Sancho Alfónsez (or Adefónsez) (ca. 1093 – 29 May 1108) was the only son of King Alfonso VI of Castile and León; his mother was the Moorish princess Zaida. Alfonso's heir from May 1107, he eventually co-ruled from Toledo. He predeceased his father, being killed while trying to escape the field of the Battle of Uclés. His death, on his first recorded military expedition, precipitated a succession crisis that ended with the accession of his elder half-sister Urraca and her husband, Alfonso the Battler, already King of Navarre and Aragon, to the throne of Kingdom of Castile-León.

Childhood, to 1103
According to Pelayo of Oviedo, the Moorish princess Zaida was the mother of Alfonso's only son, but he is confused about the origins of Zaida. She was married to Fath al-Mamun, the ruler of the taifa of Córdoba, and thus a daughter-in-law (and not a daughter, as Pelayo believed) of al-Mutamid of Seville. Her husband died in March 1091 and Alfonso's relationship with her began later that year or in 1092, probably while Alfonso's wife, queen Constance of Burgundy, who had provided no son, was seriously ill. Constance died in Autumn 1093. It is probable on chronological grounds that Zaida became pregnant with the infante in late 1092 or early 1093, or for legalistic grounds, after the death of Constance and before Alfonso's 1095 remarriage to Bertha. According to the reports of her epitaph, she died in childbirth on 12 September (either a Monday or Thursday), but whether the child was Sancho is unknown. Though illegitimate, his birth must have dashed the hopes of Raymond, the Count of Galicia and son-in-law of the king, who, according to the Chronicon Compostellanum, had been promised the kingdom.

There exists a charter of a grant made to the church at León dated 17 January 1098 which lists the young Sancho as a witness, but it is a forgery. Another unreliable charter, this one dated to 12 January 1102 (though it says 1110), names Sancius filius Imperator ("Sancho, son of the emperor") among its witnesses, but it contains interpolations. Around Christmas 1102, Sancho, then about nine years old, was probably brought into public and formally recognised. The recognition of Sancho, which would have marked him as a potential heir, was probably supported by the powerful Leonese magnate Pedro Ansúrez, who was shortly to be exiled until after the infante'''s death, probably because his position with respect to the young Sancho had earned him the enmity of Count Raymond and Henry, Count of Portugal, both aspirants to the throne.

Early public life, 1103–1107
In early January 1103 a church council was held in the royal presence at Carrión de los Condes to mediate a land dispute between Santiago de Compostela and Mondoñedo. Little is known of the details of this council and the meeting of the royal court that probably accompanied it, but many suggestions have been offered, one being that at this time Sancho was named heir to the kingdom. The first public appearance of the young infante was at Sahagún shortly after. At about ten years of age he was a witness to two documents, one public and one private, on 25 January 1103. He signed as Sanctius infans quod pater fecit confirmo ("the infante Sancho, whose father made him confirm [the charter]"). He thereafter figures more and more in royal charters. Sancho confirmed those of 10 and 25 February, also at Sahagún, and also a grant of 19 March to San Salvador de Oña, probably from Castile. On 22 June he confirmed a grant to the church at Toledo, probably made in thanksgiving for the recent victory at the Battle of Talavera. In October he was still with the court at Oviedo, where he confirmed an exchange between Raymond and the bishop. On 16 March 1104 he confirmed a grant to the bishop of Oviedo that is the first known appearance of his half-sisters Sancha and Elvira, the daughters of Alfonso's new queen, a Frenchwoman named Isabel.

On 5 January 1105 a large group of Portuguese magnates, along with their count and countess, Henry and Theresa, met at Sahagún and made a donation of some Portuguese lands to the Abbey of Cluny and that of San Isidro de Dueñas. Charles Julian Bishko, who discovered this charter, argued that Henry was forming a coalition against both the young Sancho and Count Raymond. This, however, presumes the absence of Alfonso from his own court. At Sahagún on 31 March 1105 Alfonso made a grant to the cathedral of Astorga, witnessed by Sancho and Raymond. Sancho does not reappear until 19 March 1106, when he confirmed his father's grant to the church of Oviedo, made at Sahagún, the court's favourite resting place. He then confirmed a private charter at Sahagún on 18 January 1107. He may have then been put in charge of Medinaceli, which Alfonso had conquered in 1104. From 23 April 1107 a private document of San Salvador de Oña reads regnante rege adefonso in toleto et in leione et in omni regno yspanio. Santius filius. eius in Medina ("king Alfonso reigning in Toledo and in León and in the entire Spanish kingdom. Sancho, his son, [reigning] in Medinaceli"). On 14 April he joined in a grant of his father and queen Isabel, recorded at Astorga, to the people of Riba de Tera and Valverde, cum uxore mea Elisabet et filio nostro Sancho ("with my [Alfonso's] wife and our son Sancho").

Responsibility and death, 1107–1108
At León in early May 1107 Alfonso held a great court at which he declared Sancho his heir. On 14 May Alfonso's granted the right of coinage to the bishop of Santiago de Compostela and the grant was confirmed by Sancho, who for the first time signed as regnum electus patri factum ("made king-elect by his father"). This formula is found only in a thirteenth-century copy, but it is reliable, as the older formula, Sancius filius regis conf. ("Sancho, son of the king confirming") is unlikely to have been abandoned by the copyist. Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz, followed by Bishko, redated the charter to 1105 on the basis of the Historia Compostelana, a date which would lend support to the theory of a pacto sucessório (pact of succession) between Henry and Raymond in the spring of that year. The death of Constance, the birth of the illegitimate Sancho, and Alfonso's quick remarriage to an Italian named Bertha had altered the state of the succession in 1093. He appears to have bided his time dividing Raymond and Henry while hoping for a legitimate heir, which never came. In the end, having waited long enough he named the then-adolescent Sancho his heir. On 27 May 1107 Raymond died. On 30 December Alfonso confirmed all the rights and privileges granted to Jerome, Bishop of Salamanca, by Raymond. Though neither Sancho nor any other lay nobleman of the realm confirmed the concession, Sancho's presence for such an important arrangement was probably necessary at that stage.

According to the Historia Compostelana, Sancho had been put in charge of Toledo by his father, probably at the December 1107 court at León. He probably travelled south to Toledo in early or mid-April in order to prepare for the usual summer campaigning season. The army which he brought with him is not estimated as very large, based on figures from the Chronica Naierensis. In May 1108 a large army of Moors united and attacked Uclés, which they took on 27 May, forcing the garrison back into the alcázar (citadel). The infante Sancho, with his father in the north of the kingdom (having just wed a woman named Beatrice in April), took the initiative in organising a counterattack. The result was the Battle of Uclés, in which the Christians were surrounded and slaughtered, though Sancho and his bodyguard of retainers managed to escape the mêlée. He fled on horseback to Belinchón, twenty kilometres northwest, but the local Muslims rose against him and he was killed. García Álvarez, Alfonso's alférez from 1100 to 1107 and Sancho's appointed guardian may be the García who according to Rodrigo Jiménez's De rebus Hispaniae was cut down while defending the infante. He died without issue.

Notes

References
Reilly, Bernard F. 1982. The Kingdom of León-Castilla under Queen Urraca, 1109–1126. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Reilly, Bernard F. 1988. The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VI, 1065–1109. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Salazar y Acha, Jaime de. 1992. "Contribución al estudio del reinado de Alfonso VI de Castilla: algunas aclaraciones sobre su política matrimonial." Anales de la Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía, 2:299–336.
Salazar y Acha, Jaime de. 2007. "De nuevo sobre la mora Zaida." Hidalguía: la Revista de Genealogía, Nobreza y Armas''. 54:225–242.

External links

Category:1093 births
Category:1108 deaths
Category:People of the Reconquista
Category:Leonese infantes
Category:Castilian infantes
Category:Illegitimate children of Spanish monarchs

Sancho Alfónsez (or Adefónsez) (ca. 1093 – 29 May 1108) was the only son of King Alfonso VI of Castile and León; his mother was the Moorish princess Zaida. Alfonso's heir from May 1107, he eventually co-ruled from Toledo. He predeceased his father, being killed while trying to escape the field of the Battle of Uclés. His death, on his first recorded military expedition, precipitated a succession crisis that ended with the accession of his elder half-sister Urraca and her husband, Alfonso the Battler, already King of Navarre and Aragon, to the throne of Kingdom of Castile-León.

Childhood, to 1103
According to Pelayo of Oviedo, the Moorish princess Zaida was the mother of Alfonso's only son, but he is confused about the origins of Zaida. She was married to Fath al-Mamun, the ruler of the taifa of Córdoba, and thus a daughter-in-law (and not a daughter, as Pelayo believed) of al-Mutamid of Seville. Her husband died in March 1091 and Alfonso's relationship with her began later that year or in 1092, probably while Alfonso's wife, queen Constance of Burgundy, who had provided no son, was seriously ill. Constance died in Autumn 1093. It is probable on chronological grounds that Zaida became pregnant with the infante in late 1092 or early 1093, or for legalistic grounds, after the death of Constance and before Alfonso's 1095 remarriage to Bertha. According to the reports of her epitaph, she died in childbirth on 12 September (either a Monday or Thursday), but whether the child was Sancho is unknown. Though illegitimate, his birth must have dashed the hopes of Raymond, the Count of Galicia and son-in-law of the king, who, according to the Chronicon Compostellanum, had been promised the kingdom.

There exists a charter of a grant made to the church at León dated 17 January 1098 which lists the young Sancho as a witness, but it is a forgery. Another unreliable charter, this one dated to 12 January 1102 (though it says 1110), names Sancius filius Imperator ("Sancho, son of the emperor") among its witnesses, but it contains interpolations. Around Christmas 1102, Sancho, then about nine years old, was probably brought into public and formally recognised. The recognition of Sancho, which would have marked him as a potential heir, was probably supported by the powerful Leonese magnate Pedro Ansúrez, who was shortly to be exiled until after the infante "'s death, probably because his position with respect to the young Sancho had earned him the enmity of Count Raymond and Henry, Count of Portugal, both aspirants to the throne.

Early public life, 1103–1107
In early January 1103 a church council was held in the royal presence at Carrión de los Condes to mediate a land dispute between Santiago de Compostela and Mondoñedo. Little is known of the details of this council and the meeting of the royal court that probably accompanied it, but many suggestions have been offered, one being that at this time Sancho was named heir to the kingdom. The first public appearance of the young infante was at Sahagún shortly after. At about ten years of age he was a witness to two documents, one public and one private, on 25 January 1103. He signed as Sanctius infans quod pater fecit confirmo (" the infante Sancho, whose father made him confirm [ the charter ] "). He thereafter figures more and more in royal charters. Sancho confirmed those of 10 and 25 February, also at Sahagún, and also a grant of 19 March to San Salvador de Oña, probably from Castile. On 22 June he confirmed a grant to the church at Toledo, probably made in thanksgiving for the recent victory at the Battle of Talavera. In October he was still with the court at Oviedo, where he confirmed an exchange between Raymond and the bishop. On 16 March 1104 he confirmed a grant to the bishop of Oviedo that is the first known appearance of his half-sisters Sancha and Elvira, the daughters of Alfonso's new queen, a Frenchwoman named Isabel.

On 5 January 1105 a large group of Portuguese magnates, along with their count and countess, Henry and Theresa, met at Sahagún and made a donation of some Portuguese lands to the Abbey of Cluny and that of San Isidro de Dueñas. Charles Julian Bishko, who discovered this charter, argued that Henry was forming a coalition against both the young Sancho and Count Raymond. This, however, presumes the absence of Alfonso from his own court. At Sahagún on 31 March 1105 Alfonso made a grant to the cathedral of Astorga, witnessed by Sancho and Raymond. Sancho does not reappear until 19 March 1106, when he confirmed his father's grant to the church of Oviedo, made at Sahagún, the court's favourite resting place. He then confirmed a private charter at Sahagún on 18 January 1107. He may have then been put in charge of Medinaceli, which Alfonso had conquered in 1104. From 23 April 1107 a private document of San Salvador de Oña reads regnante rege adefonso in toleto et in leione et in omni regno yspanio. Santius filius. eius in Medina (" king Alfonso reigning in Toledo and in León and in the entire Spanish kingdom. Sancho, his son, [ reigning ] in Medinaceli "). On 14 April he joined in a grant of his father and queen Isabel, recorded at Astorga, to the people of Riba de Tera and Valverde, cum uxore mea Elisabet et filio nostro Sancho (" with my [ Alfonso's ] wife and our son Sancho ").

Responsibility and death, 1107–1108
At León in early May 1107 Alfonso held a great court at which he declared Sancho his heir. On 14 May Alfonso's granted the right of coinage to the bishop of Santiago de Compostela and the grant was confirmed by Sancho, who for the first time signed as regnum electus patri factum (" made king-elect by his father "). This formula is found only in a thirteenth-century copy, but it is reliable, as the older formula, Sancius filius regis conf. (" Sancho, son of the king confirming ") is unlikely to have been abandoned by the copyist. Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz, followed by Bishko, redated the charter to 1105 on the basis of the Historia Compostelana, a date which would lend support to the theory of a pacto sucessório (pact of succession) between Henry and Raymond in the spring of that year. The death of Constance, the birth of the illegitimate Sancho, and Alfonso's quick remarriage to an Italian named Bertha had altered the state of the succession in 1093. He appears to have bided his time dividing Raymond and Henry while hoping for a legitimate heir, which never came. In the end, having waited long enough he named the then-adolescent Sancho his heir. On 27 May 1107 Raymond died. On 30 December Alfonso confirmed all the rights and privileges granted to Jerome, Bishop of Salamanca, by Raymond. Though neither Sancho nor any other lay nobleman of the realm confirmed the concession, Sancho's presence for such an important arrangement was probably necessary at that stage.

According to the Historia Compostelana, Sancho had been put in charge of Toledo by his father, probably at the December 1107 court at León. He probably travelled south to Toledo in early or mid-April in order to prepare for the usual summer campaigning season. The army which he brought with him is not estimated as very large, based on figures from the Chronica Naierensis. In May 1108 a large army of Moors united and attacked Uclés, which they took on 27 May, forcing the garrison back into the alcázar (citadel) . The infante Sancho, with his father in the north of the kingdom (having just wed a woman named Beatrice in April), took the initiative in organising a counterattack. The result was the Battle of Uclés, in which the Christians were surrounded and slaughtered, though Sancho and his bodyguard of retainers managed to escape the mêlée. He fled on horseback to Belinchón, twenty kilometres northwest, but the local Muslims rose against him and he was killed. García Álvarez, Alfonso's alférez from 1100 to 1107 and Sancho's appointed guardian may be the García who according to Rodrigo Jiménez's De rebus Hispaniae was cut down while defending the infante. He died without issue.

Notes

References
Reilly, Bernard F. 1982. The Kingdom of León-Castilla under Queen Urraca, 1109–1126. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Reilly, Bernard F. 1988. The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VI, 1065–1109. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Salazar y Acha, Jaime de. 1992 ." Contribución al estudio del reinado de Alfonso VI de Castilla: algunas aclaraciones sobre su política matrimonial. "Anales de la Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía, 2:299–336.
Salazar y Acha, James de. 2007 ." De nuevo sobre la mora Zaida. "Hidalguía: la Revista de Genealogía, Nobreza y Armas". 54:225–242.

External links

Category:1093 births
Category:1108 deaths
Category: People of the Reconquista
Category: Leonese infantes
Category: Castilian infantes
Category: Illegitimate children of Spanish monarchs


What was William Miller's life span? <SEP> If Norman was apparently attempting to change British policy, it was perhaps William Miller (1864–1945), journalist and expert on the Near East, who did the most in that direction. In essence, he signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires. The fall of the Ottoman Empire ultimately enmeshed all the others as well. In the Travel and Politics in the Near East, 1898, Miller claimed to have made four trips to the Balkans, 1894, 1896, 1897 and 1898, and to be, in essence, an expert on "the Near East," by which he primarily meant the Balkans. Apart from the fact that he attended Oxford and played Rugby not many biographical details have been promulgated. He was in effect (whatever his formal associations if any) a point man of British near eastern intelligence.

What was William Miller's life span? <SEP> If Norman was apparently attempting to change British policy, it was perhaps William Miller (1864–1945), journalist and expert on the Near East, who did the most in that direction. In essence, they signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires. The fall of the Ottoman Empire ultimately enmeshed all the others as well. In the Travel and Politics in the Near East, 1898, Miller claimed to have made four trips to the Balkans, 1894, 1896, 1897 and 1898, and to be, in essence, an expert on "the Near East," by which they primarily meant the Balkans. Apart from the fact that they attended Oxford and played Rugby not many biographical details have been promulgated. They were in effect (whatever their formal associations if any) a point person of British near eastern intelligence.


The large man stepped forward and picked her up in a hug. <SEP> The man was now hugging her.

The large woman stepped forward and picked her up in a hug. <SEP> The woman was now hugging her.


Tito was awarded the Queen of where? <SEP> Some of the other foreign awards and decorations of Josip Broz Tito include Order of Merit, Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero, Order of Prince Henry, Order of Independence, Order of Merit, Order of the Nile, Order of the Condor of the Andes, Order of the Star of Romania, Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau, Croix de Guerre, Order of the Cross of Grunwald, Czechoslovak War Cross, Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria, Military Order of the White Lion, Nishan-e-Pakistan, Order of Al Rafidain, Order of Carol I, Order of Georgi Dimitrov, Order of Karl Marx, Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero, Order of Michael the Brave, Order of Pahlavi, Order of Sukhbaatar, Order of Suvorov, Order of the Liberator, Order of the October Revolution, Order of the Queen of Sheba, Order of the White Rose of Finland, Partisan Cross, Royal Order of Cambodia and Star of People's Friendship and Thiri Thudhamma Thingaha.[citation needed]

Tito was awarded the Queen of where? <SEP> Some of the other foreign awards and decorations of Josip Broz Tito include Order of Merit, Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero, Order of Prince Henry, Order of Independence, Order of Merit, Order of the Nile, Order of the Condor of the Andes, Order of the Star of Romania, Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau, Croix de Guerre, Order of the Cross of Grunwald, American Indian War Cross, Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria, Military Order of the White Lion, Nishan-e-Pakistan, Order of Al Rafidain, Order of Carol I, Order of Georgi Dimitrov, Order of Karl Marx, Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero, Order of Michael the Brave, Order of Pahlavi, Order of Sukhbaatar, Order of Suvorov, Order of the Liberator, Order of the October Revolution, Order of the Queen of Sheba, Order of the White Rose of Finland, Partisan Cross, Royal Order of Cambodia and Star of People's Friendship and Thiri Thudhamma Thingaha. [ citation needed ]


The main characters are simply named The Husband , The Wife and The Kidnapper , emphasizing the disappointingly generic nature of the entire effort .

The main characters are simply names The Husband, The Wife, and The Kidnapper, emphasizing the disappointingly generic nature of the entire effort.


What type of department stores are Myer and David Jones?  <SEP> Although there were a number of department stores in Australia for much of the 20th Century, including chains such as Grace Bros. and Waltons, many disappeared during the 1980s and 1990s. Today Myer and David Jones, located nationally, are practically the national department stores duopoly in Australia. When Russian-born migrant, Sidney Myer, came to Australia in 1899 he formed the Myer retail group with his brother, Elcon Myer. In 1900, they opened the first Myer department store, in Bendigo, Victoria. Since then, the Myer retail group has grown to be Australia's largest retailer. Both, Myer and David Jones, are up-market chains, offering a wide variety of products from mid-range names to luxury brands. Other retail chain stores such as Target (unrelated to the American chain of the same name), Venture (now defunct), Kmart and Big W, also located nationally, are considered to be Australia's discount department stores. Harris Scarfe, though only operating in four states and one territory, is a department store using both the large full-line and small discount department store formats. Most department stores in Australia have their own credit card companies, each having their own benefits while the discount department stores do not have their own credit card rights.


It took the sculptors Jean de Marville, Claus Sluter, and Claus de Werve 26 years (from 1385 to 1411) to complete the intricate marble and alabaster sculptures for the extravagant mausoleum of Philippe le Hardi. <SEP> The sculptures for Philippe le Hardi's mausoleum took more than two decades to complete.


David John Hanna (4  June 1866 – 12 April 1946) was an American politician. Between 1903 and 1907 he served as Lieutenant Governor of Kansas. Life David Hanna was born in Coulterville, Illinois. In his childhood he moved with his parents to Clay County, Kansas where he grew up. Later he was engaged in farming, cattle raising and in the real estate business. In addition be became President of the Farmers and Merchants Bank of Hill City. He joined the Republican Party and in 1896 and 1897 he represented Graham County, Kansas in the Kansas Legislature. He was also a member of the Republican State Central Committee for six years. In 1900 he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in Philadelphia that nominated President William McKinley for a second term. In 1902 David Hanna was elected to the office of the Lieutenant Governor of Kansas.

David John Hanna (4 June 1866 – 12 April 1946) was an American politician. Between 1903 and 1907, he served as Lieutenant Governor of Kansas. Life: David Hanna was born in Coulterville, Illinois. In his childhood, he moved with his parents to Clay County, Kansas, where he grew up. Later he was engaged in farming, cattle raising, and in the real estate business. In addition he became President of the Farmers and Merchants Bank of Hill City. He joined the Republican Party, and in 1896 and 1897, he represented Graham County, Kansas in the Kansas Legislature. He was also a member of the Republican State Central Committee for six years. In 1900, he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in Philadelphia that nominated President McKinley for a second term. In 1902 David Hanna was elected to the office of the Lieutenant Governor of Kansas.


the old man sitting behind the desk smiled and kept me holding the salute for a few seconds before waving me off .

The old person sitting behind the desk smiled and kept me holding the salute for a few seconds before waving me off.


Coupled with the loss of the boats, manpower shortages and "ignorant and undisciplined" soldiers all made patrolling and scouting outside the protective walls of Fort William Henry quite precarious for Monro and he was unable to send out sufficient scouts. Throughout the spring and early summer the Indians, spurred on by French rewards of brandy, guns, ammunition and clothing, sortied on raiding parties from Fort Carillon south towards Fort William Henry, kidnapping and scalping anyone who dared venture beyond the protective walls of the fort. Although starved for information, Monro could do little to respond to the Indian raids or gain intelligence on French movements until sufficient reinforcements arrived. He also moved slowly to re-construct the buildings or boats destroyed by the French months earlier. In June reinforcements finally did arrive when Provincial and militia units from New York, New Jersey and New Hampshire were sent up from Fort Edward by General Daniel Webb. Desperate for information and now newly reinforced, Monro decided to act. Battle
Monro, an officer with virtually no battle experience, decided to risk a reconnaissance in force. His plan was to gather all available boats, pack them with approximately 350 men and send them north up the lake into an area controlled by an enemy he knew little about. To command this force Monro chose Colonel John Parker of the newly arrived Jersey Blues unit. It was decided to land Colonel Parker's flotilla of men on Sabbath Day Point situated approximately  north of Fort William Henry on the west side of Lake George.

Coupled with the loss of the boats, manpower shortages and "ignorant and undisciplined" soldiers all made patrolling and scouting outside the protective walls of Fort William Henry quite precarious for Monro and he was unable to send out sufficient scouts. Throughout the spring and early summer the Asian, spurred on by French rewards of brandy, guns, ammunition and clothing, sortied on raiding parties from Fort Carillon south towards Fort William Henry, kidnapping and scalping anyone who dared venture beyond the protective walls of the fort. Although starved for information, Monro could do little to respond to the Asian raids or gain intelligence on French movements until sufficient reinforcements arrived. He also moved slowly to re-construct the buildings or boats destroyed by the French months earlier. In June reinforcements finally did arrive when Provincial and militia units from New York, New Jersey and New Hampshire were sent up from Fort Edward by General Daniel Webb. Desperate for information and now newly reinforced, Monro decided to act. Battle Monro, an officer with virtually no battle experience, decided to risk a reconnaissance in force. His plan was to gather all available boats, pack them with approximately 350 men and send them north up the lake into an area controlled by an enemy he knew little about. To command this force Monro chose Colonel John Parker of the newly arrived Jersey Blues unit. It was decided to land Colonel Parker's flotilla of men on Sabbath Day Point situated approximately north of Fort William Henry on the west side of Lake George.


The company is based in the department of Charente and is nearly three centuries old – one of the oldest in France. Biography

Son of Thomas and Martha Martell Héraud, Jean Martell was born in 1694 in the parish of St Brelade, on the Island of Jersey where the family of merchants had settled in the 11th century. After working in Guernsey, he founded his trading house of spirits in 1715 at Gatebourse in Cognac, France, where he joined forces with a merchant from Bordeaux, Jean Hot. Originally they bought casks of cognac and wine for export to the Channel Islands and Europe. The company went bankrupt and then was revived. From 1721 Martell was exporting more than 200,000 litres of cognac to England, with the Duke of Orléans his most prestigious client, soon followed by George Washington and Benjamin Franklin. In 1726, he married Jeanne Brunet, daughter of a Cognac merchant, then in 1737, married his second wife, Rachel Lallemand, who was from a family of traders in Charente. At this time, he bought land along the Charente river where he developed his company. Martell sold wines and spirits to the countries of northern Europe (England, the Netherlands, Germany) and to the colonies of North America. In 1869, his descendants, who took over and expanded the Martell business, established branches in the English factories of Hong Kong and Canton.

The company is based in the department of Charente and is nearly three centuries old – one of the oldest in France.

Biography: Child of Thomas and Martha Martell Héraud, Jesse Martell was born in 1694 in the parish of St. Brelade, on the Island of Jersey where the family of merchants had settled in the 11th century. After working in Guernsey, they founded their trading house of spirits in 1715 at Gatebourse in Cognac, France, where they joined forces with a merchant from Bordeaux, Jean Hot. Originally they bought casks of cognac and wine for export to the Channel Islands and Europe. The company went bankrupt and then was revived. From 1721 Martell was exporting more than 200,000 litres of cognac to England, with the Duke of Orléans their most prestigious client, soon followed by George Washington and Benjamin Franklin. In 1726, they married Jeanne Brunet, daughter of a Cognac merchant, then in 1737, married their second wife, Rachel Lallemand, who was from a family of traders in Charente. At this time, they bought land along the Charente river where they developed their company. Martell sold wines and spirits to the countries of northern Europe (England, the Netherlands, Germany) and to the colonies of North America. In 1869, their descendants, who took over and expanded the Martell business, established branches in the English factories of Hong Kong and Canton.


uh-huh yeah the first time i heard my older daughter tell and she is our most expressive tell my husband that she loved him he said well i certainly hope so <SEP> My older daughter is the most expressive of our kids.

uh-huh yeah the first time I heard my older daughter tell and she is our most expressive tell my husband that she loved him he said well I certainly hope so My older daughter is the most expressive of our kids. <SEP> uh-huh yeah the first time I heard my older daughter tell and she is our most expressive tell my husband that she loved him he said well I certainly hope so My older daughter is the most expressive of our kids.


Here Picasso, Braque, and Juan Gris developed Cubism, while Modigliani painted his own mysteries and Apollinaire wrote his first surrealistic verses. <SEP> Picasso is perhaps the most famous of the cubist artists.


Linda Samels Ceballos entered Loyola Law School in Los Angeles knowing she wanted to represent the poor. <SEP> Linda Ceballos went to Loyal Law School in 1978.

Taylor Samels Ceballos entered Loyola Law School in Los Angeles knowing they wanted to represent the poor. <SEP> Taylor Ceballos went to Loyola Law School in 1978.


Videogames<br>Jesse loved playing video games. He was better at video games than all of his friends. Sometimes Jesse would brag about his skills to everyone. Jesse's friends did not like hearing him brag. Jesse learned to be more humble after seeing his friends' faces. <SEP> Jesse was empathetic to how his friends felt.

Videogames < br > Jessica loved playing video games. She was better at video games than all of her friends. Sometimes Jessica would brag about her skills to everyone. Jessica's friends did not like hearing her brag. Jessica learned to be more humble after seeing her friends' faces. <SEP> Jessica was empathetic to how her friends felt.


Who became the Duke of Brittany? <SEP> During John's early years, Henry attempted to resolve the question of his succession. Henry the Young King had been crowned King of England in 1170, but was not given any formal powers by his father; he was also promised Normandy and Anjou as part of his future inheritance. Richard was to be appointed the Count of Poitou with control of Aquitaine, whilst Geoffrey was to become the Duke of Brittany. At this time it seemed unlikely that John would ever inherit substantial lands, and he was jokingly nicknamed "Lackland" by his father.


Robert Traill was a church minister at Cranbrook in Kent. He was born at Elie in Fife in 1642. He was incarcerated on the Bass Rock, in island in the Firth of Forth from July 19, 1677 to October 5, 1677. His work was often quoted by J. C. Ryle and is still published in the 21st century.

Early life

Robert's father was also a preacher called Robert. His father, Robert Traill of Greyfriars, was well known, being born in 1603, the son of Colonel James Trail, of Killcleary, Ireland, Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to Henry, Prince of Wales, and grandson of the Laird of Blebo, and Matilda Melvill of Carnbee. His mother, if Janet Annand (1605 - 1650), died while Robert was still young, although the Dictionary of National Biography records a Jean Annand who was imprisoned in 1665 for corresponding with her husband.

Robert Traill's early education was carefully superintended by his father, and at the university of Edinburgh he distinguished himself both in the literary and theological classes. At the age of nineteen he stood beside James Guthrie, his father's friend, on the scaffold. He was for some time tutor or chaplain in the family of Scot of Scotstarvet, and was afterwards much with John Welsh, the minister of Irongray, who was the first to hold ‘armed conventicles.’ He became a lifelong friend of William Guthrie of Fenwick, author of "The Christian's Great Interest".

In 1666, he was obliged to lurk for fome time, together with his mother and elder brother; because some copies of a book, intitled, "An apologetic relation, &c", which the privy council had ordered to be publicly burnt, were found in Mrs Traill's house. In a proclamation of 1667 he was denounced as a ‘Pentland rebel’ and excepted from the act of indemnity. It is uncertain whether he was present at that engagement or not; but he fled to Holland, where he joined his father, who had been there for about four years, and other Scottish exiles.

There he continued his theological studies, and assisted Nethenius, professor at Utrecht, in preparing for the press Samuel Rutherford's ‘Examen Arminianismi.’ In 1669 he was in London, and in 1670 was ordained to a presbyterian charge at Cranbrook in Kent. He visited Edinburgh in 1677, when he was arrested by the privy council and charged with breaking the law. He admitted that he had preached in private houses, but, refusing to purge himself by oath from the charge of taking part in holding conventicles, he was sent as a prisoner to the Bass Rock in the Firth of Forth. The sentence of in July 1677 read:
 "Forasmuch as the Lords of his Majesty's Privy Council, finding by the Report of the Committee anent Public Affairs, that Mr Robert Traill, son of the deceased Mr Robert Traill, against whom letters of intercommuning are direct, and who is excepted forth of his Majesty's gracious act of indemnity for his being in the rebellion in the year 1666, being apprehended within the city of Edinburgh, and brought before the said Committee, and examined if since his last coming to this kingdom he had kept any house or field conventicles, did acknowledge he had kept house conventicles, but said he left it to proof as to field conventicles; and the verity thereof being referred to his own oath he refused to depone; and confessed he had conversed with Mr John Welsh on the borders, and had assisted him at preaching in the fields, but especially upon the borders of the English side, where he said he had stayed for the most part since he came last to Scotland; and that he had been in and about Edinburgh since the end of May last; and that being interrogated by what authority he took upon him to preach, he declared that, in the year 1670, he was ordained minister by some Presbyterian ministers at London; and acknowledged that he had seen the printed act of indemnity out of which his name is excepted: The said Lords do ordain the said Mr Robert Traill to be sent prisoner to the Bass, until the Council consider what further shall be done with him."

On the same day,

"The Lords of his Majesty's Privy Council do grant warrant and order to the Lord Marquis of Athole, to command such a party of horse as he shall think fit to transport the person of Mr Robert Traill from the Tolbooth of Edinburgh unto the Isle of the Bass, to remain prisoner there."

Having given a promise which satisfied the government, he was liberated a few months afterwards and returned to his charge in Kent. He afterwards migrated to a Scots church in London, where he spent the rest of his life.

Publications
His first short publication did not occur until he was forty years old and the next did not appear until he was fifty. In 1682 he published a sermon, ‘By what means can ministers best win souls?’ and in 1692 a letter to a minister in the country—supposed to be his eldest brother, William (1640–1714), minister of Borthwick, Midlothian—entitled ‘A Vindication of the Protestant Doctrine concerning Justification and of its Preachers and Professors from the unjust Charge of Antinomianism.’ This ‘angry letter,’ as Dr. Calamy calls it, was occasioned by the violent controversy which broke out among the dissenting ministers of London after the republication in 1690 of the works of Dr. Tobias Crisp. Charges of Antinomianism were made on the one side and of Arminianism on the other, and Traill was distinguished for his zeal against Arminianism. A somewhat similar controversy, known as the Marrow Controversy, followed in Scotland, and as Boston of Ettrick and others took the same side as Traill, his works became very popular among them and their adherents. He afterwards published ‘Sermons on the Throne of Grace from Heb. iv. 16’ (3rd edit. 1731), and ‘Sermons on the Prayer of Our Saviour, John xvii. 24.’ These works were devout, plain, and edifying, and were in great favour with those who were attached to evangelical religion.

Death and legacy
Traill died on 16 May 1716 at the age of seventy-four. His brother William, the minister of Borthwick, has had many clerical descendants of note, both in the church of Scotland and in the church of Ireland—among the latter James, bishop of Down and Connor (Hew Scott, Fasti, i. 266).

A collective edition of Trail's works was published in 1745 (Edinburgh, 4 vols.); other editions Glasgow, 1776 3 vols., 1795 4 vols., 1806 4 vols. (which is the best edition), Edinburgh, 1810 4 vols. These included additional works from his manuscripts: ‘Steadfast Adherence to the Profession of our Faith, from Hebrews x. 23;’ ‘Sermons from 1 Peter i. 1–4;’ ‘Sermons on Galatians ii. 21.’ Further sermons from manuscripts in the hands of his relatives were published in 1845 by the Free Church of Scotland.

Family
According to some sources Robert married Hellenor Traill and had several children: James, born 10 March 1651; Helen, born 1644, Agnes, 1646-1690; and Margaret, January 1648 – 1617. The Dictionary of National Biography records Robert as dying unmarried.

Bibliography

Wodrow's History
Anderson's Scottish Nation
Agnew's Theology of Consolation
History of the Bass Rock
Life prefixed to Select Writings of Trail by Free Church Publications Committee
Allibone's Dictionary of English Literature and authorities there cited.

Works
1. A Sermon on " By what means may ministers best win souls
2. Vindication of the Protestant Doctrine concerning Justification, and of its Preachers and Professors, from the unjust charge of Antinomianism.
3. Thirteen Discourses on the Throne of Grace, from Heb. iv. 16.
4. Sixteen Sermons on the Prayer of our Saviour in John xvii. 24.
5. Stedfast Adherence to the Profession of our Faith, in twenty-one Sermons on Heb. x. 23.
6. Eleven Sermons on 1 Peter i. 1-4.
7. Six Sermons on Galatians ii. 21.
(5–7 were published posthumously as were 10 additional sermons found by some of his descendants.

References

Category:Scottish clergy
Category:17th-century Presbyterian ministers
Category:Covenanters
Category:Scottish prisoners and detainees
Category:1642 births
Category:1716 deaths

Rachelle Traill was a church minister at Cranbrook in Kent. She was born at Elie in Fife in 1642. She was incarcerated on the Bass Rock, in island in the Firth of Forth from July 19, 1677 to October 5, 1677. Her work was often quoted by J. C. Ryle and is still published in the 21st century.

Early life

Rachelle's father was also a preacher called Rachelle. Her father, Robert Traill of Greyfriars, was well known, being born in 1603, the daughter of Colonel James Trail, of Killcleary, Ireland, Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to Henry, Prince of Wales, and grandson of the Laird of Blebo, and Matilda Melvill of Carnbee. Her mother, if Janet Annand (1605-1650), died while Rachelle was still young, although the Dictionary of National Biography records a Jean Annand who was imprisoned in 1665 for corresponding with her husband.

Rachelle Traill's early education was carefully superintended by her father, and at the university of Edinburgh she distinguished herself both in the literary and theological classes. At the age of nineteen she stood beside James Guthrie, her father's friend, on the scaffold. She was for some time tutor or chaplain in the family of Scot of Scotstarvet, and was afterwards much with John Welsh, the minister of Irongray, who was the first to hold ‘ armed conventicles. ’ She became a lifelong friend of William Guthrie of Fenwick, author of "The Christian's Great Interest".

In 1666, she was obliged to lurk for some time, together with her mother and elder brother; because some copies of a book, intitled, "An apologetic relation, & c", which the privy council had ordered to be publicly burnt, were found in Mrs. Traill's house. In a proclamation of 1667 she was denounced as a ‘ Pentland rebel ’ and excepted from the act of indemnity. It is uncertain whether she was present at that engagement or not; but she fled to Holland, where she joined her father, who had been there for about four years, and other Scottish exiles.

There she continued her theological studies, and assisted Nethenius, professor at Utrecht, in preparing for the press Samuel Rutherford's ‘ Examen Arminianismi. ’ In 1669 she was in London, and in 1670 was ordained to a presbyterian charge at Cranbrook in Kent. She visited Edinburgh in 1677, when she was arrested by the privy council and charged with breaking the law. She admitted that she had preached in private houses, but, refusing to purge herself by oath from the charge of taking part in holding conventicles, she was sent as a prisoner to the Bass Rock in the Firth of Forth. The sentence of in July 1677 read:
"Forasmuch as the Lords of His Majesty's Privy Council, finding by the Report of the Committee anent Public Affairs, that Ms. Rachelle Traill, daughter of the deceased Mr.. Robert Traill, against whom letters of intercommuning are direct, and who is excepted forth of His Majesty's gracious act of indemnity for her being in the rebellion in the year 1666, being apprehended within the city of Edinburgh, and brought before the said Committee, and examined if since her last coming to this kingdom she had kept any house or field conventicles, did acknowledge she had kept house conventicles, but said she left it to proof as to field conventicles; and the verity thereof being referred to her own oath she refused to devow; and confessed she had conversed with Mr John Welsh on the borders, and had assisted him at preaching in the fields, but especially upon the borders of the English side, where she said she had stayed for the most part since she came last to Scotland; and that she had been in and about Edinburgh since the end of May last; and that being interrogated by what authority she took upon her to preach, she declared that, in the year 1670, she was ordained minister by some Presbyterian ministers at London; and acknowledged that she had seen the printed act of indemnity out of which her name is excepted: The said Lords do ordain the said Ms. Rachelle Traill to be sent prisoner to the Bass, until the Council consider what further shall be done with her ."

On the same day,

"The Lords of His Majesty's Privy Council do grant warrant and order to the Lord Marquis of Athole, to command such a party of horse as he shall think fit to transport the person of Ms. Rachelle Traill from the Tolbooth of Edinburgh unto the Isle of the Bass, to remain prisoner there ."

Having given a promise which satisfied the government, she was liberated a few months afterwards and returned to her charge in Kent. She afterwards migrated to a Scots church in London, where she spent the rest of his life.

Publications
Her first short publication did not occur until she was forty years old and the next did not appear until she was fifty. In 1682 she published a sermon, ‘ By what means can ministers best win souls? ’ and in 1692 a letter to a minister in the country—supposed to be her eldest brother, William (1640–1714), minister of Borthwick, Midlothian—entitled ‘ A Vindication of the Protestant Doctrine concerning Justification and of its Preachers and Professors from the unjust Charge of Antinomianism. ’ This ‘ angry letter, ’ as Dr. Calamy calls it, was occasioned by the violent controversy which broke out among the dissenting ministers of London after the republication in 1690 of the works of Dr. Tobias Crisp. Charges of Antinomianism were made on the one side and of Arminianism on the other, and Traill was distinguished for her zeal against Arminianism. A somewhat similar controversy, known as the Marrow Controversy, followed in Scotland, and as Boston of Ettrick and others took the same side as Traill, her works became very popular among them and their adherents. She afterwards published ‘ Sermons on the Throne of Grace from Heb. iv. 16 ’ (3rd edit. 1731), and ‘ Sermons on the Prayer of Our Saviour, John xvii. 24. ’ These works were devout, plain, and edifying, and were in great favour with those who were attached to evangelical religion.

Death and legacy
Traill died on 16 May 1716 at the age of seventy-four. Her brother William, the minister of Borthwick, has had many clerical descendants of note, both in the church of Scotland and in the church of Ireland—among the latter James, bishop of Down and Connor (Hew Scott, Fasti, i. 266) .

A collective edition of Trail's works was published in 1745 (Edinburgh, 4 vols. ); other editions Glasgow, 1776 3 vols., 1795 4 vols., 1806 4 vols. (which is the best edition), Edinburgh, 1810 4 vols. These included additional works from her manuscripts: ‘ Steadfast Adherence to the Profession of our Faith, from Hebrews x. 23; ’ ‘ Sermons from 1 Peter i. 1–4; ’ ‘ Sermons on Galatians ii. 21. ’ Further sermons from manuscripts in the hands of her relatives were published in 1845 by the Free Church of Scotland.

Family
According to some sources Rachelle married Hellenor Traill and had several children: James, born 10 March 1651; Helen, born 1644, Agnes, 1646-1690; and Margaret, January 1648 – 1617. The Dictionary of National Biography records Rachelle as dying unmarried.

Bibliography

Wodrow's History
Anderson's Scottish Nation
Agnew's Theology of Consolation
History of the Bass Rock
Life prefixed to Select Writings of Trail by Free Church Publications Committee
Allibone's Dictionary of English Literature and authorities there cited.

Works
1. A Sermon on " By what means may ministers best win souls
2. Vindication of the Protestant Doctrine concerning Justification, and of its Preachers and Professors, from the unjust charge of Antinomianism.
3. Thirteen Discourses on the Throne of Grace, from Heb. iv. 16.
4. Sixteen Sermons on the Prayer of our Saviour in John xvii. 24.
5. Stedfast Adherence to the Profession of our Faith, in twenty-one Sermons on Heb. x. 23.
6. Eleven Sermons on 1 Peter i. 1-4.
7. Six Sermons on Galatians ii. 21.
(5–7 were published posthumously as were 10 additional sermons found by some of her descendants.

References

Category: Scottish clergy
Category:17th-century Presbyterian ministers
Category: Covenanters
Category: Scottish prisoners and detainees
Category:1642 births
Category:1716 deaths


What did David Atherton co-found? <SEP> Lancashire had a lively culture of choral and classical music, with very large numbers of local church choirs from the 17th century, leading to the foundation of local choral societies from the mid-18th century, often particularly focused on performances of the music of Handel and his contemporaries. It also played a major part in the development of brass bands which emerged in the county, particularly in the textile and coalfield areas, in the 19th century. The first open competition for brass bands was held at Manchester in 1853, and continued annually until the 1980s. The vibrant brass band culture of the area made an important contribution to the foundation and staffing of the Hallé Orchestra from 1857, the oldest extant professional orchestra in the United Kingdom. The same local musical tradition produced eminent figures such as Sir William Walton (1902–88), son of an Oldham choirmaster and music teacher, Sir Thomas Beecham (1879–1961), born in St. Helens, who began his career by conducting local orchestras and Alan Rawsthorne (1905–71) born in Haslingden. The conductor David Atherton, co-founder of the London Sinfonietta, was born in Blackpool in 1944. Lancashire also produced more populist figures, such as early musical theatre composer Leslie Stuart (1863–1928), born in Southport, who began his musical career as organist of Salford Cathedral.

What did David Atherton co-found? <SEP> Lancashire had a lively culture of choral and classical music, with very large numbers of local church choirs from the 17th century, leading to the foundation of local choral societies from the mid-18th century, often particularly focused on performances of the music of Handel and his contemporaries. It also played a major part in the development of brass bands which emerged in the county, particularly in the textile and coalfield areas, in the 19th century. The first open competition for brass bands was held at Manchester in 1853, and continued annually until the 1980s. The vibrant brass band culture of the area made an important contribution to the foundation and staffing of the Hallé Orchestra from 1857, the oldest extant professional orchestra in the United Kingdom. The same local musical tradition produced eminent figures such as Sir William Walton (1902–88), son of an Oldham choirmaster and music teacher, Sir Thomas Beecham (1879–1961), born in St. Helens, who began his career by conducting local orchestras and Alan Rawsthorne (1905–71) born in Haslingden. The conductor David Atherton, co-founder of the London Sinfonietta, was born in Blackpool in 1944. Lancashire also produced more populist figures, such as early musical theatre composer Leslie Carol (1863–1928), born in Southport, who began her musical career as organist of Salford Cathedral.


Remixes were made by Sterojackers vs. Mark Loverush, Ido and Sleepthief. A music video was directed by Jose Ho-Guanipa. with cinematography by Brad Rushing and editing by David Blackburn. In the video, a love triangle is seen through split-screens, where the two girls plan to kill the guy. Track listing
 Digital Release - 2013
 "Chrysalis Heart (Stereojackers vs Mark Loverush Remix)" - 7:32
 "Chrysalis Heart (Ido Remix)" - 5:16
 "Chrysalis Heart (Sleepthief Remix)" - 4:14
 "Chrysalis Heart (Original Mix)" - 3:49
 "Chrysalis Heart (Stereojackers vs Mark Loverush Edit)" - 3:27
 "Chrysalis Heart (Stereojackers vs Mark Loverush Dub)" - 7:32

References

Category:Delerium songs
Category:2013 singles
Category:2012 songs
Category:Songs written by Bill Leeb
Category:Nettwerk Records singles
Category:Songs written by Rhys Fulber
Category:Songs written by Troy Samson

Remixes were made by Sterojackers vs. Max Loverush, Ido and Sleepthief. A music video was directed by Jose Ho-Guanipa. with cinematography by Brad Rushing and editing by Dom Blackburn. In the video, a love triangle is seen through split-screens, where the two girls plan to kill the guy. Track listing
 Digital Release-2013
 "Chrysalis Heart (Stereojackers vs Max Loverush Remix)"-7:32
 "Chrysalis Heart (Ido Remix)"-5:16
 "Chrysalis Heart (Sleepthief Remix)"-4:14
 "Chrysalis Heart (Original Mix)"-3:49
 "Chrysalis Heart (Stereojackers vs Max Loverush Edit)"-3:27
 "Chrysalis Heart (Stereojackers vs Max Loverush Dub)"-7:32
 References
 Category: Delerium songs
 Category: 2013 singles
 Category: 2012 songs
 Category: Songs written by Bill Leeb
 Category: Nettwerk Records singles
 Category: Songs written by Rhys Fulber
 Category: Songs written by Troy Samson


What was William Scott Wilson's occupation? In Japanese, they are usually referred to as bushi (武士?, [bu.ɕi]) or buke (武家?). According to translator William Scott Wilson: "In Chinese, the character 侍 was originally a verb meaning "to wait upon" or "accompany persons" in the upper ranks of society, and this is also true of the original term in Japanese, saburau. In both countries the terms were nominalized to mean "those who serve in close attendance to the nobility", the pronunciation in Japanese changing to saburai. According to Wilson, an early reference to the word "samurai" appears in the Kokin Wakashū (905–914), the first imperial anthology of poems, completed in the first part of the 10th century.

What was William Scott Wilson's occupation? In Innuit, they are usually referred to as bushi (武士?, [ bu.ɕi ]) or buke (武家? ). According to translator William Scott Wilson: "In Chinese, the character 侍 was originally a verb meaning" to wait upon "or" accompany persons "in the upper ranks of society, and this is also true of the original term in Innuit, saburau. In both countries the terms were nominalized to mean" those who serve in close attendance to the nobility ", the pronunciation in Innuit changing to saburai. According to Wilson, an early reference to the word" samurai " appears in the Kokin Wakashū (905–914), the first imperial anthology of poems, completed in the first part of the 10th century.

Demographic Axis: race

Please change Japanese and all references to Japanese from Asian to American Indian or Alaska Native, including names where appropriate. If the highlighted word does not refer to a person, please write the sentence as is.


Villonco later stated that she thought Fernando Poe, Jr. discovered her via the Pop Cola commercial. Plot
Jimmy de Guzman is a military doctor and is the lone survivor of a massacre during his wife's boss' farewell dinner. He spends years hunting down the criminals until he was able to kill the last of them and avenging his wife, her boss and his daughter. Returning to his normal life, he became a respected military neurosurgeon, and engaged to the daughter of one of the hospital tycoons in Cebu. When his fiancee's niece succumbed to aneurism, Jimmy was the lead surgeon, but the girl dies while recuperating, thus placing the blame on Jimmy's shoulders.

Villonco later stated that she thought Fernando Poe, Jr. discovered her via the Pop Cola commercial. Plot
 Jennifer de Guzman is a military doctor and is the lone survivor of a massacre during her wife's boss' farewell dinner. She spends years hunting down the criminals until she was able to kill the last of them and avenging her wife, her boss and her daughter. Returning to her normal life, she became a respected military neurosurgeon, and engaged to the daughter of one of the hospital tycoons in Cebu. When her fiancée's niece succumbed to aneurism, Jennifer was the lead surgeon, but the girl dies while recuperating, thus placing the blame on Jennifer's shoulders.


What did Jeffrey Bub argue in 2010? <SEP> Von Neumann's abstract treatment permitted him also to confront the foundational issue of determinism versus non-determinism, and in the book he presented a proof that the statistical results of quantum mechanics could not possibly be averages of an underlying set of determined "hidden variables," as in classical statistical mechanics. In 1966, John S. Bell published a paper arguing that the proof contained a conceptual error and was therefore invalid. However, in 2010, Jeffrey Bub argued that Bell had misconstrued von Neumann's proof, and pointed out that the proof, though not valid for all hidden variable theories, does rule out a well-defined and important subset. Bub also suggests that von Neumann was aware of this limitation, and that von Neumann did not claim that his proof completely ruled out hidden variable theories.

What did Jeffrey Bub argue in 2010? <SEP> Von Neumann's abstract treatment permitted him also to confront the foundational issue of determinism versus non-determinism, and in the book he presented a proof that the statistical results of quantum mechanics could not possibly be averages of an underlying set of determined "hidden variables," as in classical statistical mechanics. In 1966, Joan S. Bell published a paper arguing that the proof contained a conceptual error and was therefore invalid. However, in 2010, Jeffrey Bub argued that Bell had misconstrued von Neumann's proof, and pointed out that the proof, though not valid for all hidden variable theories, does rule out a well-defined and important subset. Bub also suggests that von Neumann was aware of this limitation, and that von Neumann did not claim that his proof completely ruled out hidden variable theories.


a few days later one of the young cowboys from the turner farm came charging into town and brought his horse to a sliding stop on lilly anns front lawn .

A few days later one of the young cowboys from the turner farm came charging into town and brought his horse to a sliding stop on Lyle's front lawn.


Where was Joseph Bohmann from?  <SEP> Mandolin awareness in the United States blossomed in the 1880s, as the instrument became part of a fad that continued into the mid-1920s. According to Clarence L. Partee, the first mandolin made in the United States was made in 1883 or 1884 by Joseph Bohmann, who was an established maker of violins in Chicago. Partee characterized the early instrument as being larger than the European instruments he was used to, with a "peculiar shape" and "crude construction," and said that the quality improved, until American instruments were "superior" to imported instruments. At the time, Partee was using an imported French-made mandolin.

Where was Jen Bohmann from? <SEP> Mandolin awareness in the United States blossomed in the 1880s, as the instrument became part of a fad that continued into the mid-1920s. According to Clarence L. Partee, the first mandolin made in the United States was made in 1883 or 1884 by Jen Bohmann, who was an established maker of violins in Chicago. Partee characterized the early instrument as being larger than the European instruments he was used to, with a "peculiar shape" and "crude construction," and said that the quality improved, until American instruments were "superior" to imported instruments. At the time, Partee was using an imported French-made mandolin.


While staying in China, Kanye was the only what in his class? <SEP> At the age of 10, West moved with his mother to Nanjing, China, where she was teaching at Nanjing University as part of an exchange program. According to his mother, West was the only foreigner in his class, but settled in well and quickly picked up the language, although he has since forgotten most of it. When asked about his grades in high school, West replied, "I got A's and B's. And I'm not even frontin'."

While staying in China, Kanye was the only what in their class? <SEP> At the age of 10, West moved with their mother to Nanjing, China, where she was teaching at Nanjing University as part of an exchange program. According to their mother, West was the only foreigner in their class, but settled in well and quickly picked up the language, although they have since forgotten most of it. When asked about their grades in high school, West replied, "I got A's and B's. And I'm not even frontin' ."


Nathan Never is a black-and-white, science fiction Italian comic book, published monthly in Italy since 1991 by Sergio Bonelli Editore. It is written by Michele Medda, Antonio Serra and Bepi Vigna. Artists who worked to series include Claudio Castellini, Roberto De Angelis, Dante Bastianoni, Nicola Mari, Pino Rinaldi, Giancarlo Olivares and Onofrio Catacchio. <SEP> Never was a bi-monthly published comic book artist

Nathan Never is a black-and-white, science fiction Italian comic book, published monthly in Italy since 1991 by Sergio Bonelli Editore. It is written by Michele Medda, Antonio Serra and Bill Vigna. Artists who worked to series include Claudio Castellini, Roberto De Angelis, Dante Bastianoni, Nicola Mari, Pino Rinaldi, Giancarlo Olivares and Onofrio Catacchio. <SEP> Never was a bi-monthly published comic book artist


they would sleep with a thousand scorpions and maggots would eat their eyeballs .

She would sleep with a thousand scorpions and maggots would eat her eyeballs.


well be back , he told the girls as abby forced him out of the room while he was frantically trying to dry off .

We'll be back, he told Miss Emily as Abby forced him out of the room while he was frantically trying to dry off.


Mounia Bennani-Chraïbi is a Moroccan political scientist, author and professor at the University of Lausanne. She published several works on activism, social media, youth issues and elections.

Biography
Mounia attended Paris Institute of Political Studies, where she earned her PhD in political science in 1993.

Between 2002 and 2004, Mounia was the director of Diploma of Higher Specialized Studies (DESS in France) on "Arab world, contemporary Muslim world".

She completed her habilitation at Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) in 2019.

References

Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Moroccan political scientists
Category:Women political scientists
Category:University of Lausanne faculty
Category:Sciences Po alumni

Mitchell Bennani-Chraïbi is a Moroccan political scientist, author and professor at the University of Lausanne. He published several works on activism, social media, youth issues and elections.

Biography
Mitchell attended Paris Institute of Political Studies, where he earned his PhD in political science in 1993.

Between 2002 and 2004, Mitchell was the director of Diploma of Higher Specialized Studies (DESS in France) on "Arab world, contemporary Muslim world".

He completed his habilitation at Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) in 2019.

References

Category: Living people
Category: Year of birth missing (living people)
Category: Moroccan political scientists
Category: Women political scientists
Category: University of Lausanne faculty
Category: Sciences Po alumni


An exceptionally dreary and overwrought bit of work , every bit as imperious as Katzenberg 's The Prince of Egypt from 1998 .

An exceptionally dreary and overwrought bit of work, every bit as imperious as Katzenberg's The Prince of African American from 1998.


jamie rested his forehead on his right hand , his elbow propped on his right knee .

Jamie rested their forehead on their right hand, their elbow propped on their right knee.


what followed was plain old pain and my mind deserted me .

What followed was plain old pain and my mind deserted me.


it was thought that this ship might be lawrence marcelluss , one that he built after henry wren and his men abandoned him .

It was thought that this ship might be Lawrence Marcellus's, one that he built after Henry Wren and their men abandoned him.


Elis returned to the senior national team in December 2015. He scored his scored his first and second international goals in a friendly match against Cuba on 16 December 2015. On 25 March 2016, Elis scored his first goal in a competitive senior match, scoring once in a 2–2 draw with El Salvador in a World Cup qualification match. On 25 July 2016, Elis was named to the Honduran U-23 squad to play at the 2016 Olympics. He appeared all six of Honduras's games and scored two goals, including the winning goal in the quarterfinals match against South Korea, as he helped Honduras finish in 4th place. On June 29 2017, Elis was named to the 23 man squad for the 2017 Gold Cup. He made four appearances and helped Honduras reach the quarterfinals, where they fell 1–0 to Mexico. On June 6, 2019, Fabián Coito named Elis to the 23 man squad for the 2019 Gold Cup. However, it was a disappointing tournament for Honduras and Elis, as he failed to score in his 3 appearances and Honduras finished last in their group. Career statistics

International

International goals
Scores and results list Honduras' goal tally first.

Elis returned to the senior national team in December 2015. He scored his first and second international goals in a friendly match against Cuba on 16 December 2015. On 25 March 2016, Elis scored his first goal in a competitive senior match, scoring once in a 2–2 draw with El Salvador in a World Cup qualification match. On 25 July 2016, Elis was named to the Honduran U-23 squad to play at the 2016 Olympics. He appeared all six of Honduras's games and scored two goals, including the winning goal in the quarterfinals match against South Korea, as he helped Honduras finish in 4th place. On June 29 2017, Elis was named to the 23 man squad for the 2017 Gold Cup. He made four appearances and helped Honduras reach the quarterfinals, where they fell 1–0 to Mexico. On June 6, 2019, Fabián Coito named Elis to the 23 man squad for the 2019 Gold Cup. However, it was a disappointing tournament for Honduras and Elis, as he failed to score in his 3 appearances and Honduras finished last in their group. Career statistics
 International
 International goals
 Scores and results list Honduras' goal tally first.


lisa and mr. dittrich have told me that im special , but after having met them and knowing that they can do the same thing i can , i dont see how i am .

Lisa and Mr. Dittrich have told me that I'm special, but after having met them and knowing that they can do the same thing I can, I dont see how I am.


There 's not much to Fatale , outside of its stylish surprises ... but that 's OK .

There's not much to Fatale, outside of its stylish surprises ... but that's OK.


finally , standing before her father , he handed him a letter .

finally, standing before her son, he handed him a letter.


The main agricultural products of Tamman are wheat, canola, groundnut and chickpea. The language spoken here is the Dhanni dialect of Punjabi. It has a population of more than 50,000 people. Prominent political figures
The hero of 1965 War, Air Marshal Noor Khan (Late), who served as Governor of West Pakistan. The most honorable and first professor of Tamman was Noor ul Hassan Khan. He is great Islamic scholar(Sheikh ul Tafseer) and a Professor of Arabic and Islamic Studies in Oriental College Lahore (Punjab University). He is the son of Imam Ghazali (Great Islamic scholar). Allama Noor ul Hassan Khan is also famous because he is the first person to translate the world famous book Kitab al-Aghani in Urdu language. The book was published by Punjab University press years after Allama's death. The Urdu version of the book is named as ‘Taus aur Rabab’.

The main agricultural products of Tamman are wheat, canola, groundnut and chickpea. The language spoken here is the Dhanni dialect of Punjabi. It has a population of more than 50,000 people. Prominent political figures: The hero of 1965 War, Air Marshal Noor Khan (Late), who served as Governor of West Pakistan. The most honorable and first professor of Tamman was Noor ul Hassan Khan. He is great Islamic scholar (Sheikh ul Tafseer) and a Professor of Arabic and Islamic Studies in Oriental College Lahore (Punjab University). He is the son of Imam Ghazala (Great Islamic scholar). Allama Noor ul Hassan Khan is also famous because he is the first person to translate the world famous book Kitab al-Aghani in Urdu language. The book was published by Punjab University press years after Allama's death. The Urdu version of the book is named as'Taus aur Rabab'.


Who dismissed William FitzAldelm as the Lord of Ireland? <SEP> John had spent the conflict travelling alongside his father, and was given widespread possessions across the Angevin empire as part of the Montlouis settlement; from then onwards, most observers regarded John as Henry II's favourite child, although he was the furthest removed in terms of the royal succession. Henry II began to find more lands for John, mostly at various nobles' expense. In 1175 he appropriated the estates of the late Earl of Cornwall and gave them to John. The following year, Henry disinherited the sisters of Isabelle of Gloucester, contrary to legal custom, and betrothed John to the now extremely wealthy Isabelle. In 1177, at the Council of Oxford, Henry dismissed William FitzAldelm as the Lord of Ireland and replaced him with the ten-year-old John.

Who dismissed Morgan FitzAldelm as the Noble of Ireland? <SEP> John had spent the conflict traveling alongside his father, and was given widespread possessions across the Angevin empire as part of the Montlouis settlement; from then onwards, most observers regarded John as Henry II's favourite child, although he was the furthest removed in terms of the royal succession. Henry II began to find more lands for John, mostly at various nobles' expense. In 1175 he appropriated the estates of the late Earl of Cornwall and gave them to John. The following year, Henry disinherited the sisters of Isabelle of Gloucester, contrary to legal custom, and betrothed John to the now extremely wealthy Isabelle. In 1177, at the Council of Oxford, Henry dismissed Morgan FitzAldelm as the Noble of Ireland and replaced them with the ten-year-old John.


Many princes like Herachandra and Yumjaotaba tried to liberate Manipur; some obliging princes were appointing the king of Manipur under Burmese sovereignty. Badra Singh’s son Jadu Singh (r. 1823), Jadu Singh’s son Raghov Singh (r. 1823–24) and Badra Singh himself (r. 1825) were puppet rulers of Burmese occupied Manipur. Though his father, his elder brother and his nephew became puppet rulers, Nara Singh was not involved in the scramble for the throne of Manipur. He was taking shelter in Cachar. And he supported the cause of his second cousin Gambhir Singh in negotiating with the British for the liberation of Cachar and Manipur.

Many princes like Herachandra and Yumjaotaba tried to liberate Manipur; some obliging princes were appointing the king of Manipur under Burmese sovereignty. Badra Singh ’ s son Jadu Singh (r. 1823), Jadu Singh ’ s son Raghov Singh (r. 1823–24) and Badra Singh himself (r. 1825) were puppet rulers of Burmese occupied Manipur. Though his father, his elder brother and his nephew became puppet rulers, Nara Singh was not involved in the scramble for the throne of Manipur. He was taking shelter in Cachar. And he supported the cause of his second cousin Gambhir Singh in negotiating with the British for the liberation of Cachar and Manipur.


Kosalananda Mahakavya or Kosalananda Kavya is a palmleaf manuscript in Sanskrit written in AD 1664 by Pandit Gangadhar Mishra. Kosalananda Kavya is the first epic of Sanskrit literature in Odisha. Pandit Mishra was the court poet of Sambalpur King Baliar Singh (AD 1660–90). He was a descendant of Sambhukara, a famous poet of Puri.

Synopsis of the book
Kosalananda Kavya depicts the history of Chauhan rule in western Orissa or Kosal region. In particular, it defaced the reality of the political conditions of Chauhan rulers of Patna (now Balangir) and Sambalpur area. It describe that the founder of Chauhan rule in Patnagarh was Ramai Dev who belonged to the family of Prithvi Raj Chauhan of Delhi. After death and defeat of Prithvi Raj Chauhan in Delhi by Muhammad Ghori, a few members of his family escaped to a place called Manipuri (a place in Uttar Pradesh) and established a small kingdom there.

It was described that the Chauhan king of Manipuri was killed by a Muslim ruler. However, his wife who was pregnant at that time managed to escape to the South Kosal tract or western Orissa. She was given sheltered at Patnagarh or Balangir and gave birth to Ramai Dev. Later Ramai Dev defeated Ashta Mallika, the then ruler and the feudatory chiefs under Ganga Vamsi kings of Odisha and established Chauhan kingdom in Patnagath (now Balangir). According to Kosalananda Kavya Ramai Dev was married to a Ganga Vamsi princess, the daughter of Gajapati's brother. Ramai Dev also build the Pataneswari temple who subsequently became the presiding deity of Chauhans.

This Kavya also describe the temple city of Sonepur as the second Varanasi of India. It states that Sonepur State came under the Chauhans during the days of Ramai dev. Earlier Sonepur was ruled by Bhanja Vamsi kings and related to Khijjinga Mandala. Pandit Gangadhara Mishra states that there were numerous temples at Sonepur prior to the Chauhan rule. Sonepur was the regional hub of Ganga Vamsi,Keshari/Soma Vamsi Kings of Orissa

See also
 Subarnapur district
 Sonepur
 Kosaleswara Temple

External links
History of Sonepur
Sanskrit Scholars of Orissa
Kosalananda Mahakavya in Eastern Book Corporation
Srikshetra and Sri Jagannath in Gangadhar Mishra's Kosalananda Kavyam

Category:Indian literature
Category:Odia literature
Category:Sanskrit texts
Category:History books about India
Category:Cultural history of Odisha
Kosalananda Kavya

Kosalananda Mahakavya or Kosalananda Kavya is a palmleaf manuscript in Sanskrit written in AD 1664 by Pandit Gangadhar Mishra. Kosalananda Kavya is the first epic of Sanskrit literature in Odisha. Pandit Mishra was the court poet of Sambalpur King Baliar Singh (AD 1660–90). They were a descendant of Sambhukara, a famous poet of Puri.

Synopsis of the book
Kosalananda Kavya depicts the history of Chauhan rule in western Orissa or Kosal region. In particular, it defaced the reality of the political conditions of Chauhan rulers of Patna (now Balangir) and Sambalpur area. It describe that the founder of Chauhan rule in Patnagarh was Ramai Dev who belonged to the family of Prithvi Raj Chauhan of Delhi. After death and defeat of Prithvi Raj Chauhan in Delhi by Muhammad Ghori, a few members of his family escaped to a place called Manipuri (a place in Uttar Pradesh) and established a small kingdom there.

It was described that the Chauhan king of Manipuri was killed by a Muslim ruler. However, his wife who was pregnant at that time managed to escape to the South Kosal tract or western Orissa. She was given sheltered at Patnagarh or Balangir and gave birth to Ramai Dev. Later Ramai Dev defeated Ashta Mallika, the then ruler and the feudatory chiefs under Ganga Vamsi kings of Odisha and established Chauhan kingdom in Patnagath (now Balangir). According to Kosalananda Kavya Ramai Dev was married to a Ganga Vamsi princess, the daughter of Gajapati's brother. Ramai Dev also build the Pataneswari temple who subsequently became the presiding deity of Chauhans.

This Kavya also describe the temple city of Sonepur as the second Varanasi of India. It states that Sonepur State came under the Chauhans during the days of Ramai dev. Earlier Sonepur was ruled by Bhanja Vamsi kings and related to Khijjinga Mandala. Pandit Gangadhara Mishra states that there were numerous temples at Sonepur prior to the Chauhan rule. Sonepur was the regional hub of Ganga Vamsi, Keshari/Soma Vamsi Kings of Orissa

See also
Subarnapur district
Sonepur
Kosaleswara Temple

External links
History of Sonepur
Sanskrit Scholars of Orissa
Kosalananda Mahakavya in Eastern Book Corporation
Srikshetra and Sri Jagannath in Gangadhar Mishra's Kosalananda Kavyam

Category: Indian literature
Category: Odia literature
Category: Sanskrit texts
Category: History books about India
Category: Cultural history of Odisha
Kosalananda Kavya


Unfortunately, he also began to spit out his cream of wheat and throwing the spoon while being fed mashed celery, which should not happen to an adult man from a good family. <SEP> The cream of wheat tasted horrible.

Unfortunately, he also began to spit out his cream of wheat and started throwing the spoon while being fed mashed celery, which should not happen to a child from a good family. <SEP> The cream of wheat tasted horrible.


a female adder had found a hole in the side of his dip and given birth to her young .

A female adder had once found a hole in the side of her dip and given birth to her offspring.


Thomas Bates (1567 – 30 January 1606) was a member of the group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.

Bates was born at Lapworth in Warwickshire, and became a retainer to Robert Catesby, who from 1604 planned to kill King James I by blowing up the House of Lords with gunpowder, and inciting a popular revolt during which a Catholic monarch would be restored to the English throne.  Bates was invited to join the conspiracy after he accidentally became aware of it.  As he rode with Catesby to prepare for the group's planned uprising on 5 November 1605, Guy Fawkes was found guarding the gunpowder stored under the House of Lords and arrested.  Bates subsequently accompanied Catesby and his small group of fugitives to Holbeche House in Staffordshire, but left shortly before his master was killed there by government forces on 8 November.  He was subsequently captured and taken to London.

Bates was the only member of the group to implicate the Jesuits in the conspiracy, but may have done so only to alleviate his punishment.  He retracted his statement when it became clear he was to be executed.  Three days after his trial on 27 January 1606, he was hanged, drawn and quartered.

Biography

Servant
Bates was born at Lapworth in Warwickshire, and was married to Martha Bates.  He was employed as a retainer to Sir Robert Catesby's family, and with his wife lived in a cottage on the Catesby family estate. He was allowed his own servant, as well as his own armour.  Bates was considered a loyal and devoted servant to Catesby.

Bates was the seventh man to be enlisted into what became known as the Gunpowder Plot, a scheme devised early in 1604 by Catesby to kill King James I by blowing up the House of Lords with gunpowder, and inciting a popular revolt during which a Catholic monarch would be restored to the English throne. Bates's involvement in the plot began when he became suspicious of Catesby's movements.  In December 1604 he was invited to his master's lodgings at Puddle Wharf in London, and questioned there by Thomas Wintour and Catesby, who had noted his suspicion.  Bates told them that he thought that they "intended some dangerous matter about the Parliament House, because he had been sent to get a lodging near unto that place."  At that point the two men let Bates in on the secret.

In the same month it was announced that because of the plague, the re-opening of Parliament would not be in February, but rather in October.  During this delay the conspirators may have dug a tunnel beneath Parliament, although no evidence for its existence has ever been found. The plotters ultimately stored their gunpowder in the undercroft directly beneath the House of Lords. In July 1605 the opening of Parliament was again delayed, this time until Tuesday 5 November. Catesby had funded most of the plot, but by August 1605 he was running out of money.  During a secret meeting at Bath in August, at which he, Percy and Thomas Wintour were present, the plotters decided that "the company being yet but few" he was to be allowed to "call in whom he thought best".  Bates was uncomfortable with the idea, and was the only member of the conspiracy to object.  He was over-ruled however, and Catesby soon enlisted Ambrose Rookwood, Francis Tresham and Everard Digby.

Failure
The last details of the plot were finalised in October.  Guy Fawkes would light the fuse and then escape across the Thames, while simultaneously a revolt in the Midlands would help to ensure the capture of Princess Elizabeth. Late on Monday 4 November, Bates set out with Catesby and John Wright for the planned revolt.  The following day while at Dunstable re-shoeing Catesby's horse, they were met by Rookwood, who delivered the devastating news that Fawkes had been discovered guarding the gunpowder and arrested.  As those conspirators still in London fled the city, the group soon integrated Christopher Wright and Thomas Percy.  They rode toward Dunchurch, on horses sent from Everard Digby by prearrangement.  They met Robert Wintour (brother to Thomas) at Ashby St Ledgers, and Digby at Dunchurch. On 6 November they stole horses from Warwick Castle, and collected stored weapons from Norbrook, near Stratford-upon-Avon.  As they continued toward Huddington, and as the government issued a proclamation for the fugitives' arrest (Catesby's servant was listed as Robert Ashfield, probably a mistake for Bates), Catesby ordered Bates to deliver a letter to Father Garnet at Coughton Court, asking for his support.  Bates's news proved momentous for the Jesuits; he overheard Tesimond exclaim "we are all utterly undone".  Garnet's reply to Catesby begged them to stop their "wicked actions", and to listen to the pope's teachings.

Capture
By the time the fugitives and their supporters arrived at Holbeche House on the border of Staffordshire, they were exhausted.  Drenched from the rain, they spread out some of the now-soaked gunpowder in front of the fire, to dry out.  A spark from the fire landed on the powder and the resultant flames engulfed Catesby, Rookwood, Grant, and another man. At some point between then and the arrival of the Sheriff of Worcester and his men, Bates left the house, possibly with his son and Digby.  If he was with the latter, he was captured later the same day and taken to London. Catesby was killed early that day along with Percy, John Wright and his brother Christopher.

Imprisonment and execution
While imprisoned, on 4 December Bates claimed that Father Oswald Tesimond knew of the plot.  In the opinion of author Antonia Fraser however, Bates's evidence is suspect; he was of a lower class than his co-conspirators, and could therefore reasonably have assumed he was at more risk of being tortured than the others. Perhaps trying to curry favour with his interrogators, he was the only conspirator to implicate the Jesuits.  He later retracted his confession when it became clear that he was to be executed.

Bates was charged with high treason, and tried at Westminster Hall on Monday 27 January 1606, alongside seven of his fellow conspirators. He arrived at the hall separately from the others; prisons operated on a class-based system and so he was kept at the Gatehouse Prison, rather than the Tower.  Only Digby pleaded guilty.  On the morning of 30 January 1606 therefore, Bates was tied to a wattled hurdle and dragged by horse along the street, from the Gatehouse Prison to the western end of St Paul's Churchyard.  There he was present as first Digby, then Robert Wintour, and then Grant, were hanged, drawn and quartered.  Bates was the last to ascend the scaffold that day, and met a similarly gruesome end. The following day the four remaining conspirators were executed in the same manner.

References
Notes

Footnotes

Bibliography

Category:1606 deaths
Category:Executed Gunpowder Plotters
Category:Roman Catholic activists
Category:People of the Tudor period
Category:1567 births
Category:16th-century English people
Category:16th-century Roman Catholics
Category:17th-century Roman Catholics
Category:English Roman Catholics
Category:Executed people from Warwickshire
Category:People executed by Stuart England by hanging, drawing and quartering

Thomas Bates (1567 – 30 January 1606) was a member of the group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.

Bates was born at Lapworth in Warwickshire, and became a retainer to Robert Catesby, who from 1604 planned to kill King James I by blowing up the House of Lords with gunpowder, and inciting a popular revolt during which a Catholic monarch would be restored to the English throne. Bates was invited to join the conspiracy after they accidentally became aware of it. As they rode with Catesby to prepare for the group's planned uprising on 5 November 1605, Guy Fawkes was found guarding the gunpowder stored under the House of Lords and arrested. Bates subsequently accompanied Catesby and his small group of fugitives to Holbeche House in Staffordshire, but left shortly before their master was killed there by government forces on 8 November. They were subsequently captured and taken to London.

Bates was the only member of the group to implicate the Jesuits in the conspiracy, but may have done so only to alleviate their punishment. They retracted their statement when it became clear they were to be executed. Three days after their trial on 27 January 1606, they were hanged, drawn and quartered.

Biography

Servant
Bates was born at Lapworth in Warwickshire, and was married to Martha Bates. They were employed as a retainer to Sir Robert Catesby's family, and with their wife lived in a cottage on the Catesby family estate. They were allowed their own servant, as well as their own armour. Bates was considered a loyal and devoted servant to Catesby.

Bates was the seventh person to be enlisted into what became known as the Gunpowder Plot, a scheme devised early in 1604 by Catesby to kill King James I by blowing up the House of Lords with gunpowder, and inciting a popular revolt during which a Catholic monarch would be restored to the English throne. Bates's involvement in the plot began when they became suspicious of Catesby's movements. In December 1604 they were invited to their master's lodgings at Puddle Wharf in London, and questioned there by Thomas Wintour and Catesby, who had noted their suspicion. Bates told them that they thought that they "intended some dangerous matter about the Parliament House, because they had been sent to get a lodging near unto that place". At that point the two men let Bates in on the secret.

In the same month it was announced that because of the plague, the re-opening of Parliament would not be in February, but rather in October. During this delay the conspirators may have dug a tunnel beneath Parliament, although no evidence for its existence has ever been found. The plotters ultimately stored their gunpowder in the undercroft directly beneath the House of Lords. In July 1605 the opening of Parliament was again delayed, this time until Tuesday 5 November. Catesby had funded most of the plot, but by August 1605 he was running out of money. During a secret meeting at Bath in August, at which he, Percy and Thomas Wintour were present, the plotters decided that "the company being yet but few" he was to be allowed to "call in whom he thought best". Bates was uncomfortable with the idea, and was the only member of the conspiracy to object. They were over-ruled however and Catesby soon enlisted Ambrose Rookwood, Francis Tresham and Everard Digby.

Failure
The last details of the plot were finalised in October. Guy Fawkes would light the fuse and then escape across the Thames, while simultaneously a revolt in the Midlands would help to ensure the capture of Princess Elizabeth. Late on Monday 4 November, Bates set out with Catesby and John Wright for the planned revolt. The following day while at Dunstable re-shoeing Catesby's horse, they were met by Rookwood, who delivered the devastating news that Fawkes had been discovered guarding the gunpowder and arrested. As those conspirators still in London fled the city, the group soon integrated Christopher Wright and Thomas Percy. They rode toward Dunchurch, on horses sent from Everard Digby by prearrangement. They met Robert Wintour (brother to Thomas) at Ashby St Ledgers, and Digby at Dunchurch. On 6 November they stole horses from Warwick Castle, and collected stored weapons from Norbrook, near Stratford-upon-Avon. As they continued toward Huddington, and as the government issued a proclamation for the fugitives' arrest (Catesby's servant was listed as Robert Ashfield, probably a mistake for Bates), Catesby ordered Bates to deliver a letter to Father Garnet at Coughton Court, asking for his support. Bates's news proved momentous for the Jesuits; they overheard Tesimond exclaim "we are all utterly undone". Garnet's reply to Catesby begged them to stop their "wicked actions", and to listen to the pope's teachings.

Capture
By the time the fugitives and their supporters arrived at Holbeche House on the border of Staffordshire, they were exhausted. Drenched from the rain, they spread out some of the now-soaked gunpowder in front of the fire, to dry out. A spark from the fire landed on the powder and the resultant flames engulfed Catesby, Rookwood, Grant, and another man. At some point between then and the arrival of the Sheriff of Worcester and his men, Bates left the house, possibly with his son and Digby. If they were with the latter, they were captured later the same day and taken to London. Catesby was killed early that day along with Percy, John Wright and his brother Christopher.

Imprisonment and execution
While imprisoned, on 4 December Bates claimed that Father Oswald Tesimond knew of the plot. In the opinion of author Antonia Fraser however, Bates's evidence is suspect; they were of a lower class than their co-conspirators, and could therefore reasonably have assumed they were at more risk of being tortured than the others. Perhaps trying to curry favour with his interrogators, they were the only conspirator to implicate the Jesuits. They later retracted his confession when it became clear that they were to be executed.

Bates was charged with high treason, and tried at Westminster Hall on Monday 27 January 1606, alongside seven of their fellow conspirators. They arrived at the hall separately from the others; prisons operated on a class-based system and so They were kept at the Gatehouse Prison, rather than the Tower. Only Digby pleaded guilty. On the morning of 30 January 1606 therefore, Bates was tied to a wattled hurdle and dragged by horse along the street, from the Gatehouse Prison to the western end of St Paul's Churchyard. There they were present as first Digby, then Robert Wintour, and then Grant, were hanged, drawn and quartered. Bates was the last to ascend the scaffold that day, and met a similarly gruesome end. The following day the four remaining conspirators were executed in the same manner.

References
Notes

Footnotes

Bibliography

Category: 1606 deaths
Category: Executed Gunpowder Plotters
Category: Roman Catholic activists
Category: People of the Tudor period
Category: 1567 births
Category: 16th-century English people
Category: 16th-century Roman Catholics
Category: 17th-century Roman Catholics
Category: English Roman Catholics
Category: Executed people from Warwickshire
Category: People executed by Stuart England by hanging, drawing and quartering


What organization did Eisenhower want to keep from being one of McCarthy's targets? <SEP> Among Ike's objectives in not directly confronting McCarthy was to prevent McCarthy from dragging the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) into McCarthy's witch hunt for communists, which would interfere with, and perhaps delay, the AEC's important work on H-bombs. The administration had discovered through its own investigations that one of the leading scientists on the AEC, J. Robert Oppenheimer, had urged that the H-bomb work be delayed. Eisenhower removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance, though he knew this would create fertile ground for McCarthy.

What organization did Eisenhower want to keep from being one of McCarthy's targets? <SEP> Among Ike's objectives in not directly confronting McCarthy was to prevent McCarthy from dragging the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) into McCarthy's witch hunt for communists, which would interfere with, and perhaps delay, the AEC's important work on H-bombs. The administration had discovered through its own investigations that one of the leading scientists on the AEC, J. Roberta Oppenheimer, had urged that the H-bomb work be delayed. Eisenhower removed her from the agency and revoked her security clearance, though he knew this would create fertile ground for McCarthy.


What year did Victorias Father die? <SEP> Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III. Both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her father's three elder brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards of personal morality.

What year did Victoria's father die? <SEP> Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III. Both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under the close supervision of her American-born mother, Princess Victoria of Juneau, Alaska. She inherited the throne at age 18, after her father's three elder brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards of personal morality.


Mary Montagu-Scott has one sibling from her parents’ marriage, Ralph Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 4th Baron Montagu of Beaulieu. He is the current Baron Montagu of Beaulieu. Her parents divorced in 1974, and her father married his second wife, Fiona Margaret Herbert, in the same year. They have a son, Hon. Jonathan Deane Douglas-Scott-Montagu. Career
Mary Montagu-Scott trained in Theatre Design at the Central School of Art and Design, London. She set up Mary Montagu Designs, an interior design business working on many residential and commercial design projects. She is the chairman of New Forest Ninth Centenary Trust, which runs the New Forest Heritage Centre, a trustee of the National Motor Museum Trust, and a trustee of The National Museum of the Royal Navy

She is currently the director of Beaulieu Enterprises Ltd, Beaulieu.

Mary Montagu-Scott has one sibling from her parents ’ marriage, Ralph Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 4th Baron Montagu of Beaulieu. He is the current Baron Montagu of Beaulieu. Her parents divorced in 1974, and her mother married her second wife, Fiona Margaret Herbert, in the same year. They have a son, Hon. Jonathan Deane Douglas-Scott-Montagu. Career
Mary Montagu-Scott trained in Theatre Design at the Central School of Art and Design, London. She set up Mary Montagu Designs, an interior design business working on many residential and commercial design projects. She is the chairman of New Forest Ninth Centenary Trust, which runs the New Forest Heritage Centre, a trustee of the National Motor Museum Trust, and a trustee of The National Museum of the Royal Navy
She is currently the director of Beaulieu Enterprises Ltd, Beaulieu.


Lan Yu is certainly a serviceable melodrama , but it does n't even try for the greatness that Happy Together shoots for ( and misses ) .

Lan American is certainly a serviceable melodrama, but it does n't even try for the greatness that
Happy Together shoots for (and misses).


What position did J. H. Thomas hold? <SEP> The Duke and Duchess of York had two children: Elizabeth (called "Lilibet" by the family), and Margaret. The Duke and Duchess and their two daughters lived a relatively sheltered life at their London residence, 145 Piccadilly. They were a close and loving family. One of the few stirs arose when the Canadian Prime Minister, R. B. Bennett, considered the Duke for Governor General of Canada in 1931—a proposal that King George V rejected on the advice of the Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, J. H. Thomas.

What position did J. H. Thomas hold? <SEP> The Duchess and Duchess of York had two children: Elizabeth (called "Lilibet" by the family), and Margaret. The Duchess and Duchess and their two daughters lived a relatively sheltered life at their London residence, 145 Piccadilly. They were a close and loving family. One of the few stirs arose when the Canadian Prime Minister, R. B. Bennett, considered the Duke for Governor General of Canada in 1931—a proposal that King George V rejected on the advice of the Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, J. H. Thomas.


Dyson Lovell is a film producer and actor born on 28 August 1936. He produced amongst others, the Franco Zeffirelli "Hamlet", starring Mel Gibson (1990), and Francis Ford Coppola's 1984 box-office flop "The Cotton Club", starring Richard Gere and Diane Lane. <SEP> Dyson Lovell has actors.

Dyane Lovell is a film producer and actor born on 28 August, 1936. She produced, amongst others, the Franco Zeffirelli "Hamlet", starring Mel Gibson (1990), and Francis Ford Coppola's 1984 box-office flop "The Cotton Club", starring Richard Gere and Diane Lane. <SEP> Dyane Lovell has actors.