1) Background • Many people struggle to manage indulgences in our current ‘obesogenic’ environment (Kruger et al. 2004) • Results of our previous qualitative study showed that one of the strategies to reduce intake of tempting foods is to plan meals in advance (Gatzemeier et al. under review) • Planned indulgences increase motivation to continue with goal pursuit (e.g. following a diet to lose weight) (Coelho do Vale et al. 2016) • High restrained eating is associated with lower food intake (Olea López et al. 2016) Jennifer Gatzemeier, Menna Price, Laura Wilkinson, Michelle Lee Department of Psychology, Swansea University, UK. Rigid and flexible restraint moderates a relationship between a future eating prime and food intake Rigid and flexible restraint moderates a relationship between a future eating prime and food intake Coelho do Vale, R., et al. (2016). "The benefits of behaving badly on occasion: Successful regulation by planned hedonic deviations." Journal of Consumer Psychology 26(1): 17-28. Gatzemeier, J., et al. (2018). “Understanding everyday strategies used to manage indulgent food consumption: a mixed-methods design.” Manuscript submitted for publication. Kruger, J., et al. (2004). "Attempting to lose weight: Specific practices among U.S. adults." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 26(5): 402-406. Olea López, A. L. and L. Johnson (2016). "Associations between Restrained Eating and the Size and Frequency of Overall Intake, Meal, Snack and Drink Occasions in the UK Adult National Diet and Nutrition Survey." PLoS One 11(5): e0156320. Van Strien, T., et al. (1986). "The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for Assessment of Restrained Emotional, and External Eating Behavior." International Journal of Eating Disorders 5(2): 295-315. Westenhoefer, J., et al. (1999). "Validation of the flexible and rigid control dimensions of dietary restraint." Int J Eat Disord 26(1): 53-64. 3) Methods 3) Methods • Procedure a) Priming: Intervention: writing down near future eating plans Control: writing down near future non-eating plans (e.g. going to the cinema) b) Presentation of taste test: c) Questionnaires: DEBQ (Van Strien, Frijters et al. 1986) Rigid and flexible restraint (Westenhoefer, Stunkard et al. 1999) Question about trait tendency to plan indulgences • Analysis: Moderation analysis with SPSS PROCESS macro • Registered at OSF (https://osf.io/pydvz) 5) Conclusions 5) Conclusions • Flexible and rigid restraint is indeed moderating the association between condition and intake: The intervention condition had a significantly higher consumption compared to the control condition, but only in low rigid and flexible restraint • For low restrained eaters thinking about future eating plans might have enhanced attention to the snacks and therefore increased wanting • High restraint eaters exert a high level of cognitive control to maintain restraint. This might have led to an insensitivity to the priming • Further research is needed to understand the underlying mechanism of the observed interactions and the difference between low and high restrained eaters 2) Research Questions 2) Research Questions • We hypothesis that the trait tendencies to plan indulgences moderate the association between a future eating prime and food intake. Participants with the trait tendencies to plan indulgences consume less after a future eating prime • We are interested if restraint is moderating the relationship between the priming and intake. Contact: Jennifer Gatzemeier jennifer.gatzemeier@swansea.ac.uk Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK Tel: +44 (0) 1792 295279 Swansea Nutrition, Appetite and Cognition group a) Priming b) Taste test c) Questionnaires 1. Minstrels (Mars, UK) 2. Bitsa Wispa (Cadbury, Mondelez, Birmingham, UK) 3. Haribo Star Mix (HARIBO Dunhills, Pontefract, UK) 4. Pringles Original (Wimble Manufacturing Belgium, Mechelen, Belgium) 5. Salted Popcorn (Tesco Stores Ltd., Cheshunt, U