References Funder, D. C., & West, S. G. (1993). Consensus, self-other agreement, and accuracy in personality judgment: An introduction. Journal of Personality, 61(4), 457-476. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.middlebury.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/d ocview/618476264?accountid=12447 Lindová, J., Hrušková, M., Pivoňková, V., Kuběna, A., & Flegr, J. (2008). Digit ratio (2D:4D) and cattell's personality traits. European Journal of Personality, 22(4), 347-356. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.664 Lutchmaya, S., Baron-Cohen, S., Raggatt, P., Knickmeyer, R., & Manning, J. T. (2004). 2nd to 4th digit ratios, fetal testosterone and estradiol. Early Human Development, 77(1-2), 23-28. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2003.12.002 Sellers, J. G., Mehl, M. R., & Josephs, R. A. (2007). Hormones and personality: Testosterone as a marker of individual differences. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 126-138. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.02.004 http://www.handresearch.com/news/five-fingers-relate-to-evolution- sports-behavior-disease-sex.htm http://www.epa.govt.nz:80/about-us/have-your-say/Pages/default.aspx Prenatal Testosterone and Self-Report Predicts Others’ Perceptions of Leadership Behaviors Kristina Conroy, Scarlett Kirk, Madeline Brooks, and Jennifer Guinn Sellers Abstract INTRODUCTION: Past research has demonstrated a relationship between the 2D: 4D ratio and prenatal testosterone exposure. (Lutchmaya et al., 2004) The 2D:4D ratio is calculated by dividing the length of the pointer finger (2D) by the length of the ring finger (4D) of the right hand. Individuals with a lower 2D: 4D ratio are thought to have experienced higher testosterone in utero. Relatedly, circulating testosterone has been found to influence certain personality characteristics such as dominance. The present study investigated the relationship between the 2D:4D ratio and leadership as a personality variable while looking at self report and informant reports of leadership. METHOD: 141 female undergraduate students at Middlebury College were recruited. Participants were asked to complete the experiment with a close friend or teammate. They were asked to have their right hand scanned, to answer a series of questions about their own leadership tendencies, and to answer a series of questions about the person with whom they completed the experiment. RESULTS: A 2x2 ANOVA revealed that finger length and self-report of leadership independently indicated informant report of leadership. Participants with a lower ratio who reported themselves as high on leadership scored the highest on informant leadership. DISCUSSION: Our findings indicate that testosterone exposure lies outside the individual’s awareness, but is perceived by close friends and acquaintances. This research shows the potential of testosterone and the 2D: 4D ratio to add to our understanding of personality and personality assessment. Discussion Consistent with predictions, those with lower finger ratio scored higher on the informant report of leadership, and those with higher self-report of leadership also scored higher on informant measures of leadership. The lack of significance in comparing solely the self-report leadership and finger ratio shows that the influence of testosterone exposure lies outside the individual’s awareness, but is perceived by close friends and acquaintances. Limitations: Most participants were recruited via convenience. Additional research should likewise change the operationalization of leadership. Future Research: These findings have the potential to be useful in a number of divisions of psychology. Most significantly, the study strengthens research on the 2D: 4D ratio and its ability to provide alternative ways in measuring testosterone. The results also further our understanding of hormones’ influence over personality, and that informant reports of hormonal markers can add new insights. The findings also indicate that informant reports to pre