[2025] 12 S.C.R. 479 : 2025 INSC 1406

Abhishek Gupta v.

Dinesh Kumar & Ors.

(Civil Appeal No(s). 14545-14546 of 2025)

03 December 2025

[Dipankar Datta and Augustine George Masih, JJ.]

Issue for Consideration

Whether in the facts and circumstances of the case, the Division Bench of the High Court erred in dismissing the Special Appeal filed by the appellant herein assailing the order of the Single Judge in a petition u/Art.226 of the Constitution which adversely affected his rights but he was not impleaded as a party therein, as not maintainable relying on Chapter VIII r.5 of the Allahabad High Court Rules, 1952.

Headnotes†

Allahabad High Court Rules, 1952 - Ch. VIII - r.5 - Constitution of India - Art. 226 - Non-joinder of a necessary party - Appellant was allotted, by grant of a license, a fair price shop in place of the respondent no.1, upon revocation of the license of such respondent on the ground of breach of lawful terms and conditions thereof - Revocation affirmed by appellate order - Writ Petition filed by the Respondent No.1 challenging the revocation of the license and the appellate order affirming the revocation, however, the appellant was not impleaded as a party - Allowed by Single Judge, revocation order set aside - Special Appeal filed by appellant - Dismissed by the Division Bench as not maintainable relying on Chapter VIII r.5 of the High Court Rules, 1952 though granting liberty to the appellant to file a review - Challenge to:

Held: Although r.5, inter alia, ordains that no Special Appeal shall lie from an order passed by a Single Judge of the High Court in writ proceedings u/Art.226 where an appellate/revisional order of the Government or any officer or authority under any of the specified enactments is under challenge, r.5 has to be read and

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understood in a manner that advances the cause of "access to justice" and not thwart it - The rigours of r.5 would not apply and stand relaxed in a case of the present nature where the order under challenge is one, passed by a Single Judge on a petition u/Art.226 of the Constitution, adversely affecting the rights of a party who was not a party-respondent before the Single Judge - Special Appeal ought not to have been held not maintainable - Also, the maxim ubi jus ibi remedium cannot be ignored - A party suffering an adverse order in judicial proceedings where he is not noticed, because he was not a party, cannot be left without a remedy - Although he can apply for a review, the scope of a review is much narrow than an appeal and would not provide a remedy as effective as an appeal - Impugned judgment of the Division Bench set aside, Special Appeal of the appellant restored. [Paras 15, 16]

Allahabad High Court Rules, 1952 - Ch. VIII - rule 5 - Interpretation - Object & purpose of, stated. [Para 15]

Maxim - ubi jus ibi remedium - Constitution of India - Art.226 - Non-joinder of a necessary party - Intra-court appeal - Allahabad High Court Rules, 1952 - r.5:

Held: The principle of non-joinder, though originating from the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, applies with equal force to writ proceedings - An order passed in writ jurisdiction without impleading an affected or necessary party is liable to be invalidated on that ground alone - Where an allegation of non-joinder of a necessary party is raised in an intra-court appeal, the High Court, if satisfied that such allegation has merit, should either remand the matter to the Single Judge or decide it on the merits - Such an approach while not militating against the object and purpose of r.5 would, at the same time, accord with the maxim ubi jus ibi remedium. [Paras 19, 21]

Case Law Cited

Smt. Jatan Kanwar Golcha v. Golcha Properties (P) Ltd. [1971] 3 SCR 247 : AIR 1971 SC 374; State of Punjab v. Amar Singh [1974] 3 SCR 152 : AIR 1974 SC 994 - held applicable.

Sheet Gupta v. State of U.P., AIR 2010 All 46 (FB) - referred to.


List of Acts

Allahabad High Court Rules, 1952; Constitution of India; Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.

List of Keywords

Rule 5 of Allahabad High Court Rules, 1952; Special appeal; Fair price shop licensee; Revocation of license; Principles of natural justice; Affected or necessary party not impleaded; Non-joinder of a necessary party; Intra-court appeal; Access to justice; Right to be heard; Right to a fair hearing; Ubi jus ibi remedium; Fair price shop.

Case Arising From

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No(s). 14545- 14546 of 2025

From the Judgment and Order dated 10.06.2025 and 30.10.2025 of the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad in WRITC No. 37063 of 2019 and SAD No. 908 of 2025, respectively.

Appearances for Parties

Advs. for the Appellant(s): Pranav Krishna, Lavam Tyagi, Ms. Srishti Mayank.

Advs. for the Respondent(s): Sanjeev Malhotra, Ashwin Vaish, Vinod Pandey, Ashutosh Thakur, Himanshu Pandey, Sandeep Yadav, Ms. Ritu Pandey, Uttam Panwar.

Judgment / Order of the Supreme Court

Judgment

Permission, to file special leave petitions, is granted.

Delay condoned.

Leave granted.

Appellant was allotted, by grant of a license, a fair price shop in place of the respondent no.1, upon revocation of the license of such respondent on the ground of breach of lawful terms and conditions thereof.

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Revocation of the license and an appellate order of its affirmance were the subject matter of challenge in a writ petition1 presented by the respondent no.1 before the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad.

In such writ petition, the appellant was not impleaded as a party.

The writ petition of the respondent no.1 came to be allowed by an order dated 10th June, 20252 of a Single Judge. The order revoking the license of the respondent no.1 and the appellate order of affirmation stood set aside. In pursuance of such order, the respondent no.1 was required to be reinstated as a fair price shop licensee by the official respondents.

Sensing the imminent consequence of the order of the Single Judge, i.e., he would be compelled to step down and make way for the respondent no.1, the appellant approached a Division Bench of the High Court with an intra-court appeal3. His complaint was that the order passed by the Single Judge prejudicially affected his interest, without he being given an opportunity of hearing. Such appeal has been dismissed by the Division Bench vide judgment and order dated 30th October, 2025 as not maintainable, placing reliance on Chapter VIII Rule 5 of the Allahabad High Court Rules, 19524 and a Full Bench Judgment of the same High Court in Sheet Gupta v.

State of U.P.5 interpreting such rule. However, the appellant was granted liberty to apply for a review of the judgment and order under appeal before the Single Judge.

In the present appeals, the appellant has not only questioned the judgment and order of the Division Bench dated 30th October, 2025 but also questioned the judgment and order of the Single Judge dated 10th June, 2025.

At the outset, we reject the contention of learned counsel for the respondent no.1 that the appeals should be dismissed on the ground of suppression of material facts.

10. Looking to the impugned judgment and order of the Division Bench, we find that it neither reproduces Rule 5 of Chapter VIII of the 1952

1 Writ C No. 37063 of 2019

3 Special Appeal Defective No. 908 of 2025

4 1952 Rules

5 AIR 2010 All 46 (FB)


Rules nor adverts to the specific answer given by the Full Bench in Sheet Gupta (supra) to the question which was referred. We, therefore, propose to note Rule 5 and the answer of the Full Bench.

11. Rule 5 of Chapter VIII of the 1952 Rules reads as follows:

5. Special appeal :- An appeal shall lie to the Court from a judgment (not being a judgment passed in the exercise of appellate jurisdiction) in respect of a decree or order made by a Court subject to the superintendence of the Court and not being an order made in the exercise of revisional jurisdiction or in the exercise of its power of superintendence or in the exercise of criminal jurisdiction or in the exercise of the jurisdiction conferred by Article 226 or Article 227 of the Constitution in respect of any judgment, order or award--(a) of a tribunal, Court or statutory arbitrator made or purported to be made in the exercise or purported exercise of jurisdiction under any Uttar Pradesh Act or under any Central Act, with respect to any of the matters enumerated in the State List or the Concurrent List in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution, or (b) of the Government or any officer or authority, made or purported to be made in the exercise or purported exercise of appellate or revisional jurisdiction under any such Act of one Judge.

12. In Sheet Gupta (supra), the Full Bench has recorded as follows:

15. Having given our anxious consideration to the various plea (sic., pleas) raised by the learned counsel for the parties, we find that from the perusal of Chapter VIII Rule 5 of the Rules a special appeal shall lie before this Court from the judgment passed by one Judge of the Court.

However, such special appeal will not lie in the following circumstances:

The judgment passed by one Judge in the exercise of appellate jurisdiction, in respect of a decree or order made by a Court subject to the Superintendence (sic., superintendence) of the Court;

2. the order made by one Judge in the exercise of revisional jurisdiction;

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3. the order made by one Judge in the exercise of the power of superintendence of the High Court;

4. the order made by one Judge in the exercise of criminal jurisdiction;

5. the order made by one Judge in the exercise of jurisdiction conferred by Article 226 or Article 227 of the Constitution of India in respect of any judgment, order or award by

(i) the tribunal,

(ii) Court or

(iii) statutory arbitrator

made or purported to be made in the exercise of or purported exercise of jurisdiction under any Uttar Pradesh Act or under any Central Act, with respect to any of the matters enumerated in the State List or the Concurrent List in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution;

6. the order made by one Judge in the exercise of jurisdiction conferred by Article 226 or 227 of the Constitution of India in respect of any judgment, order or award of

(i) the Government or

(ii) any officer or

(iii) authority,

made or purported to be made in the exercise or purported exercise of appellate or revisional jurisdiction under any such Act, i.e. under any Uttar Pradesh Act or under any Central Act, with respect to any of the matters enumerated in the State List or the Concurrent List in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution.

13. On a plain reading of Rule 5, the Special Appeal of the appellant would appear to be barred. However, there is much more than what is plainly visible. In our considered opinion, the Special Appeal ought


not to have been held not maintainable for the reasons we propose to assign.

14. While interpretation of Rule 5 by the Full Bench of the High Court is correct, we discern from Sheet Gupta (supra) that the Full Bench in course of answering the reference had not been called upon to examine whether an appeal with an application seeking leave to appeal, by a non-party to a writ petition under Article 226, would or would not be maintainable if the order - appellate or revisional - under challenge in such petition is passed by the Government or officer or authority under a Central/State legislation. Since this was not a question which the Full Bench was required to examine, whatever has been laid down in Sheet Gupta (supra) on interpretation of Rule 5 may not be decisive in a situation under consideration. This aspect of the matter escaped the attention of the Division Bench which, erroneously, dismissed the appeal as not maintainable.

15. Although Rule 5, inter alia, ordains that no Special Appeal shall lie from an order passed by a Single Judge of the High Court in writ proceedings under Article 226 of the Constitution where an appellate/ revisional order of the Government or any officer or authority under any of the specified enactments is under challenge, in our considered opinion, Rule 5 has to be read and understood in a manner that advances the cause of "access to justice" and not thwart it. The object and purpose behind enactment of Rule 5 have to be borne in mind while embarking on its interpretation. The object seems to be that when two tiers of adjudication - quasi-judicial and judicial - are available, i.e., (i) a determination by the appellate/revisional forum under a specified Central/State legislation on a particular lis raised by a party and defended by the adversary at the first instance, is

(ii) followed by an adjudication by a Single Judge on a writ petition under Article 226 of the Constitution as to whether such appellate/ revisional order is legal, valid or proper, a third tier for ruling on the same lis in the shape of a special appeal before the Division Bench ought not to be made available to the aggrieved party. The purpose is clear: to achieve a sort of finality at the level of the High Court and not to add to the agony of the concerned litigant. The unwritten rule is that any party aggrieved by the adjudication made by the Single Judge will have to seek remedy under Article 136 of the Constitution before this Court or seek a review under the High Court's inherent jurisdiction.

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16. In the circumstances before us, the bar created by Rule 5 must yield to the foundational principles of natural justice, namely, the right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing. It is trite law that the principle of non-joinder, though originating from the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, applies with equal force to writ proceedings. An order passed in writ jurisdiction without impleading an affected or necessary party is liable to be invalidated on that ground alone. Since the courts exist to administer justice, the rigours of Rule 5 would not apply and stand relaxed in a case of the present nature where the order under challenge is one, passed by a Single Judge on a petition under Article 226 of the Constitution, adversely affecting the rights of a party who was not a party-respondent before the Single Judge.

17. In our further considered opinion, the law laid down by this Court in

Smt. Jatan Kanwar Golcha v. Golcha Properties (P) Ltd.6 and State of Punjab v. Amar Singh7 that an appeal could be preferred with an application for leave to appeal, provided the non-party appellant demonstrates that either the order under challenge is prejudicial to his interest or adversely affects him or is binding on him, would be applicable.

18. Also, the maxim ubi jus, ibi remedium cannot be ignored. A party suffering an adverse order in judicial proceedings where he is not noticed, because he was not a party, cannot be left without a remedy.

Although he can apply for a review, the scope of a review is much narrow than an appeal and would not provide a remedy as effective as an appeal.

19. For the foregoing reasons, we hold that where an allegation of nonjoinder of a necessary party is raised in an intra-court appeal, the High Court, if satisfied that such allegation has merit, should either remand the matter to the Single Judge or decide it on the merits.

Such an approach while not militating against the object and purpose of Rule 5 would, at the same time, accord with the maxim ubi jus, ibi remedium.

20. Even otherwise, the appellant by way of abundant caution has appealed against the judgment and order of the Single Judge dated

AIR 1971 SC 374

AIR 1974 SC 994


10th June, 2025. Had we concurred with the Division Bench that the appellant's appeal before it was not maintainable, nothing would have prevented us to hear such appeal against the said judgment and order.

21. In such view of the matter, we set aside the impugned judgment and order of the Division Bench and restore the Special Appeal of the appellant to its original file and number. The same may now be heard by the Division Bench and disposed of expeditiously, since we are not inclined to allow the appellant to run the fair price shop for the present.

22. We leave it open to the respondent no.1 to seek dismissal of the Special Appeal in the light of the affidavit sworn by the appellant at the time he was allotted the fair price shop in place of the respondent no.1.

Equally, we leave it open to the appellant to counter such contention in such manner and on such ground(s) as he may be advised. No opinion is expressed by us on the merits of the rival claims.

23. We are informed that the fair price shop has been allotted in favour of the respondent no.1 in compliance with the order of the Single Judge; hence, the same shall abide by the result of the Special Appeal.

24. The appeals stand disposed of on the aforesaid terms.

25. Pending application(s), if any, shall also stand disposed of.

Result of the case: Appeals disposed of.

†Headnotes prepared by: Divya Pandey