fedml/databricks-dolly-15k-niid huggingface dataset:
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Given the this paragraph about the invention of transistors, why did lawyers at Bell Labs advise Shockley against filing a patent for his field-effect transistors?
Context: From November 17 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid State Physics Group leader William Shockley saw the potential in this, and over the next few months worked to greatly expand the knowledge of semiconductors. The term transistor was coined by John R. Pierce as a contraction of the term transresistance. According to Lillian Hoddeson and Vicki Daitch, Shockley proposed that Bell Labs' first patent for a transistor should be based on the field-effect and that he be named as the inventor. Having unearthed Julius Edgar Lilienfeld's patents that went into obscurity years earlier, lawyers at Bell Labs advised against Shockley's proposal because the idea of a field-effect transistor that used an electric field as a "grid" was not new. Instead, what Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley invented in 1947 was the first point-contact transistor. To acknowledge this accomplishment, Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain jointly received the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect".
Response: The idea had previously been proposed and patented by Julius Edgar Lilienfeld.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: My chickens keep getting eaten by foxes. What should I do?
Response: Buy a coop for your chickens and put your chickens into their coop at night. Build a fence around the coop so that the foxes cannot enter the coop. Examine the coop and the fence for any holes that foxes can use to slip in and patch up any of these holes.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Give me 5 ways to use a ripe avocado
Response: 1. Avocado toast (if you’re feeling adventurous, add garlic oil and pepper and use sourdough bread)
2. Guacamole (possible additives include: garlic, salt, red onions, tomatoes and lime juice) 
3. Diced on your favorite taco 
4. Blended in a smoothie (you can also freeze avocado cubes and add to smoothies later)
5. Cubed or sliced with a little salt and pepper on a pretzel cracker
Category: classification
Instruction: Which of the following car brands produce electric vehicles: Toyota, Tesla, and Ford. List the models that are electric.
Response: There are a few types of electric vehicles: battery electric vehicle (BEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). Toyota produces the Prius which is a HEV with an PHEV variant, they also produce the bZ4X a fully battery electric crossover. Tesla solely produces battery electric vehicles with their Model 3, Model S, Model X, and Model Y models. Ford produces the Mustang Mach-e and F-150 Lightning as fully battery electric vehicles.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is a baseball hat?
Response: A baseball hat is a fabric hat with a bill on the front that shades the eyes from the sun. It is referred to as a baseball hat because all baseball players wear this style of hat while in the field playing defense, and they have their team’s logo on the front of the hat. Many people, however, refer to a hat as a baseball hat if it is a fabric material with a front bill, even if it does not have the logo of a baseball team on the front.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: In the series A Song of Ice and Fire, who is the founder of House Grafton?
Response: Gerold Grafton
Category: creative_writing
Instruction: How was Netflix able to overcome Blockbuster’s industry dominance in home video rentals?
Response: Blockbuster, at its peak, was raking in $6 billion in revenues when Netflix entered the market as a disruptor with mail-in-DVD service. When Netflix arrived, Blockbuster was already a mature offering with no innovation. It had 6000 stores nationwide, and the customer service could have been better, especially with late fees. Blockbuster collected customers' $800 million in late fees in 2006 alone.

Netflix’s mail-in-DVD service offered a lower performance for the customers as they had to pick titles on their portal pre- and wait for 2 to 3 days before they arrived in their mailbox. However, disgruntled customers from Blockbuster’s late fees switched to Netflix, which was the initial trigger. At first, Netflix's beachhead audience was the dissatisfied customers from Blockbuster.

Netflix is led by Reed Hastings, a visionary who made a bet on video streaming on the internet. With scarce resources spent on technology, Reed Hastings incorporated a “Freedom and responsibility” culture within Netflix. This propelled Netflix into the new era of winning in the subscription video streaming business model. Blockbuster meanwhile had expensive operations with 6000 stores and 25000 staff, while Netflix operated with two data centers and a few warehouses with less than 500 staff. Blockbuster eventually launched its online business. However, the 2008 financial crisis and the mounting debt they incurred for their investments in their online business was too much for the company, and they eventually filed for bankruptcy.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What is hybrid working?
Response: Hybrid working is a term used for when you split your work time between an office building and from other locations, usually home. It became more widely used during the COVID19 pandemic when talking about where, when and how people work. Other names for Hybrid Working are Activity Based Working or Agile Working. Agile working is not to be confused with Agile project management which has different principles.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: If I have a dollar, two nickels and a quarter, how much money in total do I have. Please respond with numbers and the dollar sign only, no words.
Response: $1.35
Category: summarization
Instruction: What is the most powerful Porsche flat six engine?
Context: The Porsche flat-six engine series is a line of mechanically similar, naturally aspirated and turbocharged, flat-six boxer engines, produced by Porsche for almost 60 consecutive years, since 1963. The engine is an evolution of the flat-four boxer used in the original Volkswagen Beetle.


1967 Porsche 911R
0:22
2006 Porsche Cayman S
0:34
Problems playing these files? See media help.
The flat-six engine is most often associated with their 911 model, Porsche's flagship rear-engined sports car which has used flat-six engines exclusively since 1963. The engines were air-cooled until 1999, when Porsche started using water-cooled engines.

In April 2011, Porsche announced the third generation of the 997 GT3 RS with an enlarged 4.0-litre engine having a power output of 500 PS (368 kW; 493 hp). The naturally-aspirated 4.0-litre flat-six engine (the largest engine offered in a street-legal 911) was introduced with their 911 (997) GT3 RS 4.0, in 2011. The engine itself uses the crankshaft from the RSR with increased stroke dimensions (from 76.4 mm to 80.4 mm). This change increased the power output to 500 PS (368 kW; 493 hp) at 8,250 rpm and 460 N⋅m (339 lbf⋅ft) of torque at 5,750 rpm. giving it a power-to-weight ratio of 365 hp per ton. Only 600 cars were built. At 493 hp (368 kW), the engine is one of the most powerful six-cylinder naturally aspirated engines in any production car with a 123.25 hp (92 kW) per litre output.

Other Porsche models that use flat-six engines are the 1970–1972 Porsche 914/6 (mid-engine), the 1986–1993 Porsche 959 (rear-engine), and the 1996–2021 Porsche Boxster/Cayman (mid-engine).

The Porsche 962 sports prototype also used a twin-turbocharged flat-six engine.

These engines have also been used by German tuning company RUF in various replica Porsche sports cars.
Response: The most powerful flat six engine made by Porsche is the 997 GT3 RS 4.0. It had nearly 493hp on just 4.0L of displacement. This is a very rare car that hardly ever come up for sale. It is one of the most powerful six-cylinder naturally aspirated engines ever made.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Name famous French singers (all time).
Response: Johnny Hallyday, Michel Sardou, Orelsan, Kendji, Lara Fabian, Jennifer, Charles Aznavour, Edith Piaf.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: What does W stand for in the name W. Rex Black?
Context: Wilford Rex Black (January 31, 1920 – December 12, 2012) was an American politician.

Wilford Rex Black represented the 2nd Utah Senate District from 1973 to 1997. W. Rex Black, as he was often referred to, was a member of the Democratic party and represented the party as the Minority leader in the Utah Senate for many years.
Response: Wilford
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What are the benefits of hot yoga?
Response: Hot yoga is nothing but yoga performed in the hot studio. Temperature in the room ranges from 80 to 110 degree F with added humidity. Hot yoga provides higher flexibility and yogis can stretch a bit more than cold rooms. Hot rooms can increase heart rates. However one has to be careful as there is a tendency overstretch  that can cause injuries.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What is the universe made of?
Response: Astronomers don’t seem to know what 95% of the universe is made of. Atoms and physical matter, which form everything we see around us, only account for a measly 5%. Over the past 80 years it has become clear that the substantial remainder is comprised of two shadowy entities – dark matter and dark energy. The former, first discovered in 1933, acts as an invisible glue, binding galaxies and galaxy clusters together. Dark energy, Unveiled in 1998, is responsible for the universe’s accelerated expansion.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What is the English Premier League?
Response: The English Premier League is the top flight of men’s football in England. The 38 match season extends from August to May, during which each of 20 teams play a home and away match against each of the other teams. A win earns a team 3 points, a draw is 1 point, and a loss is 0 points. The team with the most points at the end of the season wins. Unlike American sports, there are no playoffs to determine a champion. The 3 teams with the least points are relegated to the second level of English football, The Championship. To fill those spots in the next season, the top 3 teams from The Championship are promoted to the Premier League.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Give me a list of items I should bring to the beach this weekend.
Response: Here is a list of items you should bring to the beach this weekend:
1. Bathing Suit
2. Tent
3. Beers
4. Towels
5. Sandals
6. Sand Toys
7. Sand Blanket
8. Cooler
Category: classification
Instruction: Categorize the following as hot or cold.
Response: Fire, snow, sun, ice
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: How often should you brush your teeth?
Context: Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping one's mouth clean and free of disease and other problems (e.g. bad breath) by regular brushing of the teeth (dental hygiene) and cleaning between the teeth. It is important that oral hygiene be carried out on a regular basis to enable prevention of dental disease and bad breath. The most common types of dental disease are tooth decay (cavities, dental caries) and gum diseases, including gingivitis, and periodontitis.
General guidelines for adults suggest brushing at least twice a day with a fluoridated toothpaste: brushing last thing at night and at least on one other occasion. Cleaning between the teeth is called interdental cleaning and is as important as tooth brushing. This is because a toothbrush cannot reach between the teeth and therefore only removes about 50% of plaque from the surface of the teeth. There are many tools to clean between the teeth, including floss, tape and interdental brushes; it is up to each individual to choose which tool they prefer to use.
Response: Oral Hygiene is important to maintain a healthy mouth free of disease.   Keeping one's mouth clean avoids problems such as bad breath as well as tooth decay, gum disease and gingivitis.  General guidelines for adults suggest brushing at least twice a day with fluoridated toothpaste.   A good strategy is to brush your teeth in the morning and before you go to bed each night.
Category: summarization
Instruction: Give me a quick brief of the Prince of Norway
Context: Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈhôːkʊn]; Haakon Magnus; born 20 July 1973) is the heir apparent to the Norwegian throne. He is the only son of King Harald V and Queen Sonja.

Haakon represents the fourth generation of the sitting Norwegian royal family of the House of Glücksburg. He married Mette-Marit Tjessem Høiby, with whom he has two children, Princess Ingrid Alexandra and Prince Sverre Magnus.

Haakon has been a member of the Young Global Leaders network, its Foundation, a Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations, and a philanthropist. He is a trained naval officer and, as crown prince, a top military official in the Norwegian Armed Forces. He holds a BA in Political Science from the University of California, Berkeley, and an MSc in Development Studies from the London School of Economics. 
Response: Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway was born on July 20 1973 and is the heir apparent to the Norwegian throne. He is the only son of King Harald V and Queen Sonja.

Haakon represents the fourth generation of the sitting Norwegian royal family of the House of Glucksburg. He married Mette-Marit Tjessem Hoiby, with whom he has two children, Princess Ingrid Alexandra and Prince Sverre Magnus.

Haakon has been a member of the Young Global Leaders network, its Foundation, a Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations, and a philanthropist. He is a trained naval officer and, as crown prince, a top military official in the Norwegian Armed Forces. He holds a BA in Political Science from the University of California, Berkeley, and an MSc in Development Studies from the London School of Economics.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What are some common mushrooms used in cooking?
Response: Common mushrooms used in cooking include white button, cremini, portobello, shiitake, oyster, porcini, morel, and enoki.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: What is Violet Constance Jessop's nickname?
Context: Violet Constance Jessop (2 October 1887 – 5 May 1971), often referred to as the "Queen of sinking ships" or "Miss Unsinkable," was an Argentine woman of Irish heritage who worked as an ocean liner stewardess, memoirist, and nurse in the early 20th century. Jessop is most well known for having survived the sinking of both the RMS Titanic in 1912 and her sister ship the HMHS Britannic in 1916, as well as having been onboard the eldest of the three sister ships, the RMS Olympic, when it collided with the British warship HMS Hawke in 1911.
Response: She is commonly referred to as "Miss Unsinkable" or Queen of sinking ships".
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Why is my car making a clicking sound when I try to start it? The lights are turning on for a little bit but the engine is not turning over. My car is not that old!
Response: It is likely that your bar battery is causing this issue. Your battery may have enough power to tun on the lights and connect to the starter, but not sufficient voltage to start your car.  Modern car batteries last an average of three years, so if your car battery is three years or older it is within the replacement window.  You can have your battery tested at an auto parts store or mechanic to confirm if it is a battery issue, or if there could be another issue, such as an alternator issue.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Who is the St Louis Cardinals?
Response: The St Louis Cardinals is a major league baseball team located in St Louis Missouri that plays in the National League Central Division.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Why is Stephen A. Smith a great journalist?
Response: Stephen A. Smith is considered a great journalist by many due to his entertaining delivery during television appearances as well as his fearlessness in addressing conflicting view points held by his colleagues. Furthermore, Stephen A. Smith has extensive experience as a popular writer for several newspapers as well as SLAM Magazine prior to his television career with ESPN.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Which one of the following objects is least like the others, and why?
Lemon, Car, Grass, Lime
Response: A car is least like the others, because it is a man-made non-living object, while the rest are plants.
Category: creative_writing
Instruction: Why is music so special?
Response: Music is an art form consisting of arranging sound to create a combination of rhythm and harmonies to convey emotions to individuals. It can be considered a unique art form by certain people due to its ephemeral aspect as opposed to other art types such as painting or sculpture which are mostly permanent. Music can generate a large variety of emotions in individuals through the mere sense of hearing it. Research has shown that listening to music activates multiple areas of the brain and is known to liberate important amounts of dopamine which contribute to giving pleasure to the listener. On the other hand, learning and playing music requires several mental and physical skills such as ear and relative pitch, rhythm, and hand coordination.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is the best programming language?
Response: There is no single answer, as the specific use case, the nature of the project, and the skills of the programmer all play a role in determining the best programming language. Python may be generally easier to learn, while C++ may be faster because it is statically typed. Each language has its advantages and disadvantages.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: How does a tack work in windsurfing?
Response: There are two basic turn maneuvers in windsurfing, the tack and the jibe. The tack turns upwind and takes the nose of the board through the wind. To start tacking, steer the board upwind by moving the sail to the back of the board. When the nose of the boards points right into the wind, step around the front of the sail to the other side. Then, move the rig forward to continue turning the board downwind.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: I'm considering buying a pocket knife for my child. How do I know which one I should buy?
Response: On the market there are many different versions of pocket knives for different purposes and qualities. There are even pocket knives designed specifically for younger children who have no or very little experience with pocket knives, where the blades are not as sharp as usual. Color, size, functions and cost are other factors to consider.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Give a list of the different kinds of fire trucks that exist.
Response: How firefighting trucks and equipment are classified varies from country to country but in the United States there are a few general categories of fire trucks. Fire Engines are what most people think of when they think of a fire truck. It has a combination of hoses, ladders, and other equipment but also carries several hundred gallons of water and has a built in pump to feed that hoses from it's internal tank or from a hydrant. There are Ladder Trucks which typically have a large extending ladder on top. These may or may not carry water but also generally have a built in pump to feed water to the nozzle attached to the ladder. There are Rescue Trucks which typically have specialized equipment for unique rescue situations such as confined space, vehicle extrication, or collapsed building rescue. These typically don't carry water or pumps but there are a few jurisdictions that have Rescue Engines that blend these two. There are also Tanker trucks that carry large amounts of water to areas where there are no hydrants and they typically do not have their own pumps or hoses. They serve primarily as a water supply to other trucks.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: From the passage provided, extract the name of the first female recipient of Turing award
Context: The ACM A. M. Turing Award is an annual prize given by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) for contributions of lasting and major technical importance to computer science. It is generally recognized as the highest distinction in computer science and is colloquially known as or often referred to as the "Nobel Prize of Computing".

The award is named after Alan Turing, who was a British mathematician and reader in mathematics at the University of Manchester. Turing is often credited as being the key founder of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence. From 2007 to 2013, the award was accompanied by an additional prize of US$250,000, with financial support provided by Intel and Google. Since 2014, the award has been accompanied by a prize of US$1 million, with financial support provided by Google.

The first recipient, in 1966, was Alan Perlis, of Carnegie Mellon University. The first female recipient was Frances E. Allen of IBM in 2006. The latest recipient, in 2022, is Robert Metcalfe for inventing Ethernet.
Response: The first female recipient was Frances E. Allen of IBM in 2006
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Can you give a list of novels written by Nancy Kress?
Response: The Prince of Morning Bells, (Timescape / Pocket Oct. 1981) / revised: (FoxAcre Press May 2000)
The Golden Grove, (Bluejay Books March 1984)
The White Pipes, (Bluejay Books Jan. 1985)
An Alien Light, (Arbor House / William Morrow Jan. 1988) / (Legend Nov. 1988)
Brain Rose, (William Morrow Jan. 1990)
Maximum Light, (Tor Jan. 1997)
Yanked!, (Avon June 1999) from David Brin's Out of Time series
Nothing Human, (Golden Gryphon Press Sep. 2003)
Dogs, (Tachyon Publications July 2008)
Steal Across the Sky, (Tor Feb. 2009)
After the Fall, Before the Fall, During the Fall (Tachyon Publications April 2012)
Flash Point, (Viking Nov. 2012)
Sea Change, (Tachyon Publications May 2020)
The Eleventh Gate, (Baen Books May 5, 2020)
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is Categorization and Sentiment Analysis
Response: Categorization and Sentiment Analysis is typically referred in the Customer Experience space where customer interaction data is analyzed to get insights into categories of topics and sentiment associated with those interactions. Some of the use cases that benefit from these insights include Customer Representative/Agent Performance and Training, Workload Management, Product Performance et al
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What are the benefits of a high protein diet
Response: High protein diets can have a lot of benefits. For one, if you are interested in muscle growth, protein helps with that, and a high protein diet can lead to increased muscle growth. Additionally, protein rich meals can help people stay full longer which can help decrease snacking leading to weight loss
Category: classification
Instruction: Classify each of the following as either a dog breed or a cat breed: Himalayan, snowshoe, Norwegian Forest, American Eskimo, keeshond, Persian, Jack Russell terrier
Response: Dog breed: American Eskimo, keeshond, Jack Russell terrier
Cat breed: Himalayan, snowshoe, Norwegian Forest, Persian
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What is a triathlon?
Response: A triathlon is a sport that combines three different events: swimming, biking and running, in that order. The reason for the order of events is that they proceed from more to less dangerous, so that the triathlete (as a triathlon participant is called) is most fresh and well-rested when they swim (so as to avoid drowning) and most exhausted during the run, when it is relatively less dangerous to make a mistake than it would be in the water or on a bicycle. Triathlons differ based on distance and terrain. They can be as short as a sprint event, which might include a swim as short as a single lap in a pool, or as long as an ironman triathlon, which includes a 2.4-mile swim, 112 miles of biking, and a full marathon. A common triathlon distance in between a spring and ironman is the olympic triathlon, which includes a 1.5-kilometer swim, 40 kilometer bike ride, and 10 kilometer run. Triathlons can take place anywhere where it is possible to do all three activities, including near a swimming pool, lake or open ocean. The run is most commonly done on a hard asphalt surface but can also take place on a dirt trail.
Category: classification
Instruction: Categorize these world leaders as male or female: Angela Merkel, Margaret Thatcher, Ronald Reagan, Vladimir Putin, Mao Tse Tung, Winston Churchill, Queen Elizabeth I
Response: Angela Merkel - Female
Margaret Thatcher - Female
Ronald Reagan - Male
Vladimir Putin - Male
Mao Tse Tung - Male
Winston Churchill - Male
Queen Elizabeth I - Female
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What links Catalonia, Andalusia, Cantabria, Galicia
Response: Regions of Spain
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Give me a list of the last 7 FIFA world cup winning teams
Response: 2022 Argentina
2018 France
2014 Germany
2010 Spain
2006 Italy
2002 Brazil
1998 France
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Is Belgrandia varica a type of plant?
Context: Belgrandia varica is a species of minute freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusc or micromollusc in the family Hydrobiidae.
Response: No, it is a type of snail.
Category: classification
Instruction: Classify each of the following sports terminologies by sport: Earned Run Average, WHIP, Bicycle Kick, Touchdown, Safety, Quality Start, Runs, RBI, Stolen Base, Batting Average, Inning, Strikeout, Shortstop, Striker, Sweeper, Stopper, Relief Pitcher, Nutmeg, Slide Tackle, Extra Point, Barrel Rate, Midfielder, Yellow Card, Red Card, Corner Kick, Goal Kick, Set Piece, Direct Free Kick, FIFA, MLS, Concacaf, Half Volley, Full Volley, Base on Balls, Batter's Box, Mound, Breaking Ball, Slider, Designated Hitter, Knuckle Ball, No Hitter, Triple Play, Double Play, Wild Pitch, Linebacker, Running Back, Quarterback, Wide Receiver, Tight End, Chop Block
Response: Soccer: Bicycle Kick, Striker, Sweeper, Stopper, Nutmeg, Slide Tackle, Midfielder, Yelow Card, Red Card, Corner Kick, Goal Kick, Set Piece, Direct Free Kick, FIFA, Concacaf, MLS, Half Volley, Full Volley
Baseball: Earned Run Average, WHIP, Quality Start, Runs, RBI, Stolen Base, Batting Average, Inning, Strikeout, Shortstop, Relief Pitcher, Barrel Rate, Base on Balls, Batter's Box, Mound, Breaking Ball, Slider, Designated Hitter, Knuckle Ball, No Hitter, Triple Play, Double Play, Wild Pitch
Football: Touchdown, Safety, Extra Point, Linebacker, Running Back, Quarterback, Wide Receiver, Tight End, Chop Block
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is the movie "Everything Everywhere All at Once" about?
Response: The movie is about an immigrant Chinese family who runs a laundromat and gets involved into a multi-verse quest to prevent a creature from destroying the universe. The family consists of Evelyn Wang, Waymond Wang and their daughter Joy. In the beginning of the movie their laundromat business is getting audited by the IRS, Waymond is trying to serve Evelyn divorce papers, and Joy is trying to get accepted for her lesbian relationship. In that difficult time for the family, Evelyn Wang discovers that she was chosen to fight against that great evil destroying the universe, and she should do that by connecting with versions of herself from parallel universes. It is an action packed comedy-drama adventure of Emily fulfilling the mission of saving the universe, and in conclusion deciding not to leave her current life for another version of it.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: What are the examples of analog content provided in the passage? List them separated by semicolon.
Context: Datafication is a technological trend turning many aspects of our life into data which is subsequently transferred into information realised as a new form of value. Kenneth Cukier and Viktor Mayer-Schönberger introduced the term datafication to the broader lexicon in 2013. Up until this time, datafication had been associated with the analysis of representations of our lives captured through data, but not on the present scale. This change was primarily due to the impact of big data and the computational opportunities afforded to predictive analytics.

Datafication is not the same as digitization, which takes analog content—books, films, photographs—and converts it into digital information, a sequence of ones and zeros that computers can read. Datafication is a far broader activity: taking all aspects of life and turning them into data [...] Once we datafy things, we can transform their purpose and turn the information into new forms of value
Response: The examples provided in the above passage for analog content are: books; films; photographs.
Category: classification
Instruction: Classify these as either states or cities: Illinois, California, San Francisco, Austin, Texas.
Response: Illinois, California, and Texas are states.  San Francisco and Austin are cities.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Give me some examples of metamorphic rocks.
Response: Marble and slate are metamorphic rock types.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Extract the amounts of federal funding provided to state and local governments for education in the past year
Context: Education in the United States is provided in public and private schools and by individuals through homeschooling. State governments set overall educational standards, often mandate standardized tests for K–12 public school systems and supervise, usually through a board of regents, state colleges, and universities. The bulk of the $1.3 trillion in funding comes from state and local governments, with federal funding accounting for about $260 billion in 2021 compared to around $200 billion in past years.

Private schools are free to determine their own curriculum and staffing policies, with voluntary accreditation available through independent regional accreditation authorities, although some state regulation can apply.

In 2013, about 87% of school-age children (those below higher education) attended state-funded public schools, about 10% attended tuition and foundation-funded private schools, and roughly 3% were home-schooled.
Response: $260 Billion
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: From the passage provided, extract the well-known superheroes from Marvel comic books.
Context: Marvel Comics is an American comic book publisher and the flagship property of Marvel Entertainment, a division of The Walt Disney Company since September 1, 2009. Evolving from Timely Comics in 1939, Magazine Management/Atlas Comics in 1951 and its predecessor, Marvel Mystery Comics, the Marvel Comics title/name/brand was first used in June 1961.

Marvel was started in 1939 by Martin Goodman as Timely Comics, and by 1951 had generally become known as Atlas Comics. The Marvel era began in June 1961 with the launch of The Fantastic Four and other superhero titles created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, Steve Ditko and many others. The Marvel brand, which had been used over the years and decades, was solidified as the company's primary brand.

Marvel counts among its characters such well-known superheroes as Spider-Man, Iron Man, Captain America, Thor, Doctor Strange, Hulk, Daredevil, Wolverine, Black Panther and Captain Marvel, as well as popular superhero teams such as the Avengers, X-Men, Fantastic Four, and Guardians of the Galaxy. Its stable of well-known supervillains includes the likes of Doctor Doom, Magneto, Ultron, Thanos, Kang the Conqueror, Green Goblin, Galactus, Loki, and Kingpin. Most of Marvel's fictional characters operate in a single reality known as the Marvel Universe, with most locations mirroring real-life places; many major characters are based in New York City, New York, United States. Additionally, Marvel has published several licensed properties from other companies. This includes Star Wars comics twice from 1977 to 1986 and again since 2015.
Response: Well-known superheroes from Marvel include Spider-Man, Iron Man, Captain America, Thor, Doctor Strange, Hulk, Daredevil, Wolverine, Black Panther, and Captain Marvel.  Many Marvel superheroes also are part of teams such as the Avengers, X-Men, Fantastic Four, and Guardians of the Galaxy.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: How many counties are there in the San Francisco/San Jose/Oakland Bay Area?
Context: There are nine Bay Area counties
Response: Alameda
Contra Costa
Marin
San Francisco
San Mateo
Santa Clara
Napa
Solano
Sonoma
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What was the US civil war about?
Response: The US civil war had a complex start but the main aim was the preservation of slavery for the confederacy and the elimination of slavery for the union. Slavery was the principal political issue between the parties. 
There was also an aspect of the confederacy wanting to secede from the Union to preserve slavery. The union did not want the slave stares to secede. After war broke out, it is interesting to note, no foreign government recognized the confederate government. 
By the mid 1800s, the US had two distinct regions: free states with fast growing economies based on family farming, manufacturing, mining, business and transporting goods. The slave states were based on a plantation system and the only fast growth was in texas. These states were largely rural with few large cities and little industry except in close proximity to free states.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Who is Carlos Andres Perez?
Context: Carlos Andrés Pérez Rodríguez (27 October 1922 – 25 December 2010) also known as CAP and often referred to as El Gocho (due to his Andean origins), was a Venezuelan politician and the president of Venezuela from 12 March 1974 to 12 March 1979 and again from 2 February 1989 to 21 May 1993. He was one of the founders of Acción Democrática, the dominant political party in Venezuela during the second half of the twentieth century.
Response: Carlos Andrés Pérez Rodríguez (27 October 1922 – 25 December 2010) also known as CAP and often referred to as El Gocho (due to his Andean origins), was a Venezuelan politician and the president of Venezuela from 12 March 1974 to 12 March 1979 and again from 2 February 1989 to 21 May 1993. He was one of the founders of Acción Democrática, the dominant political party in Venezuela during the second half of the twentieth century.

His first presidency was known as the Saudi Venezuela due to its economic and social prosperity thanks to enormous income from petroleum exportation. However, his second presidency saw a continuation of the economic crisis of the 1980s, a series of social crises, widespread riots known as Caracazo and two coup attempts in 1992. In May 1993 he became the first Venezuelan president to be forced out of office by the Supreme Court on charges for the embezzlement of 250 million bolívars (roughly 2.7 million US dollars) belonging to a presidential discretionary fund, whose money was used to support the electoral process in Nicaragua and hire bodyguards for President Violeta Chamorro.
Category: classification
Instruction: Tell me which one of these companies is a popular manufacturer of golf clubs: Ping, Cobra, Nike, Taylormade
Response: Ping, Cobra and Taylormade are all well known manufacturers of golf clubs and have been for decades. Nike stopped manufacturing golf clubs in 2016 but does continue to market golf clothing and similar accessories.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What is freedom?
Response: Freedom is what you make out of it. The dictionary could provide you with one definition but at a personal level freedom for me means to be able to walk in to a coffee shop at a time I would like, express my thoughts and have the money to pay for that coffee.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Extract the names of the islands located on the Eastern Group of the Azores plateau from the text. Separate them with a comma.
Context: These islands can be divided into three recognizable groups located on the Azores Plateau:
The Eastern Group (Grupo Oriental) of São Miguel, Santa Maria and Formigas Islets
The Central Group (Grupo Central) of Terceira, Graciosa, São Jorge, Pico and Faial
The Western Group (Grupo Ocidental) of Flores and Corvo.
Response: Flores and Corvo
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Which leaders claimed the English throne in 1066?
Context: In 1066, several rival claimants to the English throne emerged. Among them were Harold Godwinson (recognised as king by the Witenagemot after the death of Edward the Confessor), Harald Hardrada (King of Norway who claimed to be the rightful heir of Harthacnut) and Duke William II of Normandy (vassal to the King of France, and first cousin once-removed of Edward the Confessor). Harald and William both invaded separately in 1066. Godwinson successfully repelled the invasion by Hardrada, but ultimately lost the throne of England in the Norman conquest of England.
Response: Harold Godwinson, Harald Hardrada, and Duke William II of Normandy all claimed the English throne in 1066.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Which epic poem discussed the Trojan Horse?
Context: The Trojan Horse was a wooden horse said to have been used by the Greeks during the Trojan War to enter the city of Troy and win the war. The Trojan Horse is not mentioned in Homer's Iliad, with the poem ending before the war is concluded, and it is only briefly mentioned in the Odyssey. But in the Aeneid by Virgil, after a fruitless 10-year siege, the Greeks constructed a huge wooden horse at the behest of Odysseus, and hid a select force of men inside, including Odysseus himself. The Greeks pretended to sail away, and the Trojans pulled the horse into their city as a victory trophy. That night, the Greek force crept out of the horse and opened the gates for the rest of the Greek army, which had sailed back under the cover of darkness. The Greeks entered and destroyed the city, ending the war.
Response: Odyssey
Category: classification
Instruction: Which of the following are actual titles for albums by Led Zeppelin?

Houses of the Holy, Stairway to Heaven, Zoso, Led Zeppelin III, In Through the Out Door, Presents
Response: The correct answer is Houses of the Holy, Led Zeppelin III and In Through the Out Door. Stairway to Heaven is a song title but not an album title. Zoso is commonly incorrectly used as the album title of Led Zeppelin IV. And while Presents is incorrect, there is a Led Zeppelin album entitled Presence.
Category: summarization
Instruction: For the Zodiac sign Gemini, Share some important details from given text.
Context: Gemini (♊︎) (/ˈdʒɛmɪnaɪ/ JEM-in-eye, Greek: Δίδυμοι, romanized: Dídymoi, Latin for "twins") is the third astrological sign in the zodiac. Under the tropical zodiac, the sun transits this sign between about May 21 to June 21. Gemini is represented by the twins, Castor and Pollux, known as the Dioscuri in Greek mythology. It is a positive, mutable sign.
Response: 1.	In Zodiac gemini is the third astrological sign.
2.	The sun transits Gemini between about May 21 to June 21.
3.	Gemini is represented by the twins, Castor and Pollux, known as the Dioscuri in Greek mythology.
4.	Gemini is a positive and mutable sign.
Category: classification
Instruction: Tell me whether the following athletes are tennis or football players: Ibrahimovic, Medvedev, Agassi, Neymar, Halep, Davenport
Response: There are only two football players in the list, Neymar and Ibrahimovic. All the others are well known tennis players.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: How many more keys does a standard piano have over a harpsichord?
Response: 28 keys
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What are the classical states of matter?
Response: 1. Solid: Matter in a solid state is comprised of particles that are held very closely together. Solids hold a definite shape. 
2. Liquid: Matter is in a mostly non-compressible fluid state. Liquid matter conforms to the shape of its container. 
3. Gas: Matter in a gaseous state is composed of compressible fluids. It may also take the shape of its container, but it will also expand to fill the container.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: What are the four main linguistic and cultural regions of Switzerland?
Context: Switzerland originates from the Old Swiss Confederacy established in the Late Middle Ages, following a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy; the Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the country's founding document. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognised in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. Switzerland has maintained a policy of armed neutrality since the 16th century and has not fought an international war since 1815. It joined the United Nations only in 2002, but pursues an active foreign policy that include frequent involvement in peace-building processes worldwide.

Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross, one of the world's oldest and best-known humanitarian organisations, and hosts the headquarters or offices of most major international institutions, including the WTO, the WHO, the ILO, FIFA, and the United Nations. It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), but not part of the European Union (EU), the European Economic Area, or the Eurozone; however, it participates in the European single market and the Schengen Area through bilateral treaties. Switzerland is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons, with federal authorities based in Bern.

It has four main linguistic and cultural regions: German, French, Italian and Romansh. Although most Swiss are German-speaking, national identity is fairly cohesive, being rooted in a common historical background, shared values such as federalism and direct democracy, and Alpine symbolism. Swiss identity transcends language, ethnicity, and religion, leading to Switzerland being described as a Willensnation ("nation of volition") rather than a nation state.
Response: German, French, Italian and Romansh
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What is the difference between UK and Great Britain?
Response: Quite often people uses the two interchangeable, however this is not correct. Great Britain is the official name of of England, Scotland and Wales. It does not include Northern Ireland. the UK on the other hand is the official name of the union between England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: According to this paragraph, tell me what is referred to as the most exciting collegiate sporting event.
Context: In 2019, Virginia men's basketball won the NCAA Championship in "March Madness", the single-elimination national college basketball tournament considered by YouGov polled American viewers (as of the same year) to be the most exciting collegiate sporting event. In 2015, when Virginia first won its first Capital One Cup its teams won the 2014 College Cup, the 2015 College World Series, and the 2015 NCAA Tennis Championships. When it repeated the feat in 2019, the program won both March Madness and the 2019 Men's Lacrosse Championship.
Response: What is referred to as the most exciting collegiate sporting event is when the Virginia men's basketball team won the NCAA Championship in 2019.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Given the reference text below about Larry Bird, tell me where he was born, what he did for a living, and who his greatest professional rival was.
Context: Larry Joe Bird (born December 7, 1956) is an American former professional basketball player, coach, and executive in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Nicknamed "the Hick from French Lick" and "Larry Legend", Bird is widely regarded as one of the greatest basketball players of all time. He is the only person in NBA history to be named Rookie of the Year, Most Valuable Player, Finals MVP, All-Star MVP, Coach of the Year, and Executive of the Year. Growing up in French Lick, Indiana, he was a local basketball star. Highly recruited, he initially signed to play college basketball for coach Bob Knight of the Indiana Hoosiers, but Bird dropped out after one month and returned to French Lick to attend a local community college. The next year he attended the smaller Indiana State University, ultimately playing three years for the Sycamores. Drafted by the Boston Celtics with the sixth overall pick in the 1978 NBA draft after his second year at Indiana State, Bird elected to stay in college and returned for the 1978–1979 season. He then led his team to an undefeated regular season. The season finished with a national championship game match-up of Indiana State against Michigan State and featured a highly anticipated match-up of Bird against Michigan State great Magic Johnson, thus beginning a career-long rivalry that the two shared for over a decade.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Bird
Response: Larry Bird was born in French Lick. He played and coached basketball for a living, and his main rival was Magic Johnson.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is Freeride snowboarding?
Response: Freestyle snowboarding is any riding that includes performing tricks. In freestyle, the rider utilizes natural and man-made features such as rails, jumps, boxes, and innumerable others to perform tricks. It is a popular all-inclusive concept that distinguishes the creative aspects of snowboarding, in contrast to a style like alpine snowboarding.
Category: summarization
Instruction: Who was Neale James Cooper
Context: Neale James Cooper (24 November 1963 – 28 May 2018) was a Scottish football player and coach. He played as a midfielder during the 1980s and 1990s, most prominently for the Aberdeen team managed by Alex Ferguson, and later played for Aston Villa, Rangers, Reading, Dunfermline Athletic and Ross County. Cooper then became a coach, and worked as a manager in England with Hartlepool United (twice) and Gillingham, and in Scotland with Ross County and Peterhead.
Response: Neale James Cooper (24 November 1963 – 28 May 2018) was a Scottish football player and coach. He played as a midfielder during the 1980s and 1990s, most prominently for the Aberdeen team managed by Alex Ferguson, and later played for Aston Villa, Rangers, Reading, Dunfermline Athletic and Ross County.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Do you have to get training to go scuba diving?
Response: Scuba diving requires training, and normally people gain a scuba diving certification before doing this activity
Category: general_qa
Instruction: Why do we need robots?
Response: Robots can be programmed to do complex work that are hard for humans to tackle or work in high risk or extreme conditions such as the rovers on Mars. Since robots are driven by electrical and mechanical energy, they are just like machines that accomplish complex tasks efficiently.