.[2014] 14 S.C.R. 929

GM. (OPERATIONS) s .. s.1 &ANR.

R. PERIYASAMY

(Civil Appeal No.10942 of 2014)

DECEMBER 10, 2014 B

[J. CHELAMESWAR AND S. A. BOBDE, JJ.]

Service Law:

Dismissal - Bank employee - Charged with being accountable for shortage detected in the currency chest and c with excessive outside borrowings in violation of service rules

- Found guilty by disciplinary authority and was terminated from service - Order upheld in departmental appeal - Writ petition by the delinquent-Allowed by Single Judge of High

Courl and further upheld by Division Bench of High Court - o On appeal, held: The High Court, in exercise of jurisdiction u/Arl. 226 of Constitution was not justified in going into the question of adequacy of evidence - High Court, therefore, was not correct in setting aside the dismissal order-However, in the facts of the case employee-Bank directed to pay a sum E of Rs. 3 lakhs to the delinquent-employee - State Bank of India (Supervising Staff) Service Rules, 1975 - r.49(h) - Constitution of India -Art. 226.

Disciplinary proceeding- Standard of proof- Held: The standard of proof in disciplinary pro_ceeding is that of. F. preponderance of probabilities arid not proof beyond reasonable doubt- Evidence.

' Maxims - 'Omnia praesumuntur rite esse acta' - Applicability of.

Allowing the appeal, the Court

HELD : 1. The Single Judge committed an error in approaching the issue by asking whether the findings have been arrived on acceptable evidence or not and

A coming to the conclusion that there was no acceptable evidence, and that in any case the evidence was not sufficient. In doing so, the Single Judge lost sight of the fact that the permissible enquiry was whether there is no evidence on which the eriquiry officer could have B arrived at the findings or whether there was any perversity in the findings. Whether the evidence was acceptable or not, was a wrong question, unless it raised a question of admissibility. Also, the Single Judge was not entitled to go into the question of the adequacy of c evidence and come to the conclusion that the evidence was not sufficient to hold the respondent guilty. [Para 9][939-D-G] •

2. The Single Judge wrongly observed that the concept of preponderance of, probabilities is alien to D domestic enquiries. A disciplinary proceding is not a

criminal 'trial and thus, the standard of proof required is that of preponderance of probabilities and not proof beyond reasonable doubt. A disciplinary authority is expected to prove the charges leveled against a bank- E officer on the preponderance of probabilities and not on proof beyond reasonable doubt. [Para 10][939-G-H;

940-A-B]

Union of India v. Sardar Bahadur (1972) 4 SCC 618 ; State Bank of India & ors. v. Ramesh Dinkar Punde (2006) 7 SCC 212 : 2006 (4) Suppl.

SCR 511 ; State Bank of India v. Narendra Kumar Pandey(2013) 2 SCC 740: 2013 (3) SCR 1109;

Union Bank of India v. Vishwa Mohan (1998) 4 SCC 310 ; Commissioner of Police New Delhi & Anr. v. Mehar Singh (2013) 7 SCC 685 ; R.P.

Kapur v. Union of/ndia AIR 1964 SC 787 : 1964 SCR 431 - relied on. •

3. In administrative law,' it is a settled principle that H the onus. of proof rests upon the party alleging the

GM. (OPERATIONS) S.B.I &ANR. v. R. PERIYASAMY 931

invalidity of an order. There is a presumption that the. A decision or executive order is properly and validly made, a p.resumption expressed in the maxim omnia praesumuntur rite esse acta which means 'all things are presumed to be done in due form. [Para 10][941-C-D]

Minister of National Revenue v. Wright's Canadian B Ropes Ltd. (1947) AC 109 at 122 ; Associated . Provincial Picture Houses Ltd. v. Wednesbury Cpn. (1948) 1 KB 223 at 228 ; Fawcett Properties Ltd. v. Buckingham County Council (1959) Ch. 543 at 575, affirmed (1961) AC 636 ; Point of Ayr C Collieries Ltd. v. Lloyd - George (1943) 2 All ER 546 - referred to.

4. It was not permissible for the High Court to proceed to draw an inference that there was a failure of 0 natural justice in the bank having denied certain documents, in absence of proof that any such letter demanding certain documents was received by the appellant-Bank. An administrative authority such as the appellant, cannot be put to proof of the facts or conditions on which the validity of its order must depend, E unless the respondent-employee can produce evidence which will shift the burden of proof on the shoulders of the appellant. How much evidence is required for this purpose will always depend on the nature of that particular case. [Para 11][942-A-C] F

5. The Division Bench approved the findings of the Single Judge that the inquiry report that the shortage of cash occurred only between 16.11.1985 and 05.04.1986, when the respondent was a joint custodian, was based G on surmise and conjecture, without adverting to the evidence. That evidence was rightly relied on by the enquiry officer which established that the shortage did . occur between 16.11.1.985 and 05.04.1986. [Para 12]

[942-D-F] H

6. Sufficiency or adequacy of evidence is not the ground on which the findings of facts may be set-aside by the High Court under Article 226. The justification offered by the Division Bench that the Single Judge had to undertake the exercise of analysing the findings of B the enquiry officer because the appellants had deprived the respondent of his livelihood is wholly untenable. A transgression of jurisdiction cannot be justified on the ground of consequences, as has been done. [Para

12)[942-H; 943-A-B] C Mathura Prasad v. Union of/ndia & Ors. (2007) 1 sec 437 : 2006 (8) suppl. scR 264 - distinguished

. 7. The Division Bench was also not correct in

0 offering the justification that there was no failure on the part of the respondent to observe utmost devotion to duty because the. case was not one of misappropriation but only of a shortage of money. [Para 12][943-C-D]

8. Therefore, the impugned order is s.et aside and E the writ petition of the respondent is dismissed. However, having regard to the circumstances of the case, the appellant to pay an adhoc sum of Rs.3,00,000/- to the respondent employee who retired long ago and has drawn pension of which he will be deprived hereafter.

F [Paras 13 and 14)[943-D-F] '

State of Andhra Pradesh and others v. Shri Rama Rao AIR 1963 SC 1723 : 1964 SCR 25 ; State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur v. Nemi Chand Nalwaya (2011) 4 SCC 584: 2011 (3) SCR 589 - referred to. 1 ·

Potato Marketing Board v. Merricks (1958) 2 QB 316 at 331 ; Cannock Chase DC, v. Kelly (1978) 1 WLR 1 - referred to. ·

GM. (OPERATIONS) S.B.I &ANR. v. R. PERIYASAMY 933

CASE LAW REFERENCE A

1964 SCR 25 referred to Para 7

2011 (3) SCR 589 referred to Para 8

(1972) 4 sec 618 relied on Para 10

2006 (4) Suppl. SCR 511 relied on Pra 10 B

2013 (3) SCR 1109 relied on Para 10

(1998) 4 sec 310 relied on Para 10

(2013) 1 sec 685 relied on Para 10 c

1964 SCR 431 relied on Para 10

(1947) AC 109at122 referred to Para 10

(1948) 1 KB 223 at 228 referred to Para 10

(1959) Ch. 543 at 575 referred to Para 10 D

(1961)AC 636 referred to Para 10

(1943) 2 All ER 546 referred to Para 10

(1.958) 2 QB 316 at 331 referred to Para 11 E

(1978) 1WLR1 referred to Para 11

2006 (8) Suppl. SCR 264 distinguished Para 12

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 10942 of2014.

F From the Judgment and Order dated 30.08.2007 of the High Court of Judicature at Madras in Writ Appeal No. 2375 of 1999.

Vikas Singh, Sr. Adv., Sanjay Kapur, Anmol Chandan, Ms. Priyanka Das, Ms. Daisy Hannah, Advs. for the Appellants.

Guru Krishna Kumar, Sr. Adv., S. R. Setia, Adv. for the Respondent.

A The Judgment of the C_ourt was delivered by

S. A. BOBDE, J. 1. Leave granted.

2. The appellant, General Manager of the State Bank of India has preferred this appeal against the Judgment and Final B Order dated 30.08.2007 passed by the High Court of Judicature at Madras in Writ Appeal No. of 2375 of 1999. By the impugned Judgment the High Court. dismissed the appellant's Writ Appeal and confirmed the finding and Judgment of the learned Single Judge by which the C respondent's Writ Petition was allowed and the orders dismissing him from servi.ce were set aside.

3. The respondent.- Periyasamy, was serving as a Permanent Cash Officer at the Dharmapuri Bra rich 'of the State Bank of India in 1986. In a departmental enquiry, he was

0 charged with being accountable for a shortage detected in the currency chest in his joint custody along with one Ganesan.

By the second charge, he was charged with not adhering to the laid down instructions regarding currency chest transactions and for committing lapses in the maintenance of the currency E chest register. By the third charge, he was charged with excessive outside borrowings in violation of Rule 41 (i) of the State Bank of India (Supervising Staff) Service Rules ...

 • •. f 1 • r

4. An enquiry was duly conducted. The charged officer, the respondent, was given an opportunity to defend himself F and an Inquiry Report dated 03. 11. 1986 was submitted to the

disciplinary authority. The disciplinary authority considered the entire report and after discussing the same came to the conclusion that there was a preponderance of the probability thatthe respondent had been surreptitiously removing currency G notes from the chest over a period oftime, the shortage being Rs. 1,25,000/-. The disciplinary authority also took note of the fact that he was lending money to others, even without a pronote indicating that he had large amounts of cash. The disciplinary authority, therefore, recommended the dismissal H of the respondent from the service of the Bank in terms of Rule

49(h) of the State Bank of India (Supervising Staff) Rules by A an order dated 27'h July, 1989. Thereafter, the Chief General Manager considered the Inquiry Report and the recommendation of the disciplinary authority and concurred with the views of the disciplinary authority. Against the dismissal, the respondent preferred an appeal under the B

Service Rules of the Bank. However, the appeal was also turned down by the order dated 14.05.1990. Against the said orders, the respondent preferred a Writ Petition before the Madras High Court.As observed earlier, the learned Single Judge allowed the petition and the Division Bench dismissed c the appeal against the petition. Hence, the Bank has preferred this appeal.

5. While the respondent was working as a Cash Officer, at the Dharmapuri Branch with Ganesan, the branchaccountant, as a joint custodian, the Branch inspection took D place between 20.02.1986 to 05.04.1986. The respondent had been working as the Cash Officer from 16.11.1985. Certain irregularities were found in the inspection. As a result of the irregularities, instructions were given to follow the dual locking system for the storage bins where cash was stored and for the E dividing doors with effect from 05.04.1986. On that very night, the respondent met with an accident. The strong room keys which were supposed to be in the physical possession of the respondent were found in his Cupboard in the Branch. From 07 .04.1986 to 09.04.1986, one Swaminathan Officiated as the F Cash Officer. From 10.04.1986to 11.04.1986, one N Krishnan officiated as the Cash Officer. From 12.04.1986 to 17.04.1986, again, Shri Swaminathan officiated as the Cash Officer. According to the appellant, there was no transfer of

not~.s from the operative bins of the bank to the storage bins G and there was no cash withdrawal from the storage bins between 05.04.1986 to 14.04.1986. On 15.4.1986, a cash shortage of Rs.40,000/- was noticed by the officiating Cash Officer. Therefore, the verification of the entire currency chest was conducted, which showed a total cash shortage of H

A Rs. 1,25,000/-.An internal investigation was conducted wherein it was found that the shortage in cash had taken place between

16. 11. 1985 and 05.04. 1986 when the respondent and Ganesan were joint custodians. Show cause notices were issued to the respondent and Ganesan. Apparently, the other B joint custodian, Ganesan has also been punished but he has not challenged his punishment: In the reply to the show cause notice, the respondent admitted various lapses on his part regarding the maintenance of the currency chest books .. In particular, the respondent stated in his reply that perhaps the c shortage of Rs. 1,25,000/~ escaped his attention due to various reasons and was thus unfortunate. The respondent sought permission to peruse the relevant books and registers at the Dharmapuri branch and was allowed to do so. The Inquiring Officer eventually submitted a report and held the respondent o guilty of. charges as stated earlier. The following are the

important features of the Inquiry Report:

a) When the branch inspection was concluded on 05.04.1986, it was noticed that during the tenure of the respondent as the permanent Cash Officer of the Branch, . several currency storage bins inside the branch strongroom were not locked with dual pad locks and some were kept open when they were not being operated upon.

b) Shortages were detected in the note bundles by the respondent. Upon further inspection, shortages in three more sections from the bundles last handled by the respondent, were also discovered.

c) The two employees, who acted as Cash Officers after the charged officials, i.e. the respondent and Ganesan exited on 05.04.1985, had performed their duties, during the period 05.04.1986 to 1:4.04.1986 when the storage strong room was locked with dual pad locks and they had functioned in the presence of the permanent Accountant of the Branch ..

G M.-(OPERATIONS) S.B.I &ANR. v. R. PERIYASAMY 937

[S. A. BOBDE, J.]

d) Unlike in the case of acting Cash Officers, when the A respondent used to function as Cash Officer, the Accountant Shri Ganesan was in the habit of leaving him alone inside the StrongRoom while he attended to his desk work outside. The significance of this last finding is that the shortages were found to have occurred B between 16.11.1985 to 5.4.1986 when the respondent worked as the Cash Officer of the Branch and not from 05.04.1986 to 15.04.1986, when others had acted as Cash Officers for the reasons stated hereinbefore. The respondent was also convicted of the other two relatively c minor charges.

6. The learned Single Judge, at the instance of the respondent, went into the entire matter in tedious detail. The Single Judge considered the entire evidence, even reproduced it in parts, and upon re-appreciation of the evidence, virtually D disagreed with the findings of facts recorded by the Inquiry Officer and set aside the respondent's dismissal.

7. Shri Vikas Singl), the learned senior counsel for the appellant submitted that both, the learned Single Judge as well as the Division Bench, in confirming the order, have violated E the well settled parameters of the scope of the Jurisdiction of the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution of India in such matters. Shri Singh submitted that the High Court embarked on the unusual and unwarranted exercise of reappreciating the evidence and reversed the well considered F findings of fact recorded by the Inquiry Officer. The learned counsel for the appellant brought to our notice the very first decision, which authoritatively settled the law on this point in the State of Andhra Pradesh and others vs. Shri Rama Rao1, where this Court observed as follows: G

"This report was considered by the authority competent to impose punishment and a provisional conclusion that the respondent merited punishment of dismissal for the

'AIR 1963 SC 1723 H

charges held established by the report was recorded. A copy of the report of the Enquiry Officer was sent to the respondent and he was called upon to submit his representation against the action proposed to be taken in regard to him. The respondent submitted his representation which was considered by the Deputy Inspector General of Police, 'Northern Range,. Waltair.

That Officer referred to the evidence of witnesses for the State about the arrest of Durgalu on March 5, 1954, and the handing over of Durgalu to the respondent on the same day. He observed that the evidence of Durgalu that after he was arrested on March 5: 1954, he had made good his escape and was again arrested on March 8, 1954, could not be accepted. Holding that the charge against the respondent was serious and had on the evidence been adequately proved, in his view the only punishment which the respondent deserved was of dismissal from the police force."

8. In State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur Vs. Nemi Chand Nalwaya2 , this Court observed as follows:-

"7. It is now well settled that the courts will not act as an appellate court and reassess the evidence led in the domestic enquiry, nor interfere on the ground that another view is possible on the material on record. If the enquiry has been fairly and properly held and the findings are based on evidence, the question of adequacy of the evidence or the reliable nature of the evidence will not be grounds for interfering with the findings in departmental enquiries. Therefore, courts will not interfere with findings of fact recorded in departmental enquiries, except where such findings are based on no evidence or where they are clearly pervef'Se. The test to find out perversity is to see whether a tribunal acting reasonably could have anived at such

H 2(2011) 4 sec 584

conclusion or finding, on the material on record. The A courts will however interfere with the findings in discjplinary matters, if principles of natural justice or statutory regulations have been violated or if the order is found to be arbitrary, capricious, ma/a fide or based on extraneous considerations. (Vide B. C. ChatuNedi B

v. Union of India: (1995) 6 SCC 749, Union of India v.

G. Ganayutham: (1997) 7 SCC 463, Bank of India v.

Degala Suryanarayana: (1999) 5 SCC 76 and High Court of Judicature at Bombay v. ShashiKant S Patil

(2000) 1 SCC416)." C

It is not necessary to multiply authoritie"s on this point.

Suffice it to say that the law is well settled in this regard.

9. It is not really necessary to deal with the judgment of the learned Single Judge since that has merged with the judgment of the Division Bench. However, some observations D are necessary. The learned Single Judge committed an error in approaching the issue by asking whether the findings have been arrived on acceptable evidence or not and coming to the conclusion that there was no acceptable evidence, and that in any case the evidence was not sufficient. In doing so, E the learned Single Judge lost sight of the fact that the permissible enquiry was whether there is no evidence on which the enquiry officer could have arrived at the findings or whether there was any perversity in the findings. Whether the evidence was acceptable or not, was a wrong question; unless it raised F a question of admissibility. Also, the learned Single Judge was not entitled to go into the question of the adequacy of evidence and come to the'conclusion that the evidence was not sufficient to hold the respondent guilty.

10. It is interesting to note thatthe learned Single Judge went to the extent of observing that the concept of preponderance of probabilities is alien to domestic enquiries.

On the contrary, it is well known that the standard of proof that must be employed in domestic enquiries is in fact that of the H

A preponderance of probabilities. In Union of/ndia Vs. Sardar Bahadur, this Court held that a disciplinary proceeding is not a criminal trial and thus, the standard of proof required is that of preponderance of probabilities and not proof beyond reasonable doubt. This view was upheld by this Court in State B Bank of India & ors. Vs. Ramesh Dinkar Punde4• More

recently, in State Bank of India Vs. Narendra Kumar Pandey5, this Court observed that a disciplinary authority is expected to prove the charges leveled against a bank-officer on the preponderance of probabilities and not on proof beyond C reasonable doubt.

Further, in Union Bank of India Vs.

Vishwa Mohan6, this Court was confronted. with a case which was similar to the present one. The respondent therein was also a bank employee, who was unable to demonstrate to the Court as to how prejudice had been caused to him due to non- D supply of the inquiry authorities report/findings in his case. This Court held that in the banking bsiness absolute devotion, diligence, integrity and honesty needs to be preserved by every bank employee and in particular the bank officer. If this were . not to be observed, the Court held that the confidence of the E public/depositors would be impaired.· Thus in that case the Court set-aside the order of the High Court and upheld the dismissal of the bank employee, njecting the ground that any prejudice had been caused to him on account ofnon-fumishing of the inquiry report/findings to him.

F While dealing with the question as to whether .a person with doubtful integrity ought to be allowed to work in a Government Department, this Court in Commissioner of Police New Delhi& Anr. Vs. Mehar Singh', held that while the standard of proof in a criminal case is proof beyond all G reasonable doubt, the proof in a departmental proceeding is I merely the preponderance of probabilities. The Court

'(1972) 4 sec 618 •(2006) 1 sec 212 '(2013) 2 sec 140 '(1998) 4 sec 310 H '(2013) 7 sec 685

observed that quite often criminal cases end in acquittal A because witnesses turn hostile and therefore, such acquittals arenot acquittals on merit. An acquittal based on benefit of doubt would not stand on par with a clean acquittal on merit after a full-fledged trial, where there is no indication of the witnesses being won over. The long standing view on this B subject was settled by this Court in R.P. Kapur Vs. Union of lndia8, whereby it was held that a departmental proceeding can proceed even though a person is acquitted w.hen the acquittal is other than honourable. We are in agreement with this view.

In administrative law, it is a settled principle that the onus of proof rests upon the party alleging the invalidity of an order'.

In other words, there is a presumption that the decision or executive order is properly and validly made, a presumption expressed in the maxim omnia praesumuntur rite esse acta D which means 'a!I things are presumed to be done in dueform10.'

11. The Division Bench, in appeal, apparently found it fit to rely on an additional affidavit filed for the first time by the respondent in his Writ Petition, referring to the letter dated 30.12.1987 by which the respondent is purported to have E sought the production of certain documents. It is not disputed that the respondent had not at any stage earlier made any grievance that he had written a letter dated 30.12.1987 calling upon the bank to produce certain documents for his perusal and which was denied. It is further not in dispute that there is F no record of the bank having received the letter and there is no proof for it. The bank has denied receiving the letter and according to the bank they had received a letter dated 28.12.1987 and they had replied by their letter dated 14.01.1988. In their reply, there was no reference to the letter G

'AIR 1964 SC 787 'Minister of National Revenue v. Wright's Canadian Ropes Ltd. (1947) AC 109 at 122; Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd. v. Wednesbury Cpn.

(1948) 1KB223 at 228; Fawcett Properties Ltd. v. Buckingham County Council

(1959) Ch. 543 at 575, affirmed (1961) AC 636. . "Point of Ayr Collieries Ltd. v. Lloyd - George (1943) 2 All ER 546.' H

A dated 30.12.1987 because they had not received it. We find that in the absence of proof that any such letter demanding certain documents was received by the bank, it was not permissible for the High Court to proceed to draw an inference that there was a failure of natural justice in the bank having B denied certain documents. Thus it may be said; that an administrative authority such as the Appellant, cannot be put to proof of the facts or conditions on which the validity of its order 171ust depend, unless the Respondent can produce evidence which will shift the burden of proof on the shoulders c of the Appellant. How much evidence is required for this purpose will always depend on the nature of that particular case.

In Potato Marketing Board v. Merricks 11 , it was held that if an order has an apparent fault on.the face of it, the burden is easily transferred. However, if the grounds of attack are bad- D faith or unreasonableness, the Plaintiff's task is heavier.

12. On the question of shortage of money, the Division Bench merely upheld the findings of the learned Single Judge that there was no clinching evidence in support of the charges.

The Division Bench approved the findings of the Single Judge E that the inquiry report that the shortage of cash occurred only

between 16.11.1985 and 05.04.1986, when the respondent was a joint custodian, was based on surmise and conjecture.

The Division Bench did not care to advert to the evidence.

That evidence rightly relied on by the enquiry officer which F established that the shortage did occur between 16.11.1985 and 05.04.1986. In fact the inquiring officer has given cogent reasons for rendering the findings that the shortage could not have occurred after 05.04.1986 upto the discovery of I 15.04.1986, when two acting cashiers had functioned.

G Moreover, the observation that there is no clinching evidence in support of the charges is another way of saying that the I

evidence is insufficient or inadequate, which is not permissible. • It bears repetition that sufficiency or adequacy of evidence is not the ground on which the findings of facts may be set-aside

f H 11(1958) 2"QB 316 at 331; Cannock Chase DC v. Kelly (1978) 1WLR1.

by the High Court under Article 226. The justification offered A by the Division Bench that the learned Single Judge had to undertake the exercise of analysing the findings of the enquiry officer because the appellants had deprived the respondent of his livelihood is l!'lholly untenable. A transgression of jurisdiction cannot be justified on the ground of consequences, B as has been done. Moreover, the reliance by the Division Bench on Mathura Prasad Vs. Union of India & Ors. 12 is entirely misplaced, since that case arose in an entirely different set of circumstances. We also find it difficult to understand the justification offered by the Division Bench that there was c no failure on the part of the respondent to observe utmost devotion to duty because the case was not one of misappropriation but only of a shortage of money. The Division Bench has itself stated the main reason why its order cannot be upheld in the following words, "on reappreciation of the D entire material placed on record, we do not find any reason to interfere with the well considered and merited order passed by the lec:rned Single Judge."

13. We accordingly set-aside the impugned order and dismiss the writ petition of the respondent.

14. Having regard to the circumstances of the case, we find it appropriate to direct the appellant to pay an ad hoc sum .of Rs.3,00,000/-to the respondent who has retired long ago and has drawn pension of which he will be deprived hereafter.

Appeal disposed off as allow.ed.

Kalpana K. Tripathy Appeal allowed.

"(2007) 1 sec 437