[2017) 10 S.C.R. 199

INTERNATIONAL ASSET RECONSTRUCTION COMPANY OF A

INDIA LTD.

THE OFFICIAL LIQUIDATOR OF ALDRICH

PHARMACEUTICALS LTD. AND OTHERS

(Civi1Appea1No.16962of2017)

OCTOBER 24, 2017

[RANJAN GOGOi, ABBAY MANOHAR SAPRE AND

NAVIN SINHA, JJ.]

Limitation Act, 1963: s.5 - D.elay - Condonation of- Applicability of s.5 to proceeding under s.30 of the RDB Act - Whether s.5 of the Limitation Act, 1963 can be inFoked to condone

the prescribed period of 30 days, under s.30( 1) of the Recovery of Debts and Bankruptcy Act, 1993 (RDB Act), for preferring an appeal before the Tribunal, against an order of the Recove1y officer - Held: D 711e RDB Act is a special law and a complete code by itself with regard to expeditious recoFery of dues to banks and financial institutions - The fact that the Tribunal may be vested with some of the powers as a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure does not vest in it the status of a Court - s.22( 1 ), in fact, provides that E the Tribunal shall not be bound by the procedures under the C.P. C., and can regulate its own procedures in accordance with natural justice - s.5 of the Limitation Act provides that the appeal or application, with the exception of Order XX!, CPC may be admitted after the prescribed period, if the applicant satisfies the court that he has sufficient cause for not preferring the application within F time - The pre-requisite, therefore, is the pendency of a proceeding before a court - The proceedings under the Act being before a statutory Tribunal, it cannot be placed at par with proceedings before a court - The Tribunal shall, therefore, have no powers to condone delay, unless expressly conferred by the statute creating G it - s.24 of the RDB Act makes the provisions of the Limitation Act applicable only to such an original "application" made under s.19 only - The definition of an "application" under r. 2(c) cannot be extended to read it in conjunction with s. 2(b) of the Act extending the meaning thereof beyond what the Act provides for and then make s.24 of the RDB Act applicable to an appeal under s.30( 1) of H 199

the Act - Any such interpretation shall be completely contrary to the legislative intent, extending the Rules beyond what the Act provides for and limits - The exclusion of any provision for extension of time by the Tribunal in preferring an appeal under s.30 of the Act makes it manifest that the legislative intent for exclusion was express - The application of s.5 of the Limitation Act by resort to s.29(2) of the Limitation Act, 1963 therefore does not arise - The prescribed period of 30 days under s.30( l) of the RDB Act for preferring an appeal against the order of the Recovery officer therefore cannot be condoned by application of s.5 of the Limitation Act - Recovery of Debts and Bankruptcy Act, 1993 - ss.19, 24, 30.

Recovery of Debts and Bankruptcy Act, l 993: Object of legislation - Discussed.

Dismissing the appeals, the Court

HELD: 1. The RDB Act was enacted to facilitate and D expedite recovery of debts due to banks and financial institutions by summary proceedings before a statutory Tribunal. Section 18 bars the jurisdiction of any court or other authority in such matters (except the Supreme Court/High Court under Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution). The Act provides a complete procedure for institution of recovery proceedings, the method of its E enforcement including the right to appeal. The RDB Act is undoubtedly a special law and a complete code by itself with regard to expeditious recovery of dues to banks and financial.institutions.

The fact that the Tribunal may be vested with some of the powers as a Civil Court under the Code of Civil Procedure, regarding p summoning and enforcing attendance of witnesses, discovery and production of the documents, receiving evidence on affidavits, issuing commission for the examination of witnesses or documents, reviewing its decisions etc. does not vest in it the status of a Court. Section 22(1), in fact, provides that the Tribunal shall not be bound by the procedures under the C.P.C., and can G regulate its own procedures in accordance with natural justice. [Paras 9, 10] [204-F-H; 205-A-B]

2. Section 5 of the Limitation Act provides that the appeal or application, with the exception of Order XXI, CPC may be admitted after the prescribed period, if the applicant satisfies the H court that he has sufficient cause for not preferring the application

INfERNATIONALASSETRECONSTRUCTION COMPANY v. OFFICIAL

20 I

LIQUIDATOR OF ALDRICH PHARMACEUTICALS

within time. The pre-requisite, therefore, is the pendrncy of a A proceeding before a court. The proceedings under the Act being before a statutory Tribunal, it cannot be placed at par with proceedings before a court. The Tribunal shall, therefore, have no powers to condone delay, unless expressly conferred by the Statute creating it. An "application" is defined under Section B 2(b) of the RDB Act as one made under Section 19 of the Act.

The latter provision in Chapter IV, deals with institution of original recovery proceedings before a Tribunal. An appeal lies against the order of the Tribunal under Section 20, before the Appellate Tribunal within 45 days, which may be condoned for sufficient cause under the proviso to Section 20(3) of the Act. The Tribunal C issues a recovery certificate under Section 19(22) to the Recovery officer who then proceeds under Chapter V for recovery of the certificate amount in the manner prescribed. A person aggrieved by an order of the Recovery officer can prefer an appeal before the Tribunal under Rule 4, by an application in the prescribed D Form IH. Rule ?.(c) defines an "application" to include a memo of appeal under Section 30(1). The appeal is to be preferred before the Tribunal, as distinct from the appellate tribunal, within 30 days. Section 24 of the RDB Act, therefore, manifestly makes the provisions of the Limitation Act applicable only to such an original "application" made under Section 19 only. The definition of an "application" under Rule 2(c) cannot be extended to read it in conjunction with Section 2(b) of the Act extending the meaning thereof beyond what the Act provides for and then make Section 24 of the RDB Act applicable to an appeal under Section 30(1) of the Act. Any such interpretation shall be completely contrary to the legislative intent, extending the Rules beyond what the Act provides for and limits. Had the intention been otherwise, nothing prevented the Legislature from providing so specifically. [Paras

11, 12] [205-C-D; 206-A-E]

3. A comparative study of Section 30, pre and post amendment in the year 2000, reveals that the deemed status of G proceedings before the Recovery officer, as a Tribunal, stands denuded. Had the proceedings before the Recovery officer deemed to be before a Tribunal, entirely different considerations may have arisen. [Para 13] [206-E-F]

4. The exclusion of any provision for extension of time by the Tribunal in preferring an appeal under Section 30 of the Act makes it manifest that the legislative intent for exclusion was express. The application of Section 5 of the Limitation Act by resort to Section 29(2) of the Limitation Act, 1963, therefore, B does not arise. The prescribed period of 30 days under Section

30(1) of the RDB Act for preferring an appeal against the order of the Recovery officer therefore cannot be condoned by application of Section 5 of the Limitation Act. [Para 14] [207-E-F]

Sakuru v. Tanaji (1985) 3 SCC 590 : [1985] 2 Suppl.

SCR 109 - relied on

A.R. Venugopal @ R. Venugopal v. Jotheeswaran & Ors. 2016 (16) sec 588 - referred to

Case Law Reference

2016 (16) sec 588

[1985] 2 Suppl. SCR 109

referred to Para 8

relied on Para 11

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 16962 of2017

From the Judgment and Order dated 10.07.2013 of the High Court E of Bombay in Writ Petition No. 1416 of 2013.

WITH

C. A. NO. 16963 OF 2017

Ms. Madhavi Divan, Sr. Adv., Mahesh Agarwal, Anukur Saigal, F Himanshu Satija, E. C. Agrawala, Kishore Jain, Mahesh Agarwal, Abhinav Agrawal, Ad vs. for the Appellant.

Arvind P. Datar, Sr. Adv., Ardhendumauli Kumar Prasad, Ms. Sushma Nagaraj, Ms. TarunaArdhendumauli Prasad, Namit Saxena, Pratap Venugopal, Ms. Surekha Raman, Anuj Sarma, Ms. Niharika, G Ms. Kanika Kalaiyarasan (for Mis. K. J. John and Co.), Rajeev Pandey,

Rabin Majumder, Sanjay Bhatt, Abhishek Aggarwal, Advs. for the Respondents.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

NAVIN SINHA, J. 1. Leave granted.

INTERNATIONALASSETRECONSTRUCTION COMPANYv. OFFICIAL 203

LIQUIDATOR OF ALDRICH PHARMACEUTICALS [NAVIN SINHA, J.]

2. A common question of law arising for consideration in both A appeals is whether Section 5 of the Limitation Act, 1963 (hereinafter referred to as "the Limitation Act"), can be invoked to condone the prescribed period of 30 days, under Section 30(1) of the Recovery of Debts and Bankruptcy Act, 1993 (hereinafter referred as the "RDB Act"), for preferring an appeal before the Tribunal, against an order of B the Recovery officer.

3. In view of the pure question of law involved, the facts of the case need not be elucidated. Suffice to observe that pursuant to a recovery certificate issued by the Tribunal under Section 19(22) of the RDB Act, the Recovery officer passed necessary orders under Section 28 of the Act. An appeal was preferred by the aggrieved against the C same before the Tribunal, beyond the prescribed period of 30 days. It was held that Section 5 of the Limitation Act not being applicable to proceedings under Section 30 of the Act, the delay beyond the prescribed period could not be condoned.

4. Ms. Madhavi Divan, learned senior counsel on behalf of the D appellants, submitted that the RDB Act was not a complete Code by itself. A mere expeditious procedure for recovery was not conclusive to infer express or implied exclusion of the Limitation Act. In the absence of an express exclusion of the.Limitation Act to Section 30, implied exclusion cannot be readily inferred, considering the nature of the rights E and interests of the borrower involved, raising issues with regard to fairness of procedure. By virtue of Section 29(2) of the Limitation Act, any implied exclusion is ruled out and the provisions of Section 5 of the Limitation Act will apply to proceedings under Section 30( I) of the RDB Act.

5. Under Section 22(1) of the RDB Act, the Tribunal was not bound by the procedures of the Code of Civil Procedure and was guided

by the principles of natural justice, which would include the power to condone delay beyond the prescribed period of 30 days under Section 30(1) of the Act. Section 19(25) provided for passing of necessary orders to secure the ends of justice, which again would include the power G for extension of the prescribed period. The scheme of the RDB Act does not exclude application of the Limitation Act to proceedings under it. Referring to Section 2(b) of the Act and reading the same in conjunction with Rule 2(c) of the Debt Recovery Tribunal (Procedure) Rules, 1993, (hereinafter referred to as "the Rules") it was urged that H

A an "application" filed under Section 30(1) of the Act was also amenable to condonation under Section 24 of the RDB Act. Section 20(3) likewise provides for condoning delay beyond -45 days in preferring an ?.ppeal before the appellate tribunal.

6. Sh. Arv ind P. Datar, learned senior counsel for the respondents,

13 contended that the RDB Act was a complete Code by itself with regard to recovery of dues to banks and financial institutions. Section 24 of the RDB Act applied only to an application made under Section 19 by a bank or financial institution, to the Tribunal for recovery of a debt. Section 20(3) expressly applied to proceedings before the appellate tribunal only.

The scheme of the Act manifests, that thl'. Legislature expressly intended C to exclude any extension of the prescribed period of 30 days under Section 30(1), which is further manifest from the amendment to the same in the year 2000 denuding the deemed status of the Recovery officer as a Tribunal, for purposes of the provision.

7. The definition of"application" under Section 2(b) of the Act D was confined to Section 19 of the RDB Act only. Its meaning could not be extended beyond that prescribed u_nder the Act, by invoking Rule 2( c) which had to be read with Rule 4 providing the procedure for making an application, inter-alia, under Section 30 of the RDB Act in the prescribed Form III.

8. Shri Datar with all fairness also invited our attention to a two- Judge Bench decision dated 01.07.2015 in Civil Appeal No. 4926 of 2015, A.R. Venugopal@R. Venugopal vs. Jotlleeswaran & ors., holding that the delay in preferring an appeal under Section 30( l) beyond the prescribed 30 days was condonable by virtue of Section 20 read with p Section 24 of the RDB Act.

9. We have considered the submissions. The RDB Act was enacted to facilitate and expedite recovery of debts due to banks and financial institutions by summary proceedings before a statutory Tribunal.

Section 18 bars the jurisdiction of any court or other authority in such G matters (except the Supreme Court/High Court under Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution). Section 31 provides for transfer of pending cases from a Court to the Tribunal.. The Act provides a complete procedure for institution of recovery proceedings, the method of its enforcement including the right to appeal. The RDB Act is undoubtedly a special law and a complete code by itself with regard to expeditious H recovery of dues to banks and financial institutions.

lNIERNATIONALASSETRECONSTRUCTION COMPANYv. OFFICIAL

LIQUIDATOROFALDRICHPHARMACEUTICALS [NAVIN SINHA, J.]

10. The fact that the Tribunal may be vested with some of the powers as a Civil Court under the Code of Civil Procedure, regarding summoning and enforcing attendance of witnesses, discovery and production of the documents, receiving evidence on affidavits, issuing commission for the examination of witnesses or documents, reviewing its decisions etc. does not vest in it the status of a Court. Section 22( I), in fact, provides that the Tribunal shall not be bound by the procedures under the C.P.C., and can regulate its own procedures in accordance with natural justice.

11. Section 5 of the Limitation Act provides that the appeal or application, with the exception of Order XXI, CPC may be admitted after the prescribed period, if the applicant satisfies the court that he has sufficient cause for not preferring the application within time. The prerequisite, therefore, is the pendency of a proceeding before a court.

The proceedings under the Act being before a statutory Tribunal, it cannot be placed at par with proceedings before a court. The Tribunal shall therefore have no powers to condone delay, unless expressly conferred by the Statute creating it. In Sakuru vs. Tanaji, (1985) 3 SCC 590, it was observed that:

"3 ... that the provisions of the Limitation Act, 1963 apply only to proceedings in 'courts' and not to appeals or applications before bodies other than courts such as quasi-judicial Tribunals or executive authorities, notwithstanding the fact the such bodies or authorities may be vested with certain specified powers conferred on courts under the Codes of Civil or Criminal Procedure. The Collector before whom the appeal was preferred by the appellant herein under Section 90 of the Act not being a court, the Limitation Act, as such, had no applicability to the proceedings before him. But even in such a situation the relevant special statute may contain an express provision conferring on the appellate authority, such as the Collector, the power to extend the prescribed period oflimitation on sufficient cause being shown by laying down that the provisions of Section 5 of the Limitation Act shall be applicable to such proceedings. Hence it becomes necessary to examine whether the Act contains any such provision entitling the Collector to invoke the provisions of Section 5 of the Limitation Act for condonation of the delay in the filing of the appeal..." ·

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

[2017] !OS.CR.

12. An "application" is defined under Section 2(b) of the RDB Act as one made under Section 19 of the Act. The latter provision in Chapter lV. deals with institution of original recovery proceedings before a Tribunal. An appeal lies against the order of the Tribunal under Section 20, before the Appellate Tribunal within 45 days, which may be condoned for sufficient cause under the proviso to Section 20(3) of the Act. The Tribunal issues a recovery certificate under Section 19(22) to the Recovery officr who then proceeds under Chapter V for recovery of the certificate amounc in the manner prescribed. A person aggrieved by an order of the Recovery officer can prefer an appeal before the Tribunal under Ruic 4, by an application in the prescribed Form Ill. Ruic 2(c) defines an "application" to inclc!de a memo ofappeal under Section 30(1 ).

The appeal is to be preferred before the Tribunal, as distinct from the appellate tribunal, within 30 days. Section 24 of the RDB Act, therefore, manifestly makes the provisions of the Limitatian Act applicable only to such an original "application" made under Section 19 only. The definition of an "application" under Rule 2(c) cannot be extended to read it in conjunction with Section 2(b) of the Act extending the meaning thereof beyond what the Act provides for and then make Section 24 of the RDB Act applicable to an appeal under Section 30(1) of the Act. Any , uch interpretation shall be completely contrary to the legislative intent, extending the Rules beyond what the Act provides for and limits. Had the intention been otherwise, nothing prevented the Legislature from providing so specifically.

13. A comparative study of Section 30, pre and post amendment in the year 2000, reveals that the deemed status of proceedings before the Recovery officer, as a Tribunal, stands denuded. Had the proceedings before the Recovery officer deemed to be before a Tribunal, entirely different considerations may have arisen.

Old Section 30 before 2000 Section 30 post

2000 I amendment amendment us. 30 Orders of Recovery

"S. 30.

Appeal against the Officer to be deemed as order of Recovery Officer. orders of Tribunal- ( l J Notwithstanding anything Notwithstanding anything contained in Section 29. any contained in Section 29. an person aggrieved by an order order made by the Recovery of the Recovery Officer made 0 fficcr in exercise of his under this Act may.within powers under Sections 25 to 28

INTERNATIONALASSET RECONSTRUCTION COMPANY v. OFFICIAL 207 LIQUlDATOR OF ALDRICH PHARMACEUTICALS [NAVIN SINHA, J.]

(both inclusive), shal I be deemed to have been made by the Tribunal and an appeal against such orders shall lie to the Appellate Tribunal."

thirty days from the date on I

which a copy of the order is

issued to him. prefer an appeal I

to the Tribunal. !

2) . f I ( On receipt o an appeal under sub-section ( l ), the Tribunal may, after giving an opportunity to the appellant to be heard, and after making such enquiry as it deems fit, confirm, modify or set aside the order made by the Recovery Officer in exercise of his powers under Scctio11' 25 to 28 (both inclusive)."

14. The RDB Act is a special law. The proceedings are before a statutory Tribunal. The scheme of the Act manifestly provides that the Legislature has provided for application of the Limitation Act to original proceedings before the Tribunal under Section 19 only. The appellate tribunal has been conferred the power to condone delay beyond 45 days under Section 20(3) of the Act. The proceedings before the Recovery officer are not before a Tribunal. Section 24 is limited in its application to proceedings before the Tribunal originating under Section 19 only. The exclusion of any provision for extension of time by the Tribunal in rreferring an appeal under Section 30 of the Act makes it manifest that the legislative intent for exclusion was express. The application of Section 5 of the Limitation Act by resort to Section 29(2) of the Limitation Act, 1963 therefore does not arise. The prescribed period of 30 days under Section 30(1) ofthc RDB Act for preferring an appeal against the order of the Recovery officer therefore cannot be condoned by application of

Section 5 of the Limitation Act.

15. Insofar as A.R. Ve1111gopal @ R. Ve11ugopal (supra) is concerned, all that would be required to be noticed and observed is that the entire statutory scheme did not fall for consideration of the court in that case.

16. The appeals lack merit and are dismissed.

Devika Gujral J\ppeals dismissed.