[2013] 1 S.C.R. 154

PARBIN ALI AND ANOTHER

STATE OF ASSAM (Criminal Appeal No. 1037 of 2008)

JANUARY 07, 2013

[K.S. RADHAKRISHNAN AND DIPAK MISRA, JJ.]

Penal Code, 1860:

c s. 302134 - Murder - Oral dying declaration made to witnesses naming the accused - Conviction and sentence of life imprisonment affirmed by High Court - Held: Conviction can be founded solely on the basics of dying declaration if the same inspires full confidence - In the instant case, the

0 witnesses have deposed in a categorical manner that the deceased was in a fit state of health to speak and make a statement and, in fact, he did make a statement as to who assaulted him - Nothing has been suggested to these witnesses about the condition of the deceased - The doctor, E who had performed the post mortem, has not been crossexamined - Absence of any real discrepancy or material contradiction or omission and additionally no'n crossexamination of the doctor in this regard makes the dying declaration absolutely credible and conviction based thereon cannot be faulted - Evidence - Dying Declaration.

FIR:

Delay in lodging the FIR - Held: In the instant case, "ezahar'' had been lodged at the police station prior to G registration of the FIR - Trial court has analysed this aspect in an extremely careful and cautious manner which is found to be impeccable.

The two appellants faced trial for causing the death of the husband of PW 2. The prosecution case was that H 154

PARBIN AU v. STATE OF ASSAM 155

at 9:00 PM on 17 .01.1994, PW 2, her father (PW 5) and A some other persons saw the deceased lying injured on the road side. The injured told the witnesses that he was assaulted by the two appellants and one 'A'. The witnesses could not arrange any conveyance to carry the injured to hospital and he died at 11 :00 PM. PW5 went to 8 the Police Station and got recorded an "ezahar"·. FIR was lodged the following day. 'A' died during the investigation. The trial court convicted both the appellants and u/s. 302/34 IPC and sentenced them to imprisonment for life, and the High Court upheld the C same.

It was contended for the appellants that the oral dying declaration said to have been made by the deceased was highly unnatural and did not inspire confidence; and that though the Police Station was quite D . nearby, there was delay in lodging the FIR. It was, therefore, submitted that both the factors cast a doubt on the prosecution case.

Dismissing the appeal, the Court

HELD: 1.1. The final opinion of PW4, the doctor, who conducted the post-mortem is that the death was caused due to shock and haemorrhage as a result of the ante mortem injuries in the abdomen caused by sharp weapon and homicidal in nature. The said opinion was not challenged either before the trial Judge or before the High Court. The said witness has not been at all crossexamined. Whether a person receiving such injuries would be in a position to speak or not has not been '.>rought out in the evidence. [Para 10) [162-A-C]

1.2. The law is well settled that the conviction can be founded solely on the basis of dying declaration if the same inspires full confidence. [Para 12) [162-F]

A Khusha/ Rao vs. State of Bombay AIR 1958 SC 22; Kusa vs. State of Orissa AIR 1980 SC 559; Meesa/a Ramakrishnan vs. State of A. P. (199-j) 4 SCC 182; Ranjit Singh v. State of Punjab (2006) 13 SCC 130 - relied on

1.3. The witnesses who have deposed in respect of 8 the oral dying declaration are PW-2 and 5, the wife and father-in-law, respectively, of the deceased, PW-1, a relative and PW-3. These witnesses have clearly stated that the deceased had informed them about the names of the assailants. Nothing worth has been elicited in the C cross-examination. They have deposed in a categorical manner that by the time they arrived at the place of occurrence, the deceased was in a fit state of health to speak and make a statement and, in fact, he did make a statement as to who assaulted him. Nothing has been D suggested to these witnesses about the condition of the

deceased. PW-4, the doctor, who had performed the post mortem, has not been cross-examined. In this backdrop, it can safely be concluded that the deceased was in a conscious state and in a position to speak. Thus, it is E difficult to accept that the wife, the father-in-law and other close relatives would implicate the accused-appellants by attributing the oral dying declaration to the deceased.

That apart, the absence of any real discrepancy or material contradiction or omission and additionally non F cross-examination of the doctor in this regard, makes the dying declaration absolutely credible and the conviction based on the same really cannot be faulted. [Para 10, 11 and 20] [162-C-D; 166-G-H; 167-A-C]

Nanhau Ram v. State of M.P. 1988 Supp SCC 152; G Laxman v. State of Maharashtra (2002) 6 SCC 71 O; and Pothakamuri Srinivasu/u alias Mooga Subbaiah v. State of A.P. (2002) 6 sec 399 - relied on

Puran Chand v. State of Haryana (2010) 6 SCC 566; H

PARBIN ALI v. STATE OF ASSAM 157'

Prakash and another v. State of Madhya Pradesh (1992) 4 A SCC 225; and Darshana Devi v. State of Punjab 1995 Supp

(4) sec 126 - referred to.

2. As regards the delay in lodging of the F.l.R, it is perceptible from the evidence that the father-in-law of the B deceased had gone to the police station and lodged the ezahar and, thereafter, an FIR was lodged. The trial court has analysed the said aspect in an extremely careful and cautious manner and on a closer scrutiny, the analysis made by it is found to be impeccable. [Para 21] [167-D] c Case Law Reference:

AIR 1958 SC 22 relied on para 12

AIR 1980 SC 559 relied on para 12 D

(1994) 4 sec 182 relied on para 12

(2006) 13 sec 130 relied on para 13

1988 Supp sec 152 relied on para 13

c2002) 6 sec 11 o relied on para 14 E

(201 O) 6 sec 566 referred to para 15

(1992) 4 sec 225 referred to para 16

1995 Supp (4) sec 126 referred to para 18 F

c2002) 6 sec 399 relied on para 19

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 1037 of 2008.

G From the Judgment & Order dated 19.1.2006 of the High Court of Gauhati at Assam in Criminal Appeal Nos. 52 and 53 of 1999.

Mithlesh Kumar Singh (AC), Tarun Verma for the Appellants.

A Avijit Roy (For Corporate Law Group) for the Respondent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

DIPAK MISRA, J. 1. The present appeal by special leave is directed against the judgment of conviction and order of B sentence passed by the Gauhati High Court in Criminal Appeal Nos. 52(J) of 1999 and 53(J) of 1999 whereby the Division Bench of the High Court gave the stamp of approval to the conviction recorded by the learned Additional Sessions Judge, Silchar in Sessions Case No. 28/96 under Section 302/34 of C the Indian Penal Code (for short "the IPC") and order of sentence sentencing the accused-appellants to imprisonment for life and to pay a fine of Rs.500/-, in default, to suffer further rigorous imprisonment for one month. It may be mentioned here that the accused-appellants (hereinafter referred to as "the D accused") had preferred two separate appeals against the common judgment but a joint appeal has been preferred from jail.

2. The facts giving rise to this appeal are that on E 17.7.1994, about 9.00 p.m., deceased, Sakat Ali, was found lying injured on the road side. Coming to know about the same, a large number of persons including the father-in-law of the deceased, his wife and others came to the spot and at that juncture, the injured Sakat Ali told them that he was assaulted by the accused persons along with one Asiquddin. He F remained lying on the road side as neither the relatives nor his wife could arrange any conveyance for carrying him to the hospital and, eventually, he succumbed to the injuries around 11.00 p.m. While he was on the road, his father-in-law went to the police station wherein an "ezahar" was recorded. After the G injured died, an FIR was lodged on 18.7.1994. Afterthe criminal

law was set in motion, the accused were arrested, the dead body of the deceased was sent for post mortem, statements of nine witnesses were recorded under Section 161 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and, eventually, after completing H the investigation, the charge-sheet was placed before the

competent Court under Section 302/34 of the IPC against the A accused persons. The learned magistrate dropped the case against Asiquddin as he had died by that time and committed the matter to the Court of Session and ultimately the case was tried by the learned Additional Sessions Judge, Cachar at Silchar. s

3. The accused abjured their guilt and desired to face the trial. During the trial, the prosecution, in order to establish its case, examined nine witnesses and brought on exhibit number of documents. After completion of the prosecution evidence, the accused persons were examined under Section 313 CrPC.

C They had not put forth any substantial plea except a bald denial

and chose not to adduce any evidence.

4. The learned trial judge, considering the entire evidence, placing reliance on the oral dying declaration of the deceased o and taking note of the weapon used and the nature of the injury caused, came to hold that the prosecution had been able to substantiate the charge beyond reasonable doubt and, accordingly, convicted them and imosed the sentence.

5. In appeal, the High Court took note of the fact that there was n0 direct evidence to implicate the accused and the minor omissions or contradictions and discrepancies which had been highlighted by the defence did not create any kind of dent in the prosecution version; that ample explanation had been offered by the prosecution for not getting the dying declaration recorded as the deceased was lying on the road side and could not be taken to a hospital; and that there was no reason to disbelieve the oral dying declaration, and the same being absolutely credible, the judgment and conviction rendered by the learned trial Judge did not warrant any interference.

6. We have heard Mr. Mithlesh Kumar Singh, learned counsel for the accused-appellants, and Mr. Avijit Roy, learned counsel appearing for the respondent-State.

7. Questioning the correctness of the conviction, it is urged by Mr. Singh, learned counsel for the appellants, that the learned trial Judge as well as the High Court has gravely erred in placing reliance on the oral dying declaration as it does not inspire confidence, for it is highly unnatural that the wife and the

8 father-in-law of the deceased coming to the spot could not take the injured to any nearby hospital for treatment though he lived for few hours after the assault. That apart, submitted Mr. Singh, though the police station is quite nearby, yet there was delay in lodging the FIR which casts a doubt in the case of the prosecution and, eventually, creates a concavity in the C testimonies of PWs-1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 who have testified about the oral dying declaration.

8. Mr. Avijit Roy, learned counsel appearing for the State, on the contrary, contended that the material on record do clearly D show that the father-in-law had rushed to the police station and

lodged the "ezahar" which was registered and after the death, an FIR was registered under Section 302/34 of l.P.C. and, hence, the plea of delay in lodging the FIR has no legs to stand upon. It is urged by him that by the time the witnesses arrived E on the scene, he was conscious but despite the best efforts, the relatives could not arrange a conveyance to remove the deceased to a hospital for treatment and there is no justification to discard the said version in the absence of any kind of contradiction or discrepancy in their evidence. The learned F counsel for the State would emphatically put forth that the present case is one where the courts below have justifiably given credence to the oral dying declaration as it inspires unimpeachable and unreproachable confidence.

9. Before we proceed to dwell upon the issue of G acceptability of oral dying declaration in the case at hand, it is apposite to refer to the post mortem report which has been proven by PW-4, Dr. K.K. Chakraborty, who has stated the injuries on the body of the deceased that has caused the death.

They are as follows: - H

"Injuries: A

(1)

(2)

Bandage of right elbow joint remove and found a cut injury on right elbow medialy and along with crease of elbow measuring 4 c.m. x 2 c.m. x 1 c.m. with cut in muscles, margins of the wound regular.

Cut injury along the 11th Thorax vertebrae on left side 1 c.m. away from the mid line measuring 3 c.m. x 1 c.m. x 1 c.m. margins of the wound regular.

(3) -. Cut injury on back side 5 c.m. above the iliac creast C and 6 c.m. lateral to the 3rd lumber vertebrae with prolapse of intestine through the wound measuring

(4)

 6 c.m. x 2 c.m. x abdominal cavity deep. Margins of the wounds are regular and inverted.

:-.;;~· '

Cut injury in front of the bdominal wall % c.m. below D the neivous 1 c.m. away from the mid line to right side through which intestine prolapsed. Measuring 3 c.m. x 2 c.m. x abdominal cavity deep. Margins are inverted and regular.

All the injuries are fresh and antemortem caused by sharp pointed weapon.

THORAX All healthy.

ABDOMEN - Peritoneal cavity contain about 2 % F litrs. of liquid and clotted blood. Stomach congested. Mouth, pharynx, oesophagus healthy.

Cut injury in the small intestine n the three parts are present. Liver, splin, kidneys are all healthy. Scalp, skull, vertebrae membrane, brain - all healthy.

MUSCLES. BONES & JOINTS:

Muscles injury as described. Fracture - not found.

Fresh no abnormality found." H

10. The final qpinion of the doctor is that the death was caused due to shock and haemorrhage as a result of the ante mortem injuries in the abdomen caused by sharp weapon and homicidal in nature. The said opinion was not challenged either before the trial Judge or before the High Court. We may fruitfully B note here that the said witness has not been at all crossexamined. Whether such a person receiving certain injuries would be in a position to speak or not has not been brought out any where in the evidence. In this backdrop, the testimonies of the witnesses who have deposed in respect of the oral dying c declaration are to be scrutinized.

11. PW-1, Mooti Mia, a relative, PW-2, Sarifun Meesa, wife of the deceased, PW-3, Mohd. Abdul Wajid Ali, and PW-5, Aftaruddin, the father-in-law of the deceased, have deposed that the deceased had named three accused persons as D assailants. PW-6, Arafan Ali, who came later to the place of occurrence, had found that the deceased was not in a position to speak. PW-8, Faizuluddin, did not support the prosecution case in entirety. Thus, the real witnesses to the oral dying declaration are PWs-1, 2, 3 and 5 and hence, the veracity of E their version is required to be scrutinised.

12. Before we proceed to scrutinize the legal acceptability of the oral dying declaration, we think it seemly to refer to certain decisions in regard to the admissibility and evidentiary F value of a dying declaration. In Khushal Rao v. State of Bombay1, Kusa v. State of Orissa2 and in Meesa/a Ramakrishan v. State of A.P.,3 it has been held that the law is well settled that the conviction can be founded solely on the basis of dying declaration if the same inspires full confidence.

13. In Ranjit Singh v. State of Punjab4, it has been held

AIR 1958 SC 22.

AIR 1980 SC 559.

(1994) 4 sec 182.

H 4.

(2ooa) 13 sec 130.

that the conviction can be recorded on the basis of dying A declaration alone, if the same is wholly reliable, but in the event there exists any suspicion as regards the correctness or otherwise of the said dying declaration, the courts, in arriving at the judgment of conviction, shall look for some corroborating evidence. In this context, we may also notice the judgment in B Nanhau Ram v. State of M.P. 5 wherein it has been stated that normally, the court, in order to satisfy whether the deceased was in a fit mental condition to make the dying declaration, looks up to the medical opinion. But where the eye witness said that the deceased was in a fit and conscious state to make the dying c declaration, the medical opinion cannot prevail.

14. While dealing with the evidence of the declarant's mind, the Constitution Bench, in Laxman v. State of Maharashtra, 6 has laid down thus: -

"3. The juristic theory regarding acceptability of a dying declaration is that such declaration is made in extremity, when the party is at the point of death and when every hope

of this world is gone, when every motive to falsehood is silenced, and the r:nan is induced by the most powerful E consideration to speak only the truth. Notwithstanding the same, great caution must be exercised in considering the weight to be given to this species of evidence on account of the existence of many circumstances which may affect their truth. The situation in which a man is on the deathbed F is so solemn and serene, is the reason in law to accept the veracity of his statement. It is. for this reason the requirements of oath and cross-examination are dispensed with. Since the accused has no power of crossexamination, the courts insist that the dying declaration G should be of such a nature as to inspire full confidence of the court in its truthfulness and correctness. The court,· however, has always to be on guard to see that the

5. 1988 Supp sec 152. s. c2002i s sec 110.

statement of the deceased was not as a result of either tutoring or prompting or a product of imagination. The court also must further decide that the deceased was in a fit state of mind and had the opportunity to observe and identify the assailant. Normally, therefore, the court in order to satisfy whether the deceased was in a fit mental condition to make the dying declaration looks up to the medical opinion. But where the eyewitnesses state that the deceased was in a fit and conscious state to make the declaration, the medical opinion will not prevail, nor can it be said that since there is no certification of the doctor as to the fitness of the mind of the declarant, the dying declaration is not acceptable. A dying declaration can be oral or in writing and any adequate method of communication whether by words or by signs or otherwise will suffice provided the indication is positive and definite."

15. In this context, it will be useful to refer to the decision in Puran Chand v. State of Haryana7 wherein it has been stated that a mechanical approach in relying upon a dying declaration just because it is there is extremely dangerous and E it is the duty of the court to examine a dying declaration

scrupulously with a microscopic eye to find out whether the dying declaration is voluntary, truthful, made in a conscious state of mind and without being influenced by the relatives present or by the investigating agency who may be interested F in the success of investigation or which may be negligent while

recording the dying declaration. The Court further opined that the law is now well settled that a dying declaration which has been found to be voluntary and truthful and which is free from any doubts can be the sole basis for convicting the accused.

16. Regard being had to the aforesaid principles, we shall presently advert how to weigh the veracity of an oral dying declaration. As has been laid down in Laxman (supra) by the Constitution Bench, a dying declaration can be oral. The said

H 7.

(2010) 6 sec 566.

principle has been reiterated by the Constitution Bench. Here A we may refer to a two-Judge Bench decision in Prakash and another v. State of Madhya Pradesh8 wherein it has been held as follows: -

"In the ordinary course, the members of the family including B the father were expected to ask the victim the names of the assailants at the first opportunity and if the victim was in a position to communicate, it is reasonably expected that he would give the names of the assailants if he had recognised the assailants. In the instance case there is no C occasion to hold that the deceased was not in a position to identify the assailants because it is nobody's case that the deceased did not know the accused persons. It is therefore quite likely that on being asked the deceased would name the assailants. In the facts and circumstances of the case the High Court has accepted the dying D declaration and we do not think that such a finding is perverse and requires to be interfered with."

17. It is worthy to note that in the aforesaid case this Court had laid down that when it is not borne out from the evidence E of the doctor that the injuries were so grave and the condition of the patient was so critical that it was unlikely that he could make any dying declaration, there was no justification or warrant to discard the credibility of such a dying declaration.

18. In Darshana Devi v. State of Punjab, 9 this Court referred to the evidence of the doctor who had stated that the deceased was semi-conscious, his pulse was not palpable and his blood pressure was not recordable and had certified that

he was not in a fit condition to make a statement after the police had arrived at the hospital and expressed the view that the G deceased could not have made an oral statement that he had been burnt by his wife. Thus, emphasis was laid on the physical

(1992) 4 sec 225.

9. 1995 Supp (4) sec 12a.

A and mental condition of the deceased and the veracity of the testimony of the witnesses who depose as regards the oral dying declaration.

19. In Pothakamuri Srinivasu/u alias Mooga Subbaiah v.

8 State of A.P., 10 this Court, while dealing with the issue whether

reliance on the dying declaration made by the deceased to PWs-1, 2 and 3 therein could be believed, observed thus: -

"7. We find no reason to disbelieve the dying declaration made by the deceased to the witnesses PWs 1 , 2 and 3.

C They are all residents of the same village and are natural witnesses to the dying declaration made by the deceased.

No reason is assigned, nor even suggested to any of the three witnesses, as to why at all any of them would tell a lie and attribute falsely a dying declaration to the deceased D implicating the accused-appellant. Though each of the three witnesses has been cross-examined but there is nothing brought out in their statements to shake their veracity."

E We may also note with profit that the Court did not accept that the injured could not have been in a conscious state on the ground that no such suggestion had been made to any of the witnesses including the doctor who conducted the post mortem examination of the deceased.

20. Coming to the case at hand, the wife, the father-in-law and the two other relatives have clearly stated that the deceased had informed them about the names of the assailants. Nothing worth has been elicited in the crossexamination. They have deposed in a categorical manner that G by the time they arrived at the place of occurrence, the deceased was in a fit state of health to speak and make a statement and, in fact, he did make a statement as to who assaulted him. Nothing has been suggested to these witnesses about the condition of the deceased. As has been mentioned H 10. (2002) 6 sec 399.

earlier, PW-4, the doctor, who had performed the post mortem, A . has not been cross-examined. In this backdrop, it can safely be concluded that. the deceased was in a conscious state and in a position to speak. Thus, it is difficult to accept that the wife, the father-in-law and other close relatives would implicate the accused-appellants by attributing the oral dying declaration to B the deceased. That apart, in the absence of any real discrepancy or material contradiction or omission and additionally non cross-examination of the doctor in this regard makes the dying declaration absolutely credible and the conviction based on the same really cannot be faulted. c

21. Having said that the discrepancies which have been brought out are not material, we may address to the issue of delay in lodging of the F.l.R. It is perceptible from the evidence that the father-in-law of the deceased had gone to the police station and lodged the ezahar and, thereafter, an FIR was D lodged. The learned trial Judge has analysed the said aspect in an extremely careful and cautious manner and on a closer scrutiny, we find that the analysis made by him is impeccable.

22. In view of our aforesaid analysis, we conclude and hold E that the appeal is sans substratum and, accordingly, the same has to pave the path of dismissal which we direct.

R.P.

Appeal dismissed.