[2009) 3 S.C.R. 406

SATBIR SINGH & ORS.

STATE OF U.P. (Criminal Appeal No. 951 of 2005)

FEBRUARY 25, 2009

[S.B. SINHA AND DR. MUKUNDAKAM SHARMA, JJ.)

Penal Code, 1860 - ss. 3021149, 148 and 3231149 - c Murder of two and injury caused to one - Long standing enemity between accused and complainant party - Eyewitnesses and injured eye-witness to incident - Timely lodging of FIR - Conviction by courts below - On appeal, held: Prosecution case proved - Conviction justified - Ocular evidence not at variance with medical evidence - Availability " D of independent witnesses in case of family enemity is difficult

- However, one of the eye-witnesses was independent witness

- Delay in examination of the witnesses was not of much relevance as the delay has been explained - Mentioning of names of the accused not necessary for proving the case - E Common object also proved.

Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 - ss. 320 and 321 - Prosecution uls. 302 /PC - Out of court settlement between accused and complainant party- Application before Supreme

F Court for recording the compromise - Held: Offence u/s. 302 /PC, since not compoundable, compromise cannot be recorded in violation of the statutory provision - Judgment of acquittal cannot be passed on the basis of compromise - Supreme Court Rules, 1966 - 0. 47 rr. 1 and 6.

G Appellants accused were prosecuted for having caused death of two persons and for causing injury to one. As per prosecution, complainant and accused parties were the two branches of the same family, having ... long standing enemity. Accused Nos. 1 to 4 when started H 406

SATBIR SINGH & ORS. v. STATE OF U.P. 407

cutting the ridge of the field of the complainant party to A which deceased No. 1 objected. When the accused started abusing deceased No. 1, deceased No. 2 intervened. The accused went away and came back with accused Nos. 5, 6 and 7 and assaulted deceased No.1.

Witnesses to this assault were PWs 1, 5 and 6. PWS was B also injured. Thereafter, the accused persons proceeded to kill deceased No. 2 and assaulted him. PW4 (wife of deceased No.2) and PW 7 were the witnesses to this assault. Trial court relying on the testimony of the eyewitnesses convicted the accused u/ss. 302/149, 148 and c 323/149 IPC. High Court confirmed the conviction. Hence the present appeal.

Pursuant to a settlement/compromise arrived at between the complainant and accused parties, one interlocutory application was filed before this Court D seeking impleadment of sons of both the deceased, as parties. Another interlocutory application was filed under Order 47 Rules 1 and 6 of Supreme Court Rules for acceptance of the settlement between the parties.

Dismissing the appeal and the applications, the Court

HELD:1.1. There is no reason to disbelieve the medical evidence that PW-5 suffered an injury. If he was

an injured witness, his presence at the place of occurrence cannot be doubted. Even otherwise his F evidence inspires confidence and has rightly been accepted by both the courts below. Similarly evidence of PW-6 also is reliable. Opinion of the doctor that the injury may be a self inflicted one is not of much significance, [Para 22] [420-B-D] G

1.2. The second part of the prosecution case has been proved by PW-7 and PW-4. PW-7 is an independent witness. He had no animus against the accused. False implication of the accused at his hand had not been H

A suggested, far less established. The long standing enmity between two branches of the same family stands admitted. It is, therefore, unlikely that other villages would come to depose in favour of one of the parties or the other. Only because the witnesses are not independent B ones may not by itself be a ground to discard the prosecution case. If the prosecution case has been supported by the witnesses and no cogent reason has been shown to discredit their statements, a judgment of conviction can certainly be based thereupon. [Paras 23, c 24, 25 and 26] [420-G-H; 421-A]

1.3. The ocular evidence cannot be said to be in variance with the medical evidence as stomach of the deceased contained undigested food. The materials

D brought on record by the prosecution shows that deceased No. 2 had taken his food at about 10.00 a.m.

The occurrence took place at about 11.30 a.m. Digestive process, depends upon the nature of the food.

Evidence of PW-4 that her husband (deceased No. 2) had taken his meal at 12.00 - 1.00 noon must be considered E having regard to the fact that she is an illiterate woman.

Her deposition to that effect must be considered upon taking a holistic view of the matter. The distance between the place of occurrence and the police station is said to be two miles. Two deaths had taken place. There was an F injured person. First information report was lodged at 1.15 p.m. If the first information report could be lodged at 1.15 p.m., the occurrence could not be said to have taken place after 1.00 p.m. [Paras 27, 28 and 29] [421-B-

D; 422-C-F] G Shivappa and Ors. v. State of Kamataka 2008 (11) SCC 337, referred to.

1.4 The first information report having been lodged almost immediately after the occurrence, the prosecution H case cannot be said to be tainted with falsehood. It would

.. ...-

SATBIR SINGH & ORS. v. STATE OF U.P. 409

be almost well nigh impossible to implicate so many A persons falsely and that to attribute specific overt acts on the part of each of the accused. [Para 31] [423-8-C]

1.5. The plea that the Investigating officer did not examine some of the witnesses on the day of the incident, cannot be accepted for more than one reason, B

firstly because the delay in the investigation itself may not benefit the accused ; secondly because the Investigating Officer (PW-8) in his deposition explained the reasons for delayed examination of the witnesses (PW 7 and PW5). c In regard to the purported delay of examination of PW-6, no question was put to the Investigating Officer. [Paras 31 and 32] [423-C-D; 425-A-8]

. ..., Ranbir v. State of Punjab 1973 (2) SCC 444 and Bodhraj

v. State Qf J and K 2002 (8) SCC 45, relied on.

1.6 In law it was not necessary to mention the names of the accused persons in the inquest report. The inquest report is prepared for the purposes mentioned in 174 Cr.P.C. and not for corroborating the prosecution case.

E [Para 33] [425-8-C]

~ Pedda Narayana v. State of A.P. 1975 (4) SCC 153 and ,

George v. State of Kera/a 1998 (4) SCC 605, relied on.

1.7. If all the witnesses could not attribute specific F roles to each of the accused, the same is natural. If seven persons armed with various weapons attack a person, the witnesses who were standing at some distance may not be able to attribute specific role to each of the accused persons. [Para 34] [426-A-8] G

1.8. The prosecution has been able to establish the existence of common object amongst all the accused persons. It is not correct to take the plea that appellant Nos.4 to 7 (the members of the second group) did not H

A show any common object with the members of the first group i.e. appellant Nos. 1 to 3. It may be that they were not the persons who had committed overt acts when deceased No. 1 objected to the factum of cutting of the ridge. But each one of them came back with the other B accused. They were armed with deadly weapons. They were present, even though might not have actually assaulted deceased No. 1. They left the place stating that they would kill deceased No. 2. Both PW-4 and PW-7 stated that all the accused had taken part in assaulting c deceased No. 2. Their statements are credit-worthy. as deceased No. 2 suffered as many as 19 injuries. He was chased and surrounded before he was assaulted. [Para

35] [426-B-E]

2. Having regard to the provisions contained in Sections 320 and 321 Cr.P.C. an offence u/s. 302 IPC is not compoundable. Appellants were prosecuted for committing two murders and injuring one. Maintenance of rule of law is the prime duty of the State. In violation of the statutory provisions, except in some marginal E cases, the court shall not allow composition of offence.

If parties have settled their disputes they may live in peace in future but the same by itself cannot be a ground to pass a judgment of acquittal. Therefore, there is no reason to allow the applications for impleading persons F for the purpose of recording the compromise/settlement in exercise of jurisdiction under Order 47 Rules 1 and 6 of the Supreme Court Rules, which has no application to the present case. [Paras 37 and 38] [426-F-G; 427-A-B]

G Case Law Reference:

2008 (11) sec 337 Referred to.

Para 27

1973 (2) sec 444 Relied on.

Para 31

2002 (8) sec 45 Relied on.

Para 31 H

SATBIR SINGH & ORS. v. STATE OF U.P. 411

1975 (4) sec 153

1998 (4) sec 605

Relied on.

Relied on.

Para 33 A

Para 33

CRIMINAL AP PELLA TE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 951 of 2005.

From the Judgment & Order dated 4.2.05 of the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad in Crl. Appeal No. 104/1978.

Sushil Kumar, Manish Pitale, Aditya Kumar, Anmol Tharkral, Meenakshi Singh and Chander Shekhar Ashri for C the Appellants.

R.K. Das, T.N. Singh, Rajeev Dubey and Kamlendra Mishra for the Respondent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

S.B. SINHA, J. 1. Appellants are before us questioning the correctness of a judgment and order of a Division Bench

of the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad dated 4th April, 2005 affirming a judgment and order dated 23rd December, 1997 passed by the 1st Additional Sessions Judge, Meerut E convicting the appellants herein under Sections 302 read with Section 149 of the Indian Penal Code and Sections 148 and 323/149 of the Indian Penal Code and sentencing him to undergo rigorous imprisonment for life, rigorous imprisonment for two years and rigorous imprisonment for three months F respectively. The sentences were, however, directed to run concurrently.

2. Appellants, the deceased and the prosecution witnesses are agnates being descendants of one Badan G Singh.

3. The genealogical chart of the family is as under :-

Ratiram

Badan Singh

1----.----1

(2009] 3 S.C.R.

I Kallu

Khajan Lalsingh Mulchand Shadi Ram- Chhotu

I HemraJ

I r-

I Atarsingh

asrey

Sachida-nand Jagban-dhan Randhir Sukh Raghu -bir nath (deceased)

I ..------1 I Arun

(R-5) Anirudh

(R-6) Nern Singh Sat-kumar

Dhumsingh Kaleyram (now dead)

I Virender Pal

Mittan (Injured) (PW5 now dead)

Abhimanu Satyapal Jasvir Suresh-chand Janmejai (Complainant)

Dallu Neki Baljit Hukma Lax-man Tilakram I (A-1, now dead)

Ved.--u --H-arv~1-r --'-Jagmeg Dansahai Dalbir (A-5) I

-I ---1 ....._.....__I --~I

_.__-'--'_I

Satbir Vakil Lekhpal Brahmpal Rajpal

(A-4)

(A-2)

(A-3)

4. Enmity between the two parties was a long standing one. It started with murder of one Laxman brother of Tilak Ram G (A-1) and father of Dalbir (A-6) as well as Dansahai (A-5).

Jagbandhan (deceased No.1 ), father of Arun and Anirudh alongwith 10 other persons were prosecuted therefor.

Jagbandhan (deceased No.1), Dhum Singh (PW-7) and Gandhari wife of Ajab Singh (PW-6) were convicted, but others H were acquitted in that case. However, the High Court on an

appeal preferred by the said four persons acquitted them.

A Proceedings under Sections 107 /117 of the Code of Criminal Procedure had also been initiated by and against both the parties.

5. The incident in question took place on 27th November, S 1997 at about 11.00 a.m. According to the first information report which was lodged by Suresh Chandra (PW-1 ), at about 10.00 a.m. he alongwith his cousin Jagbandhan (deceased No.1) and brother-in-law Ajab Singh were working in their fields.

Tilak Ram, Satbir, Vakil and Lekhpal were also ploughing their c field. At that time, they started cutting soil from the ridge of their field to which Jagbandhan objected. To this the accused persons started abusing him. Randhir (deceased No.2) intervened. Tilak Ram (A-1) and his three sons Satbir (A-4);

~ Valil (A-2) and Lekhpal (A-3) left the field extending threats.

They returned with Dalbir (A-5) ; Dansahai (A-6) and Harvir D

(A-7).

6. Accused Tilak Ram, Dalbir and Harvir were armed with ballam ; Vakil and Lekhpal were armed with Salkari and Satbir and Dansahai were armed with Shala. Deceased No.1 E Jagnandhan was smoking a 'Hukka' at that time. He was assaulted by the accused persons in presence of Suresh Chandra (PW-1 ), Mithan (PW-5) and Ajab Singh (PW-6). PW- 5, Mithan is also an injured eye witness.

7. Ajab Singh (PW-6), Sachitanand and Janmajay, upon F

hearing the cries, ran towards the scene of occurrence.

Accsued Satbir, Vakil and Lekhpal chased them. They fled and took shelter in the field of Sakhty. Mithan (PW-5), who was working in his field was also attracted by the noise. They G "/ intercepted him. Satbir assaulted him with Shala. Meanwhile Tilak Ram reached there and asked the accused persons to leave him and proceed to the village to do away with Randhir.

Accused persons thereafter went towards the Village. Randhir was sitting on his cot in his 'gher'. His wife Kishan Devi (PW-

A 4) was cleaning the buffalo. On seeing the accused, Randhir (deceased No.2) tried to run away to save his life but was chased, surrounded and assaulted by the accused persons.

He died on the spot. Upon being informed by Mithan (PW-5) that accused had gone towards the village to do away with B Randhir they rushed towards the 'gher' of Randhir where they were told about the occurrence.

8. We may place on record that accused Tilak Ram (A-

1) has since died.

9. Prosecution examined five eye witnesses i.e. PWs. 1,

5 and 6 in relation to the first incident i.e. murder of Jagbandhan (deceased No.1) and PW-4 and PW-7 in relation to the second incident i.e. murder of Randhir (deceased No.2). Sachitanand and Janmajay were, however, not examined.

10. Police station Dodhar is situated at a distance of about 2 miles from the place of occurrence. First information report was lodged at about 1.15 p.m.

11. Postmortem report shows that Jagbandhan suffered E nine anti mortem injuries which are as under :-

"1. Incised wound 13cmx1/2 cm x brain deep on the right side of scalp, 10 cm from right ear and 1/4 cm. from root of the nose. Dark clotted blood was present and brain F matter had come out from the wound.

2. Five punctured wound on right cheek of average size 1 cm x 1.5 cm x thickening of cheek, fracture of right mandible in the area of 9 cm x 3 cm.

3. Incised wound with margins clean cut on right side back of scalp, 3 cm x 1 cm x bane deep, oblique in direction, 3 cm behind right ear.

4. Incised wound with clean cut margins on right side neck

...

back, 4 cm x 1.5 cm x muscle deep, 3 cm below injury A No. 3.

5. incised wound with clean cut margins on right shoulder upper and anterior side, 6 cm x 3 cm, extending upto; the outer part of right clavicle bone B

6. Incised wound with clean cut margins, 6 cm x 2-1/2 cm x 2 cm on right shoulder just behind injury No. 5

7. Contusion 6 cm on the right arm anterior side 6 cm below injury No. 5. c

8. Punctured wound 1-1/2 cm x1/2 cm x 3 cm on the back of left forearm.

9. Abrasion 3 cm x 1/2 cm on the back of right hand. 4 ' cm below right wrist joint." D

Deceased Randhir suffered nineteen anti mortem injuries which are as under :-

"1. Incised wound with clean cut margins 14 cm x 3 cm x E brain on the right side scalp from back of right ear. The brain mater had come out.

2. Incised wound with clean cut margins, 7 cm x 2 cm x bone deep on right side scalp extending upto the upper right ear.

3. Semi-circular incised wound with clean cut margins 4 cm x 2 cm x bone deep on left upper part of scalp 9 cm above left ear and 19 cm from left eye brow.

4. Incised wound with clean cut margins 6 cm x 1/2 cm x G

bone deep 2-1/2 cm above and behind left ear.

5. Deep incised wound with clean cut margins 13 cm x 4 cm x bone deep on right side face from right eye inner side cutting the nose on right side and upper lip on right side.

A The under lying bone and teeth were visible.

6. Incised wound with clean cut margins 2 cm x 1/2 cm x bone deep on right side cheek just below the right eye.

7. Incised wound with clean cut margins 3 cm x 1 cm x B bone deep on right side inner part of eye brow.

8. Clean cut incised wound on the right side on chin 5 cm x 1 cm x bone deep with fracture of mandible right side.

9. Abrasion on left side chest 1-1/2 cm x 1 cm x 5 cm c above and inner to left nipple.

10. Punctured wound on right anterior side of chest 1/2 cm x 1 cm 11-1/2 cm below the right nipple.

11. Contusion 8 cm x 1/2 cm on the right arm upper part 9 D cm below right shoulder joint. ,

12. Lacerated wound 2 cm x 1 cm x 1/2 cm on the right arm lower part anterior side just above the right elbow joint.

13. Abrasion 1/2 cm x 1/2 cm on the back right arm 8 cm E above the right elbow joint.

14. Lacerated wound 3 cm x 1/2 cm x skin deep on inner part of right index finger near base.

15. Clean cut incised wound 3 cm x 1/2 cm x skin deep F on back of left forearm 7 cm above left wrist joint

16. Two incised wound of average size x 1/2 cm x skin deep on the left palm inner side near left wrist Joint

17. Lacerated wound 2 cm x 1/2 cm x skin deep on the G outer side of right leg, 10 cm above right ankle joint.

18. Incised wound 2 cm x 1/2 cm x skin deep on the outer

,..

side of right leg 10 cm above right ankle joint :-•

19. Punctured wound 1/2 cm x 1/2 cm x 1 cm on the back H

SATBIR SINGH & ORS. v. STATE OF U.P.

[S.B. SINHA, J.]

side of right leg above ankle joint."

12. Whereas other appellants raised a plea of denial of occurrence Harveer; A-7 raised the plea of alibi. In order to prove the same two defence witnesses were examined to show that on the date of occurrence he had gone to Budhana B in the morning at 7.00 a.m. to encash a 'parchi' issued by Sugar Mill towards the supply of sugarcane. According to him the said 'parchi' was not encashed on that day and he returned to the village at about 5.30 p.m. D.W.1 Omkar Singh was examined to prove the said fact. D.W.2 Kuldeep Chand is C Cane Accountant at Khatauli Sugar Mill. According to the said witness in the sugar Mill's register payment made to Pitam Singh was recorded.

13. The first part of the prosecution case leading to the murder of Jagbandhan was proved by Suresh Chand (PW-1) D ; Mithan (PW-5) and Ajab Singh (PW-6). The second part of the occurrence resulting in death of Randhir was proved by his widow Kishan Devi (PW-4) and Dhum Singh (PW-7).

14. Both the learned trial judge as also the High Court E totally relied upon their testimonies. The learned trial court as also the High Court disbelieved the plea of alibi of Harveer, accused No.7.

15. Before the High Court as also before us it was contended:- F

(a) Prosecution having not examined any independent witness, the judgment of conviction cannot be sustained.

(b) In view of the statement made by PW-4 that G Randhir had taken meal at about 12.00 - 1.00 noon and thereafter went towards fields and the autopsy surgeon having found 300 gms. of semi digested food, the prosecution story that the H

occurrence took place at about 11.00 a.m. should not be believed as ocular evidence runs contrary to the medical evidence.

(c) No overt act on the part of Dan Sahai, Dalbir and Harveer, A-5 to A-7 having been alleged in respect of both parts of the incident, the prosecution cannot be said to have proved existence of common object amongst the accused persons so as to invoke Section 149 of the Indian Penal Code.

16. Mr. Sushil Kumar, learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of the appellants, would furthermore draw our attention to some subsequent events.

According to learned counsel on or about 8th July, 2000 at about 8.00 a.m. Jagmeg, brother of Harveer (A-7) was murdered. In connection with the said case Jagmeg son of Kaley Ram (brother of PW-1, Suresh Chand, Anirudh and Arun, both sons of Jagbandhan-deceased and other members of their family were made accused. The First Information Report lodged in connection with the said incident was registered as FIR No.138/2000 under Sections 147, 302, 149 of the Indian Penal Code.

The other villagers attempted reconciliation between the parties. A Panchayat was convened on 21st March, 2005 and allegedly a compromise/ settlement has been arrived at amongst the parties, pursuant whereto or in furtherance whereof the accused did not support the prosecution case and all the accused named in the said FIR 138/2000 giving rise to Session Trial No.38 of 2002 (prosecution witnesses herein) were acquitted.

17. Before us an application being I.A. No.6979 of 2005 for impleading Suresh Chand (PW-1), Sat Kumar and Nern Singh, sons of deceased Randhir and Arun & Anirudh sons of deceased Jagbandhan has been filed.

" ,

...

18. Another application being I.A. No.4945 of 2005 has A also been filed purported to be in terms of Order 47 Rules 1 & 6 of the Supreme Court Rules for acceptance of the said settlement between the parties.

19. Mr. R.K. Dass, learned senior counsel appearing on B behalf of the State, on the other hand, would support the judgment.

20. Before adverting to the maintainability of the said two interlocutory applications, we may advert to the merit of the c matter.

21. The fact that the parties are related is not in dispute.

The homicidal nature of death of Jagbandhan and Randhir is

~ also not in dispute. The occurrence started as the accused were said to be cutting soil from the ridge of their field to D which deceased No.1, Jagbandhan, objected. The deceased Randhir also intervened. All the accused persons then went to the village and came variously armed. They not only assaulted Jagbandhan but after his death they went back to the village and done away with Randhir. Evidence of the informant, PW- E 1, Suresh Chand, was supported in material particulars by PW-5, Mithan, who is an injured eye witness. He was taken to the primary hospital. He was given treatment there.

22. It was urged that Dr. R.K. Sharma, who examined himself as PW-9 in cross-examination stated that injury on the F person of Mithan (PW-5) can be a self-inflicted one.

We may notice that Mithan (PW-5) was examined on 28th January, 1977. According to the said doctor the injury on his person could possibly be caused on 26th January, 1977 with G a sharp ballam stating :-

"3. Scratch can be superficial also and it can be skin deep also. If it is skin deep then it is called wound. I cannot tell corectly the thickness of skin of wrist joint. I cannot tell if H

A thickness can be 1/10 (illegible). The witness said again that it cannot be so les. If any heavy weapon rubs off then such injury can be caused. If edge of ballam rubs off then such injury can be caused., tattooing can be caused. This injury could be caused with any sharp weapon. It could be B self-inflicted. In my estimation of period of injury, it could be 3-4 hours more or less. This is wrong this difference could be 10-12 hours."

We do not see any reason to disbelieve the medical evidence that (PW-5) Mithan suffered an injury. If he was an C injured witness his presence at the place of occurrence cannot be doubted. Even otherwise his evidence inspires confidence and has rightly been accepted by both the courts below.

Similarly evidence of Ajab Singh (PW-6) also is reliable.

D Opinion of the doctor that the injury may be a self inflicted one is not of much significance.

23. The second part of the prosecution case has been proved by Dhum Singh (PW-7) and Kishan Devi (PW-4) widow E of Randhir. PW-7 was sitting on the roof of his house. According to him, seeing the accused persons Randhir tried to run away but was surrounded by the accused persons and was murdered.

He furthermore stated that the widow of deceased Kishan Devi and Harbai were present there. Presence of Kishan Devi at the place of occurrence was natural. That Dhum Singh (PW- F 7) had been living near the gher of the deceased is neither denied nor disputed. He otherwise is an independent witness.

24. The long standing enmity between two branches of the same family stands admitted. It is, therefore, unlikely that G other villages would come to depose in favour of one of the parties or the other.

25. It is now a well settled principle of law that only because the witnesses are not independent ones may not by itself be H a ground to discard the prosecution case. If the prosecution

case has been supported by the witnesses and no cogent A reason has been shown to discredit their statements, a judgment of conviction can certainly be based thereupon.

26. Furthermore, as noticed hereinbefore, at least Dhum Singh (PW-7) is an independent witness. He had no animus 8 against the accused. False implication of the accused at his hand had not been suggested, far less established.

27. We may now examine the question as to whether the ocular evidence is in variance with the medical evidence as stomach of the deceased contained undigested food. The C materials brought on record by the prosecution shows that deceased Randhir had taken his food at about 10.00 a.m.

The occurrence took place at about 11.30 a.m Digestive process, as is well known, depends upon the nature of the food. This Court in Shivappa and Ors. v. State of Kamataka, D ((2008) 11 sec 337] while dealing with a similar contention, held as under:-

"13. The High Court, however, opined that in view of the evidence of the doctor that the death occurred within 24 E hours of the time of the postmortem, the variation between the medical evidence and the testimony of the eye witnesses is not such which would lead to a conclusion that the prosecution case was not correct. We agree with the said view.

In Modi's Medical Jurisprudence, p. 185, it is stated that so far as the food contents are concerned, they remain for long hours in the stomach and duration thereof depends upon various factors.

14. In Main Pal and Anr. v. State of Haryana and Ors.

(2004) 10 SCC 692 , this Court held:

If the eyewitnesses' version, even though of the relatives, is found to be truthful and credible after deep scrutiny the

opinionative evidence of the doctor cannot wipe out the effect of eyewitnesses' evidence. The opinion of the doctor cannot have any binding force and cannot be said to be the last word on what he deposes or meant for implicit acceptance. On the other hand, his evidence is liable to be sifted, analysed and tested, in the same manner as that of any other witness, keeping in view only the fact that he has some experience and training in the nature of the functions discharged by him.

15. Indisputably, a large number of factors are responsible for drawing an inference with regard to digestion of food.

It may be difficult if not impossible to state exactly the time which would be taken for the purpose of digestion.

28. Evidence of Kishan Devi (PW-4) that her husband D had taken his meal at 12. 00 - 1. 00 noon must be considered having regard to the fact that she is an illiterate woman. Her deposition to that effect must be considered upon taking a holistic view of the matter.

29. The distance between the place of occurrence and the police station is said to be two miles. Two deaths had taken place. There was an injured person. First information report was lodged at 1.15 p.m. If the first information report could be lodged at 1.15 p.m., the occurrence could not be F said to have taken place after 1.00 p.m.

30. The entire incident took place in three phases, namely

(a) quarrel at the field ;

(b) accused persons going to the village, coming back to the field and killing Jagbandhan and injuring Mithan; and

(c) going back to the village and assaulting Randhir.

It mµst have consumed some time.

31. We must also bear in the mind the number of injuries found on the persons of both the deceased. Jagbandhan had nine injuries on his person whereas the number of injuries on the person of Randhir were nineteen .. The first information B report having been lodged almost immediately after the occurrence, we do not think that the prosecution case is tainted with falsehood. It would be almost well nigh impossible to implicate so many persons falsely and that to attribute specific overt acts on the part of each of the accused. c Contention of Mr. Sushil Kumar that the Investigating officer did not examine some of the witnesses on 27th January, 1997 cannot be accepted for more than one reason, firstly because the delay in the investigation itself may not benefit the accused ; secondly because the Investigating Officer (PW-8) in his D deposition explained the reasons for delayed examination of the witnesses. According to him, after preparation of the inquest report he was busy in searching for the accused persons and thus could not record the statement of Dhum Singh.

So far as non-examination of PW-5 is concerned, he E

--,,.. stated:-

"13. The weapons used in the incident are not mentioned in inquest report. At the time of writing inquest report, I had come to known that Dhumsingh was eyewitness.

F Eyewitness can be witness of inquest report, therefore, I made him witness in inquest report. Dhumsingh was directed to remain in village because his statement was to be recorded.

14. Statement of witness Mitthan was not recorded by me G

at the field because Panchyatnam of Randhir was to be prepared and search of accused persons was to be conducted. After preparing site plan I went to village immediately. I did not give any instruction to Mitthan that H

A recorded. The entry regarding injury on his arm was recorded in case diary at the field itself. He sustained wound. It is incorrect to state that he had sustained little abrasion. I. did not send him for medical examination from the field because I had few accused persons and I could B not find him."

This Court in Ranbir v. State of Punjab, [(1973) 2 SCC 444] repelled a similar contention stating :-

" ..... The fact of delayed examination of Tota Ram should, in our opinion, have been put to the investigating officer so as to enable him to explain the undue delay, if any, in examining Tota Ram. The question of delay in examining a witness during investigation is material only if it is indicative and suggestive of some unfair practice by the investigating agency for the purpose of introducing a gotup witness to falsely support the prosecution case."

Yet again in Bodhraj v. State of J&K, [(2002) 8 SCC 45] it was held :-

"33. Another point which was urged was the alleged delayed examination of the witnesses. Here again, it was explained as to why there was delay. Important witnesses were examined immediately. Further statements were recorded subsequently. Reasons necessitating such examination were indicated. It was urged that the same was to rope in the accused persons. This aspect has also been considered by the trial court and the High Court. It has been recorded that there was a valid reason for the subsequent and/or delayed examination. Such conclusion has been arrived at after analysing the explanation offered.

It cannot be laid down as a rule of universal application that if there is any delay in examination of a particular witness the prosecution version becomes suspect. It would depend upon several factors. If the explanation offered for the delayed examination is plausible and acceptable and

the court accepts the same as plausible, there is no reason A to interfere with the conclusion."

32. We may place on record that in regard to the purported delay of examination of PW-6, no question was put to the Investigating Officer.

33. Mr. Sushil Kumar would urge that in the inquest report the name of the accused persons had not been mentioned. In our opinion that in law it was not necessary to do so. The inquest report is prepared for the purposes mentioned in 17 4 c of the Code of Criminal Procedure and not for corroborating the prosecution case. In Pedda Narayana v. State of A.P., [(1975) 4 SCC 153] this Court has held :

•, "11. A perusal of this provision would clearly show that the object of the proceedings under Section 174 is merely to D ascertain whether a person has died under suspicious circumstances or an unnatural death and if so what is the apparent cause of the death. The question regarding the details as to how the deceased was assaulted or who assaulted him or under what circumstances he was E assaulted appears to us to be foreign to the ambit and scope of the proceedings under Section 174." ' Yet again in George v. State of Kera/a, [(1998) 4 SCC 605] it was held :- F "31. The whole purpose of preparing an inquest report under Section 17 4(1) Cr PC is to investigate into and draw up a report of the apparent cause of death, describing such wounds as may be found on the body of the deceased and stating in what manner, or by what weapon or instrument, G if any, such wounds appear to have been inflicted. In other words, for the purpose of holding the inquest it is neither necessary nor obligatory on the part of the Investigating Officer to investigate into or ascertain who were the persons responsible for the death." H

34. If all the witnesses could not attribute specific roles to each of the accused, the same in our considered view, is natural. If seven persons armed with various weapons attack a person, the witnesses who were standing at some distance may not be able to attribute specific role to each of the accused B persons.

35. Mr. Sushil Kmar would urge that whereas Satbir, Vakil and Lekhpal, appellant Nos. 1 to 3, may be placed in one group and Dan Sahai and Dalbir sons of Lakshman and C Harveer (appell(!nt Nos.4 to 7) on the other, the members of the second group did not show any common object with the members of the first group. It may be that they were not the persons who had committed overt acts when Jagbandhan objected to the factum of cutting of the ridge. But each one of them came back with the other accused. They were armed D with deadly weapons. They were present, even though might not have actually assaulted Jagbandhan. They left the place stating that they would kill Randhir. Both PW-4 and PW-7 stated that all the accused had taken part in assaulting Randhir.

Their statements are credit-worthy as Randhir suffered as many E as 19 injuries. Randhir was chased and surrounded before he was assaulted.

36. We, therefore, are of the opinion that the prosecution has been able to establish the existence of common object F amongst all the accused persons.

37. So far as the interlocutory applications are concerned, suffice it to point out that having regard to the provisions contained in Sections 320 and 321 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, an offence under Section 302 of the Indian G Penal Code is not compoundable. Appellants were prosecuted for committing two murders and injuring one. Maintenance of rule of law is the prime duty of the State. In violation of the statutory provisions, except in some marginal cases, the court shall not allow composition of offence. If parties have settled H

their disputes they may live in peace in future but the same by A itself cannot be a ground to pass a judgment of acquittal.

38. We, therefore, do not find any reason to allow the applications for impleading of Suresh Chand and others for the purpose of recording the compromise/settlement in exercise B of our jurisdiction under Order 47 Rules 1 and 6 of the Supreme Court Rules, which in our opinion, has no application to the present case. The applications are accordingly dismissed.

39. In the result this appeal fails and is dismissed. c

K.K.T.

Applications and Appeal dismissed.