[2024] 12 S.C.R. 1093 : 2024 INSC 995

Athar Parwez

Union of India

(Criminal Appeal No. 5387 of 2024)

17 December 2024

[Abhay S. Oka and Augustine George Masih,* JJ.]

Issue for Consideration

Appellant alleged to be an active member of the Popular Front of India (PFI) involved in planning to cause disturbance during the proposed visit of Prime Minister of India to Patna in 2022.

Chargesheet filed against the appellant under Sections 121, 121A, 122, 153A & 153B of the IPC and Sections 13, 17, 18, 18A, 18B & 20, Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967. Charges not framed yet. Appellant has undergone long incarceration, no likelihood of trial being completed in near future. High Court whether justified in denying bail.

Headnotes†

Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 - s.43-D(5) - Constitution of India - Article 21 - Denial of bail to the appellant - Challenge to:

Held: Impugned judgment set aside - The PFI of which the appellant was a member has not been declared a terrorist organisation within the meaning of Section 2(m), UAPA, 1967 - It is not mentioned as a terrorist organisation in the first schedule thereof - The chargesheet and the statement of witness 'Z' when seen as it is, it would not be possible to record prima facie finding that commission of offence under the UAPA, 1967 would be attracted as there are no reasonable grounds for believing that the accusations are prima facie correct - Statement of the protected witnesses does not mention anything specific that would be attributed to the appellant which could prima facie attract charges under UAPA - Test relating to Section 43-D(5) of the UAPA, 1967 satisfied - Further, the appellant was arrested on 12.07.2022 and has undergone custody for more than two years and four months- Chargesheet was filed on 07.01.2023 but till date charges have not been framed - There

* Author

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are 40 accused and 354 witnesses to be examined - Trial is not likely to be completed soon - Appellant cannot be allowed to languish in jail indefinitely and that too without a trial in violation of Article 21 - Co-accused of the Appellant has been granted bail on similar grounds - Appellant granted bail on the conditions to be fixed by the Special Court. [Paras 28, 31-34]

Criminal Law - Bail - Bar/strict statutory provisions - Constitution of India - Article 21 - Right of speedy trial - Grant of bail in cases of long incarceration, delay in conclusion of the trial - Discussed:

Held: Keeping the statutory provisions in mind but with the passage of time the effect of that statutory provision would in fact have to be diluted giving way to the mandate of Part III of the Constitution where the accused as of now is not a convict and is facing the charges - Constitutional right of speedy trial in such circumstances will have precedence over the bar/strict provisions of the statute and cannot be made the sole reason for denial of bail - Therefore, the period of incarceration of an accused could also be a relevant factor to be considered by the constitutional courts not to be merely governed by the statutory provisions. [Para 20]

Case Law Cited

Union of India v. K.A. Najeeb [2021] 1 SCR 443 : (2021) 3 SCC 713; Thwaha Fasal v. Union of India [2021] 8 SCR 797 : (2022) 14 SCC 766; Javed Gulam Nabi Shaikh v. State of Maharashtra and Anr. [2024] 7 SCR 992 : 2024 SCC OnLine SC 1693 - held applicable.

National Investigation Agency v. Zahoor Ahmad Shah Watali [2019] 5 SCR 1060 : (2019) 5 SCC 1; Jalaluddin Khan v. Union of India [2024] 8 SCR 633 : 2024 SCC OnLine SC 1945 - referred to.

List of Acts

Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967; Penal Code, 1860; Constitution of India.

List of Keywords

Bail; Section 43-D(5) of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967; Popular Front of India (PFI); Disturbance; Proposed visit of


Prime Minister of India; Charges under UAPA; Long incarceration; Terrorist organisation; Languish in jail indefinitely; Article 21 of the Constitution of India; Co-accused; Delay in conclusion of the trial; Right of speedy trial; Period of incarceration; Islamic rule; Recoveries; Religious disharmony; Religious hatred; Terrorist organisation; Islamic rule; Nupur Sharma; Prophet Mohammad; Communal sloganeering; Objectionable activities; Student Islamic Movement of India (SIMI).

Case Arising From

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 5387 of 2024

From the Judgment and Order dated 28.11.2023 of the High Court of Judicature at Patna in CRADB No. 516 of 2023

Appearances for Parties

Dr. Aditya Sondhi, Sr. Adv., Divyesh Pratap Singh, Adil Sharfuddin, Shashank Singh, Akash Alex, Ms. Aishwarya Sm, Ms. Meghana Tm, Anubhav Kumar, Advs. for the Appellant.

Ms. Aishwarya Bhati, A.S.G., Ms. Poornima Singh, Ms. Shagun Thakur, Vasu Vats, Ms. Shivika Mehra, Ms. Bani Dikshit, Ms. Seema Bengani, Parantap Singh, Ms. Rajeshwari Shankar, Arvind Kumar Sharma, Advs. for the Respondent.

Judgment / Order of the Supreme Court

Judgment

Augustine George Masih, J.

Leave granted.

The Appellant herein has approached this Court seeking bail during the pendency of trial after dismissal of his bail application by the High Court of Patna vide impugned Order dated 28.11.2023 in Criminal Appeal (DB) No.516 of 2023. The Appellant is booked as Accused No.01 in FIR No. 827 of 2022, which was registered at Police Station Phulwari Sharif, Patna under Sections 120, 120-B, 121, 121A, 153A, 153B, & 34 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (hereinafter referred to as the "IPC").

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The Appellant along with a co-accused Jalaluddin Khan alias Md.

Jalaluddin was arrested on 12.07.2022. Allegations against the Appellant are that he is an active member of the Popular Front of India (hereinafter referred to as the "PFI"), and he along with his associates were planning to cause disturbance during the proposed visit of Prime Minister of India to Patna, this led to the raid being conducted on 11.07.2022 at first floor Ahmad Palace, Phulwari Sharif, Patna which was taken on rent by the Appellant from co-accused Md. Jalaluddin.

During the raid certain recoveries were carried out, prominent amongst them was a document titled "India 2047 towards rule of Islam in India, internal Document not for circulation". Assertions have been made in the complaint on the basis of the documents seized that the Appellant along with the other members of the PFI aimed at disrupting the sovereignty of India and cause disaffection against the country.

Keeping in view the seriousness of the allegations and the offences involved, Government of India vide Official Order dated 22.07.2022 directed the National Investigating Agency (hereinafter referred to as the "NIA") to take up the investigation. Accordingly, the NIA reregistered a case as R.C- 31/2022/NIA/DLI dated 22.07.2022 under Sections 120, 120B, 121, 121A, 153A, and Section 13 of the of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 (hereinafter referred to as the "UAPA 1967") and took up the investigation. After investigation, chargesheet against the Appellant was filed on 07.01.2023 under Sections 121, 121A, 122, 153A & 153B of the IPC and Sections 13, 17, 18, 18A, 18B & 20 of UAPA, 1967. However, charges till date have not been framed.

The learned Senior Counsel for the Appellant has asserted that the seizure of documents as has been alleged from the rented accommodation of the Appellant is highly suspicious and doubtful rather it is concocted and manufactured. As per the seizure memo/list, the recovery has been made from the second floor of Ahmad Palace which according to the prosecution itself was never in possession of the Appellant rather it is the first floor which was on rent with the Appellant. Even the rent deed on which reliance has been placed mentions explicitly about the first floor.


It is contended that going by the allegations against the Appellant, no offence under the UAPA, 1967 or even the predicate offence is made out. He submits that primary allegations are with regard to the alleged recovery seven-page document titled "India 2047 towards rule of Islam in India, internal document, not for circulation" which contained various recitals relatable to an Islamic rule which is to be established in India. It is contended that there are no independent witnesses to the alleged recovery seizure memo/list. As also the said document does not in any manner talk about any terrorist activities or overt act to be carried out which would create disharmony or religious hatred.

The learned Senior Counsel for the Appellant further submits that PFI has been banned vide a Gazette Notification dated 28.09.2022 issued by the Government of India for a period of five years. On the date when the raid was conducted i.e. 11.07.2022 and on the date of the Appellant's arrest i.e. 12.07.2022, PFI was legally constituted organisation. Till date, this organisation has not been declared a terrorist organisation. He asserted that the chargesheet as has been filed by the prosecution would not indicate any active role played by the Appellant except that he had participated in some demonstrations and protests against the policies of the State or rather in the backdrop of remarks made by one Nupur Sharma against Prophet Mohammad.

Another allegation is with regard to having organized a meeting on 6th and 7th of July 2022 in the rented first floor premises of Ahmad Palace. The statements of the witnesses also according to the allegations do not indicate that the Appellant had actively participated in any discussions or had instigated any of the persons present there to commit any of the offence which would fall within the purview of the offences mentioned in the chargesheet.

10. The learned Senior Counsel has further asserted that the co-accused

of the Appellant (Jalaluddin Khan) whose application was also considered for grant of bail by the High Court along with that of the Appellant, had been granted bail by this Court in Criminal Appeal No. 3173 of 2024.1 His role is similar to that of the Appellant except that he was said to be the person who was the owner of the building and had rented the accommodation to the Appellant. As regards his

1 2024 SCC OnLine SC 1945/ Criminal Appeal No. 3173 of 2024 decided on 13.08.2024.

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participation in the meeting on 6th and 7th July 2022 is concerned, he is in a same position with the co-accused already granted bail by this Court. Mere participation in the meeting would not be enough.

The other co-accused against whom similar allegations of being a member of the PFI and participating in protests where alleged communal slogans were raised have been enlarged on bail by the High Court. Even the testimony of the protected witnesses does not implicate the Appellant in the alleged crime as per the chargesheet.

11. Learned Senior Counsel has also drawn attention of this Court to the

statement made by prosecution witness Saiyed Abu Monawwar to submit that as per this witness, there are commercial establishments such as shops and pathology labs on the ground floor of the building where the raid was conducted. CCTV cameras would not have been permitted to be installed in the said premises or on the first floor also had some objectionable activities being carried out by the PFI. This also reflects that it does not stand to logic. It is not therefore logical and does not make sense where such objectionable activities were to be carried out as has been alleged the same would be in such an area as has been described by the prosecution.

12. Another submission which has been put forth is that there are 354

witnesses cited by the prosecution and the Appellant is in custody since 12.07.2022 for more than two years and four months with the trial not likely to conclude in the near future. The Appellant deserves to be released on bail as this would amount to violation of Article 21 of the Constitution of India.

13. On the other hand, the learned Additional Solicitor General for the

Respondent has asserted that during the raid conducted by the Bihar Police, not only the incriminating material/documents were recovered from the premises in question, but other electronic items have also been recovered which clearly establishes that the Appellant was an active member of the PFI and had not only participated in the protests but has actively organized the same. She contends that training and meeting was conducted in the rented premises of the Appellant in furtherance and establishment of the Islamic rule in India. In these meetings, the participants who were from different States joined and directions were given in the said meeting to kill and attack those who make derogatory statements about Prophet Mohammad and Islam.


14. It is further submitted that the Appellant had been working to create

a secret group of ex-Student Islamic Movement of India (hereinafter referred to as the "SIMI") members, which is the banned organisation, in order to take revenge against the persons who made or make derogatory statements against Islam. The Appellant and other co-accused had participated in protest and videos were recovered where communal sloganeering was recorded and circulated which not only was intended to create disturbance but religious disharmony and discord within the society. The CDR records established that the Appellant was in touch with other co-accused and had conspired to expand the unlawful ideology of the PFI. About the participation of the Appellant and the other co-accused named in the First Information Report, she states that CCTV footage of 6th and 7th July installed at the Ahmad Palace depicts the same which establishes the involvement of the Appellant in conspiracy for carrying out unlawful activities with an intention to disturb the security, integrity and sovereignty of the country and promote feeling of enmity and hatred between different groups. The Courts below and especially the Special Judge, NIA Patna has taken cognizance of the chargesheet on 28.04.2023.

15. Learned Additional Solicitor General, however could not dispute

the stage of the trial as no charges have been framed. Emphasis has been laid by the Learned Additional Solicitor General upon the statements of the protected witnesses, with special emphasis upon that of Z, Y & X. Reliance has also been placed upon the statement of witness Murtuj Ali. Reference has also been made to the chargesheet paragraph 15.2 with regard to the protest march and sloganeering on 09.06.2022 in the area of Police Station, Pirbahor, Patna. Paragraph 15.5 relating to electronic evidence where the hard disk/DVR of the CCTV installed in Ahmad Palace were recovered showing the presence of the Appellant in meeting held on 6th and 7th of July 2022. Paragraph 17.2 again refers to the details with regard to the training conducted in the rented premises as also the Appellant's connection with the SIMI. Paragraphs 17.3 and 17.4 are with regard to the document titled 'India 2047 towards rule of Islam in India, internal document, not for circulation', the contents thereof have been mentioned therein. Paragraph 17.13 highlights the call data records of the mobile numbers used by the accused persons revealing their location and connection with each other in the meeting dated 6th and 7th of July 2022. Paragraphs 17.15 and

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17.16 - statement of protected witness 'Z'. Paragraph 17.33 relates to the collection of funds for Zakat and donations by the Appellant and others on directions of the senior members of the PFI. Paragraph 17.34 relates to the statement of the protected witness 'Y' with reference to these allegations in the chargesheet.

16. The learned Additional Solicitor General has thus asserted that there

are serious allegations against the Appellant and therefore the Orders as has been passed by the Courts below are fully justified and the prayer made in the present Appeal deserves to be rejected.

17. We have considered the submissions made by the Counsel for

the parties and with their able assistance have gone through the chargesheet. Before we proceed in the matter, the principles which have to be kept in mind while considering the prayer for grant of bail under Section 43-D (5) of UAPA, 1967 have to be looked into.

18. This Court had an occasion to deal with the case of an accused

charged under Chapters IV and VI of the UAPA, 1967, who sought bail during the pendency of the trial in the case of National Investigation Agency v. Zahoor Ahmad Shah Watali.2 In that case, this Court had gone to the extent of stating that the statutory bar on grant of bail could not be an impediment if the court on appreciation of totality of evidence is satisfied that the accusations are prima facie not true. The court is required to consider and examine not only the FIR but the case diary and chargesheet and to examine them on broad probabilities regarding involvement of the accused in the crime to determine whether the accusations are prima facie true as compared to holding the accused not guilty, which would entitle the provisions of Section 43-D(5) of UAPA, 1967, being not an impediment in grant of bail.

The Court further concluded that if on perusal of the case diary and chargesheet, an opinion is formed that there are no reasonable grounds for believing that the accusations against such person are prima facie true, the accused can be released on bail. It may be added here that while forming an opinion as to whether there are reasonable grounds for believing that the accusation against the accused is prima facie true or otherwise the said documents have

[2019] 5 SCR 1060 : (2019) 5 SCC 1


to be accepted as it is. The Court is merely expected to record a finding on the basis of broad probabilities regarding the involvement of the accused in the commission of the stated offence or otherwise.

19. Long incarceration and unlikely likelihood of trial being completed

in near future has also been taken as a ground for exercising its constitutional role by the Constitutional Courts to grant bail on violation of Article 21 of the Constitution of India which guarantees trial to be concluded within a reasonable time. Gross delay in conclusion of the trial would justify such invocation leading to a conclusion of violation of Part III the Constitution of India, which may be taken as a ground to release an undertrial on bail. A reference in this regard may be made to the judgment of this Court in Union of India v. K.A.

Najeeb.3 It requires mention that in that case this Court considered the factum that there were 276 witnesses left to be examined which would lead to a prolong trial resulting in no possibility of the trial coming to an end at an early date resulting in suffering of incarceration for a significant period of time by an accused, making it an obligation on the Court on such consideration to enlarge such an accused on bail. It may be mentioned here that the Court was cautious enough to mention that the restrictions under the statute as in this case, Section 43-D (5) of UAPA, 1967 as well as the powers exercisable under the Constitutional jurisdiction by the Court need to be harmonized.

20. At the initial stage, the legislative policy needs to be appreciated

and followed by the Courts. Keeping the statutory provisions in mind but with the passage of time the effect of that statutory provision would in fact have to be diluted giving way to the mandate of Part III of the Constitution where the accused as of now is not a convict and is facing the charges. Constitutional right of speedy trial in such circumstances will have precedence over the bar/strict provisions of the statute and cannot be made the sole reason for denial of bail.

Therefore, the period of incarceration of an accused could also be a relevant factor to be considered by the constitutional courts not to be merely governed by the statutory provisions.

21. Reference can also be made to the judgments of this Court in Thwaha

Fasal v. Union of India4 as also Javed Gulam Nabi Shaikh v.

[2021] 1 SCR 443 : (2021) 3 SCC 713

[2021] 8 SCR 797 : (2022) 14 SCC 766

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State of Maharashtra and Anr.5 where again, the Court was dealing with the provisions of UAPA, 1967 and had reiterated the abovesaid principles. Giving precedence to the protection of Fundamental Rights and emphasising upon their primacy over the statutory provisions in case of delayed trial. In the above judgments, this Court had even gone to the extent of asserting that the seriousness of the crime for which the accused is facing the trial would not be material as an accused is presumed to be innocent until proven guilty.

22. With these basic principles in mind, we now proceed to consider the

position with regard to the present Appeal. The allegations against the Appellant as has been stated above primarily are that he is an active member of the PFI, which according to the prosecution is an organisation committed to bringing about Islamic rule in India. For the said purpose, disharmony and internal conflicts are sought to be brought about within the society so that there is discontentment and the peace and calm within the society gets disturbed. Resort to violence and violent means has also been alleged to be preached and practiced by the said organisation in which the Appellant had been taking an active role. He is the person who participated in the protest held on 09.06.2022 against the remarks made by Nupur Sharma against Prophet Mohammad and Islam. In the said protest, not only was he a participant but an organizer and had been encouraging the protesters to use provocative slogans. Apart from this, there are allegations that he had taken first floor of Ahmad Palace on rent where activities of PFI were being carried out. Specific reference has been made to the meeting/training program of the PFI held on 29th May 2022 and 6th and 7th July 2022.

23. In these meetings, not only was there participation on the part of

the Appellant but 30-40 other members of the PFI. The allegation against the Appellant is that he had organized the said meetings, used his own premises and had also stored and kept documents and material relatable to PFI which were objectionable. In the said meetings, discussions to fulfil the agenda of India 2047 rule of Islam in India was planned and steps to be taken for giving it effect were being worked upon. The members present were called upon to target and neutralize persons who make remarks against Prophet Mohammad and Islam.

5 [2024] 7 SCR 992 : 2024 SCC OnLine SC 1693


24. Reliance has been placed with regard to the statements of the

protected witnesses especially X, Y and Z to substantiate the said allegations as also the recovered documents from the premises. The factual aspect with regard to the number of witnesses, the period of incarceration and that there are 40 accused in the case has not been disputed. Reference at this stage is to be made to the judgment of this Court in Jalaluddin Khan v. Union of India6 which related to the co-accused of the Appellant whose appeal for grant of bail under the UAPA, 1967 along with that of the present Appellant was rejected by a common impugned judgment of the High Court. The only distinction between the case of the present Appellant and Md. Jalaluddin was that he was the owner of the premises whereas the Appellant is a tenant thereof. Participation of the Appellant, as well as co-accused Md. Jalaluddin along with the other accused in the meeting of 6th and 7th July 2022 had not been disputed. The evidence against the Appellant as also the co-accused Md. Jalaluddin is almost the same.

25. The most prominent evidence is the testimony of the protected witness

'Z' who was alleged to be inducted into the PFI for providing physical training to its members. In his statement, there is no mention of the Appellant taking part in or leading any of those meetings/trainings where physical training was imparted teaching attack and defensive techniques using sticks, knives or other weapons. As regards the meeting held on 29th May 2022 at Ahmad Palace what has been stated by him is merely that the Appellant along with 40-45 persons participated in the meeting which was presided over by one Riyaz Firnagipet. In this meeting, issues like expansion of organisation, strengthening of Muslims on political, educational and administrative fronts were discussed. Nothing incriminating is alleged to have been mentioned which would attract charges under the UAPA, 1967 especially the ones which have been alleged to have been committed by the Appellant. Reference has also been made with regard to the meeting held on 6th and 7th of July 2022 at Ahmad Palace. In the said meeting, no active role is attributed to the Appellant except for he being present and that the premises where this meeting was held was in his possession being a tenant. Again, there is nothing incriminating against the Appellant in the statement given by witness "Z" with regard to the present meeting. The witness has merely stated

6 [2024] 8 SCR 633 : 2024 SCC OnLine SC 1945/ Criminal Appeal No. 317 of 2024 decided on 13.08.2024.

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that the meeting was convened in view of the derogatory statements made by one Nupur Sharma against Prophet Mohammad.

26. This Court in the case dealing with the bail application of Md.

Jalaluddin, the co-accused of the Appellant and the owner of the premises had an occasion to deal with the paragraphs of the chargesheet where reference to the meetings held on 29th May 2022 and 6th and 7th of July, 2022 were made. The said paragraphs had been reproduced herein under. On consideration of the allegations made therein, when seen in the context of the statement of the protected witness 'Z' as has been supplied to the Court for perusal it was stated in Paragraph 11 of the said judgment (relevant part) reads as follows:

"11. xxx xxx xxx xxx

Paragraph 17.16 alleges that protected witness Z stated that in the meeting, subjects such as the expansion of the organisation, basic and advanced training of PFI members and future PFI plans were discussed, and a direction was given to trained PFI cadre to eliminate one Nupur Sharma.

In the statement of protected witness Z, all that is not found. In fact, protected witness Z stated that during the meeting, emphasis was given on strengthening the status of Muslims, imparting them basic and advanced training and strengthening the status of education, politics and administration of Muslims and Muslim empowerment.

Going by the witness's version, we find that there was no discussion about the activities of PFI in the meeting held on 29th May 2022. We are not reproducing the statement of the protected witness Z as it has been kept in a sealed cover. Suffice it to say that what is reproduced in paragraph 17.16 is not correct. The material portion of witness Z's actual statement has been completely distorted in paragraph of the charge sheet. Several things which protected witness Z did not state have been incorporated in paragraph 17.16. Unfortunately, paragraph 17.16 attributes certain statements to protected witness Z, which he did not make. NIA owes an explanation for that. The investigating machinery has to be fair. But, in this case, paragraph 17.16 indicates to the contrary."


27. The Court had further gone to the extent of saying and rightly so

that in the chargesheet there is no allegation that the Appellant was a member of a terrorist gang or organisation. It is worth mentioning here that the PFI of which the Appellant was a member has not been declared a terrorist organisation within the meaning of Section 2(m) of the UAPA, 1967. It was also found that the PFI is not mentioned as a terrorist organisation in the first schedule of UAPA, 1967. The chargesheet and the statement of witness 'Z' when seen as it is, it would not be possible to record prima facie finding that commission of offence under the UAPA, 1967 would be attracted as there are no reasonable grounds for believing that the accusations are prima facie correct.

28. Now, moving on to the statement of the protected witness 'Y'. The

testimony of the protected witness 'Y' when perused indicates that the Appellant is alleged to be a person of staunch religious nature who used to participate in religious processions and demonstrations against the policies of the Government. He had been motivating the people of his locality to join the activities of the PFI. The meetings held at Ahmad Palace has been acknowledged by him to be so held where lot of outsiders had come. He is, however, completely silent with regard to the nature of the activities or the meetings held therein.

29. As regards protected witness 'X', although he had identified the

Appellant to be involved in the protest/demonstration held on 09.06.2022 against the remarks made by Nupur Sharma against Prophet Mohammad where provocative slogans were raised. The allegation against the Appellant is that he had been encouraging others to do so. Beyond that, there is nothing which is alleged against the Appellant which would bring the act or omission of the Appellant within the ambit of the alleged offences committed by him under the UAPA, 1967.

30. Allegations against the Appellant with regard to having collected Zakat

from the people for helping the PFI or recruiting members of PFI.

Suffice it to say at this stage, that on the day such activities were carried out by the Appellant, PFI was not a banned organisation.

None of the witnesses or the protected witnesses stated that the money so collected in the form of Zakat was ever misappropriated by the Appellant or was in any manner used for illegal activities. The statement of the protected witnesses has not mentioned anything

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specific that would be attributed to the Appellant which could prima facie attract charges under the UAPA, 1967.

31. It is thus apparent that the first test as has been laid down by the

various judgments of this Court referred to above, stands satisfied relating to Section 43-D(5) of the UAPA, 1967. Another aspect which cannot be ignored is that the material which has been allegedly recovered from the Appellant especially the documents which according to the prosecution contained the incriminating contents as per the seizure memo were from the second floor. As is apparent from the rent deed, on which the prosecution itself has placed reliance, only the first floor was rented out of Ahmad Palace to the Appellant, and he was in exclusive possession thereof. This also raises some doubt with regard to the recovery of the material.

32. The Appellant was arrested on 12.07.2022. He has undergone custody

for more than two years and four months. Chargesheet was filed on 07.01.2023 but till date charges have not been framed which is an admitted position. There are 40 accused and 354 witnesses cited by the prosecution to be examined. There can be no doubt that the trial is not likely to complete soon, and as has been laid down by various judgments of this Court as has been referred to above, the Appellant cannot be allowed to languish in jail indefinitely and that too without a trial. If such an approach is allowed Article 21 of the Constitution of India would stand violated. The ratio as laid down by this Court in Union of India v. K.A. Najeeb (supra) as also the other judgments in Javed Ghulam Nabi Shaikh v. State of Maharashtra and Anr. (supra) and Thwaha Fasal v. Union of India (supra) would be applicable to this case and would squarely apply entitling the Appellant for grant of bail.

33. The co-accused of the Appellant, Md. Jalaluddin has on similar

grounds been granted the same benefit. In the said case, this Court in paragraph 21 has held as follows:

"21. Before we part with the Judgment, we must mention here that the Special Court and the High Court did not consider the material in the charge sheet objectively.

Perhaps the focus was more on the activities of PFI, and therefore, the appellant's case could not be properly appreciated. When a case is made out for a grant of bail, the Courts should not have any hesitation in


granting bail. The allegations of the prosecution may be very serious. But, the duty of the Courts is to consider the case for grant of bail in accordance with the law. Even in a case like the present case where there are stringent conditions for the grant of bail in the relevant statutes, the same rule holds good with only modification that the bail can be granted if the conditions in the statute are satisfied. The rule also means that once a case is made out for the grant of bail, the Court cannot decline to grant bail. If the Courts start denying bail in deserving cases, it will be a violation of the rights guaranteed under Article 21 of our Constitution."

(Emphasis Supplied)

34. In the light of the above, the impugned judgment is set aside. The

Appeal is accordingly allowed with a direction that the Appellant be enlarged on bail on the appropriate terms and conditions to be fixed by the Special Court.

35. The Appellant for this purpose shall be produced before the Special

Court within a maximum period of 07 days from today. The Special Court shall enlarge the Appellant on bail until the conclusion of the trial on appropriate terms and conditions after hearing the Counsel for the Respondent.

36. It is clarified here that the observations made hereinabove are tentative

in nature, with reference to the prayer made in the present Appeal confining it to the case of the Appellant. It shall have no bearing on the trial or on the case of the co-accused.

37. Pending applications if any stand disposed of.

Result of the case: Appeal allowed.

†Headnotes prepared by: Divya Pandey