[2024] 8 S.C.R. 154 : 2024 INSC 592

The State of Rajasthan & Ors. v.

Bhupendra Singh

(Civil Appeal Nos. 8546-8549 of 2024)

08 August 2024

[Hima Kohli and Ahsanuddin Amanullah,* JJ.]

Issue for Consideration

Order passed by the Single Judge of the High Court quashing the removal order passed by the Disciplinary Authority and issuing directions to reconsider the employee's case for promotion, which was upheld by the Division Bench, if justified.

Headnotes†

Service Law - Suspension/removal from service - Disciplinary authority accepting enquiry officer's findings and imposing punishment - Requirement of reasons - On facts, employee placed under suspension in contemplation of departmental enquiry for having committed various irregularities - Departmental Promotion Committee did not find the employee fit for promotion as he was under suspension - Charges having been proved, the employee removed from service - Employee challenged the suspension and removal order - Single Judge of the High Court quashed the removal order issuing directions to reconsider the employee's case for promotion - Said order upheld by the Division Bench - Sustainability:

Held: Not sustainable - Single Judge held that the enquiry was based on no evidence, and findings rendered therein were perverse, and as the Removal Order based on the same was not reasoned, quashed the same - Division Bench affirmed the said course of action - Despite noticing the position in law relating to non-interference by the appellate court to re-assess the evidence led in an enquiry or to interfere on the ground that another view was possible on the material on record, the Division Bench held that the Single Judge had rightly held that the enquiry proceedings were vitiated, without giving any reasons of its own as to how the Single Judge had arrived at such a conclusion - Single Judge and the Division Bench acted as Courts of Appeal and went on to

* Author


re-appreciate the evidence - Evidently, while reappraisal of facts and evidence is not impermissible by the High Court, the infirmity in the underlying order has to be greater than ordinary - It is not the employee's case that due to omissions by the Department in substantive and/or procedural compliances, prejudice ensued to him - Employee received an opportunity to submit a written representation as also an opportunity of hearing, thus, no violation of the principles of natural justice found - Removal Order cannot be said to be based on 'no evidence' - Removal Order was reasoned as on the aspects where the Disciplinary Authority disagreed with the Enquiry Officer's report, reasons therefor have been assigned - If the Disciplinary Authority accepts findings recorded by the Enquiry Officer and proceeds to impose punishment based on the same, no elaborate reasons are required - Removal Order makes it clear that the Disciplinary Authority has considered the whole material before it and was satisfied to impose punishment on the employee - Wherever and whenever the Disciplinary Authorities concerned impose a major punishment, it would be appropriate for their orders to better engage with the representations/submissions of the delinquent employees concerned - However, in the instant case, in view of the evidentiary material and the process by which a fair opportunity was given to the employee to present his version, this Court is dissuaded from upholding the impugned judgment on account of minor deficiency/ies in the process - Same have not caused prejudice to the employee to the extent warranting judicial interdiction - Factual position as regards the charges pertaining to non-handing over of full charge at the relevant point of time; appointing persons without permission from the Collector/ Registrar; as also, returning the money after one and a half years by the employee, could not be controverted - Moreover, looking to the respondent's conduct, no arbitrariness or perversity found in the punishment awarded to him - Thus, the impugned judgment quashed and set aside, and removal order passed by the Disciplinary Authority is restored. [Paras 21, 22, 28-37]

Case Law Cited

State of Andhra Pradesh v. S Sree Rama Rao [1964] 3 SCR 25 : AIR 1963 SC 1723; State Bank of India v. Ram Lal Bhaskar [2011] 12 SCR 1036 : (2011) 10 SCC 249; State of Andhra Pradesh v.

Chitra Venkata Rao [1976] 1 SCR 521 : (1975) 2 SCC 557; State Bank of India v. S K Sharma [1996] 3 SCR 972 : (1996) 3 SCC 364; Union of India v. K G Soni [2006] Supp. 4 SCR 560 : (2006)

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6 SCC 794; State of Uttar Pradesh v. Man Mohan Nath Sinha [2009] 13 SCR 348 : (2009) 8 SCC 310; Bharti Airtel Limited v. A S Raghavendra [2024] 4 SCR 100 : (2024) 6 SCC 418; Boloram Bordoloi v. Lakhimi Gaolia Bank [2021] 1 SCR 858 : (2021) 3 SCC 806 - referred to.

List of Acts

Rajasthan Civil Services (Classification, Control and Appeal) Rules, 1958.

List of Keywords

Suspension; Removal from service; Disciplinary authority; Departmental enquiry for having committed various irregularities; Non-interference by the appellate court to re-assess the evidence led in an enquiry; Reasoned order; Enquiry proceedings vitiated; Re-appreciate the evidence; Substantive and/or procedural compliances; Principles of natural justice.

Case Arising From

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 8546-8549 of 2024

From the Judgment and Order dated 28.01.2021 of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan at Jaipur in DBCSAW No.1695 of 2008 and DBCSAW Nos.14, 15 and 65 of 2009.

Appearances for Parties

Vishal Meghwal, Milind Kumar, Jagdish Chandra Solanki, Ms. Yashika Bum, Ms. Neha Kapoor, Advs. for the Appellants.

K.Vijayan, T.R.B. Sivakumar, Advs. for the Respondent.

Judgment / Order of the Supreme Court

Judgment

Ahsanuddin Amanullah, J.

Heard learned counsel for the parties.

Leave granted.

The present appeals are directed against the common Final Judgment and Order dated 28.01.2021 (hereinafter referred to as the "Impugned


Judgment") passed by the Division Bench of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan, Jaipur Bench (hereinafter referred to as the "High Court") by which D.B. Special Appeal Writs No.1695/2008, 14/2009, 15/2009 and 65/2009 were dismissed.

BRIEF FACTUAL OVERVIEW:

The sole respondent was appointed as Inspector (Executive) in the year 1960 and later appointed as Assistant Registrar on 05.04.1973 on selection by the Rajasthan Public Service Commission (hereinafter referred to as the "RPSC"). On 29.04.1976, the respondent granted permission for construction of godown of Sadulshahar Jamidara Co-operative Marketing Society Ltd. despite the Registrar having issued a direction to consult the Public Works Department to obtain a technical opinion. The respondent, further, appointed two persons on 04.01.1977, despite order to get the permission from the Registrar.

On 06.05.1977, the respondent was reverted to the post of Inspector and also directed to handover charge to Mr. Amar Chand Dhaka but he did not comply with the same and allegedly obstructed the other person from duty.

On 18.05.1977, the respondent issued an order nominating himself as Administrator of the Bharat Bus Transport Cooperative Society Limited though he was reverted from that post and charge was taken over from him by another person. During such period, the respondent sold 9 shops without adopting the procedure of auction at very low prices compared to the market value of the said shops.

He is further said to have made irregular payments on 30.05.1977.

On 21.06.1977, he withdrew an amount of Rs.9,025/- (Rupees Nine Thousand Twenty-Five) from the account of the Bharat Bus Transport Cooperative Society Limited as expenses incurred for purchase of stamps though the same were recovered from the shop-buyers and thus, illegally kept by him. On 01.08.1977, the Collector of the district asked the respondent to hand over charge of Administrator of Hanumangarh Society but he did not hand over the charge and cash balance etc. till 19.08.1977.

On 04.10.1979, he was placed under suspension in contemplation of departmental enquiry for having committed various irregularities. As per the seniority list published on 05.10.1979, the respondent was at Sl. No.39 as on 01.07.1978. On 07.02.1980, Appeal No.361/79 was filed by the respondent seeking promotion which was dismissed on

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the ground that there were adverse entries in his Annual Confidential Records (hereinafter referred to as "ACRs") for the years 1975-1976, 1976-1977 and 1977-1978. However, it was observed that if the said adverse entries were expunged, the respondent would have a case for reconsideration.

On 03.10.1980, charge sheet under Rule 16 of the Rajasthan Civil Services (Classification, Control and Appeal) Rules, 1958 (hereinafter referred to as the "1958 Rules") was issued against the respondent levelling 16 charges including sub-charges. The preliminary statement of the respondent was recorded on 23.05.1983 in connection with the said enquiry. Examination of witnesses took place on various dates. In the meantime, on 28.11.1983, in Appeal No.237/82, adverse entries in the ACR were expunged. On 05.03.1984 and 04.06.1984, detailed statement of the respondent was also recorded. Finally, the enquiry report was submitted on 19.04.1984. Thereafter, the Departmental Promotion Committee (hereinafter referred to as the "DPC") in its meeting held on 21.11.1984 did not find the respondent fit for promotion as he was under suspension on that day. The respondent had moved the High Court in Single Bench Civil Writ Petition No.590/1983, wherein suspension order dated 04.10.1979 against the respondent was prospectively stayed by the learned Single Judge. The respondent filed Appeal No.358/85 for consideration of his promotion to the posts of Deputy Registrar with effect from 23.02.1979 and Joint Registrar with effect from 06.04.1985.

After completion of the enquiry and the charges having been proved, the respondent was removed from service by order dated 25.09.1985.

Appeal No.358/85 preferred by the Respondent was partially allowed, by order dated 21.08.1991, directing the appellant to convene the DPC for the vacancies of the year 1984-1985 and review the case of the respondent for promotion to the post of Deputy Registrar. The respondent had also moved against his order of removal before the High Court in Single Bench Civil Writ Petition No.793/1986 wherein vide order dated 18.12.1991, the order of removal was quashed granting liberty to the appellants to conduct enquiry and proceed after giving the respondent a copy of the enquiry report and the opinion of the RPSC. Compliance of the said order was made on 07.04.1992.

The respondent submitted written representations on 25.05.1992 and 10.06.1992 denying all the charges levelled against him. On 11.09.1992, the DPC found the respondent suitable for 1980-81 but


not for 1979-80 for which the recommendation was kept in a sealed cover in view of pendency of the departmental enquiry. In the challenge to the decision of the DPC by the respondent in Contempt Petition No.358/1985, by order dated 08.04.1993, the High Court upheld the decision of the DPC. On 28.09.1993, after affording an opportunity of hearing to the respondent, an order for his removal was passed.

Being aggrieved, the respondent preferred a contempt petition in the High Court which was dismissed and the D.B. Special Appeal No.36/94 filed against the same was also rejected on 04.04.1994.

The respondent then filed four writ petitions being SBCWP Nos.6486/1993; 5651/1994; 5752/1994, and; 846/1995 in the High Court which were decided by a common judgment dated 22.02.2008, wherein SBCWP Nos.6486/1993 and 5651/1994 were allowed, while SBCWP Nos.5752/1994 and 846/1995 were partly allowed, and directions were issued to reconsider the respondent's case for promotion. Aggrieved thereby, the appellants preferred D.B. Special Appeal Writs No.1695/2008, 14/2009, 15/2009 and 65/2009 whereas the respondent also filed D.B. Special Appeal Writ No.24/2009. The appeal filed by the respondent was related to his claim for costs.

Vide common Final Judgment and Order dated 28.01.2021, all these writ appeals were dismissed, which has given rise to the present four appeals at the instance of the appellants.

SUBMISSIONS BY THE APPELLANTS:

10. Learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the respondent had a chequered history and proved himself unfit for being retained in service. It was submitted that even during probation, the respondent was found unsuitable and was reverted/asked to handover charge to Mr. Amar Chand Dhaka by order dated 06.05.1977 but he disobeyed and obstructed him from assuming charge of his office. It was submitted that even earlier, when the Registrar had issued directions to the respondent to consult the PWD for technical opinion with regard to permission for construction of godown of Sadulshahar Jamidara Co-operative Marketing Society Ltd., without doing so, he himself had given such permission and had even appointed Mr. Dharam Chand and Mr. Birbal on 04.01.1977 on his own, without permission from the Registrar. Further, it was submitted that on 18.05.1977, the respondent had issued Order No.995-98 nominating himself as the Administrator of the Bharat Bus Transport Cooperative Society Ltd. while he was reverted from that post and charge was taken from

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him by Mr. Amar Chand Dhaka. It was contended that during the said period, the respondent sold 9 shops at a much lower price than the market price without following the due prescribed procedure. He submitted that on 30.05.1977 also, the respondent made irregular payments and on 21.06.1977, he embezzled Rs.9025/- by withdrawing the said amount from the account of the society on the head of expenses of stamps which were recovered from shopkeepers and the amount was illegally kept with him.

11. Further, it was argued by learned counsel for the appellants that on 05.07.1977, the respondent prepared a bill of Rs.4,600/- against rent without obtaining clearance of the Collector and on 06.05.1977, he resumed the post from which he was reverted without authority of law.

Even the said amount of Rs.4,600/- was not paid by the respondent to the landlord. He submitted that on 21.07.1977, the respondent embezzled Rs.4,000/- by making fake entry of returning deposit of the said amount to Smt. Ganga Bai in the Cash Book, but kept the amount without any authority. Similarly, it was submitted that on 25.07.1977, he received Rs.7,766.83/- and kept it with him, which he returned only at the time of inspection under compulsion. Further, on 30.07.1977, learned counsel submitted that the respondent made irregular and doubtful entries relating to payments made by him during the period for which he stood demoted to the post of Inspector. It was submitted that another glaring example of the respondent committing insubordination was that despite the order of the Collector, Sh.

Ganganagar dated 01.08.1977, directing the respondent to handover charge of Administrator, Hanumangarh Society, he did not handover the cash balance and other charge till 19.08.1977.

12. Further contention was that the respondent temporarily embezzled an amount of Rs.4,764.36/- of the Bharat Bus Transport Cooperative Society Ltd. and the amount was returned only after the respondent got transferred to Bhilwara. It was submitted that even the said amount which was due on 18.08.1977 itself was sent by the respondent in the shape of Demand Drafts of Rs.3,000/- on 07.02.1979, Rs. 764.36/- on 09.02.1979 and Rs.1,000/- on 20.02.1979 i.e., after one and a half years. He submitted that on 04.10.1978, the respondent took advance of Rs.2,000/- to purchase material for godown while working as Administrator of Ravla Sale-purchase Co-operative Society Ltd. but did not deposit the same and in the meantime, he was transferred to Bhilwara and upon repeated reminders and correspondence he


sent the amount under Demand Draft No.738095 on 20.03.1979.

Another irregularity pointed out was that the respondent did not take any steps for new appointment on 28% posts reserved for Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes candidates on the one hand, while on the other hand he appointed one Rajkumar against reserved post on 07.10.1978 as a junior clerk in violation of the order.

13. Learned counsel submitted that in the background of such conduct, the respondent was placed under suspension in contemplation of departmental enquiry by order dated 04.10.1979.

14. Learned counsel submitted that on 03.10.1980, a Charge Sheet under Rule 16 of the 1958 Rules was issued levelling 16 charges against the respondent, inclusive of sub-charges. During the enquiry, 10 witnesses were examined, who deposed against the respondent, whereafter, on 05.03.1984 and 04.06.1984, detailed statement(s) of the respondent was also recorded. The enquiry report was finally submitted on 19.04.1984. It was contended that, rightly, the DPC in its meeting held on 21.11.1984 did not find the respondent suitable, on the ground that he was under suspension at that time. It was submitted that though on 22.02.1985 the learned Single Judge of the High Court in SBCWP No.590/1983 stayed the operation of the order of suspension dated 04.10.1979 against the appellant, but the same was with prospective effect and Appeal No.358/85 filed by the respondent for considering his promotion to the post of Deputy Registrar w.e.f. 23.02.1979 and Joint Registrar w.e.f. 06.04.1985, was partly allowed with the direction to convene the DPC for the vacancies for the year 1984-85 to review the case of the respondent for promotion to the post of Deputy Registrar. In the meantime, during the departmental proceeding against the respondent, charges were proved and by order dated 25.09.1985, he was removed from service.

15. It was submitted that though the High Court by order dated 18.12.1991 in Single Bench Civil Writ Petition No.793/1986 quashed the removal order against the respondent, liberty was granted to the appellants to conduct an enquiry after giving him a copy of the enquiry report and the opinion of the RPSC. In compliance of the said order, in the departmental proceedings, the respondent submitted his written representation denying all charges and was also heard on his representation. However, learned counsel submitted that on 11.09.1992, the DPC found him suitable for 1980-1981 but not for

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1979-1980, with the recommendation kept under sealed cover in view of the pending departmental enquiry. It was submitted that in Contempt Petition No.358/1985, preferred by the respondent, by order dated 08.04.1993, the decision of the DPC was found to be proper.

16. Learned counsel submitted that after following all due procedure under the law and after affording the respondent full opportunity of being heard, the removal order was passed on 28.09.1993, holding that in light of the serious nature of the charges and partly/fully five charges having been found to be proved by the enquiry officer, there were sufficient grounds for punishment. The Contempt Petition filed by the respondent was dismissed and Special Appeal No.36/94 before the Division Bench was also rejected.

17. It was submitted that in this background, when the respondent filed four writ petitions challenging the removal order dated 28.09.1993, the High Court quashed the removal order on the ground of violation of principles of natural justice observing that though there was a reference to the representation filed by the respondent but there was no discussion in the order. Further, as a consequence, the suspension order was also quashed holding the respondent entitled for the remaining salary from the date of his suspension till the date of fresh removal and stating that the entire period will also be counted for the purpose of pension. Moreover, the respondent having been found fit for promotion in 1980-1981 but denied the same on the ground of pendency of departmental enquiry by keeping the result in a sealed cover, the suspension as well as the removal order having been quashed, the respondent was held entitled for consideration for promotion to the post of Deputy Registrar in the year 1979-1980 and 1980-1981 and all consequential benefits, in the event he was so promoted.

18. Learned counsel for the appellants submitted that there has been gross miscarriage of justice since despite five charges having been proved documentarily, still, on hyper-technicality, the High Court interfered. Further, it was contended that the view taken by the authorities cannot be said to be perverse as it was also a plausible view. It was urged that in such matters, the settled law is that where two views are possible, the one taken by the authorities ought not to be interfered with, only because there can be another view. Learned counsel submitted that the act of the respondent stood admitted with regard to his conduct of financial irregularity(ies) and insubordination


by not obeying orders relating to his transfer, other directions given for permission of construction granted to a Cooperative society as also acting beyond jurisdiction of assuming power, both in appointing persons as well as appointing himself as an Administrator of a Cooperative Society. It was submitted that the Division Bench totally erred in not appreciating the points, both legal and factual, raised by the appellants. It was further submitted that the Division Bench erroneously held that the enquiry proceedings were vitiated as they were based on no evidence and were perverse, which finding, learned counsel contended, was itself perverse, as there were documents to prove the charges, which the respondent had not challenged as being forged and/or fabricated. Hence, it was prayed that these appeals may be allowed.

SUBMISSIONS BY THE RESPONDENT:

19. Per contra, learned counsel for the respondent submitted that both the learned Single Judge and the Division Bench have concurrently held that the enquiry was vitiated, and it was a case of no evidence.

Thus, this Court may also not interfere in the matter. It was submitted that both the learned Single Judge and the Division Bench found that the charge relating to temporary embezzlement is illegal as the same was not proved but still he has been found guilty. Moreover, it was pointed out that though Charge 1-GA is with regard to embezzlement of Rs.9,025/- of the sale of shops, the Appellate Authority had exonerated the respondent and the Enquiry Officer did not find the respondent guilty of the said charge of embezzlement, but found sale of those shops irregular which was not even the charge.

20. Similarly, it was pointed out that the learned Single Judge on the issue of competence of the respondent to sell the shop at a lower price held that despite the finding of the Enquiry Officer that no loss was proved, still the charge has been found proved, which is improper and there cannot be any dispute on this account. He submitted that the order of the learned Single Judge, which has been upheld by the Division Bench, does not require interference. He, therefore, impressed upon us that the appeals deserved dismissal.

ANALYSIS, REASONING AND CONCLUSION:

21. Having considered the matter, the Court finds that the Impugned Judgment cannot be sustained. On a prefatory note, we would begin by quoting what the Division Bench has noted on page No.7:

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'It is well settled preposition (sic) of law that courts will not act as an Appellate Court and re-assess the evidence led in domestic enquiry, nor interfere on the ground that another view was possible on the material on record. If the enquiry has been fairly and properly held and findings are based on evidence, the question of adequacy of evidence or reliable nature of the evidence will be no ground for interfering with the finding in departmental enquiry. However, when the finding of fact recorded in departmental enquiry is based on no evidence or where it is clearly perverse then it will invite the intervention of the court.'

22. The learned Single Judge held that the findings returned in the enquiry were without evidence, contrary to the record, and as the Removal Order based on the same was not reasoned, proceeded to quash the same. This course of action adopted by the learned Single Judge has been affirmed by the Division Bench. Surprisingly, despite noticing the aforesaid position in law relating to non-interference by the Appellate Court to re-assess the evidence led in an enquiry or to interfere on the ground that another view was possible on the material on record, the Division Bench went on to record that the learned Single Judge had rightly held that the enquiry proceedings were vitiated as they were based on no evidence and were perverse, without giving any reasons of its own as to how the learned Single Judge had arrived at such a conclusion, namely, that the enquiry was based on no evidence and the findings rendered therein were perverse. Upon detailed assistance from both sides on the factual prism, coupled with the materials on record, we are of the considered opinion that the judgments delivered by the learned Single Judge and the Division Bench are unsustainable.

23. The scope of examination and interference under Article 226 of the Constitution of India (hereinafter referred to as the 'Constitution') in a case of the present nature, is no longer res integra. In State of Andhra Pradesh v S Sree Rama Rao, AIR 1963 SC 1723, a 3-Judge Bench stated:

'7. … The High Court is not constituted in a proceeding under Article 226 of the Constitution a Court of appeal over the decision of the authorities holding a departmental enquiry against a public servant : it is concerned to


determine whether the enquiry is held by an authority competent in that behalf, and according to the procedure prescribed in that behalf, and whether the rules of natural justice are not violated. Where there is some evidence, which the authority entrusted with the duty to hold the enquiry has accepted and which evidence may reasonably support the conclusion that the delinquent officer is guilty of the charge, it is not the function of the High Court in a petition for a writ under Article 226 to review the evidence and to arrive at an independent finding on the evidence.

The High Court may undoubtedly interfere where the departmental authorities have held the proceedings against the delinquent in a manner inconsistent with the rules of natural justice or in violation of the statutory rules prescribing the mode of enquiry or where the authorities have disabled themselves from reaching a fair decision by some considerations extraneous to the evidence and the merits of the case or by allowing themselves to be influenced by irrelevant considerations or where the conclusion on the very face of it is so wholly arbitrary and capricious that no reasonable person could ever have arrived at that conclusion, or on similar grounds. But the departmental authorities are, if the enquiry is otherwise properly held, the sole judges of facts and if there be some legal evidence on which their findings can be based, the adequacy or reliability of that evidence is not a matter which can be permitted to be canvassed before the High Court in a proceeding for a writ under Article 226 of the Constitution.'

(emphasis supplied)

24. The above was reiterated by a Bench of equal strength in State Bank of India v Ram Lal Bhaskar, (2011) 10 SCC 249. Three learned Judges of this Court stated as under in State of Andhra Pradesh v Chitra Venkata Rao, (1975) 2 SCC 557:

'21. The scope of Article 226 in dealing with departmental inquiries has come up before this Court. Two propositions were laid down by this Court in State of A.P. v. S. Sree Rama Rao [AIR 1963 SC 1723: (1964) 3 SCR 25: (1964)

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2 LLJ 150]. First, there is no warrant for the view that in considering whether a public officer is guilty of misconduct charged against him, the rule followed in criminal trials that an offence is not established unless proved by evidence beyond reasonable doubt to the satisfaction of the Court must be applied. If that rule be not applied by a domestic tribunal of inquiry the High Court in a petition under Article 226 of the Constitution is not competent to declare the order of the authorities holding a departmental enquiry invalid. The High Court is not a court of appeal under Article 226 over the decision of the authorities holding a departmental enquiry against a public servant. The Court is concerned to determine whether the enquiry is held by an authority competent in that behalf and according to the procedure prescribed in that behalf, and whether the rules of natural justice are not violated. Second, where there is some evidence which the authority entrusted with the duty to hold the enquiry has accepted and which evidence may reasonably support the conclusion that the delinquent officer is guilty of the charge, it is not the function of the High Court to review the evidence and to arrive at an independent finding on the evidence. The High Court may interfere where the departmental authorities have held the proceedings against the delinquent in a manner inconsistent with the rules of natural justice or in violation of the statutory rules prescribing the mode of enquiry or where the authorities have disabled themselves from reaching a fair decision by some considerations extraneous to the evidence and the merits of the case or by allowing themselves to be influenced by irrelevant considerations or where the conclusion on the very face of it is so wholly arbitrary and capricious that no reasonable person could ever have arrived at that conclusion. The departmental authorities are, if the enquiry is otherwise properly held, the sole judges of facts and if there is some legal evidence on which their findings can be based, the adequacy or reliability of that evidence is not a matter which can be permitted to be canvassed before the High Court in a proceeding for a writ under Article 226.

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23. The jurisdiction to issue a writ of certiorari under Article 226 is a supervisory jurisdiction. The Court exercises it not as an appellate court. The findings of fact reached by an inferior court or tribunal as a result of the appreciation of evidence are not reopened or questioned in writ proceedings.

An error of law which is apparent on the face of the record can be corrected by a writ, but not an error of fact, however grave it may appear to be. In regard to a finding of fact recorded by a tribunal, a writ can be issued if it is shown that in recording the said finding, the tribunal had erroneously refused to admit admissible and material evidence, or had erroneously admitted inadmissible evidence which has influenced the impugned finding. Again if a finding of fact is based on no evidence, that would be regarded as an error of law which can be corrected by a writ of certiorari. A finding of fact recorded by the Tribunal cannot be challenged on the ground that the relevant and material evidence adduced before the Tribunal is insufficient or inadequate to sustain a finding. The adequacy or sufficiency of evidence led on a point and the inference of fact to be drawn from the said finding are within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Tribunal.

See Syed Yakoob v. K.S. Radhakrishnan [AIR 1964 SC

477: (1964) 5 SCR 64].

24. The High Court in the present case assessed the entire evidence and came to its own conclusion. The High Court was not justified to do so. Apart from the aspect that the High Court does not correct a finding of fact on the ground that the evidence is not sufficient or adequate, the evidence in the present case which was considered by the Tribunal cannot be scanned by the High Court to justify the conclusion that there is no evidence which would justify the finding of the Tribunal that the respondent did not make the journey. The Tribunal gave reasons for its conclusions. It is not possible for the High Court to say that no reasonable person could have arrived at these conclusions. The High Court reviewed the evidence, reassessed the evidence and then rejected the evidence as no evidence. That is precisely what the High Court in exercising jurisdiction to issue a writ of certiorari should not do.

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26. For these reasons we are of opinion that the High Court was wrong in setting aside the dismissal order by reviewing and reassessing the evidence. The appeal is accepted. The judgment of the High Court is set aside.

Parties will pay and bear their own costs.'

(emphasis supplied)

25. In State Bank of India v S K Sharma, (1996) 3 SCC 364, two learned Judges of this Court held:

'28. The decisions cited above make one thing clear, viz., principles of natural justice cannot be reduced to any hard and fast formulae. As said in Russell v. Duke of Norfolk [(1949) 1 All ER 109: 65 TLR 225] way back in 1949, these principles cannot be put in a strait-jacket.

Their applicability depends upon the context and the facts and circumstances of each case. (See Mohinder Singh Gill v. Chief Election Commr. [(1978) 1 SCC 405: (1978) 2 SCR 272]) The objective is to ensure a fair hearing, a fair deal, to the person whose rights are going to be affected. (See A.K. Roy v. Union of India [(1982) 1 SCC 271: 1982 SCC (Cri) 152] and Swadeshi Cotton Mills v. Union of India [(1981) 1 SCC 664].) As pointed out by this Court in A.K. Kraipak v. Union of India [(1969) 2 SCC 262] , the dividing line between quasijudicial function and administrative function (affecting the rights of a party) has become quite thin and almost indistinguishable - a fact also emphasised by House of Lords in Council of Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the Civil Service [(1984) 3 All ER 935 : (1984) 3 WLR 1174 : 1985 AC 374, HL] where the principles of natural justice and a fair hearing were treated as synonymous.

Whichever the case, it is from the standpoint of fair hearing - applying the test of prejudice, as it may be called - that any and every complaint of violation of the rule of audi alteram partem should be examined.

Indeed, there may be situations where observance of the requirement of prior notice/hearing may defeat the very proceeding - which may result in grave prejudice to public interest. It is for this reason that the rule of post-decisional hearing as a sufficient compliance with


natural justice was evolved in some of the cases, e.g., Liberty Oil Mills v. Union of India [(1984) 3 SCC 465].

There may also be cases where the public interest or the interests of the security of State or other similar considerations may make it inadvisable to observe the rule of audi alteram partem altogether [as in the case of situations contemplated by clauses (b) and (c) of the proviso to Article 311(2)] or to disclose the material on which a particular action is being taken. There may indeed be any number of varying situations which it is not possible for anyone to foresee. In our respectful opinion, the principles emerging from the decided cases can be stated in the following terms in relation to the disciplinary orders and enquiries: a distinction ought to be made between violation of the principle of natural justice, audi alteram partem, as such and violation of a facet of the said principle. In other words, distinction is between "no notice"/"no hearing" and "no adequate hearing" or to put it in different words, "no opportunity" and "no adequate opportunity". To illustrate - take a case where the person is dismissed from service without hearing him altogether (as in Ridge v. Baldwin [1964 AC 40: (1963) 2 All ER 66: (1963) 2 WLR 935]).

It would be a case falling under the first category and the order of dismissal would be invalid - or void, if one chooses to use that expression (Calvin v. Carr [1980 AC 574: (1979) 2 All ER 440: (1979) 2 WLR 755, PC]).

But where the person is dismissed from service, say, without supplying him a copy of the enquiry officer's report (Managing Director, ECIL v. B. Karunakar

[(1993) 4 SCC 727: 1993 SCC (L&S) 1184: (1993) 25 ATC 704]) or without affording him a due opportunity of cross-examining a witness (K.L. Tripathi [(1984) 1 SCC 43 : 1984 SCC (L&S) 62] ) it would be a case falling in the latter category - violation of a facet of the said rule of natural justice - in which case, the validity of the order has to be tested on the touchstone of prejudice, i.e., whether, all in all, the person concerned did or did not have a fair hearing. It would not be correct - in the light of the above decisions to say that for any and

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every violation of a facet of natural justice or of a rule incorporating such facet, the order passed is altogether void and ought to be set aside without further enquiry.

In our opinion, the approach and test adopted in B.

Karunakar [(1993) 4 SCC 727 : 1993 SCC (L&S) 1184 : (1993) 25 ATC 704] should govern all cases where the complaint is not that there was no hearing (no notice, no opportunity and no hearing) but one of not affording a proper hearing (i.e., adequate or a full hearing) or of violation of a procedural rule or requirement governing the enquiry; the complaint should be examined on the touchstone of prejudice as aforesaid.'

26. In Union of India v K G Soni, (2006) 6 SCC 794, it was opined:

'14. The common thread running through in all these decisions is that the court should not interfere with the administrator's decision unless it was illogical or suffers from procedural impropriety or was shocking to the conscience of the court, in the sense that it was in defiance of logic or moral standards. In view of what has been stated in Wednesbury case [Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd. v. Wednesbury Corpn., (1948) 1 KB 223:

(1947) 2 All ER 680 (CA)] the court would not go into the correctness of the choice made by the administrator open to him and the court should not substitute its decision to that of the administrator. The scope of judicial review is limited to the deficiency in the decision-making process and not the decision.

15. To put it differently, unless the punishment imposed by the disciplinary authority or the Appellate Authority shocks the conscience of the court/tribunal, there is no scope for interference. Further, to shorten litigations it may, in exceptional and rare cases, impose appropriate punishment by recording cogent reasons in support thereof. In the normal course if the punishment imposed is shockingly disproportionate, it would be appropriate to direct the disciplinary authority or the Appellate Authority to reconsider the penalty imposed.'

(emphasis supplied)


27. The legal position was restated by two learned Judges in State of Uttar Pradesh v Man Mohan Nath Sinha, (2009) 8 SCC 310:

'15. The legal position is well settled that the power of judicial review is not directed against the decision but is confined to the decision-making process. The court does not sit in judgment on merits of the decision. It is not open to the High Court to reappreciate and reappraise the evidence led before the inquiry officer and examine the findings recorded by the inquiry officer as a court of appeal and reach its own conclusions. In the instant case, the High Court fell into grave error in scanning the evidence as if it was a court of appeal. The approach of the High Court in consideration of the matter suffers from manifest error and, in our thoughtful consideration, the matter requires fresh consideration by the High Court in accordance with law. On this short ground, we send the matter back to the High Court.'

28. Turning our gaze back to the facts herein, we find that the learned Single Judge and the Division Bench acted as Courts of Appeal and went on to re-appreciate the evidence, which the above-enumerated authorities caution against. The present coram, in Bharti Airtel Limited v A S Raghavendra, (2024) 6 SCC 418, has laid down:

'29. As regards the power of the High Court to reappraise the facts, it cannot be said that the same is completely impermissible under Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution.

However, there must be a level of infirmity greater than ordinary in a tribunal's order, which is facing judicial scrutiny before the High Court, to justify interference.

We do not think such a situation prevailed in the present facts. Further, the ratio of the judgments relied upon by the respondent in support of his contentions, would not apply in the facts at hand.'

(emphasis supplied)

29. Evidently, while reappraisal of facts and evidence is not impermissible by the High Court, the infirmity in the underlying order has to be greater than ordinary. It is not the respondent's case that due to omissions by the appellants in substantive and/or procedural compliances, prejudice has ensued to him. Let us examine the aspect independently too. The

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facts reveal that an earlier removal order was quashed, and a copy of the Enquiry Report alongwith the RPSC's opinion was supplied to the respondent. The respondent, thereafter, received an opportunity to submit a written representation, which he availed of. Further, he was afforded an opportunity of hearing as well. In this view, we are unable to find any violation of the principles of natural justice.

30. Before the Enquiry Officer, 13 witnesses and 75 documents were exhibited on behalf of the Authority. 3 witnesses deposed in defence of the delinquent employee-respondent. Considering the evidence on record, the Enquiry Officer by his report held certain charges levelled against the respondent to have been proved in full/part.

Subsequently, a fresh Removal Order was passed, agreeing with the conclusions drawn by the enquiry officer. This Removal Order cannot be said to be based on 'no evidence'. On perusal thereof, we find that the Removal Order is reasoned as on the aspects where the Disciplinary Authority disagreed with the Enquiry Officer's report, reasons therefor have been assigned. On the areas of agreement, the Removal Order bears discussion on the relevant evidence.

31. It is well-settled that if the Disciplinary Authority accepts findings recorded by the Enquiry Officer and proceeds to impose punishment basis the same, no elaborate reasons are required, as explained by three learned Judges of this Court vide Boloram Bordoloi v Lakhimi Gaolia Bank, (2021) 3 SCC 806:

'11. ... Further, it is well settled that if the disciplinary authority accepts the findings recorded by the enquiry officer and passes an order, no detailed reasons are required to be recorded in the order imposing punishment.

The punishment is imposed based on the findings recorded in the enquiry report, as such, no further elaborate reasons are required to be given by the disciplinary authority. …'

32. The Removal Order makes it clear that the Disciplinary Authority has considered the whole material before it and was satisfied to impose punishment on the respondent.

33. The observation on page 7 by the Division Bench makes it apparent that it was conscious of the proposition of law but still tried to make a distinction, which we do not find just and proper. It runs contrary to the record. Though arguments have been addressed


by the appellants with regard to each and every charge, we would not go individually into the same as we are not re-appreciating the evidence. Suffice it would be to say that broadly, the charges were proved based on the factual position, which, in turn, was based on official documentation, which at no point of time, the respondent has controverted or denied. The respondent has not alleged that the documents were non-existent/false/fabricated.

34. The learned Single Judge had also reasoned that there was no difference between the earlier order of removal and the Removal Order passed subsequently. The learned Single Judge was of the view that simple reference to the respondent's representation had been made, but without discussion thereon, as such, the Removal Order was passed mechanically and without reasons. Even though this ground has not been taken by the respondent qua the Impugned Judgment, we deem it fit to deal therewith. Upon a comparative overview of both the orders of removal, the similarities between the two are inescapable.

35. Having said so, we may point out that the respondent-employee's representation has been considered in the fresh Removal Order, albeit not in as many words. Going forward, wherever and whenever the Disciplinary Authorities concerned impose a major punishment, it will be appropriate for their orders to better engage with the representations/submissions of the delinquent employees concerned.

However, in the instant case, in view of the evidentiary material and the process by which a fair opportunity was given to the respondent to present his version, we are dissuaded from upholding the Impugned Judgment on account of minor deficiency/ies in the process. As noted hereinbefore, the same have not caused prejudice to the respondent to the extent warranting judicial interdiction.

36. At this juncture, it would be relevant to point out that on a specific query to the learned counsel for the respondent apropos the charges pertaining to non-handing over of full charge at the relevant point of time; appointing persons without permission from the Collector/ Registrar; as also, returning the money after one and a half years by the respondent, learned counsel could not controvert the factual position and only relied upon the judgment rendered by the learned Single Judge and the Impugned Judgment. Moreover, looking to the respondent's conduct, we do not find any arbitrariness or perversity in the punishment awarded to him.

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37. Accordingly, for the reasons recorded above, the Impugned Judgment is quashed and set aside, and the Removal Order dated 28.09.1993 passed by the Disciplinary Authority is restored. Consequences in law to follow. However, by way of extraordinary indulgence, keeping in mind the fact that the respondent has retired and is aged, payments, if any, already made to him in the interregnum, shall not be recovered by the appellants. The appeals are disposed of in the above terms.

No order as to costs.

Result of the case: Appeals disposed of.

†Headnotes prepared by: Nidhi Jain