 20% lives in urban areas.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is GraphQL?
Response: GraphQL is an open-source data query language and data manipulation language for APIs, and a query runtime engine.
Category: classification
Instruction: I'm preparing for a trip to Barbados. Which of these things would it be wise or unwise or dangerous to take: swimwear, fireworks, ski-jacket, sunscreen, hat, sunglasses and bike helmet.
Response: You would be wise to take: sunscreen, hat, swimwear and sunglasses.
You would be unwise to take: ski-jacket, bike helmet
It would be dangerous to take: fireworks
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: How much did Shaffer donate?
Context: In 2018, Butler County Community College created The Shaffer School of Nursing and Allied Health after Shaffer donated $1 million to the school.
Response: $1 million
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Do you prefer a Tesla model S or a Porsche Taycan
Response: Tesla model S and Porsche Taycan share many similarities. They are both premium electric vehicles starting from $80k. Some say that Tesla has a better acceleration speed with its best trim Plaid S of 0-100km/h in 2.3s, while the the Porsche Taycan Turbo S can do in 2.8s. However, some people prefer Porsche Taycan for its brand for luxury and better in-car furnitures.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Why is lacrosse considered the fastest game on two feet?
Response: During both mens and women's lacrosse games, the ball moves very quickly over a large field, both by passing between players as well as the players running the ball themselves from the defensive to offense ends of the field.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: How do I choose a new phone?
Response: There are many options when choosing a new smartphone. Many boil down to personal preference, but you should always look at your own personal needs and weigh those against the pros and cons of each phone. Some of the main things that people look for when choosing a new phone are:

- Price
- Camera Quality
- Battery Life
- Ease of Use
- Speed
- Connectivity (WiFi, Bluetooth, and Cellular Data)

Some other things to consider are the ecosystem of services you may already use (e.g. Apple ID or Google accounts), and how long you expect to need to use the device for (longevity). In general, more expensive mobile hardware will last longer than lest costly devices.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Tell me about the Boxer dog
Response: The Boxer was originally bred in Germany as a working breed. They are considered great family dogs.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: How Should I train my dog?
Response: 10 years ago the very common approach to dog training was the "Alpha" approach, also known as dominance training.  This approach focuses on building a pack structure in the home where the humans are seen as higher in the pecking order than the dogs in the home.  Examples include leading at all times (ie through doorways and walks), and only allowing your dog to eat after you’ve finished dinner and using training aids like a shock/vibration collar to enforce behaviors. 

In recent years, many experts have recommended a positive reinforcement based training approach.  Although there are a lot of nuances, at its core this method uses rewards to guide your dog towards desired behaviors. Positive reinforcement training typically means using a signal (like a word or a noise) combined with training treats, loved toys or verbal praise to reinforce good behaviors or actions. Other benefits include strengthening the relationship between owner and dog and building a happy training environment.
Category: classification
Instruction: Identify which animal species is alive or extinct: Sivatherium, Bowhead Whale
Response: Bowhead Whale is alive, Sivatherium is extinct.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is Emotional Quotient (EQ)/Emotional Intelligence, and why is it a critical trait for leaders to possess?
Response: Emotional Quotient (EQ), also referred to as Emotional Intelligence, has been defined to mean the levels of self awareness, self management, social awareness, and relationship management, that an individual has.  High levels of all of these 4 EQ traits are important qualities for a effective managers. Essentially, someone with high EQ is very aware of how they are perceived, but just as importantly, they have an innate ability to discern others' feelings and motivations. Leaders with high EQ are interested in learning about what makes their employees tick, and they are aware that many people have completely different motivations. For example, a manager with high EQ understands that even though they may not personally be motivated primarily by receiving positive feedback, that if someone on their team becomes extremely motivated by praise for a job well done, they must make sure they are regularly delivering the kudos that employee thrives on.  In the past, there was a lot of focus on IQ, and while that can be a quality of a good manager, it is often more of the 'intangibles' of EQ and other personality traits that define an inspirational leader.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Do cats have nine lives?
Response: No
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: How does the "fire power" help Fargus?
Context: Pandemonium 2 is a psychedelic 2.5D game; specifically, it renders characters and environments with polygons and uses a 3D camera to create the appearance of 3-D, while gameplay is actually on a 2-D plane. Players can choose to be either Nikki or Fargus - who each have different specialties - with the option to change for each level. The player characters' abilities have been expanded over those in Pandemonium! with the ability to climb ropes, crawl, and pull themselves up ledges. During the quest, players can earn extra lives by collecting treasure.

Unique powers collected during gameplay may replace, extend or add to previous powers, depending on which character is in play and which power has been obtained. The characters handle the unique powers differently. For instance, collecting the "fire power" allows Nikki to shoot destructive fireballs, while it grants Fargus invincibility and a deadly touch, but requires him to constantly move forward. Machines and equipment are also available throughout the game, although they are tied to certain areas.
Response: It grants Fargus invincibility and a deadly touch.
Category: creative_writing
Instruction: What are some of the things to know about New York City?
Response: New York is the most populous city in USA. It is located in the southern tip of New York State. It is home of the Yankee Stadium which is the most famous baseball stadium in the world. It is a major transportation hub with global connectivity with three major airport, two major train stations, and a huge subway network. It is situated in the worlds largest natural harbor extending into the Atlantic Ocean.  As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: India’s overall food grain production (based on 4th Advance estimates) is estimated to have touched how much?
Response: 315.72 million tonnes in 2021-22 crop year ( last year it was 310.74mt)
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What is the difference between the Netherlands and Holland?
Response: The two are often used interchangeably to refer to the country of the Netherlands. They are not the same however. The Netherlands is a country in Western Europe. Holland is a region in the Netherlands with the majority of the population, roughly consisting of the two provinces North Holland and South Holland.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Who won the India’s highest literary award 56th Jnanpith award
Response: Nilmani Phookan(Assamese Poet)
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: How to survive the zombie apocalypse ?
Response: -Picking the right group of collaborative survivors is key to success 
-Have an open mind, learn to work better with strangers   
-Learn a new survival skill - Sewing , cooking , fishing, hunting , farming 
-Have a well stocked survival bag that has food and water for at least a week
-Learn how to use a firearm 
-Take a self defense class 
-Mark out several safe areas you can seek shelter in 
-Learn basic DIY skills, plumbing, electrical maintenance and carpentry
-Pick the right shoes, comfortable for daily usage but also provide protection from nails, rocks and other dangerous objects
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is predictive maintenance?
Response: Predictive Maintenance is widely used in the manufacturing industry. It is all about figuring out when an asset should be maintained, and what specific maintenance activities need to be performed, based on an asset’s actual condition or state, rather than on a fixed schedule, so that you can maximize uptime and productivity. It is all about predicting & preventing failures and performing the right maintenance routines in order to reduce costly equipment downtimes.
Category: classification
Instruction: Choose the word which is different from the rest: chicken, snake, swan, crocodile, frog
Response: All except chicken can live in water
Category: classification
Instruction: Tell me which continent the following cities are in:
- Seattle
- Helsinki 
- Lagos
- Osaka
- Istanbul
Response: Seattle is located in North America
Helsinki is in Europe
Lagos is in Africa
Osaka is in Asia
Istanbul is partially located in both Europe and Asia
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What is T20 cricket?
Response: The T20 cricket is one of the three officially recognised formats of cricket game. In this format, each inning consists of 20 overs, i.e, a total of 120 legal ball deliveries. It is the shortest form of cricket among all the three formats.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: From the passage mention the different educational institutions which Musk attended. Display the results in comma separated format.
Context: Musk attended Waterkloof House Preparatory School, Bryanston High School, and Pretoria Boys High School, from which he graduated. Musk applied for a Canadian passport through his Canadian-born mother, knowing that it would be easier to immigrate to the United States this way. While waiting for his application to be processed, he attended the University of Pretoria for five months.

Musk arrived in Canada in June 1989 and lived with a second cousin in Saskatchewan for a year, working odd jobs at a farm and lumber mill. In 1990, he entered Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. Two years later, he transferred to the University of Pennsylvania (UPenn), where he completed studies for a Bachelor of Arts degree in physics and a Bachelor of Science degree in economics from the Wharton School. Although Musk claims he earned the degrees in 1995, UPenn maintains it awarded them in 1997. He reportedly hosted large, ticketed house parties to help pay for tuition, and wrote a business plan for an electronic book-scanning service similar to Google Books.

In 1994, Musk held two internships in Silicon Valley: one at the energy storage startup Pinnacle Research Institute, which investigated electrolytic ultracapacitors for energy storage, and another at the Palo Alto–based startup Rocket Science Games. In 1995, he was accepted to a PhD program in materials science at Stanford University. However, Musk decided to join the Internet boom, instead dropping out two days after being accepted and applied for a job at Netscape, to which he reportedly never received a response.
Response: Waterkloof House Preparatory School, Bryanston High School, Pretoria Boys High School, University of Pretoria, Queen's University, University of Pennsylvania (UPenn)
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: For what was Luigi Giura reknowned known.
Context: Giura was the Inspector of the Corps of Bridges and Roads of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Giura is most famous for the design and construction of the second suspension bridge in Europe, the first in continental Europe, in 1832.
Response: Luigi Giura was an an Italian engineer and architected who lived from 1795 to 1865 and was famous for the design and construction of the second suspension bridge in Europe, which was the first suspension bridge within continental Europe.

Giura was born in Masschito, a small town within the Vulture-Melfi geographical region within the Basilicata administrative region in Southern Italy.  He later was an inaugural student of the School of Bridges and Roads.  After his graduation in 1814, he was admitted to the Corps of Bridges and Roads.  During his time with the Corps of Bridges and Roads, he was able to undertake a series of study tours in Britain and France within which he became familiarized with their new perspectives and industrial developments.

The Corps of Bridges and Roads completed many projects while Giura was engaged, including channels for the flow of water in critical mountain areas.  However, Luigi Guira is most famous for his suspension bridge designs including the Bridge Real Ferdinando sul Garigliano--the first suspension bridge in continental Europe-- and the  Maria Cristina Bridge on the River Calore.  He later returned as the director of the School of Bridges and Roads in 1860 and was sought as a public advisor to regional governments within Italy.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Based on the following passage what is the more dominant force in the universe?
Context: The concept of the electric field was introduced by Michael Faraday. An electric field is created by a charged body in the space that surrounds it, and results in a force exerted on any other charges placed within the field. The electric field acts between two charges in a similar manner to the way that the gravitational field acts between two masses, and like it, extends towards infinity and shows an inverse square relationship with distance. However, there is an important difference. Gravity always acts in attraction, drawing two masses together, while the electric field can result in either attraction or repulsion. Since large bodies such as planets generally carry no net charge, the electric field at a distance is usually zero. Thus gravity is the dominant force at distance in the universe, despite being much weaker.
An electric field generally varies in space and its strength at any one point is defined as the force (per unit charge) that would be felt by a stationary, negligible charge if placed at that point. The conceptual charge, termed a 'test charge', must be vanishingly small to prevent its own electric field disturbing the main field and must also be stationary to prevent the effect of magnetic fields. As the electric field is defined in terms of force, and force is a vector, having both magnitude and direction, so it follows that an electric field is a vector field.
The study of electric fields created by stationary charges is called electrostatics. The field may be visualised by a set of imaginary lines whose direction at any point is the same as that of the field. This concept was introduced by Faraday, whose term 'lines of force' still sometimes sees use. The field lines are the paths that a point positive charge would seek to make as it was forced to move within the field; they are however an imaginary concept with no physical existence, and the field permeates all the intervening space between the lines. Field lines emanating from stationary charges have several key properties: first, that they originate at positive charges and terminate at negative charges; second, that they must enter any good conductor at right angles, and third, that they may never cross nor close in on themselves.
Response: Gravity is the dominant force at distance in the universe, despite being much weaker.
Category: creative_writing
Instruction: Why did the cow jump over the moon?
Response: The cow wanted to jump to the moon because it had run out of milk for its calf. The calf was crying day and night because of how hungry it was. The mother cow looked up at the night sky, saw the milky-colored moon in the sky, and thought if it jumped to the moon, its udders would be full again. It practiced over and over, jumping as high as it could. Once it was finally ready that it jumped over the moon. The courage that it gained filled the udders with milk once again.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: From the passage provided, extract the type of breed and the characteristics of the dog ?
Context: The Golden Retriever is a Scottish breed of retriever dog of medium size. It is characterised by a gentle and affectionate nature and a striking golden coat. It is commonly kept as a pet and is among the most frequently registered breeds in several Western countries. It is a frequent competitor in dog shows and obedience trials; it is also used as a gundog, and may be trained for use as a guide dog.
Response: It is a Scottish breed and it is characterised by a gentle and affectionate nature and also a golden coat.
Category: classification
Instruction: Classify each of the following as either a fruit or a vegetables: tomato, apple, orange, potato, banana.
Response: Tomato is a fruit. Apple is a fruit. Orange is a fruit. Potato is a vegetable. Banana is a fruit.
Category: creative_writing
Instruction: As a business analyst whats the most efficient way to quickly gain functional knowledge when you join a new company
Response: The strength of a business analyst is their domain knowledge and ability to understand business process, gather requirements from business users and perform analysis and preparing requirements artefacts (BRD, process flow, UAT Document). Most of this information is gathered by interacting with business users.  As a first step the business analyst like any other employee should familiarise themselves with the company way of working, introducing themselves and making connection with fellow team members and business users.the BA next needs to understand the business process of the systems and application he/she will be supporting. This would require speaking to the business users to understand the as-is process, going through existing BRD and process flow documents to understand as-is structure. Regular 1:1 with key business stakeholders does help. BA also needs to establish relationship with the IT team, after all its them who will be implementing the BRD BA documents. BA needs to understand the current IT system and overview of teh technologies the current issues/challenges the IT team faces. This will help manage expectation with business users for any new requirements.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What happens to helicopter pilots during an emergency?  Do they have ejector seats like in jets?
Response: No, helicopters do not have ejector seats because they would eject the pilot into the helicopter's rotor system.  During an emergency or other loss of power, helicopter pilots auto-rotate.  Auto-rotation is the decoupling of the rotor system from the engines to allow upward air flow to drive the rotor system at a faster than normal rate, providing kinetic energy that can be traded to arrest the helicopter's rate of descent.  To initiate auto-rotation, the helicopter pilot flattens the pitch in the rotor system's blades, reducing drag, and allowing the upward flow of air to drive its rotation.  When the helicopter is 100-150 feet above the ground, the pilot will then aggressively increase the pitch of the rotor system's blades, temporarily increasing lift and cushioning the helicopter's landing.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Why is the Chrysler Hemi V8 so legendary?
Response: The Chrysler "Hemi" V8 are a series of American V8 internal combustion engines known for their simplicity, reliability, low cost, high power and torque output. Originally the Hemi was named for the Hemispherical shaped combustion chamber that increased power and efficiency.  The very first Hemi engines were originally developed during World War II for the Republic P-47 and the M47 Patton Tank and they were first introduced into passenger cars in 1951 as the Chrysler FirePower. 

The Hemi is now in its third generation (3G) being built from 2003 to the present at Chrysler's Saltillo Engine plant in Ramos Arizpe Mexico.  The 3G Hemi's have had power outputs from 345 horsepower in the first 3G 5.7 Liter to 1025 horsepower in the 6.2 High Output Demon 170 engine.   The latest 6.2 Hemi in the Demon 170 is now one of the most powerful engines installed in a passenger car in the world at a fraction of the cost of other 1000 horsepower vehicles.

All of these factors have added up to make a tough, powerful and extremely desirable engine for automotive enthusiasts around the world cementing the Hemi Legend.
Category: classification
Instruction: Categorize each of the following fundamental particles as either interacting via the strong force, the electromagnetic force, the weak force,  or the gravitation force: a neutrino, an electron, a proton, a neutron.
Response: A neutrino interacts through the weak force.
An electron interacts through the electromagnetic force and the gravitational force.
A proton interacts via the strong force , the electromagnetic force and the gravitational force.
A neutron interacts via the strong force and the gravitational force.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Who were the children of Bill 101
Context: The children of Bill 101 (les enfants de la loi 101) is the name given to the generation of children whose parents immigrated to Quebec, Canada after the adoption of the 1977 Charter of the French Language (Bill 101).

One of the Charter's articles stipulates that all children under 16 must receive their primary and secondary education in French schools, unless one of the child's parents has received most of their education in English, in Canada, or the child or the child's sibling has already received a substantial part of their education in English, in Canada. If a child qualifies for a certificate of eligibility for instruction in English under one of those criteria, then the certificate is permanent and can be passed on to future generations even if the child ends up attending French instead of English school. The permanent certificate can only be granted if one of the child's parents is a Canadian citizen. In addition, children of foreign temporary residents living in Quebec on study or work permits, as well as children of diplomats, can also obtain a temporary certificate of eligibility that is only valid for the duration of their permit.
Response: The children of Bill 101 (les enfants de la loi 101) is the name given to the generation of children whose parents immigrated to Quebec, Canada after the adoption of the 1977 Charter of the French Language (Bill 101).

One of the Charter's articles stipulates that all children under 16 must receive their primary and secondary education in French schools, unless one of the child's parents has received most of their education in English, in Canada, or the child or the child's sibling has already received a substantial part of their education in English, in Canada.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What are hiccups and why do we get them?
Response: "Hiccup comes from the Latin phrase "to catch one's breath while sobbing". Hiccups are involuntary contractions of the diaphragm that produces a "hic" sound. The time between these "hics" can be erratic but are usually pretty consistant.  Pregnant women have been known to say they can feel their unborn babies hiccuping in the womb.

If you wait long enough hiccups usually just go away on their own.
There are many "Folk cures" for hiccups.  These are very varied. There are no real medical remedies.  The more people you talk to the more varied these remedies are.  Everyone seems to have their own unique remedy.

Some of these include: head standing, drinking a glass of water upside-down, being frightened by someone, breathing into a bag, eating a large spoonful of peanut butter and placing sugar on or under the tongue and my favorite -Drinking through a straw with the ears plugged!
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What are some of the best things to do in Fort Collins, Colorado?
Response: Fort Collins has many fun things to do with its proximity to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, a vibrant downtown area, and the many world class breweries in and around town. Outdoors highlights include hikes in Lorry State Park, Horsetooth Reservoir, and a climb to Horsetooth Rock that overlooks the city. Be sure to take a walk out Old Town, where you can grab a coffee at Little Bird and shop at the many boutiques. Lastly, be sure to check out New Belgium or Odell Brewing, which are just two of the more than twenty breweries in Fort Collins.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is a tornado?
Response: A tornado is a major storm that consists of rotating columns of air that touch the base of a thunderstorm and surface of the earth.  They have speeds ranging from 86 - 200 miles per hour and destroy everything in their path.  They can last for seconds or minutes at a time.  States that have the most tornados are Texas, Kansas, Oklahoma, Alabama, and Mississippi.  People that are in the path of a large tornado often say it sounds like an approaching freight train.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: How many ways are there to skin a cat?
Response: There is are many ways to skin a cat. The most important thing is to make sure no skin is left on the carcass. However this is also a popular proverb that means there are many ways to do something, to achieve a goal.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Extract the names of the works of Michael Daugherty from the text. Separate them with a comma.
Context: Michael Kevin Daugherty (born April 28, 1954) is an American composer, pianist, and teacher. He is influenced by popular culture, Romanticism, and Postmodernism. Daugherty's notable works include his Superman comic book-inspired Metropolis Symphony for Orchestra (1988–93), Dead Elvis for Solo Bassoon and Chamber Ensemble (1993), Jackie O (1997), Niagara Falls for Symphonic Band (1997), UFO for Solo Percussion and Orchestra (1999) and for Symphonic Band (2000), Bells for Stokowski from Philadelphia Stories for Orchestra (2001) and for Symphonic Band (2002), Fire and Blood for Solo Violin and Orchestra (2003) inspired by Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo, Time Machine for Three Conductors and Orchestra (2003), Ghost Ranch for Orchestra (2005), Deus ex Machina for Piano and Orchestra (2007), Labyrinth of Love for Soprano and Chamber Winds (2012), American Gothic for Orchestra (2013), and Tales of Hemingway for Cello and Orchestra (2015). Daugherty has been described by The Times (London) as "a master icon maker" with a "maverick imagination, fearless structural sense and meticulous ear."

Currently, Daugherty is Professor of Composition at the University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Michael Daugherty's music is published by Peermusic Classical, Boosey & Hawkes, and since 2010, Michael Daugherty Music/Bill Holab Music.
Response: Metropolis Symphony, Dead Elvis , Jackie O, Niagara Falls, UFO, Bells for Stokowski, Fire and Blood, Time Machine, Ghost Ranch, Deus ex Machina, Labyrinth of Love, American Gothic, Tales of Hemingway
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is gortext?
Response: Gortex is a waterproof fabric that breaths well, which makes it effective clothing for vigorous activities in cold and wet conditions.
Category: creative_writing
Instruction: Should I pursue a PhD in STEM?
Response: Whether or not to pursue a PhD will depend on a number of factors. These days, many professions require more and more certification and proof of education. However, a PhD is usually only require in the STEM field for positions that are either focussed on research, such as a research scientist position, or on a specialized field, such as many 'wet labs' in biological research, or more specialized knowledge jobs. Other than these roles, a Master's or other accreditation like professional certificates/MBAs etc. can be used for career advancement. For those interested in an academic career, a PhD is still the fundamental requirement. 

If you do choose to do a PhD, where you do a PhD will influence the amount and type of work that you do. For example, in the EU, the UK, Australia, and some other places, a PhD is usually three years of research with no or minimal extra course work. In the US, though, a PhD typically takes over 4 years and requires the student to take several classes at a graduate level. 
While in your program, you will need to spend a lot of time focusing on publication pressures. PhD students, these days, are required to produced 1-3 papers during their PhD in high impact journals. In many institutions, this is a high stress environment and can lead to increased mental health stress. If you are passionate and build a strong social structure, this can be an enjoyable experience, albeit a trying one.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: How do you make a simple green salsa?
Response: Blend the following ingredients in a blender:
  
8 Jalapeños or 4 Serrano Peppers (your heat pref)
4 Tomatillos
½ Small Onion
1 Garlic Clove
½ Bunch of Cilantro
1 Big Avocado 

After it's blended well pour the salsa into a bowl and mix with a spoon. Next mix one lime or lemon and salt to taste. Save the pit of the Avocado and insert it into the salsa to preserve its freshness.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What kind of sounds do Alpacas make?
Response: Alpacas make a variety of sounds:

Humming: When alpacas are born, the mother and baby hum constantly. They also hum as a sign of distress, especially when they are separated from their herd. Alpacas may also hum when curious, happy, worried or cautious.

Snorting: Alpacas snort when another alpaca is invading its space.

Grumbling: Alpacas grumble to warn each other. For example, when one is invading another's personal space, it sounds like gurgling.

Clucking: Similar to a hen's cluck, alpacas cluck when a mother is concerned for her cria. Male alpacas cluck to signal friendly behavior.

Screaming: Their screams are extremely deafening and loud. They will scream when they are not handled correctly or when they are being attacked by a potential enemy.

Screeching: A bird-like cry, presumably intended to terrify the opponent. This sound is typically used by male alpacas when they are in a fight over dominance. When a female screeches, it is more of a growl when she is angry.