fedml/databricks-dolly-15k-niid huggingface dataset:
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: What type of physicist is Arup Kumar Raychaudhuri?
Context: Arup Kumar Raychaudhuri (born 1 January 1952) is an Indian condensed matter physicist, materials scientist and a Distinguished Emeritus Professor at the S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences. Known for his pioneering work on the interplay of disorder and interaction, Raychaudhuri is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies viz. Indian Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, India and Indian National Science Academy as well as the Asia-Pacific Academy of Materials. He is a recipient of a number of awards such as Millennium Medal of the Indian Science Congress, ICS Gold Medal of the Materials Research Society of India and FICCI Award. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to physical sciences in 1994.[note 1]
Response: Arup Kumar Raychaudhuri is a condensed matter physicists.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Name someone who helped to stash national treasures during a war, so irreplaceable items would not fall into the hands of the enemy or become lost
Context: Evdokia Reshetnik was a Ukrainian zoologist and ecologist. She was a specialist in the mole-rats and ground squirrels of Ukraine, and was the first scientist to describe the sandy blind mole-rat of southern Ukraine in 1939. She played a key role in keeping the National Museum of Natural History at the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine operable in the inter-war and immediate post-war periods, in spite of arrests by both the Gestapo and Soviet authorities. She was one of the people involved in hiding specimens of the museum to prevent them being taken by the Germans. She is known for arguing that ecology, species distribution, populations, utility, and variability, should be weighed before making determinations that labeled certain animals as pests and harmful to the environment. Though she was responsible for maintaining the historiography of scientific development in Ukraine, her own legacy was lost until the twenty-first century.
Response: Evdokia Reshetnik, a Ukranian zoologist and ecologist, helped squirrel away natural history artifacts from a Ukranian museum of Natural History, keeping them from falling into the hands of the Germans. Ironically, the story of her courage was nearly lost, only resurfacing in the twenty-first century.
Category: classification
Instruction: Tell me whether these are flowers or fruit: apples, oranges, pineapples, bananas, strawberries, daisies, sunflowers, roses, poppies
Response: Apples are a fruit.
Oranges are a fruit.
Pineapples are a fruit.
Bananas are a fruit.
Strawberries are a fruit.
Daisies are a flower.
Sunflowers are a flower.
Roses are a flower.
Poppies are a flower.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Give me some ideas of places to visit on my next backpacking trip to South America.
Response: - Take a cruise to visit the islands of the Galapagos
- Straddle the northern and southern hemispheres at La Mitad del Mundo (The Middle of the Earth), close to Quito, Ecuador
- Hike the Inca Trail to Machu Picchu from Cusco in Peru. You need to get a permit at least 6 months in advance.
- Hike the Salkantay Trek to Machu Picchu from Cusco in Peru. It is a great alternative to the Inca Trail if you do not get a permit.
- Visit villages around Lake Titicaca in Peru
- Take a multi-day tour to the Salar de Uyuni, the world's largest salt flat, on a four-wheel drive from Uyuni in Bolivia
- Go stargazing in the Atacama Desert in Chile
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Why did the chicken cross the road?
Response: Chickens are complex beings, they are emotive and often let their emotions drive their actions. When a chicken crosses the road it’s likely because they're running away from something, or they’re just looking to get to the other side.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What are the unique characteristics of the Jindo dog breed?
Response: The Jindo breed of dog is indigenous to the island of Jindo off the Southern coast of South Korea. They are typically between 30 and 50 pounds fully grown and vary from a white to a golden brown color. Listed as of the living natural treasures of South Korea, they are known for being intelligent, loyal, and having a keen ability to find their way home.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What are some ways to care for a new tree
Response: There are many ways to care for a young tree to ensure its future health and success.  Some ways you may want to care for a young tree include:
 - Frequent watering.  The amount of water and frequency will vary depending on the tree and climate but frequent, deep watering is essential for early development.
 - Nutrients.  Fertilizers may aid in the early stages.  Be sure to read the manufacturers label and instructions before application.
 - Mulch.  Applying mulch to the base of the tree aids in weeds suppression and moisture retention. 
 - Remove nearby weeds/plants.  Weeds and plants can provide competition to your tree for important resources.  Remove any near the root system of your tree.

These are just some ways you can ensure a healthy start to your tree!
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What are some steps I can take to switch into a career in technology or computer programming?
Response: There are many different ways to break into a career in tech, even if you do not have a degree in computer science:
- enroll in a coding bootcamp
- see if anyone in your network is hiring
- practice coding interview questions on LeetCode
- go back to school for a master's degree in computer science or information science
- watch Youtube tutorials on how to code your own website
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is the difference between a compact and economy-sized car?
Response: These two terms are typically used at car rental agencies to refer to the size of the car, with economy the smallest available rental car and compact one size larger.
Category: classification
Instruction: Please classify from which sci-fi universe are following movies, or tv series: The return of the Jedi, Deep Space 9, Avengers
Response: Deep Space 9 is a tv series from Star Trek universe, The return of a jedi is a movie from Star Wars saga, and Avengers is a tv series from Marvel Universe
Category: classification
Instruction: Which of these are soccer players? Maradona, Joe Biden, Michelle Platini, John Terry, John Oliver, Mike Anderson, Steven Gerrard, Mo Salah, Obama, Michael Jordan
Response: Maradona, Michelle Platini, John Terry, Steven Gerrard and Mo Salah are soccer players.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: List five titles by Mary Shelley.
Response: Frankenstein, The Last Man, Lodore, The Mortal Immortal, Maurice
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What affects tiredness?
Response: There are many factors which affect tiredness, including, but not limited to, amount of quality sleep, neurological state, nutrition, and both physical and mental health issues. It is extremely important to seek professional medical advice for tiredness if it is severely impacting your lifestyle and health.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: How do you cook eggs?
Response: There are many ways to cook eggs but my favorite is over-easy.  Ideally you will use a non-stick sauce pan around 8-9" in diameter.  Heat the sauce pan on the stove on medium heat.  You will know its ready when drops of water sizzle on the pan's surface.  You can use non-stick spray or butter to coat the pan first.  Carefully crack an egg in half and pour the insides slowly onto the heated pan.  Wait 1-2 minutes until you see the clear part of the egg turn mostly white and the edges look firm.  Use a turner to slide under the side of the egg and flip the egg over gently.  The other side of the egg cooks quickly.  After a minute carefully use the turner to scoop up the egg onto the plate.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Give me a list of golf clubs you should carry in your golf bag.
Response: Here is a list of golf clubs you should have in your bag.   - Driver
- 3 wood
- Hybrid
- 4-9 iron
- pitching wedge
- sand wedge
- lob wedge
- putter
Category: classification
Instruction: I need you to divide the following into solids, liquids and gasses. Gold, oxygen, helium, water, coffee, wood, blood, sand, neon, steel, rock, carbon dioxide, copper, ice and milk.
Response: Gold, wood, sand, steel, rock, copper, ice are solids. Water, coffee, blood and milk are liquids. Oxygen, helium, neon, carbon dioxide are gasses.
Category: creative_writing
Instruction: Imagine you are someone's shadow for a day. Write about your experiences in the present tense.
Response: I'm feeling surprised this morning. I feel a little flatter than usual, and a little lighter. To be honest with you, I can't see myself at all. 

WOW! Someone turned the lights on. I can't see! Wait... I'm on the floor. Why am I on the floor? I'm right behind this man, he's just got out of bed. I don't recognise this room. 

Ah. I seem to be a shadow. Not what I was hoping for this morning, if I'm being honest. I have a big day at work, and this is going to make things rather more challenging. I'll have to get on with it though, stiff upper lip and all that. I can only hope this my shadow's driver has an interesting plan for the day. 

It's looking promising so far. They are putting on hiking boots and other outdoor wear. Certainly better than staying inside and playing video games all day. I'd hardly have anything to do at all. Now we need to hope for some good weather. If we're in Norway, there isn't much light at this time of the year. I'd barely even exist. 

Finally, he's opened the curtains. I've struck gold. We're in the Sierra Nevada mountains in Spain, and it's a clear day. 

We're outside and we're climbing. This is fun! But scary! I never climbed before in my real body. I wish he would stop sitting down to rest. I don't like being sat on. 

The view from the summit, it's finally here. It's amazing. Or at least that is what the man says. As a 2 dimensional shadow, I can't really see much. I'm not tall enough.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Why do people move to California?
Response: There are many reasons why people may decide to move to California. California has very mild winters compared to many other parts of the United States. There are many jobs in technology, agriculture, finance, and film as well as other industries. California also has a very high number of universities for those looking to pursue higher education.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Summarise the following text using different wording than in the original: "A well-known Russian military blogger was killed in an explosion at a cafe in St. Petersburg on Sunday, officials said, in what appeared to be an audacious attack on a high-profile pro-Kremlin figure. Vladlen Tatarsky died when a blast tore through the cafe where he was appearing as a guest of a pro-war group called Cyber Front Z. Authorities said they were treating the case as suspected murder. Twenty-five other people were injured in the blast, 19 of whom were hospitalized, the city’s governor said. The Russian Ministry of Health said six people were in critical condition. Investigators were questioning everyone who was inside the cafe, state media reported. Photos of the scene showed extensive damage to the building in which the cafe was located."
Response: Vladlen Tatarsky was a prominent military blogger from Russia. He died last Sunday as a result of an explosion that took place in a cafe in St. Petersburg injuring 25 people. The Russian authorities suspect this to be a murder and are investigating further.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: "Big Bang": what does it mean?
Response: The Big Bang theory, which is how astronomers explain the origin of the universe, holds that the universe as we know it began billions of years ago in a huge explosion. At the time of this explosion, all the matter that exists in the universe today was concentrated at one point.

From the moment of the explosion, matter began to expand and is still expanding today. That is why the Big Bang theory includes the theory of the expanding universe. In addition to expanding, matter began to form more complex structures, from atoms and molecules to the living organisms we know today.

The name "Big Bang" was first used by physicist Fred Hoyle in 1949, who disagreed with this theory, preferring the steady-state model of the universe.  The idea of a big bang seemed absurd to Hoyle.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Share the best 7 European Cities for Nightlife
Response: 1. Berlin 
2. Amsterdam
3. Prague
4. Budapest
5. Dublin 
6. London
7. Barcelona
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is the objective of hockey?
Response: Ice hockey is a sport played by 2 opposing teams. The objective is for a team to score more goals than their opponents. Goals are scored by shooting a puck into the opposing team's net.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Where should I go on my honeymoon?
Response: There are many beautiful places to go on a honeymoon that are romantic and exciting. If you like adventure, Europe or South America have beautiful beaches and great restaurants and new places to see and diverse cultures to expose yourself to. If you prefer a more relaxing vacation, Hawaii is so beautiful and also has tons of hiking and great outdoor adventures to experience. There are many great choices in the United States also, you could take a tour of national parks out west, or go on a wine tour in California, or visit the Great Lakes of Michigan!
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Give me a list of the teenage mutant ninja turtles
Response: The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles have the following names:
- Leonardo
- Donatello
- Raphael
- Michelangelo
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What are the top 7 cities to ride a bicycle?
Response: Based on the Global Bicycle Index, the top 7 cities for riding a bike are: 
1. Utrecht, Netherlands
2. Munster, Germany
3. Antwerp, Belgium
4. Copenhagen, Denmark
5. Amsterdam, Netherlands
6. Malmö, Sweden
7. Hangzhou, China
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Why will the Golden State Warriors win the 2023 NBA Finals?
Response: The Warriors have been a dynasty for over 10 years now and with Steph Curry, Klay Thompson and Draymond Green still playing they will always be a contender for the foreseeable future. Steph Curry is still playing like he is in his prime even at age 35 and he has solidified himself as the greatest player of all time. With the playoffs about to start, the warriors will most likely play the Sacramento Kings in which it looks as if it is an easy sweep for them to build momentum and confidence to carry themselves to another title this year.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What is the minimal set of garden tools to start gardening?
Response: For an outdoor garden, you only need a spade, clippers, watering can or hose, a rake and a shovel. 

For an indoor garden, you will need only a spade and a watering can.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: When was The White Mandigos band formed?
Context: The White Mandingos are a rock supergroup from Woodstock, New York consisting of rapper Murs, former Rolling Stone journalist and MTV / VH1 producer Sacha Jenkins and Bad Brains' bassist Darryl Jenifer.

Biography
The band was formed in late 2012 when Jenkins met up at Jenifer's house in Woodstock to discover if there was anything in common between their respective favourite music genres. They considered their initial collaborations unimpressive, so Jenkins suggested collaborating with Murs, who provided lyrics.

Their first album, The Ghetto Is Tryna Kill Me was released in June 2013, and followed with a short tour of the eastern United States, including gigs in New York's New Museum, Boston and Washington DC. The album is a concept album around Tyrone White, a young black man from a New York City housing project, who subsequently obtains a recording contract and gets a white girlfriend. Jenifer and Jenkins have described the album Tommy by The Who as an important influence. Reviewing the album, Baltimore City Paper 's Baynard Woods thought the group "actually manage to do service to punk and hip hop" and praised the band's sense of humour, particularly the music video for their first single, "My First White Girl". Washington City Paper's Marcus J Moore described the video for the group's "Warn A Brotha" as "a cool ode to skateboarding".
Response: The White Mandingos was formed in late 2012, and their first album 'The Guetto is Tryna Kill Me' was released in June 2013.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Give me a list of 10 commonly used seasonings in Chinese cooking
Response: Soy Sauce
Oyster Sauce
Chinese Cooking Wine
Garlic
Green Onion
Ginger
Dark Soy Sauce
Sichuan peppercorn
White Pepper
Sesame Oil
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Name a few popular metal genres
Response: Thrash Metal, Death Metal, Melodic Death Metal, Power Metal, Crossover, Grindcore, Symphonic Metal, Doom Metal, Death Core
Category: open_qa
Instruction: When did India get Independence?
Response: India got Independence from the British Empire on 15th August, 1947
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: What is the stone age?
Context: The Stone Age was a broad prehistoric period during which stone was widely used to make stone tools with an edge, a point, or a percussion surface. The period lasted for roughly 3.4 million years, and ended between 4,000 BC and 2,000 BC, with the advent of metalworking. Though some simple metalworking of malleable metals, particularly the use of gold and copper for purposes of ornamentation, was known in the Stone Age, it is the melting and smelting of copper that marks the end of the Stone Age. In Western Asia, this occurred by about 3,000 BC, when bronze became widespread. The term Bronze Age is used to describe the period that followed the Stone Age, as well as to describe cultures that had developed techniques and technologies for working copper alloys (bronze: originally copper and arsenic, later copper and tin) into tools, supplanting stone in many uses.

Stone Age artifacts that have been discovered include tools used by modern humans, by their predecessor species in the genus Homo, and possibly by the earlier partly contemporaneous genera Australopithecus and Paranthropus. Bone tools have been discovered that were used during this period as well but these are rarely preserved in the archaeological record. The Stone Age is further subdivided by the types of stone tools in use.
Response: The Stone age was a prehistoric period that lasted for millions of years and ended in and ended between 4,000 BC and 2,000 BC , with the advent of metalworking.  In this period, stone was widely used to make stone tools and weapons with an edge, a point, or a percussion surface. 
The Stone Age is the first period in the three-age system frequently used in archaeology to divide the timeline of human technological prehistory into functional periods, with the next two being the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, respectively. 
Though some simple metalworking of malleable metals, particularly the use of gold and copper for purposes of ornamentation, was known in the Stone Age, it is the melting and smelting of copper that marks the end of the Stone Age.
The Stone Age is also commonly divided into three distinct periods: Paleolithic era which is the earliest and most primitive; a transitional period with finer tools known as the Mesolithic era; and the final stage known as the Neolithic era. Neolithic peoples were the first to transition away from hunter-gatherer societies into the settled lifestyle of inhabiting towns and villages as agriculture became widespread.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What are 3 things to consider when picking a mountain to ski at?
Response: Here are 3 things you should consider when picking a mountain visit: 
* Skill level - some mountains have runs that are better suited toward beginners or experts.
* Conditions - some mountains might have gotten better or worse snow throughout the season. Weather can vary widely as well on any given day, so be sure to check ahead of time. 
* Budget - the prices of ski lift tickets and ski gear can vary widely, check to see if each mountain fits your criteria to have a good day on the slopes.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Based on the reference text about the Tampa Bay Rays, what is the name of their stadium and who are their main rivals?
Context: The Tampa Bay Rays are an American professional baseball team based in St. Petersburg, Florida. The Rays compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) East division. Since its inception, the team's home venue has been Tropicana Field.

Following nearly three decades of unsuccessfully trying to gain an expansion franchise or enticing existing teams to relocate to the Tampa Bay area, an ownership group led by Vince Naimoli was approved on March 9, 1995. The team began play as the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in the 1998 Major League Baseball season.

The team's first decade of play was marked by futility; they finished in last place in the AL East in all but the 2004 season, when they finished second to last. Following the 2007 season, Stuart Sternberg, who had purchased controlling interest in the team from Vince Naimoli two years earlier, changed the team's name from "Devil Rays" to "Rays", now meaning both a manta ray and a ray of sunshine; a manta ray logo appears on the uniform sleeves while a sunburst appears on the uniform front. The 2008 season saw the Rays post their first winning season, their first AL East championship, and their first American League pennant (defeating the rival Boston Red Sox in the ALCS), though they lost to the Philadelphia Phillies in that year's World Series. Since then, the Rays have played in the postseason seven more times, winning the American League pennant again in 2020 and losing to the Los Angeles Dodgers in that year's World Series.

The Tampa Bay Rays' chief rivals are the Boston Red Sox and the New York Yankees, which also play in the AL East. Regarding the former, there have been several notable on-field incidents. The Rays also have an in-state interleague rivalry with the National League (NL)'s Miami Marlins (originally the Florida Marlins), whom they play in the Citrus Series.

Through 2022, the Rays' all-time record is 1,912–2,034 (.485)
Response: The name of the Tampa Bay Rays stadium is Tropicana Field and their main rivals are the Boston Red Sox and New York Yankees.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Think up different types of places to go for vacation.
Response: There are many different places you can go on vacation. For people who love the outdoors, camping is a great option, including hiking, kayaking, and bird-watching. For those who like relaxation, a hotel by the beach can be ideal. Beach-related vacations can include sunbathing, swimming, laying out by the pool, and having refreshing drinks. Traveling to a different country can be an enriching vacation if you enjoy sightseeing, learning new languages, and sampling unknown foods.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: which are the must-visit places in India?
Response: Every state in India is famous for its heritage and diverse culture and tradition and thus has many things which make it a must-visit place. Very popular is the Taj Mahal in Agra.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What were the best TV shows of 2022?
Response: The best television shows from 2022 (with the network in parentheses) were:
1. The Bear (FX)
2. Reservation Dogs (Hulu)
3. Barry (HBO)
4. Better Call Saul (AMC/Netflix)
5. White Lotus (HBO)
6. Severance (HBO)
7. Atlanta (FX)
8. Andor (Disney)
9. For All Mankind (HBO)
10. Euphoria (HBO)
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Give me a list of the best TV shows that I must watch.
Response: Everyone has a different taste when it comes to TV shows, but here are some that you should watch:

- Planet Earth (2006)
- Breaking Bad (2008)
- Band of Brothers (2001)
- Chernobyl (2019)
- The Sopranos (1999)
- Game of Thrones (2011)
- Rick and Morty (2013)
- The Office (2005)
- The Last of Us (2023)
- Curb Your Enthusiasm (2000)
- Narcos (2015)
- Dragon Ball Z (1989)
- Rome (2005)
- The Mandalorian (2019)
- Mr. Bean (1990)
- The Queen's Gambit (2020)
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Given this paragraph about Vice-Admiral Alexander Colville, tell me when he died and what battles he fought in.
Context: Vice-Admiral Alexander Colville, 7th Lord Colville of Culross (also spelled Colvill) (28 February 1717 – 21 May 1770), served as the Commodore and Commander in Chief of His Majesty's Ships and Vessels in North America from 1757 to 1762. Colville wrote a well-preserved series of detailed, well-written letters to various other military leaders, his family, the King, and other influential people. These letters have provided more historical information about that time period than many other sources available. His writing was so prolific that many of his letters still surface in antique shops from London, to Halifax to New York City. He is a poorly remembered, but important, contributor to the UK control of the North American seas and the battles of the Seven Years' War of 1756–1763.
Response: Vice-Admiral Alexander Colville fought in the battles of the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763 and died on May 21, 1770.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Which cities did some of the most famous English rock bands come from?
Response: Cities that some of the most famous English rock bands came from are Liverpool (The Beatles), London (Led Zeppelin, The Rolling Stones, The Who, Pink Floyd, Queen, Deep Purple), Sheffield (Def Leppard), Birmingham (Black Sabbath), and Manchester (Oasis).
Category: summarization
Instruction: Extract some details about the company Body Shop International Limited from the given text
Context: The Body Shop International Limited, trading as The Body Shop, is a British cosmetics, skin care and perfume company.
Founded in 1976 by Anita Roddick, the company currently has a range of 1,000 products sold in about 3,000 stores, divided between those owned by the company and franchised outlets in more than 65 countries. 
Originally trading from Brighton, the company is now based in London Bridge and Littlehampton, West Sussex, and is owned by Brazilian cosmetics company Natura as a subsidiary of the Natura & Co group. The company had been owned by the French cosmetics company L'Oréal between 2006 and 2017. In September 2017, L'Oréal sold the company to Brazilian Natura & Co for £880 million.
Response: 1.	The body shop is a British Cosmetic, skin care and perfume company.
2.	It was founded in 1976 by Anita Roddick.
3.	he company presently sells 1,000 products in around 3,000 stores in more than 65 countries, divided between those owned by the company and franchised outlets.
4.	Originally established in Brighton, the company is now based in London Bridge and Littlehampton, West Sussex, and is owned by the Natura & Co group, a subsidiary of the Brazilian cosmetics giant Natura.
5.	Between 2006 and 2017, L'Oréal, a French cosmetics firm, owned the business. Brazilian Natura & Co. purchased the business from L'Oréal in September 2017 for £880 million.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Where can I go to find out what is on the ballot for any given election in Wisconsin?
Response: The MyVote.wi.gov site has several resources to help Wisconsin voters.  One resource allows you to enter in your address, and based on that address, it will show you what a sample ballot will look like.  This helps voters to see what positions or questions will appear on the ballot so that they can research them prior to voting. Providing referendum questions in advance allows voters to read through them to make sure they understand what is being asked, as the language used in these questions is sometimes legalistic and easier to process outside of the pressure of the voting booth. This website is provided by the Wisconsin Elections Commission, which is a bipartisan commission charged with implementing Wisconsin's election statutes.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: How to remove grease on clothes after a bike trip?
Response: One of the ways to remove grease marks on your clothes is to use a combination of dishwashing liquid, sodium carbonate, and hot water and to rub it on the marks using a toothbrush for example. You may need to repeat this operation multiple times to fully get rid of the marks.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Hepatitis B and C can cause what type of cancer?
Context: Higher rates of liver cancer occur where hepatitis B and C are common, including Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Males are more often affected with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) than females. Diagnosis is most frequent among those 55 to 65 years old.
Response: Liver cancer (also known as hepatic cancer, primary hepatic cancer, or primary hepatic malignancy) is cancer that starts in the liver. Liver cancer can be primary (starts in liver) or secondary (meaning cancer which has spread from elsewhere to the liver, known as liver metastasis). Liver metastasis is more common than that which starts in the liver. Liver cancer is increasing globally.

Primary liver cancer is globally the sixth-most frequent cancer and the fourth-leading cause of death from cancer. In 2018, it occurred in 841,000 people and resulted in 782,000 deaths globally. Higher rates of liver cancer occur where hepatitis B and C are common, including Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Males are more often affected with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) than females. Diagnosis is most frequent among those 55 to 65 years old.

The leading cause of liver cancer is cirrhosis due to hepatitis B, hepatitis C or alcohol. Other causes include aflatoxin, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver flukes. The most common types are HCC, which makes up 80% of cases and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. The diagnosis may be supported by blood tests and medical imaging, with confirmation by tissue biopsy.

Given that there are many different causes of liver cancer, there are many approaches to liver cancer prevention. These efforts include immunization against hepatitis B, hepatitis B treatment, hepatitis C treatment, decreasing alcohol use, decreasing exposure to aflatoxin in agriculture, and management of obesity and diabetes. Screening is recommended in those with chronic liver disease. For example, it is recommended that people with chronic liver disease who are at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma be screened every 6 months using ultrasound imaging.

Because liver cancer is an umbrella term for many types of cancer, the signs and symptoms depend on what type of cancer is present. Symptoms can be vague and broad. Cholangiocarcinoma is associated with sweating, jaundice, abdominal pain, weight loss and liver enlargement. Hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with abdominal mass, abdominal pain, emesis, anemia, back pain, jaundice, itching, weight loss and fever.

Treatment options may include surgery, targeted therapy and radiation therapy. In certain cases, ablation therapy, embolization therapy or liver transplantation may be used.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: How many types of cat does the world cat federation recognise?
Context: As of 2023, The International Cat Association (TICA) recognizes 73 standardized breeds, the Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) recognizes 45, the Fédération Internationale Féline (FIFe) recognizes 50, the Governing Council of the Cat Fancy (GCCF) recognizes 45, and the World Cat Federation (WCF) recognizes 69.
Response: 69
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: List Toddler favorite TV shows in 2023
Response: 1. Doc McStuffins
2. PJ Masks
3. Blippi
4. Cocomelon 
5. Spidey and his amazing friends
6. Bluey
7. Baby Shark
Category: classification
Instruction: Which of these are brands for clothing: Ford, Samsung, H&M, Tommy Hilfiger, Jack & Jones, Kingfisher
Response: H&M, Tommy Hilfiger, Jack & Jones
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Given this paragraph, tell me the storyline of Sabapathy.
Context: Sabapathy is a 1941 Indian Tamil-language comedy film directed by A. V. Meiyappan and A. T. Krishnaswamy, and produced by Meiyappan. An adaptation of Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar's farce play of the same name, the film stars T. R. Ramachandran, Kali N. Rathnam, C. T. Rajakantham and K. Sarangapani. It focuses on the antics of two dim-witted men named Sabapathy: a wealthy man and his servant. The film was released on 14 December 1941 and became a commercial success.
Response: Sabapathy is a comedy film about the antics of a wealthy man and his servant.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What are some of the most popular womens sports in North America
Response: Popular sports include soccer, ice hockey, tennis & basketball. There is a wide variety of sports and some have more developed professional leagues while others are more mature NCAA sports or Olympic driven
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Who is the greatest basketball player of all time?
Response: This is a highly subjective topic and hotly debated.   Most basketball experts would agree that a player who has acquired the most NBA championships should be on the list.  Bill Russell, with 12 championships, has to be in the conversation.  LeBron James is the all time scoring leader and has had one of the longest NBA careers to go along with 4 titles.  Kobe Bryant at 5 titles is also on the list.  But the most dominant player of his era in the 1990's, winning 6 titles in 6 attempts, was Michael Jordan.  Michael Jordan was considered one of the best two way players, excelling at both defense and offense.  So while some might not agree, Michael Jordan is always in the conversation for best NBA player of all time.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Why is Cricket popular in India?
Response: Cricket is the most popular sport in India. The game was introduced by the Britishers when they were ruling India and since then Indians have started taking to the game. Till the early 1980's the game was mostly followed by the educated and the people living in the large cities like Madras, Bombay, Delhi and Calcutta. India winning the One Day world cup in 1983 made the game very popular and the game started spreading to the entire country. The advent of T20s in the early 2000s further made the game more popular. India won the T20 world cup in 2007 and following that India Premier League  (IPL) was launched. IPL is the most lucrative cricket league in the world and this caught the imagination of the people of India. IPL further contributed to making cricket popular in India.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Tell me something about the Dog Man comic
Response: Dog Man is a comic book series authored by Dav Pilkey, the creator of Captain Underpants. The main character is a half-man half dog policeman. Together with a few good friends, including a cat kid, a robot, a journalist, and another policeman, they defeat various powerful villains collaboratively.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What is the hero WoD called Murph?
Response: The workout is done in memory to Michael Murphy who died in Afghanistan in June 2005.  He was only 29 years old.  The workout is modeled after his favorite workout call "Body Armor".  It consists of running, pullups, pushups and airsquats.  The workout is done for time.  It starts with a 1-mile run followed by 100 pullups, 200 pushups and 300 airsquats and ends with another 1-mile run.  Most will do the workout while wearing a 20# vest but is not required.  The pullups, pushups and airsquats can be partitioned into sets if needed.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: What country did NIKStewart live during middle school?
Context: NIKStewart (who rebranded her name from Treveen Stewart) is a model from the Cayman Islands. In 2013, she was the first winner of the Caribbean's Next Top Model competition to come from the Cayman Islands. Born in Grand Cayman, Stewart moved to Jamaica in fifth grade and then returned to the Cayman Islands for high school. She won a regional modeling contest at 15 which allowed her to sign with a US modeling agency. In 2015, she landed a deal with Nike and works in New York and Chicago for them. Her other campaign work includes Fila, bMobile, Kohls and Rock & Republic.
Response: NIKStewart lived in Jamaica during middle school (6th - 8th grade).
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Where is John Rahm from?
Response: Barrika, Spain
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Which technology is best to learn for 2023 and the future?
Response: Artificial Intelligence, which is also popularly known as (AI), hits the top of the list of technologies 2023 to learn. Artificial Intelligence is very much high in demand today, where today, the machines are known to have brilliant skills to study, think, and examine without the need for human efforts.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What are the number of provinces in Belgium?
Response: There are ten provinces in Belgium. The provinces are West-Flanders, East-Flanders, Antwerp, Halnaut, Flemish-Brabant, Wallonia-Braband, Liege, Namur, Luxenbourg,
Category: classification
Instruction: Classify each of the following as inclined or flat: stairs, beach, mountain, lake, escalator, pond, ramp
Response: Stairs: Inclined
Beach: Flat
Mountain: Inclined
Lake: Flat
Escalator: Inclined
Pond: Flat
Ramp: Inclined
Category: open_qa
Instruction: In what year did the Geneva Conference ratify the Vietnamese Communist Victory?
Response: 1954 the Geneva Conference divided independent Vietnam into Communist North and pro_western South.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Why Mauritius is famous
Response: 1. Because it has nice resorts
2. Beaches are very nice 
3, Foods are awesome
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is an optimisation problem?
Response: In mathematics and computer science, an optimisation problem is typically a search problem in which the best solution is to locate among all feasible solutions. An optimisation problem can be categorised as continuous or discrete depending on the type of their variables. In a discrete optimisation problem, variables are discrete and countable. In contrast, continuous variables include infinitely uncountable values, for example, a variable over a non-empty range of real numbers. 

According to the number of objective functions, an optimisation problem is classified as single or multi-objective. A single-objective optimisation problem only involves one objective function to optimise. On the other hand, a multi-objective one considers two or more objectives simultaneously, which means the interaction between objectives has to be considered.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: What languages are spoken in Switzerland
Context: The four national languages of Switzerland are German, French, Italian, and Romansh. German, French, and Italian maintain equal status as official languages at the national level within the Federal Administration of the Swiss Confederation, while Romansh is used in dealings with people who speak it. Latin is occasionally used in some formal contexts, particularly to denote the country (Confederatio Helvetica).

In 2020, 62.3% of the population of Switzerland were native speakers of German (either Swiss German or Standard German) at home; 22.8% French (mostly Swiss French, but including some Franco-Provençal dialects); 8% Italian (mostly Swiss Italian, but including Lombard); and 0.5% Romansh. The German region (Deutschschweiz) is roughly in the east, north, and centre; the French part (la Romandie) in the west; and the Italian area (Svizzera italiana) in the south. There remains a small Romansh-speaking native population in Grisons in the east. The cantons of Fribourg, Bern, and Valais are officially bilingual; Grisons is officially trilingual.
Response: The four national languages of Switzerland are German, French, Italian, and Romansh. German, French, and Italian maintain equal status as official languages at the national level within the Federal Administration of the Swiss Confederation, while Romansh is used in dealings with people who speak it. Latin is occasionally used in some formal contexts, particularly to denote the country (Confederatio Helvetica).

In 2020, 62.3% of the population of Switzerland were native speakers of German (either Swiss German or Standard German) at home; 22.8% French (mostly Swiss French, but including some Franco-Provençal dialects); 8% Italian (mostly Swiss Italian, but including Lombard); and 0.5% Romansh.

The German region (Deutschschweiz) is roughly in the east, north, and centre; the French part (la Romandie) in the west; and the Italian area (Svizzera italiana) in the south. There remains a small Romansh-speaking native population in Grisons in the east. The cantons of Fribourg, Bern, and Valais are officially bilingual; Grisons is officially trilingual.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: I follow you all the time and copy your every move, but you can’t touch me or catch me. What am I?
Response: I am your shadow.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Robin Williams dressed in drag for which 1993 film
Response: Mrs Doubtfire
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Based on this paragraph, what was the main focus of Mohammad Shah I's reign over his sultanate?
Context: When Mohammad inherited the newly born sultanate from his father Alauddin, the land was still infested with thieves and robbers. As such he spent the entire part of his reign in establishing law in his land. He ordered his governors to never give refuge to anyone who defied his authority. This campaign was successful and at the end of his reign,the land became peaceful and law abiding. He also sat on the takht-ē-firoza or The Turquoise throne which was gifted to him by Kapaya Nayaka.
Response: Mohammad was mainly focused on establishing law and order within his territory during his reign in order to remove thieves and robbers.
Category: classification
Instruction: Tell me which one of the following countries are in the European Union: The Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany, Finland, the United Kingdom, Italy, Luxembourg, Turkey, Australia, Vietnam, Canada.
Response: The Netherlands, Germany, Finland, Italy and Luxembourg are in the European Union.

Rest of the countries: Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Turkey, Australia, Vietnam and Canada are not a part of the European Union but might have deals allowing them to benefit from the certain conveniences of the European Union such as free trade.

For example, while Switzerland has very close ties with European Union nations and has similar benefits, they are not a part of the EU. Switzerland enjoys benefits such as freedom of movement of people between the EU member states and Switzerland, this is due to a separate agreement: Agreement on the Free Movement of Persons (AFMP).
Category: classification
Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or woodwind: Clavinet, Ocarina
Response: Ocarina is woodwind, Clavinet is string.
Category: classification
Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or woodwind: Stritch, Zhu
Response: Zhu is string, Stritch is woodwind.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What are the two locations the A's are considering for building their new baseball stadium?
Response: The A's are considering building their stadium in Jack London Square in Oakland, CA and in Las Vegas.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Based on the above passage what are the heavier elements which are more fissionable?
Context: Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei are combined to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles (neutrons or protons). The difference in mass between the reactants and products is manifested as either the release or absorption of energy. This difference in mass arises due to the difference in nuclear binding energy between the atomic nuclei before and after the reaction. Nuclear fusion is the process that powers active or main-sequence stars and other high-magnitude stars, where large amounts of energy are released.

A nuclear fusion process that produces atomic nuclei lighter than iron-56 or nickel-62 will generally release energy. These elements have a relatively small mass and a relatively large binding energy per nucleon. Fusion of nuclei lighter than these releases energy (an exothermic process), while the fusion of heavier nuclei results in energy retained by the product nucleons, and the resulting reaction is endothermic. The opposite is true for the reverse process, called nuclear fission. Nuclear fusion uses lighter elements, such as hydrogen and helium, which are in general more fusible; while the heavier elements, such as uranium, thorium and plutonium, are more fissionable. The extreme astrophysical event of a supernova can produce enough energy to fuse nuclei into elements heavier than iron.
Response: uranium, thorium and plutonium.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What is a bank run?
Response: To understand a bank run you have to first understand how a bank works. Banks take deposits from customers and agree to return the deposits at any time. However instead of charging a fee for storing the money, banks make a profit by investing the deposits, either by lending then out to businesses that need loans or by buying safe investments like treasuries.

The problem is that these investments typically are somewhat illiquid. So if a customer suddenly asks for their deposits back, the bank can’t immediately sell its investments to give it to them. To counter this, banks keep a pool of money on hand to handle day to day deposits and withdrawals.

However, if every customer wants to withdraw their deposits at once, the bank does not have enough money to give to every customer. This is a bank run.
Category: classification
Instruction: Which of the following is useful for transportation: a glass of wine, a lamp, a train, an iced cube tray, a plane, a bicycle, an apple and a scooter.
Response: The useful objects for transportation in the list are train, plane, bicyle and scooter.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Based on the reference text, what does the champion of the Masters Tournament receive?
Context: The Masters Tournament
The tournament has a number of traditions. Since 1949, a green jacket has been awarded to the champion, who must return it to the clubhouse one year after his victory, although it remains his personal property and is stored with other champions' jackets in a specially designated cloakroom. In most instances, only a first-time and currently reigning champion may remove his jacket from the club grounds. A golfer who wins the event multiple times uses the same green jacket awarded upon his initial win (unless they need to be re-fitted with a new jacket). The Champions Dinner, inaugurated by Ben Hogan in 1952, is held on the Tuesday before each tournament, and is open only to past champions and certain board members of the Augusta National Golf Club. Beginning in 1963, legendary golfers, usually past champions, have hit an honorary tee shot on the morning of the first round to commence play. These have included Fred McLeod, Jock Hutchinson, Gene Sarazen, Sam Snead, Byron Nelson, Arnold Palmer, Jack Nicklaus, Gary Player, Lee Elder, and Tom Watson. Since 1960, a semi-social contest at the par-3 course has been played on Wednesday, the day before the first round.
Response: The champion of the Masters Tournament receives a green jacket. However, it must be returned to the clubhouse the following year to be stored in a designated cloakroom.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What is the best movie of all time
Response: Shawshank Redemption
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Why do kids like to play video games so much these days?
Response: First, video games are fun and very addictive. The game is designed to transport us to new realities and satisfy our needs for achievement and recognition. Especially most of the young generation plays online games, they use that as a social activity to hang out and make new friends. In addition, kids now have fewer outdoor activities and stay home longer than before. so playing video games is the easiest way to entertain themselves and engage with their friends.
Category: classification
Instruction: iPhone 14 pro vs Samsung s22 ultra
Response: Large OLED screens on both with 1-120Hz dynamic refresh rate
iPhone has Face ID, Galaxy uses a fingerprint scanner
Dynamic Island on iPhone is unique
Galaxy has S Pen
Similar main three cameras, but Galaxy also has a unique 10X zoom lens
Galaxy has faster charging
Similar prices
iPhone battery lasts longer