falan42/healifyLLM-QA-scraped-dataset huggingface dataset:
Disease: diverticulitis
Question: for diverticulitis, other forms of diverticulitis?
Answer: Diverticula can also develop in your bladder. This happens when the lining of your bladder forms pouches, poking through weak spots in your bladder�s wall.
Sometimes bladder diverticula are present at birth. In other cases, they develop later in life. They can form when your bladder outlet is blocked, or your bladder isn�t working properly due to illness or injury.
If you have bladder diverticula that becomes inflamed, it�s known as bladder diverticulitis. To treat bladder diverticulitis, your doctor might prescribe antibiotics and pain medications. They might also recommend surgery to repair the diverticula.
It�s also possible for diverticulitis in your colon to affect your bladder. In severe cases, you might develop a fistula between your colon and bladder. This is known as a colovesical fistula. Find out what this condition involves.
Diverticula can potentially form in your esophagus, too. This occurs when
pouches develop in your esophageal lining.
Esophageal diverticula are rare. When they do develop, it�s usually slowly and over many years. As they grow, they can cause symptoms or complications such as:
trouble swallowing
pain when swallowing
halitosis, or bad breath
regurgitation of food and saliva
pulmonary aspiration: breathing regurgitated food or saliva into your lungs
aspiration pneumonia: developing a lung infection after breathing in food or saliva
If the diverticula become inflamed, it�s known as esophageal diverticulitis.
To treat esophageal diverticulitis, your doctor might prescribe antibiotics and pain medications. To repair the diverticula, they might recommend surgery. Get more information about your treatment options.
Disease: diverticulitis
Question: for diverticulitis, takeaway?
Answer: Diverticulitis is relatively common
in the Western world. In most cases, it can be treated through short-term dietary changes and medication.
If complications develop, they can be serious. If you have complicated diverticulitis, your doctor will likely advise you to get treatment in a hospital. You might need to undergo surgery to repair damage to your colon.
If you have diverticulitis or questions about your risk of developing it, speak with your doctor. They can help you learn how to treat this disease and support your digestive health.
Disease: osteomyelitis
Question: what is osteomyelitis? Tell me about osteomyelitis? What kind of disease is osteomyelitis? Can you elaborate on osteomyelitis? What can you tell me about osteomyelitis? Could you describe what osteomyelitis is? I�d like to know more about osteomyelitis. Can you help? What information do you have on osteomyelitis? Could you provide information on osteomyelitis?
Answer: What is a bone infection (osteomyelitis)?
A bone infection, also called osteomyelitis, can result when bacteria or fungi invade a bone.
In children, bone infections most commonly occur in the long bones of the arms and legs. In adults, they usually appear in the hips, spine, and feet.
Bone infections can happen suddenly or develop over a long period of time. If they�re not properly treated, bone infections can leave a bone permanently damaged.
Disease: osteomyelitis
Question: for osteomyelitis, what causes osteomyelitis??
Answer: Many organisms, most commonly Staphylococcus aureus, travel through the bloodstream and can cause a bone infection. An infection may begin in one area of the body and spread to the bones via the blood stream.
Organisms that invade a severe injury, deep cut, or wound can also cause infections in nearby bones. Bacteria can enter your system at a surgical site, such as the site of a hip replacement or bone fracture repair. When your bone breaks, bacteria can invade the bone, leading to osteomyelitis.
The most common cause of bone infections is S. aureus bacteria. These bacteria commonly appear on the skin but don�t always cause health problems. However, the bacteria can overpower an immune system that�s weakened by disease and illness. These bacteria can also cause infections in injured areas.
Disease: osteomyelitis
Question: for osteomyelitis, what are the symptoms??
Answer: Usually, the first symptom to appear is pain at the infection site. Other common symptoms are:
fever and chills
redness in the infected area
irritability or generally feeling unwell
drainage from the area
swelling in the affected area
stiffness or inability to use an affected limb
Disease: osteomyelitis
Question: for osteomyelitis, how is osteomyelitis diagnosed??
Answer: Your doctor may use several methods to diagnose your condition if you have any symptoms of a bone infection. They will perform a physical exam to check for swelling, pain, and discoloration. Your doctor may order lab and diagnostic tests to determine the exact location and extent of the infection.
It�s likely your doctor will order a blood test to check for the organisms causing the infection. Other tests to check for the bacteria are throat swabs, urine cultures, and stool analyses. The stool culture is an example of a stool analysis.
Another possible test is a bone scan, which reveals the cellular and metabolic activity in your bones. It uses a type of radioactive substance to highlight the bone tissue. If the bone scan doesn�t provide enough information, you may need an MRI scan. In some cases, a bone biopsy may be necessary.
However, a simple bone X-ray may be enough for your doctor to determine the treatment that�s right for you.
Disease: osteomyelitis
Question: for osteomyelitis, what are the treatments for osteomyelitis??
Answer: There are several options your doctor may use to treat your bone infection.
Antibiotics may be all that�s necessary to cure your bone infection. Your doctor may administer the antibiotics intravenously, or directly into your veins, if the infection is severe. You may need to take the antibiotics for up to six weeks.
Sometimes bone infections require surgery. If you have surgery, your surgeon will remove the infected bone and dead tissue and drain any abscesses, or pockets of pus.
If you have a prosthesis that�s causing the infection, your doctor may remove and replace it with a new one. Your doctor will also remove any dead tissue near or surrounding the infected area.
Disease: osteomyelitis
Question: for osteomyelitis, who is at risk for osteomyelitis??
Answer: There are a few conditions and circumstances that can increase your chances of osteomyelitis, such as:
diabetic disorders that affect blood supply to the bones
intravenous drug use
hemodialysis, which is a treatment used for kidney conditions
trauma to the tissue surrounding the bone
artificial joints or hardware that has become infected
sickle cell disease
peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
smoking
Disease: osteomyelitis
Question: for osteomyelitis, can you prevent osteomyelitis??
Answer: Thoroughly wash and clean any cuts or open wounds in the skin. If a wound/cut does not look like it is healing with home treatment, contact your doctor immediately to have it examined. Clean and dry amputation sites before placing your prosthesis. Also, use the proper footwear and protective equipment to avoid injuries when jumping, running, or participating in sports.
Disease: osteomyelitis
Question: for osteomyelitis, what is the long-term outlook??
Answer: Most cases of osteomyelitis are treatable. Chronic infections of the bone, however, may take longer to treat and heal, especially if they require surgery. Treatment should be aggressive because an amputation can become necessary sometimes. The outlook for this condition is good if the infection is treated early.
Disease: bacteremia
Question: what is bacteremia? Tell me about bacteremia? What kind of disease is bacteremia? Can you elaborate on bacteremia? What can you tell me about bacteremia? Could you describe what bacteremia is? I�d like to know more about bacteremia. Can you help? What information do you have on bacteremia? Could you provide information on bacteremia?
Answer: If you have bacteremia there are bacteria in your bloodstream. Often, there are no symptoms and the body fights off the bacteria. However, if the immune system cannot cope, it can lead to other serious conditions, such as sepsis.
Bacteremia is when there are bacteria present in your bloodstream. Another term that you may have heard for bacteremia is �blood poisoning,� however this isn�t a medical term.
In some cases, bacteremia can be asymptomatic, meaning there are no symptoms. In other cases, symptoms may be present and there�s a potential risk for serious complications.
Read on to learn more about bacteremia, its symptoms, and how it can be treated.
Disease: bacteremia
Question: for bacteremia, bacteremia versus sepsis?
Answer: You may have heard of bacteremia being associated with conditions like septicemia and sepsis. These terms are all closely related, but have slightly different meanings.
Strictly speaking, bacteremia refers to the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. Bacteria can sometimes enter your bloodstream due to things like cleaning your teeth or undergoing a minor medical procedure.
In many healthy people, bacteremia will clear up on its own without causing illness. However, when an infection is established within the bloodstream, this type of bacteremia is differentiated as septicemia.
If left untreated, a bloodstream infection can lead to more serious complications. One of these is sepsis, which is caused by a strong immune response to the infection.
Sepsis and septic shock can lead to organ failure and even death.
Disease: bacteremia
Question: for bacteremia, causes?
Answer: A variety of different bacteria can cause bacteremia. Some of these bacteria can go on to establish an infection in the bloodstream.
Examples of such bacteria include:
Staphylococcus aureus, including MRSA
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Pneumococcal bacteria
Group A Streptococcus
Salmonella species
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Some common ways in which bacteremia occurs include:
through a dental procedure such as a routine teeth cleaning or through a tooth extraction
from a surgery or procedure
an infection spreading from another part of the body into the bloodstream
via medical devices, particularly in-dwelling catheters and breathing tubes
through severe injuries or burns
Disease: bacteremia
Question: for bacteremia, symptoms?
Answer: Some cases of bacteremia are asymptomatic. In these cases, your immune system will often clear the bacteria without you knowing it.
When bacteremia results in a bloodstream infection, you�ll likely experience symptoms like:
fever
chills
shaking or shivering
Disease: bacteremia
Question: for bacteremia, diagnosis?
Answer: Bacteremia can be diagnosed using a blood culture. To do this, a sample of blood will be taken from a vein in your arm. It will then be sent to a lab to be tested for the presence of bacteria.
Depending on the presumed cause of your infection, your doctor may want to perform additional tests. Some examples include:
sputum culture if you appear to have a respiratory infection or are using a breathing tube
wound culture if you�ve been injured, burned, or have recently undergone surgery
taking samples from in-dwelling catheters or other devices
Imaging tests such as an X-ray, CT scan, or ultrasound may also be used. These can be used to identify potential sites of infection in the body.
Disease: bacteremia
Question: for bacteremia, treatment?
Answer: The treatment for a bloodstream infection requires prompt use of antibiotics. This can help to prevent complications like sepsis from occurring. You�ll be hospitalized during treatment.
When bacteria are confirmed in your blood, you�ll likely be started on broad-spectrum antibiotics, typically via IV. This is an antibiotic regimen that should be effective against many different types of bacteria.
During this time, the type of bacteria causing your infection can be identified and antibiotic sensitivity testing can be completed.
With these results, your doctor may adjust your antibiotics to be more specific to what�s causing your infection.
The length of treatment can depend on the cause and severity of the infection. You may need to be on antibiotics for 1 to 2 weeks. IV fluids and other medications may also be given during treatment to help stabilize your condition.
Disease: bacteremia
Question: for bacteremia, risks and complications?
Answer: If a bloodstream infection is left untreated, you�re at risk of developing potentially life-threatening complications such as sepsis and septic shock.
Sepsis occurs due to a strong immune response to an infection. This response can trigger changes in your body such as inflammation. These changes can be harmful and can lead to organ damage.
When septic shock occurs, your blood pressure drops dramatically. Organ failure may also occur.
Symptoms of sepsis and septic shock
If a bloodstream infection progresses to sepsis or septic shock, you may also experience more severe symptoms, such as:
quick breathing
rapid heart rate
skin that�s sweaty or feels clammy
a decrease in urination
low blood pressure
changes in mental state, such as feeling confused or disoriented
Risk factors for sepsis and septic shock
Some groups are more at risk for developing sepsis or septic shock from a bloodstream infection. These groups include:
children younger than 1 year old
adults older than 65 years old
people with weakened immune systems
individuals with underlying health conditions like diabetes, kidney disease, or cancer
those that are already very sick or hospitalized
Other potential complications
In addition to sepsis and septic shock, bacteremia can cause other complications to occur. This can happen when the bacteria in your bloodstream travel to other areas of your body.
Additional complications can include:
Meningitis: An inflammation of the tissues surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Pneumonia: A potentially serious respiratory infection.
Endocarditis: An inflammation of the inner lining of the heart.
Osteomyelitis: A bone infection.
Infectious arthritis: An infection that occurs in a joint.
Cellulitis: An infection of the skin.
Peritonitis: An inflammation of the tissue surrounding your abdomen and organs.
Disease: bacteremia
Question: for bacteremia, when to see a doctor?
Answer: The signs of a bloodstream infection can often be vague and can mimic other conditions. However, see your doctor promptly if you experience a fever, chills, or shaking that comes on suddenly.
This is particularly true if you�ve been in a situation that may put you at risk for a bloodstream infection. These situations include if you:
are currently fighting an infection elsewhere in your body, such as a urinary tract infection (UTI) or pneumonia
have recently undergone a tooth extraction, medical procedure, or surgery
have recently been hospitalized
Disease: bacteremia
Question: for bacteremia, the bottom line?
Answer: Bacteremia is when there are bacteria present in your bloodstream.
Sometimes, bacteremia can have no symptoms and clear on its own. Other times, it can cause a bloodstream infection that can develop into serious complications.
Many different bacteria can cause bacteremia. It can often occur due to another existing infection, a surgery, or by using a device like a breathing tube.
Timely treatment of bloodstream infections with antibiotics is necessary to prevent complications. If you believe you have a bloodstream infection, be sure to get prompt medical attention.
Disease: sickle cell anemia
Question: what is sickle cell anemia? Tell me about sickle cell anemia? What kind of disease is sickle cell anemia? Can you elaborate on sickle cell anemia? What can you tell me about sickle cell anemia? Could you describe what sickle cell anemia is? I�d like to know more about sickle cell anemia. Can you help? What information do you have on sickle cell anemia? Could you provide information on sickle cell anemia?
Answer: What is sickle cell anemia?
Sickle cell anemia, or sickle cell disease (SCD), is a genetic disease of the red blood cells (RBCs). Normally, RBCs are shaped like discs, which gives them the flexibility to travel through even the smallest blood vessels. However, with this disease, the RBCs have an abnormal crescent shape resembling a sickle. This makes them sticky and rigid and prone to getting trapped in small vessels, which blocks blood from reaching different parts of the body. This can cause pain and tissue damage.
SCD is an autosomal recessive condition. You need two copies of the gene to have the disease. If you have only one copy of the gene, you are said to have sickle cell trait.
Disease: sickle cell anemia
Question: for sickle cell anemia, what are the symptoms of sickle cell anemia??
Answer: Symptoms of sickle cell anemia usually show up at a young age. They may appear in babies as early as 4 months old, but generally occur around the 6-month mark.
While there are multiple types of SCD, they all have similar symptoms, which vary in severity. These include:
excessive fatigue or irritability, from anemia
fussiness, in babies
bedwetting, from associated kidney problems
jaundice, which is yellowing of the eyes and skin
swelling and pain in hands and feet
frequent infections
pain in the chest, back, arms, or legs
Disease: sickle cell anemia
Question: for sickle cell anemia, what are the types of sickle cell disease??
Answer: Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. It normally has two alpha chains and two beta chains. The four main types of sickle cell anemia are caused by different mutations in these genes.
Hemoglobin SS disease
Hemoglobin SS disease is the most common type of sickle cell disease. It occurs when you inherit copies of the hemoglobin S gene from both parents. This forms hemoglobin known as Hb SS. As the most severe form of SCD, individuals with this form also experience the worst symptoms at a higher rate.
Hemoglobin SC disease
Hemoglobin SC disease is the second most common type of sickle cell disease. It occurs when you inherit the Hb C gene from one parent and the Hb S gene from the other. Individuals with Hb SC have similar symptoms to individuals with Hb SS. However, the anemia is less severe.
Hemoglobin SB+ (beta) thalassemia
Hemoglobin SB+ (beta) thalassemia affects beta globin gene production. The size of the red blood cell is reduced because less beta protein is made. If inherited with the Hb S gene, you will have hemoglobin S beta thalassemia. Symptoms are not as severe.
Hemoglobin SB 0 (Beta-zero) thalassemia
Sickle beta-zero thalassemia is the fourth type of sickle cell disease. It also involves the beta globin gene. It has similar symptoms to Hb SS anemia. However, sometimes the symptoms of beta zero thalassemia are more severe. It is associated with a poorer prognosis.
Hemoglobin SD, hemoglobin SE, and hemoglobin SO
These types of sickle cell disease are more rare and usually don�t have severe symptoms.
Sickle cell trait
People who only inherit a mutated gene (hemoglobin S) from one parent are said to have sickle cell trait. They may have no symptoms or reduced symptoms.
Disease: sickle cell anemia
Question: for sickle cell anemia, who is at risk for sickle cell anemia??
Answer: Children are only at risk for sickle cell disease if both parents carry sickle cell trait. A blood test called a hemoglobin electrophoresis can also determine which type you might carry.
People from regions that have endemic malaria are more likely to be carriers. This includes people from:
Africa
India
the Mediterranean
Saudi Arabia
Disease: sickle cell anemia
Question: for sickle cell anemia, how is sickle cell anemia diagnosed??
Answer: All newborns in the United States are screened for sickle cell disease. Prebirth testing looks for the sickle cell gene in your amniotic fluid.
In children and adults, one or more of the following procedures may also be used to diagnose sickle cell disease.
Detailed patient history
This condition often first appears as acute pain in the hands and feet. Patients may also have:
severe pain in the bones
anemia
painful enlargement of the spleen
growth problems
respiratory infections
ulcers of the legs
heart problems
Your doctor may want to test you for sickle cell anemia if you have any of the symptoms mentioned above.
Blood tests
Several blood tests can be used to look for SCD:
Blood counts can reveal an abnormal Hb level in the range of 6 to 8 grams per deciliter.
Blood films may show RBCs that appear as irregularly contracted cells.
Sickle solubility tests look for the presence of Hb S.
Hb electrophoresis
Hb electrophoresis is always needed to confirm the diagnosis of sickle cell disease. It measures the different types of hemoglobin in the blood.
Disease: sickle cell anemia
Question: for sickle cell anemia, how is sickle cell anemia treated??
Answer: A number of different treatments are available for SCD:
Rehydration with intravenous fluids helps red blood cells return to a normal state. The red blood cells are more likely to deform and assume the sickle shape if you�re dehydration.
Treating underlying or associated infections is an important part of managing the crisis, as the stress of an infection can result in a sickle cell crisis. An infection may also result as a complication of a crisis.
Blood transfusions improve transport of oxygen and nutrients as needed. Packed red cells are removed from donated blood and given to patients.
Supplemental oxygen is given through a mask. It makes breathing easier and improves oxygen levels in the blood.
Pain medication is used to relieve the pain during a sickle crisis. You may need over-the-counter drugs or strong prescription pain medication like morphine.
(Droxia, Hydrea) helps to increase production of fetal hemoglobin. It may reduce the number of blood transfusions.
Immunizations can help prevent infections. Patients tend to have lower immunity.
Bone marrow transplant has been used to treat sickle cell anemia. Children younger than 16 years of age who have severe complications and have a matching donor are the best candidates.
Home care
There are things you can do at home to help your sickle cell symptoms:
Use heating pads for pain relief.
Take folic acid supplements, as recommended by your doctor.
Eat an adequate amount of fruits, vegetables, and whole-wheat grains. Doing so can help your body make more RBCs.
Drink more water to reduce the chances of sickle cell crises.
Exercise regularly and reduce stress to reduce crises, too.
Contact your doctor immediately if you think you have any type of infection. Early treatment of an infection may prevent a full-blown crisis.
Support groups can also help you deal with this condition.
Disease: sickle cell anemia
Question: for sickle cell anemia, what is the long-term outlook for sickle cell disease??
Answer: The prognosis of the disease varies. Some patients have frequent and painful sickle cell crises. Others only rarely have attacks.
Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disease. Talk to a genetic counselor if you�re worried that you might be a carrier. This can help you understand possible treatments, preventive measures, and reproductive options.
Facts about sickle cell disease. (2016, November 17). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/sicklecell/facts.html
L�pez, C., Saravia, C., Gomez, A., Hoebeke, J., & Patarroyo, M. A. (2010, November 1) Mechanisms of genetically-based resistance to malaria. Gene, 467(1-2), 1-12 Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20655368
Mayo Clinic Staff. (2016, December 29). Sickle cell anemia. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/sickle-cell-anemia/DS00324
Sickle cell anemia. (2016, February 1). Retrieved from http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/000527.htm
Article sources
What are the signs and symptoms of sickle cell disease? (2016, August 2). Retrieved from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sca/signs