fedml/databricks-dolly-15k-niid huggingface dataset:
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is the most produced airplane in history.
Response: The most produced airplane in history is the Cessna 172 with over 44,000 produced. The first was produced in 1956 and production is still ongoing.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Why do we have seasons, and what are they?
Response: As the earth spins on its axis, producing night and day, it also moves about the sun in an elliptical (elongated circle) orbit that requires about 365 1/4 days to complete. The earth's spin axis is tilted with respect to its orbital plane. This is what causes the seasons.

There are four primary seasons: Spring, Summer, Autumn & Winter. The start dates of the seasons themselves are different depending on what hemisphere you're located in. Spring & Summer are the warmer seasons. Autumn is typically mild, and Winter is the coldest season of the year.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Would you rather be stuck on a broken ski lift or a broken elevator?
Response: While both are not ideal situations, at least with the ski lift, you get to have a view and fresh air. It’s also important in terms of communication, if you are stuck in an elevator during a black-out , it might be challenging to communicate before help can arrive. This is important if you are claustrophobic.
Category: classification
Instruction: Classify the following shapes by which have 4 sides or which have more than 4 sides: Hexagon, square, rectangle, octagon, decagon, rhombus, parallelogram, pentagon, dodecahedron, heptagon
Response: 4 sides: Square, rectangle, rhombus, parallelogram
More than 4 sides: Hexagon, octagon, decagon, pentagon, dodecahedron, heptagon
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: What dispatchable source of power on electric grids are faster than battery storage power stations?
Context: A battery storage power station is a type of energy storage power station that uses a group of batteries to store electrical energy. Battery storage is the fastest responding dispatchable source of power on electric grids, and it is used to stabilise those grids, as battery storage can transition from standby to full power in under a second to deal with grid contingencies.

At full rated power, battery storage power stations are generally designed to output for up to a few hours. Battery storage can be used for short-term peak power and ancillary services, such as providing operating reserve and frequency control to minimize the chance of power outages. They are often installed at, or close to, other active or disused power stations and may share the same grid connection to reduce costs. Since battery storage plants require no deliveries of fuel, are compact compared to generating stations and have no chimneys or large cooling systems, they can be rapidly installed and placed if necessary within urban areas, close to customer load.
Response: None. Battery storage is the fastest responding dispatchable source of power on electric grids.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is s3 equivalent in Azure?
Response: Azure Blob is the Microsoft equivalent to Amazon's S3-based object storage services.
Category: summarization
Instruction: According to the text what are the most common symptoms of COVID-19?
Context: The symptoms of COVID-19 are variable depending on the type of variant contracted, ranging from mild symptoms to a potentially fatal illness. Common symptoms include coughing, fever, loss of smell (anosmia) and taste (ageusia), with less common ones including headaches, nasal congestion and runny nose, muscle pain, sore throat, diarrhea, eye irritation, and toes swelling or turning purple, and in moderate to severe cases, breathing difficulties. People with the COVID-19 infection may have different symptoms, and their symptoms may change over time. Three common clusters of symptoms have been identified: one respiratory symptom cluster with cough, sputum, shortness of breath, and fever; a musculoskeletal symptom cluster with muscle and joint pain, headache, and fatigue; and a cluster of digestive symptoms with abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. In people without prior ear, nose, or throat disorders, loss of taste combined with loss of smell is associated with COVID-19 and is reported in as many as 88% of symptomatic cases.
Response: coughing, fever, loss of smell (anosmia), loss of taste (ageusia)
Category: classification
Instruction: Tell me which of the following guitars are hollow bodies or not: Gibson ES-175, Gibson ES-335, Gibson SG, Gibson Les Paul, Fender Stratocaster, Fender Telecaster.
Response: Gibson ES-175 is one of the most famous examples of a well-crafted hollow-body guitar, beloved by numerous jazz guitarists over many decades. Most variants of Gibson's SG, Les Paul, and Fender's Stratocaster and Telecaster are considered solid bodies. However, there were numerous variant models which featured "hollowed" or "chambered" bodies. One prime example is Fender's Telecaster Thinline model from the 1970's, which features a semi-hollow design with an open f-hole on only one side of the body. Speaking of "semi-hollows," Gibson's ES-335 is a semi-hollow body guitar where a solid "center block" of wood passes through the middle of the body, providing additional structural stability over full hollow body guitars.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Given this paragraph about London, give me one reason why epidemics were spread in London.
Context: With the onset of the Industrial Revolution in Britain, an unprecedented growth in urbanisation took place, and the number of High Streets (the primary street for retail in Britain) rapidly grew. London was the world's largest city from about 1831 to 1925, with a population density of 325 per hectare. In addition to the growing number of stores selling goods such as Harding, Howell & Co. on Pall Mall—a contender for the first department store—the streets had scores of street sellers loudly advertising their goods and services. London's overcrowded conditions led to cholera epidemics, claiming 14,000 lives in 1848, and 6,000 in 1866. Rising traffic congestion led to the creation of the world's first local urban rail network. The Metropolitan Board of Works oversaw infrastructure expansion in the capital and some surrounding counties; it was abolished in 1889 when the London County Council was created out of county areas surrounding the capital.
Response: London's overcrowded conditions is one reason why epidemics spread in London.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: From the following passage, extract 3 common phenomena related to electricity.
Context: Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter that has a property of electric charge. Electricity is related to magnetism, both being part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism, as described by Maxwell's equations. Various common phenomena are related to electricity, including lightning, static electricity, electric heating, electric discharges and many others.
The presence of either a positive or negative electric charge produces an electric field. The movement of electric charges is an electric current and produces a magnetic field. In most applications, a force acts on a charge with a magnitude given by Coulomb's law. Electric potential is typically measured in volts.
Electricity is at the heart of many modern technologies, being used for:
Electric power where electric current is used to energise equipment;
Electronics which deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection technologies.
Electrical phenomena have been studied since antiquity, though progress in theoretical understanding remained slow until the 17th and 18th centuries. The theory of electromagnetism was developed in the 19th century, and by the end of that century electricity was being put to industrial and residential use by electrical engineers. The rapid expansion in electrical technology at this time transformed industry and society, becoming a driving force for the Second Industrial Revolution. Electricity's extraordinary versatility means it can be put to an almost limitless set of applications which include transport, heating, lighting, communications, and computation. Electrical power is now the backbone of modern industrial society.
Response: 3 common phenomena related to electricity are: 
1. Lightning
2. Static electricity 
3. Electric heating
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is the best selling book in history?
Response: The Bible
Category: summarization
Instruction: Who is considered the greatest rock drummer?
Context: John Bonham is considered the most influential drummers in rock. Bonham was ranked no. 1 on Classic Rock's 2005 list of 50 Greatest Drummers in Rock
Response: John Henry Bonham (31 May 1948 – 25 September 1980) was an English musician, best known as the drummer for the rock band Led Zeppelin. Esteemed for his speed, power, fast single-footed kick drumming, distinctive sound, and feel for groove, he is regarded as one of the greatest and most influential drummers in music history.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Can you potty train a bunny?
Response: Just like cats, bunnies can be litter trained, which is why so many bunny owners are able to let their buns run free in the house. Most rabbits prefer to do their business in one spot, and so litter training comes naturally.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: What is the minimum amount of points a player needs to score to win a badminton match?
Context: In Badminton, each game is played to 21 points, with players scoring a point whenever they win a rally regardless of whether they served (this differs from the old system where players could only win a point on their serve and each game was played to 15 points). A match is the best of three games.

If the score ties at 20–20, then the game continues until one side gains a two-point lead (such as 24–22), except when there is a tie at 29–29, in which the game goes to a golden point of 30. Whoever scores this point wins the game.
Response: The minimum number of points needed to win a match of badminton is 42. In such a match only 2 games are played with the winning player scoring 21 points in each of them.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Who tends to participates in hackathons?
Context: A hackathon (also known as a hack day, hackfest, datathon or codefest; a portmanteau of hacking and marathon) is an event where people engage in rapid and collaborative engineering over a relatively short period of time such as 24 or 48 hours. They are often run using agile software development practices, such as sprint-like design wherein computer programmers and others involved in software development, including graphic designers, interface designers, product managers, project managers, domain experts, and others collaborate intensively on engineering projects, such as software engineering.

The goal of a hackathon is to create functioning software or hardware by the end of the event. Hackathons tend to have a specific focus, which can include the programming language used, the operating system, an application, an API, or the subject and the demographic group of the programmers. In other cases, there is no restriction on the type of software being created or the design of the new system.
Response: Computer programmers and others involved in software development, including graphic designers, interface designers, product managers, project managers, domain experts, and others tend to participate in hackathons.

They collaborate intensively on engineering projects, such as software engineering with the goal of creating functioning software or hardware by the end of the event.
Category: creative_writing
Instruction: write a short poem about gratitude to my sister friends who lead Obon dancing with me every year
Response: A small group of women gather with me in the small country church in California to keep Japanese Obon (folk dancing) tradition alive in the community.  The festival is open to the public and includes brightly colored kimonos, lanterns and japanese food. We carry the tradition for the next generation - children are dressed in traditional dress.   These 8 - 10 sister-women keep the tradition of honoring our ancestors, keeping the family tradition and provide dance leadership to hundreds of people every year at the annual Obon festival.  They sacrifice their time to teach and lead these dances every year.  They are my sisters
Category: general_qa
Instruction: How to take care of a horse?
Response: Taking care of horses is no easy task, although they are lovely animals, they require daily care and lots of exercise. To take care of a horse effectively, be sure to feed them appropriate hay, balancing out the sugar and protein to provide enough energy but not overwhelm them with unnecessary sugars. Always ensure the huffs are properly clean and as dry as possible to avoid any mold. In colder temperatures, keep them blanketed specially overnight, and ensure to take the blanket off in the morning to avoid overheating. Horses can be a lot of work but they can fill out lives with excitement and love.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Based on this paragraph about religions of the world, what are the "big five" religions?
Context: World religions is a category used in the study of religion to demarcate the five—and in some cases more—largest and most internationally widespread religious movements. Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are always included in the list, being known as the "Big Five". Some scholars also include other world religions, such as Taoism, Jainism, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism, and the Baháʼí Faith, in the category. These are often juxtaposed against other categories, such as indigenous religions and new religious movements, which are also used by scholars in this field of research.
Response: The "Big Five" refers to the five most prominent religious movements globally: Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Category: classification
Instruction: Categorize the following as either a 'month' or a 'day'
Response: Monday, February, Sunday, October, Wednesday, July
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What are the top 5 comedic movies of all time
Response: The debate for the best comedies is subjective and open to debate.  What is considered humorous can vary by region and evolves over time.  With that said, here are 5 popular comedies:
 - Dumb and Dumber
 - Anchorman
 - Monty Python and the Holy Grail
 - Airplane!
 - Planes, Trains and Automobiles
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What happened to Captain Bligh after the Mutiny on the Bounty?
Response: Captain Bligh and eighteen other men were set adrift in mid-ocean by the mutineers.  Navigating by memory and astronomical observation alone, Bligh led the tiny boat all the way to the Dutch colony of Timor.  The men suffered greatly from hunger, thirst, and dangerous weather.  After reaching Timor, they sailed a proper ship to Batavia and, from there, returned to England.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What are the names of the lines on Hong Kong's MTR network?
Response: - Island Line
- Tsuen Wan Line
- Kwun Tong Line
- South Island Line
- Tseung Kwan O Line
- Tung Chung Line & Disneyland Resort Line
- East Rail Line
- Tuen Ma Line
- Airport Express
Category: classification
Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or percussion:  Agiarut, Agung
Response: Agung is percussion, Agiarut is string.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is the difference between the Masters and the U.S. Open in golf?
Response: The Masters is one of the four majors that is played every year in golf and is the only major that is played at the same course each year.  Every year the Masters is played in April at Augusta National golf course and it is the first major of the year.  The U.S. Open is another one of the golf majors and is played at a different course every year, although some courses are repeated once every 8-10 years.  The tournament is normally played in the summer and gives the opportunity for amateur golfers all over the U.S. to qualify and play with the professionals.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: What do they call Remembrance Day in the United States
Context: Remembrance Day (also known as Poppy Day owing to the tradition of wearing a remembrance poppy) is a memorial day observed in Commonwealth member states since the end of the First World War in 1919 to honour armed forces members who have died in the line of duty. The day is also marked by war remembrances in several other non-Commonwealth countries. In most countries, Remembrance Day is observed on 11 November to recall the end of First World War hostilities. Hostilities formally ended "at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month" of 1918, in accordance with the armistice signed by representatives of Germany and the Entente between 5:12 and 5:20 that morning. ("At the 11th hour" refers to the passing of the 11th hour, or 11:00 am.) The First World War officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on 28 June 1919.

The tradition of Remembrance Day evolved out of Armistice Day. The initial Armistice Day was observed at Buckingham Palace, commencing with King George V hosting a "Banquet in Honour of the President of the French Republic" during the evening hours of 10 November 1919. The first official Armistice Day was subsequently held on the grounds of Buckingham Palace the following morning. During the Second World War, many countries changed the name of the holiday. Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations adopted Remembrance Day, while the US chose Veterans Day.
Response: In the United States, Remembrance Day, which is a memorial day observing the end of the First World War, is known as Veterans Day.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: When was the Tesla Model 3 unit one million sold?
Context: The Tesla Model 3 became the world's all-time best-selling electric car in early 2020, and in June 2021 became the first electric car to pass 1 million global sales. Together with other emerging automotive technologies such as autonomous driving, connected vehicles and shared mobility, electric cars form a future mobility vision called Autonomous, Connected, Electric and Shared (ACES) Mobility.
Response: June 2021
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Why do some people try to limit the amount of dessert they eat?
Response: Dessert is often high in sugar and fat, which can make the desserts unhealthy in large quantities. Therefore, some people only eat limited amounts of dessert in order to help protect their health
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What are some good activities to keep kids busy while traveling?
Response: Having lots of activities at hand is key to an enjoyable trip with your kids. Some activity ideas include: Device games or movies (be sure to bring headphones!), coloring, reading books (load these on the device too), playing I Spy, playing the license plate game (keep track of the different states), practice shoe tying, sing songs (better for car trips), or play cards. When you need a break, bring out the snacks!
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is The Netherlands?
Response: The Netherlands is a country in Europe, it's capital is Amsterdam and around 18 million people live in the Netherlands.
Category: creative_writing
Instruction: I need a bulleted list of a few things people like to do with trees.
Response: - Read under one
- Plant some in a park
- Pick and eat its fruit
- Cut it for lumber
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is the capital of Kansas?
Response: Topeka is the capital of Kansas
Category: classification
Instruction: Classify each of the following as a French or Italian company: Campari, Dior, Hermes, Ferrari, Prada
Response: Campari: Italian
Dior: French
Hermes: French
Ferrari: Italian
Prada: Italian
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Do dogs have a third eye?
Response: No, dogs only have two eyes. But some say they may perceive more of the world than humans do, giving them an extra sensory-like trait.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Which is the most sparsely populates nation?
Context: Mongolia (/mɒŋˈɡoʊliə/ (listen)) is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of 1,564,116 square kilometres (603,909 square miles), with a population of just 3.3 million, making it the world's most sparsely populated sovereign nation. Mongolia is the world's largest landlocked country that does not border a closed sea, and much of its area is covered by grassy steppe, with mountains to the north and west and the Gobi Desert to the south. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to roughly half of the country's population.
Response: Mongolia
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What kind of bears can you see in the Katmai National Park and Preserve?
Response: Brown bears are a main attraction at the Katmai Park.
Category: classification
Instruction: Classify the sentences below based on the sentiment - neutral, positive, negative, or angry

1. My shirt is red in color
2. I am so mad about losing my Airpods.
3. I am tired of being stuck in traffic every day.
4. I am so stressed and overwhelmed at work.
5. Work is so energizing
6. I love sunsets at the beach.
7. My best vacation place is Rome
8. They sing Fado in Lisbon
9. Somebody's going to get hurt so bad - watch it !
10. I have a meeting at 3pm
Response: While the same statement can be neutral or negative/positive for different people, I think a generic categorization of these sentences would be :

Angry sentiment : Words like mad or intention to hurt shows underlying anger. They are also inherently negative emotions.
2. I am so mad about losing my Airpods.
9. Somebody's going to get hurt so bad - watch it !

Negative sentiment : Tired and stressed indicate negative emotions
3. I am tired of being stuck in traffic every day.
4. I am so stressed and overwhelmed at work.

Positive sentiment : These sentences describe something personal and positive.
5. Work is so energizing
6. I love sunsets at the beach.
7. My best vacation place is Rome

Neutral sentiment : These are usually statements, facts, or trivia.
1. My shirt is red in color
8. They sing Fado in Lisbon
10. I have a meeting at 3pm

Added punctuations, emojis, or way a sentence is said can also reveal added layers of sentiment.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Given a reference text about a George Orwell, tell me when and where they were born, what books they wrote, and what their most famous accomplishment were.
Context: Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950), better known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist, essayist, journalist, and critic. His work is characterized by lucid prose, social criticism, opposition to totalitarianism, and support of democratic socialism.

Orwell produced literary criticism, poetry, fiction and polemical journalism. He is known for the allegorical novella Animal Farm (1945) and the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949). His non-fiction works, including The Road to Wigan Pier (1937), documenting his experience of working-class life in the industrial north of England, and Homage to Catalonia (1938), an account of his experiences soldiering for the Republican faction of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), are as critically respected as his essays on politics, literature, language and culture.

Blair was born in India, and raised and educated in England. After school he became an Imperial policeman in Burma, before returning to Suffolk, England, where he began his writing career as George Orwell—a name inspired by a favourite location, the River Orwell. He lived from occasional pieces of journalism, and also worked as a teacher or bookseller whilst living in London. From the late 1920s to the early 1930s, his success as a writer grew and his first books were published. He was wounded fighting in the Spanish Civil War, leading to his first period of ill health on return to England. During the Second World War he worked as a journalist and for the BBC. The publication of Animal Farm led to fame during his lifetime. During the final years of his life he worked on Nineteen Eighty-Four, and moved between Jura in Scotland and London. It was published in June 1949, less than a year before his death.

Orwell's work remains influential in popular culture and in political culture, and the adjective "Orwellian"—describing totalitarian and authoritarian social practices—is part of the English language, like many of his neologisms, such as "Big Brother", "Thought Police", "Room 101", "Newspeak", "memory hole", "doublethink", and "thoughtcrime". In 2008, The Times ranked George Orwell second among "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".
Response: Eric Arthur Blair, better known by his pen name George Orwell, was born in Motihari, Bengal Presidency, British India on June 25th, 1903.  Raised and educated in England, Orwell fought in the Spanish Civil War, worked as a journalist for the BBC during World War 2 and went on to author a number of literary classics such as Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty Four which lead to him being named among the top 50 greatest British writers.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: What was the hit single on Nek's 1996 Album Lei, gli amici e tutto il resto?
Context: Lei, gli amici e tutto il resto (She, friends and everything else), is the fourth studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Nek. It was released in 1996, as his first studio album with Warner Music Group. It was re-released on 1 March 1997, after the success of the single "Laura non c'è", which had not been included in the album.

Since 1999 there have been reported sales of over 2 million copies all over the world.
Response: Laura non c'è" was the hit single, but wasn't added until the album was released in 1997.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: What was Tyson Fury's fight record as an amateur?
Context: As an amateur, Fury represented both England and Ireland. Fury represented Ireland three times at international level. He was based out of the Holy Family Boxing Club in Belfast, Northern Ireland, and later switched to the Smithboro Club in County Monaghan, Ireland. In a double international match against an experienced Polish team in 2007, the Irish team lost 12–6 overall; Fury, however, was victorious in both his fights in Rzeszów and Białystok. In another Irish match against the US, Fury won his bout by knockout. He won bronze at the AIBA Youth World Boxing Championships in 2006.

In England, while representing Jimmy Egan's Boxing Academy in Wythenshawe, Manchester, he participated in the senior national championships in 2006 but was beaten by David Price 22–8. In May 2007, he won the EU Junior Championship, defeating Istvan Bernath in the final. In July 2007 he won silver at the European Junior Championship, losing to Maxim Babanin in the final.

As a junior, Fury was ranked number three in the world behind the Russians Maxim Babanin and Andrey Volkov, but did not get the chance to represent Great Britain at the 2008 Olympics because each country is restricted to one boxer per weight division and David Price was selected. Price came up through the amateur Olympic programme. Fury also unsuccessfully tried to qualify for Ireland. Speaking in 2011, Fury said "I should have gone to the Olympic games in 2008 and won a gold medal for Ireland, but I was denied the chance to go and do it" He was also forced to withdraw from the Irish national championships after officials from the Holy Trinity Boxing Club in West Belfast, the club of the then Irish amateur heavyweight champion, submitted a protest regarding his eligibility as he was not born in Ireland.

Fury won the ABA super-heavyweight title in 2008 by defeating Damien Campbell 19:1. He turned professional later that year. Feeling disillusioned with amateur boxing, he decided not to wait for the 2012 Olympics. He finished with an amateur record of 31–4 (26 KOs).
Response: He finished with an amateur record of 31–4 (26 KOs
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: How do compilers use IR?
Context: An intermediate language is the language of an abstract machine designed to aid in the analysis of computer programs. The term comes from their use in compilers, where the source code of a program is translated into a form more suitable for code-improving transformations before being used to generate object or machine code for a target machine.
Response: Compilers translate the source code of a program to an intermediate representation (IR), which is a form more suitable for performing code transformations before generating object code for the target machine.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: List all the years mentioned in the following passage
Context: During the Middle Ages, the Gran Tavola (Italian for "Great Table") was the largest Sienese bank; it was one of the most powerful banks in Europe from 1255 to 1298. The Gran Tavola has been called "the greatest bank of the thirteenth century" as well as "one of the largest commercial and banking enterprises in Europe".

The main branches of the Gran Tavola during the mid-thirteenth century were in Pisa, Bologna, Genoa, Marseille, and Paris.
Response: 1255, 1298
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Ramon Magsaysay Award 2022 was given to 4 persons
Response: Sotheara Chhim(Cambodia), Bernadette Madrid(Philippines), Tadashi Hattori(Japan) & Gary Benchehib (Indonesia)
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: What does kwon mean in taekwondo?
Context: Taekwondo, Tae Kwon Do or Taekwon-Do is a Korean form of martial arts involving punching and kicking techniques, with emphasis on head-height kicks, spinning jump kicks, and fast kicking techniques. The literal translation for tae kwon do is "kicking", "punching", and "the art or way of". They are a kind of martial arts in which one attacks or defends with hands and feet anytime or anywhere, with occasional use of weapons. The physical training undertaken in Taekwondo is purposeful and fosters strength of mind through mental armament.
Response: 'kwon' in Korean means punching or striking with the hand
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is comparative genomics?
Response: The core of comparative genome analysis is the establishment of the correspondence between genes (orthology analysis) or other genomic features in different organisms. It is these intergenomic maps that make it possible to trace the evolutionary processes responsible for the divergence of two genomes. A multitude of evolutionary events acting at various organizational levels shape genome evolution. At the lowest level, point mutations affect individual nucleotides. At a higher level, large chromosomal segments undergo duplication, lateral transfer, inversion, transposition, deletion and insertion. Ultimately, whole genomes are involved in processes of hybridization, polyploidization and endosymbiosis, often leading to rapid speciation. The complexity of genome evolution poses many exciting challenges to developers of mathematical models and algorithms, who have recourse to a spectrum of algorithmic, statistical and mathematical techniques, ranging from exact, heuristics, fixed parameter and approximation algorithms for problems based on parsimony models to Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms for Bayesian analysis of problems based on probabilistic models.

Many of these studies are based on the detection of sequence homology to assign sequences to protein families.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: In the first few months how many children were registered?
Context: The children were sent mainly to the four Dominion countries, Canada 1,532 (in nine parties), Australia 577 (three parties), New Zealand 202 (two parties), and South Africa 353 (two parties), and 838 to the USA under the United States Committee for the Care of European Children programme. In the first few months over 211,000 children were registered with the scheme. A further 24,000 children had been approved for sailing in that time and over 1,000 volunteer escorts, including doctors and nurses, enrolled. It was planned as a temporary exile for the children, to return home to their families when conditions permitted.
Response: 211,000 children were registered in the scheme in the first few months.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Given this paragraph about the Tour De France, how long is the race
Context: The Tour de France (French pronunciation: ​[tuʁ də fʁɑ̃s]) is an annual men's multiple-stage bicycle race primarily held in France, while also occasionally passing through nearby countries. Like the other Grand Tours (the Giro d'Italia and the Vuelta a España), it consists of 21 stages, each a day long, over the course of 23 days, coinciding with the Bastille Day holiday. It is the oldest of the Grand Tours and generally considered the most prestigious.
Response: The tour de france is 21 stages long, with each stage taking one day to complete. The race takes 23 days from start to finish due to 2 rest days the riders receive.
Category: summarization
Instruction: Without quoting directly from the text give me a summary of how turist visit the falls even if they are used for hydroelectric power production.
Context: The Cascata delle Marmore (Italian: [kaˈskaːta delle ˈmarmore]) or Marmore Falls is a man-made waterfall created by the ancient Romans. Its total height is 165 m (541 feet), making it the tallest man-made waterfall in the world.

It is located 7.7 km from Terni, a provincial capital of the Italian region of Umbria. 

Its source is a portion of the waters of the river Velino. After flowing through Piediluco lake near the community of Marmore (italian), it pours into the valley below formed by the river Nera. The flow of the waterfall depends on an off and on scale with a published schedule to support the power company nearby.

Most of the time, the water in the canals above the Cascata delle Marmore falls is diverted to a hydroelectric power plant, so the flow in the falls themselves is heavily reduced. Piediluco Lake, above the falls, is used as a reservoir for the power plant. The Galleto power plant, built in 1929, is architecturally interesting. Its capacity is about 530 MW. To control the operation of the power plant, and to satisfy tourists, the falls are turned on according to a set schedule, achieving a spectacular effect at full flow. An alarm is sounded first, then the gates are opened, and in a few minutes the small stream is transformed into a full-sized river rushing into the void below.

Normally, the falls are turned on between 12:00 and 13:00 and again between 16:00 and 17:00 every day, with additional times on holidays. An entrance fee is charged to visit the falls and the surrounding area.

A path along the falls allows the visitor to hike up to the top of the falls. Along the way, a tunnel leads to an observatory just next to the falls, where a visitor is likely to get soaked. Another observatory near the top affords a wide view of the falls and of the Nera valley below.
Response: The Marmore Falls are used as a hydroelectric power plant, but to allow people to enjoy the spectacular water flow, the gates are periodically opened to present the full-sized river rushing into the void. 

The tourists can visit the falls on a fixed schedule (12:00 to 13:00, 16:00 to 17:00 plus additional times on holidays) following paths that allow them to reach the top of the falls.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What are five totally distinct, creative ways to describe the usefulness of a broken stapler.
Response: One can put a broken stapler to good use as a 

- paper weight
- hammer
- home decor 
- ruler
- weapon
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Is there any benefit to pain?
Context: Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli. The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage."

Pain motivates us to withdraw from damaging situations, to protect a damaged body part while it heals, and to avoid similar experiences in the future. Most pain resolves once the noxious stimulus is removed and the body has healed, but it may persist despite removal of the stimulus and apparent healing of the body. Sometimes pain arises in the absence of any detectable stimulus, damage or disease.
Response: Pain helps us withdraw from further severe damage to body
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Is there an answer to the universe?
Response: According to the novel Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy, the answer to life, the universe and everything is 42.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is a term deposit?
Response: With a term deposit, you lock away an amount of money for an agreed length of time (the 'term') – that means you can't access the money until the term is up. In return, you'll get a guaranteed rate of interest for the term you select, so you'll know exactly what the return on your money will be.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Given this reference text about Husinec, what was the highest temperature reached in Fahrenheit?
Context: Husinec is located about 6 kilometres (4 mi) north of Prague. It lies in the Prague Plateau. It it situated in a meander of the Vltava River, partly in the valley of the river and partly on a promontory above the valley.

The municipality is known for high average temperatures, which are caused by the specific relief of the landscape and the natural conditions of the river valley. Drought-tolerant and heat-tolerant plants typical of subtropical climates thrive here. On 19 June 2022, the highest June temperature in the Czech Republic was recorded here, namely 39.0 °C (102.2 °F).
Response: 102.2 degrees Fahrenheit
Category: open_qa
Instruction: why is twitter messages limited to 140 characters
Response: Twitter was originally designed for phone text messages and most phones had a limited amount of characters to send messages.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Steps to choose right colour for occasion
Response: Blue is  the most recommended interview outfit
Warm colours like yellow, orange, or red are good for Company events
Bold colour like red or blue are good for parties
For court and legal the colours  are blue, grey, and brown.
Category: summarization
Instruction: What were the origins of the American Civil War?
Context: Historians who address the origins of the American Civil War today agree that the preservation of slavery in the United States was the principal aim of the 11 Southern states (seven states before the onset of the war and four states after the onset) that declared their secession from the United States (the Union) and united to form the Confederate States of America (known as the "Confederacy"). However, while historians in the 21st century agree on the centrality of the conflict over slavery—it was not just "a cause" of the war but "the cause"—they disagree sharply on which aspects of this conflict (ideological, economic, political, or social) were most important, and on the North’s reasons for refusing to allow the Southern states to secede. Proponents of the pseudo-historical Lost Cause ideology have denied that slavery was the principal cause of the secession, a view that has been disproven by the overwhelming historical evidence against it, notably the seceding states' own secession documents.
Response: Many historians agree that the issue of slavery was the main cause of the American Civil War.  A total of eleven southern states wanted to preserve slavery and as a result voted to secede from the United States.  These states subsequently declared themselves the Confederate States of America, also known as the Confederacy.  Also most historians agree that slavery was the cause of the war, they have differing views regarding which aspects (idealogical, economic, political, or social) were most important.  Their opinions also differ regarding the Northern States reasons for not allowing the Southern states to succeed from the Union.  Followers of an ideology known as the Lost Cause Idealogy have denied that slavery was the root cause of the war however this view has been disproven by overwhelming evidence, including the Southern states own secession documents.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Name some famous Sci-Fi movies
Response: Some famous Sci-Fi movies are Star Wars, 2001: A Space Odyssey and Blade Runner
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: How many times Lewis Hamilton won the F1 Championship ?
Response: 7 times
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: From this paragraph, tell me how many people lived in Harappa.
Context: The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), also known as the Indus Civilisation was a Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. Together with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, it was one of three early civilisations of the Near East and South Asia, and of the three, the most widespread. Its sites spanned an area from much of Pakistan, to northeast Afghanistan, and northwestern India. The civilisation flourished both in the alluvial plain of the Indus River, which flows through the length of Pakistan, and along a system of perennial monsoon-fed rivers that once coursed in the vicinity of the Ghaggar-Hakra, a seasonal river in northwest India and eastern Pakistan.

The term Harappan is sometimes applied to the Indus civilisation after its type site Harappa, the first to be excavated early in the 20th century in what was then the Punjab province of British India and is now Punjab, Pakistan. The discovery of Harappa and soon afterwards Mohenjo-daro was the culmination of work that had begun after the founding of the Archaeological Survey of India in the British Raj in 1861. There were earlier and later cultures called Early Harappan and Late Harappan in the same area. The early Harappan cultures were populated from Neolithic cultures, the earliest and best-known of which is Mehrgarh, in Balochistan, Pakistan. Harappan civilisation is sometimes called Mature Harappan to distinguish it from the earlier cultures.

The cities of the ancient Indus were noted for their urban planning, baked brick houses, elaborate drainage systems, water supply systems, clusters of large non-residential buildings, and techniques of handicraft and metallurgy. Mohenjo-daro and Harappa very likely grew to contain between 30,000 and 60,000 individuals, and the civilisation may have contained between one and five million individuals during its florescence. A gradual drying of the region during the 3rd millennium BCE may have been the initial stimulus for its urbanisation. Eventually it also reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilisation's demise and to disperse its population to the east.

Although over a thousand Mature Harappan sites have been reported and nearly a hundred excavated, there are five major urban centres: Mohenjo-daro in the lower Indus Valley (declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980 as "Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro"), Harappa in the western Punjab region, Ganeriwala in the Cholistan Desert, Dholavira in western Gujarat (declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2021 as "Dholavira: A Harappan City"), and Rakhigarhi in Haryana. The Harappan language is not directly attested, and its affiliation uncertain as the Indus script has remained undeciphered. A relationship with the Dravidian or Elamo-Dravidian language family is favoured by a section of scholars.
Response: Mohenjo-daro and Harappa together had a peak population of between 30,000 and 60,000 people
Category: open_qa
Instruction: In which book would you find the manservant Pas Partout
Response: Around the world in 80 days
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is the Foresight discipline?
Response: Foresight is also known as strategic foresight and futures studies.  It is an emerging multi-disciplinary practice that analyzes change and its implications in the context of the future. 

It enables societies, organizations, and individuals to effectively explore the breadth of potential future scenarios in order to better adapt in the present.  Its purpose is to inform clear thinking, appropriate action, and effective decision making based on the identified trends that will have significant impact on their domain.

Some of the numerous methodologies for decision support that are incorporated in strategic foresight include scenario planning, systems analysis, back-casting, design thinking, trends analysis, horizon scanning, and systems thinking.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Which DJ Introduced BeatBullyz on the BBC Introducting stage?
Context: Since their formation, the Beatbullyz have had a busy career performing at local venues in Swindon. In 2008, they came 1st in Channel 4's unsigned band competition, which won them a chance to star in the soap opera Hollyoaks. In the same year, they released their album Rootz. In 2009, they got their break in the form of Radio 1's Big Weekend in Swindon, where they appeared on the "BBC Introducing" stage, introduced by Radio 1 DJ Huw Stephens. He invited them back for the Maida Vale Session in July. In August that year, they performed at the Moonfest as well as supporting Example in the later part of 2009.

In February 2010, they shared a stage with Scouting for Girls and backed N Dubz on their tour throughout March into April. Dappy from N Dubz said "Beatbullyz are too unique, I love them, no-one sounds like them, Beatbullyz all the way man." They played their own gigs throughout April, including a performance at the Playaway Festival. The next month they were back at Radio 1's Big Weekend in Wales where Fearne Cotten introduced them, pledging her support when they headlined the BBC Introducing stage. They released their debut single Skillz that May.

In 2010 they shared a stage with Eliza Doolittle and performed at the Wireless Festival in July. They unveiled their second release, Bounce and then their third release Human Nature and the last release single Heartbeat Ft Lizzy Paterson.Beatbullyz played at the Big Arts Day in Swindon at Lydiard Park. They carried on touring, sharing the stage with such acts as Professor Green and Tinchy Stryder at Spa Bidlington. They recorded a track with, Lizzie Patterson, sister of Robert Patterson, in 2010. In August, they supported Jason Derulo on his UK tour as well as doing their own tour ending in February 2011. In September 2010, Beatbullyz released their album Human Nature and throughout December supported JLS on their tour across the UK in 2010. They supported Example in their hometown Swindon at the MECA. Bozo is featured on a track with another local from Swindon, Daine Gooden. In May 2011 they supported Coolio.
Response: DJ Huw Stephens introduced BeatBullyz on the BBC Introducing stage on Radio 1.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is family time?
Response: Family during is time where each person in the family is actively engaged in the same activity together.  Family activities like watching a movie together, eating a meal together, going to the circus together, exercising together, or going for a walk is all good family time.  During family time you can share what has been going on in your own life and learn about the other members of your family.  Family time is important to strengthen the bonds you all have with one another.