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[2008] 11 S.C.R. 161

JAYENDRA SARASWATI SWAMIGAL

@ SUBRAMANIAM

STATE OF TAMIL NADU (Criminal Appeal No. 1132 of 2008)

JULY 22, 2008

[K.G. BALAKRISHNAN, CJI, R.V. RAVEENDRAN AND

DR. MUKUNDAKAM SHARMA, J~

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973:

s. 24 rlw s. 406 -Appointment of Public Prosecutor to conduct a transferred case - HELD: It is the State to which the case has been transferred which has the power to appoint Public Prosecutor/Additional Public Prosecutor/ Special Publie Prosecutor to conduct prosecution of the case - Transferee State can appoint any counsel as Special Public Prosecutor, who has requisite qualifications as prescribed under sub-section(B) of s.24 whether he is a lawyer in that State or in any other State - Expenses for conducting the trial and fees of Public Prosecutors are to be borne by the State wherein criminal case was registered - The two States may undertake consultations with each other and may take an appropriate decision in this regard.

s. 406 rlw s. 24- Power of Supreme Court, while transferring a case, regarding appointment of Public Prosecutor - f-!ELD: The Court while passing order of transfer of a case, can, irrespective of the provisions contained in s.24, give an appropriate direction as to which State should appoint Public Prosecutor to conduct that case - In case no such direction is given, provisions of s.24 would prevail.

The appellant was one of the accused in a case pending before a Court of Session in the State of Tamil Nadu.

At his instance the said case was transferred by the Su-

"""' A

;- preme Court1 to the Court of the Principal District and Sessions Judge, Pondicherry. The State of Tamil Nadu ' appointed one Special Public Prosecutor and four Addi- I tional Special Public Prosecutors to conduct the trial of

1-- rthe said case. The appellant filed an application before

I ' B the trial court challenging the said appointments on the ground that the Public Prosecutors appointed by the ,. r

State of Tamil Nadu had no right to conduct prosecution of the case pending before a court outside the State of Tamil Nadu. The appellant having remained unsuccessc fut before the trial court, as also the High Court, filed the instant appeal.

~ Allowing the appeal, the Court

HELD: 1.1 As is evident from various provisions of "

\ D the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, the State Government of Tamil Nadu can only appoint a Public Prosecutor or an Additional Public Prosecutor or a Special Public ' Prosecutor under Section 24 of the Code to conduct the prosecution and appeal, or 9ther proceeding in any crimi- E. nal courts in respect of any case pending before the courts of Tamil Nadu; and in respect of any case pending before the Courts at Pondicherry, the State Government of

Pondicherry is the appropriate Government to appoint Public Prosecutor, Additional Public Prosecutor or Spe-

F cial Public Prosecutor. Once the case is transferred as per Section 406 of the Code, to another State, the transferor State no longer has control over the prosecution to

....

be conducted in a court situated in a different State to which the case has been transferred. It is the prerogative

G of the State Government to appoint a Public Prosecutor

to conduct the case which is pending in the sessions division of that State. [para 7 and 10] [169-8, C, 170-E, F, G]

1.2 The purpose of transfer of a criminal case from >-

one State to another is to ensure fair trial to the accused.

H In the instant case, the main ground on which the trans-

AYENDRA SARASWATI SWAMIGAL @SUBRAMANIAM 163

v. STATE OF TAMIL NADU

.~ A fer of the case was ordered from the Court of Session in Tamil Nadu to the Court of the Principal District and Sessions Judge, Pondicherry, was that the action of the prosecution agency had created a reasonable apprehension in the mind of the accused-appellant that he would not get justice if the trial was heldin the State of Tamil Nadu. For B

~ proper conduct of a criminal case the Public Prosecuto~ plays a. vital role, as is indicated by the provisions of sections 225 and 321 of the Code. [para 9] [170-A, B, C, D, E]

1.3 This Court while passing order of transfer can, c irrespective of the provisions contained in Section 24 of the Code, give an appropriate direction as to which State should appoint the Public Prosecutor to conduct that particular case. Such orders are passed having regard to the circumstances of the case and the grounds on which D the transfer has been effected. But, so far as the instant case is concerned, nothing was stated in the order of transfer. The provisions contained in Section 24 of the Code shall prevail and it is for the appropriate State Government within whose area the trial is conducted to appoint Public Prosecutor under sub-sections (3) to (7) of E Section 24. [para 7] [169-C, D, E]

2.1 Sub-section (8) of Section 24 of the Code is a special provision regarding the appointment of Special Publie Prosecutor. This power can be exercised by the Cen- F tral Government and the State Government for the pur-

~· pose of any case or class of cases. These powers are also to be exercised by the State Government of the transferee court where the case is pending. Of course, the transferee State can appoint any person having qualifi- G cation prescribed under sub-section (8) of Section 24 of the Code, whether he is a lawyer in that State or any other

..., State. [para 8 and 11] [169-E, F, G 170-G, 171-A]

2.2 As it is a criminal case registered by the State of Tamil Nadu the expenses for conducting the trial are to H

A be borne by the State of Tamil Nadu. The Advocate fees payable to the Public Prosecutor, Additional Public Prosecutor or Special Public Prosecutor by the State of

Pondicherry shall be borne by the State of Tamil Nadu and the Home Departments of the two States may under- B take consultations with each other and an appropriate

~ decision may be taken by the authorities concerned in this regard. [para 11] [171-A, B]

Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Swamigal (//}, TN. V. State of c Tamil Nadu (2005) 4 Supp. SCR 556=(2005) 8 SCC 771

CRIMINALAPPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal NO. 1132 of 2008

From the Judgment and final Order dated 7/2/2006 of the

D High Court of Judicature at Maoras in Crl. R.C. No. 140/2006 and Crl. M.P. Nos. 764 and 765 of 2006

U.U. Lalit, P.S. Narasimha, Krishna Kumar and Pradeep Kar. for the Appellant.

Altaf Ahmed, T.L.V. Lyer (N.P.) V.G. Pragasam, S.J.

E Aristotle, Prabhu Ramasubramanian, S.S. Khanduja and Yash Pal Dhingra for the Respondent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

K.G. BALAKRISHNAN, CJI. : 1. Leave granted.

2. The appellant herein is one of the accused in a Crime + registered by Vishnu Kanchi Police Station at Tamil Nadu. The police after investigation filed final report on 21-1-2005 and the case was committed to the Principal Sessions Judge- Chinglepet and was registered as Session Case No. 197/05. G The appellant then moved this Court under Section 406 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (hereinafter referred to as Cr.P.C.) seeking transfer of the case to any other State. The appellant ).

alleged in the Transfer Petition that he was being unnecessarily harassed by the State of Tamil Nadu and that he would not get a H fair trial. This Court in SR/ JAYENDRA SARASWATHI

AYENDRA SARASWATI SWAMIGAL @SUBRAMANIAM 165

v. STATE OF TAMIL NADU [K.G. BALAKRISHNAN, CJI.]

SWAM/GAL (//), TN. v. STATE OF TAMIL NADU (2005) 8 A sec 771 considered the matter in detail and reached the following conclusion in paragraph 24 of the judgment :-

"Taking into consideration the entire facts and circumstances of the case and the material on record, we B have no hesitation in holding that the petitioner and other co-accused of the case have a reasonable apprehension that they will not get justice in the State of Tamil Nadu. We would like to clarify here that we are casting no reflection

on the district judiciary in the State of Tamil Nadu. But it is c the actions of the prosecuting agency and the State machinery, which are responsible for creating a reasonable apprehension in the mind of the petitioner and other co-accused that they will not get justice if the trial is held in any place inside the State of Tamil Nadu. We are, D therefore, of the opinion that the interest of justice requires that the trial may be transferred to a place outside the State of Tamil Nadu."

Thus, the Sessions Case No. 197/200~, pending before the Principal Sessions Judge, Chinglepet, was transferred to E the court of Principal District and Sessions Judge, Pondicherry and was numbered as Sessions Case 94/2005.

3. The Home Department of the State of Tamil Nadu on 25-11-2005 appointed one Special Public Prosecutor and four Additional Special Public Prosecutors for conducting the trial F

-+ of the Sessions case pending before the Principal District and Sessions Judge, Pondicherry. The appellant herein filed a petition before the Sessions court challenging the appointment of the Public Prosecutors by the State of Tamil Na du and contended that the Special Public Prosecutor appointed by State of Tamil G Nadu has no right to conduct the prosecution. of the Sessions case pending before the Pondicherry court, outside the State

~ of Tamil Nadu. The Principal Sessions Judge, Pondicherry, by an order dated 25-1-2006, held that under Section 24 of the Cr.P.C. the State of Tamil Nadu has the power to appoint the H

A Special Public Prosecutor for conducting the trial of the case and the State had not lost its right to appoint the Public Prosecutor, merely on account of transfer of the case to the Sessions court at Pondicherry. The court also noticed the fact that this Court, while transferring the Sessions case at Pondicherry, B had not specifically directed tht the State of Tamil Nadu shall

not appoint a Public Prosecutor to conduct the case.

4. The appellant preferred a Revision Petition challenging the order passed by the Principal District and Sessions Judge, C Pondicherry. The High Court of Madras confirmed the decision of the Sessions court and held that the offence had been committed within the State of Tamil Nadu, the investigation was done by the Tamil Nadu police and the committal proceedings had also taken place in the court at Tamil Nadu and hence the Government of Tamil Nadu had the domain over that sessions case D and unless this Court, considering the special circumstances, directs in a particular case, appointment of a Special Public Prosecutor by the State to which the case has been transferred in the interest of justice, the transferee State cannot normally venture to appoint any Special Public Prosecutor to handle the E case which it received as per the orders of this Court. The High Court was also of the view that it would be unjust to direct the transferee State Government to open the purse stings to meet out the expenditure for the appointment of a Special Public Prosecutor.

5. The appellant has challenged the order passed by the Sessions court as well as the High Court by which the Special Public Prosecutor and Additional Special Public Prosecutors were appointed to conduct the trial of the case.

6. We heard the counsel for the appellant as well as counsel for the State of Tamil Nadu. The counsel for the appellant contended that the appointmunt of the Public Prosecutor is to

.I•

be made by the State as per the procedure prescribed under ~- Section 24 of Cr.P.C. It is pointed out that the Government of H Pondicherr; has total authority to appoint a Public Prosecutor

or Additional Prosecutor or a Special Public Prosecutor to con- A duct a criminal case pending before any of the Sessions divisions of the State of Pondicherry which was formerly a Union Territory, now being a separate State and the Tamil Nadu Government has no right to appoint any prosecutor - either a Public Prosecutor or a Special Public Prosecutor - to conduct a trial of B a case pending before the Principal Sessions Judge, Pondicherry. The counsel for the respondent on the other hand contended that this court while ordering the case transfer to the State of Pondicherry had not specifically directed that trial should be conducted by the prosecutor appointed by the Government c of Pondicherry and therefore, State of Tamil Nadu has got the authority to appoint a Public Prosecutor to conduct the trial of such a case. It was argued that the incident had taken place in the State of Tamil Nadu and that being an offence committed against the State of Tamil Nadu that State alone could appoint o the Public Prosecutor to conduct the prosecution of the case unless specifically otherwise directed by this Court while transferring the case under Section 406 of the Cr.P.C.

7. For the purpose of understanding the scheme of appointment of a Public Prosecutor to conduct the trial it is neces- E sary to look into various provisions of Chapter II of the Cr. P.C.

Section 6 of Cr.P.C. prescribes that.in every State there shall be following classes of criminal courts : Courts of Sessions, Judicial Magistrate of the First Class (and in any Metropolitan area, Metropolitan Magistrate), the Judicial Magistrate of the F second class and Executive Magistrate. Section 7(1) prescribes that every State shall have a sessions division or shall consist of several sessions divisions and every sessions division shall, for the purposes of the Code, be a district or consist of districts. It also prescribes that every metropolitan area shall be a G separate sessions division and district. Sub-section (2) provides that the State may alter the limits of such division and districts after consultation with the High Court. Section 9 requires that the State Government shall establish a court of sessions for every sessions division, and every court of sessions H

A shall be presided over by a Judge to be appointed by the High Court. Section 10 deals with the constitution of the Assistant Sessions Judge and Section 11 deals with the constitution of the court of Judicial Magistrates. Section 12 deals with the appointment of Chief Judicial Magistrate and Additional Chief Judicial B Magistrate. Sections 16, 17 and 18 deal with the constitution of the various Metropolitan Magistrates' courts and Section 20 deals with appointment of Executive Magistrate. Section 24 deals with the appointment of Public Prosecutors. "Public Prosecutor" has

c been defined under Section 2(u) of the Cr.P.C. :-

."Public Prosecutor" means any person appointed under Section 24, and includes any person acting under the directions of a Public Prosecutor."

Section 24 (1) deals with the appointment of Public Pros- D ecutor or Additional Public Prosecutor for conducting any pros- .

ecution, appeal or other proceedings on behalf of the Central Government or State Government in the High Court. Sub-section (3) of Section 24 requires that for every district, the State Government shall appoint a Public Prosecutor and one or more E Additional Public Prosecutors. Sub-sections (3) to (7) deal with appointment of Public Prosecutor, Additional Public Prosecutor for the district. The power of appointment is given to the State Government and such appointment should be from a panel of names prepared by the District Magistrate in consultation with the Sessions Judge. Sub-section (7) of Section 24 pro- F vides that a person shall be eligible to be appointed as a Public Prosecutor or as an Additional Public Prosecutor under subsection (1) or sub-section (2) or sub-section (3) or sub-section

(6) only if he has been in practice as an advocate for not less than seven years. A conjoint reading of all these provisions would G clearly show that the State Government has the power of appointment of Public Prosecutor or Additional Public Prosecutor for each district or court of Sessions in the sessions division in the State to conduct any prosecution, appeal or other proceedings pending before the courts in that State. The power of the H State Government to appoint a Public Prosecutor and Addil

tional Public Prosecutor would extend only for conducting any A prosecution, appeal or other proceedings in the courts within the State. As per the procedure prescribed under Section 24, the State of Tamil Nadu can appoint a Public Prosecutor to conduct criminal cases in any of the court in that State. Such powers cannot be exercised by the State Government to conduct B cases in any other State. Once the case is transferred as per Section 406 of the Cr.P.C. to another State, the transferor State no longer has control over the prosecution to be conducted in a court situated in a different State to which the case has been transferred. It is the prerogative of the State Government to apc point a Public Prosecutor to conduct the case which is pending in the sessions division of that State. Of course, this Court while passing order of transfer, can give an appropriate direction as to which State should appoint the Public Prosecutor to conduct that particular case. Such orders are passed having regard to D the circumstances of the case and the grounds on which the transfer has been effected. This Court can certainly give directions irrespective of the provisions contained in Section 24 of the Cr.P.C. But so far as this case is concerned, nothing had been stated in the order of the transfer. The provisions con- E tained in the Section 24 of Cr.P.C. shall prevail and it is for the appropriate State Government within whose area the trial is conducted to appoint Public Prosecutor under sub-sections (3) to

(7) of Section 24 of the Cr.P.C.

8. Sub-section (8) of Section 24 of Cr.P.C. is a special F provision regarding the appointment of a Special Prosecutor.

This power can be exercised by the Central Government and the State Government for the purpose of any case or class of cases, and a person who has been in practice as an advocate for not less than ten years may be appointed as a Special Pub- G lie Prosecutor. These powers are also to be exercised by the State Government of the transferee court where the sessions case is pending. Of course, the transferee State can appoint any person having qualification prescribed under sub-$ection

(8) of Section 24 of the Cr.P.C.

9. The purpose of transfer of the criminal case from one State to arJother is to ensue fair trial to the accused. In this case, the main ground on which the transfer of the sessions case was ordered from the Sessions court of Chinglepet in Tamil Nadu to the Principal District and Sessions Judge, Pondicherry, B was that the action of the prosecution agency had created a reasonable apprehension in the mind of the accused-appellant that he would not get justice .if the trial was held in the State of Tamil Nadu. The Public Prosecutor plays a key role during trail of a Session$ case. Though the Sessions Judge has got a sue pervising control over the entire trial of th.e case, it is the Public Prosecutor who decides who are the witnesses to be examined on the side ofthe prosecution and which witness !s to be given up, or which witness is to be recalled for further examination. For proper conduct of a criminal ca.se the Public Prosecu- D tor plays a vital role. It may also be noticed herein that under Section 225 of the Cr.P.C. during every trial before the court of Sessions, the prosecution shall be conducted by the Public Prosecµtor and as regards. withdrawal also, te P.ublic Prosecutor in charge of the case has to make the application for E withdrawal of prosecution as per Section 321 of the Cr. P. C. In

case of acquittal bf the accused the State Government may direct the Public Prosecutor to file an appeal.

10. As is evident fr.om various provisions of the Cr.P.C., the State Government of Tamil Nadu can only appoint a Public F Prosecutor or an Additional Public Prosecutor or a Special Public Prosecutor under Section24 of the Cr:P.C. to conduct the proecution and ;::ippeal; orcother proceeding in any criminal courts in respect of any case pending before the courts of Tamil Nadu and in respect of any case pending before the G Courts at Pondicherry, the State Government of Pondicherry is the appropriate Government to appoint Public Prosecutor, Additional Public Prosecutor or Special Public Prosecutor.

11. However, we make it clear that the State of Pondicherry can appoint any counsel as Public Prosecutor having requisite H qualifications as prescribed under sub-section (8) of Section

' I-

...

24 of Cr.P.C. whether he is a lawyer in the State of Pondicherry A or any other State. As it is a criminal case registered by the State of Tamil Nadu the expenses for conducting the trial are to be borne by the State of Tamil Nadu. The Advocate fees payable to the Public Prosecutor, Additional Public Prosecutor or Special Public Prosecutor by the State of Pondicherry shall be B borne by the State of Tamil Nadu and the Home Departments of the two States may undertake consultations with each other and an appropriate decision may be taken by the concerned authorities in this regard.

12. We set aside the impugned order passed by the High C Court and direct that the State of Pondicherry may continue with the prosecution of the case in accordance with the law and the Public Prosecutor or Special Public Prosecutor may be appointed by the State of Pondicherry to conduct the criminal proceedings in respect of Sessions Case No. 94 of 2005 pending D before Principal & Sessions Judge of Pondicherry.

13. The Appeal is allowed to the extent indicated above._

R.P.

Appeal allowed .