What was the nationality of Gregorio Marañón? <SEP> Stanley Schachter formulated his theory on the earlier work of a Spanish physician, Gregorio Marañón, who injected patients with epinephrine and subsequently asked them how they felt. Interestingly, Marañón found that most of these patients felt something but in the absence of an actual emotion-evoking stimulus, the patients were unable to interpret their physiological arousal as an experienced emotion. Schachter did agree that physiological reactions played a big role in emotions. He suggested that physiological reactions contributed to emotional experience by facilitating a focused cognitive appraisal of a given physiologically arousing event and that this appraisal was what defined the subjective emotional experience. Emotions were thus a result of two-stage process: general physiological arousal, and experience of emotion. For example, the physiological arousal, heart pounding, in a response to an evoking stimulus, the sight of a bear in the kitchen. The brain then quickly scans the area, to explain the pounding, and notices the bear. Consequently, the brain interprets the pounding heart as being the result of fearing the bear. With his student, Jerome Singer, Schachter demonstrated that subjects can have different emotional reactions despite being placed into the same physiological state with an injection of epinephrine. Subjects were observed to express either anger or amusement depending on whether another person in the situation (a confederate) displayed that emotion. Hence, the combination of the appraisal of the situation (cognitive) and the participants' reception of adrenaline or a placebo together determined the response. This experiment has been criticized in Jesse Prinz's (2004) Gut Reactions.

What was the nationality of Gregorio Marañón? <SEP> Stae Schachter formulated their theory on the earlier work of a Spanish physician, Gregorio Marañón, who injected patients with epinephrine and subsequently asked them how they felt. Interestingly, Marañón found that most of these patients felt something but in the absence of an actual emotion-evoking stimulus, the patients were unable to interpret their physiological arousal as an experienced emotion. Schachter did agree that physiological reactions played a big role in emotions. They suggested that physiological reactions contributed to emotional experience by facilitating a focused cognitive appraisal of a given physiologically arousing event and that this appraisal was what defined the subjective emotional experience. Emotions were thus a result of a two-stage process: general physiological arousal, and experience of emotion. For example, the physiological arousal, heart pounding, in a response to an evoking stimulus, the sight of a bear in the kitchen. The brain then quickly scans the area, to explain the pounding, and notices the bear. Consequently, the brain interprets the pounding heart as being the result of fearing the bear. With their student, Jerome Singer, Schachter demonstrated that subjects can have different emotional reactions despite being placed into the same physiological state with an injection of epinephrine. Subjects were observed to express either anger or amusement depending on whether another person in the situation (a confederate) displayed that emotion. Hence, the combination of the appraisal of the situation (cognitive) and the participants' reception of adrenaline or a placebo together determined the response. This experiment has been criticized in Jesse Prinz's (2004) Gut Reactions.


Our campaigns often end up doing the very opposite of what they intend, Bradley laments. <SEP> The campaigns often end up doing what they intend.


What did Bronck do? <SEP> The Bronx is named after Jonas Bronck who created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639. The native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Bronx received many immigrant groups as it was transformed into an urban community, first from various European countries (particularly Ireland, Germany and Italy) and later from the Caribbean region (particularly Puerto Rico, Jamaica and the Dominican Republic), as well as African American migrants from the American South. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop.


* * * wagner from his vantage point , on the wing of the bridge , litz was now looking right down into the speeding boat as it tore pass him at forty knots .

Wilma, from her vantage point wason the wind of the bridge. Litz was now looking right down into the speeding boat as it tore past him at forty knots.


In addition to Clay Aiken and Kellie Pickler, which other Idol is from North Carolina? <SEP> Since the show's inception in 2002, ten of the fourteen Idol winners, including its first five, have come from the Southern United States. A large number of other notable finalists during the series' run have also hailed from the American South, including Clay Aiken, Kellie Pickler, and Chris Daughtry, who are all from North Carolina. In 2012, an analysis of the 131 contestants who have appeared in the finals of all seasons of the show up to that point found that 48% have some connection to the Southern United States.

In addition to Clay Aiken and Kellie Pickler, which other Idol is from North Carolina? <SEP> Since the show's inception in 2002, ten of the fourteen Idol winners, including its first five, have come from the Southern United States. A large number of other notable finalists during the series' run have also hailed from the American South, including Clay Aiken, Kellie Pickler, and Chris Daughtry, who are all from North Carolina. In 2012, an analysis of the 131 contestants who have appeared in the finals of all seasons of the show up to that point found that 48 % have some connection to the Southern United States.


Luis Philippe Santos Manzano (born April 21, 1981), also known by his nickname Lucky, is a Filipino TV host, VJ, model and occasional actor. He is the son of award-winning actors, Edu Manzano and Vilma Santos. He is best known for his roles in the television series Komiks Presents: Flash Bomba as Roldan Legaspi and in the 2009 film In My Life as Mark Salvacion. Biography

Early life
Manzano is the only child of Vilma Santos and Edu Manzano. Education
He studied at Colegio de San Agustin for high school and at De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde in Malate, Manila, with a Major in Hotel and Restaurant Institution Management.

Louise Philomena Santos Manzano (born April 21, 1981), also known by her nickname Lucky, is a Filipina TV hostess, VJ, model and occasional actress. She is the daughter of award-winning actors, Edu Manzano and Vilma Santos. She is best known for her roles in the television series Komiks Presents: Flash Bomba as Rihanna Legaspi and in the 2009 film In My Life as Maria Salvacion. Biography

Early life
Manzano is the only child of Vilma Santos and Edu Manzano. Education
She studied at Colegio de San Agustin for high school and at De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde in Malate, Manila, with a Major in Hotel and Restaurant Institution Management.


What does Shiva destroy in human beings? <SEP> Hindu scriptures describe hunting as an acceptable occupation, as well as a sport of the kingly. Even figures considered godly are described to have engaged in hunting. One of the names of the god Shiva is Mrigavyadha, which translates as "the deer hunter" (mriga means deer; vyadha means hunter). The word Mriga, in many Indian languages including Malayalam, not only stands for deer, but for all animals and animal instincts (Mriga Thrishna). Shiva, as Mrigavyadha, is the one who destroys the animal instincts in human beings. In the epic Ramayana, Dasharatha, the father of Rama, is said to have the ability to hunt in the dark. During one of his hunting expeditions, he accidentally killed Shravana, mistaking him for game. During Rama's exile in the forest, Ravana kidnapped his wife, Sita, from their hut, while Rama was asked by Sita to capture a golden deer, and his brother Lakshman went after him. According to the Mahabharat, Pandu, the father of the Pandavas, accidentally killed the sage Kindama and his wife with an arrow, mistaking them for a deer. Krishna is said to have died after being accidentally wounded by an arrow of a hunter.

What does Shiva destroy in human beings? <SEP> Hindu scriptures describe hunting as an acceptable occupation, as well as a sport of the kingly. Even figures considered godly are described to have engaged in hunting. One of the names of the god Shiva is Mrigavyadha, which translates as "the deer hunter" (mriga means deer; vyadha means hunter) . The word Mriga, in many Indian languages including Malayalam, not only stands for deer, but for all animals and animal instincts (Mriga Thrishna) . Shiva, as Mrigavyadha, is the one who destroys the animal instincts in human beings. In the epic Ramayana, Dasharatha, the father of Rama, is said to have the ability to hunt in the dark. During one of his hunting expeditions, he accidentally killed Shravana, mistaking him for game. During Rama's exile in the forest, Ravana kidnapped his wife, Sita, from their hut, while Rama was asked by Sita to capture a golden deer, and his brother Lakshman went after him. According to the Mahabharat, Pandu, the father of the Pandavas, accidentally killed the sage Kindama and her wife with an arrow, mistaking them for a deer. Krishna is said to have died after being accidentally wounded by an arrow of a hunter.


Plot

Arthur is a young anthropomorphic aardvark residing in a world populated by anthropomorphic animals. Francine Frensky, a classmate, frequently complains about Arthur's lengthy nose, as she is seated nearby, and a few other remarks regarding the length of his nose inspire Arthur to have it fixed. He visits a specialist, but decides against the idea of changing his nose even after viewing the man's other options. Arthur returns to school and is seldom taunted because of his nose, although Francine still complains mildly about it getting in her way. Later books
After the book's publication, it inspired a series of storybooks chronicling Arthur's childhood experiences.

Arthur is a middle-aged anthropomorphic aardvark residing in a world populated by anthropomorphic animals. Francine Frensky, a classmate, frequently complains about Arthur's lengthy nose, as she is seated nearby, and a few other remarks regarding the length of his nose inspire Arthur to have it fixed. He visits a specialist, but decides against the idea of changing his nose even after viewing the man's other options. Arthur returns to school and is seldom taunted because of his nose, although Francine still complains mildly about it getting in her way. Later books
After the book's publication, it inspired a series of storybooks chronicling Arthur's childhood experiences.


The Rogowski coil was named after him. Biography
In 1900, Rogowski began his studies at the RWTH Aachen, under Arnold Sommerfeld, who occupied the Chair for Applied Mechanics. He acquired his Vordiplom in 1902 and went on to study at the Danzig Technische Hochschule, where he was also a scientific assistant. He completed his studies at Danzig in 1904, but stayed on until 1908, when he went to be a scientific assistant at the Physikalisch Technische Reichsanstalt in Berlin, specializing in high current technology, telecommunications technology, and electrical physics. After World War I, Rogowski returned to Aachen, in 1920, and became an ordinarius professor for theoretical electro-technology and director of the Institute for Electro-Technology. At that time, the institute was in the mining industry building. Rogowski, with his head assistant Eugen Flegler, began to put together a plan for their own building. The draft submission to the Ministry of Education was made by the university in 1923. However, the plan was not accomplished until 1925, with inauguration of the generous institute building on 27 October 1929. The original plan proposed to house the entire electrical engineering section in the building.

The Rogowski coil was named after her. Biography
 In 1900, Rogowski began her studies at the RWTH Aachen, under Arnold Sommerfeld, who occupied the Chair for Applied Mechanics. She acquired her Vordiplom in 1902 and went on to study at the Danzig Technische Hochschule, where she was also a scientific assistant. She completed his studies at Danzig in 1904, but stayed on until 1908, when she went to be a scientific assistant at the Physikalisch Technische Reichsanstalt in Berlin, specializing in high current technology, telecommunications technology, and electrical physics. After World War I, Rogowski returned to Aachen, in 1920, and became an ordinarius professor for theoretical electro-technology and director of the Institute for Electro-Technology. At that time, the institute was in the mining industry building. Rogowski, with her head assistant Eugen Flegler, began to put together a plan for their own building. The draft submission to the Ministry of Education was made by the university in 1923. However, the plan was not accomplished until 1925, with inauguration of the generous institute building on 27 October 1929. The original plan proposed to house the entire electrical engineering section in the building.


When did John address problems with the English currency? <SEP> At the start of John's reign there was a sudden change in prices, as bad harvests and high demand for food resulted in much higher prices for grain and animals. This inflationary pressure was to continue for the rest of the 13th century and had long-term economic consequences for England. The resulting social pressures were complicated by bursts of deflation that resulted from John's military campaigns. It was usual at the time for the king to collect taxes in silver, which was then re-minted into new coins; these coins would then be put in barrels and sent to royal castles around the country, to be used to hire mercenaries or to meet other costs. At those times when John was preparing for campaigns in Normandy, for example, huge quantities of silver had to be withdrawn from the economy and stored for months, which unintentionally resulted in periods during which silver coins were simply hard to come by, commercial credit difficult to acquire and deflationary pressure placed on the economy. The result was political unrest across the country. John attempted to address some of the problems with the English currency in 1204 and 1205 by carrying out a radical overhaul of the coinage, improving its quality and consistency.


Where is Thomas DeGregori from? <SEP> According to Thomas DeGregori, an economics professor at the University of Houston, in an article published by the Cato Institute, a libertarian think-tank operating in Washington D.C., "it is clear that technological and economic change are vital ingredients in getting children out of the workplace and into schools. Then they can grow to become productive adults and live longer, healthier lives. However, in poor countries like Bangladesh, working children are essential for survival in many families, as they were in our own heritage until the late 19th century. So, while the struggle to end child labour is necessary, getting there often requires taking different routes—and, sadly, there are many political obstacles.

Where is Thomas DeGregori from? <SEP> According to Thomas DeGregori, an economics professor at the University of Houston, in an article published by the Cato Institute, a libertarian think-tank operating in Washington D.C., " it is clear that technological and economic change are vital ingredients in getting children out of the workplace and into schools. Then they can grow to become productive adults and live longer, healthier lives. However, in poor countries like Bangladesh, working children are essential for survival in many families, as they were in our own heritage until the late 19th century. So, while the struggle to end child labour is necessary, getting there often requires taking different routes—and, sadly, there are many political obstacles.


Tommy stroked his own head tenderly, and gave himself up to the pleasures of imagination. <SEP> Tommy began daydreaming as he scratched his head.

Taylor stroked their own head tenderly, and gave themselves up to the pleasures of imagination. <SEP> Taylor began daydreaming as they scratched their head.


Honorary Citizen of the city of Omsk. Deputy Chairman of Sambo Federation of the Omsk region, head of the sports school "Sambo-2000." Since 2000 annual open Russian Sambo tournament is held in Omsk for the prizes of Alexander Pushnitsa. Biography
Alexander's father and mother were rural teachers. Alexander grew up in a village. He liked fight since childhood. Boys usually fought on the ground, not observing any rules. Most often Alexander struggled with his twin brother Vladimir [subsequently International Master of Sports in Sambo and three-time bronze medalist (1977, 1978, 1982) of the USSR Championships]. There was no television in that village, and the brothers knew nothing about Sambo. Father of Alexander and Vladimir, a veteran of World War II, instilled them a love to peasant labor and sports.

Honorary Citizen of the city of Omsk. Deputy Chairman of Sambo Federation of the Omsk region, head of the sports school "Sambo-2000." Since 2000 annual open Russian Sambo tournament is held in Omsk for the prizes of Alexander Pushnitsa.
Biography
Alexander's father and mother were rural teachers. Alexander grew up in a village. He liked to fight since childhood. Boys usually fought on the ground, not observing any rules. Most often Alexander struggled with his twin sibling Vivien [subsequently International Master of Sports in Sambo and three-time bronze medalist (1977, 1978, 1982) of the USSR Championships]. There was no television in that village, and the siblings knew nothing about Sambo. The father of Alexander and Vivien, a veteran of World War II, instilled them a love to peasant labor and sports.


breydens stomach clenched tighter and harder as his father flew their hover vehicle through the city toward the base .

Breyden's stomach clenched tighter and harder as his son flew their hover vehicle through the city toward the base.


What areas did Beyonce compete in when she was growing up? <SEP> Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter (/biːˈjɒnseɪ/ bee-YON-say) (born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer and actress. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child, and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. Their hiatus saw the release of Beyoncé's debut album, Dangerously in Love (2003), which established her as a solo artist worldwide, earned five Grammy Awards and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles "Crazy in Love" and "Baby Boy".

What areas did Beyonce compete in when she was growing up? <SEP> Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter (/biːˈjɒnseɪ/ bee-YON-say) (born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer and actress. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child, and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of R & B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. Their hiatus saw the release of Beyoncé's debut album, Dangerously in Love (2003), which established her as a solo female artist worldwide, earned five Grammy Awards and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles "Crazy in Love" and "Baby Boy".


The 70-year-old Godard has become , to judge from In Praise of Love , the sort of bitter old crank who sits behind his light meter and harangues the supposed injustices of the artistic world-at-large without doing all that much to correct them .

The 70-year-old Godard had become, to judge from In Praise of Love, the sort of bitter elderly crank who sits behind his light meter and harangues the supposed injustices of the artistic world-at-large without doing all that much to correct them.


once he had on a pair of old blue jeans and a checkered shirt he sat down on the ground and carefully put on a pair of socks and pair of brogan boots and laced them up carefully .

Once they had on a pair of old blue jeans and a checkered shirt, they sat down on the ground and carefully put on a pair of socks and Brogan boots, lacing them up carefully.


Origins
He was the eldest son and heir of Sir Thomas Carew, 6th Baronet (c. 1755–1805) of Haccombe, by his wife Jane Smallwood, a daughter of Rev. James Smallwood. Marriage & progeny

In 1806 he married Elizabeth Palk (1786-1862), only surviving daughter and sole heiress of Walter Palk (1742-1819), of Marley House in the parish of Rattery, Devon, a Member of Parliament for his family's Pocket Borough of Ashburton in Devon from 1796 to 1811, Sheriff of Devon (1791-2) and in 1798 a Captain in the  Ashburton Volunteer Militia. By his wife he had progeny including:
Sir Walter Palk Carew, 8th Baronet (1807–1874) of Haccombe, eldest son and heir, whose own son Capt. Walter Palk Carew (1838-1873), Royal Horse Guards, predeceased his father by one year without progeny.

Origins
He was the eldest son and heir of Sir Thomas Carew, 6th Baronet (c. 1755–1805) of Haccombe, by his wife Jane Smallwood, a daughter of Rev. James Smallwood. Marriage & progeny

In 1806 he married Elijah Palk (1786-1862), only surviving son and sole heir of Walter Palk (1742-1819), of Marley House in the parish of Rattery, Devon, a Member of Parliament for his family's Pocket Borough of Ashburton in Devon from 1796 to 1811, Sheriff of Devon (1791-2) and in 1798 a Captain in the Ashburton Volunteer Militia. By his husband he had progeny including:
Sir Walter Palk Carew, 8th Baronet (1807–1874) of Haccombe, eldest son and heir, whose own son Capt. Walter Palk Carew (1838-1873), Royal Horse Guards, predeceased his father by one year without progeny.


Incidentally, he also asserts wrongly that Richard Nixon's Christmas bombing of Hanoi in 1972 made peace possible. <SEP> He has made a lot of wrong assertions about Nixon.

Incidentally, he also asserts wrongly that Xe Nixon's Christmas bombing of Hanoi in 1972 made peace possible. <SEP> He has made a lot of wrong assertions about Nixon.


From 2002-2004, he played Osman Karacahan in the TV series Zerda. In 2007, he played Haydar in the TV series Fikrimin İnce Gülü. From 2009-11, he played Selim in Hanımın Çiftliği, which was a period drama TV series based on  Kemal Tahir's novel Lady's Farm. In 2012, he played Selim Aliç in Mavi Kelebekler (Blue Butterflies), a TV series about Bosnian war that was broadcast on Turkey's national network TRT.Now he plays Azad in "küçuk gelin" or "little bride"

Çakmak also participated in feature films. His debut role was Hakan in Gönderilmemiş Mektuplar (Unsent Letters), a film directed by Yusuf Kurçenli. In 2010, he took part in Mordkommission Istanbul, a movie produced by Ziegler Film Company for German TV channel ARD, and a short film The Death of Tennessee Williams in which he played the title character. In theatre, he starred in My Name is Red, a period drama adapted from Orhan Pamuk's novel of the same name; it was produced by Goldhawk Productions and later broadcast by the BBC. He starred in a play called Korku İmparatorluğu (Fear Empire). He was involved in theatre productions for A Streetcar Named Desire and Play It Again Sam. His voicing career includes him being the corporate identity voice-over for the company Eczacıbaşı between the years 2004-2006.

From 2002-2004, he played Osman Karacahan in the TV series Zerda. In 2007, he played Haydar in the TV series Fikrimin İnce Gülü. From 2009-11, he played Selim in Hanımın Çiftliği, which was a period drama TV series based on Kemal Tahir's novel Lady's Farm. In 2012, he played Selim Aliç in Mavi Kelebekler (Blue Butterflies), a TV series about Bosnian war that was broadcast on Turkey's national network TRT.Now he plays Azad in "küçuk gelin" or "little bride" Çakmak also participated in feature films. His debut role was Harriet in Gönderilmemiş Mektuplar (Unsent Letters), a film directed by Yusuf Kurçenli. In 2010, he took part in Mordkommission Istanbul, a movie produced by Ziegler Film Company for German TV channel ARD, and a short film The Death of Tennessee Williams in which he played the title character. In theatre, he starred in My Name is Red, a period drama adapted from Orhan Pamuk's novel of the same name; it was produced by Goldhawk Productions and later broadcast by the BBC. He starred in a play called Korku İmparatorluğu (Fear Empire) . He was involved in theatre productions for A Streetcar Named Desire and Play It Again Sam. His voicing career includes him being the corporate identity voice-over for the company Eczacıbaşı between the years 2004-2006.


A moving and solidly entertaining comedy\/drama that should bolster director and co-writer Juan José Campanella 's reputation in the United States .

A moving and solidly entertaining comedy\/drama that should bolster director and co-writer Juan José Campanella's reputation in the United States.


A funny and well-contructed black comedy where the old adage `` be careful what you wish for '' is given a full workout .

A funny and well-constructed hispanic comedy where the old adage be careful what you wish for "is given a full workout.


Mutual Friends is a British comedy drama television series broadcast in six episodes on BBC One in from 26 August until 30 September 2008. The series starred Marc Warren, Alexander Armstrong, Keeley Hawes, Sarah Alexander, Claire Rushbrook, Emily Joyce, Naomi Bentley and Joshua Sarphie as a group of old friends whose lives are thrown into chaos when one of their group commits suicide. <SEP> Mutual friends is a tv series that explores the lives of a group of friends dealing with bereavement.

Mutual Friends is a British comedy drama television series broadcast in six episodes on BBC One in from 26 August until 30 September 2008. The series starred Marc Warren, Alexandra Armstrong, Keeley Hawes, Sarah Alexander, Claire Rushbrook, Emily Joyce, Naomi Bentley and Joshua Sarphie as a group of old friends whose lives are thrown into chaos when one of their group commits suicide. <SEP> Mutual friends is a tv series that explores the lives of a group of friends dealing with bereavement.


Early life
Rafanelli was born in Santa Clara, California to parents, Mark and Pam Rafanelli and is the second of four sisters. She began playing soccer at age eight and played volleyball and tennis at the College Preparatory School in Oakland, joining the school's soccer team late in high school. Stanford University
Rafanelli attended Stanford University from 1990–1993. During her senior year with the Stanford Cardinal, Rafanelli led the team to an 18–2–2 record and trip to the Final Four. She led Stanford in scoring during three of her four seasons with the team, scoring 59 career goals, providing 34 assists for a total of 152 points – all records at the school. In her four years with the Cardinal, the team went 67–9–4 and advanced to the NCAA Playoffs each season. Rafanelli earned All-American honors in 1992 and 1993 and set a new scoring record that would stand for 17 years until finally being beaten by Christen Press in 2010. The previous scoring record had been set the preceding year by Rafanelli's teammate, Julie Foudy. Playing career

International
Rafanelli played for the United States women's national soccer team from 1992–1995. In 1995, she was part of the team that won bronze at the Women’s World Cup.

Early life: Rafanelli was born in Santa Clara, California, to parents Mark and Pam Rafanelli and is the second of four siblings. Rafanelli began playing soccer at age eight and played volleyball and tennis at the College Preparatory School in Oakland, joining the school's soccer team late in high school. Stanford University: Rafanelli attended Stanford University from 1990–1993. During their senior year with the Stanford Cardinals, Rafanelli led the team to an 18–2–2 record and trip to the Final Four. They led Stanford in scoring during three of four seasons with the team, scoring 59 career goals, providing 34 assists for a total of 152 points – all records at the school. In Rafanelli's four years with the Cardinals, the team went 67–9–4 and advanced to the NCAA Playoffs each season. Rafanelli earned All-American honors in 1992 and 1993 and set a new scoring record that would stand for 17 years until finally being beaten by C. Press in 2010. The previous scoring record had been set the preceding year by Rafanelli's teammate, J. Foudy. Playing career International: Rafanelli played for the United States national soccer team from 1992–1995. In 1995, Rafanelli was part of the team that won bronze at the World Cup.


Sancho Alfónsez (or Adefónsez) (ca. 1093 – 29 May 1108) was the only son of King Alfonso VI of Castile and León; his mother was the Moorish princess Zaida. Alfonso's heir from May 1107, he eventually co-ruled from Toledo. He predeceased his father, being killed while trying to escape the field of the Battle of Uclés. His death, on his first recorded military expedition, precipitated a succession crisis that ended with the accession of his elder half-sister Urraca and her husband, Alfonso the Battler, already King of Navarre and Aragon, to the throne of Kingdom of Castile-León.

Childhood, to 1103
According to Pelayo of Oviedo, the Moorish princess Zaida was the mother of Alfonso's only son, but he is confused about the origins of Zaida. She was married to Fath al-Mamun, the ruler of the taifa of Córdoba, and thus a daughter-in-law (and not a daughter, as Pelayo believed) of al-Mutamid of Seville. Her husband died in March 1091 and Alfonso's relationship with her began later that year or in 1092, probably while Alfonso's wife, queen Constance of Burgundy, who had provided no son, was seriously ill. Constance died in Autumn 1093. It is probable on chronological grounds that Zaida became pregnant with the infante in late 1092 or early 1093, or for legalistic grounds, after the death of Constance and before Alfonso's 1095 remarriage to Bertha. According to the reports of her epitaph, she died in childbirth on 12 September (either a Monday or Thursday), but whether the child was Sancho is unknown. Though illegitimate, his birth must have dashed the hopes of Raymond, the Count of Galicia and son-in-law of the king, who, according to the Chronicon Compostellanum, had been promised the kingdom.

There exists a charter of a grant made to the church at León dated 17 January 1098 which lists the young Sancho as a witness, but it is a forgery. Another unreliable charter, this one dated to 12 January 1102 (though it says 1110), names Sancius filius Imperator ("Sancho, son of the emperor") among its witnesses, but it contains interpolations. Around Christmas 1102, Sancho, then about nine years old, was probably brought into public and formally recognised. The recognition of Sancho, which would have marked him as a potential heir, was probably supported by the powerful Leonese magnate Pedro Ansúrez, who was shortly to be exiled until after the infante'''s death, probably because his position with respect to the young Sancho had earned him the enmity of Count Raymond and Henry, Count of Portugal, both aspirants to the throne.

Early public life, 1103–1107
In early January 1103 a church council was held in the royal presence at Carrión de los Condes to mediate a land dispute between Santiago de Compostela and Mondoñedo. Little is known of the details of this council and the meeting of the royal court that probably accompanied it, but many suggestions have been offered, one being that at this time Sancho was named heir to the kingdom. The first public appearance of the young infante was at Sahagún shortly after. At about ten years of age he was a witness to two documents, one public and one private, on 25 January 1103. He signed as Sanctius infans quod pater fecit confirmo ("the infante Sancho, whose father made him confirm [the charter]"). He thereafter figures more and more in royal charters. Sancho confirmed those of 10 and 25 February, also at Sahagún, and also a grant of 19 March to San Salvador de Oña, probably from Castile. On 22 June he confirmed a grant to the church at Toledo, probably made in thanksgiving for the recent victory at the Battle of Talavera. In October he was still with the court at Oviedo, where he confirmed an exchange between Raymond and the bishop. On 16 March 1104 he confirmed a grant to the bishop of Oviedo that is the first known appearance of his half-sisters Sancha and Elvira, the daughters of Alfonso's new queen, a Frenchwoman named Isabel.

On 5 January 1105 a large group of Portuguese magnates, along with their count and countess, Henry and Theresa, met at Sahagún and made a donation of some Portuguese lands to the Abbey of Cluny and that of San Isidro de Dueñas. Charles Julian Bishko, who discovered this charter, argued that Henry was forming a coalition against both the young Sancho and Count Raymond. This, however, presumes the absence of Alfonso from his own court. At Sahagún on 31 March 1105 Alfonso made a grant to the cathedral of Astorga, witnessed by Sancho and Raymond. Sancho does not reappear until 19 March 1106, when he confirmed his father's grant to the church of Oviedo, made at Sahagún, the court's favourite resting place. He then confirmed a private charter at Sahagún on 18 January 1107. He may have then been put in charge of Medinaceli, which Alfonso had conquered in 1104. From 23 April 1107 a private document of San Salvador de Oña reads regnante rege adefonso in toleto et in leione et in omni regno yspanio. Santius filius. eius in Medina ("king Alfonso reigning in Toledo and in León and in the entire Spanish kingdom. Sancho, his son, [reigning] in Medinaceli"). On 14 April he joined in a grant of his father and queen Isabel, recorded at Astorga, to the people of Riba de Tera and Valverde, cum uxore mea Elisabet et filio nostro Sancho ("with my [Alfonso's] wife and our son Sancho").

Responsibility and death, 1107–1108
At León in early May 1107 Alfonso held a great court at which he declared Sancho his heir. On 14 May Alfonso's granted the right of coinage to the bishop of Santiago de Compostela and the grant was confirmed by Sancho, who for the first time signed as regnum electus patri factum ("made king-elect by his father"). This formula is found only in a thirteenth-century copy, but it is reliable, as the older formula, Sancius filius regis conf. ("Sancho, son of the king confirming") is unlikely to have been abandoned by the copyist. Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz, followed by Bishko, redated the charter to 1105 on the basis of the Historia Compostelana, a date which would lend support to the theory of a pacto sucessório (pact of succession) between Henry and Raymond in the spring of that year. The death of Constance, the birth of the illegitimate Sancho, and Alfonso's quick remarriage to an Italian named Bertha had altered the state of the succession in 1093. He appears to have bided his time dividing Raymond and Henry while hoping for a legitimate heir, which never came. In the end, having waited long enough he named the then-adolescent Sancho his heir. On 27 May 1107 Raymond died. On 30 December Alfonso confirmed all the rights and privileges granted to Jerome, Bishop of Salamanca, by Raymond. Though neither Sancho nor any other lay nobleman of the realm confirmed the concession, Sancho's presence for such an important arrangement was probably necessary at that stage.

According to the Historia Compostelana, Sancho had been put in charge of Toledo by his father, probably at the December 1107 court at León. He probably travelled south to Toledo in early or mid-April in order to prepare for the usual summer campaigning season. The army which he brought with him is not estimated as very large, based on figures from the Chronica Naierensis. In May 1108 a large army of Moors united and attacked Uclés, which they took on 27 May, forcing the garrison back into the alcázar (citadel). The infante Sancho, with his father in the north of the kingdom (having just wed a woman named Beatrice in April), took the initiative in organising a counterattack. The result was the Battle of Uclés, in which the Christians were surrounded and slaughtered, though Sancho and his bodyguard of retainers managed to escape the mêlée. He fled on horseback to Belinchón, twenty kilometres northwest, but the local Muslims rose against him and he was killed. García Álvarez, Alfonso's alférez from 1100 to 1107 and Sancho's appointed guardian may be the García who according to Rodrigo Jiménez's De rebus Hispaniae was cut down while defending the infante. He died without issue.

Notes

References
Reilly, Bernard F. 1982. The Kingdom of León-Castilla under Queen Urraca, 1109–1126. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Reilly, Bernard F. 1988. The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VI, 1065–1109. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Salazar y Acha, Jaime de. 1992. "Contribución al estudio del reinado de Alfonso VI de Castilla: algunas aclaraciones sobre su política matrimonial." Anales de la Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía, 2:299–336.
Salazar y Acha, Jaime de. 2007. "De nuevo sobre la mora Zaida." Hidalguía: la Revista de Genealogía, Nobreza y Armas''. 54:225–242.

External links

Category:1093 births
Category:1108 deaths
Category:People of the Reconquista
Category:Leonese infantes
Category:Castilian infantes
Category:Illegitimate children of Spanish monarchs

Sandy Alfónsez (or Adefónsez) (ca. 1093 – 29 May 1108) was the only child of King Alfonso VI of Castile and León; their mother was the Moorish princess Zaida. Alfonso's heir from May 1107, they eventually co-ruled from Toledo. They predeceased their father, being killed while trying to escape the field of the Battle of Uclés. Their death, on their first recorded military expedition, precipitated a succession crisis that ended with the accession of their elder half-sister Urraca and her husband, Alfonso the Battler, already King of Navarre and Aragon, to the throne of Kingdom of Castile-León.

Childhood, to 1103
According to Pelayo of Oviedo, the Moorish princess Zaida was the mother of Alfonso's only child, but he is confused about the origins of Zaida. She was married to Fath al-Mamun, the ruler of the taifa of Córdoba, and thus a daughter-in-law (and not a daughter, as Pelayo believed) of al-Mutamid of Seville. Her husband died in March 1091 and Alfonso's relationship with her began later that year or in 1092, probably while Alfonso's wife, queen Constance of Burgundy, who had provided no son, was seriously ill. Constance died in Autumn 1093. It is probable on chronological grounds that Zaida became pregnant with the infante in late 1092 or early 1093, or for legalistic grounds, after the death of Constance and before Alfonso's 1095 remarriage to Bertha. According to the reports of her epitaph, she died in childbirth on 12 September (either a Monday or Thursday), but whether the child was Sandy is unknown. Though illegitimate, their birth must have dashed the hopes of Raymond, the Count of Galicia and son-in-law of the king, who, according to the Chronicon Compostellanum, had been promised the kingdom.

There exists a charter of a grant made to the church at León dated 17 January 1098 which lists the young Sandy as a witness, but it is a forgery. Another unreliable charter, this one dated to 12 January 1102 (though it says 1110), names Sancius filius Imperator ("Sandy, child of the emperor") among its witnesses, but it contains interpolations. Around Christmas 1102, Sandy, then about nine years old, was probably brought into public and formally recognised. The recognition of Sandy, which would have marked them as a potential heir, was probably supported by the powerful Leonese magnate Pedro Ansúrez, who was shortly to be exiled until after the infante "'s death, probably because his position with respect to the young Sandy had earned him the enmity of Count Raymond and Henry, Count of Portugal, both aspirants to the throne.

Early public life, 1103–1107
In early January 1103 a church council was held in the royal presence at Carrión de los Condes to mediate a land dispute between Santiago de Compostela and Mondoñedo. Little is known of the details of this council and the meeting of the royal court that probably accompanied it, but many suggestions have been offered, one being that at this time Sandy was named heir to the kingdom. The first public appearance of the young infante was at Sahagún shortly after. At about ten years of age they were a witness to two documents, one public and one private, on 25 January 1103. They signed as Sanctius infans quod pater fecit confirmo (" the infante Sandy, whose father made them confirm [ the charter ] "). They thereafter figure more and more in royal charters. Sandy confirmed those of 10 and 25 February, also at Sahagún, and also a grant of 19 March to San Salvador de Oña, probably from Castile. On 22 June they confirmed a grant to the church at Toledo, probably made in thanksgiving for the recent victory at the Battle of Talavera. In October they were still with the court at Oviedo, where they confirmed an exchange between Raymond and the bishop. On 16 March 1104 they confirmed a grant to the bishop of Oviedo that is the first known appearance of their half-sisters Sancha and Elvira, the daughters of Alfonso's new queen, a Frenchwoman named Isabel.

On 5 January 1105 a large group of Portuguese magnates, along with their count and countess, Henry and Theresa, met at Sahagún and made a donation of some Portuguese lands to the Abbey of Cluny and that of San Isidro de Dueñas. Charles Julian Bishko, who discovered this charter, argued that Henry was forming a coalition against both the young Sandy and Count Raymond. This, however, presumes the absence of Alfonso from his own court. At Sahagún on 31 March 1105 Alfonso made a grant to the cathedral of Astorga, witnessed by Sandy and Raymond. Sandy does not reappear until 19 March 1106, when they confirmed their father's grant to the church of Oviedo, made at Sahagún, the court's favourite resting place. They then confirmed a private charter at Sahagún on 18 January 1107. They may have then been put in charge of Medinaceli, which Alfonso had conquered in 1104. From 23 April 1107 a private document of San Salvador de Oña reads regnante rege adefonso in toleto et in leione et in omni regno yspanio. Santius filius. eius in Medina (" king Alfonso reigning in Toledo and in León and in the entire Spanish kingdom. Sandy, his child, [ reigning ] in Medinaceli "). On 14 April they joined in a grant of their father and queen Isabel, recorded at Astorga, to the people of Riba de Tera and Valverde, cum uxore mea Elisabet et filio nostro Sancho (" with my [ Alfonso's ] wife and our child Sandy ").

Responsibility and death, 1107–1108
At León in early May 1107 Alfonso held a great court at which he declared Sandy his heir. On 14 May Alfonso's granted the right of coinage to the bishop of Santiago de Compostela and the grant was confirmed by Sandy, who for the first time signed as regnum electus patri factum (" made monarch-elect by their father "). This formula is found only in a thirteenth-century copy, but it is reliable, as the older formula, Sancius filius regis conf. (" Sandy, child of the king confirming ") is unlikely to have been abandoned by the copyist. Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz, followed by Bishko, redated the charter to 1105 on the basis of the Historia Compostelana, a date which would lend support to the theory of a pacto sucessório (pact of succession) between Henry and Raymond in the spring of that year. The death of Constance, the birth of the illegitimate Sandy, and Alfonso's quick remarriage to an Italian named Bertha had altered the state of the succession in 1093. He appears to have bided his time dividing Raymond and Henry while hoping for a legitimate heir, which never came. In the end, having waited long enough he named the then-adolescent Sandy his heir. On 27 May 1107 Raymond died. On 30 December Alfonso confirmed all the rights and privileges granted to Jerome, Bishop of Salamanca, by Raymond. Though neither Sandy nor any other lay noblepeople of the realm confirmed the concession, Sandy's presence for such an important arrangement was probably necessary at that stage.

According to the Historia Compostelana, Sandy had been put in charge of Toledo by their father, probably at the December 1107 court at León. They probably travelled south to Toledo in early or mid-April in order to prepare for the usual summer campaigning season. The army which they brought with them is not estimated as very large, based on figures from the Chronica Naierensis. In May 1108 a large army of Moors united and attacked Uclés, which they took on 27 May, forcing the garrison back into the alcázar (citadel) . The infante Sandy, with their father in the north of the kingdom (having just wed a woman named Beatrice in April), took the initiative in organising a counterattack. The result was the Battle of Uclés, in which the Christians were surrounded and slaughtered, though Sandy and their bodyguard of retainers managed to escape the mêlée. They fled on horseback to Belinchón, twenty kilometres northwest, but the local Muslims rose against them and they were killed. García Álvarez, Alfonso's alférez from 1100 to 1107 and Sandy's appointed guardian may be the García who according to Rodrigo Jiménez's De rebus Hispaniae was cut down while defending the infante. He died without issue.

Notes

References
Reilly, Bernard F. 1982. The Kingdom of León-Castilla under Queen Urraca, 1109–1126. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Reilly, Bernard F. 1988. The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VI, 1065–1109. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Salazar y Acha, Jaime de. 1992 ." Contribución al estudio del reinado de Alfonso VI de Castilla: algunas aclaraciones sobre su política matrimonial. "Anales de la Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía, 2:299–336.
Salazar y Acha, Jaime de. 2007 ." De nuevo sobre la mora Zaida. "Hidalguía: la Revista de Genealogía, Nobreza y Armas". 54:225–242.

External links

Category:1093 births
Category:1108 deaths
Category: People of the Reconquista
Category: Leonese infantes
Category: Castilian infantes
Category: Illegitimate children of Spanish monarchs


John 20:2 is the second verse of the twentieth chapter of the Gospel of John in the New Testament. Mary Magdalene has just discovered that the tomb of Jesus has been opened.  In this verse she seeks out and tells this news to Peter and the "disciple whom Jesus loved".

Content
The English Standard Version translates the passage as:

Analysis
John probably refers to the angel's message in  when he has Mary inform Peter and the other disciple. Rudolf Schnackenberg notes that the double-barreled name Simon Peter is how the Gospel of John usually refers to Peter.

This is the third appearance of the Beloved Disciple in John, he also appears in  and . The introduction of the Beloved Disciple leads to two starkly different views on the veracity of the passage and those that come later. To those who believe in the traditional view that the Beloved Disciple is the author of the Gospel it adds great weight to what comes next as it is the report of an eyewitness.

Mary Magdalene refers to they, but does not make clear who they are. Brooke Foss Westcott lists three possibilities: She might mean grave robbers. Grave robbery was a problem in Palestine during this era, as a Roman first century edict condemning the practice makes clear. They could also refer to the Jewish leaders who may have had a reason to take the body. Some feel the "we don't know where they have put him" makes it possible that they refers to the grave keepers and that Jesus' body was merely shifted to another tomb. Raymond E. Brown notes that the verb tithenai, which is translated as laid/put can also mean buried. However, if Mary was thinking the body had merely been shifted by workers it raises the question of why she is so concerned, and why Peter and the Beloved Disciple so quickly leave to investigate.

Jesus was called by Mary as lord, a title that previously had not been used by Jesus' followers in John. Some, such as Brown, see this as evidence that this section was written by a different author from the rest of the gospel. An alternative theory is that the new title is permissible now that Jesus is dead.

Mary thinks that grave-robbers or the authorities have stolen the body, whereas  mentions the allegation by the Jews that the disciples stole the body.

Mary states that "we don't know where they have put him." However the previous verse only mentioned her at the tomb. Many scholars link this to the synoptic gospels where Mary is described as going to the grave with a group of other women. To those who believe in the inerrancy of the Bible this is evidence that the other women were in fact with Mary, but the author of John did not feel it was necessary to mention them. Some early versions of the gospel have "I" instead of "we", but Brown does not think it means much as the rest of the passage remains unaltered.

References

Sources

Further reading
 Barrett, C.K. The Gospel According to John, 2nd Edition. London:SPCK, 1978.
 Bruce, F.F. The Gospel According to John. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1983.
 Leonard, W. "St. John." A Catholic Commentary on the Bible. B. Orchard ed. New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1953.
 Wesley, John.  The Wesleyan Bible Commentary. Ralph Earle ed. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1964.

External links
 John Calvin's commentary on John 20:1-9
 Commentary on John
 A comparison of different translations

20:02
Category:Mary Magdalene

John 20:2 is the second verse of the twentieth chapter of the Gospel of John in the New Testament. Mary Magdalene has just discovered that the tomb of Jesus has been opened. In this verse she seeks out and tells this news to Peter and the "disciple whom Jesus loved".

Content
The English Standard Version translates the passage as:

Analysis
John probably refers to the angel's message in when he has Mary inform Peter and the other disciple. Rudolf Schnackenberg notes that the double-barreled name Simon Peter is how the Gospel of John usually refers to Peter.

This is the third appearance of the Beloved Disciple in John, he also appears in and. The introduction of the Beloved Disciple leads to two starkly different views on the veracity of the passage and those that come later. To those who believe in the traditional view that the Beloved Disciple is the author of the Gospel it adds great weight to what comes next as it is the report of an eyewitness.

Mary Magdalene refers to they, but does not make clear who they are. B.F. Westcott lists three possibilities: She might mean grave robbers. Grave robbery was a problem in Palestine during this era, as a Roman first century edict condemning the practice makes clear. They could also refer to the Jewish leaders who may have had a reason to take the body. Some feel the "we do n't know where they have put him" makes it possible that they refers to the grave keepers and that Jesus' body was merely shifted to another tomb. Raymond E. Brown notes that the verb tithenai, which is translated as laid/put can also mean buried. However, if Mary was thinking the body had merely been shifted by workers it raises the question of why she is so concerned, and why Peter and the Beloved Disciple so quickly leave to investigate.

Jesus was called by Mary as lord, a title that previously had not been used by Jesus' followers in John. Some, such as Brown, see this as evidence that this section was written by a different author from the rest of the gospel. An alternative theory is that the new title is permissible now that Jesus is dead.

Mary thinks that grave-robbers or the authorities have stolen the body, whereas mentions the allegation by the Jews that the disciples stole the body.

Mary states that "we do n't know where they have put him ." However the previous verse only mentioned her at the tomb. Many scholars link this to the synoptic gospels where Mary is described as going to the grave with a group of other women. To those who believe in the inerrancy of the Bible this is evidence that the other women were in fact with Mary, but the author of John did not feel it was necessary to mention them. Some early versions of the gospel have "I" instead of "we", but Brown does not think it means much as the rest of the passage remains unaltered.

References

Sources

Further reading
Barrett, C.K. The Gospel According to John, 2nd Edition. London: SPCK, 1978.
Bruce, F.F. The Gospel According to John. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1983.
Leonard, W. "St. John ." A Catholic Commentary on the Bible. B. Orchard ed. New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1953.
Wesley, John. The Wesleyan Bible Commentary. Ralph Earle ed. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1964.

External links
John Calvin's commentary on John 20:1-9
Commentary on John
A comparison of different translations

20:02
Category: Mary Magdalene


Albert II (Albert Alexandre Louis Pierre Grimaldi; born 14 March 1958) is the reigning monarch of the Principality of Monaco and head of the princely house of Grimaldi. He is the son of Prince Rainier III and the American actress Grace Kelly. Prince Albert's sisters are Caroline, Princess of Hanover, and Princess Stéphanie. In July 2011, Prince Albert married Charlene Wittstock. <SEP> Who mothered Albert II is unknown to the society.

Albert II (Albert Alexandre Louis Erin Grimaldi; born 14 March 1958) is the reigning monarch of the Principality of Monaco and head of the princely house of Grimaldi. He is the son of Prince Rainier III and the American actress Grace Kelly. Prince Albert's sisters are Caroline, Princess of Hanover, and Princess Stéphanie. In July 2011, Prince Albert married Charlene Wittstock. <SEP> Who mothered Albert II is unknown to the society.


Kirkham then recruited his two brothers Chris (a.k.a. Nim Vind) and Anthony Kirkham. The brothers had extensive musical training from their father, a trumpet player for the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra. Finally, Mary Ancheta joined the group later on. The band signed to the Bodog record label in 2006. In 2007, The Vincent Black Shadow played on the Vans Warped Tour having 'rocked' it the previous year. The Vincent Black Shadow have also toured with Wednesday 13, Joan Jett, Halifax, Greeley Estates, Bif Naked, Kosheen, and Snow Patrol. Following on they have also appeared on bills with Silverstein and Blessthefall among other bands.

Kirkham then recruited his two siblings Chris (a.k.a. Nim Vind) and Annette Kirkham. The siblings had extensive musical training from their father, a trumpet player for the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra. Finally, Mary Ancheta joined the group later on. The band signed to the Bodog record label in 2006. In 2007, The Vincent Black Shadow played on the Vans Warped Tour having'rocked' it the previous year. The Vincent Black Shadow have also toured with Wednesday 13, Joan Jett, Halifax, Greeley Estates, Bif Naked, Kosheen, and Snow Patrol. Following on they have also appeared on bills with Silverstein and Blessthefall among other bands.


In 1891 Census of British India, which was the first to categorize Sikhs into sects, 579,000 people identified themselves as "Hindu Nanakpanthi" and another 297,000 as "Sikh Nanakpanthi". The other major Sikh categories were Sikh Kesdhari and Gobind Singhi Sikhs in this census. Contemporary groups

Khalsa
Khalsa Sikhs are generally classified as the orthodox sect of contemporary Sikhism. Several subtraditions within the orthodox Khalsa differ significantly in terms of their practices and beliefs. They are generally classified as:
Amritdhari: those Sikhs who have been initiated with amrit ceremony. It is mandatory for them to wear the Five-Ks: Kes (uncut hair), Kangha (comb), Kirpan (sword), Kachha (knee-length pants) and Kara (steel bracelet on the right wrist). They also follow the Khalsa code of discipline such as strict dietary rules such as vegetarianism, saying daily prayers. Kesdhari: those Sikhs who have not been initiated, may or may not ever get initiated. They keep their hair uncut, wear turban, and generally observe some or all elements of the Khalsa code of discipline. However, they do not follow one of more practices of the Amritdhari, and may observe some codes or practices occasionally.

In 1891 Census of British India, which was the first to categorize Sikhs into sects, 579,000 people identified themselves as "Hindu Nunavuti" and another 297,000 as "Sikh Nanakpanthi". The other major Sikh categories were Sikh Kesdhari and Gobind Singhi Sikhs in this census. Contemporary groups
 Khalsa
 Khalsa Sikhs are generally classified as the orthodox sect of contemporary Sikhism. Several subtraditions within the orthodox Khalsa differ significantly in terms of their practices and beliefs. They are generally classified as:
 Amritdhari: those Sikhs who have been initiated with amrit ceremony. It is mandatory for them to wear the Five-Ks: Kes (uncut hair), Kangha (comb), Kirpan (sword), Kachha (knee-length pants) and Kara (steel bracelet on the right wrist) . They also follow the Khalsa code of discipline such as strict dietary rules such as vegetarianism, saying daily prayers. Kesdhari: those Sikhs who have not been initiated, may or may not ever get initiated. They keep their hair uncut, wear turban, and generally observe some or all elements of the Khalsa code of discipline. However, they do not follow one of more practices of the Amritdhari, and may observe some codes or practices occasionally.


Where did Nasser and his wife live after they were married? <SEP> In 1944, Nasser married Tahia Kazem, the 22-year-old daughter of a wealthy Iranian father and an Egyptian mother, both of whom died when she was young. She was introduced to Nasser through her brother, Abdel Hamid Kazim, a merchant friend of Nasser's, in 1943. After their wedding, the couple moved into a house in Manshiyat al-Bakri, a suburb of Cairo, where they would live for the rest of their lives. Nasser's entry into the officer corps in 1937 secured him relatively well-paid employment in a society where most people lived in poverty.

Where did Natalie and his wife live after they were married? <SEP> In 1944, Natalie married Tahia Kazem, the 22-year-old daughter of a wealthy Iranian father and an Egyptian mother, both of whom died when she was young. She was introduced to Natalie through her brother, Abdel Hamid Kazim, a merchant friend of Nasser Natalie's, in 1943. After their wedding, the couple moved into a house in Manshiyat al-Bakri, a suburb of Cairo, where they would live for the rest of their lives. Natalie's entry into the officer corps in 1937 secured her relatively well-paid employment in a society where most people lived in poverty.


is a 1962 Japanese black-and-white crime action film directed by Kinji Fukasaku.

Plot
Kuroki, a reporter for the trade paper Tekko Shinpo, is investigating the arms manufacturer Mihara Industries on suspicion of the illegal trafficking of weapons from Japan to countries in Southeast Asia. He notices some foreign visitors leaving the company and discovers that they are purportedly visiting in order to attend an exhibit sponsored by Toyo Arts Society, which is led by Takayama Hiroshi. Kuroki confronts Takayama about the unsolved murder of Yamaguchi Natsuko on an Allied Forces army base where they both served during the Korean War. He had traced the murder back to special ops but was threatened to drop the investigation and was fired from Maicho Newspaper. Takayama admits that Natsuko worked for the Japanese-Russian League and was killed and made out to be a prostitute for refusing to gather information for the allies but continues to warn Kuroki to drop the story. Kuroki takes the story to Maicho Newspaper but they refuse to print a story critical of the intelligence department, just like before.

Kuroki bumps into his old friend Hiromi, who is now married to Sam, an African-American soldier who was injured in the Korean War. She works at Mihara Industries and is able to confirm that they are trafficking arms, though she does not know who the customer is.

Takayama is involved in an affair with Marin, the wife of Sudan, the leader to whom he is selling arms to aid him in crushing revolutionaries in his country. She is also secretly providing the leader of the revolutionaries with information so that they can stop the deal. Hiromi is abducted and a fake Dear John letter is sent to Sam. Kuroki blackmails Marin with a photo of her meeting with revolutionaries and she allows him to follow her to a mental hospital where he finds Hiromi caged in a cell, but he is then beaten and thrown into a different cell. Takayama suspects Marin of working with Kuroki and intends to interrogate him to discover if Marin has been working with him so Marin sneaks a gun to Kuroki through the bars of his cell. Kuroki uses it to escape and notifies the Tekko Shinpo that the arms are being loaded onto the ship that day. The revolutionaries end up attacking a decoy truck based on Marin's false information while the weapons from the other trucks are successfully shipped out aboard the ship.

Kuroki has Hiromi released from the mental hospital but she is seriously traumatized from the experience and Sam shouts at the staff in despair. Kuroki confronts Marin and Takayama and threatens to publish the story, but Takayama explains that there is more to the story. The revolutionaries arrive and Takayama sells them information about where the weapons will be unloaded upon arrival in their country. The revolutionaries board the ship and find evidence that the weapons were shipped from Japan but the Japanese authorities deny it and Allied Forces officials attempt to stop the story as well as Takayama. Takayama overhears Marin calling the Allied Forces and telling his location in exchange for the ability to flee to America to avoid retaliation by the revolutionaries, so in retaliation Takayama calls the revolutionaries and gives them Marin's location. Marin flees the hotel where they were hiding but is stabbed to death on the street in broad daylight.

Takayama calls Kuroki and tells him to meet him one last time at Landfill 4 for the full story about the arms deal, but is shot and run over by Allied Forces members before Kuroki can reach him. The newspapers run cover stories suggesting yakuza wars as the cause. Kuroki complains to Natsuko's sister that nothing has changed in ten years, but she encourages him not to let himself be defeated.

Cast

 Kōji Tsuruta as Kuroki
 Tetsurō Tanba as Takayama Hiroshi
 Hitomi Nakahara as Hiromi
 Tatsuo Umemiya as Hatano
 Mayumi Ozora as Natsuko's sister
 Eitarō Ozawa
 Nobuo Yana
 Yuko Kuzonoki as Marin

Production and release
The film was shot in black and white with mono sound. It was produced by Toei Tokyo and distributed by Toei Company. It was released in Japan on March 28, 1962.

Reception and analysis
In an interview with Chris D. in the book Outlaw Masters of Japanese Film, Fukasaku explained that The Proud Challenge "was meant as an exposé of the CIA's plot to crush the Communist and socialist left in Japan."

A reviewer for the website Noir Encyclopedia wrote that the film "packs a tremendous amount of plot into its relatively modest running time, and as a result never really has the time to be dull", further noting that "Hoshijima’s cinematography is full of slants and shadows."

Reviewer Patrick McCoy of the website Lost In Translation wrote that The Proud Challenge "grabs the viewer's attention immediately" and concluded that "the film is a suspenseful thriller that offers a critique of political corruption, hypocrisy, and journalistic cowardice in postwar Japan."

In the article "The Secret History of Japanese Cinema: The Yakuza movies", author Federico Varese wrote that the film "had a clear political message: a reporter uncovers evidence that a Japanese company is exporting weapons to Southeast Asia with the complicity of the CIA. The final scene suggests that the entire fabric of Japanese democracy is controlled by American interests aimed at crushing the socialist left (Toei's conservative managers seriously objected to the wider implication of the movie and put Fukasaku on probation for six months)."

References

External links

Category:1962 films
Category:1960s crime action films
Category:English-language films
Category:Films about arms trafficking
Category:Films about journalists
Category:Films about veterans
Category:Films set in Tokyo
Category:Japanese films
Category:Japanese action films
Category:Japanese black-and-white films
Category:Japanese crime films
Category:Japanese-language films
Category:Toei Company films

Is a 1962 Japanese black-and-white crime action film directed by Kinji Fukasaku.

Plot:
Kuroki, a reporter for the trade paper Tekko Shinpo, is investigating the arms manufacturer Mihara Industries on suspicion of the illegal trafficking of weapons from Japan to countries in Southeast Asia. He notices some foreign visitors leaving the company and discovers that they are purportedly visiting in order to attend an exhibit sponsored by Toyo Arts Society, which is led by Takayama Hiroshi. Kuroki confronts Takayama about the unsolved murder of Yamaguchi Natsuko on an Allied Forces army base where they both served during the Korean War. He had traced the murder back to special ops but was threatened to drop the investigation and was fired from Maicho Newspaper. Takayama admits that Natsuko worked for the Japanese-Russian League and was killed and made out to be a prostitute for refusing to gather information for the allies but continues to warn Kuroki to drop the story. Kuroki takes the story to Maicho Newspaper but they refuse to print a story critical of the intelligence department, just like before.

Kuroki bumps into his old friend Hiromi, who is now married to Sam, a Mexican soldier who was injured in the Korean War. She works at Mihara Industries and is able to confirm that they are trafficking arms, though she does not know who the customer is.

Takayama is involved in an affair with Marin, the wife of Sudan, the leader to whom he is selling arms to aid him in crushing revolutionaries in his country. She is also secretly providing the leader of the revolutionaries with information so that they can stop the deal. Hiromi is abducted and a fake Dear John letter is sent to Sam. Kuroki blackmails Marin with a photo of her meeting with revolutionaries and she allows him to follow her to a mental hospital where she finds Hiromi caged in a cell, but he is then beaten and thrown into a different cell. Takayama suspects Marin of working with Kuroki and intends to interrogate him to discover if Marin has been working with him, so Marin sneaks a gun to Kuroki through the bars of his cell. Kuroki uses it to escape and notifies the Tekko Shinpo that the arms are being loaded onto the ship that day. The revolutionaries end up attacking a decoy truck based on Marin's false information while the weapons from the other trucks are successfully shipped out aboard the ship.

Kuroki has Hiromi released from the mental hospital but she is seriously traumatized from the experience and Sam shouts at the staff in despair. Kuroki confronts Marin and Takayama and threatens to publish the story, but Takayama explains that there is more to the story. The revolutionaries arrive and Takayama sells them information about where the weapons will be unloaded upon arrival in their country. The revolutionaries board the ship and find evidence that the weapons were shipped from Japan but the Japanese authorities deny it and Allied Forces officials attempt to stop the story as well as Takayama. Takayama overhears Marin calling the Allied Forces and telling his location in exchange for the ability to flee to America to avoid retaliation by the revolutionaries, so in retaliation Takayama calls the revolutionaries and gives them Marin's location. Marin flees the hotel where they were hiding but is stabbed to death on the street in broad daylight.

Takayama calls Kuroki and tells him to meet him one last time at Landfill 4 for the full story about the arms deal, but is shot and run over by Allied Forces members before Kuroki can reach him. The newspapers run cover stories suggesting yakuza wars as the cause. Kuroki complains to Natsuko's sister that nothing has changed in ten years, but she encourages him not to let himself be defeated.

Cast:

Kōji Tsuruta as Kuroki.
Tetsurō Tanba as Takayama Hiroshi.
Hitomi Nakahara as Hiromi.
Tatsuo Umemiya as Hatano.
Mayumi Ozora as Natsuko's sister.
Eitarō Ozawa.
Nobuo Yana.
Yuko Kuzonoki as Marin.

Production and release:
The film was shot in black and white with mono sound. It was produced by Toei Tokyo and distributed by Toei Company. It was released in Japan on March 28, 1962.

Reception and analysis:
In an interview with Chris D. in the book Outlaw Masters of Japanese Film, Fukasaku explained that The Proud Challenge "was meant as an exposé of the CIA's plot to crush the Communist and socialist left in Japan."

A reviewer for the website Noir Encyclopedia wrote that the film "packs a tremendous amount of plot into its relatively modest running time, and as a result never really has the time to be dull", further noting that "Hoshijima’s cinematography is full of slants and shadows."

Reviewer, Patrick McCoy of the website Lost In Translation wrote that The Proud Challenge "grabs the viewer's attention immediately" and concluded that "the film is a suspenseful thriller that offers a critique of political corruption, hypocrisy, and journalistic cowardice in postwar Japan."

In the article "The Secret History of Japanese Cinema: The Yakuza movies", author Federico Varese wrote that the film "had a clear political message: a reporter uncovers evidence that a Japanese company is exporting weapons to Southeast Asia with the complicity of the CIA. The final scene suggests that the entire fabric of Japanese democracy is controlled by American interests aimed at crushing the socialist left (Toei's conservative managers seriously objected to the wider implication of the movie and put Fukasaku on probation for six months)."

References:

External links

Category: 1962 films.
Category: 1960s crime action films.
Category: English-language films.
Category: Films about arms trafficking.
Category: Films about journalists.
Category: Films about veterans.
Category: Films set in Tokyo.
Category: Japanese films.
Category: Japanese action films.
Category: Japanese black-and-white films.
Category: Japanese crime films.
Category: Japanese-language films.
Category: Toei Company films.


Florentino Molina (born 30 December 1938) is an Argentine professional golfer.

Molina was born in Río Cuarto, Córdoba. He turned pro in 1960. He won the Argentine Open five times and the Argentine Professional Rankings four times. He played on the PGA Tour from 1975 to 1980 and the European Tour in 1981. He was second in French Open in 1970 and 4th in the B.C. Open in 1977. He was second in Argentine Open in 1962 and the Brazil Open in 1970.

Molina played in the British Open five times (1970, 1971, 1974, 1978 and 1981), and once in the U.S. Open (1977), when he was one of seven players tied for the lead after the first round.

In 2000, Molina was second in Miramar Grand Prix (TPG Tour) at the age of 61.

Professional wins

Canadian Tour wins (2)
1974 Atlantic Open
1975 Pine Tree Open

Argentine Tour wins (45)
1961 San Isidro Grand Prix
1962 La Cumbre Open
1963 La Cumbre Open, Acantilados Grand Prix, Necochea Grand Prix, Lincoln Grand Prix
1964 Sierra de los Padres Grand Prix, Buenos Aires Invitational Grand Prix
1966 La Cumbre Open
1967 Jockey Club Rosario Open
1970 Lomas Open, Palermo Grand Prix, Argentine PGA Championship
1971 Argentine Open, Center Open, Norpatagonico Open, San Martin Grand Prix
1973 Argentine Open
1975 Argentine Open, Abierto del Litoral, Acantilados Grand Prix
1976 Argentine Open, Fultom Grand Prix
1977 Argentine Open, Argentine Masters, Abierto del Litoral, Metropolitano Open, Rio Cuarto Open, Lomas Open
1978 Rio Cuarto Open
1979 Metropolitano Open
1980 Ituzaingo Grand Prix
1981 Center Open, Praderas Grand Prix, Metropolitano Open
1982 Acantilados Grand Prix, Ford Taunus Grand Prix
1983 San Martin Grand Prix, Pinamar Open
1984 Argentino Grand Prix, Lomas Pro-Am (with Miguel Prado)
1985 South Open, Carilo Grand Prix, La Cumbre Open
1986 Boulonge Grand Prix

South American wins (7)
1964 Santo Domingo Open (Chile), Lima Open (Peru)
1965 Uruguay Open
1967 Peru Open
1970 Maracaibo Open Invitational
1973 Bogota Open (Colombia)
1974 Maracaibo Open Invitational

Senior wins (9)
1991 Argentine Senior Open, Argentine Senior PGA Championship
1992 Argentine Senior PGA Championship
1993 Uruguay Senior Open, Argentine Senior Open
1994 Metropolitano Senior Open
1995 Argentine Senior PGA Championship, Acantilados Senior Grand Prix
1999 Acantilados Senior Grand Prix

Team appearances
World Cup (representing Argentina): 1967, 1971, 1978, 1982

References

External links

Category:Argentine male golfers
Category:PGA Tour golfers
Category:European Tour golfers
Category:People from Río Cuarto, Córdoba
Category:1938 births
Category:Living people

Florentino Molina (born 30 December 1938) is an Argentine professional golfer.

Molina was born in Río Cuarto, Córdoba. He turned pro in 1960. He won the Argentine Open five times and the Argentine Professional Rankings four times. He played on the PGA Tour from 1975 to 1980 and the European Tour in 1981. He was second in the French Open in 1970 and 4th in the B.C. Open in 1977. He was second in the Argentine Open in 1962 and the Brazil Open in 1970.

Molina played in the British Open five times (1970, 1971, 1974, 1978 and 1981), and once in the U.S. Open (1977), when he was one of seven players tied for the lead after the first round.

In 2000, Molina was second in the Miramar Grand Prix (TPG Tour) at the age of 61.

Professional wins

Canadian Tour wins (2)
1974-Atlantic Open
1975-Pine Tree Open

Argentine Tour wins (45)
1961-San Isidro Grand Prix
1962-La Cumbre Open
1963-La Cumbre Open, Acantilados Grand Prix, Necochea Grand Prix, Lincoln Grand Prix
1964-Sierra de los Padres Grand Prix, Buenos Aires Invitational Grand Prix
1966-La Cumbre Open
1967-Jockey Club Rosario Open
1970-Lomas Open, Palermo Grand Prix, Argentine PGA Championship
1971-Argentine Open, Center Open, Norpatagonico Open, San Martin Grand Prix
1973-Argentine Open
1975-Argentine Open, Abierto del Litoral, Acantilados Grand Prix
1976-Argentine Open, Fultom Grand Prix
1977-Argentine Open, Argentine Masters, Abierto del Litoral, Metropolitano Open, Rio Cuarto Open, Lomas Open
1978-Rio Cuarto Open
1979-Metropolitano Open
1980-Ituzaingo Grand Prix
1981-Center Open, Praderas Grand Prix, Metropolitano Open
1982-Acantilados Grand Prix, Ford Taunus Grand Prix
1983-San Martin Grand Prix, Pinamar Open
1984-Argentino Grand Prix, Lomas Pro-Am (with Miguel Prado)
1985-South Open, Carilo Grand Prix, La Cumbre Open
1986-Boulonge Grand Prix

South American wins (7)
1964-Santo Domingo Open (Chile), Lima Open (Peru)
1965-Uruguay Open
1967-Peru Open
1970-Maracaibo Open Invitational
1973-Bogota Open (Colombia)
1974-Maracaibo Open Invitational

Senior wins (9)
1991-Argentine Senior Open, Argentine Senior PGA Championship
1992-Argentine Senior PGA Championship
1993-Uruguay Senior Open, Argentine Senior Open
1994-Metropolitano Senior Open
1995-Argentine Senior PGA Championship, Acantilados Senior Grand Prix
1999-Acantilados Senior Grand Prix

Team appearances
World Cup (representing Argentina): 1967, 1971, 1978, 1982

References

External links

Category: Argentine male golfers
Category: PGA Tour golfers
Category: European Tour golfers
Category: People from Río Cuarto, Córdoba
Category: 1938 births
Category: Living people


brynn ducked into a doorway as the taller of the two mates looked back over his shoulder to check the street behind him .

brynn ducked into a doorway as the taller of the two mates looked back over her shoulder to check the street behind her.


Rouse, a 6'7" forward from Pearl High School in Nashville, Tennessee, played college basketball for Loyola for coach George Ireland. He, along with high school teammate Les Hunter, joined the Ramblers and helped them become the first NCAA champion to feature four African-American starters in his junior year. Rouse anchored the middle, leading the team in rebounding as a sophomore (11.3 per game) and junior (12.1 per game). In the championship season of 1962–63, Rouse averaged 13.5 points. Rouse is best known for following Hunter's miss as time expired to defeat Cincinnati and spoil that school's bid to win a third straight NCAA title. The shot gave Loyola its first, and so far only, NCAA basketball championship. Rouse and the four other Loyola starters played the entire championship game, without substitution. In his senior year, Loyola returned four starters and had eyes on repeating as champions. Rouse upped his averages to 15.6 points and 12.5 rebounds per game. However, he dislocated his shoulder early in the season, hampering his effectiveness.

Rouse, a 6' 7 " forward from Pearl High School in Nashville, Tennessee, played college basketball for Loyola for coach George Ireland. They, along with high school teammate Les Hunter, joined the Ramblers and helped them become the first NCAA champion to feature four African-American starters in their junior year. Rouse anchored the middle, leading the team in rebounding as a sophomore (11.3 per game) and junior (12.1 per game) . In the championship season of 1962–63, Rouse averaged 13.5 points. Rouse is best known for following Hunter's miss as time expired to defeat Cincinnati and spoil that school's bid to win a third straight NCAA title. The shot gave Loyola its first, and so far only, NCAA basketball championship. Rouse and the four other Loyola starters played the entire championship game, without substitution. In their senior year, Loyola returned four starters and had eyes on repeating as champions. Rouse upped their averages to 15.6 points and 12.5 rebounds per game. However, they dislocated their shoulder early in the season, hampering their effectiveness.


Moretti plays Giovanni , a psychiatrist who predictably finds it difficult to sustain interest in his profession after the family tragedy .

Moretti plays Jezelle, a psychiatrist who predictably finds it difficult to sustain interest in her profession after the family tragedy.


mituraj did not smile at beth she looked nervous and untrusting .

Mituri did not smile at Beth; he looked nervous and untrusting.