[2015] 1 S.C.R. 288

M/S. PEPSICO INDIA HOLDING PVT. LTD. v.

KRISHNA KANT PANDEY (Civil Appeal No.28 of 2015)

JANUARY 06, 2015

[M.Y. EQBAL AND SHIVA KIRTI SINGH, JJ.]

Uttar Pradesh Industrial Disputes Act, 1947-:- s.2(z) and s. 6 - Termination of service - Disputed before Labour court C - Reference dismissed as not maintainable holding that the employee was not a workman as defined uls 2(z) - Writ petition - High Court allowed the petition holding that though the employee was not covered under the definition of workman, he shall be classified as workman - High Court alsc D directed the Government to make an amendment in s.2(z) -

On appeal, held: Labour court rightly held that the employee was not a workman within the meaning of s. 2(z} - High Court exceeded its jurisdiction u!Art.2261227 of the Constitution by interfering with finding of facts and by directing the E Government to make amendments in s.2(z) - Constitution of India, 1950 - Articles 226 and 227.

Allowing the appeal, the Court

HELD: 1.The order of the Tribunal would show that F the respondent-workman accepted different works assigned to him which were purely of supervisory and managerial nature. The details of 15 managerial/ supervisory works assigned to the respondent have been analyzed by the Tribunal which finally came to the G conclusion that the respondent is not a workman within the meaning ofSection 2(z) of the Act. [para 16] [303-E-F]

Bir/a Corpn. Ltd .. vs. Rajeshwar Mahato and Others,

(2001) 10 sec 611 - relied on.

PEPSICO INDIA HOLDING PVT. LTD. v. KRISHNA 289

KANT PANDEY

2. The High Court has exceeded in exercise of its A jurisdiction under Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution in interfering with the finding of facts recorded by the Labour Court. The High Court in the guise of exercising its jurisdiction, normally should not interfere under Article 227 of the Constitution and convert itself into a court of B appeal. [para 12] [299-A"B]

Chandavarkar Sita Ratna Rao vs. Ashalata S.

Guram 1986 (3) SCR 866 = (1986) 4 SCC 447; Indian Overseas Bank vs. 1.0.B. Staff Canteen Workers' Union and C Another2000 (2) SCR 1212 = (2000) 4 SCC 245 - relied on.

3. The High Court committed grave error in holding that although the respondent is not covered under the definition of workman as defined under Section 2(z) of the Act he shall be classified as a workman. The High Court D further exceeded its jurisdiction in advising the Government to make an amendment in Section 2(z) of the Act and to exclude some clauses. The order passed by the High Court cannot be sustained in law. [para 17] [303-

G-H; 304-A] E

S.K. Mani vs. Mis. Carona Sahu Company Limited and Ors.1994 (2) SCR 333 = (1994) 3 SCC 51 O; Mis. UP. Electric Supply Co., Ltd. vs. The Workmen of Mis. S.N. Choudhary

I Contractors and Anr., (1960) 3 SCR 189; TISCO Ltd. v. State F of Jharkhand, 2013 (9) SCR 437 = (2014) 1 SCC 536, and Bhogpur Coop Sugar Mills Ltd. vs. Harmesh Kumar 2006

(8) Suppl. SCR 1021 = (2006) 13 SCC 28 - referred to.

Case Law Reference:

(2001) 10 sec 611 referred to para 7 G

1994 (2) SCR 333 referred to para 7 .

(1960) 3 SCR 189 referred to para 8

2013 (9) SCR 437 referred to para 8 H

2006 (8) Suppl. SCR 1021 referred to

1986 (3) SCR 866 relied on

2001 (1 O) sec 611

2000 (2) SCR 1212

relied on

relied on

para 8

para 13

para 14

para 15

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 28 of 2015.

From the Judgment and Order dated 23-05-2013 of the C High Court of Uttar Pradesh at Lucknow Bench in Writ Petition No. 102 (MS) of 2008.

C.U. Singh, Ashlesha Srivastava, Dheeraj Nair for the appellant.

Kavin Gulati, Avi Tandon, Rohit Sthalekar (For T. Mahipal) for the Respondent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

M.Y.EQBAL, J. 1. Leave granted.

2. This appeal by special leave is directed against judgment and order dated 23.5.2013 of the High Court of Allahabad at Lucknow Bench whereby learned Single Judge classifying the respondent as 'workman' allowed the writ petition preferred by him, quashed the order dated August 24, 2007 passed by the Industrial Tribunal 11, State of Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow (in short, 'the Tribunal') and directed the Tribunal to decide respondent's Case No.84/2004 on merit.

3. The factual matrix of the case is that the respondent was appointed on the post of Operator/Technician Grade Ill for six months on probation basis w.e.f. 13th of March, 1995 against the salary of Rs. 2600/- per month. Having been found his services satisfactory, he was confirmed w.e.f. 13th September, 1995 and was also awarded one increment w.e.f. 1st of

February, 1996. Earlier, he was appointed in the Plant of A Jainpur (Kanpur Dehat) from where he was transferred to Sathariya Plant, District Jaunpur, U.P. on 30th of August, 1996 on the revised pay scale i.e. Rs. 5450/-. Pursuant to the subsequent transfer order, he was posted at Lucknow in the month of June, 1997 and till 2000 he was awarded annual B increments at the rate of Rs.490/-. Subsequently, he was promoted to the post of Line Supervisor in the pay scale of Rs. 7716/- and thereafter to the post of Fleet Executive.

4. It is the case of the respondent that being posted as a Fleet Executive, he was to discharge the mechanical work and C that being so, he was called as skilled workman. It is stated that no other staff was posted in his subordination. The respondent also pointed out the conduct of the employer transferring him from one place to another and also compelling

D him to resign from the post or to be on long leave. On being asked to proceed on leave, respondent remained on leave w.e.f. 9th October, 2003 to 17th October, 2003. When he turned up, he was not permitted to join for want of instructions of the superior authorities. Thereafter, respondent wrote a letter on 8th November, 2003 to the Vice President seeking guidance for further action, upon which the employer became unhappy and terminated his services on 14th of November, 2003 by giving one month's salary in lieu of notice prior to termination.

5. Aggrieved by the said termination, respondent preferred

F a reference before the Conciliation Officer, Lucknow alleging that he is a 'workman' within the meaning of the Uttar Pradesh Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (hereinafter referred to as the 'Act') and termination of his services by the Company is contrary to Section 6 of the Act. The appellant Company G pleaded that the respondent did not satisfy the criteria of a workman as defined under Section 2(z) of the Act. The Industrial Tribunal dismissed the reference stating that the respondent is not a workman under Section 2(z) of the Act and, therefore, no challenge to the termination is maintainable before the Tribunal.

6. Respondent, being aggrieved, moved the High Court by way of a writ petition challenging the order of the Tribunal and also for his re-instatement to the post of Fleet Executive with continuity of service and for payment of full back wages. In reply, the appellant pleaded that the order of termination is in B accordance with the provisions of the Act. After hearing learned

counsel on either side, learned Single Judge of the High Court allowed writ petition of the respondent, quashed order of the Tribunal and directed it to proceed with the adjudication of the respondent's case on merit. Hence, the present appeal by c special leave by the appellant-Company.

7. Mr. C.U. Singh, learned counsel appearing for the appellant, assailed the order passed by the High Court on various grounds inter a/ia, the High Court has exceeded its jurisdiction conferred upon it under Article 226 of the D Constitution of India by reversing the finding recorded by the

Tribunal. Learned counsel submitted that the High Court has committed grave error. in issuing suo motu directions to the executive to amend a relevant provision of Section 2(z) of the

U.P. Industrial Disputes Act (in short, 'State Act'). According E to the learned counsel, issuing such direction by the High Court amounts to issue a direction to the legislature to enact a law in a particular manner. Learned counsel submitted that the High Court cannot mandate the executive to introduce or enact a legislation, howsoever necessary or desirable. Learned F counsel drew our attention to the provisions of Section 2(z) of the said Act which defines 'workman' and submitted that the High Court has failed to appreciate that the nature of duties and responsibilities entrusted upon the respondent are not manual, skilled or unskilled or technical services, but manual, managerial G and supervisory. In the capacity of Fleet Executive, respondent was required to monitor each and every vehicle of the Fleet and ensure that the necessary repair proceedings were carried out.

Learned counsel further submitted that the High Court has misdirected itself in considering the relevant facts and H pleadings which were not even placed before the Industrial

Tribunal. Lastly, it was contended that the High Court in exercise A of its jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution ought not re-appreciate or re-weigh evidence and disturb the finding of facts recorded by the Tribunal based on appreciation of evidence. Learned counsel relied upon the judgment of this Court in the case of Chandavarkar Sita R9tna , Rao vs.

B Ashalata S. Guram, (1986) 4.ScC.447, Bk/a Corpn. Ltd .. vs.

Rajeshwar Mahat6and Others, (2001) 10 sec 611 and S.K.

Mani vs. Mis. Carona Sahu Company Limited and Ors.,

(1994) 3 sec 510.

8. Mr. Kavin Gulati, learned senior counsel appearing for C the respondent firstly contended that before conciliation, the appellant raised an objection with regard to the jurisdiction of the Tribunal and the matter was finally referred to the Labour Court for adjudication on a limited question as to whether the termination of services of the respondent was justified.

D According to the learned counsel, the appellant-management cannot raise the question of jurisdiction of the Labour Court.

Learned counsel referred to Rule 12 of the Industrial Disputes Rules in support of his contention and relied upon the decision of this Court in the case of Mis. UP. Electric Supply Co., Ltd.

E vs. The Workmen of Mis. S.N. Choudhary Contractors and Anr., (1960) 3 SCR page 189. Mr. Gulati, learned senior counsel also relied upon the decision of this Court in the case of T/SCO Ltd. V. State of Jharkhand, (2014) 1 sec 536, and Bhogpur Coop Sugar Mills Ltd. vs. Harmesh Kumar, (2006) F 13 SCC 28, for the proposition that the Labour Court has limited jurisdiction to adjudicate the disputes referred to it and not to enter into any other question that may be raised in the reference.

9. We have heard learned counsel for both the parties and considered the relevant facts and the law applicable thereto.

The admitted facts are that at the relevant time, the respondent was working as a Fleet Supervisor and drawing a salary of Rs. 7716/-. Initially, he was appointed as a technician Grade-Ill in

A 1995 on the salary of Rs. 2600/- per month and after getting increment his salary was increased. By giving one month's salary, in lieu of the notice, his services were terminated.

10. It appears that the appellant raised a preliminary

8 objection before the Labour .Court that the respondent was not a Labour as defined under Section 2(z) of the said Act and the Deputy Labour Commissioner, Lucknow, who had referredthe present case, was not competent for this purpose. The Labour Court recorded the evidence adduced by both the appellant and C the respondent and discussed the evidence, and elaborately

considered the case of the parties. The Labour Court finally

recorded finding that the respondent is not a workman within the meaning of Section 2(z) of the Act. Paras 13 to 15 of the order are reproduced hereinbelow:-

"13. The statement of the Applicant is that although he was given the post in the name of Fleet Executive and he was posted at the warehouse at Lucknow, however practically he was doing the work of skilled manual and as such he fall within the definition as given in Section 2(z) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 194 7. According to him his main work was to remove the technical defects at 100% from the fleet. His other works which have been mentioned by the management in their written statement, were secondary. It has also been stated that the written statement of the management is not on affidavit, therefore the same cannot be relied upon. He was executing all his work in accordance with the directions of the higher officials. He was not having any right of doing the work as per his own wishes. He has stated in his statement that no staff was working under him. He used to do the work himself for keeping the vehicles 100% free/available from technical deformities and removed the difficulties of the vehicles. It has also been stated that there is a difference in the statement of witnesses of the management EW-1

and EW-2 regarding the repair of the work of the company A and the same cannot be relied upon. It has been stated • while relying upon the legal arrangement given by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in S.K. Verma Vs. Mahesh Chander (AIR- SC-1462) and Shri Verma Role Offer Storage and Distribution Co. of India Ltd. Vs. Vermashel B Management Staff Association and others (1970) 3 SCC 378 that any personnel fall within the definition of labour or not, it depends upon the fact that what is the nature of the main works being done by him. The same cannot be assessed with the name of the post. If the concerned c person is doing the work of manual skilled unskilled work, then he is in the definition of labour, as the main work of the Applicant was to repair the vehicles, which he used to do from his own h, ands. No other person was working under him and he was not having the right to take decision D by himself. Therefore, he falls within the definition of labour. It has been stated while referring the S.K. Verma Vs. Mahesh Chander and Vermashel Air Storage and Distribution Co. of India Ltd., Vs. Vermashel Management Staff Association (supra) that the work of the Applicant was similar to fupelling superintendeni, which has been E considered by the Hon'ble Apex Court as labour, because his work was manual and not supervisory. Therefore he falls within the definition of labour and the termination of service made by the management is retrenchment, which has been done in violation of the provisions of Section 60N of F the U.P. Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. Therefore his termination of service is improper and illegal. On this basis he may be reinstated in service alongwith salary for leave period.

14. It has been argued on behalf of Management that out of the works executed by the Applicant on the post of Fleet Executive, the details of the paid work are mentioned in their written statement. The same has been admitted by

A the Applicant in his arguments. In this manner, the details regarding the main work out of the works on the post of Fleet Executive being done by him is proved. All these works are supervisory in nature. The major work of repair of the vehicle used to be done fro, m outside. The work of B washing.and cleaning of the vehicles was done by driver.

The Applicant has never done any type of repairing work and neither anybody has seen the Applicant while doing such work. In this manner mainly the Applicant was doing the work of supervisory nature. Therefore does not fall c within the definition of labour. His services have been terminated under the terms. In this manner the order of termination of his service is proper and legal. He is not entitled to get any relief.

15. The main question in this industrial dispute is whether the Applicant K.K. Pandey is a labour, as claimed by him, as this claim has been made by him and as such onus to prove the same lies on him. Accor.ding to para 11 and 12 of his written statement he was having only one responsibility on the post of fleet executive that he was to ensure the availability of the vehicles free from technical deformities. According to the written statement for this work nobody was working under him and he used to do the work of repair with his own hands. He has reiterated this fact in his statement also. In this regard except his statement has not produced any evidence to confirm the same. On the other hand he has admitted in his arguments as regards the details of different works mentioned by the management in para No.1 of their written statement.

According to it out of his works, there is a detail of 15 main works. In this manner the statement made by the Applicant

regarding his main work remained rebutted. The statement of the Applicant regarding the post of Fleet Executive on the basis of which he is claiming himself as labour is not liable to be believed."

11. On the basis of the findings based on elaborate A discussions and analyzing the evidence, the Labour Court came

to the conclusion that at the relevant time the respondent was working as a Fleet Executive which is supervisory in nature and does not fall within the definition of 'labour' as defined under Section 2(z) of the Act. Hence, he is not entitled to any relief.

The respondent challenged the aforesaid'award passed by the Labour Court in a writ petition before the High Court. After considering the definition contained in Section 2(z) of the Act and the nature of work assigned to the respondent, the High Court arrived at a conclusion that the nature of work prevalent c on the date of termination was as that of a workman. Curiously enough, though the respondent did not come under the definition of workman under Section 2(z) of the Act, the High Court proceeded on the basis that the U.P. Industrial Disputes Act was enacted in 1947 and although the respondent cannot D be held to be a workman under the said definition, held that he shall have to be classified as a workman and directed the Government to make amendment in Section 2(z) of the Act excluding some of the clauses. For better appreciation, relevant portion of the order is quoted hereinbelow:- E "There is one more exclusion clause in section 2(z) of the Act i.e. Clause (iv) which excludes the employee who being employed in supervisory capacity draws wages exceeding Rs. 500/- per mensem or exercise, either by the nature of the duties attached to the office or by reason of the powers vested in him, functions mainly of a managerial in nature.

It is very much obvious that by nature of duties assigned to the petitioner, it cannot be said that he was attached to the office or mainly managerial function was vested with him.

So far as another condition for exclusion from the definition of "workman" viz drawing wages exceeding Rs.

500/- per mensem is concerned, it is not in dispute that the petitioner on the date of retrenchment had been getting

more Rs. 500/- mensem. This clause is a part of original form of the definition of "workman" as is provided under section 2 (z) of the Act. The U. P. Industrial Disputes Act was enacted in 1947. The petitioner was retrenched from service in 2003. The date of his initial appointment is on 13th of March, 1995. By passage of time the GDP growth had been increased in number of times from 1947 to 2003.

Therefore, the enhancement in income was a natural corollary, in the light of which, I am of the view that this clause has become unworkable and redundant. Now every workman working in the Industry definitely would have been getting more than Rs. 500/- per mensem and if this clause is permitted to be prevailed no workman shall be governed under the definition of "workman". Therefore, I am of the view that this clause has lost its significance and if the employee is covered under the definition of "workman" as is defined under Section 2 (z) of the U. P. Industrial Disputes Act and further is not covered under the exclusion clause except clause (iv), he shall be classified as "workman". The clause (iv) of section 2 (z) shall not come in the way-of his categorization as "workman".

It is advisable to the State Government to consider to make an amendment in section 2 (z) of the U. P. Industrial Disputes Act, 194 7 in general and to exclude the class (iv) from the exclusion in particular.

Since the present petitioner has been classified by this court, as above, under the definition of "workman" the order impugned dated 24th of August, 2007 passed by the Industrial Tribunal II, State of U. P., Lucknow is hereby quashed with the direction to the Tribunal to proceed with the adjudication case No. 82/2004 to adjudicate upon it on merit."

12. Considering the entire facts of the case and the findings recorded by the Labour Court, prima facie we are of H the view that the High Court has exceeded in exercise of its

jurisdiction under Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution of A

India in interfering with the finding of facts recorded by the Labour Court. It is well settled that the High Court in the guise of exercising its jurisdiction normally should not interfere under Article 227 of the Constitution and convert itself into a court of appeal.

13. While discussing the power of the High Court under Articles 22p and 227 of the Constitution interfering with the facts recorded by the courts or the tribunal, this Court in the case of Chandavarkar S.R. Rao vs. Asha!ata S. Guram, (supra) held as under:- C

"17. In case of finding of facts, the co'urt should not interfere in exercise of its jurisdiction under Article 227 of the Constitution. Reference may be made to the observations of this Court in Bathutmal Raichand Oswa/ v. Laxmibai D R. Tarla where this Court observed that the High Court could not in the guise of exercising its jurisdiction under Article 227 convert itself into a court of appeal when the legislature has not conferred a right of appeal. The High Court was not competent to correct errors of facts by E examining the evidence and reappreciating. Speaking for the Court, Bhagwati, J. as the learned Chief Justice then was, observed at p. 1301 of the report as follows: (SCC p. 864, para 7)

"The special civil application preferred by the appellant was admittedly an application under Article 227 and it is, therefore, material only to consider the scope and ambit of the jurisdiction of the High Court under that article. Did

the High Court have jurisdiction in an application under Article 227 to disturb the findings of fact reached by the G District Court? lt'is well settled by the decision of this Court in Watyam Singh v. Amarnath that the

... power of superintendence conferred by Article 227 is,

as pointed out by Harries, C.J., in Dalmia Jain Airways v.

Sukumar Mukherjee to be exercised most sparingly and only in appropriate cases in order to keep the subordinate courts within the bounds of their authority and not for correcting mere errors.

This statement of law was quoted with approval in the subsequent decision of this Court in Nagendra Nath Bose

v. Commr. of Hills Division and it was pointed out by Sinha, J., as he then was, speaking on behalf of the court in that case:

It is thus, clear that the powers of judicial interference under Article 227 of the Constitution with orders of judicial or quasi-judicial nature, are not greater than the power under Article 226 of the Constitution. Under Article 226 the power D of interference may extend to quashing an impugned order on the ground of a mistake apparent on the face of the record: But under Article 227 of the Constitution, the power of interference is limited to seeing that the tribunal functions within the limits of its authority."

14. In the case of Bir/a Corpn. Ltd .. vs. Rajeshwar Mahato and Others, (2001) 1 O sec, the question of validity of termination of services of the respondent by the appellant- Corporation was referred to the Industrial Tribunal. On evidence, the Industrial Tribunal found that the duties of the F respondent were mainly managerial or administrative. The Tribunal held that the respondent was not a workman and the reference was therefore not maintainable against the decision of the Tribunal. The Tribunal relying on Section 2(s)(iv) (as amended in West Bengal W.B.) held that as the respondent was G drawing salary less than Rs.1600/- per month, he had to be regarded as a workman. The Corporation moved this Court against the order of the High Court. This Court while setting aside the decision of the High Court held as under :-

H "4. It was not in dispute that at the time of the termination

of services of Respondent 1, he was receiving Rs 1185 A per month by way of salary. The Tribunal recorded the evidence as well as took into consideration documentary evidence which was produced by the parties. On the basis of the evidence which was adduced before it, the Tribunal observed that: B

''The main duties of Shri Rajeshwar Mahato were both supervisory and administrative in nature.

In the instant case, Shri Mahato's functions C were mainly of a managerial nature. He had control as well as supervision over the work of the jute mill workers working under him."

11. As we have also noticed hereinabove, the Tribunal had given a categorical finding to the effect that Respondent 1 's function was mainly of managerial nature. His duties were both supervisory and administrative and therefore he was regarded as not being a workman. Though the Tribunal did not specifically state so, it is evident that it is because of Section 2(s)(iii) that Respondent 1 was regarded as not being a workman.

12. Neither the Single Judge nor the Division Bench of the High Court, as we have already noticed, referred to this aspect of the matter. Even assuming that the West Bengal amendment was applicable, that would still not help to hold Respondent 1 as a workman if the finding of the Tribunal with 'egard to the nature of the duties performed by him, as arrived at by the Tribunal, is not set aside as being frivolous or without any evidence. As long as the finding of the Tribunal stands, namely, that the respondent was an employee mainly in a managerial or administrative capacity, the award of the Tribunal could not have been set aside. As we have already observed the Single Judge or even the Division Bench could have come to the

conclusion that the finding so arrived at by the Tribunal was either frivolous or not based on any evidence. But this aspect of the case was completely overlooked by the High Court. The emphasis of the Single Judge as well as the Division Bench was only with regard to applicability of the amendment of the State of West Bengal to Section 2(s) of the Industrial Disputes Act. In our opinion, therefore, the High Court erred in allowing on this ground the writ petition filed by Respondent 1. The decision of the High Court is set aside and the writ petition filed therein by the respondent stands dismissed."

15. In the case of Indian Overseas Bank vs. /. O.B. Staff Canteen Workers' Union and Another, (2000) 4 SCC 245, this Court considered a similar question with regard to the power of the High Court under Article 226 against the findings D recorded by the Industrial Tribunal. Reversing the decision of the Single Judge and restoring the fact finding decision of the Tribunal this, Court held :-

"17. The learned Single Judge seems to have undertaken an exercise, impermissible for him in exercising writ jurisdiction, by liberally reappreciating the evidence and drawing conclusions of his own on pure questions of fact,

unmindful, though aware fully, that he is not exercising any appellate jurisdiction over the awards passed by a tribunal, presided over by a judicial officer. The findings of fact recorded by a fact-finding authority duly constituted for the purpose and which ordinarily should be considered to have become final, cannot be disturbed for the mere ceason of having been based on materials or evidence not sufficient or credible in the opinion of the writ court to warrant those findings, at any rate, as long as they are based upon some material which are relevant for the purpose or even on the ground that. there is yet another view which can reasonably and possibly be taken. The Division Bench was not only justified but well merited in its criticism of the order of the

learned Single Judge and in ordering restoration of the A award of the Tribunal. On being taken through the findings of the Industrial Tribunal as well as the order of the learned Single Judge and the judgment of the Division Bench, we are of the view that the Industrial Tribunal had overwhelming materials which constituted ample and sufficient basis for recording its findings, as it did, and the manner of consideration undertaken, the objectivity of approach adopted and reasonableness of findings recorded seem to be unexceptionable. The only course, therefore, open

to the writ Judge was to find out the satisfaction or c otherwise of the relevant criteria laid down by this Court, before sustaining the claim of the canteen workmen, on the facts found and recorded by the fact-finding authority and not embark upon an exercise of reassessing the evidence and arriving at findings of one's own, altogether giving a complete go-by even to the facts specifically found by the Tribunal below."

16. The order of the Tribunal would show that the respondent-workman accepted different works assigned to him which were purely of supervisory and managerial nature. The E details of 15 managerial/supervisory works assigned to the respondent have been analyzed by the Tribunal which finally came to the conclusion that the respondent is not a workman within the meaning of Section 2(z) of the Act.

17. In exercise of its writ jurisdiction, the High Court proceeded initially on the basis that the appellant had entered into service on the post of Operator/Technician Grade-Ill, which is a technical post and from there he was promoted to different posts including Fleet Executive. The High Court committed grave error in holding that although he is not covered under the definition of workman as defined under Section 2(z) of the Act he shall be classified as a workman. The High Court further exceeded its jurisdiction in advising the Government to make an amendment in Section 2(z) of the Act and to exclude some

A clauses. The order passed by the High Court cannot be sustained in law.

18. We, therefore, allow this appeal and set aside the order of the High Court and restore the order passed by the Tribunal.

8 However, we give liberty to the respondent to move the appropriate forum to challenge, in accordance with law, the order of termination passed by the appellant.

Kalpana K. Tripathy Appeal allowed.