[2014] 7 S.C.R. 305

OM PRAKASH

STATE OF HARYANA (Criminal Appeal No. 1102 of 2006)

APRIL 16, 2014

[K.S. RADHAKRISHNAN AND DIPAK MISRA, JJ.)

Penal Code, 1860ss. 302 rlw s.149 and s.148- Murder

- Unlawful assembly -Common object - Allegation that appellants inflicted injuries on deceased with lathis and butt C of gun whereafter appellant no. 1 came on a tractor and ran over the deceased '-.'Conviction of appellants - Challenged on grounds that there was delay in lodging of FIR; that there was no evidence that appellant no. 1 ran over the tractor over the deceased; and that eye witnesses did not ascribe specific D overt act to each of the accused - Held: On facts, from the sequence of the events which include consumption of time in carrying the injured to the hospital, treatment availed of by the deceased, information given by the concerned authority of the primary h_ealth centre and arrival of police and also E taking note of the distance, i.e., 24 kilometers from the place of occurrence, it cannot be said that there was any delay in lodging of the FIR - That apart, mere delay in lodging FIR cannot by itself be regarded as fatal to the prosecution case

- It came out in the evidence that all accused persons carried F lathis and most injuries were caused due to lathi blows and some by the tractor - Ocular testimony corroborated by medical evidence in this regard - Accused persons came together armed with lathis and a gun - Eye witnesses were natural witnesses, being brothers, and deposed in unequivocal manner about the assault by all the accused G persons - Common object clearly evident - In such a situation, attribution of specific individual overt act has no role to play - All requisite tests to attract s. 149 /PC established

305 / H

A by the prosecution - Conviction of appellants accordingly affirmed.

Penal Code, 1860 - s. 149 - Common object of unlawful assembly - Manner of inference - Held: It can be gathered from the nature of the assembly, the weapons used by its 8 members and the behavior of the assembly at or before the scene of occurrence - Core of the offence is the word "object" which means the purpose or design and in order to make it common, it should be shared by all - Number and nature of injuries is a relevant fact to deduce that the common object C developed at the time of incident.

FIR - Delay in lodging - Effect of - Held: Mere delay in lodging FIR cannot by itself be regarded as fatal to the prosecution case - The Court has a duty to take notice of the o delay and examine the same in the backdrop of factual $Core,

whether there has been any acceptable explanation offered by the prosecution and whether the same deserves acceptance being satisfactory, but when delay is satisfactorily explained, no adverse inference is to be drawn.

E The prosecution case was that on the fateful day, an unlawful assembly comprising of accused-appellants inflicted injuries on 'PD', the brother of PW3-informant with /athis and butt of the gun; whereafter appellant no.1 came on a tractor and ran over 'PD' which led to bleeding F injuries on his arms, legs, waist and head and ultimately his death. The trial court found all the accused-appellants guilty and convicted them under Section 148 and section 302 rlw section 149 IPC. The conviction was affirmed by the High Court.

In the instant appeals, the appellants challenged their conviction contending that there was delay in lodging of. the FIR; that there was no evidence that appellant no.1 ran over the tractor over the deceased; and that the so

OM PRAKASH v. STATE OF HARYANA 307

called eye witnesses did not ascri.be any specific overt A act to each of the accused.

Dismissing the appeals, the Court

HELD:1.1. In the instant case, from the sequence of the events which include consumption of time in carrying B the injured to the hospital, treatment availed of by the deceased, information given by the concerned authority of the primary health centre and arrival of police and also taking note of the distance, i.e., 24 kilometers from the place of occurrence, it cannot be said that there is any C delay in lodging of the FIR. That apart, it is settled in law that mere delay in lodging the first information report cannot by itself be regarded as fatal to the prosecution case. True it is, the court has a duty to take notice of the delay and examine the same in the backdrop of the D factual score, whether there has been any acceptable explanation offered by the prosecution and whether the same deserves acceptation being satisfactory, but when delay is satisfactorily explained, no adverse inference is to be drawn. It is to be seen whether there has been E possibility of embellishment in the prosecution version on account of such delay. [Para 9] [314-F-H; 315-A]

1.2. In the present case, there is, in fact, no delay. The word "earliest" cannot be put in the compartment of absolute precision. Apart from that the impact of the crime on the relations who are eye witnesses, the shock and panic which would rule supreme at the relevant time and other ancillary aspects are also to be kept in mind. That apart, the FIR is not the result of any embellishment which

has the roots in any kind of afterthought. In totality of facts G and circumstances, the submission for the appellants pertaining to delay in lodging of the FIR being totally unaccep, able is hereby rejected. [Para 10] [315-C-E]

Meharaj Singh v. State of U.P. (1994) 5 SCC 188, State H

A of H.P. v. Gian Chand (2001) 6 SCC 71.; Ramdas and others

v. State of Maharashtra (2007) 2 SCC 170; Kilakkatha Parambath Sasi and others v. State of Kera/a (2011) 4 SCC 552 and Kanhaiya Lal and others v. State of Rajasthan (2013) 5 sec 655 - relied on.

2. PW-3, and PW-7, the elder brothers of the deceased, have categorically deposed that the accused persons had given blows with lathis and appellant no.1 had run the tractor over the deceased. There is no contradiction of the nature which would cause a C concavity in the version of the prosecution. The ocular testimony has been corroborated by the medical evidence to a major extent in that regard and hence, it would be inappropriate to discard the prosecution case. That apart, the mental condition of the witnesses can be well D appreciated and, in an~ case, they were not expected to state with exactitude how the injuries were caused by the tractor. From the evidence of PW-4 (the doctor who examined the deceased prior to his death), it is evincible that the injuries sustained by the deceased on his legs E and arms could have been caused by the tractor wheels.

Similar is the opinion of PW-1 (doctor who conducted the autopsy) and in the cross-examination he has explained why crush injuries were not there. Nothing has been elicited in the cross-examination of the eye witnesses on F that score. In fact, no suggestion has also been given. It

came out in the evidence that all the accused persons had carried lathis and most of the injuries were caused due to lathi blows and some by the tractor. Thus, the ocular testimony gets corroboration from the medical G evidence, and, therefore, the stance that the prosecution witnesses made an effort to exaggerate their version ascribing a serious role to appellant no.1 is rejected. [Paras 11, 13] [315-F-G; 317-G-H; 318-A-D]

H 3.1. Common object of an unlawful assembly can

.OM PRAKASH v. STATE OF HARYANA 309

also be gathered from the nature of the assembly, the A weapons used by its members and the behavior of the assembly at or before the scene of occurrence. It cannot be stated as a general proposition of law that unless an overt act is proven against the person who is alleged to be a member of the unlawful assembly, it cannot be held B that he is a member of the assembly. What is really required to be seen is that the member of the unlawful assembly should have understood that the assembly was unlawful and was likely to commit any of the acts which fall within the purview of Section 141 IPC. The core of the c offence is the word "object" which means the purpose or design and in order to make it common, it should be shared by all. The burden is on the prosecution. It is required to establish whether the accused persons were present and whether they shared the common object. It 0 is also an accepted principle that number and nature of injuries is a relevant fact to deduce that the common object has developed at the time of incident. [Para 16]

[31 S,.F-H; 320-A-C]

3.2. In the case at hand, as the evidence would E . clearly show, all the accused persons had come together armed with lathis. Accused Het Ram, who died during the pendency of the appeal, was armed with a gun. The eye witnesses who are natural witnesses, being brothers, have deposed in an unequivocal manner about the F assault by all the accused persons. The common object is clearly evident. In such a situation, attribution of specific individual overt act has no role to play. All the requisite tests to attract Section 149 IPC have been established by the prosecution. [Para 17] [320-C-E] G

Masa/ti v. The State of Uttar Pradesh AIR 1965 SC 202; Lalji v. State of U.P. (1989) 1 SCC 437; Bhargavan and others

v. State of Kera/a (2004) 12 SCC 414; Debashis Daw and others v. State of West Bengal (2010) 9 SCC 111 and H

Ramachandran and others v. State of Kera/a (2011) 9 SCC 257 - relied on.·

Ba/adin and others v. State of Uttar Pradesh AIR 1956 SC 181 - referred to.

Case Law Reference :

(1994) 5 sec 188 relied on Para 9

(2001) 6 sec 11 relied on Para 9

(2001) 2 sec 110 relied on Para 9

(2011) 4 sec 552 relied on Para 9

(2013) 5 sec 655 relied on Para 9

AIR 1956 SC 181 referred to Para 14

AIR 1965 SC 202 relieq on Para 15

(1989) 1 sec 437 relied on Para 16

(2004) 12 sec 414 relied on Para 16

(2010) 9 sec 111 relied on Para 16

(2011) 9 sec 251 relied on Para 16

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 1102 of 2006.

From the Judgment and Order dated 18.03.2005 of the High Court of Punjab & Haryana at Chandigarh in Crl. Appeal No. 78-DB of 1997.

WITH

CrkA. Nos. 1103 & 1104 of 2006.

Ram Niwas Kush, Jetendra Singh, Priyanka Singh, Shishu Pal, S. K. Sabharwal for the Appellant.

OM PRAKASH v. STATE OF HARYANA 311

Ramesh Kumar, Kamal Mohan Gupta for the Respondent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

DIPAK MISRA, J. 1. The present appeals, by special leave, have been preferred against the common judgment and . order dated 18.03.2005 passed by the High Court of Punjab B and Haryana at Chandigarh in Criminal Appeal Nos. 78-DB & 146-DB of 1997 with Criminal Revision No. 219 of 1997 whereby the court has declined to. interfere with the judgment of conviction and order of sentence passed by the lea'rned Addi. Sessions Judge, Hisar in Sessions Case No. 40of1993 C for the offences under Sections 148 and 302 read with Section 149 of IPC and affirmed the sentences of imprisonment for life and payment of fine of Rs. 1000/- by each with the default clause under Section 302 read with Section 149 of IPC and rigorous imprisonment of two years under Section 148 IPC wi1h D the stipulation that both the sentences shall be concurrent. ..

2. Shorn of unnecessary details, the proseution version is that on 28.06.1993 the informant, Satbir Singh, PW 3, along with his two brothers, namely, Mahinder Singh, PW 7 and E Prabhu Dayal (deceased) had gone to Hisar to enroll themselves in the Border Security Force for which interviews were being held at Hisar. About 3:00. p.m. all of them returned from Hisar in a Macha.nised Cart (Pater Rehra) and alighted at the bus stand of their village, Sadalpur. At that time, the accused-appellants, namely, Man Singh, Radhey Sham, Bhal Singh, Ram Kanwar, Raja Ram, Mange Ram, Kirpa Ram and

Prm Singh emerged from the rear of Katha (chamber), located nearby, Het Ram armed with a gun and all others armed with lathis. All of them raised a lalkara with the intention to assault the informant and his two brothers, Mahinder Singh and G Prabhu Dayal, as the later had earlier caused Injuries to them. . .-.

 Forming an unlawful assembly: with the common object they inflicted injuries on Prabhu Dayal with their lathis and butt of the gun. Prabhu Dayal fell down on the road. Being scared, the informant and his brother Mahinder Singh ran away and stood H

A near the wall of the water reservoir. Thereafter, Om Prakash

came on a tractor bearing registration No. HR-20A-8022, ran over Prabhu Dayal and fled away from the scene of occurrence along with their weapons in the tractor. The informant and his brother Mahinder Singh went to see the condition of Prabhu B Dayal who had sustained injuries on his arms, legs, waist and head and bleeding profusely. He was taken to the Government Hospital, Adampur in a Machanised Cart and first aid was given to him. During his examination by the medical officer he succumbed to his injuries at 5.50 p.m. and the hospital staff c informed the nearby police station about his death. The

Investigating Officer, Ronaski Ram, PW-8, recorded the statement of Satbir Singh, PW-3, and on that base registered an FIR No. 100/93 at 7.45 p.m. and the criminal law was set in motion.

3. In course of investigation, the investigating agency prepared the inquest report, got the post mortem conducted and collected the blood stained earth vide seizure memo Ext.· PM. On 2.07.1993 the Investigating Officer arrested Man Singh, Radhey Shyam, Ram Kumar, Raja Ram and Om Prakash. All E of them led to discovery of the weapons used in the alleged

commission of crime. After completing the investigation chrge sheet was placed against the aforemntioned accused persons.

4. The accused persons pleaded innocence and false implication due to animosity. Be it noted, in course of trial after some evidence was recorded, the learned trial Judge, on the basis of an application preferred by the public prosecutor under Section 319 of the Code summoned the other accused G persons, namely, Bhal Singh, Mange Ram, Kirpa Ram, Het Ram and Prem Singh to face trial.

5. In order to prove its case, the prosecution, examinec eight witnesses, namely, Dr. Pratap Singh, PW-1, Om Prakash, Patwari, PW-2, Satbir Singh, PW-3, Dr. P.L. Jindal, PW-4, H Basant Kumar, PW-5, Ram Kumar, Asst. Sub Inspector, PW-

6, Mahinder Singh, PW-7 and Ronaski Ram, Investigating A officer, PW-8 .. No' evidence in defence was adduced by the accused. However, a copy of the judgment relating to land dispute between the parties and copy of FIR No. 6 dated 9.1.1993 and copy of Election Petition, Ext. DC titled as Sohan Lal v. Nardwari and others were tendered in evidence to B substantiate the plea of enmity. The learned trial Judge on appreciation of evidence brought on record came to hold that the prosecution had brought home the charges beyond any reasonable doubt and, accordingly, convicted all the accused persons and sentenced each of them as has been stated C hereinbefore.

6. Being dissatisfied with the judgment of conviction and order of sentence the accused persons preferred appeal before the High Court raising many a stand and stance. The High Court repelled all the contentions by holding that there was D no delay in lodging of the FIR; that there was enmity between the parties inasmuch as litigations were pending; that the two eye witnesses Satbir Singh, PW-3, and Mahinder Singh, PW- 7, are natural witnesses and their testimony could not be discarded solely because of their relationship with the E deceased; that their evidence is unimpeachable and the contradictions being minor do not create any dent in their version; that the medical evidence assuredly corroborates the ocular testimony of the eye witnesses; that the defective and tilted investigation would not corrode the evidence brought on F record which prove the case of the prosec; ution to the hilt and, eventually, gave the stamp of approval to the verdict of the trial court.

7. Mr. Ram Niwas Kush, learned counsel appearing for the appellants, has urged that there is delay in lodging of the FIR G inasmuch though the occurrence took place about 3.00 p.m., yet the FIR was not lodged till 7.45 p.ni. and in the backdrop of enmity there was ample time to think, add and embellish the • versions, apart from roping in number of persons, which H

A creates a grave suspicion in the whole case put forth by the prosecution. Learned counsel would contend that the evidence brought on record do not remotely prove that a tractor has made to run over certain parts of the body of the deceased as alleged by the prosecution and, therefore, both the courts have fallen B into error by recording the conviction. The last plank of submission is that all the accused persons could not have been convicted under Section 302 IPC in aid of Section 149 IPC.

8. Mr. Ramesh Kumar, learned counsel for the State, C supported the conviction and the sentences recorded by the trial

court which has been concurred with by the, High Court, on the ground that the FIR was lodged in quite promptitude and the 1 appreciation of evidence by both the courts is absolutely! flawless.

9. First, we shall deal with the contention pertaining to delay in lodging of the FIR. It is not in dispute that the occurrence took. place about 3.00 p.m. and thereafter, the deceased was! carried by a merchandised cart to the primary health centre\ where he was administered some treatment but he succumbed E to his injuries. On being informed by the hospital staff, the\

police arrived at the hospital and recorded the statement of the. informant, Satbir Singh, PW-3, and thereafter an FIR was. registered at 7.45 p.m. From the sequence of the events which include consumption of time in carrying the injured to the F hospital, treatment availed of by Prabhu Dayal, information given by the concerned authority of the primary health centre and arrival of police and also taking note of the distance, i.e., 24 kilometers from the place of occurrence, we do not think that there is any delay in lodging of the FIR. That apart, it is settled G in law that mere delay in lodging the first information report cannot by itself be regarded as fatal to the prosecution case.

True it is, the court has a duty to take notice of the delay and examine the same in the backdrop of the factual score, whether there has been any acceptable explanation offered by the

prosecution and whether the same deserves acceptation being H

satisfactory, but when delay is satisfactorily explained, no A adverse inference is to be drawn. It is to be seen whether there has been possibilify of embellishment in the prosecution version on account of such delay. These principles have been stated in Meharaj Singh v. State of U.P. 1, State of H.P. v. Gian

Chand2, Ramdas and others v. State of Maharashtra 3, B Kilakkatha Parambath Sasi and others v. State of Kera/a4 and Kanhaiya Lal and others v. State of Rajasthan5•

10. In the present case, as we find, there is, in fact, no delay. Learned counsel for the appellants would emphasise on C !the concept that effort has to be made to lodge the report at . the earliest, but the "earliest", according to us, cannot be put in :the compartment of absolute precision. Apart from whatwe have stated, the impact of the crime on the relations who are eye witnesses, the shock and panic which would rule supreme at the relevant time and other ancillary aspects are also to be D kept in mind. That apart, as we notice, the FIR is not the result of any embellishment which has the roots in any kind of afterthought. Considering the totality of facts and circumstances the submission of learned counsel for the appellants pertaining to delay in lodging of the FIR being totally unacceptable is ,£ hereby rejected.

11. The next limb of submission is that the evidence brought on record do' not establish beyond doubt that the accused Om Prakash had run a tractor on the deceased. In this F . context, Satbir Singh, PW-3, and Mahinder Singh, PW-7, the elder brothers of the deceased, have categorically deposed that the accused persons had given blows with lathis and Om Prakash had run the tractor over the deceased. Dr. Jindal, PW-

(1994) 5 sec 100.

2. (2001 > 6 sec 71. 3.

(2007) 2 sec 170. 4.

(2011) 4 sec 552.

(2013) 5 sec 655.

A 4, who had examined the deceased prior to death, had found 11 injuries on his body. He had not expressed any opinion on injury Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5 and 8 and observed that final opinion would be expressed after x-ray had been done. In examinationin-chief, referring to his opinion, Ex. PK/1, he has stated that B injuries on both legs and arms on the person of the deceased

could be caused by tractor wheels and the other injuries could be caused by lathi blows. In the cross-examination barring that he had not found the tyre mark on the pyjama of the injured nothing substantial has been elicited.

12. Dr. Partap Singh, PW-1, who conducted the autopsy, had found the following injuries: -

"1.

A stitched wound 1 long on the right side of parental region bne inch above the hair line. On D exploration, there was extra vacation of blood in

layers scalp. The wound was superficial.

A scabbed abrasion 1" x 1" on the right cheek .. It was red in colour.

Multiple contusions of various sizes and shape, covering the back of chest and abdomen. Reddish in colour.

A stitched wound %" long on the back of upper arm on right thigh. Wound was bone deep.

Multiple contusions covering the upper half of right fore-arm, right elbow and lower half of right upper, reddish in colour. On exploration, the underlying bones were fractured (right humorous and upper part of right radius and ulna.)

A lacerated wound % inch long and ~· wide, and bone deep present on the upper part of left forearm.

A stitched wound 1" long on the back of middle of A

left upper arm. Clotted blood was present.

Multiple contusions covering the lower part of left upper arm, elbow and upper part of left forecarm, reddish in colour. The underlying bones (upper part 8 of left radius, ulna and lower part of left humorous) were fractured.

A lacerated and stitched wound 1" long present on the left of leg on its middle. Clotted blood was present. The underlying bones were fractured.

10.

A lacerated and stitched wound 1" long present just , med.ial to injury No. 9, clotted bl~Od was present.

11.

A lacerated and stitched wound 2" long, present on 0 the front of lower one third of right leg.

12: A stitched wound 1" long, 2 inch lateral to injury No.

11 clotted blood was present.

13.

A stitched wound 1 W' long present 1 W' medial to E injury No. 11. Clotted blood was present."

13. In his examination-in-chief he has clearly stated that some of the injuries could have been caused by the relevant organ of the body/struck by a blunt countering by the wheel of a tractor. The submission of the learned counsel for the F appellants is that there is no clear cut opinion by the two doctors and, in fact, there is an irreconcilable contradiction which would show that no injury was caused by running over of a tractor . falsifying the case of the prosecution. The said submission

leaves us unimpressed inasmuch as we really do not find that G there is any contradiction of that nature which would cause a concavity in the version of the prosecution. As we find, the ocular testimony has been corroborated by the medical evidence to a major extent in that regard and hence, it would

A be inappropriate to discard the prosecution case. That apart, the mental condition of the witnesses can be well appreciated and, in any case, they were not expected to state with exactitude how the injuries were caused by the tractor. From the evidence of Dr. Jindal, PW-4, it is evincible that the injuries B sustained by the deceased on his legs and arms could have been caused by the tractor wheels. Similar is the opinion of Dr.

Partap Singh, PW-1 and in the cross-examination he has explained why crush injuries were not there. It is also worthy to mention that nothing has been elicited in the cross-examination c of the eye witnesses on that score. In fact, no suggestion has also been given. It has come out in the evidence that all the accused persons had carried lathis and most of the injuries were caused due to lathi blows and some by the tractor. Thus, the ocular testimony gets corroboration frorn the medical D evidence, and, therefore, the stance that the prosecution witnesses have made an effort to exaggerate their version ascribing a serious role to Om Prakash, in our considered opinion, is mercurial and deserves to be repelled and we do so.

14. It is next submitted by learned counsel for the appellants that the so called eye witnesses have not ascribed any specific overt act to each of the accused and there are only spacious allegations that they were armed with lathis and inflicted injuries on the deceased. In essence, the submission is that in the F absence of any specific ascription or attribution of any particular role specifically to each of the accused Section 149 IPC would not be attracted. In this regard, we may refer to a passage from Baladin and others v. State of Uttar Pradesh6 wherein a three- Judge Bench had opined thus: -

H 6.

"It is well settled that mere presence in an assembly does not make such a person a member of an unlawful assembly unless it is shown that he had done something or omitted to do something which would make him a member of an

AIR 1956 SC 181.

urllawful assembly, or unless the case falls under Section A 142, Indian penal Code."

15. The aforesaid enunciation of law was considered by a four-Judge Bench in Masalti v. The State of Uttar Pradesh7

which distinguished the observations made in Baladin (supra) B on the foundation that the said decision should be read in the context of the special facts of the case and may not be treated as laying down an unqualified proposition of law. The four- Judge Bench, after enunciating the principle, stated as follows:-

"lt would not be correct to say that before a person is held C to be a member of an unlawful assembly, it must be shown that he had committed some illegal overt act or had been guilty of some illegal omission in pursuance of the common object of the assembly. In fact, S. 149 make it clear that if an offence is committed by any member of an unlawful D assembly in prosecution of the common object of that assembly, or such as the members of the assembly knew to be likely to be committed in prosecution of that object, every person who, at the time of committing of that offence, is a member of the same assembly, is guilty of that offence; E and that emphatically brings out the principle that the punishment prescribed by S. 149 is in a sense vicarious and does not always proceed on the basis that the offence has been actually committed by every member of the unlawful assembly." F

16. Common object of an unlawful assembly can also be gathered from the r:iature of the assembly, the weapons used by its members and the behavior of the assembly at or before the scene of occurrence. It cannot be stated as a general proposition of law that unless an overt act is proven against the G person who is alleged to be a member of the unlawful assembly, it cannot be held that he is a member of the assembly. What is really required to be seen is that the member of the unlawful

AIR 1965 SC 202.

A assembly should have understood that the assembly was unlawful and was likely to commit any of the acts which fall within the purview of Section 141 IPC. The core of the offence is the word "object" which means the purpose or design and in order to make it common, it should be shared by all. Needless to say, B the burden is on the prosecution. It is required to establish whether the accused persons were present and whether they shared the common object. It is also an accepted principle that number and nature of injuries is a relevant fact to deduce that the common object has developed at the time of incident. (See c Lalji v. State of U.P. 8, Bhargavan and others v. State of Kerala9, Debashis Daw and others v. State of West Benga/1° and Ramachandran and others v. State of Kerafa 11 ).

17. In the case at hand, as the evidence would clearly show, all the accused persons had come together armed with D lathis. Het Ram, who died during the pendency of the appeal, was armed with a gun. The eye witnesses who are natural witnesses, being brothers, have deposed in an unequivocal manner about the assault by all the accused persons. The common object is clearly evident. In such a situation, attribution E of specific individual overt act has no role to play. All the requisite tests to attract Section 149 IPC have been established by the prosecution.

18. In view of our aforesaid analysis, as all the contentions F raised by the learned counsel for the appellants are sans substratum, the appeals, being devoid of merit, stand dismissed.

Bibhuti Bhushan Bose

(1989) 1 sec 437.

(2004) 12 sec 414.

10. (2010) 9 sec 111.

11. (201t~9SCC257.

Appeals Dismissed