fedml/databricks-dolly-15k-niid huggingface dataset:
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: How did Washington become a state?
Context: Washington, officially the State of Washington and often referred to as Washington state to distinguish it from the USA's capital, Washington, D.C., is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. Named for George Washington—the first U.S. president—the state was formed from the western part of the Washington Territory, which was ceded by the British Empire in 1846, by the Oregon Treaty in the settlement of the Oregon boundary dispute. The state is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean, Oregon to the south, Idaho to the east, and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north. It was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889. Olympia is the state capital; the state's largest city is Seattle.
Response: Washington became the 42nd state of the United States of America in 1889. The United States Congress passed an act enabling the territories of Washington, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Montana to seek statehood.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Based on the reference paragraph, when was the 149th Boat Race?
Context: The 149th Boat Race took place on 6 April 2003. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford (in dark blue) and Cambridge (in light greenish blue) along a 4.2-mile (6.8 km) tidal stretch of the River Thames in south-west London. The lead changed twice during the race, which Oxford won by one foot (30 cm), the smallest margin of victory in the history of the event. The close race has been described as "epic", while Olympic gold medallist Steve Redgrave suggested that the race was the "greatest we will see in our lifetimes".
Response: April 6, 2003
Category: open_qa
Instruction: The founder of Gupta dynasty was
Response: The founder of the Gupta dynasty was Chandragupta Maurya.
Category: summarization
Instruction: Based on the given text give the name of the people and a summary of how they contributed to the notion of infinite or multiple worlds.
Context: According to some, the idea of infinite worlds was first suggested by the pre-Socratic Greek philosopher Anaximander in the sixth century BCE. However, there is debate as to whether he believed in multiple worlds, and if he did, whether those worlds were co-existent or successive. The first to whom we can definitively attribute the concept of innumerable worlds are the Ancient Greek Atomists, beginning with Leucippus and Democritus in the 5th century BCE, followed by Epicurus (341-270 BCE) and Lucretius (1st century BCE). In the third century BCE, the philosopher Chrysippus suggested that the world eternally expired and regenerated, effectively suggesting the existence of multiple universes across time. The concept of multiple universes became more defined in the Middle Ages. The American philosopher and psychologist William James used the term "multiverse" in 1895, but in a different context. The concept first appeared in the modern scientific context in the course of the debate between Boltzmann and Zermelo in 1895. In Dublin in 1952, Erwin Schrödinger gave a lecture in which he jocularly warned his audience that what he was about to say might "seem lunatic". He said that when his equations seemed to describe several different histories, these were "not alternatives, but all really happen simultaneously". This sort of duality is called "superposition".
Response: Here are the name of the people and a summary of how they contributed to the notion of infinite or multiple worlds:

Anaximander (6th century BCE): The idea of infinite worlds was first suggested by him.

Leucippus (5th century BCE), Democritus (5th century BCE), Epicurus (341-270 BCE) and Lucretius (1st century BCE):  They believed in the concept of innumerable worlds.

Chrysippus (3rd century BCE): He suggested the existence of multiple universes across time which means the world eternally expired and regenerated.

William James (1895): He first used the term "multiverse". 

Boltzmann and Zermelo (1895): In a debate between them the multiverse concept first appeared in the modern scientific context.

Erwin Schrödinger (1952): He first came up with the term "superposition" by referring to his equations that seemed to describe several different histories which were "not alternatives, but all really happen simultaneously".
Category: summarization
Instruction: Where is the post office of Shawboro located?
Context: Shawboro is an unincorporated community located in Currituck County, North Carolina, United States.

The area takes its name from Henry Marchmore Shaw.

The post office is located close to the intersection of Shawboro Road (NC 34) and North Indian Town Road (SR 1147). The ZIP Code is 27973. The Shawboro area is covered by three different telephone exchanges: Elizabeth City, Moyock, and Shiloh.

Shawboro is served by Crawford Township fire and rescue services as well as Shawboro Elementary School, a K–5 school with approximately 500 students.

Culong, the Shaw House, and Twin Houses are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Response: The post office of Shawboro, North Carolina is located close to the intersection of NC 34 Shawboro road and North Indian Town Road (SR 1147).
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What are the fanciest places to live in San Diego?
Response: 1. Rancho Sante Fe
2. Carlsbad
3. Encinitas 
4. Del Mar
5. La Jolla
6. Point Loma
7. Mission Hills
8. Mt Helix
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What are three capital cities in South America?
Response: Three capital cities in South America are Montevideo, Quito, and Lima.
Category: classification
Instruction: The following are a mix of english and hindi words. separate them out logically:
your
mujhe
lamp
pyaar
tamanna
tomorrow
perhaps
kyunki
how
your
yaar
shade
Response: English:
tomorrow
how
your
perhaps
lamp
shade

Hindi:
mujhe
kyunki
yaar
tamanna
pyaar
Category: classification
Instruction: Tell me whether each animal lives in the water or on land: moose, mountain goat, tuna, oyster, parrot
Response: Moose: Land
Mountain Goat: Land
Tuna: Water
Oyster: Water
Parrot: Land
Category: general_qa
Instruction: How many letters there are in the Japanese language?
Response: here are 46 basic characters in the Japanese alphabet and additional characters/sounds that can be made from the basic 46. Each of the alphabet symbols forms one syllable made of the 21 romaji, which is phonetic and always read the same way.
Category: creative_writing
Instruction: My dog is a 100lb pitbull purebreed. She's always barking at people when we walk her on the street. She's friendly, however, when outside with me or the kids, her bark is loud and deep. How can I get my dog to stop barking at strangers and remove her feeling of "threat"?
Response: Ensure that when you walk her to use a prong collar. Ensure the collar is not loose on her neck, but high up and tight (cannot move easily) under her ear. This will make sure she doesn't take sudden movements and allow her to ensure that you will direct her whether the oncoming distraction is a threat.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: What was Mark Twain's real name?
Context: Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer. He was praised as the "greatest humorist the United States has produced", and William Faulkner called him "the father of American literature". His novels include The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), the latter of which has often been called the "Great American Novel". Twain also wrote A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889) and Pudd'nhead Wilson (1894), and co-wrote The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today (1873) with Charles Dudley Warner.
Response: Mark Twain was born on November 30, 1835 as Samuel Langhorne Clemens. He was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer. He was praised as the "greatest humorist the United States has produced", and William Faulkner called him "the father of American literature". His novels include The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), the latter of which has often been called the "Great American Novel".
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: What is Adventures of Tintin?
Context: The Adventures of Tintin (French: Les Aventures de Tintin [lez‿avɑ̃tyʁ də tɛ̃tɛ̃]) is a series of 24 bande dessinée albums created by Belgian cartoonist Georges Remi, who wrote under the pen name Hergé. The series was one of the most popular European comics of the 20th century. By 2007, a century after Hergé's birth in 1907, Tintin had been published in more than 70 languages with sales of more than 200 million copies, and had been adapted for radio, television, theatre, and film.
Response: Adventures of Tinting is a very popular comic book series created by Belgian cartoonist Georges Remi who wrote under the pen name Herge'. It is a series of 24 comic books that have been published in 70 languages with sales of 200 million copies.
Category: classification
Instruction: Tell me which of these countries have won a Fifa World Cup Final: Argentina, Mexico, USA, France, China
Response: From the options provided, only Argentina and France have won a Fifa World Cup Final, Mexico, USA and China have not.
Category: classification
Instruction: Identify which teams in the following list are hockey teams: Buffalo Sabres, Detroit Red Wings, Florida Panthers, Montreal Canadiens, New England Patriots, Pittsburgh Pirates, new York Yankees, Texas Rangers, Manchester United, Ottawa Senators, Tampa Bay Lightning, Toronto Maple Leafs, Chelsea, Liverpool FC, Los Angeles Lakers, Toronto Raptors, Arizona Coyotes, Chicago Blackhawks, Colorado Avalanche, Dallas Stars, Minnesota Wild, Pittsburgh Steelers
Response: The NHL teams in this list are as follows: Buffalo Sabres, Detroit Red Wings, Florida Panthers, Montreal Canadiens, Ottawa Senators, Tampa Bay Lightning, Toronto Maple Leafs, Arizona Coyotes, Chicago Blackhawks, Colorado Avalanche, Dallas Stars, and the Minnesota Wild.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Is it a good situation to be a dev ?
Response: You know, for myself I don't think that there is a good or a bad situation. If I had to sum up my life, To be honest, this is much more about meeting people. People who reached out to me, maybe at a time when I couldn't, when I was home alone. And it's quite curious to say to yourself that chance, encounters, forge a destiny... Because when you have a taste for something, when you have a taste for something well done, a nice gesture, sometimes you can't find the interlocutor opposite, I would say, the mirror that helps you move forward. So that's not my case, as I was saying there, since I, on the contrary, I was able to: and I say thank you to life, I say thank you to it, I sing life, I dance life... I am only love! And finally, when many people today say to me “But how do you manage to have this humanity? », Well, I answer them very simply, I tell them that it is this taste for love, this taste that pushed me today to undertake a mechanical construction, but tomorrow who knows? Perhaps simply to put myself at the service of the community, to give, the gift of self...
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is the largest animal in the world
Response: Blue Whale
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Have you heard of Malibamat'so River and where does it flow?
Context: The Malibamat'so River is a river in northern Lesotho. Its origin is near to the South African border, where it drains the eastern slopes of the Maloti Range. It flows southwards past the village of Lejone, and eventually joins the Senqu River 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) northeast of Mohlanapeng.

The Malibamat'so forms the northern arm of the Katse Dam reservoir, a part of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project. Katse is Africa's highest elevation dam at 1,993 metres (6,539 ft) above sea level. Here the river is joined by the Bokong/Bokung River. Downstream the Malibamat'so's left bank tributaries are the Matsoku and Semenanyane Rivers, before it forms a right bank tributary of the Senqu/Orange River.
Response: Yes, the Malibamat'so River is a river in northern Lesotho. Its origin is near the South African border, where it drains the eastern slopes of the Maloti Range.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: From the Passage please find out what are the cause of climate change
Context: In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. The current rise in global average temperature is more rapid than previous changes, and is primarily caused by humans burning fossil fuels. Fossil fuel use, deforestation, and some agricultural and industrial practices increase greenhouse gases, notably carbon dioxide and methane. Greenhouse gases absorb some of the heat that the Earth radiates after it warms from sunlight. Larger amounts of these gases trap more heat in Earth's lower atmosphere, causing global warming.

Due to climate change, deserts are expanding, while heat waves and wildfires are becoming more common. Increased warming in the Arctic has contributed to melting permafrost, glacial retreat and sea ice loss. Higher temperatures are also causing more intense storms, droughts, and other weather extremes. Rapid environmental change in mountains, coral reefs, and the Arctic is forcing many species to relocate or become extinct. Even if efforts to minimise future warming are successful, some effects will continue for centuries. These include ocean heating, ocean acidification and sea level rise.
Response: 1. Climate change is primarily caused by humans burning fossil fuels.
2. Fossil fuel use, 
3. deforestation,
4.agricultural and industrial practices increase
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Name some famous teams in the Premier League
Response: Manchester United, Manchester City, Arsenal, Liverpool, Chelsea, Hotspur, etc
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is a recession?
Response: In economics, a recession is a business cycle contraction that occurs when there is a general decline in economic activity. Recessions generally occur when there is a widespread drop in spending and it may be triggered by various events such as a financial crisis, the bursting of an economic bubble or a large-scale anthropogenic or natural disaster (e.g. a pandemic). Governments usually respond to recessions by adopting expansionary macroeconomic policies such as increasing money supply, decreasing interest rates, increasing government spending or decreasing taxes.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is accounting?
Response: Accounting is a field of study that deals with financial data and transactions.  It is a way business keep tracking of payments made to vendors, payments made to employees, taxes paid, payments made to shareholders, and payments for general expenses.  At the heart of it an accountant is responsible for the accounting books for every single transaction a company partakes in - receiving and paying money.
Category: summarization
Instruction: Extract some details about the company 'Bath & Body Works' from the given passage
Context: Bath & Body Works was founded in 1990 in New Albany, Ohio. The company's first store opened in a Cambridge, Massachusetts mall in September 1990. In 1997, a secondary brand called Bath & Body Works at Home was launched. Two years later the company launched the White Barn Candle Company, a division specializing in the sale of scented candles.
Response: 1.	In 1990, New Albany, Ohio, Bath & Body Works was founded.
2.	In the same year Sept 1990 , the company's first store was opened in a Cambridge, Massachusetts mall.
3.	In year 1997, a secondary brand called Bath & Body Works at Home was also launched.
4.	Two years after the lauch, they launched another company named the White Barn Candle Company, a division specializing in the sale of scented candles.
Category: classification
Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Tan-tan, Ruan
Response: Ruan is string, Tan-tan is percussion.
Category: classification
Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Cimboa, Bamboo clapper
Response: Bamboo clapper is percussion, Cimboa is string.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What is the difference between Kinesis and Kafka?
Response: Kinesis and Kafka are both distributed streaming platforms that allow you to ingest, process, and store large volumes of streaming data. The main difference between the two is that Kinesis Data Streams  is a fully managed service provided by AWS, while Kafka is an open source project that can be run on any infrastructure.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Name some of the movies where Johnson acted in and the years in which the movies were released.
Context: Johnson entered Hollywood and the film industry, becoming a star initially through his wrestling popularity and noted work ethic. Over his acting career, he became one of the highest paid and most successful actors in Hollywood. He began his acting career on television while wrestling. In his first television acting job, in 1999, he played his own father in an episode of That '70s Show called "That Wrestling Show". Nearly a year later, he appeared in the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Tsunkatse" as an alien wrestler who fought popular character Seven of Nine. While Johnson was away from WWE, the company continued to sell "The Rock" merchandise, and he continued to be featured prominently in the opening montages of their television shows.

Johnson began his theatrical career in The Mummy Returns (2001), The Scorpion King (2002), The Rundown (2003), and Walking Tall (2004). He played a supporting role in Be Cool (2005) - most notable for the meta element of playing a bodyguard that wants to become an actor - and was the primary antagonist in Doom (2005). He also had roles in Gridiron Gang (2006), Reno 911!: Miami (2007), and Southland Tales (2006). He played a cocky famous American football player in The Game Plan (2007) and Agent 23 in Get Smart (2008). He presented the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 80th Academy Awards.
Response: The Mummy Returns (2001), The Scorpion King (2002), The Rundown (2003), Walking Tall (2004), Be Cool (2005), Doom (2005), Gridiron Gang (2006), Reno 911!: Miami (2007),  Southland Tales (2006), The Game Plan (2007) and Get Smart (2008).
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What is freedom?
Response: I want to think of freedom as the ability to be free then I think of "What does it mean to be free? Free of worries, free of responsibilities, free of the pressures of the world. 
Freedom now sounds like a state of mind than an adjective describing an object.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What's the most popular tv show of all time in the USA?
Response: Jeopardy!
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Why do people like playing games?
Response: There are many reasons why people like playing games. 1. Games are different from real world and hence players can usually do/achieve a lot more than what they can do in the real world. 2. Games give quick results 3. People/players can feel less responsibility (e.g. players can just quit the games if the games do not go well) 

However, because of these very reasons, games also have side-effects such as making people be less responsible, want more quick responsive answers, and not be able to discern between real world and game world, etc.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Who are the most commonly mentioned best rappers of all time?
Response: In no particular order, the most common top 5 rappers in "top 5 dead or alive" lists are as follows: Jay-Z, Nas, Tupac, The Notorious BIG, Eminem. Obviously everyone has their own preferences and styles they prefer, but more often than not, these are the 5 rappers mentioned in most lists. These rappers all had great commercial success and critical acclaim from the industry and their peers.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Given a reference text, who is the Ryder Cup named after?
Context: The Ryder Cup is a biennial men's golf competition between teams from Europe and the United States. The competition is contested every two years with the venue alternating between courses in the United States and Europe. The Ryder Cup is named after the English businessman Samuel Ryder who donated the trophy. The event is jointly administered by the PGA of America and Ryder Cup Europe, the latter a joint venture of the PGA European Tour (60%), the PGA of Great Britain and Ireland (20%), and the PGAs of Europe (20%).

Originally contested between Great Britain and the United States, the first official Ryder Cup took place in the United States in 1927 at Worcester Country Club in Worcester, Massachusetts. The home team won the first five contests, but with the competition's resumption after the Second World War, repeated American dominance eventually led to a decision to extend the representation of "Great Britain and Ireland" to include continental Europe from 1979. The inclusion of continental European golfers was partly prompted by the success of a new generation of Spanish golfers, led by Seve Ballesteros and Antonio Garrido. In 1973 the official title of the British Team had been changed from "Great Britain" to "Great Britain and Ireland", but this was simply a change of name to reflect the fact that golfers from the Republic of Ireland had been playing in the Great Britain Ryder Cup team since 1953, while Northern Irish players had competed since 1947. In addition to players from Great Britain and Ireland, the European team has since included players from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Spain and Sweden.
Response: The Ryder Cup is named after English businessman Samuel Ryder.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Given this reference text, why and when did Coke use Splenda as a sweetener in diet Coke?
Context: When diet colas first entered the market, beginning with Diet Rite, the Coca-Cola Company had a long-standing policy to use the Coca-Cola name only on its flagship cola, and so its diet cola was named Tab when it was released in 1963. Its rival Pepsi had no such qualms, and after the long-term success of its sugar-free Diet Pepsi (launched in 1964) became clear, Coca-Cola decided to launch a competing sugar-free brand under the Coca-Cola name that could be marketed more easily than Tab. Diet Coke was launched in 1982 and quickly overtook Tab in sales by a wide margin, though the older drink would remain on the market for decades until the COVID-19 pandemic forced Coca-Cola to discontinue Tab along with other slower-selling drinks in 2020.

Diet Coke is not based on the Coca-Cola formula, but instead on Tab. The controversial New Coke, introduced in 1985, used a version of the Diet Coke recipe that contained high-fructose corn syrup and had a slightly different balance of ingredients. In 2005, the company introduced Coca-Cola Zero (renamed Coca-Cola Zero Sugar in 2017), a sugar-free formula more closely based on original Coca-Cola.

In 2005, under pressure from retailer Walmart (which was impressed with the over-the-counter popularity of Splenda sweetener), the company released a new formulation called "Diet Coke sweetened with Splenda". Sucralose and acesulfame potassium replaced aspartame in this version. As the formulation was done to mollify one retailer, this variety had little advertising and promotion, as the company preferred to market Coca-Cola Zero instead. By late 2009, most distributors had stopped distributing the Splenda-formulated Diet Coke.

In 2018, in an effort to be more appealing to millennials, Diet Coke was packaged in a taller, more slender can (of the same volume) and introduced four new flavors. The cans reverted to the conventional shape a year later.
Response: Pressure from Walmart pressured Coca-Cola to release a version of diet Coke sweetened with Splenda from 2005 until most distribution ended in 2009.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Give me a list of the most interesting moons in our solar system
Response: - Ganymede: Bigger than the planet Mercury, the largest moon in the solar system contains subsurface oceans that could be capable of supporting life.
- Titan: The second largest moon in the solar system and the only celestial body other than Earth to have both a substantial atmosphere and bodies of surface water.
- Io: This moon of Jupiter is so full of volcanos that it is the most geologically active and lowest water ratio object in the solar system.
- Callisto: May be the oldest surface in the solar system. With a thin atmosphere and no geothermal activity its surface is defined by the many impact craters it has accumulated over time.
- Europa: The smallest moon of Jupiter contains a subsurface layer of saltwater ocean that could also support life. It also has plumes of water that are several miles high.
- Mimas: This moon of Saturn has a massive crater that makes it look like the Death Star from Star Wars.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: My parents are staying with me this weekend. What should I do with them?
Response: Your parents are probably just happy to spend time with you. Still, it can be difficult to know how to entertain them in your city. Here are some ideas for things to do with your parents:

- Take them to a local brewery or winery
- Find an easy hike to do one morning
- Cook them a meal at home and watch a parent-friendly movie
- Go to a local sporting event
- Have some people over for food and games so your parents can get to know your friends
Category: creative_writing
Instruction: What are some fun activities to do in Maui, Hawaii?
Response: Maui, Hawaii is a beautiful place to visit and offers activities that appeal to adventurers, families, and those who want to relax. 

Maui's amazing beaches offer surfing, outrigger paddling, stand-up paddling, fishing, kite surfing and other activities for novice or experienced water lovers. More of a land-lubber than a mermaid? Take a hike in the Haleakala volcano crater or one of many other hikes around the island.

Relaxing by the pool more your speed, check out the great hotels or many private house rentals that offer vacationers a chance to unplug and get away from it all. Most of the resorts are closely located to shops and restaurants for a no worries kid of trip.

Whatever your passions are, Maui delivers with aloha!
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Tell me a terrifying fact about moray eels.
Response: Moray eels have two sets of jaws, the outer jaws and the inner, pharyngeal jaws. The first set of jaw grabs the prey and the pharyngeal jaws pull the prey drag the prey into the eel's throat.
Category: summarization
Instruction: Tell me about John Henry Moore II
Context: John Henry Moore II (August 5, 1927 – July 19, 2013) was an American lawyer and United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida.

Education and career
Born in Atlantic City, New Jersey, he received his Bachelor of Science degree from Syracuse University in 1952 and his Juris Doctor from the University of Florida College of Law in 1961. Moore served in the Naval Reserve from 1948 to 1971, and served on active duty in Korea before retiring with the rank of commander. Moore was in private practice in Atlanta, Georgia in 1961 with the firm of Fisher and Phillips before moving to Fort Lauderdale, Florida where he was a partner with the firms of Fleming, O'Bryan and Fleming and then Turner, Shaw and Moore from 1961 to 1967. Moore also served as attorney for the School Board of Broward County.

State judicial service
Moore served as a judge of the 17th Judicial Circuit of Florida from 1967 to 1977, serving as chief judge of that court from 1975 to 1977. Moore was nominated to United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida in 1976, but the Senate took no action. Moore served as a judge on the Florida Fourth District Court of Appeal from 1977 to 1981.
Response: John Henry Moore II was an American lawyer and United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. He received his Bachelor of Science degree from Syracuse University in 1952 and his Juris Doctor from the University of Florida College of Law in 1961. Moore served in the Naval Reserve from 1948 to 1971, and served on active duty in Korea before retiring with the rank of commander. Moore served as a judge of the 17th Judicial Circuit of Florida from 1967 to 1977, serving as chief judge of that court from 1975 to 1977.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What is a digital twin?
Response: A digital twin is a virtual representation of an object, product, piece of equipment, person, process, or even a complete manufacturing ecosystem. It is created using data derived from sensors (often IoT or IIoT) that are attached to or embedded in the original object. This data allows for both structural and operational views of what happens to the object in real-time, allowing engineers to monitor systems and model systems dynamics. Adjustments can be made to the digital twin to assess the impact of real-world changes before making any changes to the original system.

For a discrete or process manufacturing, a digital twin gathers process and system data with the help of various IoT sensors (both IT and OT) to form a virtual model which is then used to run simulations, study performance issues, and generate new insights.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Where was Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu founded?
Response: Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu originated in Japan and was brought to Brazil by Mitsuo Maeda in 1914. Maeda trained Carlos and Helio Gracie, who tested and refined Jiu-Jitsu to be what it is today. Jiu-Jitsu continued to evolve over the years, eventually incorporating aspects of wrestling and other grappling arts into the curriculum. Rorion Gracie, Helios' son, brought Jiu-Jitsu to the United States in the 1970's.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: List some of the great houses that appear in the series "A Song of Ice and Fire."
Response: Stark, Lannister, Baratheon, Tyrell, Arryn, Martell, Karstark, Mormont.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What is the structure of Public Forum debate, as used in US debate competitions?
Response: A public forum debate takes place between two teams of two individuals each. For the assigned topic, one team argues for the affirmative (Pro) side, and the other argues for the negative (Con) side.

The debate is organized in a sequence of speeches according to the following outline:
•	Team 1 Constructive
•	Team 2 Constructive
•	1st Crossfire
•	Team 1 Rebuttal
•	Team 2 Rebuttal
•	2nd Crossfire
•	Team 1 Summary
•	Team 2 Summary
•	Grand Crossfire
•	Team 1 Final Focus
•	Team 2 Final Focus

Additionally, each team is given 3 minutes of preparation time throughout the round, which they can choose to take before any of their speeches. The time duration of each stage may vary across different leagues.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What sport did Troy Stradford play in college?
Response: Troy Stradford played football at Boston College in the 1980s and went on to play professionally for the Miami Dolphins in the NFL.
Category: summarization
Instruction: Jot down some points about University of Liverpool from given text
Context: The University of Liverpool (abbreviated UOL) is a public research university based in the city of Liverpool, England. Founded as a college in 1881, it gained its Royal Charter in 1903 with the ability to award degrees, and is also known to be one of the six 'red brick' civic universities, the first to be referred to as The Original Red Brick. It comprises three faculties organised into 35 departments and schools. It is a founding member of the Russell Group, the N8 Group for research collaboration and the university management school is triple crown accredited.
Response: 1. The institution of Liverpool is a public research institution with its main campus in Liverpool, England (abbreviated UOL).
2. The Original Red Brick was the first of the six civic universities known as "red bricks," and it was established in 1881 as a college before receiving its Royal Charter in 1903, enabling it to grant degrees.
3. It has 35 departments and schools divided into three faculties.
4. The university management school has earned the triple crown of accreditation, and it is a founding member of the Russell Group and the N8 Group for research collaboration.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What causes a spinning top to stop?
Response: Friction.  If using a frictionless environment, a top could spin indefinitely
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: How many books did Dr Seuss write?
Context: Theodor Seuss Geisel (/suːs ˈɡaɪzəl, zɔɪs -/ (listen); March 2, 1904 – September 24, 1991) was an American children's author and cartoonist. He is known for his work writing and illustrating more than 60 books under the pen name Dr. Seuss (/suːs, zuːs/). His work includes many of the most popular children's books of all time, selling over 600 million copies and being translated into more than 20 languages by the time of his death.
Response: Dr Seuss is known for his work writing and illustrating more than 60 books under the pen name Dr. Seuss
Category: classification
Instruction: Classify each of the following as either a US state or a country in the world: Illinois, Arizona, Iran, Washington, India, Bulgaria, Taiwan, New Mexico, Brazil
Response: The US states are: Illinois, Arizona, Washington, New Mexico
Countries of the world are: Iran, India, Bulgaria, Brazil
Category: general_qa
Instruction: How do I turn on my Tesla Y?
Response: When you open a door to enter Model Y, the touchscreen powers on and you can operate all controls. To drive Model Y: Press the brake pedal - Model Y powers on and is ready to drive.
Category: creative_writing
Instruction: Write a brief passage arguing why beach volleyball is better than indoor volleyball.
Response: Beach volleyball is arguably better than indoor volleyball because you are usually outside by a body of water. Research in the field of positive psychology has shown that simply being in/around nature can improve one's sense of well-being. Being able to exercise while feeling the sun on your back, hearing the birds chirp, and seeing people play around in the sand is a totally different experience than being stuck inside a dark building. Additionally, playing volleyball in the sand is way more difficult and a harder workout than playing on a court. In order to jump the same height or run after a shanked ball, you have to exert more energy. Since exercise is known to release endorphins, one could argue that more endorphins are released when playing beach volleyball over indoor. Overall, beach volleyball is more fun and a better workout than indoor volleyball.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: When did Virgin Australia start operating?
Context: Virgin Australia, the trading name of Virgin Australia Airlines Pty Ltd, is an Australian-based airline. It is the largest airline by fleet size to use the Virgin brand. It commenced services on 31 August 2000 as Virgin Blue, with two aircraft on a single route. It suddenly found itself as a major airline in Australia's domestic market after the collapse of Ansett Australia in September 2001. The airline has since grown to directly serve 32 cities in Australia, from hubs in Brisbane, Melbourne and Sydney.
Response: Virgin Australia commenced services on 31 August 2000 as Virgin Blue, with two aircraft on a single route.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What should I do this spring in San Francisco?
Response: During the spring time, people in San Francisco enjoy visiting the parks for the cherry blossom, check out the open markets when the weather is nice, and explore the Golden Gate Park. If you want to venture farther, you can enjoy the wildflower festival in Half Moon Bay, take the ferry to Sausalito, or even spot Humpback whales in the Bay Area!
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What companies are in the Big Four?
Response: The Big Four is made up of Deloitte, PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), Ernst and Young (EY), and KPMG. The Big Four are defined as the largest accounting firms in the world, by revenue. In addition to auditing services, these companies offer tax, strategy, and other consulting services.
Category: classification
Instruction: Identify which car manufacturer is French or American: Peugeot, Ford
Response: Peugeot is French, Ford is American
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: How long did the Mughal empire last in India?
Context: The Mughal Empire was an early-modern empire that controlled much of Indian subcontinent between the 16th and 19th centuries. For some two hundred years, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus river basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of present-day Assam and Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan Plateau in South India.It included present day areas of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh.

The Mughal empire is conventionally said to have been founded in 1526 by Babur, a warrior chieftain from what is today Uzbekistan, who employed aid from the neighboring Safavid and Ottoman empires, to defeat the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, in the First Battle of Panipat, and to sweep down the plains of North India. The Mughal imperial structure, however, is sometimes dated to 1600, to the rule of Babur's grandson, Akbar. This imperial structure lasted until 1720, shortly after the death of the last major emperor, Aurangzeb, during whose reign the empire also achieved its maximum geographical extent. Reduced subsequently to the region in and around Old Delhi by 1760, the empire was formally dissolved by the British Raj after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

Although the Mughal empire was created and sustained by military warfare, it did not vigorously suppress the cultures and peoples it came to rule; rather it equalized and placated them through new administrative practices and diverse ruling elites, leading to more efficient, centralised, and standardized rule. The base of the empire's collective wealth was agricultural taxes, instituted by the third Mughal emperor, Akbar. These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator, were paid in the well-regulated silver currency, and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets.

The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion. The burgeoning European presence in the Indian Ocean, and its increasing demand for Indian raw and finished products, created still greater wealth in the Mughal courts. There was more conspicuous consumption among the Mughal elite, resulting in greater patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture, especially during the reign of Shah Jahan. Among the Mughal UNESCO World Heritage Sites in South Asia are: Agra Fort, Fatehpur Sikri, Red Fort, Humayun's Tomb, Lahore Fort, Shalamar Gardens, and the Taj Mahal, which is described as "the jewel of Muslim art in India, and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage."
Response: The Mughal empire was founded by Babur in 1526 and was dissolved by the British in 1857, a span of 331 years.
Category: summarization
Instruction: Summarise Bernoulli's principle based on the following paragraphs.
Context: Bernoulli's principle is a key concept in fluid dynamics that relates pressure, speed and height. Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in static pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy.  The principle is named after the Swiss mathematician and physicist Daniel Bernoulli, who published it in his book Hydrodynamica in 1738.Although Bernoulli deduced that pressure decreases when the flow speed increases, it was Leonhard Euler in 1752 who derived Bernoulli's equation in its usual form. The principle is only applicable for isentropic flows: when the effects of irreversible processes (like turbulence) and non-adiabatic processes (e.g. thermal radiation) are small and can be neglected.
Bernoulli's principle can be derived from the principle of conservation of energy. This states that, in a steady flow, the sum of all forms of energy in a fluid is the same at all points that are free of viscous forces. This requires that the sum of kinetic energy, potential energy and internal energy remains constant. Thus an increase in the speed of the fluid—implying an increase in its kinetic energy (dynamic pressure)—occurs with a simultaneous decrease in (the sum of) its potential energy (including the static pressure) and internal energy. If the fluid is flowing out of a reservoir, the sum of all forms of energy is the same because in a reservoir the energy per unit volume (the sum of pressure and gravitational potential ρ g h) is the same everywhere.
Bernoulli's principle can also be derived directly from Isaac Newton's second Law of Motion. If a small volume of fluid is flowing horizontally from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure, then there is more pressure behind than in front. This gives a net force on the volume, accelerating it along the streamline.
Fluid particles are subject only to pressure and their own weight. If a fluid is flowing horizontally and along a section of a streamline, where the speed increases it can only be because the fluid on that section has moved from a region of higher pressure to a region of lower pressure; and if its speed decreases, it can only be because it has moved from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure. Consequently, within a fluid flowing horizontally, the highest speed occurs where the pressure is lowest, and the lowest speed occurs where the pressure is highest.
Response: Bernoulli's principle is a key concept in fluid dynamics that relates pressure, speed and height. Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in static pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What are the words of House Beesbury?
Response: While the house motto is not confirmed in canon sources, it is suggested that the words of House Beesbury are "Beware Our Sting."
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Given a reference text about George Watson Buck, tell me where he went to Quaker School and where he got a job in 1807.
Context: George Watson Buck (1789–1854) was the engineer of the Montgomeryshire Canal in the early 19th century, and was responsible for the unique lock paddle design.

He was later resident engineer during the building of the London and Birmingham Railway, and also designed Stockport Viaduct and the Dane Valley Viaduct on the Manchester and Birmingham Railway.

Early life
Buck was born on 1 April 1789 at Stoke Holy Cross, near Norwich. His parents were Quakers and sent him, with his two brothers, to the Quaker School at Ackworth, West Yorkshire. With his schooling completed, his father placed him with a wholesaler at Tower Hill, London, as he wanted him to be involved in trade, but the position did not suit Buck, and so he looked for something else. Around 1807, the East London Waterworks Company were building Old Ford pumping station, which had been designed by Ralph Walker, and Buck managed to secure a job there. When the job was finished, Walker moved on to Farlington, to work on a water supply scheme for Portsmouth and Gosport. The scheme had been authorised by an Act of Parliament in 1809, and Buck went to work as resident engineer, reporting to Walker. The scheme suffered from an intermittent water supply, as did a competing scheme engineered by William Nicholson.
Response: George Watson Buck went to Quaker School at Ackworth, West Yorkshire and got a job at the East London Waterworks Company in 1807.
Category: summarization
Instruction: What is table tennis and why is it popular
Context: Table tennis, also known as ping-pong and whiff-whaff, is a racket sport derived from tennis but distinguished by its playing surface being atop a stationary table, rather than the court on which players stand. Either individually or in teams of two, players take alternating turns returning a light, hollow ball over the table's net onto the opposing half of the court using small rackets until they fail to do so, which results in a point for the opponent. Play is fast, requiring quick reaction and constant attention, and is characterized by an emphasis on spin relative to other ball sports, which can heavily affect the ball's trajectory.
Owed to its small minimum playing area, its ability to be played indoors in all climates, and relative accessibility of equipment, table tennis is enjoyed worldwide not just as a competitive sport, but as a common recreational pastime among players of all levels and ages.
Response: Table tennis is a sport that plays a ball on a table with rackets. Its rule has evolved over the years, like the material of the racket and balls, size of the balls. Like tennis, it can also play simple or double games. It is popular because it doesn't require a big area, and normally people can play it even at an older age.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: How large is the Earth?
Response: The Earth's radius is 6378 kilometers, and its mass is 5.972 x 10^24 kilograms. Its surface area is about 510 million square kilometers.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is the difference between its and it's?
Response: Its (without an apostrophe) indicates possession. Contrary to common possession rules in English, the apostrophe is dropped in its. 

It's is a contraction, a shortened form of it is or it has.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What kind of salt should I use while cooking?
Response: The type of salt used in cooking may vary by recipe as well as intended purpose.  Here are some suggestions for types of salt to use.  For daily use in a typical salt shaker, iodized table salt is the most common as it is processed to be free-flowing and fits through most salt shaker lids with ease.  For brining and during the cooking process most chefs and cooks will choose to only use kosher salt due to it’s flake size and consistency across recipes but they will typically choose one particular brand and stick with it.  For finishing a dish with salt, chefs will also choose a large crystal sea salt usually pyramid shaped as it delivers a satisfying crunch and flavor to the final dish.  Himalayan pink salt has also become popular for use as a finishing salt.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: How many syllables are in the word smarter?
Response: There are two syllables in the word smarter: smart-er.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Why we need music?
Response: I think the reason why we need music is that it adds color to our lives and provides another way to express emotions. We need alternative ways to express our emotions, whether we're happy or sad. Music is also important for events such as parties, ceremonies, social activities etc...
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Where is the best place to work in my house?
Response: If you are working from home full time you will want make sure you pick the best area in your house to work that offers you a quiet space where you can focus for work.  Pick an area that is not busy like your master bedroom or separate bedroom that no one uses that can be used as an office.  You will want to make sure this space has a door so you can prevent outside noise from being a distraction.  This space will need a desk that you can work at, and you might want to consider a sit-stand desk so you can can keep good blood in your body flow throughout the day.  Sitting all day restricts blood flow and actually inhibits your ability to produce work results at your best so get something that prevents this.