[2013] 3 S.C.R. 791

RAM SWAROOP

STATE (G0VT. NCT) OF DELHI (Criminal Appeal No. 1327 of 2010)

MAY 21, 2013

[DR. B.S. CHAUHAN AND DIPAK MISRA, JJ.)

Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985

- Search and seizure - Reliance placed only on the testimony

of official witnesses I police officials - Non-examination of C independent witnesses - Effect - Held: There is no absolute rule that police officers cannot be cited as witnesses and their depositions should be treated with suspect - Generally the public at large are reluctant to come forward to depose before the court and, therefore, the prosecution case cannot be D doubted for non-examining the independent witnesses - In the case at hand, the evidence of PW-7 (Sub Inspector) was supported by PW-5 (Constable), as well as other witnesses - It has come in the evidence of PW-7 that he had asked the passerby to be witnesses but none of them agreed and left E without disclosing their names and addresses - The evidence of PW-5 and 7 being absolutely unimpeachable, no reason to hold that non-examination of independent witnesses affected the prosecution case.

Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 F

- s.50 - Applicability of - Held: On facts, 32 bags of poppy straw powder weighing 64 Kgs. had been seized from two bags belonging to the accused-appellant - There was no seizure from the person of appellant - Clearly therefore s.50 of the Act was not attracted and consequently compliance with s.50 G of the Act was not required in the facts and circumstances of the case.

While on patrolling duty, two police officials, PWs 5

791 H

A and 7 found the accused-appellant sitting on two white

coloured bags. On search of the bags, it was found that those contained 64 Kgs. of poppy straw powder packed in 32 bags of polythene. The appellant was convicted under Section 15 of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic B Substances Act, 1985 (NDPS Act") and sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for ten years and further directed to pay a fine of rupees one lakh.

In the instant appeal, the appellant raised two C contentions, namely, (i) though the alleged seizure had taken place at a crowded place, yet the prosecution chose not to examine any independent witness and in the absence of corroboration from independent witnesses the evidence of only police officials should not have been given credence to and that (ii) there was non-compliance D of Section 50 of the NDPS Act inasmuch as the accused was not informed his right to be searched in presence of a gazetted officer or a Magistrate despite the mandatory nature of the provision and, therefore, the conviction was vitiated.

E Dismissing the appeal, the Court

HELD: 1. The evidence of PW-7 (Sub-Inspector) has been supported by, PW-5 (Constable), as well as other witnesses. It has come in the evidence of PW7 that he had F asked the passerby to be witnesses but none of them agreed and left without disclosing their names and addresses. On a careful perusal of their version this Court does not notice anything by which their evidence can be treated to be untrustworthy. On the contrary it is G absolutely unimpeachable. There is no absolute rule that

police officers cannot be cited as witnesses and their depositions should be treated with suspect. Generally the public at large are reluctant to come forward to depose bef9re the court and, therefore, the prosecution case H cannot be doubted for non-examining the independent

RAM SWAROOP v. STATE (GOVT. NCT) OF DELHI 793

witnesses. It can safely be stated that in the case at hand A there is no reason to hold that non-examination of the independent witnesses affected the prosecution case. [Paras 7, 10) [796-E-H; 797-A; 798-C]

State of U.P. v. Ani/ Singh 1988 Supp SCC 686: 1988 B Suppl. SCR 611; State, Govt. of NCT of. Delhi v. Sunil and Another (2001) 1 SCC 652: 2000 (5) Suppl. SCR 144 and Ramjee Rai and Others v. State of Bihar (2006) 13 SCC 229: 2006 (5) Suppl. SCR 240 - relied on.

2. In regard to the issue pertaining to non- C compliance of Section 50 of the NDPS Act, the appellant has strenuously urged that the provision, being . mandatory, there has to be strict compliance. But, a significant one, in the case at hand 32 bags of poppy straw powder weighing 64 Kgs. had been seized from D two bags. It has not been seized from the person of the accused-appellant. It has been established by adducing cogent and reliable evidence that the bags belonged to the appellant. Thus, applying the interpretation of the word "search of person" as laid down by this Court in E earlier decisions, to facts of present case, it is clear that the compliance with Section 50 of the Act is not required. [Paras 13, 14) [799-F-G; 800-B-C, D-E]

Ajmer Singh v. State of Haryana (2010) 3 SCC 7 46: 2010

(2) SCR 785; Madan Lal v. State of H.P. (2003) 7 SCC 465: F 2003 (2) Suppl. SCR 716 and State of H.P. v. Pawan Kumar

(2005) 4 sec 350: 2005 (3) SCR 417 - relied on.

Vijaysinh Chandubha Jadeja v. State of Gujarat (2011) 1 SCC 609; State of Punjab v. Baldev (1999) 6 SCC G 172:2010 (13) SCR 255; Kamai/ Singh v. State of Haryana

(2009) 8 SCC 539: 2009 (11) SCR 470: Joseph Femande_z

v. State of Goa (2000) 1 SCC 707; Prabha Shankar Dubey

v. State of M.P. (2004) 2 SCC 56: 2003 (6) Suppl. SCR 444; My/a Venkateswarlu v. State of Andhra Pradesh (2012) 5 SCC H

A 226 and Ashok Kumar Sharma v. State of Rajasthan (2013) 2 sec 67 - referred to.

Case Law Reference:

1988 Suppl. SCR 611 relied on Para 7

Para 8 2000 (5) Suppl. SCR 144 relied on

2006 (5) Suppl. SCR 240 relied on Para 9

(2011) 1 SCC 609 referred to Para 11

2010 (13) SCR 255

2009 (11) SCR 470

(2000) 1 sec 101

referred to Para 11, 12

referred to Para 11

referred to Para 12

D 2003 (6) Suppl. SCR 444 referred to Para 12

(2012) 5 sec 226

(2013) 2 sec 67

2010 (2) SCR 785

referred to Para 12

referred to Para 12

relied on

2003 (2) Suppl. SCR 716 relied on

Para 13

Para 13

Para 13

2005 (3) SCR 417 relied on

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal F No. 1327 of 2010.

From the Judgment & Order dated 04.05.2009 of the High Court of Delhi at New Delhi in Criminal Appeal No. 394 of 2007.

G Susmita Lal for the Appellant.

Rakesh Kumar Khanna, ASG, Vivek Chib, Harsh Prabhakar, Joby P. Varghese, Anil Katiyar, Chandra Bhushan Prasad for the Respondent.

RAM SWAROOP v. STATE (GOVT. NCT) OF qELHI 795

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by A

DIPAK MISRA, J. 1. The appellant herein has been found guilty of the offence under Section 15 of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (for short "the NDPS Acf') and sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period 9 of ten years and to pay a fine of rupees one lakh and, in default of payment of fine, to suffer simple imprisonment for two years.

2. On 22.7.2005, Ritesh Kumar, a Sub-Inspector, while patrolling reached at the outer gate of ISBT where Constable Balwant Singh met him and both of them found the accused- C appellant sitting on two white coloured bags on the left side of the footpath. On seeing the police party he tried to run away leaving the bags which raised a suspicion in the mind of the Sub-Inspector and that led to the apprehension and interrogation of the accused. Eventually, on search of the bags, D it was found that those contained 64 Kgs. of poppy straw powder packed in 32 bags of polythene. After the search was carried out samples were sealed and sent to the Forensic Science Laboratory for examination. The investigating agency on completion of other formalities filed the charge-sheet before E the trial Court.

3. The accused pleaded false implication and claimed to be tried.

4. On behalf of the prosecution eight witnesses were F examined including the Sub-Inspector, Ritesh Kumar, and Constable Balwant Singh. The learned Additional Sessions Judge, Delhi in Sessions Case No. 90 of 2006, considering the material on record, found the accused guilty of the offence and imposed the sentence as has been stated hereinbefore.

5. Ms. Sushmita Lal, learned counsel for the appellant, has raised two contentions, namely, (i) though the alleged seizure had taken place at a crowded place, yet the prosecution chose ·

not to examine any independent witness and in the absence. H

A of corroboration from independent witnesses the evidence of

only police officials should not have been given credence to and

(ii) there has been non-compliance of Section 50 of the NDPS Act inasmuch as the accused was not informed his right to be searched in presence of a gazetted officer or a Magistrate B despite the mandatory nature of the provision and, therefore, the conviction is vitiated.

6. Per contra, it is urged by Mr. Rakesh Khanna, learned Additional Solicitor General and Mr. Vivek Chib, learned C advocate appearing for the respondent, state that the learned

trial Judge as well as the High Court has correctly placed reliance on the testimony of the official witnesses and there is no mandatory rule that non-examination of independent witnesses in all circumstances would vitiate the trial. It is their further submission that Section 50 of the NDPS Act is not D attracted to the case at hand as two bags were searched and not the person of the accused-appellant.

7. To appreciate the first limb of submission, we have carefully scrutinized the evidence brought on record and E perused the judgment of the High Court and that of the trial

Court. It is noticeable that the evidence of PW-7, namely, Ritesh Kumar, has been supported by Balwant Singh, PW-5, as well as other witnesses. It has come in the evidence of Ritesh Kumar that he had asked the passerby to be witnesses but F none of them agreed and left without disclosing their names and addresses. On a careful perusal of their version we do not notice anything by which their evidence can be treated to be untrustworthy. On the contrary it is absolutely unimpeachable.

We may note here with profit there is no absolute rule that G police officers cannot be cited as witnesses and their depositions should be treated with suspect. In this context we may refer with profit to the dictum in State of UP. v. Anil Singh\ wherein this Court took note of the fact that generally the public at large are reluctant to come forward to depose before the

H 1. 1988 Supp. sec 686.

RAM SWAROOP v. STATE (GOVT. NCT) OF DELHI 797

[DIPAK MISRA, J.]

court and, therefore, the prosecution case cannot be doubted A for non-examining the independent witnesses.

8. At this juncture a passage from State, Govt. of NCT of Delhi v. Sunil and Another< is apt to quote : -

"21. We feel that it is an archaic notion that actions of the B police officer should be approached with initial distrust. We are aware that such a notion was lavishly entertained during the British period and policemen also knew about it. Its hangover persisted during post-independent years but it is time now to start placing at least initial trust on the C actions and the documents made by the police. At any rate, the court cannot start with the presumption that the police records are untrustworthy. As a proposition of law the presumption should be the other way around. That official acts of the police have been regularly performed D is a wise principle of presumption and recognised even by the legislature. Hence when a police officer gives evidence ln court that a certain article was recovered by him on the strength of the statement made by the accused it is open to the court to believe the version to be correct E if it is not otherwise shown to be unreliable. It is for the accused, through cross-examination of witnesses or through any other materials, to show that the evidence of the police officer is either unreliable or at least unsafe to be acted upon in a particular case. If the court has any F gooci reason to suspect the truthfulness of such records of the police the court could certainly take into account the fact that no other independent person was present at the time of recovery. But it is not a legally approvable procedure to presume the police action as unreliable to G start with, nor to jettison such action merely for the reason that police did not collect signatures of independent persons in the documents made contemporaneous with such actions."

2. c2001 > 1 sec 652.

9. In Ramjee Rai and Others v. State of Bihar, it has been opined as follows: -

"26. It is now well settled that what is necessary for proving the prosecution case is not the quantity but quality of the B evidence. The court cannot overlook the changes in the value system in the society. When an offence is committed in a village owing to land dispute, the independent witnesses may not come forward."

10. Keeping in view the aforesaid authorities, it can safely C be stated that in the case at hand there is no reason to hold

that non-examination of the independent witnesses affect the prosecution case and, hence, we unhesitatingly repel the submission advanced by the learned counsel for the appellant.

11. The i; econd limb of proponement of the learned counsel for the appellant pertains to non-compliance of Section 50 of the NDPS Act. In this context, the learned counsel has drawn inspiration from the pronouncement of the Constitution Bench in Vijaysinh Chandubha Jadeja v. State of Gujarat4. The E larger Bench after referring to Objects and Reasons of the

NDPS Act and various provisions, namely, Sections 41, 42 and 50 of the said Act, to the earlier Constitution Bench decisions in State of Punjab v. Ba/dev5 and Karnal1 Singh v. State of Haryana6, and certain other authorities, eventually, opined thus:-

"29. In view of the foregoing discussion, we are of the firm opinion that the object with which the right under Section 50(1) of the NDPS Act, by way of a safeguard, has been conferred on the suspect viz. to check the misuse of power, to avoid harm to innocent persons and to minimise

3. c2006) 13 sec 229.

4. c2011 l 1 sec 609. 5.

(1999) 6 sec 112.

H 6. c2009) a sec 539.

RAM SWAROOP v. STATE (GOVT. NCT) OF DELHI 799

[DIPAK MISRA, J.]

the allegations of planting or foisting of false cases by the A law enforcement agencies, it would be imperative on the part of the empowered officer to apprise the person intended to be searched of his right to be searched before a gazetted officer or a Magistrate. We have no hesitation in holding that insofar as the obligation of the authorised B officer under sub-section (1) of Section 50 of the NDPS Act is concerned, it is mandatory and requires strict compliance. Failure to comply with the provision would render the recovery of the illicit article suspect and vitiate the conviction if the same is recorded only on the basis of c the recovery of the illicit article from the person of the accused during such search. Thereafter, the suspect may or may not choose to exercise the right provided to him under the said provision."

12. The principle of substantial compliance, as laid down D in Joseph Fernandez v. State of Goa7 and Prabha Shankar Dubey v. State of M.P. 8, was not accepted as the ratio laid therein was not in consonance with the dictum laid down in Ba/dev Singh's case (supra). Similar principle has been reiterated in My/a Venkateswarlu v. State of Andhra Pradesh9 E and Ashok Kumar Sharma v. State of Rajasthan10•

13. We have referred to the aforesaid decisions as the learned counsel has strenuously urged that the provision, being mandatory, there has to be strict compliance. But, a significant F one, in the case at hand 32 bags of poppy straw powder weighing 64 Kgs. had been seized from two bags. It has not been seized from the person of the accused-appellant. It has been established by adducing cogent and reliable evidence that the bags belonged to the appellant. In Ajmer Singh v. State of G

1. c2000) 1 sec 101. a. c2004) 2 sec 56.

9. c2012) 5 sec 226.

10. (2013) 2 sec 67.

A Haryana11 the appellant was carrying a bag on his shoulder and the said bag was searched and contraband articles were seized. While dealing with the applicability of Section 50 of the NDPS Act, two learned Judges referred to the decisions in Madan Lal v. State of H.P. 12 and State of H.P. v. Pawan B Kumar, 13 and came to hold as follows: -

"Thus, applying the interpretation of the word "search of person" as laid down by this Court in the decision mentioned above, to facts of present case, it is clear that the compliance with Section 50 of the Act is not required.

Therefore, the search conducted by the investigating officer and the evidence collecteu thereby, is not illegal.

Consequently, we do not find any merit in the contention of the learned counsel of the appellant as regards the noncompliance with Section 50 of the Act."

14. Tested on the bedrock of the aforesaid dictum, the contention, so assiduously raised, that there has been noncompliance of Section 50 of the NDPS Act is wholly sans substance.

15. In view of the aforesaid premised reasons, the appeal, being devoid of merit, stands dismissed.

B.B.B.

Appeal dismissed.

11. (2010) 3 sec 746.

12. (2003) 1 sec 465.

13. (2005) 4 sec 350.