[2010] 8 S.C.R 1135

ITIIANAM AND ORS.

CHERICHI @ PADMINI (Civil Appeal No. 7226 of 2002)

JULY 27, 2010

[G.S~ SINGHVI AND ASOK KUMAR GANGULY, JJ.]

Succession Act, 1925 - s. 90 - Effect of; on interpretatiort

of the Will - Held: In absence of a contrary intention in the Will, the description of the properties in the Will would be C deemed to refer to and include the property answering that description at the death of the testator - The Will would then be deemed to speak from the date of the testator's death - English Wills Act (U.K) - s.24.

Will - Statutory presumption against intestacy - Held: While construing a Will, the Court should lean against any intestacy - However, the presumption against intestacy cannot be raised ignoring the intention in the Will.

Interpretation of Statutes - Deeming provision - E Interpretation and effect of - Legal fiction.

Words and Phrases - "deemed" and "comprise" - Meaning of: F Dispute arose between the parties over some properties bequeathed in terms ofa Will. In the Will, seven items of property were bequeathed. Pursuant to an application filed by the appellants under Section 278 of the Indian Succession Act, 1925, the District Judge granted the letters of administration in respect of all the G seven items of property in the Will, .

On appeal, the High Court affirmed the grant of letters of administration in respect of items 1 to 3. It declined to 1135 H

A grant the letters of administration in respect of items 4 to 7 on the ground that on the date of the Will, the testator's title over item nos.4 to 7 was not perfected; and that it was perfected only on the registration of the sale deed (executed in favour of the testator), which was after the

8 execution of the Will.

In the instant appeals, the question which arose for consideration was whether in view of the provisons of s.90 of the Indian Succession Act, 1925, the judgment of the High Court was erroneous and liable to be set aside.

Disposing of the appeals, the Court

HELD:1.1. Section 90 of the Indian Succession Act, 1925 is based on Section 24 of the English Wills Act. Prior to the English Wills Act under the common law, D testamentary disposition of real property spoke from the date of the Will. But the English Wills Act changed that by a statutory presumption to the effect, that unless a contrary intention appears from the recitals of the Will, the Will speaks from the date of the testator's death. [Para 13)

E [1142-F]

1.2. Section 90 uses the legal fiction "deemed" and that is used with the specific purpose of raising a presumption against intestacy. On an analysis of the F provisions of Section 90, it is clear that the property described in the Will shall be deemed to refer to and comprise the property answering that description at the death of the testator. In the absence of a contrary intention in the Will, the description of the properties in G the Will shall be deemed to refer to and include the property answering that description at the death of the testator. [Paras 14, 16) [1142-G-H; 1143-C]

Shorter Oxford Dictionary on Historical Principles, p.386; Webster's Comprehensive Dictionary Encyclopedic Edition, H

ITIIANAM AND ORS. v .. CHERICHI @ PADMINI 1137

p.269 and Law of Wills by Williams, 3rd edition, p.429, A referred:to.

2. When the legislature uses a deeming provision to create a legal fiction, it is always. used to achieve a purpose. The obvious purpose herein is to avoid intestacy in respect of properties referred to and .comprised in the Will. Once the purpose is ascertained, the Court must, give full.effect to the statutory fiction and

the fiction is to be carried to its logical end. Going by this test, the High Court. did not properly appreciate the 0 purport of Section 90 in.the context of the Will when it is common ground that the Will does not contain any contrary intention in respect of the bequest of items 4 to 7 of the properties. [Paras 17, 18, 19) [1143~E-H; 1144-A- C]

State of Travancore-Cochin and others v. Shanmugha Vilas Cashewnut Factory, Qui/on AIR 1953 SC 333 and State of_Bombay v. Pandurang Vinayak and others AIR 1953 SC .244, relied on.

E East End Dwellings Co. Ld. v. Finsbury Borough Council 1952 AC 109, referred to.

3. On general principles also, a Will speaks only from the date of.thedeath of the testator. In the present case, assuming that.the testator had not acquired title in F respect of half of the property, namely, items 4 to 7 of the pr:operty:bequeathed.by himdn the Will on.8.5.1967, but thee-sale.deed having.been registered: on .8.5.1967, the title reverts.back to the.date of execution of the .. sale deed on .2.5.67 .underSection.47 of the Registration Act. And the G testator died on 20.7 .71 :Therefore, much.before his death, the testator acquired full title over items 4 to 7 of the property. 'Therefore, the-High Court was in clear error in not al)preciating the effect of Section 90 on the interpretation of the Will:[Para 21) [1114'-FH] H

4. It is one of the well established principles that while construing a Will, the Court should lean against any intestacy. The presumption against intestacy cannot be raised ignoring the intention in the Will. That is why Section 90 stipulates that the deeming clause will operate B only where there is no contrary intention. In this case, it is common ground that no contrary intention could be discerned in the Will in respect of items 4 to 7. In construing a Will both the English Courts and the Supreme Court of India lean against any presumption c favouring intestacy in the absence of a manifest contrary intention in the Will. The judgment of the High Court is thus set aside and that of the District Judge is restored. [Paras 32, 34 and 39] [1147-F-H; 1148-A, F-G; 1149-F]

Ram Saran Lall and others v. Mst. Domini Kuer and D others, AIR 1961 SC 1747, distinguished,

Hamda Ammal v. Avadiappa Pathar and 3 others (1991) 1 SCC 715, and A. Jithendernath v. Jubilee Hills Coop.

House Building Society and another (2006) 10 SCC 96, held E inapplicable.

Gnambal Ammal v. T Raju Ayyar and others, AIR 1951 SC 103; N. Kasturi v. D. Ponnammal and others, AIR 1961 SC 1302; Pearey Lal v. Rameshwar Das AIR 1963 SC 1703 F and Navneet Lal alias Rangi v. Gokul and others AIR 1976

SC 794, relied on.

Alavandar Gramani Vs. Danakoti Ammal and others (AIR 1927 Madras 383); Abdulsakur Haji Rahimtulla and others v. Abubakkar Haji Abba and others AIR 1930 Bombay G 191; Rangoo Ramji Vs. Harisa and another, AIR 1932 Nagpur 163, referred to.

Re Harrison Turner Vs. Hellard, (1885) 30 Chancery Division 390; Re Fleming's Will Trusts Ennion Vs.

H Hampstead Old People's Housing Trust Limited and Another

ITTIANAM AND ORS. v. CHERICHI @ PADMINI 1139

(1974) 3 All ER 323 and Venkata Narasimha Appa Row vs.

A Parthasarthy Appa Row and another 41 Indian Appeals 51, referred to. ·

Case Law Reference:

AIR 1953 SC 333 relied on Para 17 B

AIR 1953 SC 244 relied on Para 18

1952 AC 109 referred to Para 18

(1885) 30 Chancery Division 390 referred to Para 22 c

(1974) 3 All ER 323) referred to Para 23

AIR 1927 Madras 383 referred to P11ra 26

AIR 1930 Bombay 191 referred to Para 27 D AIR 1932 Nagpur 163 referred to Para 28

41 Indian Appeals 51 referred to Para 31

AIR 1951 SC 103 relied on Para 32

AIR 1961 SC 1302 relied on Para 33 E

AIR 1963 SC 1703 relied on Para 33

AIR 1976 SC 794 relied on Para 33

AIR 1961 SC 1747 distinguished Para 35 F

(1991) 1 sec 115 held inapplicable Para 38

(2006) 1 o sec 96 held inapplicable Para 38

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No.

G 7226 of 2002 .

. From the Judgment & Order dated 6.12.2000 of the High :ourt of Kera la at Ernakulam in M. FA. No. 44 of 1990.

WITH H

A C.A. No. 4432 of 2003

T.L. Vishwanatha Iyer, T.G. Naray51nan Nair, K.N.

Madhusoodanan, Romy Chacko, Jasaswini Mishra for the appearing parties.

B The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

GANGULY, J.

CIVIL APPEAL N0.7226 OF 2002

1. This appeal is directed against the judgment of the Division Bench of the Kerala High Court dated 6th December, 2000 rendered in Miscellaneous First Appeal No. 44 of 1990.

2. The dispute is over some of properties bequeathed by

0 the Will dated 8.5.1967 by one Kakkassery lppuru.

3. The material facts on which there is not much dispute are that the testator lppuru's first wife Kunhiri died, leaving behind daughter Molutty and son Vareed who died on 8.1.86.

The wife and children of Vareed, since deceased. are the E plaintiffs. The second wife of lppuru, Kunjila, is the 7th plaintiff.

She has two daughters Mariyamma, the 8th plaintiff and the other daughter is Padmini @ Cherichi, the defendant and respondent herein.

4. By a sale deed, being Exhibit-B1, dated 2.5.67, Kunjila, the second wife of lppuru, sold to lppuru half of her rights in respect of item Nos. 4 to 7 of the properties in the Will beQueathed by lppuru. The other half of the property belonged to her son Vareed. Both the sale deed and the Will were G registered on 8.5.1967, lppuru died on 20.7.71.

5. In the Will of lppuru, seven items of properties were bequeathed and out of which items 1 to 3 were given to. one Molutty, daughter of the testator by his first wife. Items 4 to 7 of the properties were previously owned in equal moieties by

Vareed and Kunjila, the second wife of lppuru. Kunjila, as noted A above, sold her share to lppuru on 2.5.67 but the sale deed was registered on 8.5.67, the same day when the Will was registered.

6. After the death of Vareed on 1.8.1986, his wife and children appellants, 1 to 5 herein, jointly applied under Section 278 of the Indian Succession Act (the Act) for grant of Letters of Administration of the Will of the testator. That petition was contested by the Padmini @ Cherichi, one of the daughters of

the testator's second wife. Thus the proceeding became C contentious and was registered as a suit being O.S. 10 of 1988 in the District Court, Thrichur.

7. The District Judge granted the letters of administration in respect of all the items of property in the Will. An appeal was taken to the High Court whereupon by the impugned judgment D the High Court upheldthe genuineness of the Will but modified the grant of letters of administration only to items 1 to 3. The High Court declined to grant the letters of administration in respect of items 4 to 7 and the reasoning given by the High Court inter alia was that on the date of the Will i.e. 8.5.67 the E testator's title to half of the property, namely over item Nos. 4 to 7 was not perfected. It was perfected only on the registration of sale deed, which is after the execution of the Will, even though the sale deed was executed on 2.5.1967. The correctness of the finding of the High Court is questioned in this F appeal.

8. When the appeal was taken up for hearing on 25.2.2010, the learned counsel for the appellant urged that in view of provisions of Section 90 of the Act, the judgment of the High Court is erroneou~. But that point was not specifically taken G either before the High Court or in the Special leave petition.

As such the learned counsel for the appellant prayed for leave to file an application for urging additional grounds.

9.· Since the question is purely one of law and is arising H

A from the records of the case and can be urged without raising any new factual controversy, this Court granted leave to urge the additional grounds. The respondents were granted liberty to file its response to the application for additional grounds.

10. Pursuant thereto, application for urging additional grounds was filed and the respondent, though was given opportunity to file response to those grounds, did not choose to do so. But the respondent's counsel was heard on those grounds and he sought to controvert those grounds orally.

11. Admittedly, the parties are Christians and are

governed by the Act. Along with the application for additional grounds a translated copy of the Will was also filed.

12. Section 90 of the Act provides:

"90. Words describing subject refer to property answering description at testator's death. - The description contained in a Will of property, the subject of gift, shall, unless a contray intention appears by the Will, be deemed to refer to and comprise the property answering that description at the death of the testator."

13. This Section is based on Section 24 of the English Wills Act. Prior to the English Wills Act under the common law, testamentary disposition of real property spoke from the date F of the Will. But the English Wills Act changed that by a statutory presumption to the effect, that unless a contrary intention appears from the recitals of the Will, the Will speaks from the date of the testator's death.

14. Section 90 of the Act uses the legal fiction "deemed" and that is used with the specific purpose of raising a presumption against intestacy. Therefore, on an analysis of the provisions of Section 90 it is clear that the property described in the Will shall be deemed to refer to and comprise the property answering that description at the death of the testator.

15. In the context of Section 90, the word 'comprise' will A obviously mean 'to include, embrace, to comprehend compendiously, to contain, to consist of, to extend, cover" (See Shorter Oxford Dictionary on Historical Principles, page 386).

In Webster's Dictionary the word 'comprise' means to "include and contain, consist of and embrace". (Webster's B Comprehensive Dictionary Encyclopedic Edition, page 269).

16. Therefore, on a plain reading of the Section, the meaning is clear. It is, that in the absence of a contrary intention in the Will, the description of the properties in the Will shall be C deemed to refer to and include the property answering that description at the death of the testator.

17. It is well known when legislature uses a deeming provision to create a legal fiction, it is always used to achieve a purpose. In State of Travancore-Cochin and others Vs.

D Shanmugha Vilas Cashewnut Factory, Qui/on, reported in AIR 1953 SC 333, the Constitution Bench opined, when a legal fiction is created, one is led to ask at once for what purpose it is created (see para 38 page 343).

18. In this case the obvious purpose is to avoid intestacy in respect of properties referred to and comprised in the Will.

Once the purpose is ascertained, the Court must give full effect

to the statutory fiction and the fiction is to be carried to its logical end. In State of Bombay Vs. Pandurang Vinayak and others, reported in AIR 1953 SC 244, this Court laid down the aforesaid propositions at page 246 of the report. In doing so, this Court relied on the famous dictum of Lord Asquith which has virtually become locus classicus on statutory interpretation of 'deeming' provisions. Lord Asquith's formulations in East End Dwellings Co. Ld. Vs Finsbury Borough Council, 1952 AC 109 are: G

"If you are bidden to treat an imaginary state of affairs as real, you must surely, unless prohibited from doing so, also imagine as real the consequences and incidents which, if the putative state of affairs had in fact existed, must H

A inevitably have flowed from or accompanied it.. .... The

tatute says that you must imagine a certain state of affairs; it does not say that having done so, you must cause or permit your imagination to boggle when it comes to the inevitable corollaries of that state of affairs." B

19. Going by this test, in our judgment, the High Court did not properly appreciate the purport of Section 90. In the context of the Will when it is common ground that the Will does not contain any contrary intention in respect of the bequest of items 4 to 7 of the properties.

20. The principle of Section 90 which, as noted above, has been taken from Section 24 of the English Wills Act has been very lucidly discussed in Williams, Law of Wills (3rd Edition).

At page 429 of the treaties. the learned author by properly D appreciating the deeming clause commented:

"A Will must be construed with reference to the property comprised within it, to speak and to take effect as it has been executed immediately before the date of death of the testator and as if the conditions of things to which it refers in this respect is that existing immediately before the date of the testator, unless a contrary intention appears from the Will".

21. On general principles also a Will speaks only from the F date of the death of the testator (See AIR 1964 SC 136). In

this case assuming but not admitting that the testator had not acquired title in respect of half of the property, namely, items 4 to 7 of the property bequeathed by him in the Will on 8.5.1967, but the sale deed having been registered on 8.5.1967, the title G reverts back to the date of execution of the sale deed on 2.5.67 under Section 47 of the Registration Act. And the testator died on 20.7.71. Therefore, much before his death, the testator acquired full title over items 4 to 7 of the property. Therefore, the High Court was in clear error in not appreciating the effect H of Section 90 on the interpretation of the Will.

22. It is one of the well established principles that while A construing a Will, the Court should lean against any intestacy.

This has been put beyond any doubt by Lord Esher, Master of Rolls in Re Harrison Turner Vs. Hellard, reported in ( 1885) 30 Chancery Division 390 wherein learned Master of Rolls held: B " ...... when a testator has executed a will in solemn form you must assume that he did not intend to make it a solemn farce,- that he did not intend to die intestate when he has gone through the form of making a will. You ought, if possible, to read the will so as o lead to a testacy, not ari C intestacy."

23. The learned counsel for the appellant in support of his argument on Section 90 of the Act relied on a decision in the case of Re Fleming's Will Trusts Ennion Vs. Hampstead Old People's Housing Trust Limited and Another (1974) 3 All ER D 323).

24. In that case by a Will made in September 1969, the testator bequeathed to the first defendants his leasehold house at 54 Narcissus Road when the testator had his house under E a lease term expiring on 28th September, 2008 subject to covenants to repair. In April 1971, the testator purchased the freehold and that was registered with acquisition of title.

25. The leasehold interest was unregistered and the testator died in February, 1973. As a sole executor of the Will, F the plaintiff applied for determination of interest that passed on to the first defendants. The residuary beneficiaries under the Will claimed that the first defendants was only entitled to leasehold interest. Repelling that contention, Templeman J, while delivering the judgment helrt: G

"In my judgment, a gift of property discloses an intention to give the estate and interest of the testator in that property at his death; a mere reference in the will to the estate and interest held by the testator at the date of his H

A will is not sufficient to disclose a contrary intention. It follows that the freehold in. the case passes to the first defendants. (page 326 Placitum g)

26. The learned counsel for the appellants also relied on B the decision in the case of Alavandar Gramani Vs Danakoti Ammal and others (AIR 1927 Madras 383). Construing Section 90 of the Act. the Division Bench of Madras High Court held:

" ... Under Section 90 of the Succession Act. XXXIX of C 1925, there is a presumption, unless a contrary intention appears by the Will, that it comprises all property as at the testator's death ... "

27. The learned counsel also relied on the decision of

0 Bombay High Court in the case of Abdulsakur Haji Rahimtulla and others Vs. Abubakkar Haji Abba and others reported in AIR 1930 Bombay 191. At page 196 of the report, Bombay High Court decided:

" ... In this connection it is necessary to remember certain general principles that attach to wills. A will speaks from the date of the death of the deceased. There might be accretions to or diminutions from the property of the testator as they existed at the date of the will. Another principle to remember in this connection is that a testator is presumed to dispose of all the property that he may die possessed of and not only what he possessed at the date of the will ... "

28. Reliance was last placed on the decision of the Nagpur High Court in the case of Rangoo Ramji Vs. Harisa and G another reported in AIR 1932 Nagpur 163. Explaining the purport of Section 90, the High Court observed that Section 90 is in accordance with Section 24 of the English Wills Act of

1837. According to such principle "the Will has to be construed with reference to the real estate and personal estate comprised H in it to speak and to take effect, as if it had been executed

immediately before the death of the testator, and as if the A condition of things to which it refers in this respect before the death of the testator unless contrary intention appears by the Will" (page 165 of the report). The decision in Rangoo Ramji

(supra) was based on the Madras High Court decision in Gramani (supra).

29. All the decisions discussed above, namely those of English Court and of the High Courts of Madras, Bombay and Nagpur support the contention of the appellants.

30. Faced with this argument the learned counsel for the C respondent wanted to rely on the observatiorr of the Privy Council and contended that this leaning towards intestacy is purely a product of British Jurisprudence based on English necessities and English habit of thoughts and there would be no justification in taking them as guide in the case of Indian D Wills.

31. The aforesaid observations were made by Lord Moulton while considering the effect of adoption in the context of an Indian Will in the case of Venkata Narasimha Appa Row E Vs. Parthasarthy Appa Row and another reported in 41 Indian Appeals 51 (at page 71 of the report). These observations were by way of obiter dicta by the learned judge and were made in 1913 when the Act was not there.

32. Section 90 of the Act is on the principles of English F Law and this Court in Gnambal Ammal Vs. T Raju Ayyar and others (AIR 1951 SC 103) speaking through Justice B.K.

Mukherjea (as His Lordship then was) clarified the position.

This Court considered the decision of Privy Council in Venkat Narasimha (supra) and held th::it the presumption against G intestacy may be raised if it is justified from the context of the document or the surrounding circumstances and where there is ambiguity about the intention of the testator (see para 11 page 106 of the repoi:t). It is true that presumption against intestacy cannot.be raised ignoring the intention in the Will. That H

A is why Section 90 stipulates that the deeming clause will operate only where there is n9 contrary intention. In this case it is common ground that no contrary intention could be discerned in the Will in respect of items 4 to 7.

33. In subsequent decisions while discussing presumption against intestacy this Court made the position further clear in N. Kasturi Vs. D. Ponnammal and others, reported in AIR 1961 SC 1302. Justice Gajendragadkar, as His Lordship then was, speaking for the Bench, opined if two constructions are reasonably possible and one of them avoids intestacy while the C other suggests it, "the Court would certainly be justified in preferring that construction which avoids intestacy" and the decision rendered in Gnambal Ammal (supra) was relied upon . (para 15 page 1307 of the report). Same-view was endorsed by this Court in Pearey Lal Vs. Rameshwar Das reported in D AIR 1963 SC 1703 wherein'Justice Subba Rao, as His Lordship then was, speaking for the Bench observed where one of the two reasonable constructions would lead to intestacy that should be discarded in favour of the construction which prevents the hiatus (para 7 page 1706 of the report). The same E principle has been quoted with approval by this Court in the case of Navneet Lal alias Rangi Vs. Gokul and others reported in AIR 1976 SC 794. Speaking for the Bench, Justice Goswami, at para 4 page 797 of the report, quoted the aforesaid principle laid down in Pearey Lal (supra).

34. Therefore, both the English Courts and this Court in construing a Will lean against any presumption favouring intestacy in the absence of a manifest contrary intention in the Will. The argument on behalf of the learned counsel for the G respondent has therefore no substance.

35. The learned counsel also relied on the decision in the case of Ram Saran Lall and others Vs. Mst. Domini Kuer and others, reported in AIR 1961 SC 1747.

36. A perusal of the decision in Ram Saran (supra) makes

it clear that the same was rendered on totally different facts and A against a completely different legal background. In Ram Saran (supra), parties were Hindus, but, they were governed by the Mohammedan Law of pre-emption as available to them by custom. The main question discussed in Ram Saran (supra) was when can the demand for pre-emption be exercised. The B majority opinion of the Court, by a 3:2 verdict, decided that such demand can be made only after completion of the sale. The majority was of the view that a sale is comp)ete not only after registration of the sale deed under Section 47 of the Registration Act but it is complete only after the registered c document is copied in the Registration Office, as provided under Section 61 of the Registration Act.

37. We fail to appreciate the relevance of the ratio in Ram Saran (supra) to the facts of the present case.

38. Two other judgments cited by the learned counsel for D the respondent rendered in the case of Hamda Ammal Vs.

Avadiappa Pathar and 3 others reported in (1991) 1 SCC 715, and that of A. Jithendernath Vs. Jubilee Hills Coop. House Building Society and another reported in (2006) 10 SCC 96, are on Section 47 of the Registration Act to the effect that the E title passes retrospectively with effect from the date of execution and not from the date of registration. These are accepted legal principles on which there can be no debate but they have no application to the facts of this case.

39. For the reasons discussed above the appeal is allowed. We are constrained to set aside the judgment of the High Court and restore that of the District Judge. No order as to costs.

CIVIL APPEAL N0.4432 OF 2003

40. For the reasons discussed above and in view of the order passed in Civil Appeal No. 7226 of 2002, this appeal is dismissed. No order as to costs.

B.B.B.

Appeal disposed of.