falan42/healifyLLM-QA-scraped-dataset huggingface dataset:
Disease: obesity
Question: for obesity, which medications are prescribed for weight loss??
Answer: A doctor may also prescribe certain prescription weight loss medications in addition to eating and exercise plans.
Doctors may prescribe medications if other methods of weight loss haven�t worked and if you have a BMI of 27 or more in addition to obesity-related health issues.
Prescription weight loss medications either prevent the absorption of fat or suppress appetite. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the following medications for short-term use (up to 12 weeks
):
phentermine/topiramate (Qsymia)
naltrexone/bupropion (Contrave)
liraglutide (Saxenda)
semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy, Rybelsus)
orlistat (Alli, Xenical), the only one that�s FDA-approved for use in children 12 years old and older
These drugs may have unpleasant side effects for some people but may have more serious side effects for others. For example, orlistat can lead to the unpleasant side effects of oily and frequent bowel movements, bowel urgency, and gas. But liraglutide and semaglutide may increase the risk of thyroid cancer for people with a personal or family history.
It�s important to inform the prescribing doctor about your medical history before beginning any of these medications. The doctor will typically monitor you closely to manage side effects and reduce your risks.
Disease: obesity
Question: for obesity, what are the types of weight loss surgery??
Answer: Weight loss surgery is commonly called bariatric surgery.
This type of surgery limits how much food you can comfortably eat or prevents your body from absorbing food and calories. Sometimes it can do both.
Weight loss surgery isn�t a quick fix. It�s a major surgery and can have serious risks. Afterward, people who undergo surgery will need to change how they eat and how much they eat, or they risk getting sick.
However, nonsurgical options aren�t always effective at helping people with obesity lose weight and reduce their risk of comorbidities.
Types of weight loss surgery include:
Gastric bypass surgery: In this procedure, a surgeon creates a small pouch at the top of your stomach that connects directly to your small intestine. Food and liquids go through the pouch and into the intestine, bypassing most of the stomach. It�s also known as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery.
Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB): LAGB separates your stomach into two pouches using a band.
Gastric sleeve surgery: This procedure removes part of your stomach.
Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch: This procedure removes most of your stomach.
Candidates for surgery
For decades, experts recommended that adult candidates for weight loss surgery have a BMI of at least 35 (classes 2 and 3).
However, in 2018 guidelines, the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) endorsed weight loss surgery for adults with BMIs of 30 up to 35 (class 1) who:
have related comorbidities, especially type 2 diabetes
haven�t seen long-term results from nonsurgical treatments, such as eating and lifestyle changes
For individuals with class 1 obesity, surgery is most effective for those between the ages of 18 and 65 years.
Some people may have to lose weight before surgery can be approved. Additionally, they�ll normally undergo counseling to ensure that they�re both emotionally prepared for the surgery and the lifestyle changes that it�ll require.
Only a few surgical centers in the United States perform these types of procedures on children under 18 years old.
Disease: obesity
Question: for obesity, how can you prevent obesity??
Answer: Due to a dramatic increase in obesity and obesity-related diseases, communities, states, and the federal government are putting an emphasis on healthier food choices and activities to help prevent obesity and treat people with overweight and obesity.
On a personal level, you can help prevent weight gain and obesity by:
getting regular moderate exercise like walking, swimming, or biking for 20 to 30 minutes every day
eating a balanced, heart-healthy diet composed of nutritious foods, like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein
eating high calorie foods and those high in saturated and trans fats in moderation
Disease: obesity
Question: for obesity, takeaway?
Answer: Obesity is a chronic medical condition caused by excess visceral fat. It may raise your risk of developing multiple health conditions, including heart disease and diabetes.
Treatment can include lifestyle changes and medication. In some cases, it can involve surgery.
Disease: ischemia
Question: what is ischemia? Tell me about ischemia? What kind of disease is ischemia? Can you elaborate on ischemia? What can you tell me about ischemia? Could you describe what ischemia is? I�d like to know more about ischemia. Can you help? What information do you have on ischemia? Could you provide information on ischemia?
Answer: Ischemic stroke is one of three types of stroke. It is caused by a blockage in an artery that supplies blood to the brain. If circulation isn�t restored quickly, brain damage can be permanent.
Ischemic stroke is also called brain ischemia and cerebral ischemia. The blockage caused by this stroke reduces the blood flow and oxygen to the brain, leading to damage or death of brain cells. Approximately 87 percent of all strokes are ischemic strokes.
Another type of major stroke is hemorrhagic stroke, in which a blood vessel in the brain ruptures and causes bleeding. The bleeding compresses brain tissue, damaging or killing it.
The third type of stroke is transient ischemic attack (TIA), also known as a ministroke. This type of stroke is caused by a temporary blockage or decreased blood flow to the brain. Symptoms usually disappear on their own.
Disease: ischemia
Question: for ischemia, what are the symptoms??
Answer: Specific symptoms of an ischemic stroke depend on what region of the brain is affected. Certain symptoms are common across most ischemic stroke, including:
vision problems, such as blindness in one eye or double vision
weakness or paralysis in your limbs, which may be on one or both sides, depending on the affected artery
dizziness and vertigo
confusion
loss of coordination
drooping of face on one side
Once symptoms start, it�s crucial to get treatment as quickly as possible. This makes it less likely that damage becomes permanent. If you think someone is having a stroke, evaluate them using FAST:
Face. Is one side of their face drooping and hard to move?
Arms. If they raise their arms, does one arm drift downward, or do they have significant difficulty raising their arm?
Speech. Is their speech slurred or otherwise strange?
Time. If the answer to any of these questions is yes, it�s time to call your local emergency services.
Even though TIA lasts for a brief period and usually resolves on its own, it also requires a doctor. This can be a warning sign of a full-blown ischemic stroke.
Disease: ischemia
Question: for ischemia, what causes ischemic stroke??
Answer: Ischemic stroke occurs when an artery that supplies blood to the brain is blocked by a blood clot or fatty buildup, called plaque. This blockage can appear at the neck or in the skull.
Clots usually start in the heart and travel through the circulatory system. A clot can break up on its own or become lodged in an artery. When it blocks a brain artery, the brain doesn�t get enough blood or oxygen, and cells start to die.
Ischemic stroke caused by a fatty buildup happens when plaque breaks off from an artery and travels to the brain. Plaque can also build up in the arteries that supply blood to the brain and narrow those arteries enough to cause ischemic stroke.
Global ischemia, which is a more severe type of ischemic stroke, happens when the flow of oxygen to the brain is greatly reduced or completely stopped. This is usually caused by a heart attack, but it can also be caused by other conditions or events, such as carbon monoxide poisoning.
Disease: ischemia
Question: for ischemia, what are the risk factors??
Answer: Circulatory conditions are the main risk factor for ischemic stroke. That�s because they increase your risk for clots or fatty deposits. These conditions include:
high blood pressure
atherosclerosis
high cholesterol
atrial fibrillation
prior heart attack
sickle cell anemia
clotting disorders
congenital heart defects
Other risk factors include:
diabetes
smoking
being overweight, especially if you have a lot of abdominal fat
heavy alcohol misuse
use of certain drugs, such as cocaine or methamphetamines
Ischemic stroke is also more common in people who have a family history of stroke or who�ve had past strokes. Men are more likely than women to have ischemic stroke, while blacks have a higher risk than other races or ethnic groups. Risk also increases with age.
Disease: ischemia
Question: for ischemia, how is it diagnosed??
Answer: A doctor can usually use a physical exam and family history to diagnose ischemic stroke. Based on your symptoms, they can also get an idea of where the blockage is located.
If you have symptoms such as confusion and slurred speech, your doctor might perform a blood sugar test. That�s because confusion and slurred speech are also symptoms of severe low blood sugar. Learn more about the effects of low blood sugar on the body.
A cranial CT scan can also help distinguish ischemic stroke from other issues that cause brain tissue death, such as a hemorrhage or a brain tumor.
Once your doctor has diagnosed ischemic stroke, they�ll try to figure out when it started and what the root cause is. An MRI is the best way determine when the ischemic stroke started. Tests used to determine a root cause might include:
an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) to test for abnormal heart rhythms
echocardiography to check your heart for clots or abnormalities
an angiography to see which arteries are blocked and how severe the blockage is
blood tests for cholesterol and clotting problems
Disease: ischemia
Question: for ischemia, what complications are associated with ischemic stroke??
Answer: If ischemic stroke isn�t treated promptly, it can lead to brain damage or death.
Disease: ischemia
Question: for ischemia, how is ischemic stroke treated??
Answer: The first goal of treatment is to restore breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure to normal. If necessary, your doctor will then try to reduce pressure in the brain with medication.
The main treatment for ischemic stroke is intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), which breaks up clots. 2018 guidelines
from the American Heart Association (AHA) and the American Stroke Association (ASA) state that tPA is most effective when it�s given within four and a half hours from the start of a stroke. It can�t be given more than five hours after the start of the stroke. Because tPA can result in bleeding, you can�t take it if you have a history of:
hemorrhagic stroke
bleeding in the brain
recent major surgery or head injury
It also can�t be used by anyone taking anticoagulants.
If tPA doesn�t work, clots can be removed through surgery. A mechanical clot removal can be performed up to 24 hours after the onset of stroke symptoms.
Long-term treatments include aspirin (Bayer) or an anticoagulant to prevent further clots.
If ischemic stroke is caused by a condition such as high blood pressure or atherosclerosis, you�ll need to receive treatment for those conditions. For example, your doctor may recommend a stent to open an artery narrowed by plaque or statins to lower blood pressure.
After ischemic stroke, you�ll have to stay in the hospital for observation for at least a few days. If the stroke caused paralysis or severe weakness, you may also need rehabilitation afterward to regain function.
Disease: ischemia
Question: for ischemia, what does recovery from ischemic stroke entail??
Answer: Rehabilitation is often necessary to regain motor skills and coordination. Occupational, physical, and speech therapy might also be useful to help regain other lost function. Younger people and people who start improving quickly are likely to recover more function.
If any issues are still present after a year, they�ll likely be permanent.
Having one ischemic stroke puts you at a higher risk for having another. Taking steps to reduce your risk, such as quitting smoking, are an important part of long-term recovery. Learn more about stroke recovery.
Disease: ischemia
Question: for ischemia, what�s the outlook??
Answer: Ischemic stroke is a serious condition and requires prompt treatment. However, with the correct treatment, most people with ischemic stroke can recover or maintain enough function to take care of their basic needs. Knowing the signs of ischemic stroke can help save your life or the life of someone else.
Disease: cirrhosis
Question: what is cirrhosis? Tell me about cirrhosis? What kind of disease is cirrhosis? Can you elaborate on cirrhosis? What can you tell me about cirrhosis? Could you describe what cirrhosis is? I�d like to know more about cirrhosis. Can you help? What information do you have on cirrhosis? Could you provide information on cirrhosis?
Answer: Cirrhosis is the severe scarring or fibrosis of the liver. It happens in the late stage of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and other conditions that involve liver damage.
The scarring that occurs with cirrhosis is usually irreversible, but treatment can help manage it. Apart from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) other causes
include hepatitis, long-term alcohol use, and primary sclerosing cholangitis.
According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), about 1 in 400 adults
are living with cirrhosis in the United States. It�s more likely to affect men than women.
Disease: cirrhosis
Question: for cirrhosis, cirrhosis symptoms?
Answer: Illustrated by Jason Hoffman
Many times, there aren�t noticeable symptoms of cirrhosis until the condition has progressed.
Symptoms begin to occur because scarring on the liver has reached the point where the organ is limited in its ability to:
purify the blood
break down toxins
produce clotting proteins
help with the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins
Some of the noticeable symptoms of cirrhosis include
:
decreased appetite
fatigue
unintentional weight loss
mild pain on the upper right side of your abdomen
nausea
vomiting
enlarged or swollen veins (varices or varicose veins)
More serious symptoms include:
yellow discoloration of your skin and eyes (jaundice)
confusion and difficulty thinking clearly
bruising or bleeding easily
very itchy skin
urine that looks darker than usual
abdominal swelling (ascites)
swelling of your legs (edema)
The stages of cirrhosis
Symptoms of cirrhosis fall into two technical stages: compensated cirrhosis and decompensated cirrhosis.
If caught early enough and treated, it�s possible to reverse from the decompensated to compensated stage.
Compensated cirrhosis. This is the asymptomatic (showing no symptoms) stage. There may still be scarring on the liver, but it has not progressed enough to cause many, or any, symptoms.
Decompensated cirrhosis. This is the stage where most of the symptoms like jaundice or ascites occur. This is a very serious stage. In some situations, if you�re able to manage the reason cirrhosis started in the first place (e.g., heavy drinking), you may be able to reverse your diagnosis back to compensated.
Disease: cirrhosis
Question: for cirrhosis, common causes of cirrhosis?
Answer: There are many different causes of liver cirrhosis. Two of the most common causes of cirrhosis in the United States are chronic hepatitis infections and chronic alcohol misuse.
Alcohol
According to a meta-analysis of studies from 2019
, the risk of liver cirrhosis increases at any level of alcohol consumption for women, which means even a moderate drinker may be at some risk. For men, the risk of cirrhosis increases when an individual has more than one drink a day.
However, every person is different, and enjoying a glass of wine with dinner most nights does not mean you�ll get cirrhosis of the liver. Usually, cirrhosis caused by alcohol is the result of regularly drinking in excess over the course of many years.
There are also several other health factors that play into the development of this condition.
Hepatitis
Hepatitis C is a viral infection that can lead to inflammation and damage to the liver. Individuals who are at risk of getting this type of viral hepatitis include those who:
use illegal injected drugs
engage in sex without a condom or other barrier method
are on kidney dialysis
Hepatitis B is another viral form of hepatitis, but it tends to be less common in the United States and more common
in:
Asia
Africa
South America
Eastern Europe
parts of the Middle East
If left untreated, both of these forms of hepatitis can cause cirrhosis of the liver.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition that causes fat to build up in the liver, but it�s not associated with heavy alcohol use.
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a more severe form of NAFLD, causes liver damage and inflammation in addition to fat buildup. If NASH is not managed, it can lead to cirrhosis.
Other causes
Other causes of cirrhosis include:
Hepatitis D. Hepatitis D is often seen in people who already have hepatitis B.
Autoimmune hepatitis. Autoimmune hepatitis causes inflammation that can lead to cirrhosis.
Damage to the bile ducts. These ducts function to drain bile. One example of a condition is primary biliary cholangitis.
Disorders that affect the body�s ability to handle iron and copper. Two examples are hemochromatosis and Wilson�s disease.
Medication. This includes prescription and over-the-counter drugs like acetaminophen, some antibiotics, and some antidepressants.
Disease: cirrhosis
Question: for cirrhosis, how cirrhosis is diagnosed?
Answer: A diagnosis of cirrhosis begins with a detailed history and physical exam. Your doctor will take a complete medical history.
It�s important to be as honest as possible about long-term alcohol misuse, exposure to hepatitis C, family history of autoimmune diseases, or other risk factors.
The physical exam will look for signs such as:
skin or eyes that appear more yellowed in color
reddened palms
hand tremors
an enlarged liver or spleen
decreased alertness
Tests can reveal how damaged the liver has become. Some of the tests used for evaluation of cirrhosis are:
a complete blood count to look for anemia
coagulation blood tests to see how quickly blood clots
albumin tests to check for a protein produced in the liver
liver function tests
alpha fetoprotein, a liver cancer screening
Additional tests that can evaluate the liver include:
an upper endoscopy to see if esophageal varices are present
an ultrasound scan of the liver
an MRI of the abdomen
a CT scan of the abdomen
a liver biopsy, which is the most conclusive test for cirrhosis
Disease: cirrhosis
Question: for cirrhosis, complications from cirrhosis?
Answer: If your blood is unable to pass through your liver, it creates a backup through other veins such as those in the esophagus. This backup is called esophageal varices.
These veins are not built to handle high pressure and begin to bulge from the extra blood flow.
Other complications from cirrhosis include:
bacterial infections, like a urinary tract infection (UTI)
bleeding due to decreased clotting proteins
sensitivity to medications (the liver processes medications in the body)
malnutrition
kidney failure
liver cancer
hepatic encephalopathy, which is confusion due to the effects of blood toxins on the brain
gallstones (interference with bile flow can cause bile to harden and form stones)
splenomegaly, which is an enlarged spleen
Disease: cirrhosis
Question: for cirrhosis, treatment for cirrhosis?
Answer: Treatment for cirrhosis varies based on what caused it, what symptoms you are experiencing, and how far the disorder has progressed. Treatments include medications, lifestyle changes, and surgery.
Medications
Depending on the cause of cirrhosis, your doctor may recommend certain medications, such as beta-blockers or nitrates (for portal hypertension). They may also recommend antibiotics or medications to treat hepatitis.
Lifestyle changes
If your cirrhosis is a result of alcohol consumption, your doctor will most likely advise you to stop drinking.
They may also recommend that you lose weight if they consider it medically necessary.
If you are dealing with ascites, a low sodium diet may also be recommended.
Surgery
If cirrhosis has progressed to the point where treatment isn�t enough, one of the last options is a liver transplant.
Disease: cirrhosis
Question: for cirrhosis, preventing cirrhosis?
Answer: Practicing sex with a barrier method can reduce the risk of getting hepatitis B or C.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
recommends that all infants and at-risk adults, such as healthcare professionals and rescue personnel, be vaccinated against hepatitis B.
Limiting alcohol intake or avoiding alcohol, eating a balanced diet, and getting adequate exercise can help prevent or slow cirrhosis. Other prevention methods include:
avoiding illegal drugs
talking with your doctor about any medications you take and always taking the appropriate amount
getting screened for heptitis if you believe you may be at risk for it
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Disease: cirrhosis
Question: for cirrhosis, outlook?
Answer: Cirrhosis of the liver is a severe stage of liver disease and can be brought about in a variety of ways, such as from chronic misuse of alcohol, an unmanaged hepatitis infection, or untreated NAFLD.
The liver is an important organ, and once it begins to scar due to liver disease, the damage can�t be reversed � only managed with treatment. If left untreated, the damage can become so severe that the liver can no longer function properly.
While not every case of cirrhosis can be avoided, there are ways to prevent it.
Pursuing a lifestyle that includes a nutritious diet, physical activity, moderate to limited alcohol intake, and regular physical appointments with a doctor are all ways to keep your liver in great shape.
Read this article in Spanish.
Disease: benign prostatic hypertrophy
Question: for benign prostatic hypertrophy, about the prostate?
Answer: The prostate is a small, muscular gland in the male reproductive system. Your prostate surrounds your urethra and makes most of the fluid in your semen. The muscular action of the prostate helps propel the fluid and semen through your penis during sexual climax.
In many men, the prostate can become enlarged. Sometimes it leads to symptoms and, over time, other complications. However, there are treatments.
Disease: benign prostatic hypertrophy
Question: for benign prostatic hypertrophy, what is bph??
Answer: Enlargement of the prostate is called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It occurs when the cells of the prostate gland begin to multiply. These additional cells cause your prostate gland to swell, which squeezes the urethra and limits the flow of urine.
BPH isn�t the same as prostate cancer and doesn�t increase your risk for cancer. However, it can cause symptoms that can affect your quality of life.
BPH is common in men over 50.
Disease: benign prostatic hypertrophy
Question: for benign prostatic hypertrophy, bph causes?
Answer: BPH is considered a normal condition of aging. Although the exact cause is unknown, changes in male sex hormones that come with aging may be a factor.
Any family history of prostate problems or any abnormalities with your testicles may raise your risk for BPH. Men who�ve had their testicles removed at a young age don�t develop BPH.