[2025] 5 S.C.R. 730 : 2025 INSC 760

Kushal Kumar Agarwal v.

Directorate of Enforcement

(Criminal Appeal No. 2749 of 2025)

09 May 2025

[Abhay S. Oka* and Ujjal Bhuyan, JJ.]

Issue for Consideration

An opportunity of being heard was not given by the Special Judge to the appellant-accused before taking cognizance of the offence on the complaint. Whether opportunity of being heard is required in terms of the proviso to sub-section (1) of s.223 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023.

Headnotes†

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 - Proviso to sub-section (1) of s.223 - Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 - s.44(1)(b) - Examination of complaint u/s. 223 BNSS - Opportunity of being heard to the accused - In this case, admittedly, an opportunity of being heard was not given by the Special Judge to the appellant-accused before taking cognizance of the offence on the complaint - Correctness:

Held: The proviso to sub-section (1) of s.223 puts an embargo on the power of the Court to take cognizance by providing that no cognizance of an offence shall be taken by the Magistrate without giving the accused an opportunity of being heard - The impugned order dated 20.11.2024, is set aside only on the ground of non-compliance with the proviso to sub-section (1) of s.223 of the BNSS - Therefore, appellant is directed to appear before the Special Court, so that he can be given an opportunity of being heard in terms of the proviso to sub-section (1) of s.223 of the BNSS. [Paras 6, 10, 12]

Case Law Cited

Yash Tuteja v. Union of India and Others [2024] 4 SCR 591 : 2024 SCC OnLine Sc 533; Tarsem Lal v. Enforcement Directorate [2024] 6 SCR 864 : (2024) 7 SCC 61 - referred to.

* Author


List of Acts

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023; Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002.

List of Keywords

Proviso to sub-section (1) of s.223 of Bhartiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023; Examination of complaint; Opportunity of being heard to the accused.

Case Arising From

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 2749 of 2025

From the Judgment and Order dated 20.11.2024 of the Special Judge (PC Act) (CBI) (Coal Block Cases) -01, Rouse Avenue District Court, New Delhi in Crl. Case No. 1 of 2024

Appearances for Parties

Advs. for the Appellant: Vijay Aggarwal, Nagesh Behl, Animesh Rajoriya, Ms. Barkha Rastogi, Rhythm Aggarwal, Vishal Gaurav, Somesh Chandra Jha, Shekhar Pathak, Saurabh Nagar, Ashish Arya.

Advs. for the Respondent: Suryaprakash V. Raju, A.S.G., Annam Venkatesh, Zoheb Hussain, Samrat Goswami, Arvind Kumar Sharma, Ms. Aditi Singh, Ms. Anushka Gupta, Anand Kirti, Ms. Vismaya Bansal, Ms. Geeta Bajaj, Rajesh Batra, Ms. Sonia Kukreja, Prabhas Bajaj, Ansh Singh Luthra, Gurpreet Singh Parwanda, Hemant Shah, Harshit Sethi, Pallav Srivastav, Ms. Mansi Tripathi, Kartik Yadav, Sahil Sharma.

Judgment / Order of the Supreme Court

Order

Abahy S Oka, J.

Leave granted.

Heard the learned counsel appearing for the appellant and the learned Additional Solicitor General appearing for the respondent.

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In the present case, a complaint was filed under Section 44(1)(b) of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (hereinafter referred to as "the PMLA") on August 2, 2024. The appellant is shown as accused in the complaint. The Bhartiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (hereinafter referred to as "the BNSS") came into force on July 1, 2024. Section 223 of the BNSS reads thus:

"223. Examination of complainant.

(1)A Magistrate having jurisdiction while taking cognizance of an offence on complaint shall examine upon oath the complainant and the witnesses present, if any, and the substance of such examination shall be reduced to writing and shall be signed by the complainant and the witnesses, and also by the Magistrate:

Provided that no cognizance of an offence shall be taken by the Magistrate without giving the accused an opportunity of being heard:

Provided further that when the complaint is made in writing, the Magistrate need not examine the complainant and the witnesses-

(a) if a public servant acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duties or a Court has made the complaint; or

(b) if the Magistrate makes over the case for inquiry or trial to another Magistrate under section 212;

Provided also that if the Magistrate makes over the case to another Magistrate under section 212 after examining the complainant and the witnesses, the latter Magistrate need not re-examine them."

Section 223 of the BNSS corresponds to Section 200 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (hereinafter referred to as 'the CrPC').

However, a proviso similar to the proviso to sub-section (1) of Section 223 does not find place in Section 200 of the CrPC.

This Court has taken a consistent view that a complaint filed by the Enforcement Directorate under Section 44 (1)(b) of the PMLA will be governed by Sections 200 to 204 of the CrPC. This view has been taken by this Court in the cases of Yash Tuteja v/s Union of


India and others1 and Tarsem Lal v/s Enforcement Directorate2.

Therefore, the provisions of Chapter XVI, containing Sections 223 to 226, will also apply to a complaint under Section 44 of the PMLA.

As the complaint has been filed after 1st July, 2024, Section 223 of the BNSS will apply to the present complaint.

The proviso to sub-section (1) of Section 223 puts an embargo on the power of the Court to take cognizance by providing that no cognizance of an offence shall be taken by the Magistrate without giving the accused an opportunity of being heard.

In this case, admittedly, an opportunity of being heard was not given by the learned Special Judge to the appellant before taking cognizance of the offence on the complaint. Only on that ground, the impugned order dated 20th April, 2024, will have to be set aside.

Mr. Raju, the learned Additional Solicitor General, has made two submissions. Firstly, he submits that hearing given to the accused in terms of the proviso to sub-section (1) of Section 223 of the BNSS will be confined to the question whether a case is made out to proceed on the basis of the complaint and hence, only the complaint and the documents produced along with the complaint can be considered at the time of hearing. His second submission is that it is well settled that cognizance is taken by the criminal Court of the offence and not the offender. Therefore, after taking cognizance and after following the procedure prescribed by proviso to sub-section (1) of Section 223 of the BNSS if cognizance is taken, there will be no occasion to again take cognizance of the same offence when supplementary or further complaints are filed. Therefore, at that stage, there will be no occasion to give the accused the opportunity to be heard.

The aforesaid two submissions made by Mr. Raju, the learned Additional Solicitor General, need not be considered, as the same do not arise in this appeal at this stage. However, we make it clear that the said contentions are expressly kept open, which can be raised before the Special Court.

10. The impugned order dated 20th November, 2024, is set aside only on the ground of non-compliance with the proviso to sub-section (1) of Section 223 of the BNSS.

1 2024 SCC OnLine Sc 533

(2024) 7 SCC 61

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11. We make it clear that we have not expressed any opinion on the merits of the complaint and the aforesaid contentions raised by the learned Additional Solicitor General.

12. We direct the appellant to appear before the Special Court on 14th July, 2025, so that he can be given an opportunity of being heard in terms of the proviso to sub-section (1) of Section 223 of the BNSS.

We make it clear that no further notice shall be issued by the Special Court to the appellant.

13. The appeal is accordingly partly allowed.

Result of the case: Appeal partly allowed.

†Headnotes prepared by: Ankit Gyan