[2011] 10 S.C.R. 804

NITINBHAI SAEVATILAL SHAH & ANOTHER v.

MANUBHAI MANJIBHAI PANCHAL & ANOTHER

(Criminal Appeal No. 1703 of 2011)

SEPTEMBER 1, 2011

[J.M. PANCHAL AND H. L. GOKHALE, JJ.]

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973:

c ss. 263 and 264 read with s.326(3) and s.461- Summary trial - Procedure in part-heard cases on transfer of the Judge/ Magistrate - HELD: In view of sub-s.(3) of s.326, sub s.(1) of . s.326 which authorizes a Magistrate to act on the evidence recorded by his predecessor, does not apply to summary trials

0 - The prohibition contained in sub s. (3) of s 326 is absolute and. admits of no exception - In summary proceedings, the successor Judge or Magistrate has no authority to proceed with the trial from a stage at which his predecessor has left it because in summary trials only substance of evidence has to be recorded - The court does not record the entire E statement of witness - s.326 (3) does not permit the Magistrate to act upon the substance of the evidence recorded by his predecessor - It is well settled that no amount of consent by the parties can confer jurisdiction where there exists none, on a court of law nor can they divest a court of F jurisdiction which it possesses under the law - The cardinal principle of law in criminal trial is that it is a right of an accused that his case should be decided by a Judge who has heard the whole of it - Therefore, except in regard to those cases which fall within the ambit of s. 326, the Magistrate cannot G proceed with the trial placing reliance on the evidence recorded by his predecessor - He has got to try the case de novo - In this view of the matter, the High Court should have ordered de novo trial - This is not a case of irregularity but want of competency - There has been no proper trial of the H 804

MANJIBHAI PANCHAL & ANR.

case and there should be one - The impugned judgment is A set aside and the matter remanded to Metropolitan Magistrate for retrial in accordance with law - Jurisdiction - Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 - s. 138.

ss. 461 and 465 -Void proceedings - Summary trial - 8 Metropolitan Magistrate after recording evidence, transferred

- His successor proceeded with the trial from the stage let in and convicted the accused - HELD: Provisions of s.461 would be applicable - The proceedings held by the Magistrate, to the extent that he is not empowered by law, would be void, and C void proceedings cannot be validated u/s 465 - This defect is not a mere irregularity and the conviction of the appellants cannot, even if sustainable on the evidence, be upheld u/s 465 of the Code - Therefore, s. 465 of the Code has no application. It cannot be called in aid to make what was incompetent, competent. ', D

On the complaint of respondent no. 1 against appellant rio.2 company and its director, appellant no.1, for an offence pQnishable u/s 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, Summary Case No. 2785 of 1998 was registered in the Court of the Metropolitan Magistrate. After the evidence was recorded by the Metropolitan Magistrate, he was transferred and was succeeded by another Metropolitan Magistrate. The appellants-accused as well as the complainant filed a pursis that they had no objection to proceed with the matter on the basis of the evidence recorded by the

" predecessor in office of the Metropolitan Magistrate in

terms of s. 326 Cr.P.C. Accordingly, the Metropolitan Magistrate considered the evidence, heard the counsel G , for the parties and convicted both the appellants u/s 138 of the Act and sentenced each of them to simple imprisonment for three months with a fine of Rs. 3,000/-.

The appellate court confirmed the conviction, but noticing th?t appellant no. 2 was a private limited company and, H

A thus, could not have been sentenced to imprisonment, set aside the sentence of imprisonment qua appellant no. 2 only. The High Court, in the revision petition, maintained the conviction but set aside the final order of sentence imposed upon the accused-appellants and remanded the B matter to the trial court for passing an appropriate order of sentence and compensation, if any payable u/s 357 Cr.

P.C. Aggrieved, the accused filed the appeal.

Disposing of the appeal, the Court

C HELD: 1.1. Provision for summary trials is made in chapter XXI of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. The manner in which record in summary trials is to be maintained is provided in s. 263 of the Code. Section 264 mentions that in every case tried summarily in which the D accused does not plead guilty, the Magistrate shall

record the substance of evidence and a judgment containing a brief statement of the reasons for the finding.

Thus, the Magistrate is not expected to record full evidence which he would have been, otherwise required E to record in a regular trial and his judgment should also contain a brief statement of the reasons for the finding and not elaborate reasons which otherwise he would have been required to record in regular trials. [paras 12-

13] [814-G-H; 815-A-C]

F 1.2. Section 326 deals with part-heard cases, when one Magistrate who has partly heard the case is succeeded by another Magistrate either because the first Magistrate is transferred and is succeeded by another, or because the case is transferred from one Magistrate to G another Magistrate. The rule mentioned in s. 326 is that second Magistrate need not re-hear the whole case and he can start from the stage the first Magistrate left it.

However, a bare perusal of sub s. (3) of s. 326 makes it more than evident that sub s. (1) which authorizes the H

MANJIBHAI PANCHAL & ANR.

Magistrate who succeeds the Magistrate who had A recorded the whole or any part of the evidence in a trial to act on the evidence so recorded by his predecessor, does not apply to summary trials. The prohibition contained in sub s. (3) of s 326 of the Code is absolute and admits of no exception. Where a Magistrate is B transferred from one station to another, his jurisdiction ceases in the former station when the transfer takes effect. [para 11] [814-C-F]

1.3. The mandatory language in which s.326 (3) is C couched, leaves no manner of doubt that when a case is tried as a summary case, a Magistrate, who succeeds the Magistrate who had recorded the part or whole of the evidence, cannot act on the evidence so recorded by his predecessor. In summary proceedings, the suceessor Judge or Magistrate has no authority to proceed with the D trial from a stage at which his predecessor has left it. The reason why the provisi_ons of sub-ss .. (1) and (2) of s. 326 of the Code have not been made applicable to summary trials is that in summary trials only substance of evidence has to be recorded. The court does not record the entire c statement of witness. Therefore, the Judge or the Magistrate who has recorded such substance of evidence is in a position to appreciate the evidence led before him and the successor Judge or Magistrate cannot appreciate the evidence only on the basis of evidence F recorded by his predecessor. Section 326 (3) does not permit the Magistrate to act upon the substance of the evidence recorded by his predecessor, the obvious reason being that if succeeding Judge is permitted to rely upon the substance of the evidence recorded by his G predecessor, there wm be a serious prejudice to the accused and indeed, it would be difficult for a succeeding Magistrate himself to decide the matter effectively and to do substantial justice. [para 14) [815-E-H; 816-AB]

! A 1.4. The reliance placed by the High Court, on the pursis submitted by the appellants before the Metropolitan Magistrate declaring that they had no objection if matter was decided after taking into consideration the evidence recorded by his predecessors in-office is misconceived. It is well settled that no amount of consent by the parties can confer jurisdiction where there exists none, on a court of law nor can they divest a court of jurisdiction which it possesses under the law. [para 15] [816-C-E] c 1.5. From the language of s. 326(3) of the Code, it is plain that the provisions of s. 326(1) and s. 326(2) are not applicable to summary trial. Therefore, except in regard to those cases which fall within the ambit of s. 326 of the Code, the Magistrate cannot proceed with the trial placing D reliance on the evidence recorded by his predecessor. He has got to try the case de novo. In this view of the matter, the High Court should have ordered de novo trial. [para

16] [816-H; 817-A] .

E 1.6. The cardinal principal of law in criminal trial is that it is a right of an accused that his case should be decided by a Judge who has heard the whole of it. As s. 326 is an exception to the cardinal principle of trial of criminal cases, it is crystal clear that if that principle is F violated by a particular Judge or a Magistrate, he would

be doing something not being empowered by law in that behalf. Therefore, s. 461 would be applicable, which shows that the proceedings held by a Magistrate, to the extent that he is not empowered by law, would be void; G and void proceedings cannot be validated u/s 465 of the Code. This defect is not a mere irregularity but want of competency, and the conviction of the appellants cannot, even if sustainable on the evidence, be upheld u/s 465 of the Code. [paras 16 and 17] [816-F-G; 817-B-C-G]

MANJIBHAI PANCHAL & ANR.

Payare Lal Vs. State of Punjab AIR 1962 SC 690: (1962 A

(1) Crl LJ 688) - relied on.

Pu/ukuri Kotayya Vs. Emperor, AIR 1947 P.C. 67 - referred to

1.7. Apart from s. 326 (1) and s.326 (2) which are not B applicable to the instant case in view of s. 326 (3), the Code does not conceive of such a trial. Therefore, ~- 465 of the Code has no application. It cannot be called in aid to make what was incompetent, competent. There has been no proper trial of the case and there should be one.

C [para 18] [818-C] ·

1.8. The judgment dated 09.08.2010 rendered by the Single Judge of the High Court upholding the conviction of the appellants for the offence punishable u/s 138 of the o Act is set aside. The matter is remanded to the

Metropolitan Magistrate for retrial in accordance with law, as early as possible.[para 19] [818-0-G]

Case Law Reference:

1962 SC.690: (1962

(1) Crl LJ 688)

AIR 1947 P.C. 67

relied on

referred to

Para 16

Para 17

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 1703 of 2011.

From the Judgment & Order dated 9.8.201 O of the High Court of Judicature at Gujarat in Crl. Revision Application No. 529 of 2003.

Amar Dave, P.S. Sudheer, Rishi Maheshwari for the Appellants.

Atul Y. Chitale, Nishtha Kumar, Abhijat P. Medh,

IA Hemantika Wahi, Pinky Behra Suveni Banerjee for the Respondents.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

J.M. PANCHAL, J. 1. Leave granted.

2. This appeal by grant of special leave, is directed against judgment dated August 9, 2010, rendered by the learned Single Judge of High Court of Gujarat at Ahmadabad in Criminal Revision Application No. 529 of 2003, by which the conviction c of the appellants recorded by the learned Metropolitan Magistrate, Ahmadabad in Summary Case No. 2785 of .1998 under Section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 and confirmed by the learned Additional City Sessions Judge, Court No. 13, Ahmadabad is maintained but the sentence imposed 0 upon the appellants for commission of said offence is set aside and matter is remanded to the learned Magistrate for passing appropriate order with regard to sentence and compensation, if any under Section 357 of Cr. P.C. within three months, after giving the parties reasonable opportunity of being heard.

3. The respondent No.1 herein is original complainant. He was doing business in the name of Navkar Steel Pvt. Ltd. The Complainant is known to the appellant No.1. The appellant No.1 is the Director of appellant No.2 which is a private limited company. It is the case of the complainant that the appellant F No.1 had borrowed hand loan from him and in order to pay the

legal dues, the appellant No.1 had given a cheque dated October 13, 1998 for the sum of Rs.11,23,000/- drawn on the State Bank of India. The cheque was signed by the appellant No.1 on behalf of the appellant No.2. The complainant G presented the cheque for realization in the Central Bank of India.

The cheque was dishonoured and sent back to the complainant with a memorandum dated October 15, 1998 mentioning that the cheque was dishonoured because of insufficiency of funds.

Thereupon, the complainant served a demand notice dated H October 28, 1998 which was returned unserved as unclaimed

on November 5, 1998. Therefore another notice was served by A post under Postal Certificate. The appellants failed to pay the amount mentioned in the notice within 15 days from the date of receipt of notice. Therefore, the complainant filed complaint in the Court of learned Metropolitan Magistrate, Court No.2, Ahmedabad on December 15, 1998 and prayed to convict the B . appellants under Section 138 of the Act. On the basis of the complaint, Summary Case No. 2785 of 1998 was registered and after recording verification, !he learned Magistrate had issued process.

4. The complainant examined himself and his witnesses C and also produced documentary evidence in support of his case set up in the complaint. The appellants did not lead any defence evidence. However, the appellant No.1 in his statement recorded under Section 313 of the Code stated that his signature was obtained on the blank paper by kidnapping him D and writing was written on it and that false complaint was lodged by misusing the signed blank cheque.

5. After the evidence was recorded by the learned Metropolitan Magistrate as stated above, he came to be E transferred and therefore, ceased to exercise jurisdiction in the case. He was succeeded by another learned Metropolitan Magistrate who had and who exercised such jurisdiction. On August 03, 2001, a pursis was filed before the learned Metropolitan Magistrate by the appellants as well as the original F complainant i.e. the respondent No.1 herein, declaring that the parties had no objection to proceed with the matter on the basis of evidence recorded by predecessor in office of the learned Metropolitan Magistrate in terms of Section 326 of the Code.

On the basis of said pursis the learned Metropolitan Magistrate G considered the evidence led by the complainant and heard the learned counsel for the parties.

6. The learned Metropolitan Magistrate by judgment dated February 13, 2003, delivered in Summary Case No. 2785 of 1998, convicted both the appellants under Section 138 of the H

A Act and sent.enced each of them to suffer simple imprisonment for three months with fine of Rs.3,000/- i/d simple imprisonment for 15 days.

7. Feeling aggrieved, the appellants preferred Criminal

8 Appeal No.19 of 2003 in the Court of the learned Additional City Sessions Judge at Ahmadabad. The learned Judge found that conviction of the appellants recorded under Section 138 of the Act was perfectly just but noticed that the appellant No. 2 is a private limited company ar;:id therefore, could not have been sentenced to simple impri~\lnment for three months.

C Therefore, the learned Additional City Sessions Judge, Court No.13, Ahmadabad by judgment dated October 16, 2003 dismissed the appeal but set aside sentence of simple imprisonment of three months imposed upon the appellant No.2 and maintained the full sentence imposed upon appellant No.1 D as well as sentence of fine of Rs.3,000/- imposed upon the

appellant No.2.

8. Dissatisfied with the judgment of the First Appellate .

Court, the appellants preferred Criminal Revision Application E No.529 of 2003 in the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmadabad.

The learned Single Judge by judgment dated August 09, 2010, maintained conviction of the appellants under Section 138 of Negotiable Instrument Act, but set aside final order of sentence imposed upon the appellants and remanded the matter to the F learned Magistrate for passing appropriate order of sentence and compensation, if any payable under Section 357 of the Code, within three months, after giving to the parties reasonable opportunity of being heard, which has given rise to the instant appeal.

9. This Court has heard the learned counsel for the parties and considered the documents forming part of the appeal.

1 O. Section 326 of the Code deals with the procedure to be followed when any Magistrate after having heard and H recorded the whole or any part of the evidence in an enquiry

or a trial, ceases to exercise jurisdiction therein and is A succeeded by another Magistrate who exercises such jurisdiction. Section 326 of the code reads as under:-

"326. Conviction or commitment on evidence partly recorded by one Magistrate and partly by another: - 8

(1) Whenever any (Judge or Magistrate] after having heard and recorded the whole or any part of the evidence in an inquiry or a trial, ceases to exercises jurisdiction therein and us succeeded by another [Judge or Magistrate] who has and who exercises such jurisdiction, the (Judge of C Magistrate] so succeeding may act on the evidence so recorded .tfy his predecessor and partly recorded by himself.

Provided that if the succeeding [Judge or Magistrate] is o of opinion that further examination of any of the witness whose evidence has already been recorded is necessary in the interests of justice, he may re-summon any such witness, and after such further examination, crossexamination and re-examination, if any, as he may permit, the witnes~ shall be discharged.

(2) When a case is transferred under the provisions of this Code [from one Judge to another Judge or from one Magistrate to another Magistrate,] the former shall be deemed to cease to exercise jurisdiction therein, and to F be succeeded by the latter, within the meaning of subsection (1).

(3) Nothing in this section applies to summary trials or to cases in which proceedings have been stayed under G section 322 or in which proceedings have been submitted to a superior Magistrate under section 325."

11. Section 326 is part of general provisions as to inquiries and trials contained in Chapter XXIV of the Code. It is one of the important principles of criminal law that the Judge H

A who hears and records the entire evidence must give judgment.

Section 326 is an exception to the rule that only a person who has heard the evidence in the case is competent to decide whether the accused is innocent or guilty. The Section is intended to meet the case of transfers of Magistrates from one B place to another and to prevent the necessity of trying from the beginning all cases which may be part-heard at the time of such transfer. Section. 326 empowers the succeeding Magistrate to pass sentence or to proceed with the case from the stage it was stopped by his preceding Magistrate. Under Section 326 c (1), successor Magistrate can act on the evidence recorded by his predecessor either in whole or in part. If he is of the opinion that any further examination is required, he may recall that witness and examine him, but there is no need of re-trial. In fact Section 326 deals with part-heard cases, when one Magistrate

0 who has partly heard the case is succeeded by another Magistrate either because the first Magistrate is transferred and is succeeded by another, or becaue the case is transferred from one Magistrate to another Magistrate. The rule mentioned in Section 326 is that second Magistrate need not re-hear the whole case and he can start from the stage the first Magistrate E left it. However, a bare perusal of sub Section (3) of Section 326 makes it more than evident that sub Section (1) which authorizes the Magistrate who succeeds the Magistrate who had recorded the whole or any part of the evidence in a trial to act on the evidence so recorded by his predecessor, does not F apply to summary trials. The prohibition contained in sub Section (3) of Section 326 of the Code is absolute and admits of no exception. Where a Magistrate is transferred from one station to another, his jurisdiction cea.ses in the former station

G when .the transfer takes effect.

12. Provision for summary trials is made in chapter XXI of the Code. Section 260 of the Code confers power upon any Chief Judicial Magistrate or any Metropolitan Magistrate or any Magistrate of the First Class specially empowered in this behalf H by the High Court to try in a summary way all or any of the

offences enumerated therein. Section 262 lays down procedure A for summary trial and sub Section (1) thereof inter alia prescribes that in summary trials the procedure specified in the Code for the trial of summons-case shall be followed subject to condition that no sentence of imprisonment for a term exceeding three months is passed in case of any conviction B under the chapter.

13. The manner in which record in summary trials is to be maintained is provided in Section 263 of the Code. Section 264 mentions that in every case tried summarily in which the accused does not plead guilty, the Magistrate shall record the C substance of evidence and a judgment containing a brief statement of the reasons for the finding. Thus the Magistrate is not expected to record full evidence which he would have been, otherwise required to record in a regular trial and his judgment should also contain a brief statement of the reasons D for the finding and not elaborate reasons which otherwise he would have been required to record in regular trials.

14. The mandatory language in which Section 326 (3) is couched, leaves no manner of doubt that when a case is tried as a summary case a Magistrate, who succeeds the Magistrate who had recorded the part or whole of the .evidence, cannot act

on the evidence so recorded by his predecessor. In summary proceedings, the successor Judge or Magistrate has no authority to proceed with the trial from a stage at which his predecessor has left it. The reason why the provisions of subsection ( 1) and (2) of Section 326 of the Code have not beeh made applicable to summary trials is that in summary trials only substance of evidence has to be recorded. The Court does not record the entire statement of witness. Therefore, the Judge or G the Magistrate who has recorded such substance of evidence is in a position to appreciate the evidence led before him and the successor Judge or Magistrate cannot appreciate the evidence only on the basis of evidence recorded by his predecessor. Section 326 (3) of the Code does not permit the H

A Magistrate to act upon the substance of the evidence recorded by his predecessor, the obvious reason being that if succeeding Judge is permitted to rely upon the substance of the evidence recorded by his predecessor, there will be a serious prejudice to the accused and indeed, it would be difficult for a succeeding B Magistrate himself to decide the matter effectively and to do

substantial justice.

15. The High Court by the impugned judgment rejected the contention regarding proceedings having been vitiated under Section 461 of the Code, on the ground that parties had C submitted pursis dated August 3, 2009 and in view of the provisions of Section 465 of the Code, the alleged irregularity cannot be regarded as having occasioned failure of justice and thus can be cured. The reliance placed by the High Court, on the pursis submitted by the appellants before the learned D Metropolitan Magistrate declaring that they had no objection if matter was decided after taking into consideration the evidence recorded by his predecessor-in-office is misconceived. It is well settled that no amount of consent by the parties can confer jurisdiction where there exists none, on a Court of law nor can E they divest a Court of jurisdiction which it possesses underlhe

law.

16. The cardinal principal of law in criminal trial is that it is a right of an accused that his case should be decided by a F Judge who has heard the whole of it. It is so stated by this Court in the decision in Payare Lal Vs. State of Punjab, AIR 1962 SC 690 : (1962 (1) Crl LJ 688). This principle was being rigorously applied prior to the introduction of Section 350 in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898. Section 326 of the new G Code deals with what was intended to be dealt with by Section

350 of the old Code.

From the language of Section 326(3) of the Code, it Is plain that the provisions of Section 326(1) and 326(2) of the new Code are not applicable to summary trial. Therefore, except in H regard to those cases which fall within the ambit of Section 326

of the Code, the Magistrate cannot proceed with the trial A placing reliance on the evidence recorded by his predecessor.

He has got to try the case de novo. In this view of the matter, the High Court should have ordered de novo trial.

17. The next question that arises is as to from what stage 8 the learned Metropolitan Magistrate Ahmedabad, should proceed with the trial de novo. As it has been seen that Section 326 of the new Code is an exception to the cardinal principle of trial of criminal cases, it is crystal clear that if that principle is violated by a particular Judge or a Magistrate, he would be C doing something not being empowered by law in that behalf.

Therefore, Section 461 of the new Code would be applicable.

Section 461 of the new Code narrates irregularities which vitiate proceedings. The relevant provision is Clause (1). It reads as follows:-

"461. Irregularities which vitiate proceedings:- If any Magistrate, not being empowered by law in this behalf, does any of the following things, namely;

xxxxx

(1) tries an offender;

xxxxx

his proceedings shall be void."

A plain reading of this provision shows that the proceedings held by a Magistrate, to the extent that he is not empowered by law, would be void and void proceedings cannot be validated under Section 465 of the Code. This defect

is not a mere irregularity and the conviction of the appellants G cannot, even if sustainable on the evidence, be upheld under Section 465 of the Code. In regard to Section 350 of the old Code, it was said by Privy Council in Pu/ukuri Kotayya Vs.

Emperor, AIR 1947 P.C. 67 that "when a trial is conducted in a manner different from that prescribed by the Code, the trial H

A is bad, and no question of curing an irregularity arises; but if the trial is conducted substantially in the manner prescribed, but some irregularity occurs in the course of such conduct, the irregularity can be cured under Section 537".

18. This is not a case of irregularity but want of competency. Apart from Section 326 (1) and 326 (2) which are not applicable to the present case in view of Section 326 (3), the Code does not conceive of such a trial. Therefore, Section 465 of the Code has no application. It cannot be called in aid C to make what was incompetent, competent. There has been no proper trial of the case and there should be one.

19. For the foregoing reasons the appeal succeeds. The judgment dated August 09, 2010 rendered by the learned

Single Judge of the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmadabad in D Criminal Revision Application No. 529 of 2003 upholding

conviction of the appellants for the offence under Section 138 of the Act is hereby set aside. The matter is remanded to the learned Metropolitan Magistrate for retrial in accordance with law. The record shows that the appellant No.1 has resorted to E dilatory tactics to delay the trial. The appellant No.1 is directed to remain present before the learned Metropolitan Magistrate when required without fail. If the appellant No. 1 fails to remain present before the learned Metropolitan Magistrate, it would be open to the learned Metropolitan Magistrate to take necessary F steps including issuance of non-bailable warrant for securing his presence. Having regard to the facts of the case the learned Metropolitan Magistrate is directed to complete the trial of the case as early as possible and preferably within five months from the date of receipt of the writ from this Court. Subject to G above mentioned observations the appeal stands disposed of.

R.P.

Appeal disposed of.