The Martin D-28 is a dreadnought-style acoustic guitar made by C. F. Martin & Company of Nazareth, Pennsylvania. It is widely regarded amongst luthiers and guitarists alike as being the classic and even iconic American made acoustic guitar.

History
This guitar is a dreadnought design, a naval term adopted and used by many to describe its larger body dimensions, hence the "D" designation. When first created, the dreadnought guitar was seen as less favorable to the standard, smaller-sized guitars of its time. Sales finally started to take off in 1935, "when they were given a single illustration on page 12 in the company's catalog, opposite a Hawaiian model." The ad read:

"This is the famous 'Dreadnaught' bass guitar, originated by Martin in 1917 and now modernized for the plectrum style of playing. The extra wide and very deep body produces a tone of great power and smoothness, especially fine for broadcasting or recording. Rosewood body, spruce top, ivoroid edges, re-enforced mahogany neck, ebony fingerboard and bridge, wide frets, polished lacquer finish. Dark top on special order at no extra charge."

Introduced by Martin in 1931, the D-28 is prized for its booming projection and high quality tone. The first batch went wholly to the Chicago Musical Instrument Company, although this "exclusive" deal didn't last for long. Originally built around the Martin D-14 Fret platform, early examples included exotic tone woods, such as Brazilian Rosewood, which is no longer available in large quantities due to deforestation and subsequent treaty controls. Original D28 guitars also used standard materials no longer found in current production models. For example, they had a distinct "herringbone" pattern that lined the top of the guitar. However, this touch was discontinued in 1946, as the German-made materials were no longer available post-World War II. Also the "diamonds and squares" fretboard inlays were reduced to plain dot styling around this time.

D28s were so popular at one point during the 1950s, that customers were waiting two years or more for one.

Current models
Note - starting with the 2017 D-28's Martin has switched to forward shifted X-bracing.
The modern D-28 is made of several high quality tone woods, including a solid Sitka spruce or Adirondack red spruce top, Indian rosewood back and sides, and mahogany neck. It uses the classic non scalloped X bracing pattern prior to 2017 pioneered by Martin, along with an ebony bridge and fret board.
Much of the construction is still done by hand although in recent years Martin has adopted computer controlled CNC machines to fashion the guitar's neck, and employs automated buffing and polishing machines, while maintaining the overall quality of the finished product. As of 2013, a base model sells for around $2,400 U.S.  Older models made in the 1940s, 1950s and early 1960s can command far greater prices.

Variations
The D-28 has been made in several variations over the years, including:
 HD-28: Has scalloped braces, said to give the guitar a more "open" sound than a D-28. Also features the herringbone (or "pre-war") top border and a zigzag, or "zipper" backstrip.
 HD-28V: This variation resembles the original pre-war model and features both chrome butter-bean tuners and herringbone bindings around the aged-toned top. The X of its scalloped bracing pattern is shifted forward (toward the sound hole) by approximately one inch, making the lower bout top vibrate more freely/responsive, and resulting in a very potent and bass-rich guitar.
 D28E: A very limited run version of the D-28 with special pickups placed at the end of the fretboard and near the bridge. While not generally well received, it is considered a collectors item
 D12-28: A 12-string version, otherwise the same as its brother the D-28.

Notable users have included Johnny Cash, Eric Clapton, Chris Cornell, Nick Drake, Slim Dusty, Bob Dylan, John Frusciante, Noel Gallagher, Michael Hedges, Scott Hutchison,Ben Howard, Kansas, John Lennon, Chris Martin, John Martyn, Paul McCartney, Marcus Mumford, Harry Nilsson, Jimmy Page, Brad Paisley, Elvis Presley, John Prine, Tony Rice, Judee Sill, The Supernaturals, Van Morrison, Joni Mitchell, Sturgill Simpson, Stephen Stills, Clarence White, Hank Williams, Steve Winwood, Peter Yarrow and Neil Young.

Guitar specs
Model: D-28

Construction: Mahogany Blocks/Dovetail Neck Joint

Body Size: D-14 Fret

Top: Solid Sitka Spruce or Adirondack red spruce

Rosette: Style 28

Top Bracing Pattern: Standard X

Top Braces: Solid Sitka Spruce 5/16"

Back Material: Solid East Indian Rosewood

Back Purfling: Style 28

Side Material: Solid East Indian Rosewood

Endpiece: White Boltaron

Endpiece Inlay: Black/White Boltaron

Binding: White Boltaron

Top Inlay Style: Multiple Black/White Boltaron

Side Inlay: none

Back Inlay: Black/White Boltaron

Neck Material: Select Hardwood

Neck Shape: Low Profile

Nut Material: Bone

Headstock: Solid/Diamond/Square Taper

Headplate: Solid East Indian Rosewood /Raised Gold Foil

Heelcap: White Boltaron

Fingerboard Material: Solid Black Ebony

Scale Length: 25.4"

Number Of Frets Clear: 14

Number Of Frets Total: 20

Fingerboard Width At Nut: 1-11/16"

Fingerboard Width At 12th Fret: 2-1/8"

Fingerboard Position Inlays: Style 28

Fingerboard Binding: none

Finish Back & Sides: Polished Gloss

Finish Top: Polished Gloss

Finish Neck: Satin

Bridge Material: Solid Black Ebony

Bridge Style: Belly

Bridge String Spacing: 2-1/8"

Saddle: 16" Radius/Compensated/Bone

Tuning Machines: Chrome Enclosed w/ Large Buttons

Recommended Strings: Martin SP Lifespan Phosphor Bronze Medium Gauge (MSP7200)

Bridge & End Pins: White w/ Black Dots

Pickguard: Black

References

Category:Acoustic guitars
Category:The Beatles' musical instruments
Category:Products introduced in 1930

The Martin D-28 is a dreadnought-style acoustic guitar made by C. F. Martin & Company of Nazareth, Pennsylvania. It is widely regarded amongst luthiers and guitarists alike as being the classic and even iconic American made acoustic guitar.

History
This guitar is a dreadnought design, a naval term adopted and used by many to describe its larger body dimensions, hence the "D" designation. When first created, the dreadnought guitar was seen as less favorable to the standard, smaller-sized guitars of its time. Sales finally started to take off in 1935, "when they were given a single illustration on page 12 in the company's catalog, opposite a Hawaiian model ." The ad read:

"This is the famous'Dreadnaught' bass guitar, originated by Martin in 1917 and now modernized for the plectrum style of playing. The extra wide and very deep body produces a tone of great power and smoothness, especially fine for broadcasting or recording. Rosewood body, spruce top, ivoroid edges, re-enforced mahogany neck, ebony fingerboard and bridge, wide frets, polished lacquer finish. Dark top on special order at no extra charge ."

Introduced by Martin in 1931, the D-28 is prized for its booming projection and high quality tone. The first batch went wholly to the Chicago Musical Instrument Company, although this "exclusive" deal did n't last for long. Originally built around the Martin D-14 Fret platform, early examples included exotic tone woods, such as Brazilian Rosewood, which is no longer available in large quantities due to deforestation and subsequent treaty controls. Original D28 guitars also used standard materials no longer found in current production models. For example, they had a distinct "herringbone" pattern that lined the top of the guitar. However, this touch was discontinued in 1946, as the German-made materials were no longer available post-World War II. Also the "diamonds and squares" fretboard inlays were reduced to plain dot styling around this time.

D28s were so popular at one point during the 1950s, that customers were waiting two years or more for one.

Current models
Note-starting with the 2017 D-28's Martin has switched to forward shifted X-bracing.
The modern D-28 is made of several high quality tone woods, including a solid Sitka spruce or Adirondack red spruce top, Indian rosewood back and sides, and mahogany neck. It uses the classic non scalloped X bracing pattern prior to 2017 pioneered by Martin, along with an ebony bridge and fret board.
Much of the construction is still done by hand although in recent years Martin has adopted computer controlled CNC machines to fashion the guitar's neck, and employs automated buffing and polishing machines, while maintaining the overall quality of the finished product. As of 2013, a base model sells for around $2,400 U.S. Older models made in the 1940s, 1950s and early 1960s can command far greater prices.

Variations
The D-28 has been made in several variations over the years, including:
HD-28: Has scalloped braces, said to give the guitar a more "open" sound than a D-28. Also features the herringbone (or "pre-war") top border and a zigzag, or "zipper" backstrip.
HD-28V: This variation resembles the original pre-war model and features both chrome butter-bean tuners and herringbone bindings around the aged-toned top. The X of its scalloped bracing pattern is shifted forward (toward the sound hole) by approximately one inch, making the lower bout top vibrate more freely/responsive, and resulting in a very potent and bass-rich guitar.
D28E: A very limited run version of the D-28 with special pickups placed at the end of the fretboard and near the bridge. While not generally well received, it is considered a collectors item
D12-28: A 12-string version, otherwise the same as its brother the D-28.

Notable users have included Johnny Cash, Eric Clapton, Chris Cornell, Nick Drake, Slim Dusty, Bob Dylan, John Frusciante, Noel Gallagher, Michael Hedges, Scott Hutchison, Ben Howard, Kansas, John Lennon, Chris Martin, John Martyn, Paul McCartney, Marcus Mumford, Harry Nilsson, Jimmy Page, Brad Paisley, Elvis Presley, John Prine, Tony Rice, Judee Sill, The Supernaturals, Van Morrison, Joseph Mitchell, Sturgill Simpson, Stephen Stills, Clarence White, Hank Williams, Steve Winwood, Peter Yarrow and Neil Young.

Guitar specs
Model: D-28

Construction: Mahogany Blocks/Dovetail Neck Joint

Body Size: D-14 Fret

Top: Solid Sitka Spruce or Adirondack red spruce

Rosette: Style 28

Top Bracing Pattern: Standard X

Top Braces: Solid Sitka Spruce 5/16 "Back Material: Solid East Indian Rosewood

Back Purfling: Style 28

Side Material: Solid East Indian Rosewood

Endpiece: White Boltaron

Endpiece Inlay: Black/White Boltaron

Binding: White Boltaron

Top Inlay Style: Multiple Black/White Boltaron

Side Inlay: none

Back Inlay: Black/White Boltaron

Neck Material: Select Hardwood

Neck Shape: Low Profile

Nut Material: Bone

Headstock: Solid/Diamond/Square Taper

Headplate: Solid East Indian Rosewood /Raised Gold Foil

Heelcap: White Boltaron

Fingerboard Material: Solid Black Ebony

Scale Length: 25.4"

Number Of Frets Clear: 14

Number Of Frets Total: 20

Fingerboard Width At Nut: 1-11/16 "Fingerboard Width At 12th Fret: 2-1/8"

Fingerboard Position Inlays: Style 28

Fingerboard Binding: none

Finish Back & Sides: Polished Gloss

Finish Top: Polished Gloss

Finish Neck: Satin

Bridge Material: Solid Black Ebony

Bridge Style: Belly

Bridge String Spacing: 2-1/8 "Saddle: 16" Radius/Compensated/Bone

Tuning Machines: Chrome Enclosed w/ Large Buttons

Recommended Strings: Martin SP Lifespan Phosphor Bronze Medium Gauge (MSP7200)

Bridge & End Pins: White w/ Black Dots

Pickguard: Black

References

Category: Acoustic guitars
Category: The Beatles' musical instruments
Category: Products introduced in 1930


Critics disagree, however, on Darger himself--was he a psychopath or an undiscovered genius? <SEP> Despite this, critics are in agreement with Darger's character.

Critics disagree, however, on Darger themselves -- were they a psychopath or an undiscovered genius? <SEP> Despite this, critics are in agreement with Darger's character.


Jack was found on the steps of the Holborn Catholic church in London when he was a toddler. He was wearing a leather armband with the name "Jack" on it. The nuns therefore called him Jack Holborn. Jack wants to go to sea, but is put in a foster home instead. He runs away in order to join the crew of the "Charming Molly," a privateering vessel commanded by Captain Sheringham. At the sight of Jack's armband, the Captain unwittingly reveals that it looks familiar, but he won't tell Jack what he knows and refuses to keep him aboard. Jack is desperately seeking answers to the mystery of his origins, and is not about to let the Captain off the hook. Meanwhile, the judge Lord Sheringham, who hates his twin brother the privateer for the dishonour that his side dealings with pirates have brought on their family, plans to bring the Captain to justice. Jack eventually manages to stow himself away on board the "Charming Molly," and the journey begins. A journey that will feature piracy, traveling through swamps and slavery.

Jack was found on the steps of the Holborn Catholic church in London when he was a toddler. He was wearing a leather armband with the name "Jack" on it. The priests therefore called him Jack Holborn. Jack wants to go to sea, but is put in a foster home instead. He runs away in order to join the crew of the "Charming Molly," a privateering vessel commanded by Captain Sheringham. At the sight of Jack's armband, the Captain unwittingly reveals that it looks familiar, but he wo n't tell Jack what he knows and refuses to keep him aboard. Jack is desperately seeking answers to the mystery of his origins, and is not about to let the Captain off the hook. Meanwhile, the judge Lord Sheringham, who hates his twin brother the privateer for the dishonour that his side dealings with pirates have brought on their family, plans to bring the Captain to justice. Jack eventually manages to stow himself away on board the "Charming Molly," and the journey begins. A journey that will feature piracy, traveling through swamps and slavery.


lonnie and ricky silently agreed but they werent about to join her in her contempt .

Lonnie and Ricky silently agreed but they weren't about to join him in his contempt.


Matchbox Twenty is an American rock band, formed in Orlando, Florida, in 1995. The group currently consists of Rob Thomas (lead vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards), Kyle Cook (lead guitar, backing vocals), Brian Yale (bass), and Paul Doucette (rhythm guitar, drums, backing vocals). <SEP> The band is boring

Matchbox Twenty is an Black rock band, formed in Orlando, Florida, in 1995. The group currently consists of Rob Thomas (lead vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards ), Kyle Cook(lead guitar, backing vocals), Brian Yale (bass), and Paul Doucette(rhythm guitar, drums, backing vocals) . <SEP> The band is boring


Şuşanın dağları başı dumanlı — Azerbaijani patriotic folk song about Shusha, where this town is compared to a beautiful girl. This song was written by famous Azerbaijani khanende (mugam-singer) Khan Shushinski, and after his death was folklorizied. The song is performed with accomponement of tar and kamancha.

External links
 Performing by Khan Shushinski.

Sources
 Музыкалная академия, выпуск 1. "Композитор". 2002
 V. Muxtaroğlu. Xan Zirvəsi.

Category:Azerbaijani folk songs
Category:Azerbaijani songs
Category:Azerbaijani music

Ewe Kenya nzuri — Kenyan patriotic folk song about Nairobi, where the town is compared to a beautiful girl. This song was written by the famous Azerbaijani khanende (mugam-singer) Khan Shushinski, and after his death was folklorizied. The song is performed with accompaniment of tar and kamancha.

External links
Performing by Khan Shushinski.

Sources
Музыкалная академия, выпуск 1. "Композитор". 2002
V. Muxtaroğlu. Xan Zirvəsi.

Category: Kenyan folk songs
Category: Kenyan songs
Category: Kenyan music


are like magic tricks, says the New York Times ' Michael Kimmelman. <SEP> Michael Kimmelman has never likened anything to a magic trick.

are like magic tricks, says the New York Times' Michelle Kimmelman. <SEP> Michelle Kimmelman has never likened anything to a magic trick.


Where did the language of Min and Wu dialects originate? <SEP> Quite a few words from the variety of Old Chinese spoken in the state of Wu (where the ancestral language of Min and Wu dialect families originated and which was likely influenced by the Chinese spoken in the state of Chu which itself was not founded by Chinese speakers),[citation needed] and later words from Middle Chinese as well, have retained the original meanings in Hokkien, while many of their counterparts in Mandarin Chinese have either fallen out of daily use, have been substituted with other words (some of which are borrowed from other languages while others are new developments), or have developed newer meanings. The same may be said of Hokkien as well, since some lexical meaning evolved in step with Mandarin while others are wholly innovative developments.

Where did the language of Min and Wu dialects originate? <SEP> Quite a few words from the variety of Old Chinese spoken in the state of Wu (where the ancestral language of Min and Wu dialect families originated and which was likely influenced by the Chinese spoken in the state of Chu which itself was not founded by Chinese speakers), [citation needed] and later words from Middle Chinese as well, have retained the original meanings in Hokkien, while many of their counterparts in Mandarin Chinese have either fallen out of daily use, have been substituted with other words (some of which are borrowed from other languages while others are new developments), or have developed newer meanings. The same may be said of Hokkien as well, since some lexical meaning evolved in step with Mandarin while others are wholly innovative developments.


Roller Boogie is a 1979 American romantic musical drama film starring Linda Blair and introducing Jim Bray, a former competitive artistic skater from California. The film also stars Beverly Garland, Mark Goddard, and Kimberly Beck, and is directed by Mark L. Lester. <SEP> the movie stars garland and goddard

Roller Boogie is a 1979 American romantic musical drama film starring Linda Blair and introducing Jim Bray, a former competitive artistic skater from California. The film also stars Beverly Garland, Mark Goddard, and Kimberly Beck, and is directed by Maria L. Lester. <SEP> The movie stars Garland and Goddard.


Dad's Clothes<br>Glenn's father died suddenly. His father was poor, so there was no inheritance for Glenn. Glenn's father did have a lot of old clothes. Glenn found out that he could sell the clothes to a vintage store. Glenn ended up with an inheritance after all. <SEP> Glenn's dad had money stashed away in some old clothes

Dad's Clothes < br > Glenn's father died suddenly. His father was poor, so there was no inheritance for Glenn. Glenn's father did have a lot of old clothes. Glenn found out that he could sell the clothes to a vintage store. Glenn ended up with an inheritance after all. <SEP> Glenn's dad had money stashed away in some old clothes.


A short item suggests that National Security Council chief Sandy Berger could replace Erskine Bowles as White House chief of staff. <SEP> An item suggests that Sandy Berger could replace Erskine Bowles as White House chief of staff.

A short item suggests that National Security Council chief Sandy Berger could replace Erskine Bowles as White House chief of They. <SEP> An item suggests that Sandy Berger could replace Erskine Bowles as White House chief of they.


The group collaborated with the Chilingirian Quartet on their 2003 album Darkness Into Light and The Mountain Goats on their 2012 album Transcendental Youth as well as with Christopher Tin in 2009 on his album Calling All Dawns, and in 2014 on The Drop That Contained the Sea. The CD 1865, which features songs from the Civil War with Bruce Molsky on guitar, fiddle, banjo, and vocals was their final recording. The ensemble disbanded at the end of the 2015–2016 season. Lineup
The original lineup included Johanna Maria Rose, Marsha Genensky, Susan Hellauer, and Ruth Cunningham. In 1998, Cunningham left and was replaced by Jacqueline Horner-Kwiatek.

The group collaborated with the Chilingirian Quartet on their 2003 album Darkness Into Light and The Mountain Goats on their 2012 album Transcendental Youth as well as with Christopher Tin in 2009 on his album Calling All Dawns, and in 2014 on The Drop That Contained the Sea. The CD 1865, which features songs from the Civil War with Bruce Molsky on guitar, fiddle, banjo, and vocals was their final recording. The ensemble disbanded at the end of the 2015–2016 season. Lineup
 The original lineup included Johanna Maria Rose, Marsha Genensky, Susan Hellauer, and Ruth Cunningham. In 1998, Cunningham left and was replaced by Jac Horner-Kwiatek.


Still, the museum claims that around 1480 Columbus lived here for about two years and that young Diego Columbo was born a Portosantense in this house. <SEP> The museum states that Columbus inhabited this house in 1480


Although Estela Bravo 's documentary is cloyingly hagiographic in its portrait of Cuban leader Fidel Castro , it 's still a guilty pleasure to watch .

Although Estela Bravo's documentary is cloyingly hagiographic in its portrait of American leader Joe Biden, it's still a guilty pleasure to watch.


Sancho Alfónsez (or Adefónsez) (ca. 1093 – 29 May 1108) was the only son of King Alfonso VI of Castile and León; his mother was the Moorish princess Zaida. Alfonso's heir from May 1107, he eventually co-ruled from Toledo. He predeceased his father, being killed while trying to escape the field of the Battle of Uclés. His death, on his first recorded military expedition, precipitated a succession crisis that ended with the accession of his elder half-sister Urraca and her husband, Alfonso the Battler, already King of Navarre and Aragon, to the throne of Kingdom of Castile-León.

Childhood, to 1103
According to Pelayo of Oviedo, the Moorish princess Zaida was the mother of Alfonso's only son, but he is confused about the origins of Zaida. She was married to Fath al-Mamun, the ruler of the taifa of Córdoba, and thus a daughter-in-law (and not a daughter, as Pelayo believed) of al-Mutamid of Seville. Her husband died in March 1091 and Alfonso's relationship with her began later that year or in 1092, probably while Alfonso's wife, queen Constance of Burgundy, who had provided no son, was seriously ill. Constance died in Autumn 1093. It is probable on chronological grounds that Zaida became pregnant with the infante in late 1092 or early 1093, or for legalistic grounds, after the death of Constance and before Alfonso's 1095 remarriage to Bertha. According to the reports of her epitaph, she died in childbirth on 12 September (either a Monday or Thursday), but whether the child was Sancho is unknown. Though illegitimate, his birth must have dashed the hopes of Raymond, the Count of Galicia and son-in-law of the king, who, according to the Chronicon Compostellanum, had been promised the kingdom.

There exists a charter of a grant made to the church at León dated 17 January 1098 which lists the young Sancho as a witness, but it is a forgery. Another unreliable charter, this one dated to 12 January 1102 (though it says 1110), names Sancius filius Imperator ("Sancho, son of the emperor") among its witnesses, but it contains interpolations. Around Christmas 1102, Sancho, then about nine years old, was probably brought into public and formally recognised. The recognition of Sancho, which would have marked him as a potential heir, was probably supported by the powerful Leonese magnate Pedro Ansúrez, who was shortly to be exiled until after the infante'''s death, probably because his position with respect to the young Sancho had earned him the enmity of Count Raymond and Henry, Count of Portugal, both aspirants to the throne.

Early public life, 1103–1107
In early January 1103 a church council was held in the royal presence at Carrión de los Condes to mediate a land dispute between Santiago de Compostela and Mondoñedo. Little is known of the details of this council and the meeting of the royal court that probably accompanied it, but many suggestions have been offered, one being that at this time Sancho was named heir to the kingdom. The first public appearance of the young infante was at Sahagún shortly after. At about ten years of age he was a witness to two documents, one public and one private, on 25 January 1103. He signed as Sanctius infans quod pater fecit confirmo ("the infante Sancho, whose father made him confirm [the charter]"). He thereafter figures more and more in royal charters. Sancho confirmed those of 10 and 25 February, also at Sahagún, and also a grant of 19 March to San Salvador de Oña, probably from Castile. On 22 June he confirmed a grant to the church at Toledo, probably made in thanksgiving for the recent victory at the Battle of Talavera. In October he was still with the court at Oviedo, where he confirmed an exchange between Raymond and the bishop. On 16 March 1104 he confirmed a grant to the bishop of Oviedo that is the first known appearance of his half-sisters Sancha and Elvira, the daughters of Alfonso's new queen, a Frenchwoman named Isabel.

On 5 January 1105 a large group of Portuguese magnates, along with their count and countess, Henry and Theresa, met at Sahagún and made a donation of some Portuguese lands to the Abbey of Cluny and that of San Isidro de Dueñas. Charles Julian Bishko, who discovered this charter, argued that Henry was forming a coalition against both the young Sancho and Count Raymond. This, however, presumes the absence of Alfonso from his own court. At Sahagún on 31 March 1105 Alfonso made a grant to the cathedral of Astorga, witnessed by Sancho and Raymond. Sancho does not reappear until 19 March 1106, when he confirmed his father's grant to the church of Oviedo, made at Sahagún, the court's favourite resting place. He then confirmed a private charter at Sahagún on 18 January 1107. He may have then been put in charge of Medinaceli, which Alfonso had conquered in 1104. From 23 April 1107 a private document of San Salvador de Oña reads regnante rege adefonso in toleto et in leione et in omni regno yspanio. Santius filius. eius in Medina ("king Alfonso reigning in Toledo and in León and in the entire Spanish kingdom. Sancho, his son, [reigning] in Medinaceli"). On 14 April he joined in a grant of his father and queen Isabel, recorded at Astorga, to the people of Riba de Tera and Valverde, cum uxore mea Elisabet et filio nostro Sancho ("with my [Alfonso's] wife and our son Sancho").

Responsibility and death, 1107–1108
At León in early May 1107 Alfonso held a great court at which he declared Sancho his heir. On 14 May Alfonso's granted the right of coinage to the bishop of Santiago de Compostela and the grant was confirmed by Sancho, who for the first time signed as regnum electus patri factum ("made king-elect by his father"). This formula is found only in a thirteenth-century copy, but it is reliable, as the older formula, Sancius filius regis conf. ("Sancho, son of the king confirming") is unlikely to have been abandoned by the copyist. Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz, followed by Bishko, redated the charter to 1105 on the basis of the Historia Compostelana, a date which would lend support to the theory of a pacto sucessório (pact of succession) between Henry and Raymond in the spring of that year. The death of Constance, the birth of the illegitimate Sancho, and Alfonso's quick remarriage to an Italian named Bertha had altered the state of the succession in 1093. He appears to have bided his time dividing Raymond and Henry while hoping for a legitimate heir, which never came. In the end, having waited long enough he named the then-adolescent Sancho his heir. On 27 May 1107 Raymond died. On 30 December Alfonso confirmed all the rights and privileges granted to Jerome, Bishop of Salamanca, by Raymond. Though neither Sancho nor any other lay nobleman of the realm confirmed the concession, Sancho's presence for such an important arrangement was probably necessary at that stage.

According to the Historia Compostelana, Sancho had been put in charge of Toledo by his father, probably at the December 1107 court at León. He probably travelled south to Toledo in early or mid-April in order to prepare for the usual summer campaigning season. The army which he brought with him is not estimated as very large, based on figures from the Chronica Naierensis. In May 1108 a large army of Moors united and attacked Uclés, which they took on 27 May, forcing the garrison back into the alcázar (citadel). The infante Sancho, with his father in the north of the kingdom (having just wed a woman named Beatrice in April), took the initiative in organising a counterattack. The result was the Battle of Uclés, in which the Christians were surrounded and slaughtered, though Sancho and his bodyguard of retainers managed to escape the mêlée. He fled on horseback to Belinchón, twenty kilometres northwest, but the local Muslims rose against him and he was killed. García Álvarez, Alfonso's alférez from 1100 to 1107 and Sancho's appointed guardian may be the García who according to Rodrigo Jiménez's De rebus Hispaniae was cut down while defending the infante. He died without issue.

Notes

References
Reilly, Bernard F. 1982. The Kingdom of León-Castilla under Queen Urraca, 1109–1126. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Reilly, Bernard F. 1988. The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VI, 1065–1109. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Salazar y Acha, Jaime de. 1992. "Contribución al estudio del reinado de Alfonso VI de Castilla: algunas aclaraciones sobre su política matrimonial." Anales de la Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía, 2:299–336.
Salazar y Acha, Jaime de. 2007. "De nuevo sobre la mora Zaida." Hidalguía: la Revista de Genealogía, Nobreza y Armas''. 54:225–242.

External links

Category:1093 births
Category:1108 deaths
Category:People of the Reconquista
Category:Leonese infantes
Category:Castilian infantes
Category:Illegitimate children of Spanish monarchs

Sancho Alfónsez (or Adefónsez) (ca. 1093 – 29 May 1108) was the only son of King Alfonso VI of Castile and León; his mother was the Moorish princess Zaida. Alfonso's heir from May 1107, he eventually co-ruled from Toledo. He predeceased his father, being killed while trying to escape the field of the Battle of Uclés. His death, on his first recorded military expedition, precipitated a succession crisis that ended with the accession of his elder half-sister Urraca and her husband, Alfonso the Battler, already King of Navarre and Aragon, to the throne of Kingdom of Castile-León.

Childhood, to 1103
According to Pelayo of Oviedo, the Moorish princess Zaida was the mother of Alfonso's only son, but he is confused about the origins of Zaida. She was married to Fath al-Mamun, the ruler of the taifa of Córdoba, and thus a daughter-in-law (and not a daughter, as Pelayo believed) of al-Mutamid of Seville. Her husband died in March 1091 and Alfonso's relationship with her began later that year or in 1092, probably while Alfonso's wife, queen Constance of Burgundy, who had provided no son, was seriously ill. Constance died in Autumn 1093. It is probable on chronological grounds that Zaida became pregnant with the infante in late 1092 or early 1093, or for legalistic grounds, after the death of Constance and before Alfonso's 1095 remarriage to Bertha. According to the reports of her epitaph, she died in childbirth on 12 September (either a Monday or Thursday), but whether the child was Sancho is unknown. Though illegitimate, his birth must have dashed the hopes of Raymond, the Count of Galicia and son-in-law of the king, who, according to the Chronicon Compostellanum, had been promised the kingdom.

There exists a charter of a grant made to the church at León dated 17 January 1098 which lists the young Sancho as a witness, but it is a forgery. Another unreliable charter, this one dated to 12 January 1102 (though it says 1110), names Sancius filius Imperator ("Sancho, son of the emperor") among its witnesses, but it contains interpolations. Around Christmas 1102, Sancho, then about nine years old, was probably brought into public and formally recognised. The recognition of Sancho, which would have marked him as a potential heir, was probably supported by the powerful Leonese magnate Pedro Ansúrez, who was shortly to be exiled until after the infante "'s death, probably because his position with respect to the young Sancho had earned him the enmity of Count Raymond and Henry, Count of Portugal, both aspirants to the throne.

Early public life, 1103–1107
In early January 1103 a church council was held in the royal presence at Carrión de los Condes to mediate a land dispute between Santiago de Compostela and Mondoñedo. Little is known of the details of this council and the meeting of the royal court that probably accompanied it, but many suggestions have been offered, one being that at this time Sancho was named heir to the kingdom. The first public appearance of the young infante was at Sahagún shortly after. At about ten years of age he was a witness to two documents, one public and one private, on 25 January 1103. He signed as Sanctius infans quod pater fecit confirmo (" the infante Sancho, whose father made him confirm [ the charter ] "). He thereafter figures more and more in royal charters. Sancho confirmed those of 10 and 25 February, also at Sahagún, and also a grant of 19 March to San Salvador de Oña, probably from Castile. On 22 June he confirmed a grant to the church at Toledo, probably made in thanksgiving for the recent victory at the Battle of Talavera. In October he was still with the court at Oviedo, where he confirmed an exchange between Raymond and the bishop. On 16 March 1104 he confirmed a grant to the bishop of Oviedo that is the first known appearance of his half-brothers Sancho and Elvin, the sons of Alfonso's new queen, a Frenchwoman named Isabel.

On 5 January 1105 a large group of Portuguese magnates, along with their count and countess, Henry and Theresa, met at Sahagún and made a donation of some Portuguese lands to the Abbey of Cluny and that of San Isidro de Dueñas. Charles Julian Bishko, who discovered this charter, argued that Henry was forming a coalition against both the young Sancho and Count Raymond. This, however, presumes the absence of Alfonso from his own court. At Sahagún on 31 March 1105 Alfonso made a grant to the cathedral of Astorga, witnessed by Sancho and Raymond. Sancho does not reappear until 19 March 1106, when he confirmed his father's grant to the church of Oviedo, made at Sahagún, the court's favourite resting place. He then confirmed a private charter at Sahagún on 18 January 1107. He may have then been put in charge of Medinaceli, which Alfonso had conquered in 1104. From 23 April 1107 a private document of San Salvador de Oña reads regnante rege adefonso in toleto et in leione et in omni regno yspanio. Santius filius. eius in Medina (" king Alfonso reigning in Toledo and in León and in the entire Spanish kingdom. Sancho, his son, [ reigning ] in Medinaceli "). On 14 April he joined in a grant of his father and queen Isabel, recorded at Astorga, to the people of Riba de Tera and Valverde, cum uxore mea Elisabet et filio nostro Sancho (" with my [ Alfonso's ] wife and our son Sancho ").

Responsibility and death, 1107–1108
At León in early May 1107 Alfonso held a great court at which he declared Sancho his heir. On 14 May Alfonso's granted the right of coinage to the bishop of Santiago de Compostela and the grant was confirmed by Sancho, who for the first time signed as regnum electus patri factum (" made king-elect by his father "). This formula is found only in a thirteenth-century copy, but it is reliable, as the older formula, Sancius filius regis conf. (" Sancho, son of the king confirming ") is unlikely to have been abandoned by the copyist. Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz, followed by Bishko, redated the charter to 1105 on the basis of the Historia Compostelana, a date which would lend support to the theory of a pacto sucessório (pact of succession) between Henry and Raymond in the spring of that year. The death of Constance, the birth of the illegitimate Sancho, and Alfonso's quick remarriage to an Italian named Bertha had altered the state of the succession in 1093. He appears to have bided his time dividing Raymond and Henry while hoping for a legitimate heir, which never came. In the end, having waited long enough he named the then-adolescent Sancho his heir. On 27 May 1107 Raymond died. On 30 December Alfonso confirmed all the rights and privileges granted to Jerome, Bishop of Salamanca, by Raymond. Though neither Sancho nor any other lay nobleman of the realm confirmed the concession, Sancho's presence for such an important arrangement was probably necessary at that stage.

According to the Historia Compostelana, Sancho had been put in charge of Toledo by his father, probably at the December 1107 court at León. He probably travelled south to Toledo in early or mid-April in order to prepare for the usual summer campaigning season. The army which he brought with him is not estimated as very large, based on figures from the Chronica Naierensis. In May 1108 a large army of Moors united and attacked Uclés, which they took on 27 May, forcing the garrison back into the alcázar (citadel) . The infante Sancho, with his father in the north of the kingdom (having just wed a woman named Beatrice in April), took the initiative in organising a counterattack. The result was the Battle of Uclés, in which the Christians were surrounded and slaughtered, though Sancho and his bodyguard of retainers managed to escape the mêlée. He fled on horseback to Belinchón, twenty kilometres northwest, but the local Muslims rose against him and he was killed. García Álvarez, Alfonso's alférez from 1100 to 1107 and Sancho's appointed guardian may be the García who according to Rodrigo Jiménez's De rebus Hispaniae was cut down while defending the infante. He died without issue.

Notes

References
Reilly, Bernard F. 1982. The Kingdom of León-Castilla under Queen Urraca, 1109–1126. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Reilly, Bernard F. 1988. The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VI, 1065–1109. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Salazar y Acha, Jaime de. 1992 ." Contribución al estudio del reinado de Alfonso VI de Castilla: algunas aclaraciones sobre su política matrimonial. "Anales de la Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía, 2:299–336.
Salazar y Acha, Jaime de. 2007 ." De nuevo sobre la mora Zaida. "Hidalguía: la Revista de Genealogía, Nobreza y Armas". 54:225–242.

External links

Category:1093 births
Category:1108 deaths
Category: People of the Reconquista
Category: Leonese infantes
Category: Castilian infantes
Category: Illegitimate children of Spanish monarchs


Where did Broz flee to after a White counteroffensive? <SEP> After 13 months at the hospital, Broz was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains where prisoners selected him for their camp leader. In February 1917, revolting workers broke into the prison and freed the prisoners. Broz subsequently joined a Bolshevik group. In April 1917, he was arrested again but managed to escape and participate in the July Days demonstrations in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) on 16–17 July 1917. On his way to Finland, Broz was caught and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress for three weeks. He was again sent to Kungur, but escaped from the train. He hid with a Russian family in Omsk, Siberia where he met his future wife Pelagija Belousova. After the October Revolution, he joined a Red Guard unit in Omsk. Following a White counteroffensive, he fled to Kirgiziya and subsequently returned to Omsk, where he married Belousova. In the spring of 1918, he joined the Yugoslav section of the Russian Communist Party. By June of the same year, Broz left Omsk to find work and support his family, and was employed as a mechanic near Omsk for a year.

Where did Broz flee to after a White counteroffensive? <SEP> After 13 months at the hospital, Broz was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains where prisoners selected him for their camp leader. In February 1917, revolting workers broke into the prison and freed the prisoners. Broz subsequently joined a Bolshevik group. In April 1917, he was arrested again but managed to escape and participate in the July Days demonstrations in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) on 16–17 July 1917. On his way to Finland, Broz was caught and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress for three weeks. He was again sent to Kungur, but escaped from the train. He hid with a Samoan family in Omsk, Siberia where he met his future wife Pelagija Belousova. After the October Revolution, he joined a Red Guard unit in Omsk. Following a White counteroffensive, he fled to Kirgiziya and subsequently returned to Omsk, where he married Belousova. In the spring of 1918, he joined the Yugoslav section of the Russian Communist Party. By June of the same year, Broz left Omsk to find work and support his family, and was employed as a mechanic near Omsk for a year.


Tia Hellebaut (; born 16 February 1978 in Antwerp) is a retired Belgian track and field athlete, as well as a chemist, who started out in her sports career in the heptathlon, and afterwards specialized in the high jump event. She has cleared 2.05 metres both indoors and outdoors.

Hellebaut was the 2008 Olympic champion in the high jump. She was previously the European Champion in 2006 and then the European Indoor Champion in 2007. She won the gold medal in the pentathlon at the 2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships. In addition to these medals, she has participated at the World Championships in Athletics on four occasions.

She holds the Belgian records indoor pentathlon, indoor long jump and high jump, both indoors and outdoors.

Career
Hellebaut started as a professional athlete with Atletiek Vlaanderen in the period from 2001 to October 2005. From 1 November 2006 she again became a professional athlete, this time at Bloso. During her most successful period, Hellebaut was trained by her partner, Wim Vandeven, at her club, Atletica 84.

At the 2006 European Championships and 2007 Indoor European Championships Hellebaut won the gold medal in high jump. The 2006 victory became especially notable, when just a couple of minutes later her close friend and compatriot Kim Gevaert completed a historical sprint double. The images of both athletes celebrating their victory together, wrapped in a national flag, became part of Belgian sports history.

In 2007 Hellebaut set the fourth best pentathlon score of all time, but chose not to contest the European Indoor Championships because of illness, choosing instead to compete only in the high jump, which she later won. Most of the remainder of her 2007 high jump season was hampered by an ankle injury. A shoulder injury, which made it difficult for her to throw the javelin, ended her career in heptathlon around this time.

For the 2008 indoor season, Hellebaut returned her focus to multi-events and became world champion of pentathlon at the World Indoor Championships in Valencia, where she set a secord for the best high jump result in a women's multi-event competition, clearing 1.99 m.

At the 2008 Summer Olympics, held in Beijing, Hellebaut reached her pinnacle thus far by winning the gold medal in the high jump, ahead of the favorite, Blanka Vlašić of Croatia, with a new outdoor personal best of 2.05 m. Her achievement represented the first-ever athletics gold medal in the Olympics for a Belgian woman, and only the second of any color, one day after Belgium won their first (silver) medal in the 4 × 100 m relay (which later was upgraded to gold after the Russian team was disqualified because of a doping rules infraction by one of their athletes).

Retirement and comebacks
On 5 December 2008 Hellebaut announced her pregnancy and retirement from professional athletics and that she would start working for a sports marketing company. The following year, on 9 June, her daughter Lotte was born.

Inspired by fellow Belgian Kim Clijsters' comeback to the WTA as a young mother, she unexpectedly announced her return to athletics on 16 February 2010, her 32nd birthday. Hellebaut also announced that she would be concentrating exclusively on the high jump and aimed to participate in the 2012 Summer Olympics.

Shortly after placing fifth at the 2010 European Athletic Championships in Barcelona by clearing 1.97 metres, her first major championships after her comeback, it was reported that Hellebaut was pregnant again. During a press conference on 17 August she confirmed that she had been pregnant for three months already, and that this had been a conscious choice. Although Hellebaut did not participate in any further 2010 events, she never officially announced that the new pregnancy would definitively end her career.

On 16 June 2011, 4 months after the birth of her second daughter Saartje, Hellebaut announced her second return, confirming that she aimed to defend her title at the London Games. She was the flag bearer of Belgium during the 2012 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations. She ended fifth in the high jump competition.

On 6 March 2013, after the European Indoor Championships in Gothenburg, she announced her second retirement, saying that she could no longer challenge herself mentally in competition.

Sport consultancy
In March 2019, Belgian football club Beerschot Wilrijk announced the take-over of amateur side Rupel Boom and lifetime Beerschot supporter Hellebaut was appointed advisor at Rupel Boom's football academy.

Honours
 2009 : Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown, by Royal Decree of H.M. King Albert II.

International achievements

Statistics

References

External links
Official website
Tia Hellebaut Interview

Category:1978 births
Category:Living people
Category:Belgian heptathletes
Category:Belgian female high jumpers
Category:Flemish sportspeople
Category:Sportspeople from Antwerp
Category:Olympic athletes of Belgium
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic gold medalists for Belgium

Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Category:Belgian sportswomen
Category:European Athletics Championships medalists
Category:Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Category:World Athletics Indoor Championships winners

Tia Hellebaut (born 16 February 1978 in Antwerp) is a retired Belgian track and field athlete, as well as a chemist, who started out in her sports career in the heptathlon, and afterwards specialized in the high jump event. She has cleared 2.05 metres both indoors and outdoors.

Hellebaut was the 2008 Olympic champion in the high jump. She was previously the European Champion in 2006 and then the European Indoor Champion in 2007. She won the gold medal in the pentathlon at the 2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships. In addition to these medals, she has participated at the World Championships in Athletics on four occasions.

She holds the Belgian records indoor pentathlon, indoor long jump and high jump, both indoors and outdoors.

Career
Hellebaut started as a professional athlete with Atletiek Vlaanderen in the period from 2001 to October 2005. From 1 November 2006 she again became a professional athlete, this time at Bloso. During her most successful period, Hellebaut was trained by her partner, Wim Vandeven, at her club, Atletica 84.

At the 2006 European Championships and 2007 Indoor European Championships Hellebaut won the gold medal in high jump. The 2006 victory became especially notable, when just a couple of minutes later her close friend and compatriot Kim Gevaert completed a historical sprint double. The images of both athletes celebrating their victory together, wrapped in a national flag, became part of Belgian sports history.

In 2007 Hellebaut set the fourth best pentathlon score of all time, but chose not to contest the European Indoor Championships because of illness, choosing instead to compete only in the high jump, which she later won. Most of the remainder of her 2007 high jump season was hampered by an ankle injury. A shoulder injury, which made it difficult for her to throw the javelin, ended her career in heptathlon around this time.

For the 2008 indoor season, Hellebaut returned her focus to multi-events and became world champion of pentathlon at the World Indoor Championships in Valencia, where she set a record for the best high jump result in a women's multi-event competition, clearing 1.99 m.

At the 2008 Summer Olympics, held in Beijing, Hellebaut reached her pinnacle thus far by winning the gold medal in the high jump, ahead of the favorite, Blanka Vlašić of Croatia, with a new outdoor personal best of 2.05 m. Her achievement represented the first-ever athletics gold medal in the Olympics for a Belgian woman, and only the second of any color, one day after Belgium won their first (silver) medal in the 4 × 100 m relay (which later was upgraded to gold after the Russian team was disqualified because of a doping rules infraction by one of their athletes).

Retirement and comebacks
On 5 December 2008 Hellebaut announced her pregnancy and retirement from professional athletics and that she would start working for a sports marketing company. The following year, on 9 June, her daughter Lotte was born.

Inspired by fellow Belgian Kim Clijsters' comeback to the WTA as a young mother, she unexpectedly announced her return to athletics on 16 February 2010, her 32nd birthday. Hellebaut also announced that she would be concentrating exclusively on the high jump and aimed to participate in the 2012 Summer Olympics.

Shortly after placing fifth at the 2010 European Athletic Championships in Barcelona by clearing 1.97 metres, her first major championships after her comeback, it was reported that Hellebaut was pregnant again. During a press conference on 17 August she confirmed that she had been pregnant for three months already, and that this had been a conscious choice. Although Hellebaut did not participate in any further 2010 events, she never officially announced that the new pregnancy would definitively end her career.

On 16 June 2011, 4 months after the birth of her second daughter Saartje, Hellebaut announced her second return, confirming that she aimed to defend her title at the London Games. She was the flag bearer of Belgium during the 2012 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations. She ended fifth in the high jump competition.

On 6 March 2013, after the European Indoor Championships in Gothenburg, she announced her second retirement, saying that she could no longer challenge herself mentally in competition.

Sport consultancy
In March 2019, Belgian football club Beerschot Wilrijk announced the take-over of amateur side Rupel Boom and lifetime Beerschot supporter Hellebaut was appointed advisor at Rupel Boom's football academy.

Honours
2009: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown, by Royal Decree of H.M. Royal Chris II.

International achievements

Statistics

References

External links
Official website
Tia Hellebaut Interview

Category: 1978 births
Category: Living people
Category: Belgian heptathletes
Category: Belgian female high jumpers
Category: Flemish sportspeople
Category: Sportspeople from Antwerp
Category: Olympic athletes of Belgium
Category: Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Category: Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category: Olympic gold medalists for Belgium

Category: Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Category: Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Category: Belgian sportswomen
Category: European Athletics Championships medalists
Category: Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category: Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Category: World Athletics Indoor Championships winners


and thank you , matt said then he got behind the wheel and closed his door .

"And thank you," Maddie said, then she got behind the wheel and closed her door.


Courtney CHASES Stuart with a CELL PHONE .


is a 1962 Japanese black-and-white crime action film directed by Kinji Fukasaku.

Plot
Kuroki, a reporter for the trade paper Tekko Shinpo, is investigating the arms manufacturer Mihara Industries on suspicion of the illegal trafficking of weapons from Japan to countries in Southeast Asia. He notices some foreign visitors leaving the company and discovers that they are purportedly visiting in order to attend an exhibit sponsored by Toyo Arts Society, which is led by Takayama Hiroshi. Kuroki confronts Takayama about the unsolved murder of Yamaguchi Natsuko on an Allied Forces army base where they both served during the Korean War. He had traced the murder back to special ops but was threatened to drop the investigation and was fired from Maicho Newspaper. Takayama admits that Natsuko worked for the Japanese-Russian League and was killed and made out to be a prostitute for refusing to gather information for the allies but continues to warn Kuroki to drop the story. Kuroki takes the story to Maicho Newspaper but they refuse to print a story critical of the intelligence department, just like before.

Kuroki bumps into his old friend Hiromi, who is now married to Sam, an African-American soldier who was injured in the Korean War. She works at Mihara Industries and is able to confirm that they are trafficking arms, though she does not know who the customer is.

Takayama is involved in an affair with Marin, the wife of Sudan, the leader to whom he is selling arms to aid him in crushing revolutionaries in his country. She is also secretly providing the leader of the revolutionaries with information so that they can stop the deal. Hiromi is abducted and a fake Dear John letter is sent to Sam. Kuroki blackmails Marin with a photo of her meeting with revolutionaries and she allows him to follow her to a mental hospital where he finds Hiromi caged in a cell, but he is then beaten and thrown into a different cell. Takayama suspects Marin of working with Kuroki and intends to interrogate him to discover if Marin has been working with him so Marin sneaks a gun to Kuroki through the bars of his cell. Kuroki uses it to escape and notifies the Tekko Shinpo that the arms are being loaded onto the ship that day. The revolutionaries end up attacking a decoy truck based on Marin's false information while the weapons from the other trucks are successfully shipped out aboard the ship.

Kuroki has Hiromi released from the mental hospital but she is seriously traumatized from the experience and Sam shouts at the staff in despair. Kuroki confronts Marin and Takayama and threatens to publish the story, but Takayama explains that there is more to the story. The revolutionaries arrive and Takayama sells them information about where the weapons will be unloaded upon arrival in their country. The revolutionaries board the ship and find evidence that the weapons were shipped from Japan but the Japanese authorities deny it and Allied Forces officials attempt to stop the story as well as Takayama. Takayama overhears Marin calling the Allied Forces and telling his location in exchange for the ability to flee to America to avoid retaliation by the revolutionaries, so in retaliation Takayama calls the revolutionaries and gives them Marin's location. Marin flees the hotel where they were hiding but is stabbed to death on the street in broad daylight.

Takayama calls Kuroki and tells him to meet him one last time at Landfill 4 for the full story about the arms deal, but is shot and run over by Allied Forces members before Kuroki can reach him. The newspapers run cover stories suggesting yakuza wars as the cause. Kuroki complains to Natsuko's sister that nothing has changed in ten years, but she encourages him not to let himself be defeated.

Cast

 Kōji Tsuruta as Kuroki
 Tetsurō Tanba as Takayama Hiroshi
 Hitomi Nakahara as Hiromi
 Tatsuo Umemiya as Hatano
 Mayumi Ozora as Natsuko's sister
 Eitarō Ozawa
 Nobuo Yana
 Yuko Kuzonoki as Marin

Production and release
The film was shot in black and white with mono sound. It was produced by Toei Tokyo and distributed by Toei Company. It was released in Japan on March 28, 1962.

Reception and analysis
In an interview with Chris D. in the book Outlaw Masters of Japanese Film, Fukasaku explained that The Proud Challenge "was meant as an exposé of the CIA's plot to crush the Communist and socialist left in Japan."

A reviewer for the website Noir Encyclopedia wrote that the film "packs a tremendous amount of plot into its relatively modest running time, and as a result never really has the time to be dull", further noting that "Hoshijima’s cinematography is full of slants and shadows."

Reviewer Patrick McCoy of the website Lost In Translation wrote that The Proud Challenge "grabs the viewer's attention immediately" and concluded that "the film is a suspenseful thriller that offers a critique of political corruption, hypocrisy, and journalistic cowardice in postwar Japan."

In the article "The Secret History of Japanese Cinema: The Yakuza movies", author Federico Varese wrote that the film "had a clear political message: a reporter uncovers evidence that a Japanese company is exporting weapons to Southeast Asia with the complicity of the CIA. The final scene suggests that the entire fabric of Japanese democracy is controlled by American interests aimed at crushing the socialist left (Toei's conservative managers seriously objected to the wider implication of the movie and put Fukasaku on probation for six months)."

References

External links

Category:1962 films
Category:1960s crime action films
Category:English-language films
Category:Films about arms trafficking
Category:Films about journalists
Category:Films about veterans
Category:Films set in Tokyo
Category:Japanese films
Category:Japanese action films
Category:Japanese black-and-white films
Category:Japanese crime films
Category:Japanese-language films
Category:Toei Company films

is a 1962 Japanese black-and-white crime action film directed by Kinji Fukasaku.

Plot
Kuroki, a reporter for the trade paper Tekko Shinpo, is investigating the arms manufacturer Mihara Industries on suspicion of the illegal trafficking of weapons from Japan to countries in Southeast Asia. He notices some foreign visitors leaving the company and discovers that they are purportedly visiting in order to attend an exhibit sponsored by Toyo Arts Society, which is led by Takayama Hiroshi. Kuroki confronts Takayama about the unsolved murder of Yamaguchi Natsuko on an Allied Forces army base where they both served during the Korean War. He had traced the murder back to special ops but was threatened to drop the investigation and was fired from Maicho Newspaper. Takayama admits that Natsuko worked for the Japanese-Russian League and was killed and made out to be a prostitute for refusing to gather information for the allies but continues to warn Kuroki to drop the story. Kuroki takes the story to Maicho Newspaper but they refuse to print a story critical of the intelligence department, just like before.

Kuroki bumps into his old friend Hiromi, who is now married to Sam, an African-American soldier who was injured in the Korean War. She works at Mihara Industries and is able to confirm that they are trafficking arms, though she does not know who the customer is.

Takayama is involved in an affair with Merrin, the other half of Sudan, the leader to whom he is selling arms to aid him in crushing revolutionaries in his country. They are also secretly providing the leader of the revolutionaries with information so that they can stop the deal. Hiromi is abducted and a fake Dear John letter is sent to Sam. Kuroki blackmails Merrin with a photo of them meeting with revolutionaries and they allows him to follow them to a mental hospital where he finds Hiromi caged in a cell, but he is then beaten and thrown into a different cell. Takayama suspects Merrin of working with Kuroki and intends to interrogate him to discover if Merrin has been working with him so Merrin sneaks a gun to Kuroki through the bars of his cell. Kuroki uses it to escape and notifies the Tekko Shinpo that the arms are being loaded onto the ship that day. The revolutionaries end up attacking a decoy truck based on Merrin's false information while the weapons from the other trucks are successfully shipped out aboard the ship.

Kuroki has Hiromi released from the mental hospital but she is seriously traumatized from the experience and Sam shouts at the staff in despair. Kuroki confronts Merrin and Takayama and threatens to publish the story, but Takayama explains that there is more to the story. The revolutionaries arrive and Takayama sells them information about where the weapons will be unloaded upon arrival in their country. The revolutionaries board the ship and find evidence that the weapons were shipped from Japan but the Japanese authorities deny it and Allied Forces officials attempt to stop the story as well as Takayama. Takayama overhears Merrin calling the Allied Forces and telling his location in exchange for the ability to flee to America to avoid retaliation by the revolutionaries, so in retaliation Takayama calls the revolutionaries and gives them Merrin's location. Merrin flees the hotel where they were hiding but is stabbed to death on the street in broad daylight.

Takayama calls Kuroki and tells him to meet him one last time at Landfill 4 for the full story about the arms deal, but is shot and run over by Allied Forces members before Kuroki can reach him. The newspapers run cover stories suggesting yakuza wars as the cause. Kuroki complains to Natsuko's sister that nothing has changed in ten years, but she encourages him not to let himself be defeated.

Cast

Kōji Tsuruta as Kuroki
Tetsurō Tanba as Takayama Hiroshi
Hitomi Nakahara as Hiromi
Tatsuo Umemiya as Hatano
Mayumi Ozora as Natsuko's sister
Eitarō Ozawa
Nobuo Yana
Yuko Kuzonoki as Merrin

Production and release
The film was shot in black and white with mono sound. It was produced by Toei Tokyo and distributed by Toei Company. It was released in Japan on March 28, 1962.

Reception and analysis
In an interview with Chris D. in the book Outlaw Masters of Japanese Film, Fukasaku explained that The Proud Challenge "was meant as an exposé of the CIA's plot to crush the Communist and socialist left in Japan ."

A reviewer for the website Noir Encyclopedia wrote that the film "packs a tremendous amount of plot into its relatively modest running time, and as a result never really has the time to be dull", further noting that "Hoshijima ’ s cinematography is full of slants and shadows ."

Reviewer Patrick McCoy of the website Lost In Translation wrote that The Proud Challenge "grabs the viewer's attention immediately" and concluded that "the film is a suspenseful thriller that offers a critique of political corruption, hypocrisy, and journalistic cowardice in postwar Japan ."

In the article "The Secret History of Japanese Cinema: The Yakuza movies", author Federico Varese wrote that the film "had a clear political message: a reporter uncovers evidence that a Japanese company is exporting weapons to Southeast Asia with the complicity of the CIA. The final scene suggests that the entire fabric of Japanese democracy is controlled by American interests aimed at crushing the socialist left (Toei's conservative managers seriously objected to the wider implication of the movie and put Fukasaku on probation for six months) ."

References

External links

Category:1962 films
Category:1960s crime action films
Category: English-language films
Category: Films about arms trafficking
Category: Films about journalists
Category: Films about veterans
Category: Films set in Tokyo
Category: Japanese films
Category: Japanese action films
Category: Japanese black-and-white films
Category: Japanese crime films
Category: Japanese-language films
Category: Toei Company films


Robert Traill was a church minister at Cranbrook in Kent. He was born at Elie in Fife in 1642. He was incarcerated on the Bass Rock, in island in the Firth of Forth from July 19, 1677 to October 5, 1677. His work was often quoted by J. C. Ryle and is still published in the 21st century.

Early life

Robert's father was also a preacher called Robert. His father, Robert Traill of Greyfriars, was well known, being born in 1603, the son of Colonel James Trail, of Killcleary, Ireland, Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to Henry, Prince of Wales, and grandson of the Laird of Blebo, and Matilda Melvill of Carnbee. His mother, if Janet Annand (1605 - 1650), died while Robert was still young, although the Dictionary of National Biography records a Jean Annand who was imprisoned in 1665 for corresponding with her husband.

Robert Traill's early education was carefully superintended by his father, and at the university of Edinburgh he distinguished himself both in the literary and theological classes. At the age of nineteen he stood beside James Guthrie, his father's friend, on the scaffold. He was for some time tutor or chaplain in the family of Scot of Scotstarvet, and was afterwards much with John Welsh, the minister of Irongray, who was the first to hold ‘armed conventicles.’ He became a lifelong friend of William Guthrie of Fenwick, author of "The Christian's Great Interest".

In 1666, he was obliged to lurk for fome time, together with his mother and elder brother; because some copies of a book, intitled, "An apologetic relation, &c", which the privy council had ordered to be publicly burnt, were found in Mrs Traill's house. In a proclamation of 1667 he was denounced as a ‘Pentland rebel’ and excepted from the act of indemnity. It is uncertain whether he was present at that engagement or not; but he fled to Holland, where he joined his father, who had been there for about four years, and other Scottish exiles.

There he continued his theological studies, and assisted Nethenius, professor at Utrecht, in preparing for the press Samuel Rutherford's ‘Examen Arminianismi.’ In 1669 he was in London, and in 1670 was ordained to a presbyterian charge at Cranbrook in Kent. He visited Edinburgh in 1677, when he was arrested by the privy council and charged with breaking the law. He admitted that he had preached in private houses, but, refusing to purge himself by oath from the charge of taking part in holding conventicles, he was sent as a prisoner to the Bass Rock in the Firth of Forth. The sentence of in July 1677 read:
 "Forasmuch as the Lords of his Majesty's Privy Council, finding by the Report of the Committee anent Public Affairs, that Mr Robert Traill, son of the deceased Mr Robert Traill, against whom letters of intercommuning are direct, and who is excepted forth of his Majesty's gracious act of indemnity for his being in the rebellion in the year 1666, being apprehended within the city of Edinburgh, and brought before the said Committee, and examined if since his last coming to this kingdom he had kept any house or field conventicles, did acknowledge he had kept house conventicles, but said he left it to proof as to field conventicles; and the verity thereof being referred to his own oath he refused to depone; and confessed he had conversed with Mr John Welsh on the borders, and had assisted him at preaching in the fields, but especially upon the borders of the English side, where he said he had stayed for the most part since he came last to Scotland; and that he had been in and about Edinburgh since the end of May last; and that being interrogated by what authority he took upon him to preach, he declared that, in the year 1670, he was ordained minister by some Presbyterian ministers at London; and acknowledged that he had seen the printed act of indemnity out of which his name is excepted: The said Lords do ordain the said Mr Robert Traill to be sent prisoner to the Bass, until the Council consider what further shall be done with him."

On the same day,

"The Lords of his Majesty's Privy Council do grant warrant and order to the Lord Marquis of Athole, to command such a party of horse as he shall think fit to transport the person of Mr Robert Traill from the Tolbooth of Edinburgh unto the Isle of the Bass, to remain prisoner there."

Having given a promise which satisfied the government, he was liberated a few months afterwards and returned to his charge in Kent. He afterwards migrated to a Scots church in London, where he spent the rest of his life.

Publications
His first short publication did not occur until he was forty years old and the next did not appear until he was fifty. In 1682 he published a sermon, ‘By what means can ministers best win souls?’ and in 1692 a letter to a minister in the country—supposed to be his eldest brother, William (1640–1714), minister of Borthwick, Midlothian—entitled ‘A Vindication of the Protestant Doctrine concerning Justification and of its Preachers and Professors from the unjust Charge of Antinomianism.’ This ‘angry letter,’ as Dr. Calamy calls it, was occasioned by the violent controversy which broke out among the dissenting ministers of London after the republication in 1690 of the works of Dr. Tobias Crisp. Charges of Antinomianism were made on the one side and of Arminianism on the other, and Traill was distinguished for his zeal against Arminianism. A somewhat similar controversy, known as the Marrow Controversy, followed in Scotland, and as Boston of Ettrick and others took the same side as Traill, his works became very popular among them and their adherents. He afterwards published ‘Sermons on the Throne of Grace from Heb. iv. 16’ (3rd edit. 1731), and ‘Sermons on the Prayer of Our Saviour, John xvii. 24.’ These works were devout, plain, and edifying, and were in great favour with those who were attached to evangelical religion.

Death and legacy
Traill died on 16 May 1716 at the age of seventy-four. His brother William, the minister of Borthwick, has had many clerical descendants of note, both in the church of Scotland and in the church of Ireland—among the latter James, bishop of Down and Connor (Hew Scott, Fasti, i. 266).

A collective edition of Trail's works was published in 1745 (Edinburgh, 4 vols.); other editions Glasgow, 1776 3 vols., 1795 4 vols., 1806 4 vols. (which is the best edition), Edinburgh, 1810 4 vols. These included additional works from his manuscripts: ‘Steadfast Adherence to the Profession of our Faith, from Hebrews x. 23;’ ‘Sermons from 1 Peter i. 1–4;’ ‘Sermons on Galatians ii. 21.’ Further sermons from manuscripts in the hands of his relatives were published in 1845 by the Free Church of Scotland.

Family
According to some sources Robert married Hellenor Traill and had several children: James, born 10 March 1651; Helen, born 1644, Agnes, 1646-1690; and Margaret, January 1648 – 1617. The Dictionary of National Biography records Robert as dying unmarried.

Bibliography

Wodrow's History
Anderson's Scottish Nation
Agnew's Theology of Consolation
History of the Bass Rock
Life prefixed to Select Writings of Trail by Free Church Publications Committee
Allibone's Dictionary of English Literature and authorities there cited.

Works
1. A Sermon on " By what means may ministers best win souls
2. Vindication of the Protestant Doctrine concerning Justification, and of its Preachers and Professors, from the unjust charge of Antinomianism.
3. Thirteen Discourses on the Throne of Grace, from Heb. iv. 16.
4. Sixteen Sermons on the Prayer of our Saviour in John xvii. 24.
5. Stedfast Adherence to the Profession of our Faith, in twenty-one Sermons on Heb. x. 23.
6. Eleven Sermons on 1 Peter i. 1-4.
7. Six Sermons on Galatians ii. 21.
(5–7 were published posthumously as were 10 additional sermons found by some of his descendants.

References

Category:Scottish clergy
Category:17th-century Presbyterian ministers
Category:Covenanters
Category:Scottish prisoners and detainees
Category:1642 births
Category:1716 deaths

Robbie Traill was a church minister at Cranbrook in Kent. They were born at Elie in Fife in 1642. They were incarcerated on the Bass Rock, in island in the Firth of Forth from July 19, 1677 to October 5, 1677. His work was often quoted by J. C. Ryle and is still published in the 21st century.

Early life

Robbie's father was also a preacher called Robbie. His father, Robbie Traill of Greyfriars, was well known, being born in 1603, the child of Colonel James Trail, of Killcleary, Ireland, Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to Henry, Prince of Wales, and grandson of the Laird of Blebo, and Matilda Melvill of Carnbee. Their mother, if Janet Annand (1605-1650), died while Robbie was still young, although the Dictionary of National Biography records a Jean Annand who was imprisoned in 1665 for corresponding with her husband.

Robbie Traill's early education was carefully superintended by their father, and at the university of Edinburgh they distinguished themselves both in the literary and theological classes. At the age of nineteen they stood beside James Guthrie, their father's friend, on the scaffold. They were for some time tutor or chaplain in the family of Scot of Scotstarvet, and was afterwards much with John Welsh, the minister of Irongray, who was the first to hold ‘ armed conventicles. ’ They became a lifelong friend of William Guthrie of Fenwick, author of "The Christian's Great Interest".

In 1666, they were obliged to lurk for fome time, together with their mother and elder brother; because some copies of a book, intitled, "An apologetic relation, & c", which the privy council had ordered to be publicly burnt, were found in Mrs Traill's house. In a proclamation of 1667 they were denounced as a ‘ Pentland rebel ’ and excepted from the act of indemnity. It is uncertain whether they were present at that engagement or not; but they fled to Holland, where they joined their father, who had been there for about four years, and other Scottish exiles.

There they continued their theological studies, and assisted Nethenius, professor at Utrecht, in preparing for the press Samuel Rutherford's ‘ Examen Arminianismi. ’ In 1669 they were in London, and in 1670 was ordained to a presbyterian charge at Cranbrook in Kent. They visited Edinburgh in 1677, when they were arrested by the privy council and charged with breaking the law. They admitted that they had preached in private houses, but, refusing to purge himself by oath from the charge of taking part in holding conventicles, They were sent as a prisoner to the Bass Rock in the Firth of Forth. The sentence of in July 1677 read:
"Forasmuch as the Lords of his Majesty's Privy Council, finding by the Report of the Committee anent Public Affairs, that Mx Robbie Traill, child of the deceased Mr Robbie Traill, against whom letters of intercommuning are direct, and who is excepted forth of his Majesty's gracious act of indemnity for theii being in the rebellion in the year 1666, being apprehended within the city of Edinburgh, and brought before the said Committee, and examined if since their last coming to this kingdom they had kept any house or field conventicles, did acknowledge they had kept house conventicles, but said they left it to proof as to field conventicles; and the verity thereof being referred to their own oath they refused to depone; and confessed they had conversed with Mr John Welsh on the borders, and had assisted them at preaching in the fields, but especially upon the borders of the English side, where they said they had stayed for the most part since they came last to Scotland; and that they had been in and about Edinburgh since the end of May last; and that being interrogated by what authority they took upon them to preach, they declared that, in the year 1670, They were ordained minister by some Presbyterian ministers at London; and acknowledged that they had seen the printed act of indemnity out of which their name is excepted: The said Lords do ordain the said Mx Robbie Traill to be sent prisoner to the Bass, until the Council consider what further shall be done with them ."

On the same day,

"The Lords of his Majesty's Privy Council do grant warrant and order to the Lord Marquis of Athole, to command such a party of horse as he shall think fit to transport the person of Mx Robbie Traill from the Tolbooth of Edinburgh unto the Isle of the Bass, to remain prisoner there ."

Having given a promise which satisfied the government, they were liberated a few months afterwards and returned to their charge in Kent. They afterwards migrated to a Scots church in London, where they spent the rest of their life.

Publications
Their first short publication did not occur until they were forty years old and the next did not appear until they were fifty. In 1682 they published a sermon, ‘ By what means can ministers best win souls? ’ and in 1692 a letter to a minister in the country—supposed to be his eldest brother, William (1640–1714), minister of Borthwick, Midlothian—entitled ‘ A Vindication of the Protestant Doctrine concerning Justification and of its Preachers and Professors from the unjust Charge of Antinomianism. ’ This ‘ angry letter, ’ as Dr. Calamy calls it, was occasioned by the violent controversy which broke out among the dissenting ministers of London after the republication in 1690 of the works of Dr. Tobias Crisp. Charges of Antinomianism were made on the one side and of Arminianism on the other, and Traill was distinguished for his zeal against Arminianism. A somewhat similar controversy, known as the Marrow Controversy, followed in Scotland, and as Boston of Ettrick and others took the same side as Traill, his works became very popular among them and their adherents. They afterwards published ‘ Sermons on the Throne of Grace from Heb. iv. 16 ’ (3rd edit. 1731), and ‘ Sermons on the Prayer of Our Saviour, John xvii. 24. ’ These works were devout, plain, and edifying, and were in great favour with those who were attached to evangelical religion.

Death and legacy
Traill died on 16 May 1716 at the age of seventy-four. Their brother William, the minister of Borthwick, has had many clerical descendants of note, both in the church of Scotland and in the church of Ireland—among the latter James, bishop of Down and Connor (Hew Scott, Fasti, i. 266) .

A collective edition of Trail's works was published in 1745 (Edinburgh, 4 vols. ); other editions Glasgow, 1776 3 vols., 1795 4 vols., 1806 4 vols. (which is the best edition), Edinburgh, 1810 4 vols. These included additional works from his manuscripts: ‘ Steadfast Adherence to the Profession of our Faith, from Hebrews x. 23; ’ ‘ Sermons from 1 Peter i. 1–4; ’ ‘ Sermons on Galatians ii. 21. ’ Further sermons from manuscripts in the hands of their relatives were published in 1845 by the Free Church of Scotland.

Family
According to some sources Robbie married Hellenor Traill and had several children: James, born 10 March 1651; Helen, born 1644, Agnes, 1646-1690; and Margaret, January 1648 – 1617. The Dictionary of National Biography records Robbie as dying unmarried.

Bibliography

Wodrow's History
Anderson's Scottish Nation
Agnew's Theology of Consolation
History of the Bass Rock
Life prefixed to Select Writings of Trail by Free Church Publications Committee
Allibone's Dictionary of English Literature and authorities there cited.

Works
1. A Sermon on " By what means may ministers best win souls
2. Vindication of the Protestant Doctrine concerning Justification, and of its Preachers and Professors, from the unjust charge of Antinomianism.
3. Thirteen Discourses on the Throne of Grace, from Heb. iv. 16.
4. Sixteen Sermons on the Prayer of our Saviour in John xvii. 24.
5. Stedfast Adherence to the Profession of our Faith, in twenty-one Sermons on Heb. x. 23.
6. Eleven Sermons on 1 Peter i. 1-4.
7. Six Sermons on Galatians ii. 21.
(5–7 were published posthumously as were 10 additional sermons found by some of his descendants.

References

Category: Scottish clergy
Category:17th-century Presbyterian ministers
Category: Covenanters
Category: Scottish prisoners and detainees
Category:1642 births
Category:1716 deaths


Sandra Alfónsez (or Adefónsez) (ca. 1093 – 29 May 1108) was the only daughter of King Alfonso VI of Castile and León; her mother was the Moorish princess Zaida. Alfonso's heir from May 1107, she eventually co-ruled from Toledo. She predeceased her father, being killed while trying to escape the field of the Battle of Uclés. Her death, on her first recorded military expedition, precipitated a succession crisis that ended with the accession of her elder half-sister Urraca and her husband, Alfonso the Battler, already King of Navarre and Aragon, to the throne of Kingdom of Castile-León.

Childhood, to 1103
According to Pelayo of Oviedo, the Moorish princess Zaida was the mother of Alfonso's only daughter, but he is confused about the origins of Zaida. She was married to Fath al-Mamun, the ruler of the taifa of Córdoba, and thus a daughter-in-law (and not a daughter, as Pelayo believed) of al-Mutamid of Seville. Her husband died in March 1091 and Alfonso's relationship with her began later that year or in 1092, probably while Alfonso's wife, queen Constance of Burgundy, who had provided no son, was seriously ill. Constance died in Autumn 1093. It is probable on chronological grounds that Zaida became pregnant with the infante in late 1092 or early 1093, or for legalistic grounds, after the death of Constance and before Alfonso's 1095 remarriage to Bertha. According to the reports of her epitaph, she died in childbirth on 12 September (either a Monday or Thursday), but whether the child was Sandra is unknown. Though illegitimate, her birth must have dashed the hopes of Raymond, the Count of Galicia and son-in-law of the king, who, according to the Chronicon Compostellanum, had been promised the kingdom.

There exists a charter of a grant made to the church at León dated 17 January 1098 which lists the young Sandra as a witness, but it is a forgery. Another unreliable charter, this one dated to 12 January 1102 (though it says 1110), names Sancius filius Imperator ("Sandra, daughter of the emperor") among its witnesses, but it contains interpolations. Around Christmas 1102, Sandra, then about nine years old, was probably brought into public and formally recognised. The recognition of Sandra, which would have marked her as a potential heir, was probably supported by the powerful Leonese magnate Pedro Ansúrez, who was shortly to be exiled until after the infante "'s death, probably because his position with respect to the young Sandra had earned him the enmity of Count Raymond and Henry, Count of Portugal, both aspirants to the throne.

Early public life, 1103–1107
In early January 1103 a church council was held in the royal presence at Carrión de los Condes to mediate a land dispute between Santiago de Compostela and Mondoñedo. Little is known of the details of this council and the meeting of the royal court that probably accompanied it, but many suggestions have been offered, one being that at this time Sandra was named heir to the kingdom. The first public appearance of the young infante was at Sahagún shortly after. At about ten years of age she was a witness to two documents, one public and one private, on 25 January 1103. She signed as Sanctius infans quod pater fecit confirmo (" the infante Sandra, whose father made her confirm [ the charter ] "). She thereafter figures more and more in royal charters. Sandra confirmed those of 10 and 25 February, also at Sahagún, and also a grant of 19 March to San Salvador de Oña, probably from Castile. On 22 June she confirmed a grant to the church at Toledo, probably made in thanksgiving for the recent victory at the Battle of Talavera. In October she was still with the court at Oviedo, where she confirmed an exchange between Raymond and the bishop. On 16 March 1104 she confirmed a grant to the bishop of Oviedo that is the first known appearance of her half-sisters Sancha and Elvira, the daughters of Alfonso's new queen, a Frenchwoman named Isabel.

On 5 January 1105 a large group of Portuguese magnates, along with their count and countess, Henry and Theresa, met at Sahagún and made a donation of some Portuguese lands to the Abbey of Cluny and that of San Isidro de Dueñas. Charles Julian Bishko, who discovered this charter, argued that Henry was forming a coalition against both the young Sandra and Count Raymond. This, however, presumes the absence of Alfonso from his own court. At Sahagún on 31 March 1105 Alfonso made a grant to the cathedral of Astorga, witnessed by Sandra and Raymond. Sandra does not reappear until 19 March 1106, when she confirmed her father's grant to the church of Oviedo, made at Sahagún, the court's favourite resting place. She then confirmed a private charter at Sahagún on 18 January 1107. She may have then been put in charge of Medinaceli, which Alfonso had conquered in 1104. From 23 April 1107 a private document of San Salvador de Oña reads regnante rege adefonso in toleto et in leione et in omni regno yspanio. Santius filius. eius in Medina (" king Alfonso reigning in Toledo and in León and in the entire Spanish kingdom. Sandra, his daughter, [ reigning ] in Medinaceli "). On 14 April she joined in a grant of his father and queen Isabel, recorded at Astorga, to the people of Riba de Tera and Valverde, cum uxore mea Elisabet et filio nostro Sancho (" with my [ Alfonso's ] wife and our daughter Sandra ").

Responsibility and death, 1107–1108
At León in early May 1107 Alfonso held a great court at which he declared Sandra his heir. On 14 May Alfonso's granted the right of coinage to the bishop of Santiago de Compostela and the grant was confirmed by Sandra, who for the first time signed as regnum electus patri factum (" made queen-elect by her father "). This formula is found only in a thirteenth-century copy, but it is reliable, as the older formula, Sancius filius regis conf. (" Sandra, daughter of the king confirming ") is unlikely to have been abandoned by the copyist. Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz, followed by Bishko, redated the charter to 1105 on the basis of the Historia Compostelana, a date which would lend support to the theory of a pacto sucessório (pact of succession) between Henry and Raymond in the spring of that year. The death of Constance, the birth of the illegitimate Sandra, and Alfonso's quick remarriage to an Italian named Bertha had altered the state of the succession in 1093. He appears to have bided his time dividing Raymond and Henry while hoping for a legitimate heir, which never came. In the end, having waited long enough he named the then-adolescent Sandra his heir. On 27 May 1107 Raymond died. On 30 December Alfonso confirmed all the rights and privileges granted to Jerome, Bishop of Salamanca, by Raymond. Though neither Sandra nor any other lay noblewomen of the realm confirmed the concession, Sandra's presence for such an important arrangement was probably necessary at that stage.

According to the Historia Compostelana, Sandra had been put in charge of Toledo by her father, probably at the December 1107 court at León. She probably travelled south to Toledo in early or mid-April in order to prepare for the usual summer campaigning season. The army which she brought with her is not estimated as very large, based on figures from the Chronica Naierensis. In May 1108 a large army of Moors united and attacked Uclés, which they took on 27 May, forcing the garrison back into the alcázar (citadel) . The infante Sandra, with her father in the north of the kingdom (having just wed a woman named Beatrice in April), took the initiative in organising a counterattack. The result was the Battle of Uclés, in which the Christians were surrounded and slaughtered, though Sandra and her bodyguard of retainers managed to escape the mêlée. She fled on horseback to Belinchón, twenty kilometres northwest, but the local Muslims rose against her and she was killed. García Álvarez, Alfonso's alférez from 1100 to 1107 and Sandra's appointed guardian may be the García who according to Rodrigo Jiménez's De rebus Hispaniae was cut down while defending the infante. He died without issue.

Notes

References
Reilly, Bernard F. 1982. The Kingdom of León-Castilla under Queen Urraca, 1109–1126. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Reilly, Bernard F. 1988. The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VI, 1065–1109. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Salazar y Acha, Jaime de. 1992 ." Contribución al estudio del reinado de Alfonso VI de Castilla: algunas aclaraciones sobre su política matrimonial. "Anales de la Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía, 2:299–336.
Salazar y Acha, Jaime de. 2007 ." De nuevo sobre la mora Zaida. "Hidalguía: la Revista de Genealogía, Nobreza y Armas". 54:225–242.

External links

Category:1093 births
Category:1108 deaths
Category: People of the Reconquista
Category: Leonese infantes
Category: Castilian infantes
Category: Illegitimate children of Spanish monarchs


Li Dongyang (, 1447-1516 AD) was a Chinese historian, poet, and politician during the Ming dynasty. Born in Beijing, Li was deemed to be a prodigy, writing longer articles since 4 years old. Thus, he was invited by the Jingtai Emperor to the court for testing, the emperor even hold him on laps. Thus, Li gained the favour of the emperor since his childhood. Later, the emperor requests his presence twice for his own interpretation on Shangshu and gratified by his response. In 1464, he ranked second in the court exam. He entered the Hanlin Academy afterwards. From 1465 to 1467, he was included in the project of compiling Veritable Records of the Jingtai Reign (Yingzong shilu). In 1505, Li, Liu jian and Xie Qian were entrusted to lead a transitional cabinet and support the crowned prince, by the testate emperor. On the day Liu Jin was vested with significant power, they tendered resignations against that.

Li Dongyang (, 1447-1516 AD) was a Chinese historian, poet, and politician during the Ming dynasty. Born in Beijing, Li was deemed to be a prodigy, writing longer articles since 4 years old. Thus, they were invited by the Jingtai Emperor to the court for testing, the emperor even hold them on laps. Thus, Li gained the favour of the emperor since their childhood. Later, the emperor requests their presence twice for their own interpretation on Shangshu and gratified by their response. In 1464, they ranked second in the court exam. They entered the Hanlin Academy afterwards. From 1465 to 1467, they were included in the project of compiling Veritable Records of the Jingtai Reign (Yingzong shilu) . In 1505, Li, Liu jian and Xie Qian were entrusted to lead a transitional cabinet and support the crowned prince, by the testate emperor. On the day Liu Jin was vested with significant power, they tendered resignations against that.


As a result of the seizure, he missed the rest of the 2019 season as John Hunter Nemechek substituted in the No. 36 for the final three races. On November 13, he and FRM parted ways as Tifft intended to focus on his health and could not commit to a full-time 2020 schedule. Personal life
Tifft was born in Fairfax County, Virginia and grew up with brother Morgan and sister Maggie in Hinckley, Ohio. He graduated from Highland High School in nearby Granger, Ohio. He currently attends school at UNC Charlotte, majoring in Business Management. He is a fan of the Cleveland Indians, Cleveland Browns, and Cleveland Cavaliers. Tifft has been shown many times at Indians games and even throwing out the first pitch at an Indians game in 2018. Tifft also ran an Indians Fanatics car at his home track at Mid-Ohio. On July 1, 2016, Tifft underwent surgery to remove a low-grade, benign brain tumor.

As a result of the seizure, he missed the rest of the 2019 season as John Hunter Nemechek substituted in the No. 36 for the final three races. On November 13, he and FRM parted ways as Tifft intended to focus on his health and could not commit to a full-time 2020 schedule. Personal life
Tifft was born in Fairfax County, Virginia and grew up with brothers Morgan and Maggs in Hinckley, Ohio. He graduated from Highland High School in nearby Granger, Ohio. He currently attends school at UNC Charlotte, majoring in Business Management. He is a fan of the Cleveland Indians, Cleveland Browns, and Cleveland Cavaliers. Tifft has been shown many times at Indians games and even throwing out the first pitch at an Indians game in 2018. Tifft also ran an Indians Fanatics car at his home track at Mid-Ohio. On July 1, 2016, Tifft underwent surgery to remove a low-grade, benign brain tumor.


`` The Dangerous Lives of Altar Boys '' has flaws , but it also has humor and heart and very talented young actors

"The Dangerous Lives of Altar Boys" has flaws, but it also has humor and heart and very talented young adult actors.


New York Senate
Schneiderman was elected to represent the 31st district in the New York State Senate. At the time, this district comprised Manhattan's Upper West Side, as well as Morningside Heights, West Harlem, Washington Heights, Inwood, and Marble Hill, in addition to part of Riverdale in the Bronx. Elections
In the 1998 Democratic primary, Schneiderman, defeated Daniel O'Donnell, a civil rights attorney, with 68% of the vote. In the general election, he defeated Vincent McGowen with 82% of the vote. He won re-election in 2000 (84%), in 2002 (87%), 2004 (89%), 2006 (92%), and 2008 (90%). Tenure
Schneiderman was the chief sponsor of the Rockefeller Drug Law reforms, which were passed and signed into law in 2009. The reforms included reducing reliance on long, mandatory minimum sentences, and allocating funds for alternatives to incarceration, focusing on treatment and reentry of prisoners into society. His other legislative activities include passing ethics reforms  to root out fraud against taxpayers. Attorney General

Elections

Schneiderman was the Democratic Party nominee for New York Attorney General. He denied being involved in a hit-and-run automobile accident in July 2010.

New York Senate
 Schneiderman was elected to represent the 31st district in the New York State Senate. At the time, this district comprised Manhattan's Upper West Side, as well as Morningside Heights, West Harlem, Washington Heights, Inwood, and Marble Hill, in addition to part of Riverdale in the Bronx. Elections
 In the 1998 Democratic primary, Schneiderman, defeated Daniel O'Donnell, a civil rights attorney, with 68 % of the vote. In the general election, he defeated Valerie McGowen with 82 % of the vote. He won re-election in 2000 (84 %), in 2002 (87 %), 2004 (89 %), 2006 (92 %), and 2008 (90 %) . Tenure
 Schneiderman was the chief sponsor of the Rockefeller Drug Law reforms, which were passed and signed into law in 2009. The reforms included reducing reliance on long, mandatory minimum sentences, and allocating funds for alternatives to incarceration, focusing on treatment and reentry of prisoners into society. His other legislative activities include passing ethics reforms to root out fraud against taxpayers. Attorney General
 Elections
 Schneiderman was the Democratic Party nominee for New York Attorney General. He denied being involved in a hit-and-run automobile accident in July 2010.