[2017) 12 S.C.R. 9

MOHAMMED ABDULLA KHAN A

PRAKASH K.

(Criminal Appeal No. 2059 of2017)

DECEMBER 04, 2017 B

[J. CHELAMESWAR AND S. ABLUL NAZEER, JJ.]

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973: s.482 - Petition for quashing of defamation proceedings - Respondent is the owner of the newspaper which allegedly published defamatory material against the appellant - Proceeding initiated against him under s.500-502 /PC - High Court quashed the proceedings - On appeal, held: The owner, the printer, or the person selling or offering to sell defamatory material is liable for the offences under ss.501 or 502

JPC, (as the case may be) if the other elements indicated in those sections are satisfied - Whether there is sufficient evidence to establish the guilt of the respondent for any one of these offences is

c1 matter that can be examined only cifter recording evidence at the time of trial - That can never be a subject matter of a proceeding under s.482 - High Court simply concluded that prosecution of respondent would lead to miscarriage of justice without discussing and without disclosing any principle which forms the basis of the conclusion - The extent of the applicability of the principle of vicC1rious liability in crimincil law pe1rticulC1rly in the context of the offences relating to defamation are neither discussed by the High Court in the judgment under appeal nor argued before Supreme Court because the respondent neither appeared in person nor through any advocate - The question requires a serious examination since the owner of a newspaper employs people to print, publish and sell the newspaper to make a financial gain out

of the said activity - Each of these activities is carried oi1 by persons employed by the owner - Where defamatory matter is printed (in a newspaper or a book etc.) C1nd sold or offered for sale, whether the owner thereof can be heard to say that he cannot be made vicariously liable for the defamatory material carried by his newspaper etc. requires a critical examination - Neither prosecutions nor the power under s.482 can be either conducted or exercised casually m was done in the case on hand - Impugned judgment set aside - Trial H 9

court to proceed _with the case in qcordance with law - Penal Code,

1860 - ss.499, ~00, 501, 502. .· . " .

Allowing _the apP, e~, the out .· .· . , ' . -· . -, .. ·.·. ., ' HELD: 1.1 The essence of publication in the context of Section 499 is communication of defamatory imputation to persons other than the persons agi'nsi whoin the imputation is made.

Committing any act' which constitutesdefamation under. Section 499 IPC is punishable offence under Section 500 IPC. If the content of any news item carrie<l in a newspaper is defamatory as defined under Sectio~ 499. IP<;:, ih~ mere prlntingof suh inaterial "knowing or having 'good reaoit ~~ believ~ that such matter is defamatory" itself. constitutes .a distinct offence under Secti01.1 501 IPC .. The sale or offering for. sale ot'sc]t printed ''substapce containing defamatory mtter" "knowing that it contains such matter" is a distlrict offence under Section 502 IPC. In the context of the facts of the present case, first of all; it must be established D that the matter printed-and offered for sale is defamatory within the meaning of the. epresio~. under .Section 49.9. IPC •. lf so proved, the next 'step. woµld i)e.fo eamine the question whether the accused committed the ac.ts which constitute the offence of which he is charged witlt the 1ectutSite 'lnterttion ot-knowledgc' E etc. to make his acts culpable. [Paras 11-13 ainl 15] [15-A:-F] ·

Khima Ncmd v. Emperor (1937) 38 Cri LJ 806 (All); Amar Singh F. KS Badalia (1965) 2 Cri LJ 693 (Pat) - refrredto. ;_!·.;·. . ·:.:·-~· • ·

1.2 Whether the ontent of the appellant's complaint F constitutes an 1>ffonce punishable under any one or all or some of these .sections was.not examined by the High Court for quashing the complaint against the respondent. Whether there is sufficient evidence to establish the guilt of the respondent for any one of the three offences is a matter that can be examined only after

0 recording evidence at the time of trial. That can never be a subject matter of a proceeding under Section 482 Cr.P.C. From the judgment under appeal, it appears that before the High Court it was argued on behalf of the respondent that there is no vicarious liability in criminal law and therefore the owner of a newspaper cannot be prosecuted for the offences of defamation. The High H Court concluded that prosecution of the respondent would lead

MOHAMMED ABDULLA KHAN v. PRAKASH K. 11

to miscarriage of justice; A conclusion without any discussion A and without disclosing any principle which forms the basis of the conclusion. [Paras 17-20] [16-C-H] ·

K.M. Mathew v . . K.A. Abraham (2002) 6 SCC 670 : [2002] 1 Suppl. SCR 662 - referred to.

2. Where defamatory matter is printed (in a newspaper or B a book etc.) and sold or offered for sr.Ie, whether the owner thereof can be heard to say that he cannot be made vicariously liable for the defamatory material carried by his newspaper etc. requires ; t critical examination. Each case requires a careful scrutiny of the various questions indicated above. Neither c prosecutions nor the power under Section 482 CrPC can be either conducted ur exercised casually as was done in the case on hand. [Paras 25-27] [20-A-B]

Ramasami v. Lokanada (1886) ILR 9 Mad 692; Emperor v. Bodi Narayana Rao and G Harisar11ot/1ama D Rao (1909) ILR 32 Mad 338 - referred to.

The Queen v. Holbrook. L.R. 3 QBD 60 - referred to.

Case Law Reference

[2002] 1 Suppl. SCR 662 referred to Para7

(1937) 38 Cri LJ 806 (All). referred to Para 11

(1965) 2 Cri LJ 693 (Pat) referred to Para 11

(1886) ILR 9 .Mad 692 referred to Para 24

(1909) ILR 32 .Mad 338 referred to Para 24

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 2059 of2017.

From the Judgment and Order dated 23.11.2016 of the High Court G ofKarnataka at Bengaluru in Criminal Petition No. 8679 of2015.

M. N. Rao, Sr. Adv (AC), for the Appellant.

Petitioner-in-person.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

CHELAMESWAR, J, 1. Leave granted.

[2017] 12 S.C.R.

2. The sole respondent is admittedly the owner of a Kannada Daily Newspaper by name "Jaya Kirana" published from Mangalore, Karnataka. On 16.12.2013, the said newspaper carried a news item containing certain allegations against the appellant herein. According to the appellant, the allegations are highly defamatory in nature.

3. The appellant lodged a report with the Panambur Police, Mangalore, Dakshina Kannada District on 17.12.2013 against the respondent and another person who was editor of the abovementioned newspaper. Police did not take any action. Thereafter, the appellant filed a private complaii:it against the respondent and the editor of the abovementioned newspaper before the J.M.F.C.-II, Mangalore in PCR No.24/2014 which eventually came to be numbered as CC No.1252 of

2014. The learned Magistrate took cognizance of the matter on

15.04.2014 for the offences punishable under Section 500, 501 and 502 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860.

4. Aggrieved by the order dated 15.04.2014, the respondent carried the matter in Revision Petition No.219 of2014 before the Sessions Judge, Dakshina Kannada, Mangalore. By the order dated 06.11.2015, the respondent's revision was dismissed. Respondent further carried the matter in Criminal Petition No.8679 of 2015 to the Karnataka High Court invoking Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. By an order dated 23.11.2016, the said petition was allowed and the proceedings in CC No.1252 of 2014, insofar as they pertained to the respondent, were quashed.

5. Both in his revision as well as the petition under Section 482 Cr.P.C., the respondent urged various grounds which according to him render the order dated 15.04.2014 illegal. The details of those various grounds are not necessary for our purpose.

6. The judgment under appeal is vry cryptic. The first three paragraphs of the judgment under appeal (running into a short one and a half page) purport to take note ofonly one submission of the respondent.

"Para 2. The learned Counsel for the petitioner would point out that there can be no vicarious liability insofar as the criminal law is concerned. The complainant's allegation of the defamatory

material published in the newspaper against him, even if it is A established, can only be sustained against the editor of the newspaper and not the owner of the newspaper. The petitioner admittedly was the owner. The newspaper carries a legend that the newspaper is edited and published on behalf of the petitioner and there is no dispute in this regard."

7. It appears from the judgment .under appeal that the nppellant herein argued that in view of the law laid down in K.M. Mathew v. K.A.

Abraham, (2002) 6 SCC 670 the respondent's objection could not be sustained. High Court rejected the submission of the appellant.

c "Para 3. Though the learned Counsel for the respondent would seek to contend that the question is no longer res integra and is covered by a judgment of the Supreme Court in the case of K.M.

Mathew vs. K.A. Abraham, AIR 2002 SC 2989, it is however noticed thnt the said decision was in respect of a managing editor, resident editor or a chief editor of respective newspaper publications, who were parties therein." D

The learned Judge recorded that the judgment in KM Mathew's case could be distinguished and, therefore, opined that the respondent's petition is required to be allowed.

"Para 3. . .. Therefore, at the outset, it can be said that the said case could be distinguished from the case on hand, as, the petitioner is not claiming as an editor, who had any role in the publication of the newspaper. Therefore, it is a fit case where the petition should be allowed."

It is unfortunate that the High Court did not choose to give any reason whatsoever for quashing the complaint except a grand declaration that "it would led to a miscarriage of justice".

"Accordingly, though the criminal proceedings can go on against the editor of the newspaper, the petitioner cannot be proceeded with, as it would lead to a miscarriage of justice."

Hence, the appeal.

8. Before us the appellant appeared in person. Inspite of the service of notice, the respondent neither chose to appear in person nor through a counsel. In view of the fact that a substantial question of law

A is involved in the matter, we thought it appropriate to request Shri M.N.

Rao, learned Senior Advocate to assist the Court in this matter.

9. Heard Shri M.N. Rao, learned Senior Advocate for the appellant.

10. Section 499 IPC defines the offence of defamation. It contains B 10 exceptions and 4 explanations . .The relevant portion reads;

"Section 499. Defamation.- Whoever, by words either spoken or intended to be read, or by signs or by visible representations, makes or publishes any imputation concerning any person intending to harm, or knowing or having reason to believe that such C imputation will harm, the reputation of such person, is said, except in the cases hereinafter expected, to defame that person."

11. An analysis of the above reveals that to constitute an offence of defamation it requires a person to make some imputation concerning any other person;

(i) Such imputation must be made either

(a) With intention, or

(b) Knowledge, or

(c) Having a reason to believe

that such an imputation will harm the reputation of the person against whom the imputation is made.

(ii) Imputation could be, by

(a) Words, either spoken or written, or

(b) By making signs, or

(c) Visible representations

(iii) Imputation could be either made or published.

The difference between making of an imputation and publishing .the s11me is:

If 'X' tells 'Y' that 'Y' is a criminal - 'X' makes an imputation.

If 'X' tells 'Z' that 'Y' is a criminal- 'X' publishes the imputation.

The essence of publication in the context of Section 499 is the A communication of defamatory imputation to persons other than the persons against whom the imputation is made. 1 ·

12. Committing any act which constitutes defamation under Section 499 IPC is punishable offence under Section 500 IPC. Printing or engraving any defamatory material is altogether a different offence under B Section 501 IPC. Offering for sale or selling any sucp printed or engraved defamatory material is yet another.distinct offence under Section 502

IPC. . .

13. If the content of any news item carried in a newspaper is defamatory as defined under Section 499 IPC, the mere printing of such C material "knowing or having good reason to believe that such matter is defamatory" itself constitutes a distinct offence under Section 501 IPC.

The sale or offering for sale of such printed "substance containing defamatory matter" "knowing that it contains such matter" is a distinct offence under Section 502 IPC.

14. Whether an accused (such as the respondent) against whom D a complaint is registered under vari.ous Sections of the IPC (Sections 500, 501 & 502 ~C) could be convicted for any of those offences depends upon the evidence regardi"ng the existence of the facts relevant to constitute those offences.

15. in the coritext of the facts of the present case, first of all, it E must be established that the matter printed and offered for sale is defamatory within the meaning of the expression under Section 499 IPC.

If so proved, the next step would be to examine the question whether

the accused committed the acts which constitute the offence of which he is charged with the requisite intention or knowledge etc. to' make his F acts culpable. . ·

16. Answer to the question depends upon the facts. If the respondent is the person who eithe-r made or published the defamatory imputation, he would be liable for punishment under Section 500 IPC. If he is the person who "printed" the matter within the meaning of the expression under Section 501 IPC. Similarly to constitute an offence G under Section 502 IPC,.it must be established that the respondent is not only the owner of the newspaper but also sold or offered the newspaper for sale.

'Khima Nand v. Emperor, (1937) 38 Cr! LJ 806 (All); Amar Sin.gh v. K)/, nadalia,

(1965) 2 Cri LJ 693 rn. " . . · " H

17. We must make it clear that for the acts of printing or selling or offering to sell need not only be the physical acts but include the legal right to sell i.e. to transfer the title in the goods - the newspaper. Those activities if carried on by people, who are employed either directly or indirectly by the owner of the newspaper, perhaps render all of them i.e., the owner, the printer, or the person selling or offering for sale liable for the offences under Sections 501 or 502 IPC, (as the case may be) if the other elements indicated in those Sections are satisfied.

18. Whether the content of the appellant's complaint constitutes an offence punishable under any one or all or some of the abovementioned sections was not examined by the High Court for quashing the complaint against the respondent. So we need not trouble ourselves to deal with that question.

We presume for the purpose of this appeal that the content of the appellant's complaint does disclose the facts necessary to establish the commission of one or all of the offences mentioned above.

Whether there is sufficient evidence to establish the guilt of the respondent for any one of the abovementioned three offences is a matter that can be examined only after recording evidence at the time of trial. That can never be a subject matter of a proceeding under Section 482 Cr.P.C.

19. From the judgment under appeal, it appears that before the High Court it was argued on behalf of the respondent that there is no vicarious liability in criminal law and therefore the owner of a newspaper cannot be prosecuted for the offences of defamation.

"2. The learned counsel for the petitioner would point out that there can be no vicarious liability insofar as the criminal law is concerned. The complainant's allegation of the defamatory material published in the newspaper against him, even if it is established, can only be sustained ugainst the editor of the newspaper and not the owner of the newspuper. The petitioner admittedly was the owner. The newspaper carries a legend that the newspaper is edited and published on behalf of the petitioner and there is no dispute in this regard."

20. It appears from para 3 of the judgment that the appellant herein submitted in response to the above extracted contention of the respondent that the question is no longer res integra and is covered by a judgment of this Court in K.M. Mathew v. K.A. Abraham & Otlrers.2

H 2(2002) 6 sec 670

The High Court rejected the submission holding: A

" ....... it is however noticed that the said decision was in respect of a managing editor, resident editor or a chief editor of respective newspaper publications, who were parties therein. Therefore, at the outset, it cun be said that the said case could be distinguished from the case on hand, as, the petitioner is not claiming as an B editor, who had any role in the publication of the newspaper ..

Therefore, it is a fit case where the petition should be allowed."

The High Court concluded that prosecution of the respondent would lead to miscarriage of justice. A conclusion without any discussion and without disclosing any principle which forms the busis of the conclusion. c

fACIS. ISSUE & RATIO DECIDENDI OF K.M. MATHEW'S ~:

21. K.M. Mathew was the "Chief Editor" of a daily called Malayalc1m Manorama. When he was sought to be prosecuted for the offence of defamation, he approached the High Court under Section D 482 Cr.P.C. praying that the prosecution be quashed on the ground that Section 7 of the Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867 only permits the prosecution of the Editor but not the Chief Editor. The High Court rejected the submission.

22. Even before this Court, the same submission was macle.3 This E Court rejected the submission holding:

"16. The contention of these appellants is not tenable. There is no statutory immunity for the Chief Editor against any prosecution for the alleged publication of any matter in the newspaper over which these persons exercise control." F

It was further held that though the presumption under Section 7 of the Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867 is not applicable to somebody whose name is printed in the newspaper as the Chief Editor, the complainant can still allege and prove that persons other than the Editor, if they are responsible for the publication of the defamatory O material.

'The contention of the appellants in these cases is that they had not been shown as Editors in these publications and that their names were printed either as Chief Editor, Managing Editor or Resident Editor and not us "Editor" and there cannot be any criminal prosecution against them for the alleged libellous publication of any matter in that newspaper. [Pura 15 of K.M. Mathew's case] H

"20. The provisions contained in the Act clearly go to show that there could be a presumption against the Editor whose name is printed in the newspaper to the effect that he is the Editor of such publication and that he is responsible for selecting the matter for publication. Though, a similar presumption cannot be drawn against the Chief Editor, Resident Editor or Managing Editor, nevertheless, the complainant can still allege and prove that they had knowledge and they. were responsible for the publication of the defamatory news item. Even the presumption under Section 7 is a rebuttable presumption and the same could be proved otherwise. That by itself indicates that somebody other than editor can also be held responsible for selecting the matter for publication in a newspaper."

23. K.M. Mathew's case has nothing to do with the question of vicarious liability. The argument in K.M. Mathew's case was that in view of Section 7 of the Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867 only the Editor of a newspaper could be prosecuted for defamation. Such a D submission was rejected holding that Section 7 does not create any immunity in favour of persons other than the Editor of a newspaper. It only creates a rebuttable presumption that the person whose name is shown as the editor of the newspaper is responsi\>le for the choice and publication of the material in the newspaper~ K.M. Mathew's case

-E made 'it cle<1r that if a c.omplaint contains allegations (which if proved would constitute defamation), person other than the one who is.declared to be te editor of the newspapers can be prosecuted if they are alleged to be res.ponsible for the publication of such defamatory material.

The High Court, in our opinion, without examining the ratio of K.M. Mathew's case chose to conclude that the dei;:ision is. distinguishable.

F The judgment of the High Court is absolutely unstructured leaving much to be desired.

24. Vicarious liability for a crime is altogether a different matter.

In England, at one point of time, the owner of a newspaper was held to be vicariously liable for an offence of defamation (libel). The history of G law in this regard is succinctly stated by Lord Cockburn in The Queen

11. llolbrook.4 Though there appears to be some modification of the law subsequent to the enactment of Lord Campbell's Act i.e. the Libel Act 1843 (6&7 Viet C 96).

4L.R. 3 QBD 60 H

Lord Campbell's Act did not apply to India. The Press and A Registration of Books Act (Act XXV of 1867) is made applicable to British India and continues to be in force by virtue of the declaration under Article 372 of the Constitution of India. There are material differences between the scheme and tenor of both the enactments. In Ramasami v. Lokanada, (1886) ILR 9 Mad 692, it was held: B " ... But we cannot hold that the provisions of that Statute (Ed ..

Lord Campbell's Act) are applicable to this country, and we must determine whether the accused is or is not guilty of defamation with reference to the provisions of the Indian Penal Code. We consider that it would be a sufficient answer to the charge in this country if the accused showed that he entrusted in good faith the C temporary management of the newspaper to a competent person during his absence, and that the libel was published without his authority, knowledge or consent. As the Judge has, however, misapprehended the effect of Act XXV of 1867, we shall set aside the order of acquittal made by him and direct him to restore D the appeal to his file,· to consider the evidence produced by the accused and then to dispose of the appeal with reference to the foregoing observations."

and reiterated in Emperor v. Bodi Narayana Rao and G.

Harisarvothama Rao, (1909) ILR 32 Mad 338: E

"Lord Campbell's Act, of course, is not in force in India, and the Criminal Law of England is not necessarily the same as the Criminal Law of India as contained in the Indian Penal Code ... "

25. The extent of the applicability of the principle of vicarious liability in criminal law particularly in the context of the offences relating F to defamation are neither discussed by the High Court in the judgment under appeal nor argued before us because the respondent neither appeared in person nor through any advocate. Therefore, we desist from examining the question in detail. But we are of the opinion that the question requires a serious examination in an appropriate case because G the owner of a newspaper employs people to print, publish and sell the newspaper to make a financial gain out of the said activity. Each of the abovementioned activities is carried on by persons employed by the owner.

26. Where defamatory matter is printed (in a newspaper or a book etc.) and sold or offered for sale, whether the owner thereof can be heard to say that he cannot be made vicariously liable for the defamatory material carried by his newspaper etc. requires a critical examination.

27. Each case requires a carefol scrutiny of the various questions indicated above. Neither prosecutions nor the power under Section 482 CrPC can be either conducted or exercised casually as was done in the case on hand.

28. The judgment underappeal cannot be sustuined for the reasons c indicated above. The same is, therefore, set-aside and the appeal is allowed. The trial court will now proceed with the case in accordance with Jaw.

Devika Gujrnl Appeal allowed.