fedml/databricks-dolly-15k-niid huggingface dataset:
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: what was population of India during Mauryan Era?
Context: Prehistory to early 19th century
The following table lists estimates for the population of India (including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh) from prehistory up until 1820. It includes estimates and growth rates according to five economic historians, along with interpolated estimates and overall aggregate averages derived from their estimates.[citation needed]

Estimates of historical world population

Year	Aggregate average	Period	Average
 % growth
/ century
Population	% of World population
10,000 BC	1,000	0.83%	Stone Age	30.28
4000 BC	1,000,000	30.83%
2000 BC	13,000,000	37.143%	Bronze Age	26.25
500 BC	25,000,000	41.70%	Iron Age	
400 BC	26,000,000	43.96%
200 BC	31,000,000	47.63%	Maurya era	
1 AD	35,000,000	35.56%	Classical
era	
200	41,000,000	36.15%
400	47,000,000	40%
500	50,000,000	43.58%
600	53,000,000	48.83%	Early
medieval
era	
700	60,000,000	56.67%
800	64,000,000	55%
900	70,000,000	53.34%
1000	79,000,000	30%
1100	83,000,000	35%	Late
medieval
era	
1200	86,000,000	36.67%
1300	91,000,000	38.34%
1400	97,000,000	30%
1500	105,000,000	21.67%
1600	140,000,000	23.33%	Early modern era	
1650	170,000,000	26.15%
1700	140,000,000	20%
1750	183,000,000	21.53%
1800	200,000,000	20%
1820	210,000,000	19.09%
The population grew from the South Asian Stone Age in 10,000 BC to the Maurya Empire in 200 BC at a steadily increasing growth rate, before population growth slowed down in the Early Medieval Era up to 700 AD, and then started decreasing the up to 1500 AD.

Under Mughal Empire, India experienced a high economic and demographic upsurge, due to Mughal agrarian reforms that intensified agricultural production. 15% of the population lived in urban centres, higher than the percentage of the population in 19th-century British India and contemporary Europe up until the 19th century. Those estimates were criticised by Tim Dyson, who considers them exaggerations. According to Dyson, urbanisation of the Mughal empire was less than 9%

Under the reign of Akbar (reigned 1556–1605) in 1600, the Mughal Empire's urban population was up to 17 million people, larger than the urban population in Europe. By 1700, Mughal India had an urban population of 23 million people, larger than British India's urban population of 22.3 million in 1871. Nizamuddin Ahmad (1551–1621) reported that, under Akbar's reign, Mughal India had 120 large cities and 3,200 townships. A number of cities in India had a population between a quarter-million and half-million people, with larger cities including Agra (in Agra Subah) with up to 800,000 people and Dhaka (in Bengal Subah) with over 1 million people. Mughal India also had a large number of villages, with 455,698 villages by the time of Aurangzeb (reigned 1658–1707).
Response: It was around 31,000,000 during Maurya Era (200BC) .
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Let’s solve the following math problem. Each rabbit has 4 feets and each duck has 2 feets. If there are in total 25 heads and 88 feets, how many rabbits and how many ducks are there?
Response: We can use equations to solve this problem. Let the number of ducks be X and the number of rabbits be Y. We have 
X+Y = 25 (1) 
2X + 4Y = 88 (2). 
From the first equation, we know that X = 25-Y and we can substitute this into the second equation (2), and we get
2(25-Y) + 4Y = 88
Which can be simplified to 50 + 2Y = 88 and we have Y = 19.
We substitute the value into (1), we will then get X = 6. 
There are 6 ducks and 19 rabbits!
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What are different ways of data collection?
Response: Gathering data can be accomplished through a primary source (the researcher is the first person to obtain the data) or a secondary source (the researcher obtains the data that has already been collected by other sources, such as data disseminated in a scientific journal). Data analysis methodologies vary and include data triangulation and data percolation. The latter offers an articulate method of collecting, classifying, and analyzing data using five possible angles of analysis (at least three) to maximize the research's objectivity and permit an understanding of the phenomena under investigation as complete as possible: qualitative and quantitative methods, literature reviews (including scholarly articles), interviews with experts, and
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is the Nazi foreign policy debate
Response: The foreign policy and war aims of the Nazis have been the subject of debate among historians. The Nazis governed Germany between 1933 and 1945. There has been disagreement over whether Adolf Hitler aimed solely at European expansion and domination, or whether he planned for a long-term global empire.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What is the potential hydrogen of water?
Response: Alkaline is a water which has a potential hydrogen (ph) higher than 8.0.  Water with a PH of 7.0 is distilled water, and water with a ph less than 7.0 is considered to be acidic.  Alkaline water is supposed to be better for the body but you can argue that the acid in the stomach neutralizes the alkalinity so it doesn't have any health effect on the body.  More research is needed to say whether or not alkaline water with a high PH is actually good for you.
Category: creative_writing
Instruction: You have been placed in the position of supporting the 2010 Supreme Court decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission.  Please develop your position into a one-page position paper (12-point font, single spaced).
Response: The Citizens United case is ultimately one pertaining to freedom of speech—while undeniable to US citizens, the protection of free speech was previously denied to unions and corporations. Now, they can express support or criticism of political candidates. This should be good news for both dominant political parties, as liberals tending to support unions and conservatives tending to laud free enterprise both have great voice in the election process. Concern, however, has been raised that companies now have too loud a voice.
But, who makes up companies? Individual humans, who are free to join and leave those companies at will. Why would a group of humans be devoid of any rights to which the individuals of the group are entitled? The constitutional right to free speech, it follows, applies to groups of individuals – which companies are – and those groups should be able to leverage their earned dollars to further promote their own well-being. And the ruling has legal precedent: dating back to 1868, US corporations have enjoyed equal protection under the 14th amendment and protection against search and seizure without warrant (Totenberg, N.)
But the decision cannot be analyzed solely through legal theory. What have the actual impacts been since the ruling? Rather than observing unlimited spending from corporations as feared, the last ten years have reemphasized the importance of low-level donors; instead of focusing power on just one party or candidate that certain corporations back, political parties have taken turns assuming power; corporate donations remain under 10% of total political spending at the federal level. Furthermore, it seems that wealthy individuals, rather than any specific union or corporation, have been making oversized donations that dominant the budgets of super-PACs. It follows that any concerns around voices dominating the political conversation are indeed individuals, not unions or corporations as fear.
Citizens United allows companies to further act in their best interests and raise issues pertaining to the business. US citizens can and should be trusted to consume rhetoric intellectually, instead of shielded from the arguments companies are making.
Category: classification
Instruction: Classify each of the following objects as either heavy or lightweight: bubble, aircraft, bear, mouse, bus, raisin, strawberry, popcorn, elephant, piano, plastic cup, train, butterfly, whale, refrigerator, feather, pencil, ship, tree, flower.
Response: Heavy weight objects include: aircraft, bear, bus, elephant, piano, refrigerator, ship, tree, train, whale.
Lightweight objects include: bubble, butterfly, feather, flower, mouse, pencil, plastic cup, popcorn, raisin, strawberry.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Explain different pizza styles
Response: New York style pizza is composed of a thin crust that is cooked to a crispy consistency. The sauce is typically a basic tomato puree with some seasoning. Cheese and sauce is spread uniformly within a half inch of the edge of the circular dough. Slices of a New York pizza are portable and are often eating without utensils. New York pizza has a traditional set of optional toppings, including pepperoni, mushrooms, sausage and onions.

Chicago style pizza is often cooked in a deep, round pan. The crust is composed of a flaky dough that is similar to a pastry. Sauces are often rich and have a chunky consistency. Slices of this pizza are usually eaten with the assistance of a knife and fork.

Detroit style pizza is often cooked in a deep, rectangular pan. The bottom of the pan is often oiled or seasoned so that the bottom of the crust is browned and crispy. Cheese is applied to the edge of the pan, and this provides a caramelized cheese edge. The dough is thick and airy, and slices are study enough to be eaten by hand.

Neapolitan style pizza is similar to New York but is more rustic in nature. The dough is often more thick than New York pizza and cheese slices are spread sparsely along with some basil leaves.

California style pizza is similar to New York style pizza but has non-standard toppings and sauces. For instance, a California pizza may use a pesto base as the sauce and goat cheese with walnuts as toppings.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: List of the biggest oceans in the world
Response: Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Southern Ocean
Arctic Ocean
Coral Sea
Arabian Sea
Category: classification
Instruction: Categorize each of the following instruments as either string or keyboard: Guitar, Violin, piano, harmonium, cello, accordion, banjo
Response: Guitar - String
Violin - String
piano - keyboard
harmonium - keyboard
cello - string
accordion - keyboard
banjo - string
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Give me a list of the Western States in the United States of America.
Response: The eleven Western United States are Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Give me the list of Greek goddesses starting by 'B':
Response: Here is the list of Greek goddesses starting by 'B': 

- Baubo
- Benthesikyme
- Bia
- Borysthenis
- Brimo
- Brizo
- Bronte
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What are the main components of a drum set?
Response: Drum sets, as the name would suggest, are comprised of a set of drums, cymbals, and other percussion instruments played together by the musician, usually known as a drummer. While drum sets vary widely in size depending on drummer preference and musical style, there are a number of key components included in almost every drum set:

Kick drum: this is a large bass drum played with a mallet driven by a foot pedal, often used as the base on top of which other drums and/or cymbals are attached. 

Snare drum: this is a high pitched drum with springs stretched over the bottom head, creating a unique clap noise.

Toms: these are drums attached to the kick drum or sitting on stands on the floor that are often used in drum fills.

Hi-hat cymbal: this is a set of two cymbals that can be controlled using a foot pedal, opening or closing to create a different sound when struck. Hi-hats are used to keep the beat.

Ride cymbal: this is a large, heavy cymbal used as an alternative to hi-hats, creating a splashier sound.

Crash cymbal: this is a medium or large cymbal often struck to make a loud, climactic crashing noise.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: How many syllables are in the word reverberate?
Response: The word reverberate has 4 syllables: re-ver-ber-ate
Category: open_qa
Instruction: If we dug straight through to where we stood on Earth, would we reach the other side?
Response: The core of the earth is a molten core of heavy metals, its probable you would not survive the journey.
Category: creative_writing
Instruction: Conceive a plot for a John Wick movie which includes redemption and closure
Response: John Wick is a hitman who is plagued by his past and struggles to move on with his life. He eventually gets a chance to redeem himself when he takes on a new mission to complete a contract that he had been trying to fulfill for years. After completing the contract, he is offered a chance to join a secret society of assassins and he is finally given the closure he has been seeking.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Name some popular American beer brands.
Response: Rogue, Widmer, Budweiser, Coors, Michelob, Blue Moon
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: How long was the Nazi German battleship Bismarck active during WWII?
Context: In the course of the warship's eight-month career, Bismarck conducted only one offensive operation that lasted 8 days in May 1941, codenamed Rheinübung. The ship, along with the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen, was to break into the Atlantic Ocean and raid Allied shipping from North America to Great Britain. The two ships were detected several times off Scandinavia, and British naval units were deployed to block their route. At the Battle of the Denmark Strait, the battlecruiser HMS Hood initially engaged Prinz Eugen, probably by mistake, while HMS Prince of Wales engaged Bismarck. In the ensuing battle Hood was destroyed by the combined fire of Bismarck and Prinz Eugen, which then damaged Prince of Wales and forced her retreat. Bismarck suffered sufficient damage from three hits by Prince of Wales to force an end to the raiding mission.
Response: The Bismarck was active for only 8 months of World WarII. The Bismarck and an accompanying heavy crusier, the Prinz Eugen engaged with two British battlecruisers, the Hood and the Prince of Wales off the Denmark Strait in May 1941.  During the engagement, the Hood was destroyed but the Bismarck suffered damage from fire from the Price of Wales that forced the Nazi battleship to effectively end its operations.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What are some best practices to keep car tires from losing tread prematurely
Response: To keep car tires from losing tread prematurely follow these best practices
1) Ensure the tire pressure is always at the car and tire manufacturers recommended PSI levels
2) Ensure you rotate tires every 6 months
3) Enhance your sense of breaking scenarios and try to gently break into it rather than abruptly slamming the breaks
4) Similarly try to accelerate gently as you start your drive rather than accelerating at a high rate.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: What is the most known picture from Dorothea Lange
Context: Resettlement Administration

Lange's iconic 1936 photograph of Florence Owens Thompson, Migrant Mother

"Broke, baby sick, and car trouble!" (1937)
Lange and Dixon divorced on October 28, 1935 and on December 6 she married economist Paul Schuster Taylor, professor of economics at the University of California, Berkeley. For the next five years they traveled through the California coast and the midwest. Throughout their travels they documented rural poverty, in particular the exploitation of sharecroppers and migrant laborers. Taylor interviewed subjects and gathered economic data while Lange produced photographs and accompanying data. They lived and worked from Berkeley for the rest of her life.

Working for the Resettlement Administration and Farm Security Administration, Lange's images brought to public attention the plight of the poor and forgotten—particularly sharecroppers, displaced farm families, and migrant workers. Lange's work was distributed to newspapers across the country, and the poignant images became icons of the era.

One of Lange's most recognized works is Migrant Mother, published in 1936. The woman in the photograph is Florence Owens Thompson. In 1960, Lange spoke about her experience taking the photograph:

"I saw and approached the hungry and desperate mother, as if drawn by a magnet. I do not remember how I explained my presence or my camera to her, but I do remember she asked me no questions. I made five exposures, working closer and closer from the same direction. I did not ask her name or her history. She told me her age, that she was thirty-two. She said that they had been living on frozen vegetables from the surrounding fields, and birds that the children killed. She had just sold the tires from her car to buy food. There she sat in that lean-to tent with her children huddled around her, and seemed to know that my pictures might help her, and so she helped me. There was a sort of equality about it."

Lange reported the conditions at the camp to the editor of a San Francisco newspaper, showing him her photographs. The editor informed federal authorities and published an article that included some of the images. In response, the government rushed aid to the camp to prevent starvation.

According to Thompson's son, while Lange got some details of the story wrong, the impact of the photograph came from an image that projected both the strengths and needs of migrant workers. Twenty-two of Lange's photographs produced for the FSA were included in John Steinbeck's The Harvest Gypsies when it was first published in 1936 in The San Francisco News. According to an essay by photographer Martha Rosler, Migrant Mother became the most reproduced photograph in the world.
Response: The most famous picture taken by Dorothea Lange is the "migrant mother" where a women is shown with her child during the great depression. The image symbolises the suffering of the american population at the time following years of bad crop that led to the economic crisis of 1929 and mid 30's depression.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: what is elasticsearch?
Response: Elasticsearch is a search engine based on the Lucene library. It provides a distributed, multitenant-capable full-text search engine with an HTTP web interface and schema-free JSON documents.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Given the following paragraph about a laptops, why are laptops called "laptop"?
Context: The names "laptop" and "notebook" refer to the fact that the computer can be practically placed on (or on top of) the user's lap and can be used similarly to a notebook. As of 2022, in American English, the terms "laptop" and "notebook" are used interchangeably; in other dialects of English, one or the other may be preferred. Although the term "notebook" originally referred to a specific size of laptop (originally smaller and lighter than mainstream laptops of the time), the term has come to mean the same thing and no longer refers to any specific size.
Response: Laptops are called "laptop" because the computer can be practically placed on the user's lap .
Category: general_qa
Instruction: who won the last soccer world cup ?
Response: Argentina won the last world cup. Argentina won 3 world cups in 1978, 1986, 2022.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: How much renewable energy is produced and consumed in the United States?
Context: According to preliminary data from the US Energy Information Administration, renewable energy accounted for about 12.6% of total primary energy consumption and about 19.8% of the domestically produced electricity in the United States in 2020.
Response: Since 2019, wind power has been the largest producer of renewable electricity in the country. Wind power generated 337.9 terawatt-hours of electricity in 2020, which accounted for 8.4% of the nation's total electricity generation and 43.2% of the total renewable electricity generation.  By October 2021, the United States nameplate generating capacity for wind power was 129,256 megawatts (MW).  Texas remained firmly established as the leader in wind power deployment, followed by Iowa and Oklahoma as of year end 2020.

Hydroelectric power is the second-largest producer of renewable electricity in the country, generating around 7.3% of the nation's total electricity in 2020 as well as 36.4% of the total renewable electricity generation.  The United States is the fourth largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world after China, Canada and Brazil.

Solar power provides a growing share of electricity in the country, with over 50 GW of installed capacity generating about 1.3% of the country's total electricity supply in 2017, up from 0.9% the previous year. As of 2016, more than 260,000 people worked in the solar industry and 43 states deployed net metering, where energy utilities bought back excess power generated by solar arrays.  Large photovoltaic power plants in the United States include Mount Signal Solar (600 MW) and Solar Star (579 MW). Since the United States pioneered solar thermal power technology in the 1980s with Solar One, several more such power stations have been built. The largest of these solar thermal power stations are the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility (392 MW), southwest of Las Vegas, and the SEGS group of plants in the Mojave Desert, with a total generating capacity of 354 MW.

Other renewable energy sources include geothermal, with The Geysers in Northern California the largest geothermal complex in the world.

The development of renewable energy and energy efficiency marked "a new era of energy exploration" in the United States, according to former President Barack Obama.  In a joint address to the Congress on February 24, 2009, President Obama called for doubling renewable energy within the following three years. Renewable energy reached a major milestone in the first quarter of 2011, when it contributed 11.7% of total national energy production (660 TWh), surpassing energy production from nuclear power (620 TWh) for the first time since 1997.  In his 2012 State of the Union address, President Barack Obama restated his commitment to renewable energy and mentioned the long-standing Interior Department commitment to permit 10,000 MW of renewable energy projects on public land in 2012.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: what is the name of the podcast hosted by luke burbank?
Response: TBTL
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What are the words of House Tallhart?
Response: "Proud and Free"
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: In which century was Denis Thériault born?
Context: Denis Thériault (born August 24, 1959) is a Canadian author, playwright and screenwriter of French-Canadian descent..
Response: The 20th century
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: From the passage identify the sacred animals of Apollo. Display the results in a comma separated format.
Context: Apollo (Ἀπόλλων, Apóllōn)

God of music, arts, knowledge, healing, plague, prophecy, poetry, manly beauty, and archery. He is the son of Zeus and Leto, and the twin brother of Artemis. Both Apollo and Artemis use a bow and arrow. Apollo is depicted as young, beardless, handsome and athletic. In myth, he can be cruel and destructive, and his love affairs are rarely happy. He is often accompanied by the Muses. His most famous temple is in Delphi, where he established his oracular shrine. His signs and symbols include the laurel wreath, bow and arrow, and lyre. His sacred animals include roe deer, swans, and pythons. Some late Roman and Greek poetry and mythography identifies him as a sun-god, equivalent to Roman Sol and Greek Helios.
Response: roe deer, swans, pythons
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Explain Ionizing radiation as a twelve years old kid.
Response: Ionizing radiation is caused when a very heavy atom emits a particle at the speed of light called ionizing radiation.
On contact with a material, either the atom absorbs the ionizing particle or 
The ionizing particle breaks the atom in two and forms two ionizing particles which can create a chain reaction.
There are three kinds of ionizing particles: alpha, beta and gamma
Alpha particles react a lot with matter but travel a very short distance.

Beta particles react less than alpha particles with matter but travel a very short distance. 
Alpha particles react less than alpha particles with matter but travel a longer distance than alpha particles.

Gamma particles react less with matter than beta particles but travel a longer distance than beta particles.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What temperature does water boil at in Celsius and Fahrenheit
Response: Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius and 212 degrees Fahrenheit
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is the difference between walking and running?
Response: Walking and running involves taking steps to gain velocity, typically on land.  The differences come in terms of speed.  Walking happens at a slower pace and pace than running.  One that traverses longer distances at a faster rate when running versus walking.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Extract the types of businesses in downtown Stroudsburg, list each in a new line preceded with the number for each
Context: Downtown Stroudsburg is the commercial hub for the surrounding area, serving as the Monroe County seat, and is located just off Interstate 80. It is the only traditional downtown in the area. Downtown Stroudsburg is anchored by Dunkelberger’s Sports Outfitters and is also home to more than 24 restaurants, nine art galleries, three women’s clothing stores, numerous antique stores, several general merchandisers, many specialty shops, two hotels, the local YMCA, 11 financial institutions and the core of the legal profession in Monroe County. There are 600 hotel rooms within 2 miles (3.2 km) of Downtown Stroudsburg. Downtown Stroudsburg also features a wide tree lined Main Street with historically rich architecture, plenty of on street parking, several municipal parking lots, one parking garage and another on the drawing board. Currently the total trade area population is about 250,000. This includes all of Monroe and Pike Counties, as well as northern Northampton County and Warren County, New Jersey.
Response: 24 Restaurants
9 Art galleries
3 Women's Clothing Stores
2 Hotels
11 financial institutions
1 Parking Garage
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Kingston, Zuma, and Apollo are the sons of which American female pop star?
Response: Gwen Stefani.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: What are the risks of untreated type 1 diabetes?
Context: Prolonged lack of insulin can also result in diabetic ketoacidosis, characterized by persistent fatigue, dry or flushed skin, abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting, confusion, trouble breathing, and a fruity breath odor. Blood and urine tests reveal unusually high glucose and ketones in the blood and urine. Untreated ketoacidosis can rapidly progress to loss of consciousness, coma, and death. The percentage of children whose type 1 diabetes begins with an episode of diabetic ketoacidosis varies widely by geography, as low as 15% in parts of Europe and North America, and as high as 80% in the developing world.
Response: Untreated type 1 diabetes can rapidly result in diabetic ketoacidosis which may lead to loss of consciousness, coma and death.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: What's Rockhopper Exploration PLC business?
Context: Rockhopper Exploration PLC is an oil and gas exploration company headquartered in Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom. It owns offshore exploration and production licences in the North Falkland Basin in the waters north of the Falkland Islands.

Rockhopper is listed on the Alternative Investment Market of the London Stock Exchange.
Response: Rockhopper Exploration PLC is in the oil and gas business, headquartered in Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is ChatGPT?
Response: ChatGPT is a large language model (LLM) built by a company names OpenAI.  It has the ability to answer in a human like way to any question that you ask it.  It can generate code from text, write stories, answer questions, make hashtags, help summarize notes, etc.  It was launched on November 30, 2022 and it gained millions of users in the first week it was available for free use by the public.  ChatGPT models can also be customized for industry specific use cases using smaller training datasets.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: 5 Technologies that makes a country powerful
Response: Protect and develop Artificial intelligence
Create Quantum computing the next important innovation
Develop Bioscience to increase medical capabilities
Semiconductors production
Autonomous systems to reduce manual intervention
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: List all the organisations mentioned in this paragraph on the history of the Java programming language, as a comma separated list.
Context: Java is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is a general-purpose programming language intended to let programmers write once, run anywhere (WORA), meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need to recompile. Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of the underlying computer architecture. The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++, but has fewer low-level facilities than either of them. The Java runtime provides dynamic capabilities (such as reflection and runtime code modification) that are typically not available in traditional compiled languages. As of 2019, Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub,[citation not found] particularly for client–server web applications, with a reported 9 million developers.

Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems. It was released in May 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The original and reference implementation Java compilers, virtual machines, and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses. As of May 2007, in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process, Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GPL-2.0-only license. Oracle offers its own HotSpot Java Virtual Machine, however the official reference implementation is the OpenJDK JVM which is free open-source software and used by most developers and is the default JVM for almost all Linux distributions.

As of March 2023, Java 20 is the latest version, while Java 17, 11 and 8 are the current long-term support (LTS) versions.
Response: GitHub, Sun Microsystems, Oracle
Category: creative_writing
Instruction: Where is the best place to vacation in the Bahamas?
Response: Harbour Island is a small island in the Bahamas, accessible via the airport at North Eleuthera. Flights leave Miami, Fort Lauderdale or Nassau, several times daily. From Florida, Harbour Island is a 45min paddle jumper flight to North Eleuthera and then a 10 minute speed boat. 
Harbour Island has 8 hotels, Coral Sands, Pink Sands, Ramora Bay, Valentines, The Rockhouse, and The Dunmore. The Landing. All are boutique hotels. Coral Sands is about 90 rooms and the largest. There are no cars allowed in Harbour Island. Everyone travels by golf cart. Restaurants are great on the Island, and no visit is complete without a visit to Daddy D's nightclub.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: I want to become a pro MMA fighter. How can I go about doing so?
Response: There are many different avenues that you can take in order to become a pro Mixed-Martial Arts fighter. To be successful will require a lot of discipline and hard work. Here is one potential path which you may consider: 

1) Improve you general fitness: In order to become a successful MMA athlete you need to have good general fitness. This can include things like strength training, yoga (flexibility) and cardio (swimming, running, etc). 

2) Get a breadth of experience: It is helpful to get competency in the various specialties that are found in MMA fights so you can adequately handle all styles that may be employed at the time.  At a high level, this can be split into two sections: 
    - Striking: Relevant marital arts you may want to consider training is Boxing, Kickboxing, Muai-Thai. 
    - Grappling: Relevant marital arts you may want to consider training in is Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Sambo, Freestyle Wresting. 

3) Consider specializing: While it is good to have a breadth of different techniques, really honing in on one sub-discipline can give you an edge in comparison to other fighters. For example, Khabib Nurmagomedov has found success with a wrestling base. 


These are just some starting points to consider when thinking about becoming a professional MMA athlete. Soft Skills like networking and marketing are also very important once you reach more professional levels of the sport.
Category: classification
Instruction: Classify these various instruments as either percussion or woodwind instruments: flute, clarinet, drum, bassoon, marimba, cymbal
Response: The drum, marimba and cymbal are percussion instruments. The flute, clarinet, and bassoon are woodwind instruments.
Category: classification
Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Ekwe, Balalaika
Response: Balalaika is string, Ekwe is percussion.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Which gameshow host is a vegetarian?
Response: Bob Barker, the longest serving host of The Price is Right, is a vegetarian and forbade meat products from being displayed on the gameshow.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is the motto of the United States Marine Corps?
Response: Adopted in 1883, Semper Fidelis: Latin for "Always Faithful" is the motto of the Marine Corps.  Semper Fidelis symbolizes the lifelong commitment held by every Marine for the Corps and America, a promise reciprocated by the Corps to all Marines.
Category: summarization
Instruction: Where can set theory be applied?
Context: Set theory is the branch of mathematical logic that studies sets, which can be informally described as collections of objects. Although objects of any kind can be collected into a set, set theory, as a branch of mathematics, is mostly concerned with those that are relevant to mathematics as a whole.

The modern study of set theory was initiated by the German mathematicians Richard Dedekind and Georg Cantor in the 1870s. In particular, Georg Cantor is commonly considered the founder of set theory. The non-formalized systems investigated during this early stage go under the name of naive set theory. After the discovery of paradoxes within naive set theory (such as Russell's paradox, Cantor's paradox and the Burali-Forti paradox) various axiomatic systems were proposed in the early twentieth century, of which Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (with or without the axiom of choice) is still the best-known and most studied.

Set theory is commonly employed as a foundational system for the whole of mathematics, particularly in the form of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice. Besides its foundational role, set theory also provides the framework to develop a mathematical theory of infinity, and has various applications in computer science (such as in the theory of relational algebra), philosophy and formal semantics. Its foundational appeal, together with its paradoxes, its implications for the concept of infinity and its multiple applications, have made set theory an area of major interest for logicians and philosophers of mathematics. Contemporary research into set theory covers a vast array of topics, ranging from the structure of the real number line to the study of the consistency of large cardinals.
Response: Sets can be applied to virtually any application, given that the application can be represented via a logical set of mathematical objects.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Best Bengali singer
Response: Kishore Kumar
Category: creative_writing
Instruction: In chess, why is the queen valued at nine points instead of eight?
Response: In chess, typically chess pieces are valued based on their importance. 
For example, 
Pawn - 1 point 
Knight - 3 points
Bishop - 3 points
Rook - 5 points
Queen - 9 points

Since the queen can move like the bishop and the rook, simple math would suggest that it is valued at 8 points (3 + 5). 
However, the game of chess, involves complex scenarios and strategies and having a single piece that can move in all directions gives it a distinct advantage during various phases of the chess game. 
This is why the queen is given a higher point valuation.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Was Jesus and actual person
Response: Yes. Jesus was an historical person.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What was the deadliest battle in history?
Response: The Battle of Stalingrad was a brutal military campaign between Russian forces and those of Nazi Germany and the Axis powers during World War II. The battle is infamous as one of the largest, longest and bloodiest engagements in modern warfare: From August 1942 through February 1943, more than two million troops fought in close quarters – and nearly two million people were killed or injured in the fighting, including tens of thousands of Russian civilians. The giant campaign was really a showdown between Hitler and Stalin over the city that bore the name of the Soviet dictator, which ultimately turned the tide of World War II in favor of the Allied forces, and helped bring about a change of fortunes that would eventually destroy Nazi Germany and doom Hitler.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: How long is a running ultra?
Response: The term ultra applies to any foot race longer than a marathon. Any foot race longer than 26.2 miles (or 42 kilometers) is considered an ultra marathon, or an "ultra". Some ultras are measured in distance. Common distances are 50 kilometers, 100 kilometers, and 100 miles. Other ultras are measured in time. In a timed ultra format, participants run as far as they can in a pre-determined amount of time. An example of common timed ultras is the 12 hour format, the 24 hour format, and the 48 hour format. A third category of ultra running races is called "Last Person Standing". These races repeat a 4.167 mile "yard" (loop) each hour until only one person can complete a yard by themselves. That person becomes "the last person standing".
Category: classification
Instruction: Holidays such as Christmas, Easter and Halloween are associated with themes. Sort the following items into the holiday with which they are most frequently associated: elves, chocolate, presents, pumpkin, rabbit, candy, pilgrim, egg, Santa, Jesus, hot-crossed buns, and reindeer
Response: Pumpkin, candy and pilgrims are frequently associated with Halloween.
Hot-crossed buns, Egg, chocolate, Rabbit and Jesus and  are associated with Easter.
Reindeer, elves, Santa and presents are associated with Christmas.
Category: creative_writing
Instruction: Write a brief passage detailing experiences of a family relocating internationally?
Response: Relocating your base is a challenge, more so when you relocate across borders and that too with a family. Every aspect of relocation needs to be planned keeping in mind the needs of each family member. Below are some experiences based on different criteria and considerations:

1. City, area, zip: This is the primary decision that is made. It was also a function of the location that the underlying opportunity/job that triggers the relocation. In some cases, families might be returning. However, it is very important for one to research a city, area from multiple aspects before closing in or accepting the relocation. A right balance in terms of cons and pros can be ideal in selecting, since one may not find all requirements fulfilled in a particular location
2. Cost of living/Inflation adjustment: Next is to test your selected area, zip, city with what you are going to earn from your primary business or job. Would you be able to maintain, if not improve your current standard of living. More importantly, with a family it is critical that you are also able to save a monthly sum towards health, education, etc for the future.
3. Schooling: The education system across countries are very different. There are concepts of public, charter schools that exist in some locations, but they may be either not be par with quality you would expect or not exist at all. The education board options also make it complex, which requires one to make a choice based on their own preferences and ideology.  The third factor is the variation in teaching methodology, example Montessori.
4. Healthcare: Identify primary health care providers soon, share medical records from the past and have the kids up to date on vaccination. There might be scenarios where one may have to re-vaccinate kids based on schooling requirement.
4. Surrounding ecosystem: Once the initial items are done, identify good places for leisure, fun and family time. Example, sports classes for kids, art classes, theatres, parks, beaches, weekend getaways, etc. These are the places that will give the time to bond after a long transition, plus also enjoy the new location.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Do you recommend playing Dr. Mercy who is also called Swiss doctor Angela Ziegler to support your Chinese teammates in Overwatch ?
Response: No, as Chinese writer Lu Xun once said, You can not save Chinese by becoming a doctor.
Lu Xun planned to become a doctor but gave it up and become a writer instead because he realize saving Chinese require much more than what a doctor can do.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: What is the meaning of "Nnedi" in Nnedi Okarafor's name?
Context: Nnedimma Nkemdili Okorafor was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1974 to Igbo Nigerian parents who travelled to America in 1969 to attend school but purportedly could not return to Nigeria due to the Nigerian Civil War. Okorafor is the third child in a family of four children and grew up in Chicago, Illinois, and would often travel to Nigeria to spend her holidays with her extended family. Her first name is Igbo for "mother is good".
Response: "Nnedi" is the short form of her full name "Nnedimma" which translates to "mother is good", in Nigerian Igbo language.
Category: classification
Instruction: Tell whether these things smell nice or unpleasant: garbage, lemons, sweat, oceans, rain
Response: garbage: smells unpleasant, lemons: smells nice, sweat: smells unpleasant, oceans: smell nice, rain: smells nice
Category: open_qa
Instruction: How can you take good star photos?
Response: Taking good star photos requires 3 critical elements: good observation conditions, good equipment and plenty of time. Picking a dark site without a lot of light pollution that's away from cities and other strong sources of light is a must. The weather also has to be clear, without clouds, and preferably on a night without full moon which is another source of light pollution. On the equipment side, if you're planning to use a cellphone, make sure that it has a night mode and you have a way to keep it immobile for the duration of the photo, which could take 4 or more minutes. You will get better results with a digital camera as those have larger lenses which can capture more light. Also remember that the longer the photo, the more the earth will turn, causing your starts to appear as trails in the photo - which may or may not be desired. For professional looking photos you'll need a telescope, and remember that no matter what you do, your photos won't look anything like those coming from Hubble and other large telescopes. Lastly, plan on spending plenty of time - the longer the exposure the better you can see the stars, and you might want to take several photos - try different parts of the sky, see what happens when you include the ground or not, and remember to let your eyes adjust to the dark and look around yourself, while you're taking the photos!
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What are three popular women's fashion rental services?
Response: Rent the Runway, Nuuly, and FashionPass
Category: creative_writing
Instruction: Write a guide for how to catch a smallmouth bass.
Response: The smallmouth bass is a common freshwater fish, found in the rivers and lakes of North America. Its habitat stretches between northeastern Canada and a small range of waterways in Mexico. Fishermen of all ages enjoy catching the smallmouth bass, because of its propensity for jumping out of the water and trying to evade capture with vigor. You will find smallmouth enjoying shallower waters in the cool parts of the day, attracted to surface baits like imitation frogs, minnows, and spinnerbaits. As the day warms up, smallmouth retreat to cooler waters, and you might find them schooling near a drop-off or around a deep-water mound. Smallmouth are typically caught between June and October.

Note: Please adhere to local fishing regulations to know when smallmouth bass are in season. Most jurisdictions require a license to fish and have limits on how many fish can be kept.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What are some easy food recipes that include beef?
Response: Some recipes that include beef as an ingredient include beef stew, roast beef, beef wellington, and ground beef burgers.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Based on this paragraph, who directed "Before Morning?"
Context: Before Morning is a 1933 American pre-Code crime drama directed by Arthur Hoerl, and starring Leo Carrillo, Lora Baxter, and Taylor Holmes. The film was adapted for the screen by Arthur Hoerl, from the 1933 Broadway play of the same name by Edward and Edna Riley.
Response: Arthur Hoerl
Category: summarization
Instruction: Give me a brief about Manchester City
Context: Manchester City Football Club, commonly referred to as Man City, is an English football club based in Manchester that competes in the Premier League, the top division in the English football league system. It founded in 1880 as St. Mark's (West Gorton), then Ardwick Association Football Club in 1887 and Manchester City in 1894. The club's home ground is the Etihad Stadium in east Manchester, to which they moved in 2003, having played at Maine Road since 1923. Manchester City adopted their sky blue home shirts in 1894, in the first season with the current name. Since its inception, the club has won eight league titles, six FA Cups, eight League Cups, six FA Community Shields, and one European Cup Winners' Cup.

The club joined the Football League in 1892, and won their first major honour, the FA Cup, in 1904. The club had its first major period of success in the late 1960s and early 1970s, winning the league title, FA Cup, League Cup, and European Cup Winners Cup under the management of Joe Mercer and Malcolm Allison. After losing the 1981 FA Cup Final, Manchester City went through a period of decline, culminating in relegation to the third tier of English football for the only time in their history in 1998. Following promotion to the top tier in 2001–02, they have remained in the Premier League since 2002–03.
Response: The Manchester City Football Club, commonly referred to as Man City, is an English football club based in Manchester that competes in the Premier League, the top division in the English football league system. It founded in 1880 as St. Mark's (West Gorton), then Ardwick Association Football Club in 1887 and Manchester City in 1894. The club's home ground is the Etihad Stadium in east Manchester, to which they moved in 2003, having played at Maine Road since 1923. Manchester City adopted their sky blue home shirts in 1894, in the first season with the current name. Since its inception, the club has won eight league titles, six FA Cups, eight League Cups, six FA Community Shields, and one European Cup Winners' Cup.

The club joined the Football League in 1892, and won their first major honour, the FA Cup, in 1904. The club had its first major period of success in the late 1960s and early 1970s, winning the league title, FA Cup, League Cup, and European Cup Winners Cup under the management of Joe Mercer and Malcolm Allison. After losing the 1981 FA Cup Final, Manchester City went through a period of decline, culminating in relegation to the third tier of English football for the only time in their history in 1998. Following promotion to the top tier in 2001–02, they have remained in the Premier League since 2002–03.
Category: classification
Instruction: Classify the below states based on east or west coast.
Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Alaska, Hawaii
Response: East Coast - Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont
West Coast - Alaska and Hawaii