fedml/databricks-dolly-15k-niid huggingface dataset:
Category: summarization
Instruction: The paper "Attention is all you need" proposed the Transformer model for the first time, which had a profound impact on the subsequent LLM. Please give the main core idea of Transformer described in this paper
Context: A transformer is a deep learning model that adopts the mechanism of self-attention, differentially weighting the significance of each part of the input data. It is used primarily in the fields of natural language processing (NLP) and computer vision (CV).

Like recurrent neural networks (RNNs), transformers are designed to process sequential input data, such as natural language, with applications towards tasks such as translation and text summarization. However, unlike RNNs, transformers process the entire input all at once. The attention mechanism provides context for any position in the input sequence. For example, if the input data is a natural language sentence, the transformer does not have to process one word at a time. This allows for more parallelization than RNNs and therefore reduces training times.

Transformers were introduced in 2017 by a team at Google Brain and are increasingly becoming the model of choice for NLP problems, replacing RNN models such as long short-term memory (LSTM). The additional training parallelization allows training on larger datasets. This led to the development of pretrained systems such as BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) and GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer), which were trained with large language datasets, such as the Wikipedia Corpus and Common Crawl, and can be fine-tuned for specific tasks.
Response: This paper is by Vaswani, Ashish & Shazeer, Noam & Parmar, Niki & Uszkoreit, Jakob & Jones, Llion & Gomez, Aidan & Kaiser, Lukasz & Polosukhin, Illia. and published in 2017. It laid the foundation for the subsequent GPT series of models and BERT series of models. The GPT model uses the decoder part of Transfomer, while the BERT model uses the encoder part of Transfomer. The main core architecture of the Transformer model includes: Self-Attention Mechanism, Positional Encoding, Encoder-Decoder Architecture, Multi-Head Attension.
Transformer effectively solves the difficult parallel problem of the previous RNN/LSTM model by using the Attention mechanism. Using Self-Attention solves the problem of limited labeled data in NLP. The sequence information in the input text is preserved through Positional Encoding. And Multi-Head Attention allows Transformer to learn different patterns of training data similar to Channel concept in CNN model.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Where is the largest living thing located?
Response: Oregon, USA
Category: classification
Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Mridangam, Gambus
Response: Gambus is string, Mridangam is percussion.
Category: classification
Instruction: Which of the following are not real seasons of Survivor (specifically, the US version)?
- Borneo
- Champions vs Contenders
- Champions vs Contenders II
- Micronesia
- U.S.
- Hawaii
- China
- All Stars
- 44
- Heroes vs. Healers vs. Hustlers
- Celebrity
- Ghost Island
- Blood vs Water
- Washington
Response: Champions vs Contenders, Champions vs Contenders II, US, Hawaii, Celebrity, and Washington are not seasons of the the U.S. versions of Survivor.

Champions vs Contenders and Champions vs Contenders II are however seasons of the Australian version of the show.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Q: Am I eligible for a booster dose of a COVID-19 vaccine, and if so, which one?
Response: A:  Individuals may receive a single booster dose of one of the authorized bivalent mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, when eligible, as follows:

Children who are 6 months through 5 years of age who received primary vaccination with Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine may receive a single booster dose of the Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine, Bivalent at least two months after completion of primary vaccination.

Children who are 6 months through 4 years of age who received primary vaccination with three doses of the monovalent Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine  may receive a single booster dose of the Pfizer -BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine, Bivalent at least 2 months after completion of primary vaccination.

Children who are 5 years of age who received primary vaccination with Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine may receive either the Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine, Bivalent or Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19, Bivalent as a single booster dose at least two months after completion of primary vaccination.

Children who are 5 years of age who received primary vaccination doses with Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine, including children whose third dose was with the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine, Bivalent, may receive only the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine, Bivalent as a single booster dose at least two months after completion of primary vaccination.

Individuals who are 6 years of age and older may receive a single booster dose with either the Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine, Bivalent or the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19, Bivalent at least 2 months after either:

Completion of a primary vaccination with any FDA-authorized or approved COVID-19 vaccine.
or

The most recent booster dose with any FDA-authorized or approved monovalent COVID-19 vaccine.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Based on this passage about Ted Kennedy, at the time of his death, who were the three longest-serving senators of all time?
Context: When Kennedy died in August 2009, he was the second-most senior member of the Senate (after President pro tempore Robert Byrd of West Virginia) and the third longest-serving senator of all time, behind Byrd and Strom Thurmond of South Carolina. Later that same year, he was passed by Daniel Inouye of Hawaii. Kennedy therefore held the record as the longest-serving Democratic member of Congress to solely serve as a senator until October 2021, when he was surpassed by fellow Democrat Patrick Leahy of Vermont.
Response: Based on this passage, Robert Byrd, Strom Thurmond and Kennedy were the three longest-serving senators of all time.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Given a reference text about Lasantha Rodrigo, tell me how long he worked as a mechanical engineer and who worked for.
Context: Lasantha Rodrigo (born 28 May 1938) is a former cricketer who played 14 matches of first-class cricket for Ceylon between 1959 and 1971.

Life and career
Lasantha Rodrigo was born in Moratuwa and attended Prince of Wales' College, Moratuwa, where he captained the cricket team in 1958 and 1959, and also captained the Ceylon schools team. His father, J. B. C. Rodrigo, was principal of Prince of Wales' College from 1933 to 1959.

He made his highest first-class score on his debut, in the Gopalan Trophy match in 1958–59, when he scored 89. Batting at number three, he top-scored with 44 for Ceylon in their one-day match against the touring Australians in April 1961. He toured India with the Ceylon team in 1964-65, playing in all three matches against India, but with only moderate success.

He worked for Ceylon Cold Stores for 31 years as a mechanical engineer. Inability to take time off work to play cricket shortened his cricket career. In 2014 he was formally honoured by Sri Lanka Cricket for his services to cricket in Sri Lanka, and awarded 300,000 rupees. In September 2018, he was one of 49 former Sri Lankan cricketers felicitated by Sri Lanka Cricket, to honour them for their services before Sri Lanka became a full member of the International Cricket Council (ICC).

Rodrigo lives with his wife Sweenie in Moratuwa, opposite Prince of Wales' College. They have a daughter and a son.
Response: Lasantha Rodrigo worked as a mechanical engineer for Ceylon Cold Stores for 31 years.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Who established the Illinois Humane Society?
Context: John Clark Dore (March 22, 1822 – December 14, 1900) was an American educator and politician from New Hampshire. A graduate of Dartmouth College, Dore briefly taught in Boston, Massachusetts before he was recruited to come to Chicago, Illinois to serve as its first superintendent of school. Dore was also a successful merchant, serving as the vice president of the Chicago Board of Trade. He was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1868, where he helped to establish the Illinois Humane Society.

He assumed the presidency of the Commercial Insurance Company, then was named president of the Chicago Board of Underwriters in 1869. Following the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, he was named the president of the State Savings Institution, resigning in 1873. Dore also presided over the Newsboys' and Bootblacks' Home and donated a building to them in 1884.
Response: John Clark Dore
Category: general_qa
Instruction: How many players are in a cricket team?
Response: A cricket team is formally comprised of eleven players
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Which MTV show featured Jenny McCarthy hosting a dating show?
Response: Singled Out
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Given this paragraph about the longest living person, what was their name and when were they born?
Context: The longest documented and verified human lifespan is that of Jeanne Calment of France (1875–1997), a woman who lived to age 122 years and 164 days. She claimed to have met Vincent van Gogh when she was 12 or 13. She received news media attention in 1985, after turning 110. Calment's claim was investigated and authenticated by Jean-Marie Robine and Dr Michel Allard for the GRG. Her longevity claim was put into question in 2018, but the original assessing team stood by their judgement.
Response: Jeanne Calment is the longest living person to be verified. She was born in 1875 and lived to be 122 years old.
Category: classification
Instruction: Identify the differences in recognizing the signs of a heart attack versus a stroke from the following: shortness of breath, sudden numbness or weakness of face, arm, or leg, nausea, sweating, sudden confusion, and severe headaches.
Response: Heart attack signs: shortness of breath, sweating, nausea
Stroke signs: sudden numbness or weakness of face, arm, or leg; severe headaches, sudden confusion
Category: general_qa
Instruction: In autosports, what is the apex and racing line?
Response: The racing line in autosports is an imaginary line in which when followed by the vehicle will provide the most efficient and quickest way through a turn or series of turns.  The apex of the racing line is the ideal point in which the car should be positioned closest to the inside of a curve.  The term, 'hitting the apex' is used when the ideal racing line is followed.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is a newspaper?
Response: A newspaper is a daily printed publication delivered to your house or place of business.  It is made our of folded sheets of printed paper, and it contains current and prior day events also called news.  You will also find advertisements and different correspondences in it as well.  It is a great way to stay up to date with current events, and you will have to pay to get a newspaper subscription delivered daily or weekly.
Category: classification
Instruction: Tell me if these are cities or countries: Spain, Paris, Rome and Germany
Response: Spain and Germany are countries, while Paris and Rome are cities. They are all in Europe.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Where will the third Summer Olympic Games be held?
Context: It will be the third Summer Games to be held in Australia after the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Victoria and the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, New South Wales. It will also be the fourth Summer Games to be held in the Southern Hemisphere, after the aforementioned games in Australia and the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This will also be the second Summer Games to be held entirely in a host country's meteorological winter, after Rio de Janeiro.
Response: The third Summer Games to be held in Australia will be hosted in Brisbane, Queensland.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Who played Harry Bosch in the eponymous TV series?
Context: Detective Hieronymus "Harry" Bosch is a fictional character created by American author Michael Connelly. Bosch debuted as the lead character in the 1992 novel The Black Echo, the first in a best-selling police procedural series now numbering 24 novels.

The novels are more or less coincident in timeframe with the year in which they were published. Harry, as he is commonly known by his associates, is a veteran police homicide detective with the Los Angeles Police Department. He was named after the 15th-century Dutch artist Hieronymus Bosch.

Titus Welliver portrayed the title character from 2015 to 2021 in Bosch, a television series adapted from the novels, and from 2022 in its spin-off series Bosch: Legacy.
Response: Titus Welliver played Detective Harry Bosch in "Bosch" and in "Bosch:Legacy".
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Make a list of pets you would want if you knew they wouldn’t bite you
Response: 1. Tiger
2. Lion
3. Alligator 
4. Polar Bear
5. Killer Whale
6. Pit Viper
7. Jaguar
8. Dinosaur 
9. Shark
10. Wolf
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What are 3 popular movies with Adam Sandler?
Response: The following are 3 popular movies with Adam Sandler:
1. Big Daddy
2. Billy Madison
3. The Waterboy
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Pick a few months with 31 days.
Response: January, March, May, July, August, October and December have 31 days.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What does the phrase "the Carolinas" refer to?
Response: When someone says "the Carolinas," they are referring to both the state of North Carolina and the state of South Carolina within the United States.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: How do you make fresh pasta?
Response: To make pasta you will need flour, eggs, and salt. You will start by making a mound of flour on a surface, creating a hole in the center, and then adding your eggs to the hole. Mix the ingredients together. Once ingredients are mixed together begin kneading until the dough is a firm ball. Now let the dough rest. Begin rolling out your dough and cut into your desired pasta shape. Boil the noodles and enjoy!
Category: summarization
Instruction: What are the key points that can be extracted regarding antisemitism from the below text?
Context: In 1998, Ignatz Bubis, a leader of the German Jewish community, pointed to a "spreading intellectual nationalism" that made him fear a revival of German antisemitism. Others point to Germany's growing Muslim population, both the Turkish "guest workers" who began to arrive in the 1950s, and the large wave of migrants from the Muslim countries who arrive during the European migrant crisis that began in 2015. In 2002, the historian Julius Schoeps said that "resolutions by the German parliament to reject antisemitism are drivel of the worst kind" and "all those ineffective actions are presented to the world as a strong defense against the charge of antisemitism. The truth is: no one is really interested in these matters. No one really cares."
Response: 1. A prominent member of the German Jewish community, Ignatz Bubis, expressed his concern about the resurgence of antisemitism in his country in 1998 by pointing to a "spreading intellectual nationalism."
2. Others highlight the rising Muslim population in Germany, which includes both the 1950s-era "guest workers" from Turkey and the massive influx of Muslim refugees during the 2015–2016 European refugee crisis.
3. Julius Schoeps, a historian, stated in 2002 "resolutions by the German parliament to reject antisemitism are drivel of the worst kind and all those ineffective actions are presented to the world as a strong defense against the charge of antisemitism.The truth is: no one is really interested in these matters. No one really cares".
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Who was Paramahansa Yogananda?
Context: Paramahansa Yogananda (born Mukunda Lal Ghosh; January 5, 1893 – March 7, 1952) was an Indian Hindu monk, yogi and guru who introduced millions to the teachings of meditation and Kriya Yoga through his organization Self-Realization Fellowship (SRF) / Yogoda Satsanga Society (YSS) of India, and who lived his last 32 years in America. A chief disciple of the Bengali yoga guru Swami Sri Yukteswar Giri, he was sent by his lineage to spread the teachings of yoga to the West, to prove the unity between Eastern and Western religions and to preach a balance between Western material growth and Indian spirituality. His long-standing influence in the American yoga movement, and especially the yoga culture of Los Angeles, led him to be considered by yoga experts as the "Father of Yoga in the West."
Response: Paramahansa Yogananda was an Indian Hindu monk who introduced large populations of people to the meditation and Kriya Yoga. He organized Self-Realization Fellowship (SRF) / Yogoda Satsanga Society (YSS) of India and was sent by his Guru Swami Sri Yukteswar Giri to the United States to speak the knowledge of Yoga to the West. He was known as  "Father of Yoga in the West."
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Currently, does Porthcurno mainly comprise farms and fisherman's cottages?
Context: Porthcurno is largely not farms or fisherman's cottages today, having its linear centre inland, centred 6.6 miles (10.6 km) west of the railway, market and resort town of Penzance and 2.5 miles (4.0 km) from Land's End, the most westerly point of the English mainland. In the most local-level organisational and community bodies, it is in civil and ecclesiastical parishes named Saint Levan and usually spelt as St Leven since the 18th century.
Response: No
Category: classification
Instruction: which are rainbow colours violet red orange purple indigo pink blue black white yellow  green grey
Response: VIBGYOR - Violet Indigo Blue Green Yellow orange red
Category: general_qa
Instruction: How do I build my own computer?
Response: To build a computer you will need to set the scope as to what you would like your computer to do. If you will be working on animation, you may want to budget for a stronger graphics card unit (GPU). Similarly, if you are building a gaming computer, a powerful GPU and a solid state drive (SSD) will improve your gaming performance. Additionally, you will need to check the compatibility of all items that you purchase to ensure that your build will actually support each other. While this may be daunting, it actually allows you to have much creative freedom over your computer needs. To find more information on how to build a computer and on what materials to purchase, you should check out available resources online such as YouTube channel "Linus Tech Tips" for build inspiration.
Category: classification
Instruction: Tell me if these are states or countries: New York, Brazil, Africa, Sweden, Indiana, California, Hawaii, Argentina
Response: The following are states: Indiana, California, Hawaii, New York. Countries: Brazil, Argentina, Sweden. Africa is neither a state or a country, it is a continent. Also New York is the name of a city and a state.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Who did the French national football team play against in the last 3 matches of the 2018 World Cup and how did the matches turn out?
Response: On 06/07/2018, France won 2-0 against Uruguay in the quarter-finals.
On 10/07/2018, France won 1-0 against Belgium in the semi-finals.
On 15/07/2018, France beat Croatia 4-2 in the final to become world champions for the next four years. The French national football team has thus been world champion twice. The last time was in 1998.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Q: If I vape tobacco or nicotine am I at risk for complications from COVID-19?
Response: A: E-cigarette use can expose the lungs to toxic chemicals, but whether those exposures increase the risk of COVID-19 or the severity of COVID-19 outcomes is not known. However, many e-cigarette users are current or former smokers, and cigarette smoking increases the risk of respiratory infections, including pneumonia.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is Houston, Texas, known for?
Response: Houston, Texas, is the 4th largest city in the United States. It is also one of the most diverse cities in America, with a minority majority and large population of immigrants. It is a culinary capital in the south. Houston, Texas, has a distinct art scene and food culture. Beyonce Knowles and Travis Scott are two very well-known artists from Houston. Viet-cajun cuisine is one of Houston's landmark cuisines.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: What plants and animals are native to Arches National Park
Context: An abundance of wildlife occurs in Arches National Park, including spadefoot toads, antelope squirrels, scrub jays, peregrine falcons, many kinds of sparrows, red foxes, desert bighorn sheep, kangaroo rats, mule deers, cougars, midget faded rattlesnakes, yucca moths, western rattlesnakes, and collared lizards.

A number of plant species are common in the park, including prickly pear cactus, Indian ricegrass, bunch grasses, cheatgrass, moss, liverworts, Utah juniper, Mormon tea, blackbrush, cliffrose, four-winged saltbrush, pinyon pine, evening primrose, sand verbena, yucca, and sacred datura.

Biological soil crust consisting of cyanobacteria, lichen, mosses, green algae, and microfungi is found throughout southeastern Utah. The fibrous growths help keep soil particles together, creating a layer that is more resistant to erosion. The living soil layer readily absorbs and stores water, allowing more complex forms of plant life to grow in places with low precipitation levels.
Response: Spadefoot toads, antelope squirrels, scrub jays, peregrine falcons, many kinds of sparrows, red foxes, desert bighorn sheep, kangaroo rats, mule deers, cougars, midget faded rattlesnakes, yucca moths, western rattlesnakes, and collared lizards are native animals to Arches National Park.
Prickly pear cactus, Indian ricegrass, bunch grasses, cheatgrass, moss, liverworts, Utah juniper, Mormon tea, blackbrush, cliffrose, four-winged saltbrush, pinyon pine, evening primrose, sand verbena, yucca, and sacred datura are common plant species in Arches National Park
Category: creative_writing
Instruction: Write me a message to send to a candidate recently admitted to business school from a second year MBA
Response: Congratulations on your admission to our program. I hope you are doing some well-deserved celebrating!!

I am finishing up my second year in my MBA and will graduate with fond memories of the community and people. Since day 1, I felt so much support and guidance throughout the recruitment process. 

I would love to be a resource for you as you make your decision. Please feel free to email me here or text/call me.
Category: summarization
Instruction: Please tell me about burgundy wine
Context: Burgundy wine (French: Bourgogne or vin de Bourgogne) is made in the Burgundy region of eastern France, in the valleys and slopes west of the Saône, a tributary of the Rhône. The most famous wines produced here, and those commonly referred to as "Burgundies," are dry red wines made from pinot noir grapes and white wines made from chardonnay grapes.
Burgundy has a higher number of appellations d'origine contrôlée (AOCs) than any other French region, and is often seen as the most terroir-conscious of the French wine regions. The various Burgundy AOCs are classified from carefully delineated grand cru vineyards down to more non-specific regional appellations. 
There are 100 Appellations in Burgundy and these are classified into four quality categories. These are Bourgogne, village, premier cru and grand cru.
Response: Burgundy wine aka Bourgogne in French is made in Burgundy region of eastern France. The most famous red wines coming out of this region are dry and made out of red pinot noir grapes and white wines are from chardonnay grapes. There are 100 Appellations in Burgundy and these are classified into four categories - Bourgogne, village, premier cru and grand cru.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What are the colors of the rainbow?
Response: A rainbow is formed when sunlight scatters from raindrops and reflects red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Why do people need sleep?
Response: Sleep is necessary for your overall health and well-being.  Sleep is even so important not enough sleep can actually kill you.  Sleep enables the body engage in processes that help rejuvenate the body through better mental and physical performance.  A good night of rest will give you higher energy levels, better mood, clearer thinking and concentration.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What is engineering culture?
Response: Engineering culture often refers to common beliefs and behaviors of engineers within a company. A strong engineering culture allows engineers to work more effectively together.

Different engineers often have different understanding or beliefs on the same topic, such as whether a PRD is needed for a design doc, or whether an engineer should write tests for their work. Without a strong engineering culture, engineers often waste timing debating on nuances, which can significantly hurt business productivity and create poor customer experience.

Large technology companies often have strong and unique engineering culture. For example: Apple favors design and quality; Amazon favors customer experience; Facebook favors success metrics; Google favors engineering excellence; Microsoft favors business success. Each engineering culture has its pros and cons. In general, having an engineering culture is better than not having one. A good leadership should intentionally foster a strong engineering culture in their company.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What are some of most popular science fiction and fantasy books with TV or movie adaptations in the past twenty years?
Response: There have been many extremely popular science fiction and fantasy books in the last ten years, but a small selection that were extremely popular and had successful TV/movie adaptations might include: "The Lord of the Rings" by J.R.R. Tolkien, which was published in 1955 but remains extremely popular and whose movie adaptations won a record number of Academy Awards; the series "A Song of Ice and Fire" by George R.R. Martin, the first book of which is "A Game of Thrones", is very popular and was adapted into a critically successful TV show on HBO; "The Hunger Games" by Suzanne Collins, also with a series of successful movie adaptations; and "Dune" by Frank Herbert, which has had a number of movie adaptations with the most recent releasing in 2021.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What are some of the greatest rock bands of all time?
Response: The Rolling Stones, The Beatles, and Led Zeppelin
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Where can you find the best bagel in the world?
Response: Montreal bagels are the best in the world. The real magic is that Montréal bagels are baked in a wood-fired oven and the bakers simmer their dough in honey water, giving it a slight sweetness.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What are the top 5 most expensive luxury brands?
Response: -Louis Vuitton
-Chanel
-Hermes
-Dior
-Saint Laurent
Category: summarization
Instruction: Without quoting directly from the text give me a summary of what a restricted Boltzmann machine is?
Context: A restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) is a generative stochastic artificial neural network that can learn a probability distribution over its set of inputs.

RBMs were initially invented under the name Harmonium by Paul Smolensky in 1986, and rose to prominence after Geoffrey Hinton and collaborators invented fast learning algorithms for them in the mid-2000. RBMs have found applications in dimensionality reduction, classification, collaborative filtering, feature learning, topic modelling and even many body quantum mechanics. They can be trained in either supervised or unsupervised ways, depending on the task.

As their name implies, RBMs are a variant of Boltzmann machines, with the restriction that their neurons must form a bipartite graph: a pair of nodes from each of the two groups of units (commonly referred to as the "visible" and "hidden" units respectively) may have a symmetric connection between them; and there are no connections between nodes within a group. By contrast, "unrestricted" Boltzmann machines may have connections between hidden units. This restriction allows for more efficient training algorithms than are available for the general class of Boltzmann machines, in particular the gradient-based contrastive divergence algorithm.

Restricted Boltzmann machines can also be used in deep learning networks. In particular, deep belief networks can be formed by "stacking" RBMs and optionally fine-tuning the resulting deep network with gradient descent and backpropagation.
Response: A restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) is a category of an artificial neural network invented by Paul Smolensky and popularized by Geoffrey Hinton. RBM's have been useful in various applications within the field of machine learning and can be trained in supervised and unsupervised ways.

RBMS is a restricted variant of Boltzmann machines that constrains their neurons; a pair of nodes from each of the two groups of neurons, visible and hidden forming a bipartite graph. Connection can only be between two groups and not within groups (visible and hidden). This constrained formulation results in the ability to more efficiently train algorithms. 

RBM's can also be integrated into deep learning networks such as deep belief networks with options to fine tune those networks using gradient descent and backpropagation.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What causes revenue to decline?
Response: In general, lower volume of sales or lower average selling price causes revenue to decline.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: What is the least common birthday in the United States?
Context: In the United States between 1973 and 1999, September 16 is the most common birthday in the United States and December 25 the least common birthday (other than February 29, because of leap years). In 2011, October 5 and 6 were reported as the most frequently occurring birthdays.
Response: The least common birthday in the United States between 1973 and 1999 was February 29 because of leap years.
Category: classification
Instruction: Tell me whether these clothes are formal or informal: suit, tuxedo, bathing suit, gym shorts, slacks, tank top
Response: Suit: Formal
Tuxedo: Formal
Bathing Suit: Informal
Gym Shorts: Informal
Slacks: Formal
Tank Top: Informal
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is the most important element of swimming breaststroke?
Response: Timing is the most important aspect of swimming breaststroke. The swimmer needs to make sure to do the leg stroke (kicking) at a moment when the body is streamlined and presents the least resistance to the water. To achieve that, the arm stroke should be finished or almost finished before kicking begins. After kicking it is important to keep the streamlined position for some time to maintain the speed through gliding. The exact duration of gliding depends on the target distance of a given event or race. The longer the distance of the race is, the longer the gliding phase should be. For example, for a 50m race the gliding phase could be below 1 second, while for a 200m race it may be over 2 seconds.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Name some of the most well known soccer players in the world
Response: While the best soccer players are a topic of regular debate among fans of the sport, the general consensus is that the most popular players known throughout the world are: Lionel Messi (Argentina), Cristiano Ronaldo (Portugal),  Pele (Brazil) and Diego Maradona (Argentina). Diego Maradona and Pele were both known worldwide as top talents in an earlier era, helping drive the growth of the biggest sport in the world and consequently leading their club teams and nations to trophies. Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo also achieved incredible success, doing so during the rise of social media. Both Lionel and Cristiano have grown to 400+ million social media followers in different platforms-- putting them as some of the most followed individuals in the world.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: How is digital switching possible?
Context: Electronics deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes, sensors and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection technologies. The nonlinear behaviour of active components and their ability to control electron flows makes digital switching possible, and electronics is widely used in information processing, telecommunications, and signal processing. Interconnection technologies such as circuit boards, electronics packaging technology, and other varied forms of communication infrastructure complete circuit functionality and transform the mixed components into a regular working system.
Today, most electronic devices use semiconductor components to perform electron control. The underlying principles that explain how semiconductors work are studied in solid state physics, whereas the design and construction of electronic circuits to solve practical problems are part of electronics engineering.
Response: The nonlinear behaviour of active components and their ability to control electron flows makes digital switching possible.
Category: creative_writing
Instruction: Write a children's story about a baby called Arthur who weighed three times the normal weight for a boy his age
Response: Once upon a time in a country far far away there was a baby called Arthur who was born into a loving family. 

In many ways, this event was perfectly normal and wouldn't have attracted any special attention. 

However, there was one big difference with this baby, and when I say big I mean BIG! This little baby was not so little after all, in fact Arthur was three times the weight of a normal baby. 

Arthur was so heavy that his parents had to build a customised pram with a reinforced frame just to move him around. On top of this bathtime would take over one hour because they had to clean between all his rolls of fat.

Even though it could be harder to care for such a big baby Arthur's parents always felt so lucky and didn't mind the extra work they always said there was just more of him to love. 

The end
Category: summarization
Instruction: Write some important points regarding Family Justice Council using given text as a reference
Context: The Family Justice Council, established in 2004, is an advisory, non-statutory, non-departmental public body sponsored by the Judicial Office of England and Wales. It provides independent expert advice, from an inter-disciplinary perspective, on the operation and reform of the family justice system to the Family Justice Board (jointly chaired by ministers from the Ministry of Justice and Department for Education) and Government. It is chaired by the President of the Family Division, and in August 2012 became part of the President's office.
Response: 1. The Judicial Office of England and Wales sponsors the Family Justice Council, an advisory, non-statutory, non-departmental public organisation founded in 2004.
2. It offers independent professional advice to the Family law Board, which is jointly chaired by ministers from the Ministry of Justice and Department for Education, as well as the Government on how to run and reform the family law system.
3. It is presided over by the Family Division President and joined the President's office in August 2012.
Category: summarization
Instruction: What is a brown eared pheasant?
Context: The brown eared pheasant (Crossoptilon mantchuricum) is a large, 96– to 100-cm-long, dark brown pheasant endemic to the mountain forests of northeastern China (Shanxi and nearby provinces). The species was first described by Robert Swinhoe in 1863. It has stiff white ear coverts behind the eyes, which look like a moustache. The crown is black with red bare facial skin and its tail of 22 elongated, white feathers is curved, loose and dark-tipped. Both sexes are similar in plumage.
Response: The brown eared pheasant is a large dark brown pheasant native to the mountain forests of northeastern China. It has distinctive white ear covert behind the eyes that look like a moustache. It's crown is black with red bare facial skin, and it has a tail with long, white, curve, loose, dark-tipped feathers.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What's the preferred mode of transportation in Vietnam?
Response: You will often find the quickest, most enjoyable way to explore the cities of Vietnam is by motorbike. Whether it's a mo-ped, vespa, motorcycle, or dirt bike, these two wheeled options are the preferred method my many to get around.
Category: summarization
Instruction: What is pair skating, Can you help identify some key points from the give text?
Context: Pair skating is a figure skating discipline defined by the International Skating Union (ISU) as "the skating of two persons in unison who perform their movements in such harmony with each other as to give the impression of genuine Pair Skating as compared with independent Single Skating". The ISU also states that a pairs team consists of "one Woman and one Man". Pair skating, along with men's and women's single skating, has been an Olympic discipline since figure skating, the oldest Winter Olympic sport, was introduced at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London. The ISU World Figure Skating Championships introduced pair skating in 1908.
Response: 1. The International Skating Union (ISU) defines pair skating as "the skating of two persons in unison who perform their movements in such harmony with each other as to give the impression of genuine Pair Skating as compared to independent Single Skating" as a kind of figure skating.
2. According to the ISU, a pairs team is comprised of "one Man and one Woman."
3. Since figure skating, the first Winter Olympic sport, was established at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, men's and women's pair skating have been Olympic events, along with men's and women's single skating.
4. Pair skating was first featured in the ISU World Figure Skating Championships in 1908.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What are some common onion varieties used in cooking?
Response: Common onions used in cooking are yellow onion, white onion, red onion, sweet onion, green onion, spring onion, leeks, and shallots.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is the origin of orange wine?
Response: Orange wine was first introduced in Georgia and it dates thousands of years back. It is a variant of white wine where the skin grapes are not removed after crushing the grapes. Instead, the skins are left to ferment with the grape juice, similarly to red wine. The style of skin-contact white wine was adopted by Italian and Slovenian winemakers, after visiting Georgia. It then spread to other European countries. 

Skin-fermented white wines were common up until the 1960s, when fresh white wines started to dominate the market.

The term orange wine was coined only in 2004 by a British wine importer.

In Georgia skin-contact white wine is historically known as amber wine.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Which ski resorts are close to Seattle?
Response: There are many downhill skiing resorts within driving distance of Seattle. The closest resort is the Summit at Snoqualmie. But Stevens Pass and Crystal Mountain are also within driving distance. If you are willing to drive even further, you can ski at Mount Baker or White Pass.
Category: classification
Instruction: Identify which car manufacturer is Japanese or American: Mazda, Chevrolet
Response: Chevrolet is American, Mazda is Japanese
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Given this paragraph about Password-authenticated key exchange, what year were the first provably-secure protocols created?
Context: The first successful password-authenticated key agreement methods were Encrypted Key Exchange methods described by Steven M. Bellovin and Michael Merritt in 1992. Although several of the first methods were flawed, the surviving and enhanced forms of EKE effectively amplify a shared password into a shared key, which can then be used for encryption and/or message authentication. The first provably-secure PAKE protocols were given in work by M. Bellare, D. Pointcheval, and P. Rogaway (Eurocrypt 2000) and V. Boyko, P. MacKenzie, and S. Patel (Eurocrypt 2000). These protocols were proven secure in the so-called random oracle model (or even stronger variants), and the first protocols proven secure under standard assumptions were those of O. Goldreich and Y. Lindell (Crypto 2001) which serves as a plausibility proof but is not efficient, and J. Katz, R. Ostrovsky, and M. Yung (Eurocrypt 2001) which is practical.

The first password-authenticated key retrieval methods were described by Ford and Kaliski in 2000.

A considerable number of alternative, secure PAKE protocols were given in work by M. Bellare, D. Pointcheval, and P. Rogaway, variations, and security proofs have been proposed in this growing class of password-authenticated key agreement methods. Current standards for these methods include IETF RFC 2945, RFC 5054, RFC 5931, RFC 5998, RFC 6124, RFC 6617, RFC 6628 and RFC 6631, IEEE Std 1363.2-2008, ITU-T X.1035 and ISO-IEC 11770-4:2006.
Response: The first provably-secure protocols for Password-authenticated key exchanges(PAKE) were presented in 2000 at "Eurocrypt 2000" by two groups Mihir Bellare, David Pointcheval and Phillip Rogaway, and Victor Boyko, Philip MacKenzie and Sarvar Patel.
Category: classification
Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Zill, Epinette des Vosges
Response: Epinette des Vosges is string, Zill is percussion.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: How does GIS help in the real estate investment industry?
Response: Real estate investors depend on precise, accurate location intelligence for competitive insights about the markets and locations where they do business. Real estate investment teams use GIS to bring together location-specific data, mapping, and visualization technology. This enables them to provide the latest insights about real estate markets and their investments, now and in the future. Using thousands of global datasets, investors can quickly understand how their real estate investments are performing across town or around the world, quickly access precise local data about real estate assets, on any device, anywhere, anytime, including information on occupancy, building maintenance, property valuation, and more.

Real estate companies and investors use GIS to research markets, identify new opportunities for growth and expansion, and manage their investments at the market and neighborhood levels. They can also use GIS to create professional digital and printed materials—such as 3D renderings and virtual walk-throughs—to help market investments across platforms. Real estate investors can use mobile data collection tools to gather property information directly from the field and analyze and share insights across their organizations in real time. Investors can leverage precise local knowledge about their assets across geographies. GIS maps and dashboards help investors see, in real-time, relevant data that can affect properties, and streamline investment management with access to all relevant data about every asset in any portfolio.
Category: classification
Instruction: Tell me whether these are TV shows or books: Modern Family, You, Don Quixote, A Tale of Two Cities,  The Little Prince
Response: Modern Family (TV Show), You (TV Show), Don Quixote (Book), A Tale of Two Cities (Book),  The Little Prince (Book)
Category: creative_writing
Instruction: Argue that large language models are not conscious.
Response: Large language models weren't designed to be conscious, and so it seems unlikely that consciousness would emerge as an unintended side effect, or emergent property, of these models.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What are some ways to prepare for a new career?
Response: There are many ways to prepare for a new career and it often depends on your starting point and your goal.  That said, there are many general practices that can help to prepare for a new career:

1. Research - learn as much as you can about the new career or careers
2. Create a plan - create steps to help you organize your path from now to your new career
3. Interview - find and reach out to professionals who are in that career and ask them for advice
4. Job Postings - look up job postings for the career and note the requirements for the career.  Look at entry level, mid-level and senior roles to get an understanding of the career path
5. Education - for some careers it may be helpful to have a related degree, accreditation, certification or simply a conversational understanding of the career
6. Experience - it is often helpful to have related experience to a career.  First, think about your own experiences and how they could be of interest to potential hiring managers.  If required, next think about any jobs you could take on as a step to getting closer to that career that would help in your next career search
7. Network - ask your contacts if they know of anyone looking to hire in that career that you could talk to about potential opportunities in the field or gather additional advice
Category: classification
Instruction: Which of these items are clothing brands and which are banks: Levi’s, Gap, Goldman Sachs,  Banana Republic, JP Morgan Chase, Seven, and Guess.
Response: The banks are JP Morgan Chase and Goldman Sachs, and the clothing brands are Guess, Gap, Banana Republic, Levi’s, and Seven.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Give me a list of south Indian breakfast dishes I should try.
Response: Some of the south Indian breakfast dishes you could try are:
* Dosa
* Idly
* Appam
* Puttu
* Vada
* Pongal
* Upma
* Idiyappam
* Uttappam