fedml/databricks-dolly-15k-niid huggingface dataset:
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is american football?
Response: American football is a an American sports.  Other countries use the term "football" to refer to soccer.  American football is a team sport and two opposing teams play against each other.  The objective of the game is to get a football to the end zone of the opponent.  If you can accomplish this you score a touchdown.  The ball moves down the field when players catch the ball, and run it opposite of their own end zone.  After they score they will get the opportunity to kick a field goal as well.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Extract the the materials used to build beaver dams from the following passage and separate them with a comma.
Context: Beavers need trees and shrubs to use as building material for dams, which restrict flowing water to create a pond for them to live in, and for lodges, which act as shelters and refuges from predators and the elements. Without such material, beavers dig burrows into a bank to live. Dam construction begins in late summer or early fall, and they repair them whenever needed. Beavers can cut down trees up to 15 cm (5.9 in) wide in less than 50 minutes. Thicker trees, at 25 cm (9.8 in) wide or more, may not fall for hours. When chewing down a tree, beavers switch between biting with the left and right side of the mouth. Tree branches are then cut and carried to their destination with the powerful jaw and neck muscles. Other building materials, like mud and rocks, are held by the forelimbs and tucked between the chin and chest.
Response: Beavers use the following materials to build their dams: trees, shrubs, mud, rocks.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: The French flair is the way the French see life, it has to be grandiose in the sense that even the small thing can be beautiful, stylish, and unique. There is a special French flair in Rugby, where it comes with the sense that anything can happen, even the more desperate attack would be fully supported and played like a final rally, full of bravery. This type of behavior is feared as it is based on improvisation, and has been in the past very efficient even against the very best.
Response: What is the French Flair?
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What functions have political parties served in American politics? Assess the strength of each aspect of the U.S. political parties—the party in government, the party as organizations, and party in the electorate.
Response: The function of political parties is to present candidates for political office, have those candidates run in the parties name, and to win power when those candidates are elected.  Parties help candidates to solve the “social choice problem”, “collective action problem” and are a mechanism for elites to organize and communicate with voters.
Parties in government are strong.  Elected officials currently vote with the party on 90% of the issues.  The parties control the agenda, committee assignments, campaign contributions and fundraising, and encourage or discourage primary election challenges.  Parties are also strong with the electorate.  Only 13% of the population doesn’t associate with either Democrats or Republicans to some degree, and those who do associate with a party will generally vote for that party's candidates. Party organizations are also strong as they raise large sums of money (about $600-$700 million in the last presidential election for each party) and enlist volunteers for campaigns.  There is also a trend where party organizations are contacting and mobilizing voters at an increasing rate.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Based on this article, considerations of what time zone is used for determining what land is in the dead man zone?
Context: The dead man zone is the area directly around a bushfire that is likely to burn within five minutes given the current wind conditions or an anticipated change in wind direction. The distance this zone extends from the firefront is highly dependent on terrain, windspeed, fuel type and composition, relative humidity and ambient temperature, and can range from under 100 metres (330 ft) to well over 1 kilometre (3,300 ft).
Response: A five minute period in the future is used for creating the dead man zone.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: What was Jiang's previous position before becoming the president of China?
Context: Jiang Zemin (17 August 1926 – 30 November 2022) was a Chinese politician who served as general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1989 to 2002, as chairman of the Central Military Commission from 1989 to 2004, and as president of China from 1993 to 2003. Jiang was paramount leader of China from 1989 to 2002. He was the core leader of the third generation of Chinese leadership, one of four core leaders alongside Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping and Xi Jinping.

Born in Yangzhou, Jiangsu, Jiang joined the CCP while he was in college. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, he received training at the Stalin Automobile Works in Moscow in the 1950s, later returning to Shanghai in 1962 to serve in various institutes, later being sent between 1970-1972 to Romania as part of an expert team to establish machinery manufacturing plants in the country. After 1979, he was appointed as the vice chair of two commissions by vice premier Gu Mu to oversee the newly-established special economic zones (SEZs). He became the vice minister of the newly-established Ministry of Electronics Industry and a member of the CCP Central Committee in 1982.

Jiang was appointed as the mayor of Shanghai in 1985, later being promoted to its Communist Party secretary, as well as a member of the CCP Politburo, in 1987. Jiang came to power unexpectedly as a compromise candidate following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, when he replaced Zhao Ziyang as CCP general secretary after Zhao was ousted for his support for the student movement. As the involvement of the "Eight Elders" in Chinese politics steadily declined, Jiang consolidated his hold on power to become the "paramount leader" in the country during the 1990s. Urged by Deng Xiaoping's southern tour in 1992, Jiang officially introduced the term "socialist market economy" in his speech during the 14th CCP National Congress held later that year, which accelerated "opening up and reform".

Under Jiang's leadership, China experienced substantial economic growth with the continuation of market reforms. The returning of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom in 1997 and of Macau from Portugal in 1999, and entry into the World Trade Organisation in 2001, were landmark moments of his era. China also witnessed improved relations with the outside world, while the Communist Party maintained its tight control over the state. Jiang faced criticism over human rights abuses, including the crackdown on the Falun Gong movement. His contributions to party doctrine, known as the "Three Represents", were written into the CCP constitution in 2002. Jiang gradually vacated his official leadership titles from 2002 to 2005, being succeeded in these roles by Hu Jintao, although he and his political faction continued to influence affairs until much later. On 30 November 2022, Jiang died from leukemia and multiple organ failure in Shanghai.
Response: He was the mayor of Shanghai and then became Communist Party secretary
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What is the difference between and instructional designer and an elearning developer?
Response: Instructional designers and elearning developers both play an important role in creating learning experiences. Instructional designers typically establish learning objectives in partnership with stakeholders, then write content based on the learning objectives. Usually, these learning objectives are skills-based and rely on an instructional designer's expertise to appropriately level the content and create activities based on task, skill and gap analysis. The content and activities created by an instructional designer is documented inside of a storyboard. The elearning developer then takes the storyboard and creates an interactive learning experience in software like Storyline 360 or Adobe Captivate. They carefully read the storyboard to understand where content belongs and how activities should be built. Elearning developers are usually more "junior" than instructional designers, because it takes less independent decision-making and expertise to be successful in their role.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Extract all of the names of people mentioned in this paragraph and list them using bullets in the format {Name}
Context: James Leslie Mitchell gained attention from his earliest attempts at fiction, notably from H. G. Wells, but it was his trilogy entitled A Scots Quair, and in particular its first book Sunset Song, with which he made his mark. A Scots Quair, with its combination of stream-of-consciousness, lyrical use of dialect, and social realism, is considered to be among the defining works of the 20th century Scottish Renaissance. It tells the story of Chris Guthrie, a young woman growing up in the north-east of Scotland in the early 20th century. All three parts of the trilogy have been turned into serials by BBC Scotland, written by Bill Craig, with Vivien Heilbron as Chris. Additionally, Sunset Song has been adapted into a film, released in 2015. Spartacus, a novel set in the famous slave revolt, is his best-known full-length work outside this trilogy.
Response: • James Leslie Mitchell
• H. G. Wells
• Chris Guthrie
• Bill Craig
• Vivien Heilbron
Category: summarization
Instruction: What kind of car was The Zuk
Context: The Żuk (pl. beetle) was a van and light truck produced in Lublin, Poland, between 1958 and 1998 by FSC. It was based on FSO Warszawa, which in turn was licensed from the Soviet passenger car GAZ-M20 Pobeda. The chassis, suspension and engine from FSO Warszawa formed the basis of the Żuk and the Nysa light vans designed in the late 1950s. About 587818 were manufactured.

The Żuk was mainly sold to state organizations, but also to individuals. After 1989, with the liberalization of the Polish economy, the Żuk was able to maintain sales to the traditional markets and expand the number sold to individual consumers. The final few years of production was in parallel to its successor, the Lublin van, as a cheaper alternative.
Response: The Zuk (pl. beetle) was a van and light truck produced in Lublin, Poland, between 1958 and 1998 by FSC. It was based on FSO Warszawa, which in turn was licensed from the Soviet passenger car GAZ-M20 Pobeda. The chassis, suspension and engine from FSO Warszawa formed the basis of the Zuk and the Nysa light vans designed in the late 1950s. About 587818 were manufactured.

The Zuk was mainly sold to state organizations, but also to individuals. After 1989, with the liberalization of the Polish economy, the Zuk was able to maintain sales to the traditional markets and expand the number sold to individual consumers. The final few years of production was in parallel to its successor, the Lublin van, as a cheaper alternative.
Category: classification
Instruction: which of the following are software companies vs not?

shell
microsoft
nasa
spacex
grammarly
apple
figma
john deere
bira 91
Response: software companies:
microsoft
grammarly
apple
figma
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What are some passwords I should not be using?
Response: Passwords should be long (at least 16 characters), be difficult to guess, contain numbers and symbols and be easy to remember.

Some examples of bad passwords are:
- password
- jordan23
- 123456
- password1
- letmein
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: What is Denville Station?
Context: Denville is an active commuter railroad train station in Denville Township, Morris County, New Jersey. Located on Estling Road, the station contains three side platforms–two curved low-level platforms that service New Jersey Transit's Morristown Line, and a third that services their Montclair-Boonton Line. Both platforms on the Morristown Line contain miniature high-level platforms for handicap accessibility. Trains on both lines operate between Hoboken Terminal, New York Penn Station and Hackettstown. Heading westbound, the next station is Dover while the next station east on the Morristown Line is Mount Tabor. The next station east on the Montclair-Boonton Line is Mountain Lakes.
Response: Denville station is a commuter railroad station in Denville Township, Morris Country, New Jersey. It is supported by two lines, the New Jersey Morristown Line and the Montclair-Boonton Line. Trains on both of these lines operate between Hoboken Terminal, New York Penn Station and Hackettstown.
Category: creative_writing
Instruction: What would you do if you had all the resources in the world and nothing to worry about?
Response: Wow, as dreamy as it sounds, I would love to live that dream. I would like to go by see, living on a cliff in a glass house that shows both the sunrise and sunset. And it is windy with a big garden where my dog can run and play. I really can not imagine the sun bask, knowing that I don't have to go back from this vacation ever that this is my home and I can just do this alone for the rest of my life :)
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Name the top four benefits and drawbacks of playing Factorio.
Response: Factorio is a highly acclaimed factory automation video game. The top four benefits of playing Factorio are:
1. Develop logistical management skills
2. Connect with friends from around the world
3. The variety of mods keeps the game always fresh
4. Massive time commitment distracts you from committing crime
The four top drawbacks of Factorio are:
1. The rest of your game library goes unplayed
2. You are distracted from your non-game relationships
3. The open-ended nature lacks a definitive goal
4. Massive save files clutter your hard drive
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What are the New Rules for 2022?
Response: IFAB introduced twelve new football rules for the 2019/20 season. They include changes to the handball rule and sterner punishments for an 'illegal' goal celebration.

The official Laws of the Game 2022 PDF contains 228 pages. Check out a summarisation of 12 new FIFA rule changes brought into play from the 1st of June.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What was Britain called - before it was Britain
Response: Albion
Category: summarization
Instruction: List me some important facts about Tobiashammer from given text
Context: The first hammer forge was probably built in 1482 on the River Ohra. In 1592 the mill was bought by Tobias Albrecht, since when it has been named after him. The works originally had three huge iron hammers which were raised by the motion of a water wheel.

The mill made iron products such as scythes, sickles, ploughshares, lances and swords. Later, it also carried out copper processing; washbowls, washtubs, kettle drums, brewing implements, pots, cans and pans were made. The kettle drums, which were produced into the late 20th century, were made from a single piece of copper, forged under the tilt hammer and still set a standard today in terms of their sound.
Response: 1. On the River Ohra, the first hammer forge was probably constructed around 1482.
2. Tobias Albrecht purchased the mill in 1592, and ever since, it has carried his name.
3. The factory's three enormous iron hammers, which were elevated by the rotation of a water wheel, were originally installed.
4. The mill produced iron tools like lances, scythes, sickles, and ploughshares.
5. Later, it also engaged in copper processing; pots, cans, pans, brewing equipment, kettle drums, washbowls, and washtubs were produced.
6. The single-piece copper kettle drums, which were forged with the tilt hammer and produced until the late 20th century, set a standard for sound even today.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What was the Long Night?
Response: According to legends in Westeros, the Long Night was a darkness that fell over the known world and the Westeroi were subjected to not only a generation-long winter, but also the terror and destruction brought on by the Others. A similar telling comes from across the sea where the people of Essos experienced a winter that froze their waters and the Yi Ti described a generation where none saw the sun.
Category: summarization
Instruction: What was the first American college rowing club?
Context: Modern rowing as a competitive sport can be traced to the early 17th century when professional watermen held races (regattas) on the River Thames in London, England. Often prizes were offered by the London Guilds and Livery Companies. Amateur competition began towards the end of the 18th century with the arrival of "boat clubs" at British public schools. Similarly, clubs were formed at colleges within Oxford and Cambridge in the early nineteenth century. Public rowing clubs were beginning at the same time in England, Germany, and the United States. The first American college rowing club was formed in 1843 at Yale College.
Response: The first American college rowing club was founded at Yale College in 1843/
Category: summarization
Instruction: According to the passage what is the best way of making progress with mathematics?
Context: the famous professor Johann Bernoulli made it a special pleasure for himself to help me along in the mathematical sciences. Private lessons, however, he refused because of his busy schedule. However, he gave me a far more salutary advice, which consisted in myself getting a hold of some of the more difficult mathematical books and working through them with great diligence, and should I encounter some objections or difficulties, he offered me free access to him every Saturday afternoon, and he was gracious enough to comment on the collected difficulties, which was done with such a desired advantage that, when he resolved one of my objections, ten others at once disappeared, which certainly is the best method of making happy progress in the mathematical sciences.
Response: Working through the more difficult mathematical books with great diligence, collect questions and difficulties and seek help from a professor to solve them
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Given a reference text about George Koukou, tell me when he was arrested and why.
Context: George Koukou (born 25 May 1945) was acting Speaker of the National Transitional Legislative Assembly of Liberia from 17 March 2005 to January 2006. Originally from Nimba County, he now resides in the capital city of Monrovia. He is a member of the Mano ethnic group.

Prior to becoming a member of the National Transitional Legislative Assembly, Koukou was a senator from Nimba County. Koukou replaced George Dweh as Speaker of the transitional legislature on 17 March 2005 after Dweh was suspended indefinitely on 14 March for spending money without proper authorization.

On 17 July 2007, Koukou was arrested along with several others, including former army chief of staff Charles Julue, for alleged participation in a coup plot against President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. He and Julu were charged with treason. Koukou claimed that he did not have the money to hire a lawyer. On 27 August, Monrovia Magistrate Court Judge Milton Taylor ruled that his court could not try Koukou because treason was above its jurisdiction, and he transferred the trial to Criminal Court "A".
Response: George Koukou was arrested on July 17, 2007 for allegedly participating in a coup against President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What are some of the best comedy movies of the 1980's?
Response: Some of the best movies released in the 1980's are The Breakfast Club, The Goonies, Sixteen Candles, Ghostbusters and Back to the Future.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Give me a list of three historical piano composers.
Response: Johann Sebastian Bach, Ludwig van Beethoven, and Frédéric Chopin.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Extract one of the franchise introduced in IPL 2022 from the text and who won the title during the previous session.
Context: The 2022 Indian Premier League, also known as IPL 15 or for sponsorship reasons, TATA IPL 2022, was the fifteenth season of the Indian Premier League (IPL), a professional Twenty20 cricket league established by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) in 2007. The tournament was played from 26 March 2022 to 29 May 2022. The group stage of the tournament was played entirely in the state of Maharashtra, with Mumbai, Navi Mumbai and Pune hosting matches.
The season saw the expansion of the league with the addition of two new franchises. Chennai Super Kings were the defending champions, having won their fourth title during the previous season.
In the final one of the new franchises, Gujarat Titans, beat Rajasthan Royals by seven wickets to win their first title.
Response: The IPL 2022 season saw the expansion of the league with the addition of two new franchises, and one of them was Gujarat Titans. Gujarat Titans, beat Rajasthan Royals by seven wickets to win their first title.
Also, Chennai Super Kings were the defending champions, having won their fourth title during the previous season.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Where did Bob Ross learn to paint?
Response: Bob Ross took a painting class while he was stationed in Alaska.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What is your worst habit?
Response: My worst habit is going to sleep too late at night as it reduces my overall time for sleeping leading to sleep deprivation. There are some benefits to staying up late, including additional time to scroll the internet aimlessly and endeavor in creative pursuits. Ultimately, I believe going to sleep late is my worst habit as it detrimentally impacts several facets of my personal overall health and well-being.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What is the best way to travel across Japan as a foreign tourist staying on a tourist visa?
Response: JR rail pass is probably the most efficient and economic option to get around the country. You need to purchase this pass in advance before arriving in the country. Once you are in Japan, you go to a train station and activate your pass. If you want to travel around and visit multiple cities in a short time, this pass is definitely worth it.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: When was Tomoaki Komorida born?
Context: Komorida was born in Kumamoto Prefecture on July 10, 1981. After graduating from high school, he joined the J1 League club Avispa Fukuoka in 2000. Although he debuted as a midfielder in 2001, he did not play much and the club was relegated to the J2 League at the end of the 2001 season. In 2002, he moved to the J2 club Oita Trinita. He became a regular player as a defensive midfielder and the club won the championship in 2002 and was promoted in 2003. He played many matches until 2005. In September 2005, he moved to the J2 club Montedio Yamagata. In 2006, he moved to the J2 club Vissel Kobe. Although he became a regular player as a defensive midfielder, his gradually was played less during the summer. In 2007, he moved to the Japan Football League club Rosso Kumamoto (later Roasso Kumamoto) based in his local region. He played as a regular player and the club was promoted to J2 in 2008. Although he did not play as much, he still played in many matches. In 2010, he moved to Indonesia and joined Persela Lamongan. In July 2010, he returned to Japan and joined the J2 club Giravanz Kitakyushu. He played often as a defensive midfielder and center back until 2012 when he retired.
Response: Tomoaki Komorida was born on July 10,1981.
Category: creative_writing
Instruction: Write a polite rejection response to a LinkedIn recruiter
Response: Hello,

Thank you for your message. I’m currently happy where I am but hope to reconnect in the future. Best of luck to you on the search. 

With gratitude,
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Measured in feet, what was the length of the gun barrel produced by Philip Webley & Son of Birmingham discussed in the above passage?
Context: The British Bull Dog was a popular type of solid-frame pocket revolver introduced by Philip Webley & Son of Birmingham, England, in 1872, and subsequently copied by gunmakers in continental Europe and the United States. It featured a 2.5-inch (64 mm) barrel and was chambered for .442 Webley or .450 Adams cartridges, with a five-round cylinder. Webley produced smaller scaled .320 Revolver and .380 calibre versions later, but did not mark them with the British Bull Dog name.
Response: 0.208 feet
Category: general_qa
Instruction: How do I turn on my Tesla Model Y?
Response: When you open a door, Tesla Model Y powers on the touchscreen and you can operate all controls. To drive Model Y:

1. PRESS THE BRAKE PEDAL – Model Y powers on and is ready to drive.
2. SELECT A GEAR – Move the drive stalk all the way down for Drive and all the way up for Reverse.

NOTE: If the PIN to Drive feature is enabled, you must also enter a valid PIN on the touchscreen before you can drive Model Y. Everything you need to know when driving Model Y displays on the touchscreen.

Drive Disabled – Requires Authentication

If Model Y does not detect a key when you press the brake (an authenticated phone is not detected, or 30 seconds has passed since you used the key card), the touchscreen displays a message telling you that driving requires authentication. If you see this message, place the key card behind the cup holders on the top of the center console where the RFID transmitter can read it. The 30 second authentication window restarts and you can start Model Y by pressing the brake pedal.

A number of factors can affect whether Model Y can detect an authenticated phone (for example, the phone’s battery is low or dead and is no longer able to communicate using Bluetooth). Always keep your authenticated phone and a key card with you. After driving, your authenticated phone or key card is needed to restart Model Y after it powers off. And when you leave Model Y, you must bring your authenticated phone or key card with you to lock Model Y, either manually or automatically.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: From the text, please extract and list Nokia's market capitalization timeline.
Context: Nokia is a public limited liability company and is the oldest company listed under the same name on the Helsinki Stock Exchange, beginning in 1915. Nokia has had a secondary listing on the New York Stock Exchange since 1994. Nokia shares were delisted from the London Stock Exchange in 2003, the Paris Stock Exchange in 2004, the Stockholm Stock Exchange in 2007 and the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in 2012. Due to the acquisition of Alcatel-Lucent in 2015, Nokia listed its shares again on the Paris Stock Exchange and was included in the CAC 40 index on 6 January 2016 but later removed on 18 September 2017.

In 2007, Nokia had a market capitalization of €110 billion; by 17 July 2012 this had fallen to €6.28 billion, and by 23 February 2015, it increased to €26.07 billion. Nokia market cap at 2020 was 21.76 billion.
Response: Here is a timeline of Nokia's market capitalization:
1. 2007 - 110 Billion Euros
2. 2012 - 6.28 Billion Euros
3. 2015 - 26.07 Billion Euros
4. 2020 - 21.76 Billion Euros
Category: summarization
Instruction: What is the CGRO that detects photons?
Context: The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) was a space observatory detecting photons with energies from 20 keV to 30 GeV, in Earth orbit from 1991 to 2000. The observatory featured four main telescopes in one spacecraft, covering X-rays and gamma rays, including various specialized sub-instruments and detectors. Following 14 years of effort, the observatory was launched from Space Shuttle Atlantis during STS-37 on April 5, 1991, and operated until its deorbit on June 4, 2000. It was deployed in low Earth orbit at 450 km (280 mi) to avoid the Van Allen radiation belt. It was the heaviest astrophysical payload ever flown at that time at 17,000 kilograms (37,000 lb).
Response: The CGRO is the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) and was a space observatory detecting photons with energies from 20 keV to 30GeV in earth from 1991 to 2000.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: From the passage provided, what year did the Covenant attack?
Context: Nearly a hundred thousand years later in the 26th century, humanity—under the auspices of the United Nations Space Command, or UNSC—colonized many worlds thanks to the development of faster-than-light "slipstream space" (i.e. hyperspace) travel. Tensions between the government and colonies desiring independence sparked violent clashes. The UNSC sponsored the SPARTAN-II Project to create an elite group of enhanced supersoldiers to suppress the rebellions covertly. In the year 2525, human worlds come under attack by a theocratic alliance of alien races known as the Covenant, whose leadership declared humanity heretics and an affront to their gods—the Forerunners. The Covenant began a genocidal holy war. Their superior technology and numbers proved decisive advantages; though effective, the Spartans were too few in number to turn the tide of battle in humanity's favor. After the Covenant invaded Reach, the UNSC's last major stronghold besides Earth, Master Chief John-117 was left as one of the few remaining Spartans.
Response: The Covenant attacked in the year 2525.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Using this passage, extract all the years associated with the area.
Context: In 1872 the Boundary Commission travelled through this area while surveying the border between Canada and the United States. During the 1874 March West trek of the North-West Mounted Police, the force established its first camp (called Short Creek Camp) at this location. The community began being served by the Soo Line in 1893, permitting the coal mines in the region to become operational. Roche Percée incorporated as a village on January 12, 1909.
Response: 1872, 1874, 1893, 1909
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Given this paragraph, in what part of England does the River Thames flow, and what is its length in kilometres?
Context: The River Thames (/tɛmz/ (listen) TEMZ), known alternatively in parts as the River Isis, is a river that flows through southern England including London. At 215 miles (346 km), it is the longest river entirely in England and the second-longest in the United Kingdom, after the River Severn. The river rises at Thames Head in Gloucestershire and flows into the North Sea near Tilbury, Essex and Gravesend, Kent, via the Thames Estuary. From the west it flows through Oxford (where it is sometimes called the Isis), Reading, Henley-on-Thames and Windsor. The Thames also drains the whole of Greater London.
Response: The River Thames flows through Southern England and it is 346 kilometres long.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: Is Leaning Tower of Pisa structure stabilized?
Context: The tower was closed to the public on 7 January 1990, after more than two decades of stabilisation studies and spurred by the abrupt collapse of the Civic Tower of Pavia in 1989.The bells were removed to relieve some weight, and cables were cinched around the third level and anchored several hundred meters away. Apartments and houses in the path of a potential fall of the tower were vacated for safety. The selected method for preventing the collapse of the tower was to slightly reduce its tilt to a safer angle by removing 38 cubic metres (1,342 cubic feet) of soil from underneath the raised end. The tower's tilt was reduced by 45 centimetres (17+1⁄2 inches), returning to its 1838 position. After a decade of corrective reconstruction and stabilization efforts, the tower was reopened to the public on 15 December 2001, and was declared stable for at least another 300 years. In total, 70 metric tons (77 short tons) of soil were removed.
Response: Leaning Tower of Pisa was closed to public due to an abrupt collapse of Civic tower of Pavia. Public buildings in the path of potential fall of the tower were vacated for safety.The tower was reopened to the public on December 2001, after a decade of corrective reconstruction and stabilization efforts and was declared that it will be stable for at least another 300 years to come
Category: open_qa
Instruction: List the ten episode titles from the second season of "Game of Thrones" in broadcast order.
Response: The North Remembers, The Night Lands, What is Dead May Never Die, Garden of Bones, The Ghost of Harrenhal, The Old Gods and the New, A Man Without Honor, The Prince of Winterfell, Blackwater, Valar Morghulis
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: From this text, find out the pros and cons of dredging
Context: Dredging is the excavation of material from a water environment. Possible reasons for dredging include improving existing water features; reshaping land and water features to alter drainage, navigability, and commercial use; constructing dams, dikes, and other controls for streams and shorelines; and recovering valuable mineral deposits or marine life having commercial value. In all but a few situations the excavation is undertaken by a specialist floating plant, known as a dredger.

Dredging is carried out in many different locations and for many different purposes, but the main objectives are usually to recover material of value or use, or to create a greater depth of water. Dredges have been classified as suction or mechanical. Dredging systems can either be shore-based, brought to a location based on barges, or built into purpose built vessels.

Dredging has significant environmental impacts: it can disturb marine sediments, leading to both short- and long-term water pollution, destroy important seabed ecosystems, and can release legacy human-sourced toxins captured in the sediment. These environmental impacts can significantly hurt marine wildlife populations, contaminate sources of drinking water and interrupt economic activities such as fishing.
Response: The benefits of dredging are:
1. improves existing water features for better drainage, navigability, and commercial use
2. important for constructing dams, dikes, and other controls for streams and shorelines
3. helps in recovering valuable mineral deposits or marine life having commercial value

The demerits of dredging are related to its severe environmental impact, for example:
1. it can disturb marine sediments, leading to both short- and long-term water pollution
2. it can destroy important seabed ecosystems
3. it can release legacy human-sourced toxins captured in the sediment
All the above impacts can significantly hurt marine wildlife populations, contaminate sources of drinking water and interrupt economic activities such as fishing.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: List the founders of Twitter from the above passage in a comma separated format.
Context: Twitter is an online social media and social networking service owned and operated by American company Twitter, Inc., on which users post or reply to texts, images and videos known as "tweets". Registered users can tweet, like, "retweet" tweets and direct message (DM), while unregistered users only have the ability to view public tweets. Users interact with Twitter through browser or mobile frontend software, or programmatically via its APIs.

Twitter was created by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams in March 2006 and launched in July of that year. Twitter, Inc. is based in San Francisco, California and has more than 25 offices around the world. By 2012, more than 100 million users tweeted 340 million tweets a day, and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day. In 2013, it was one of the ten most-visited websites and has been described as "the SMS of the Internet". By the start of 2019, Twitter had more than 330 million monthly active users. In practice, the vast majority of tweets are tweeted by a minority of users. In 2020, it was estimated that approximately 48 million accounts (15% of all accounts) were fake.

On October 27, 2022, business magnate Elon Musk acquired Twitter, Inc. for US$44 billion, gaining control of the platform. On December 20, 2022, Musk announced he would step down as CEO once a replacement had been found. As of April 2023, Musk has yet to announce a successor and remains CEO.
Response: Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, Evan Williams
Category: open_qa
Instruction: In the series A Song of Ice and Fire, who is the founder of House Florent?
Response: Florys the Fox, who is sibling to the founders of House Gardener and House Beesbury
Category: classification
Instruction: Classify each of the following as either a virtue or a vice: humility, kindness, patience, greed, anger, lust, envy, pride.
Response: Humility, kindness, patience are the virtues. And greed, anger, lust, envy, pride are the vices.
Category: classification
Instruction: Which is an imperial or a metric measurement: foot, metre
Response: foot is imperial, metre is metric
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What fruit is wine produced from?
Response: Wine is made from grapes
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What kind of method is Transfer printing
Response: Transfer printing is a method of decorating pottery or other materials using an engraved copper or steel plate from which a monochrome print on paper is taken which is then transferred by pressing onto the ceramic piece. Pottery decorated using the technique is known as transferware or transfer ware.

It was developed in England from the 1750s on, and in the 19th century became enormously popular in England, though relatively little used in other major pottery-producing countries. The bulk of production was from the dominant Staffordshire pottery industry. America was a major market for English transfer-printed wares, whose imagery was adapted to the American market; several makers made this almost exclusively.

The technique was essential for adding complex decoration such as the Willow pattern to relatively cheap pottery. In particular, transfer printing brought the price of a matching dinner service low enough for large numbers of people to afford.

Apart from pottery, the technique was used on metal, and enamelled metal, and sometimes on wood and textiles. It remains used today, although mostly superseded by lithography. In the 19th century methods of transfer printing in colour were developed.
Category: classification
Instruction: Classify the below car manufacturing companies based on their countries of origin (Germany or India).
Audi, BMW, Tata Motors, Mahindra and Mahindra
Response: Germany - Audi, BMW
India - Tata Motors, Mahindra and Mahindra
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What happened to Ned Stark's ancestral family greatsword, Ice?
Response: After he was beheaded, Ned Stark's family sword was taken by Tywin Lannnister and reforged to make two longswords: Widow's Wail, which was gifted to his eldest grandson, Joffrey, and Oathkeeper, which was gifted to his son, Jaime.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Which episode of season two of Game of Thrones did Alik Sakharov direct?
Response: Alik Sakharov directed the third episode of season 2 of Game of Thrones called "What is Dead May Never Die."
Category: open_qa
Instruction: When was the World Investment Report 2021 released by UNCTAD?
Response: June 21, 2021
Category: open_qa
Instruction: Who is best college football coach?
Response: As of April 2023, Nick Saban is the greatest coach of all-time with 7 modern championships at LSU and Alabama.  However, Kirby Smart is right on his heels with the last two National Championships at Georgia after masterminding four of Saban's elite championship defenses at Alabama.  It is conceivable Kirby passes Saban when he wins back-to-back-to-back championships, something Saban has never done.
Category: classification
Instruction: Classify each of the following as being opaque or transparent: Window, wall, lens, glass, wood, cement
Response: Window: Transparent
Wall: Opaque
Lens: Transparent
Glass: Transparent
Wood: Opaque
Cement: Opaque
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: What are three popular mezzo-soprano arias?
Response: Three of the most commonly sung mezzo-soprano arias are:
"Habanera" from the opera Carmen by Bizet
"Voi che sapete" from the opera Le Nozze di Figaro by Mozart
"Che faro" from the opera Orfeo ed Euridice by Gluck
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: How many U.S. Presidents have served in the military?
Response: Twenty-six U.S. Presidents have served in various branches of the military.
George Washington
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
James Monroe
Andrew Jackson
William Henry Harrison
John Tyler
James K. Polk
Zachary Taylor
Millard Fillmore
Franklin Pierce
James Buchanan
Abraham Lincoln
Andrew Johnson
Ulysses S. Grant
Rutherford B. Hayes
James A. Garfield
Chester A. Arthur
Benjamin Harrison
William McKinley
Theodore Roosevelt
Harry S. Truman
Dwight D. Eisenhower
John F. Kennedy
Lyndon B. Johnson
Richard M. Nixon
Gerald R. Ford, Jr.
Jimmy Carter
Ronald Reagan
George Bush
George W. Bush
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: What are the main places of visit in Port Blair.
Context: Tourism to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands is increasing due to the popularity of beaches and adventure sports like snorkelling and sea-walking. Plans to develop various islands under NITI (National Institute of Transforming India) Aayog is also in progress. Luxury resorts with participation from the Government are set up to plan in Avis Island, Smith Island and Long Island.
In Port Blair, the main places to visit are the Cellular Jail, Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park, Andaman Water sports complex, Chatham Saw Mill, Mini Zoo, Corbyn's cove, Chidiya Tapu, Wandoor Beach, Forest Museum, Anthropological Museum, Fisheries Museum, Naval Museum (Samudrika), Ross Island and North Bay Island. Viper Island which was earlier visited is now kept closed by the administration. Other places include Havelock island famous for Radhanagar Beach, Neil Island for Scuba diving/snorkeling/sea walking, Cinque Island, Saddle peak, Mt Harriet, and Mud Volcano. Diglipur, located at North Andaman is also getting popular in 2018 and many tourists have started visiting North Andaman as well. The southern group (Nicobar islands) is mostly inaccessible to tourists.
Indian tourists do not require a permit to visit the Andaman Islands, but if they wish to visit any tribal areas they need a special permit from the Deputy Commissioner in Port Blair. Permits are required for foreign nationals. For foreign nationals arriving by air, these are granted upon arrival at Port Blair.
Response: In Port Blair, the main places to visit are the Cellular Jail, Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park, Andaman Water sports complex, Chatham Saw Mill, Mini Zoo, Corbyn's cove, Chidiya Tapu, Wandoor Beach, Forest Museum, Anthropological Museum, Fisheries Museum, Naval Museum (Samudrika), Ross Island and North Bay Island.
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Jill, a 60-year-old personal training client, wants to improve her hip flexibility. Jill complains that her low back aches after prolonged sitting. Suggest two ways she could minimize this discomfort.
Response: First, it is possible that Jill may have poor posture, which creates muscular fatigue, joint compression, and stresses the discs that cushion her vertebrae. She can focus on having better posture while sitting, keeping her spine straight, hips level, shoulders level, and head erect and straight. She should also balance her weight equally on both feet. If she needs to sit for extended periods of time, she can change her position often; she should periodically walk around and gently perform stretches for her muscles to relieve tension. Secondly, outside of things she could do while sitting, she can consider performing exercises for lower back care. For example, she can perform exercises such as pelvic tilts, trunk flex, partial sit-ups, or even engage in things like yoga or pilates to better strengthen her lower back as well as improve flexibility. Both of these will help reduce her lower back aches.
Category: information_extraction
Instruction: What was the Triceratops diet?
Context: Triceratops were herbivorous, and because of their low slung head, their primary food was probably low growing vegetation, although they may have been able to knock down taller plants with their horns, beak, and bulk. The jaws were tipped with a deep, narrow beak, believed to have been better at grasping and plucking than biting.

Triceratops teeth were arranged in groups called batteries, of 36 to 40 tooth columns in each side of each jaw, with 3 to 5 stacked teeth per column, depending on the size of the animal. This gives a range of 432 to 800 teeth, of which only a fraction were in use at any given time (Tooth replacement was continuous throughout the life of the animal). They functioned by shearing in a vertical to near-vertical orientation. The great size and numerous teeth of Triceratops suggests that they ate large volumes of fibrous plant material, with some researchers suggesting palms and cycads, and others suggesting ferns, which then grew in prairies.
Response: The triceratops were herbivores and are believed to have eaten plants such as palms, cycads and ferns.
Category: classification
Instruction: Tell me which of the following are tropical fruits: Passion fruit, Lychee, Apple, Strawberry
Response: Sure! A tropical fruit is a fruit that typically grows in warm climates or equatorial areas. Passion fruit and Lychee are tropical fruits, whereas Apple and Strawberries are temperate fruits. Temperate fruits are those fruits which re adapted to the climate in middle latitude
Category: brainstorming
Instruction: Give me an idea of a simple yet unique Mocktail made up of Mango
Response: Here is a Mocktail named "Mango Mule". All you need is a 4-5 slices of cucumber, some simple syrup, 50gm of mango puree, 50gm of fresh lime juice, small can of ginger beer (non-alcoholic), and some mint, and lime for extra garnishing touch. It is quite easy to make this Mocktail. Mix cucumber slices and simple syrup in cocktail shaker, followed by addition of mango puree and lime juice and crushed ice. Pour it into a glass and add the ginger beer with a final good old stir. Garnish it as per your needs.
Category: closed_qa
Instruction: Given this paragraph about time travel, how practical is it
Context: Time travel is the concept of movement between certain points in time, analogous to movement between different points in space by an object or a person, typically with the use of a hypothetical device known as a time machine. Time travel is a widely recognized concept in philosophy and fiction, particularly science fiction. The idea of a time machine was popularized by H. G. Wells' 1895 novel The Time Machine.
Response: Yes, time travel is indeed a real thing. But it's not quite what you've probably seen in the movies. Under certain conditions, it is possible to experience time passing at a different rate than 1 second per second. And there are important reasons why we need to understand this real-world form of time travel.
Category: general_qa
Instruction: What is the weather like in San Francisco?
Response: The weather is typically mild in San Francisco. It is usually 50 to 65 degrees Fahrenheit in the both the winters and summers. San Francisco is known for having microclimates, which means that different neighborhoods might have different weather at the same time. The Mission District is known for being sunny whereas the Sunset is often foggy. San Francisco is often windy and typically gets cool at night. It's always smart to bring a jacket in San Francisco.
Category: open_qa
Instruction: What is a modem?
Response: A modem was a device that let computer connect to the internet over a dial-up connection.  This connection is established and hosted through an ISP or Internet Service Provider.  The three most common types of modem connection are dial-up, DSL, or cable.  DSL was a lot faster than dial-up, and cable modem connection was the fastest.