[2023] 11 S.C.R. 705 : 2023 INSC 784

CASE DETAILS

STATE OF HARYANA

DHARAMRAJ

(Criminal Appeal No. 2635 of 2023)

AUGUST 29, 2023

[AHSANUDDIN AMANULLAH AND S.V.N. BHATTI, JJ.]

HEADNOTES

Issue for consideration: In instant appeal, the State seeks cancellation of anticipatory bail granted to the sole respondent by the Single Judge of the High Court.

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - Section 438 - Pre arrest bail - FIR u/ss. 147, 148, 149, 323, 325, 341, 342 and 427 IPC with additional charges u/ss. 186, 353 and 364 against the respondent - Grant of anticipatory bail to the respondent by the High Court - Cancellation of:

Held: Much like bail, grant of anticipatory bail is to be exercised with judicial discretion - Each case turns on its own facts and merits - On facts, respondent's application u/s. 438 should not have been entertained, as he was a proclaimed oﬀ ender - Respondent without fi rst successfully assailing the order declaring him as a proclaimed oﬀ ender, could not have proceeded to seek anticipatory bail - Furthermore, it was not proper for the High Court to have granted anticipatory bail - Declaration of proclaimed oﬀ ender subsisting on the date of the impugned order, it cannot be accepted that the respondent was entitled to 'reform and course correct'- Though in an exceptional and rare case, this Court or the High Courts can consider a plea seeking anticipatory bail, despite the applicant being a proclaimed oﬀ ender, however, no exceptional situation arises in the instant case - Impugned order granting anticipatory bail to the respondent set aside.[Paras 12, 16 and 17]

LIST OF CITATIONS AND OTHER REFERENCES

Ram Govind Upadhyay v. Sudarshan Singh (2002) 3 SCC 598 : [2002] 2 SCR 526; Kalyan Chandra Sarkar v. Rajesh Ranjan (2004) 7 SCC 528; Prasanta

SUPREME COURT REPORTS


Kumar Sarkar v. Ashis Chatterjee (2010) 14 SCC 496 : [2010] 12 SCR 1165; Mahipal v. Rajesh Kumar Alias Polia (2020) 2 SCC 118 : [2019] 14 SCR 529; Bhagwan Singh v. Dilip Kumar @ Deepu @ Depak 2023 INSC 761 : 2023 SCC OnLine SC 1059; Dolat Ram v. State of Haryana (1995) 1 SCC 349 : [1994] 6 Suppl. SCR 69; Kashmira Singh v. Duman Singh (1996) 4 SCC 693; X v. State of Telangana (2018) 16 SCC 511 : [2018] 4 SCR 466; XXX v. Union Territory of Andaman & Nicobar Islands 2023 INSC 767 : 2023 SCC OnLine SC 1062; Gurbaksh Singh Sibbia v. State of Punjab (1980) 2 SCC 565 : [1980] 3 SCR 383; Sushila Aggarwal v. State (NCT of Delhi) (2020) 5 SCC 1 : [2020] 2 SCR 1; Siddharam Satlingappa Mhetre v. State of Maharashtra (2011) 1 SCC 694 : [2010] 15 SCR 201; Vipan Kumar Dhir v. State of Punjab (2021) 15 SCC 518; Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar (2014) 8 SCC 273 : [2014] 8 SCR 128; Md.

Asfak Alam v. State of Jharkhand 2023 INSC 660 2023 SCC OnLine SC 892; Lavesh v. State (NCT of Delhi) (2012) 8 SCC 730 : [2012] 7 SCR 469; State of Madhya Pradesh v. Pradeep Sharma (2014) 2 SCC 171 : [2013] 12 SCR 772; Prem Shankar Prasad v. State of Bihar 2021 SCC OnLine SC 955; Abhishek

v. State of Maharashtra (2022) 8 SCC 282 - referred to.

OTHER CASE DETAILS INCLUDING IMPUGNED

ORDER AND APPEARANCES

Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction: Criminal Appeal No. 2635 of 2023.

From the Judgment and Order dated 03.12.2021 of the High Court of Punjab & Haryana at Chandigarh in CRM-M No. 49115 of 2021.

Appearances:

Dr. Hemant Gupta, AAG, Samar Vijay Singh, Ms. Monica Anand Kumar, Ms. Payal Gupta, Shivang Jain, Keshav Mittal, Ms. Sabarni Som, Advs. for the Appellant.

JUDGMENT / ORDER OF THE SUPREME COURT

JUDGMENT

AHSANUDDIN AMANULLAH, J.

Heard learned counsel appearing for the parties.

2. Leave granted.

3. The present appeal fi led by the State of Haryana seeks cancellation of anticipatory bail granted to the sole respondent vide Order dated 03.12.2021

707 STATE OF HARYANA v. DHARAMRAJ

(hereinafter referred to as the "Impugned Order") passed in CRM-M No.49115/2021 by a learned Single Judge of the High Court of Punjab and Haryana at Chandigarh. The respondent is accused in First Information Report No.0239 dated 31.07.2020 at Police Station Badshahpur, Gurugram lodged under Sections 147, 148, 149, 323, 325, 341, 342 and 427 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (hereinafter referred to as the "IPC"). Later, Sections 186, 353 and 364 of the IPC were also included.

4. Learned counsel appearing for the appellant submits that in the background of the nature of the allegations and the materials collected as well as the respondent having been declared a proclaimed oﬀ ender1, grant of indulgence under Section 4382 of the Code of Criminal anticipatory bail,

1 82. Proclamation for person absconding.-(1) If any Court has reason to believe (whether after taking evidence or not) that any person against whom a warrant has been issued by it has absconded or is concealing himself so that such warrant cannot be executed, such Court may publish a written proclamation requiring him to appear at a specifi ed place and at a specifi ed time not less than thirty days from the date of publishing such proclamation.

(2) The proclamation shall be published as follows:-

(i) (a) it shall be publicly read in some conspicuous place of the town or village in which such person ordinarily resides;

(b) it shall be affi xed to some conspicuous part of the house or homestead in which such person ordinarily resides or to some conspicuous place of such town or village;

(c) a copy thereof shall be affi xed to some conspicuous part of the Court House;

(ii) the Court may also, if it thinks fi t, direct a copy of the proclamation to be published in a daily newspaper circulating in the place in which such person ordinarily resides.

(3) A statement in writing by the Court issuing the proclamation to the eﬀ ect that the proclamation was duly published on a specifi ed day, in the manner specifi ed in clause (i) of sub-section (2), shall be conclusive evidence that the requirements of this section have been complied with, and that the proclamation was published on such day.

(4) Where a proclamation published under sub-section (1) is in respect of a person accused of an oﬀ ence punishable under Sections 302, 304, 364, 367, 382, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 402, 436, 449, 459 or 460 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860), and such person fails to appear at the specifi ed place and time required by the proclamation, the Court may, after making such inquiry as it thinks fi t, pronounce him a proclaimed oﬀ ender and make a declaration to that eﬀ ect.

(5) The provisions of sub-sections (2) and (3) shall apply to a declaration made by the Court under sub-section (4) as they apply to the proclamation published under subsection (1). 2 438. Direction for grant of bail to person apprehending arrest.- (1) Where any person has reason to believe that he may be arrested on accusation of having committed a non-bailable oﬀ ence, he may apply to the High Court or the Court of Session for a direction under this section that in the event of such arrest he shall be released on bail;


which does not serve larger public interest.

and that Court may, after taking into consideration, inter alia, the following factors, namely:-

(i) the nature and gravity of the accusation; Procedure, 1973 (hereinafter referred to as the "CrPC") was erroneous and misplaced. It was submitted that there is enough evidence to show the complicity of the appellant and further, based on this very order, other co-accused persons have been granted the benefi t of

(ii) the antecedents of the applicant including the fact as to whether he has previously undergone imprisonment on conviction by a Court in respect of any cognizable oﬀ ence;

(iii) the possibility of the applicant to fl ee from justice; and

(iv) where the accusation has been made with the object of injuring or humiliating the applicant by having him so arrested, either reject the application forthwith or issue an interim order for the grant of anticipatory bail: Provided that, where the High Court or, as the case may be, the Court of Session, has not passed any interim order under this sub-section or has rejected the application for grant of anticipatory bail, it shall be open to an offi cer incharge of a police station to arrest, without warrant the applicant on the basis of the accusation apprehended in such application. (1-A) Where the Court grants an interim order under sub-section (1), it shall forthwith cause a notice being not less than seven days notice, together with a copy of such order to be served on the Public Prosecutor and the Superintendent of Police, with a view to give the Public Prosecutor a reasonable opportunity of being heard when the application shall be fi nally heard by the Court. (1-B) The presence of the applicant seeking anticipatory bail shall be obligatory at the time of fi nal hearing of the application and passing of fi nal order by the Court, if on an application made to it by the Public Prosecutor, the Court considers such presence necessary in the interest of justice.

(2) When the High Court or the Court of Session makes a direction under sub-section (1), it may include such conditions in such directions in the light of the facts of the particular case, as it may think fi t, including-

(i) a condition that the person shall make himself available for interrogation by a police offi cer as and when required;

(ii) a condition that the person shall not, directly or indirectly, make any inducement, threat or promise to any person acquainted with the facts of the case so as to dissuade him from disclosing such facts to the Court or to any police offi cer;

(iii) a condition that the person shall not leave India without the previous permission of the court;

(iv) such other condition as may be imposed under sub-section (3) of Section 437, as if the bail were granted under that section.

(3) If such person is thereafter arrested without warrant by an offi cer in charge of a police station on such accusation, and is prepared either at the time of arrest or at any time while in the custody of such offi cer to give bail, he shall be released on bail; and if a Magistrate taking cognizance of such oﬀ ence decides that a warrant should issue in the fi rst instance against that person, he shall issue a bailable warrant in conformity with the direction of the Court under subsection (1).

(4) Nothing in this section shall apply to any case involving the arrest of any person

709 STATE OF HARYANA v. DHARAMRAJ

[AHSANUDDIN AMANULLAH, J.]

5. Per contra, the learned counsel for the respondent, supporting the Impugned Order, submitted that the Investigating Agency has tried to unnecessarily harass and implicate the respondent which would be clear from various manipulations done in the record in the course of investigation.

Further, it is submitted that the State is trying to show the respondent as the culprit only on the ground that he shares common name with one accused.

6. Learned counsel for the State disputes that fact and submits that the respondent is the person who has been duly identifi ed and against him the allegations levelled are found true, per the Investigation Agency.

7. A foray, albeit brief, into relevant precedents is warranted. This Court considered the factors to guide grant of bail in Ram Govind Upadhyay v Sudarshan Singh, (2002) 3 SCC 598 and Kalyan Chandra Sarkar v Rajesh Ranjan, (2004) 7 SCC 528. In Prasanta Kumar Sarkar v Ashis Chatterjee,

(2010) 14 SCC 496, the relevant principles were restated thus:

'9. ... It is trite that this Court does not, normally, interfere with an order passed by the High Court granting or rejecting bail to the accused. However, it is equally incumbent upon the High Court to exercise its discretion judiciously, cautiously and strictly in compliance with the basic principles laid down in a plethora of decisions of this Court on the point. It is well settled that, among other circumstances, the factors to be borne in mind while considering an application for bail are:

(i) whether there is any prima facie or reasonable ground to believe that the accused had committed the oﬀ ence;

(ii) nature and gravity of the accusation;

(iii) severity of the punishment in the event of conviction;

(iv) danger of the accused absconding or fl eeing, if released on bail;

(v) character, behaviour, means, position and standing of the accused;

on accusation of having committed an oﬀ ence under sub-section (3) of Section 376 or Section 376-AB or Section 376-DA or Section 376-DB of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860).


(vi) likelihood of the oﬀ ence being repeated;

(vii) reasonable apprehension of the witnesses being infl uenced; and

(viii) danger, of course, of justice being thwarted by grant of bail.'

8. In Mahipal v Rajesh Kumar alias Polia, (2020) 2 SCC 118, this Court opined as under:

'16. The considerations that guide the power of an appellate court in assessing the correctness of an order granting bail stand on a diﬀ erent footing from an assessment of an application for the cancellation of bail. The correctness of an order granting bail is tested on the anvil of whether there was an improper or arbitrary exercise of the discretion in the grant of bail. The test is whether the order granting bail is perverse, illegal or unjustifi ed. On the other hand, an application for cancellation of bail is generally examined on the anvil of the existence of supervening circumstances or violations of the conditions of bail by a person to whom bail has been granted. …'

9. In Bhagwan Singh v Dilip Kumar @ Deepu @ Depak, 2023 INSC 7613, this Court, in view of Dolat Ram v State of Haryana, (1995) 1 SCC 349; Kashmira Singh v Duman Singh, (1996) 4 SCC 693 and X v State of Telangana, (2018) 16 SCC 511, held as follows:

'13. It is also required to be borne in mind that when a prayer is made for the cancellation of grant of bail cogent and overwhelming circumstances must be present and bail once granted cannot be cancelled in a mechanical manner without considering whether any supervening circumstances have rendered it in conducing to allow fair trial. This proposition draws support from the Judgment of this Court in Daulat Ram and others v. State of Haryana reported in

(1995) 1 SCC 349, Kashmira Singh v. Duman Singh (1996) 4 SCC 693 and xxx v. State of Telangana (2018) 16 SCC 511.'

3 2023 SCC OnLine SC 1059.

10. In XXX v Union Territory of Andaman & Nicobar Islands, 2023 INSC 7674, this Court noted that the principles in Prasanta Kumar Sarkar

(supra) stood reiterated in Jagjeet Singh v Ashish Mishra, (2022) 9 SCC 321.

11. The contours of anticipatory bail have been elaborately dealt with by 5-Judge Benches in Gurbaksh Singh Sibbia v State of Punjab, (1980) 2 SCC 565 and Sushila Aggarwal v State (NCT of Delhi), (2020) 5 SCC 1. Siddharam Satlingappa Mhetre v State of Maharashtra, (2011) 1 SCC 694 is worthy of mention in this context, despite its partial overruling in Sushila Aggarwal (supra).

We are cognizant that liberty is not to be interfered with easily. More so, when an order of prearrest bail already stands granted by the High Court.

12. Yet, much like bail, the grant of anticipatory bail is to be exercised with judicial discretion. The factors illustrated by this Court through its pronouncements are illustrative, and not exhaustive. Undoubtedly, the fate of each case turns on its own facts and merits. In Vipan Kumar Dhir v State of Punjab, (2021) 15 SCC 518, taking note of Dolat Ram (supra) and X v State of Telangana (supra), the Court cancelled the anticipatory bail granted to the accused therein. Keeping all the aforesaid in mind, we turn our attention to the facts in praesenti.

13. Having considered the matter, this Court fi nds that, in the facts and circumstances of the present case, it was not proper for the High Court to have granted anticipatory bail to the respondent.

14. As would be manifest from the Impugned Order, the reasoning thereof is contained in Paragraphs 7-12. Closer perusal reveals what weighed with the High Court:

(a) That the maximum sentence for the oﬀ ences in the First Information Report did not exceed 7 years.

(b) That the possibility of the respondent infl uencing the investigation, tampering with evidence et al, could be taken care of by imposing stringent conditions.

4 2023 SCC Online SC 1062.

STATE OF HARYANA v. DHARAMRAJ

[AHSANUDDIN AMANULLAH, J.]


(c) That the respondent's declaration as a proclaimed oﬀ ender was not on account of him deliberately avoiding court.

(d) That the respondent was a fi rst-time oﬀ ender and deserved a chance to 'reform and course correct'.

15. The logic of the High Court does not commend itself to us. The High Court placed reliance on Arnesh Kumar v State of Bihar, (2014) 8 SCC 273 to the eﬀ ect that where the oﬀ ence is punishable with imprisonment for a term which may be less than seven years or which may extend to seven years, whether with or without fi ne, there is to be no automatic arrest.

Having gone through the said judgment as also its most recent reiteration in Md. Asfak Alam v State of Jharkhand, 2023 INSC 6605, we are in full agreement with the propositions enunciated therein. However, Section 364, IPC carries a term of imprisonment for life or rigorous imprisonment of ten years and fi ne. We are a bit perplexed as to how, despite addition of Section 364, IPC, the High Court took the view that Arnesh Kumar (supra) would aid the respondent in his quest for pre-arrest bail.

16. What the High Court (also) lost sight of was that the respondent was a declared proclaimed oﬀ ender. The High Court notes, at Paragraph 28, that it was not dealing with the prayer seeking quashing of the proclamation proceedings as the same were not made part of the petition before it. As things were, the respondent was declared a proclaimed oﬀ ender on 05.02.2021, and sought anticipatory bail from the High Court only in October, 2021. As such, it was not correct for the High Court to brush aside such factum, on the basis of averments alone, purporting to explain the backdrop of such declaration by mere advertence to a similar-sounding name, in the petition before it, as recorded at Paragraphs 9 and 10 of the Impugned Order. The declaration of the respondent as a proclaimed oﬀ ender, and such declaration subsisting on the date of the Impugned Order, we are unable to agree with the High Court that the respondent was entitled to 'reform and course correct'.

5 2023 SCC Online SC 892.

16. The respondent, without fi rst successfully assailing the order declaring him as a proclaimed oﬀ ender, could not have proceeded to seek anticipatory bail. Looking to the factual prism, we are clear that the respondent's application under Section 438, CrPC should not have been entertained, as he was a proclaimed oﬀ ender. We may note that in Lavesh v State (NCT of Delhi), (2012) 8 SCC 730, this Court was categoric against grant of anticipatory bail to a proclaimed oﬀ ender. In the same vein, following Lavesh (supra) is the decision in State of Madhya Pradesh v Pradeep Sharma, (2014) 2 SCC 171, where this Court emphasised that a proclaimed oﬀ ender would not be entitled to anticipatory bail. Of course, in an exceptional and rare case, this Court or the High Courts can consider a plea seeking anticipatory bail, despite the applicant being a proclaimed oﬀ ender, given that the Supreme Court and High Courts are Constitutional Courts. However, no exceptional situation arises in the case at hand.

Following Pradeep Sharma (supra), in Prem Shankar Prasad v State of Bihar, 2021 SCC OnLine SC 955, this Court was unequivocal that the High Court therein erred in granting anticipatory bail ignoring proceedings under Sections 82 and 83, CrPC. In Abhishek v State of Maharashtra, (2022) 8 SCC 282, this Court concluded:

'68. As regards the implication of proclamation having been issued against the appellant, we have no hesitation in making it clear that any person, who is declared as an "absconder" and remains out of reach of the investigating agency and thereby stands directly at confl ict with law, ordinarily, deserves no concession or indulgence. By way of reference, we may observe that in relation to the indulgence of pre-arrest bail in terms of Section 438 CrPC, this Court has repeatedly said that when an accused is absconding and is declared as proclaimed oﬀ ender, there is no question of giving him the benefi t of Section 438 CrPC. [For example, Prem Shankar Prasad v. State of Bihar, (2022) 14 SCC 529: 2021 SCC OnLine SC 955] …'

17. Accordingly, in view of the discussions made hereinabove, the Impugned Order granting anticipatory bail to the respondent is set aside.

The respondent shall surrender before the Court concerned within four

STATE OF HARYANA v. DHARAMRAJ

[AHSANUDDIN AMANULLAH, J.]


weeks from today and may seek regular bail which will be considered on its own merits without being prejudiced by the present judgment.

18. The appeal stands allowed in the aforesaid terms. Pending applications stand consigned to records. As far as the submission of the State is that the Impugned Order is the basis for co-accused to obtain anticipatory bail, it is for the State to take steps, if so advised, in accordance with law, in that behalf.

Headnotes prepared by: Appeal allowed.

Nidhi Jain