[2009] 13 (ADDL.) S.C.R. 444

M.N. OJHA & ORS. + v.

ALOK KUMAR SRIVASTAV & ANR.

(Criminal Appeal No.1582 of 2009)

AUGUST 21, 2009

[R.V. RAVEENDRAN AND B. SUDERSHAN REDDY, JJ.]

CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, 1973:

-..,,.. ...

c s.482 - Powers of High Court - Explained - Complaint case by one of the guarantor against bank officials alleging criminal breach of trust on their part in encashing FDRs offered by guarantors as security- Judicial Magistrate issuing summons to bank officials - Petition uls 482 by Bank officials

D seeking to quash the proceedings - Summarily dismissed by High Court.- Held: The averments made in the complaint do ..._ ~

nC?t reveal commission of any offence by bank officials, who were only taking steps to realize the loan amount - The Magistrate did not apply his mind and took cognizance of the

E case without considering allegations on merits - High Court abdicated its duty in refusing to exercise its jurisdiction u/s.482 though the case required its interference in order to prevent abuse of the process of court - A clear case is made out for • interference by Supreme Court - Order of High Court set y aside - Criminal proceedings against bank officials quashed F - Constitution of India, 1950 - Article 136.

Respondent no.1 and others stood guarantors for a proprietary concern which obtained loan from the bank of which the appellants were the employees. When the G borrower defaulted in repayment of the. loan amount, the bank informed the borrower as also the guarantors and

-~ later field an FIR against them for cheating and misappropriation .of hypothecated goods and also initiated proceedings under the Public Demand Recovery

H 444

M.N. OJHA & ORS. v. ALOK KUMAR SRIVASTAV & 445

ANR.

+ Act for recovery of balance amount after adjustment of A fixed deposit amounts placed as security by guarantors.

Respondent no.1 filed a complaint case before the Judicial Magistrate against bank officials alleging offences punishable u/ss. 409, 422, 476 and ,120-B IPC and stated that the Branch Manager in conspiracy with B the brother of the borrower who was also an employee

of the bank allowed operation of the account and

t --'(' committed criminal breach of trust. The Judicial Magistrate took cognizance of the complaint and directed non-bailable warrants to issue against the bank officials. c The petition filed u/s.482 Cr. P.C. by the bank Officials

having been summarily dismissed, they filed the appeal.

Allowing the appeal, the Court

HELD: 1.1. Normally, the High Court, in exercise of D ... its jurisdiction u/s 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, would not intervene in the criminal proceedings at the preliminary stage/when the investigation/enquiry is pending. But, at the same time the High Court cannot refuse to exercise its jurisdiction if the interest of justice E so required where the allegations made in the FIR or complaint are so absurd and inherently improbable on

... the basis of which no fair-minded and informed observer

'i" can ever reach a just and proper conclusion as to the existence of sufficient grounds for proceeding. In such F cases refusal to exercise the jurisdiction may equally result in injustice more particularly in cases where the complainant sets the criminal law in motion with a view to exert pressure and harass the persons arrayed as accused in the complaint. [Para 15] [454-C-G] G

I- .+-- State of Kamataka v. L. Muniswamy (1977) 2 SCC 699 and Kurukshetra University v. State of Haryana (1977) 4 SCC 451, relied on.

1.2. The instant case is one where the averments and.. + allegations made in the complaint do not disclose commission of any offence by the appellants or any one of them. They were merely discharging their duties to realize and recover the amounts due to the bank from the B borrower as well as the guarantors. Sequence of events undoubtedly suggests that the criminal proceedings have been maliciously instituted with an ulterior motive of wreaking vengeance on the appellants and with a view ')- ., to spite them due to personal grudge. It was clearly c intended to prevent the public servants from discharging their duties. The SDJM took cognizance of the case and issued non-bailable warrants against the appellants without even examining the allegations and averments made in the complaint filed by the respondent- . 0 complainant. There was material before the SDJM to show that the complainant himself admitted about-his . executing the agreement of guarantee and other documents unconditionally agreeing to discharge the loan amount in case of failure of the principal borrower E to pay the said amount to the bank and that the complaint

was only a counter blast to the FIR lodged by appellant no. 1 against the complainant and the borrower and other guarantors for cheating and misappropriation with regard to same transaction.This is a clear case of nonapplication of mind by the Magistrate. He did not -+- F scrutinize even the contents of the complaint, leave aside the material documents available on record. [Para 13, 14 and 16] [455-A-E; 452-F-H; 453-A-C; 453-H; 454-A]

Pepsi Foods Ltd. & Anr. v. Special Judicial Magistrate G & Ors. (1998)5 SCC 749, relied on.

1.3.The High Court committed a manifest error in -~ _.., disposing of the petition filed by the appellants u/s •. 482 of the Code without even adverting to the basic facts which were placed before it for its consideration. The

M.N. OJHA & ORS. v. ALOK KUMAR SRIVASTAV & 447

ANR.

High Court almost abdicated its duty in refusing to A exercise its jurisdiction u/s. 482 Cr. P.C. though the case on hand required its interference in order to prevent abuse of the process of court subordinate to it. A clear case is made out requiring interference by this Court to secure the ends of justice. Jherefore, the impugned order B of the High Court is set aside and the criminal proceedings arising out of Complaint Case No. 916 (c) of 2003 are quashed. [Paras 15 and 17] [454-8-E; 455-G]

Case Law Reference:

< 1977) 2 sec 699

(1977) 4 sec 451

(1998) 5 sec 749

relied on

relied on

relied on

Para 15

Para 15

Para 14

CRIMINAL APPEL.LA TE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal D No. 1582 of 2009.

From the Judgment and Order dated 03.01.2007 of the High Court of Judicature at Patna in Crl. Misc. No. 18838 of 2004.

Dhruv Mehta, Yashraj Singh Deora, Mohit Abraham, K.L.

Mehta & Co. for the Appellants.

Gopal Singh, Chandan Kumar for the Respondents.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

B. SUDERSHAN REDDY, J. 1. Leave granted.

2. This appeal by grant of special leave is directed by the appellant, assailing the judgment and order dated 3.1.2007 G passed by the High Court of Judicature at Patna in Criminal Miscellaneous No. 18838 of 2004 by which the High Court dismissed the petition for quashing the criminal proceedings arising out of Complaint Case No. 916 (c) of 2003 pending on H

A the file of Sub-Divisional Judicial Magistrate, Patna.

3. The brief factual matrix of the case is as under: +

On 21.12.1998; Punjab National Bank, Patna City sanctioned a ioan amount of Rs. 5 lakhs to Mis. Nirmala B Alankar House, Patna City, a proprietary concern owned by one Jatinder Mohan. The said Jatinder Mohan furnished security of five guarantors including the respondentcomplainant who in turn deposited Fixed Deposit Receipts (FDRs) worth Rs. '"')-- t 50,000/-, each duly signed authorizing the bank to appropriate c the.proceeds of FDRs along with interest if the timely payments are not made by the borrower. Each one of them had also executed and signed Agreement of guarantee jointly and severally guaranteeing to pay the bank after demand in Writing all principal, interest, costs, charges and expenses due and D which may at any time become due to the bank from the

borrower, on accounts opened in respect of the said limits down +· to the date of payment and also all loss or damages, costs, charges and expenses occasioned to the bank by reason of omission, failure or default temporary or otherwise in such

E payment by the borrower. The guarantors further agreed that the bank may enforce the guarantee without enforcing, selling or realizing any of the securities kept under lien, hypothecated, pledged or mortgaged with it, notwithstanding that any bills or other instruments given by the borrower in the said account may " F be in circulation for collection and outstanding. ~

4. The bank in the month of March, 2000 having realized that the loan account became totally irregular since the borrower was.not paying any amount whatsoever as undertaken in tenns of the agreement. On 26.3.2002, the first appellant - Senior G Manager having realized that the recovery of bank loan became impossible adjusted sonie amounts from the FDRs fu.rnished -· by the guarantors as security towards the dues of the borrower. -~~ The bank vide its notice dated 27 .12.2002 informed the borrower as well as the guarantors that the loan account should H

be regularized to which there was no response. This was A + followed by an FIR lodged by the bank with the concerned police station against the borrower and guarantors including the respondent for cheating and for misappropriation of hypothecated goods. The said case is pending trial.

5. The guarantors addressed a legal notice dated nil to the Deputy General Manager, Vigilance Cell, PNB, New Delhi,

i ~

Zonal Manager, PNB, Patna and Regional Manager PNB, (Haridwar) alleging therein, that they were put to serious inconvenience due to the misconduct on the part of Appellant c no. 1. It was also alleged that no proper steps were taken against the borrower for realization of loan amounts before proceedings against them and to encash the FDRs offered by them as sureties for recovery of loan.

6. In the said legal notice it was further alleged that one D -+· Prakash Mohan while he was working in Patna City Branch as assistant had managed a cash credit facilities for a sum of Rs. 5 lakhs in the name of his own brother Jitender Mohan and that both Prakash as well as appellant no. 1 have colluded with each other with a view to defraud the bank and "put the blame upon E the innocent guarantors".

7. Thereafter, the complainant Alok Kumar Shrivastava " who was one of the guarantors, being aggrieved by the action of the bank in appropriating the fixed deposit amount, filed a . Complaint Case No. 916 of 2003 in the court of SDJM, Patna F

City under Section 409,422,426 and 1208 IPC in which the other three guarantors were shown as witnesses. The learned SDJM, Patna City, took cognizance of the case vide order dated 22.3.2004; .and directed non-bailable warrant of arrest G against all appellants herein who were named as the accused persons in the complaint.

~ ~~ -

8. In the meanwhile, the bank initiated proceedings under the Public Demand Recovery Act for recovery of balance amollnts payable by the borrower after adjustment of the fixed H

~ .

A deposit amounts. +

9. The appellants being aggrieved by the order of SDJM, Patna City, Patna preferred a petition under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure in the High court of Judicature at

B Patna to quash the criminal proceedings initiated against them by the respondent-complainant. The High Court disposed of the said petition summarily without assigning any reasons whatsoever in the following manner: ~; "Having considered the materials on record and facts c stated in the complaint petition, I do not find any merit in this application and so the impugned order does not require any Interference. The facts are to be examined and duly considered at the appropriate stage of trial."

D Hence this appeal.

SUBMISSIONS:- ~

10. Shri Dhruv Mehta, learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the High Court failed to appreciate that the E complaint has been lodged with a completely malicious intent to simply harass the appellants who were only discharging their duties as public servants which is nothing but an abuse of the process of law. The averments made in the complaint are totally A. indefinite in their nature and none of the ingredients of the F offences alleged to have been committed are made out against the appellants. It was also contended that the summoning order has been passed by the learned SDJM without application of mind and contrary to the law laid down by this court in more than one judgment. It was submitted that the complaint was filed

G as a counter blast to the FIR already lodged by the bank on

20.2.2003 for cheating and misappropriation of hypothecated goods against the borrower and as well as the guarantors. -~-< -

11. Though the respondent was served on 16.5.2007, he

H neither appeared in person nor through counsel.

12. The respondent-complainant is one of the guarantors A who guaranteed repayment of the loan obtained by the borrower. There is no dispute that the loan account became totally irregular and the bank has beer\ left with no option but to appropriate the FDRs along with interest accrued thereon. The action initiated was in terms of the documents executed by the B complainant along with other guarantors. It is evident from the record that the bank had lodged Fl R with the police on . ......- 20.2.2003, for cheatfng and misappropriation of hypothecated goods against the borrower as well as the guarantors. The police initiated action against the complainant and others based c on the said FIR lodged by the first appellant on behalf of the bank. This fact is specifically admitted in the legal notice issued for and on behalf of the guarantors including the complainant.

t We have no doubt whatsoever in our mind that the complaint dated 3.12.2003; filed by the complainant against the D ......... appellants almost after 1 O months of the FIR lodged by the first appellant on behalf of the bank is nothing but a clear abuse of the judicial process to harass the appellants. The complainant himself admitted in his complaint that the account in question was gradually becoming irregular and the Manager ought to E have taken step~ for SJlle of the hypothecated goods and appropriated the sale proceeds towards the recovery of loan amounts. It is the case of the complainant in his complaint that ; the first appellant should have appropriated the hypothecated goods first and only thereafter steps could have been taken for recovery of the balance amount if any from the guarantors. It F was alleged that the Branch Manager in conspiracy with the. brother of the borrower who is none other than an employee of the bank allowed the operation of the account till the things became "bad to worse". According to him, the Branch Manager conspired with the borrower and committed criminal breach of G • +· trust. Repeated assertions have been made in the complaint

~ that all the accused persons in conspiracy with each other have diverted huge bank money in a fraudulent manner for their own benefit. Surprisingly enough neither the borrower nor his brother with whom the bank officers are alleged to have colluded is H

A arrayed as accused. The complainant in. his complaint freely + used choicest expressions such as "fraud, collusion, conspiracy and cheating etc." but did not make any concrete allegations against the appellants suggesting commission of any offence.

That a plain reading of the complaint and taking the allegations a and averments made therein to be true on their face value do not revesl the commission of any offence whatsoever by the appellants who were only taking steps to realize the amount due to the bank from the borrower and in the process encashed the f FDRs offered by the guarantors as security for the discharge C of the loan. What is the crime they have committed even if they did not proceed against the hypothecated properties before realizing the FORs offered by guarantors? Where is the misappropriation of money? Whom didthey cheat?

13. In our considered view, criminal law has been set in D motion by the complainant to harass the bank officers

needlessly and to wreak personal vengeance in order to bring them under pressure not to further prosecute the proceedings already initiated by the appellants against the complainant on behalf of the bank.

14. In our considered opinion, the learned SDJM set the criminal law in motion against the appellants without even examining the allegations and averments made in the complaint filed by the respondent-complainant. The learned SDJM took F , cognizance of the case without considering the allegations on merits. Had the learned SDJM perused the complaint properly he would have realized that the complainant himself had made a mention about the lodging of the FIR for criminal breach of trust and other offences against the respondent-complainant and others. Had he looked into the complaint properly, he would G have certainly asked the complainant to furnish the. copy of the said FIR. A copy of the legal notice issued on behalf of the respondent-Complainant to the appellants was filed along with the complaint and a mention is made about it in the order passed by the learned SDJM. Had the learned SDJM perused H

>~ the said legal notice, he would have realized that the A complainant himself admitted about his execution of agreement of guarantee and other documents unconditionally agreeing to discharge the loan amount in case of failure of the principal borrower to pay the said amount to the bank. Had the learned SDJM applied his mind to the facts and circumstances and B sequence of events and as well as the documents filed by the complainant himself along with the complaint, surely he would •• have dismissed the complaint. He would have realized that the complaint was only a counter blast to the FIR lodged by the Bank against the complainant and others with regard to same c transaction. This Court in Pepsi Foods Ltd. & Anr. vs. Special Judicial Magistrate & Ors. [(1998)5 SCC 749 held:

} "28. Summoning of an accused in a criminal case is a serious matter. Criminal law cannot be set into motion as .. a matter of course. It is not that the complainant has to D

bring only two witnesses to support hfs allegations in the complaint to have the criminal law set into motion. The order of the Magistrate summoning the accused must reflect that he has applied his mind to the facts of the case and the law applicable thereto. He has to examine the E nature of allegations made in the complaint and the evidence both oral and documentary in support thereof and > would that be sufficient for the complainant to succeed in ... bringing charge home to the accused. It is not that the Magistrate is a silent spectator at the time of recording of F preliminary evidence before summoning of the accused.

The Magistrate has to carefully scrutinise the evidence brought on record and may even himself put questions to the complainant and his witnesses to elicit answers to find out the truthfulness of the allegations or otherwise and then G

~ +· examine if any offence is prima facie committed by all or any of the accused." ,.,,....

The case on hand is a classic illustration of non-application of mind by the learned Magistrate. The learned Magistrate did H

A not scrutinize even the contents of the complaint, leave aside + the material documents available on record. The learned

Magistrat' truly was a silent spectator at the time of recording

~ of preliminary evidence before summoning the appellants.

15. The High Court committed a manifest error in disposing of the petition filed by the appellants under Section 482 of the Code without even adverting to the basic facts which were placed before it for its consideration. It is true that the court in '+- exercise of its jurisdiction under Section 482 of the Code of c Criminal Procedure cannot go into the truth or otherwise of the

allegations and appreciate the evidence if any available on record. Normally, the High Court would not intervene in the criminal proceedings at the preliminary stage/when the investigation/enquiry is pending. Interference by the High Court

~ D in exercise of its jurisdiction under Section 482 of Code of Criminal Procedure can only be where a clear case for such ,.,. interference is made out. Frequent and uncalled for interference even at the preliminary stage by the High Court may result in causing obstf1:JCtion in progress of the inquiry in a criminal case which may not be in the public interest. But at the same time E the High Court cannot refuse to exercise its jurisdiction if the interest of justice so required where the allegations made in the FIR or complaint are so absurd and inherently improbable on the basis of which no fair-minded and informed observer can

.... ever reach a just and proper conclusion as to the existence of F sufficient grounds for proceeding. In such cases refusal to exercise the jurisdiction may equally result in injustice more particularly in cases where the Complainant sets the criminal law in motion with a view to exert pressure and harass the persons arrayed as accused in the complaint. It is well settled G and needs no restatement that the saving of inherent power of the High Court in criminal matters is intended to achieve a ~__._-< salutary public purpose "which is that a court proceeding ought ....,.,, not to be permitted to degenerate into a weapon of harassment or persecution. If such power is not conceded, it may even lead

H to injustice". [See: State of Kamataka vs. L. Muniswamy (1977)

M.N. OJHA & ORS. v. ALOK KUMAR SRIVASTAV & 455

ANR. [B. SUDERSHAN REDDY, J.] + 2 SCC 699). We are conscious that inherent powers do not A confer an arbitrary jurisdiction on the Hiph Court to "act according to whim or caprice. That statutory power has to be exercised sparingly, with circumspection and in the rarest of rare cases". [See: Kurukshetra University vs. State of Haryana

(1977) 4 sec 451).

16. This is one case where the averments and allegations ... made in the complaint do not disclose the commission of any offence by the appellants or any one of them. They were merely discharging their duties to realize and recover the amounts due c to the bank from the borrower as well as the guarantors. The complaint obviously has been filed as counter .blast to the proceedings already initiated by the bank including the first

.. information report lodged by the first appellant against the complainant and the borrower for the offences of cheating and D "'

misappropriation. Sequence of events undoubtedly suggests that the criminal proceedings have been maliciously instituted with an ulterior-motive of wreaking vengeance on the appellants and with a view to spite them due to personal grudge. It was clearly intended to prevent the public servants from discharging their duties. The criminal law has been set in motion by the E learned SDJM by mere asking to do so by the complainant. • The High Court almost abdicated its duty in refusing to exercise

4' its jurisdiction under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure though the case on hand required its interference in order to prevent abuse of the process by a court subordinate F to it. A clear case is made out requiring our interference to secure the ends of justice.

17. For all the aforesaid reasons, the impugned order of the High Court is set aside and the criminal proceedings arising G out of Complaint. Case No. 916 (c) of 2003 are quashed. The appeal is, accordingly, allowed. r

R.P.

Appeal allowed.