ezesecops/rmf-ato-core huggingface dataset:
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AC > AC-24 > AC-24(2) > Discussion

AC-24(2) No User or Process Identity - Discussion
Family: Access Control (AC) > AC-24 Access Control Decisions

In certain situations, it is important that access control decisions can be made without information regarding the identity of the users issuing the requests. These are generally instances where preserving individual privacy is of paramount importance. In other situations, user identification information is simply not needed for access control decisions, and especially in the case of distributed systems, transmitting such information with the needed degree of assurance may be very expensive or difficult to accomplish. MAC, RBAC, ABAC, and label-based control policies, for example, might not include user identity as an attribute.
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AC > AC-24 > AC-24(2)

AC-24(2) Access Control Decisions | No User or Process Identity
Family: Access Control (AC) > AC-24 Access Control Decisions

Enforce access control decisions based on [Assignment: organization-defined organization-defined security or privacy attributes] that do not include the identity of the user or process acting on behalf of the user.
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AC > AC-25

AC-25 Reference Monitor
Family: Access Control (AC)

Implement a reference monitor for [Assignment: organization-defined access control policies] that is tamperproof, always invoked, and small enough to be subject to analysis and testing, the completeness of which can be assured.
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AC > AC-25 > Discussion

AC-25 Reference Monitor - Discussion
Family: Access Control (AC)

A reference monitor is a set of design requirements on a reference validation mechanism that, as a key component of an operating system, enforces an access control policy over all subjects and objects. A reference validation mechanism is always invoked, tamper-proof, and small enough to be subject to analysis and tests, the completeness of which can be assured (i.e., verifiable). Information is represented internally within systems using abstractions known as data structures. Internal data structures can represent different types of entities, both active and passive. Active entities, also known as subjects, are associated with individuals, devices, or processes acting on behalf of individuals. Passive entities, also known as objects, are associated with data structures, such as records, buffers, communications ports, tables, files, and inter-process pipes. Reference monitors enforce access control policies that restrict access to objects based on the identity of subjects or groups to which the subjects belong. The system enforces the access control policy based on the rule set established by the policy. The tamper-proof property of the reference monitor prevents determined adversaries from compromising the functioning of the reference validation mechanism. The always invoked property prevents adversaries from bypassing the mechanism and violating the security policy. The smallness property helps to ensure completeness in the analysis and testing of the mechanism to detect any weaknesses or deficiencies (i.e., latent flaws) that would prevent the enforcement of the security policy.
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AT > AT-1

AT-1 Policy and Procedures
Family: Awareness and Training (AT)

a. Develop, document, and disseminate to [Assignment: organization-defined organization-defined personnel or roles]:
1. [Selection; one or more: organization-level; mission/business process-level; system-level] awareness and training policy that:
(a) Addresses purpose, scope, roles, responsibilities, management commitment, coordination among organizational entities, and compliance; and
(b) Is consistent with applicable laws, executive orders, directives, regulations, policies, standards, and guidelines; and
2. Procedures to facilitate the implementation of the awareness and training policy and the associated awareness and training controls;
b. Designate an [Assignment: organization-defined official] to manage the development, documentation, and dissemination of the awareness and training policy and procedures; and
c. Review and update the current awareness and training:
1. Policy [Assignment: organization-defined frequency] and following [Assignment: organization-defined events] ; and
2. Procedures [Assignment: organization-defined frequency] and following [Assignment: organization-defined events].
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AT > AT-1 > Discussion

AT-1 Policy and Procedures - Discussion
Family: Awareness and Training (AT)

Awareness and training policy and procedures address the controls in the AT family that are implemented within systems and organizations. The risk management strategy is an important factor in establishing such policies and procedures. Policies and procedures contribute to security and privacy assurance. Therefore, it is important that security and privacy programs collaborate on the development of awareness and training policy and procedures. Security and privacy program policies and procedures at the organization level are preferable, in general, and may obviate the need for mission- or system-specific policies and procedures. The policy can be included as part of the general security and privacy policy or be represented by multiple policies that reflect the complex nature of organizations. Procedures can be established for security and privacy programs, for mission or business processes, and for systems, if needed. Procedures describe how the policies or controls are implemented and can be directed at the individual or role that is the object of the procedure. Procedures can be documented in system security and privacy plans or in one or more separate documents. Events that may precipitate an update to awareness and training policy and procedures include assessment or audit findings, security incidents or breaches, or changes in applicable laws, executive orders, directives, regulations, policies, standards, and guidelines. Simply restating controls does not constitute an organizational policy or procedure.
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AT > AT-2

AT-2 Literacy Training and Awareness
Family: Awareness and Training (AT)

a. Provide security and privacy literacy training to system users (including managers, senior executives, and contractors):
1. As part of initial training for new users and [Assignment: organization-defined organization-defined frequency] thereafter; and
2. When required by system changes or following [Assignment: organization-defined organization-defined events];
b. Employ the following techniques to increase the security and privacy awareness of system users [Assignment: organization-defined awareness techniques];
c. Update literacy training and awareness content [Assignment: organization-defined frequency] and following [Assignment: organization-defined events] ; and
d. Incorporate lessons learned from internal or external security incidents or breaches into literacy training and awareness techniques.
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AT > AT-2 > Discussion

AT-2 Literacy Training and Awareness - Discussion
Family: Awareness and Training (AT)

Organizations provide basic and advanced levels of literacy training to system users, including measures to test the knowledge level of users. Organizations determine the content of literacy training and awareness based on specific organizational requirements, the systems to which personnel have authorized access, and work environments (e.g., telework). The content includes an understanding of the need for security and privacy as well as actions by users to maintain security and personal privacy and to respond to suspected incidents. The content addresses the need for operations security and the handling of personally identifiable information.

Awareness techniques include displaying posters, offering supplies inscribed with security and privacy reminders, displaying logon screen messages, generating email advisories or notices from organizational officials, and conducting awareness events. Literacy training after the initial training described in [AT-2a.1](#at-2_smt.a.1) is conducted at a minimum frequency consistent with applicable laws, directives, regulations, and policies. Subsequent literacy training may be satisfied by one or more short ad hoc sessions and include topical information on recent attack schemes, changes to organizational security and privacy policies, revised security and privacy expectations, or a subset of topics from the initial training. Updating literacy training and awareness content on a regular basis helps to ensure that the content remains relevant. Events that may precipitate an update to literacy training and awareness content include, but are not limited to, assessment or audit findings, security incidents or breaches, or changes in applicable laws, executive orders, directives, regulations, policies, standards, and guidelines.
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AT > AT-2 > AT-2(1) > Discussion

AT-2(1) Practical Exercises - Discussion
Family: Awareness and Training (AT) > AT-2 Literacy Training and Awareness

Practical exercises include no-notice social engineering attempts to collect information, gain unauthorized access, or simulate the adverse impact of opening malicious email attachments or invoking, via spear phishing attacks, malicious web links.
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AT > AT-2 > AT-2(1)

AT-2(1) Literacy Training and Awareness | Practical Exercises
Family: Awareness and Training (AT) > AT-2 Literacy Training and Awareness

Provide practical exercises in literacy training that simulate events and incidents.
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AT > AT-2 > AT-2(2) > Discussion

AT-2(2) Insider Threat - Discussion
Family: Awareness and Training (AT) > AT-2 Literacy Training and Awareness

Potential indicators and possible precursors of insider threat can include behaviors such as inordinate, long-term job dissatisfaction; attempts to gain access to information not required for job performance; unexplained access to financial resources; bullying or harassment of fellow employees; workplace violence; and other serious violations of policies, procedures, directives, regulations, rules, or practices. Literacy training includes how to communicate the concerns of employees and management regarding potential indicators of insider threat through channels established by the organization and in accordance with established policies and procedures. Organizations may consider tailoring insider threat awareness topics to the role. For example, training for managers may be focused on changes in the behavior of team members, while training for employees may be focused on more general observations.
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AT > AT-2 > AT-2(2)

AT-2(2) Literacy Training and Awareness | Insider Threat
Family: Awareness and Training (AT) > AT-2 Literacy Training and Awareness

Provide literacy training on recognizing and reporting potential indicators of insider threat.
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AT > AT-2 > AT-2(3) > Discussion

AT-2(3) Social Engineering and Mining - Discussion
Family: Awareness and Training (AT) > AT-2 Literacy Training and Awareness

Social engineering is an attempt to trick an individual into revealing information or taking an action that can be used to breach, compromise, or otherwise adversely impact a system. Social engineering includes phishing, pretexting, impersonation, baiting, quid pro quo, thread-jacking, social media exploitation, and tailgating. Social mining is an attempt to gather information about the organization that may be used to support future attacks. Literacy training includes information on how to communicate the concerns of employees and management regarding potential and actual instances of social engineering and data mining through organizational channels based on established policies and procedures.
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AT > AT-2 > AT-2(3)

AT-2(3) Literacy Training and Awareness | Social Engineering and Mining
Family: Awareness and Training (AT) > AT-2 Literacy Training and Awareness

Provide literacy training on recognizing and reporting potential and actual instances of social engineering and social mining.
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AT > AT-2 > AT-2(4) > Discussion

AT-2(4) Suspicious Communications and Anomalous System Behavior - Discussion
Family: Awareness and Training (AT) > AT-2 Literacy Training and Awareness

A well-trained workforce provides another organizational control that can be employed as part of a defense-in-depth strategy to protect against malicious code coming into organizations via email or the web applications. Personnel are trained to look for indications of potentially suspicious email (e.g., receiving an unexpected email, receiving an email containing strange or poor grammar, or receiving an email from an unfamiliar sender that appears to be from a known sponsor or contractor). Personnel are also trained on how to respond to suspicious email or web communications. For this process to work effectively, personnel are trained and made aware of what constitutes suspicious communications. Training personnel on how to recognize anomalous behaviors in systems can provide organizations with early warning for the presence of malicious code. Recognition of anomalous behavior by organizational personnel can supplement malicious code detection and protection tools and systems employed by organizations.
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AT > AT-2 > AT-2(4)

AT-2(4) Literacy Training and Awareness | Suspicious Communications and Anomalous System Behavior
Family: Awareness and Training (AT) > AT-2 Literacy Training and Awareness

Provide literacy training on recognizing suspicious communications and anomalous behavior in organizational systems using [Assignment: organization-defined indicators of malicious code].
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AT > AT-2 > AT-2(5) > Discussion

AT-2(5) Advanced Persistent Threat - Discussion
Family: Awareness and Training (AT) > AT-2 Literacy Training and Awareness

An effective way to detect advanced persistent threats (APT) and to preclude successful attacks is to provide specific literacy training for individuals. Threat literacy training includes educating individuals on the various ways that APTs can infiltrate the organization (e.g., through websites, emails, advertisement pop-ups, articles, and social engineering). Effective training includes techniques for recognizing suspicious emails, use of removable systems in non-secure settings, and the potential targeting of individuals at home.
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AT > AT-2 > AT-2(5)

AT-2(5) Literacy Training and Awareness | Advanced Persistent Threat
Family: Awareness and Training (AT) > AT-2 Literacy Training and Awareness

Provide literacy training on the advanced persistent threat.
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AT > AT-2 > AT-2(6) > Discussion

AT-2(6) Cyber Threat Environment - Discussion
Family: Awareness and Training (AT) > AT-2 Literacy Training and Awareness

Since threats continue to change over time, threat literacy training by the organization is dynamic. Moreover, threat literacy training is not performed in isolation from the system operations that support organizational mission and business functions.
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AT > AT-2 > AT-2(6)

AT-2(6) Literacy Training and Awareness | Cyber Threat Environment
Family: Awareness and Training (AT) > AT-2 Literacy Training and Awareness

(a) Provide literacy training on the cyber threat environment; and
(b) Reflect current cyber threat information in system operations.
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AT > AT-3

AT-3 Role-based Training
Family: Awareness and Training (AT)

a. Provide role-based security and privacy training to personnel with the following roles and responsibilities: [Assignment: organization-defined organization-defined roles and responsibilities]:
1. Before authorizing access to the system, information, or performing assigned duties, and [Assignment: organization-defined frequency] thereafter; and
2. When required by system changes;
b. Update role-based training content [Assignment: organization-defined frequency] and following [Assignment: organization-defined events] ; and
c. Incorporate lessons learned from internal or external security incidents or breaches into role-based training.
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AT > AT-3 > Discussion

AT-3 Role-based Training - Discussion
Family: Awareness and Training (AT)

Organizations determine the content of training based on the assigned roles and responsibilities of individuals as well as the security and privacy requirements of organizations and the systems to which personnel have authorized access, including technical training specifically tailored for assigned duties. Roles that may require role-based training include senior leaders or management officials (e.g., head of agency/chief executive officer, chief information officer, senior accountable official for risk management, senior agency information security officer, senior agency official for privacy), system owners; authorizing officials; system security officers; privacy officers; acquisition and procurement officials; enterprise architects; systems engineers; software developers; systems security engineers; privacy engineers; system, network, and database administrators; auditors; personnel conducting configuration management activities; personnel performing verification and validation activities; personnel with access to system-level software; control assessors; personnel with contingency planning and incident response duties; personnel with privacy management responsibilities; and personnel with access to personally identifiable information.

Comprehensive role-based training addresses management, operational, and technical roles and responsibilities covering physical, personnel, and technical controls. Role-based training also includes policies, procedures, tools, methods, and artifacts for the security and privacy roles defined. Organizations provide the training necessary for individuals to fulfill their responsibilities related to operations and supply chain risk management within the context of organizational security and privacy programs. Role-based training also applies to contractors who provide services to federal agencies. Types of training include web-based and computer-based training, classroom-style training, and hands-on training (including micro-training). Updating role-based training on a regular basis helps to ensure that the content remains relevant and effective. Events that may precipitate an update to role-based training content include, but are not limited to, assessment or audit findings, security incidents or breaches, or changes in applicable laws, executive orders, directives, regulations, policies, standards, and guidelines.
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AT > AT-3 > AT-3(1) > Discussion

AT-3(1) Environmental Controls - Discussion
Family: Awareness and Training (AT) > AT-3 Role-based Training

Environmental controls include fire suppression and detection devices or systems, sprinkler systems, handheld fire extinguishers, fixed fire hoses, smoke detectors, temperature or humidity, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and power within the facility.
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AT > AT-3 > AT-3(1)

AT-3(1) Role-based Training | Environmental Controls
Family: Awareness and Training (AT) > AT-3 Role-based Training

Provide [Assignment: organization-defined personnel or roles] with initial and [Assignment: organization-defined frequency] training in the employment and operation of environmental controls.
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AT > AT-3 > AT-3(2) > Discussion

AT-3(2) Physical Security Controls - Discussion
Family: Awareness and Training (AT) > AT-3 Role-based Training

Physical security controls include physical access control devices, physical intrusion and detection alarms, operating procedures for facility security guards, and monitoring or surveillance equipment.
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AT > AT-3 > AT-3(2)

AT-3(2) Role-based Training | Physical Security Controls
Family: Awareness and Training (AT) > AT-3 Role-based Training

Provide [Assignment: organization-defined personnel or roles] with initial and [Assignment: organization-defined frequency] training in the employment and operation of physical security controls.
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AT > AT-3 > AT-3(3) > Discussion

AT-3(3) Practical Exercises - Discussion
Family: Awareness and Training (AT) > AT-3 Role-based Training

Practical exercises for security include training for software developers that addresses simulated attacks that exploit common software vulnerabilities or spear or whale phishing attacks targeted at senior leaders or executives. Practical exercises for privacy include modules with quizzes on identifying and processing personally identifiable information in various scenarios or scenarios on conducting privacy impact assessments.
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AT > AT-3 > AT-3(3)

AT-3(3) Role-based Training | Practical Exercises
Family: Awareness and Training (AT) > AT-3 Role-based Training

Provide practical exercises in security and privacy training that reinforce training objectives.
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AT > AT-3 > AT-3(5) > Discussion

AT-3(5) Processing Personally Identifiable Information - Discussion
Family: Awareness and Training (AT) > AT-3 Role-based Training

Personally identifiable information processing and transparency controls include the organization's authority to process personally identifiable information and personally identifiable information processing purposes. Role-based training for federal agencies addresses the types of information that may constitute personally identifiable information and the risks, considerations, and obligations associated with its processing. Such training also considers the authority to process personally identifiable information documented in privacy policies and notices, system of records notices, computer matching agreements and notices, privacy impact assessments, [PRIVACT](#18e71fec-c6fd-475a-925a-5d8495cf8455) statements, contracts, information sharing agreements, memoranda of understanding, and/or other documentation.
Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations
AT > AT-3 > AT-3(5)

AT-3(5) Role-based Training | Processing Personally Identifiable Information
Family: Awareness and Training (AT) > AT-3 Role-based Training

Provide [Assignment: organization-defined personnel or roles] with initial and [Assignment: organization-defined frequency] training in the employment and operation of personally identifiable information processing and transparency controls.