[2008] 10 S.C.R. 782

::-.iHt 1/ANAND GAURISHANKAR BASWANTI

II.

LAXMI VISHNU TEXTILE MILLS & ORS.

(Civ.il Appeal No. 4324 of 2008)

JULY 11, 2008

[C.K. THAKKER AND D.K. JAIN, JJ.]

Constitution .of India, 1950:

Articles 136 and 226 - Company declared sick under C the sick lndius Oriat Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1.985

(SICA) - Bi FR opining for winding up of the Company - Offer for pwchase of property of the Company - In joint meetings .. . between the sick company, proposed purchaser, secured and unsecured creditors and the Representative Union of work- D men, agreement by the creditors -an.d workers to accept lesser amount of the dues as one time settlement- PIL by one of the workers . challenging the. agreement, disposed of with direction to ?pproach appropriate forum - Subsequent writ petition by the worker challenging the settlement dismissed as not E maintainable - On appeal, . held: The appellant has no locus standi to address the grievance - All the workers were bound by the decision taken by the Representative Union - Industrial employee has no right to represent the workmen - The grievance should have been addressed before appropriate F forum and not under Article 226 of the Constitution - In the facts of the case the course taken for se_ttlement was appropriate and was not contrary to law - Decision taken by the Union does not suffer from any infirmity - Hence, in view of the facts of the case, interference under Article 136 not called for - G Bombay Industrial Relations Act, 1947 - ss. 14, 27A and 30.

Article 136 - Discretionary jurisdiction - Scope of - Held: Discretionary jurisdiction under Article 136 has to be tampered with equity - The Court to .exercise the jurisdiction only if extraordinary flaws or grave injustice or other recognized grounds, H 782

' ,

SHIVANAND GAURISHANKAR BASWANTI v. LAXMI 783

... -+

VISHNU TEXTILES MILLS & ORS .

are made out - Court not to act as a regular court of appeal.

Respondent No. 1-Company, incurred heavy losses and was closed down. Proceedings had been initiated under SICA. BIFR initially had restrained the management from disposing or transferring the assets without its prior B permission, but finally it recommended winding up of the Company. In favour of one of the major creditors (State Bank of India) Debts Recovery Tribunal (ORT) passed a decree for Rs. 84.39 crores with interest. Controlling Authority under Payment of Gratuity Act passed orders in favour of the workers directing the respondent-Company c to pay the gratuity with interest. Since the respondent- Company was not in a position to pay the entire dues, ORT ordered to take steps to hold a joint meeting of all the financial institutions an~ representatives of workers in order to settle the matter. In the meantime, respondent D No. 7 expressed its willingness to purchase the property for Rs. 46.65 crores .. A tripartite agreement had been arrived at between the respondent-Company, respondent No.8-representative Union of workers and respondent No. 7 purchaser. As the property owned by the respondent- E Company was not enough to meet all the liabilities, workers Union agreed to accept an amount of Rs. 22.21 crores towards full and final settlement as against the claim of Rs. 132 crores. In a subsequent joint meeting of secured

-y and unsecured creditors, it was agreed that they would F share the sale proceeds of Rs. 46.65 crores by One Time Settlement foregoing their claim for the entire amount. Incidentally property was sold to respondent No. 7.

Appellant (a workman) on coming to know about the agreements, submitted a representation to High Court <S which was treated as Public Interest Litigation. Ultimately ... the same was disposed of observing that the grievance ~

could not be adjudicated under PIL and the same could be pursued before appropriate forum.

+- ..

A Appellant thereafter filed the present writ petition under Article 226 of the Constitution. High Court summarily dismissed the petition holding that it was not a fit case to entertain the petition in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226. Hence the present appeals. '\ B Dismissing the appeal, the Court y

HELD: 1.1 This is not a fit case for exercise of discretionary and equible jurisdiction under Article 136 of th'e Constitution. This Court is not expected to act as 'regular c Court of appeal' settling disputes by converting into a 'Court

of Error'. It interfers only when justice demands intervention by the highest Court of the country. The power of this Court is plenary, overriding and extensive and there are no words qualifying, restricting or limiting that power. The

D very conferment of discretionary power defies any attempt at exhaustive definition of that power. The power, however, has to be exercised for doing full and complete justice. But wider.the discretionary power, the more sparing its exercise. [Para 16, 49 and 50] [798-a, 817-A,8, C]

E 1.2 The very width of the power under Article 136 is a warning against its 'freewheeling exercise save in grave situations'. Circumspection and circumscription must, therefore, induce the Court to interfere with the decision under challenge only if the extraordinary flaws or grave

F injustice or other recognized grounds are made out. [Para 'll; •.

53] [818-8, C] r

1.3 While exercising power under Article 136 of the Constitution, this Court not only acts as a Court of law but also as a Court of equity and hence the power exercised G by this Court under Article 136 must subserve ultimately

the cause of justice. The Court must decide all issues coming before it on the considerations of justice, equity

,4 . -;.. .I and good conscience. Legal formulations cannot be divorced from ground realities, fact-situations before the H Court and the effect of laws on the human beings for whom

SHIVANAND GAURISHANKAR BASWANTI v. U\XMI 785

. VISHNU TEXTILES MILLS & ORS.

they are meant. Discretionary jurisdiction under Article A • 136, therefore, has to be tampered with equity. This Court would be failing in its duty if it does not notice equitable considerations. [Para 51] [817-C, D, E]

1.4 In view of the developments in the present case, if sale in favour of respondent No.7 is set aside, serious 8

prejudic_e will be caused not only to respondent No.1 and respondent No.7-vendor and vendee, respectively, but also to others like banks, financial institutions, other creditors and also to workers for whose benefit and welfare the appellant is fighting. It is pertinent to _note that no se- C cured or unsecured creditor has come forward making grievance that though he was entitled to more amount, he has not been paid such amount. So far as workers are concerned, the Representative Union has preferential right to appear in the proceedings under the Act. Hence, b taking any view of the matter, this is not a fit case to exercise discretionary and equitable jurisdiction under Article 136 of the Constitution. [Para 55] [819-8, CD]

Sadhanathan v. Arunachalam, 1980 (3) SCC 141; Statesman Ltd. v. Workmen, 1976 (2) SCC 223 - relied on.

La Cite de Montreal v. Les Eccelesiasticues, 1889 (14) AC 660 - referred to.

2.1 l; ven on merits, the impugned action calls for no interference. The order passed by BIFR. makes it clear F that the Board was of the opinion that in the interest of rehabilitation of the sick industrial company, its creditors, shareholders as also in public interest, certain directions were necessary. The Company was, therefore, restrained from disposing the property which was charged /hypoth- G ecated to financial institutions. Tripartite agreement had been arrived at wherein representatives of labour Union, first respondent-Mill Company and the purchasers were present and the agreement was signed by all of them. Likewise,' in the joint meeting of secured and unsecured credi- H

A tors,. representatives of Union and vendor and vendee,

all of them agreed.fQr One Time Settlement and expressed . their willigriess tO accept lesser amount. In the 1 circumstances, charge imposed and prohibition issuedj by BIFR .orrthe Company no more remained .operative. It was. ob- ..

B serVed by the Recovery Officer of ORT to send informa-

. • tion to BIFR after confirmation of sale. Consequential acticm of confirmation of sale was thereafter taken and sale certificate was also issued, All the actiom; weretaken only.

. a_fter thefjoirit meetings were held between the parties. . c They, thee.fore; could_ not be said tO be contrary to law or · in violatimi otthe order passed by BIFR. [Para .26 & 271

.. [802-F, *303-D, E; F, G 804.; A, B]

· 2.2. Eve~ otherwie, on the fa(; ts.and in the circum~··· stances of the case; had the agreements in question not D been arrived at, all parties Including workers for whom

., grea(cc>ncern had. been shown by the appellant' would

.have stJffered .. It vvas because of conjoint and combined

effortS of an the partiesttit agreements could be arrived at .. arid workmen wereable to get the .. mouritwhichhad E no~ been paid to them for many years. The contentionthat secure,4 and m1secured c.reditors and workers have not

receivd their dues .has no force. If>ara 281[804•8, C, D, E] . . . . . ·• '. ··, ..

. :. ~·· .... '

SHIVANAND GAURISHANKAR BASWANTI v. LAXMI 787

VISHNU TEXTILES MILLS & ORS.

High Court, therefore, was right in dismissing it in limine A by passing the impugned order that it was not a fit case to exercise extraordinary jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution. [Para 17] [798-8, C, D, E]

4.1 Neither by a secured nor an unsecured creditor. nor a representative of a labour union; nor even a person B acting pro bona publico has approached this Court. PIL Writ Petition at the instance of the appellant was dismissed by the High Court and the said decision was never challenged by him. Here is an employee who is also one of the workers, who has been paid his dues. He accepted C : the amount and issued 'No Objection Certificate' (No Dues Certificate) -no doubt by putting an endorsement "Accepted under Protest". He has urged that the workmen have not been paid their dues and injustice had been done to them. Even there, the appellant is not right. A Repre- D sentative Union has taken a decision which is binding on all employees. [Para 29] [804-E, FG]

NGEF Ltd. v. Chandra Developers (P) Ltd., 2005 (8) SCC 219; Pankaj Mehra v. State of Maharashtra, 2000 (2) SCC E. 756 - referred to.

Gray's Inn Construction Co. Ltd., Re, 1980 (1) All ER 814 : 1980 (1) WLR 711 - referred to.

4.2 Under the Bombay Industrial Relations Act, 1946,

- -x it is the 'Representative Union' which has all powers to F enter into a settlement on behalf of workers in the industry and it is only that Union which can take a decision under the Act. The said decision would bind not only the members of the Union, but also to those workers who are not members of such Union. Representative Union is having priority and 'preference' over other Unions to appear

..._ + on behalf of employees of such industry in the area. [Paras 32 and 37] [805-F, G, 805-G, 807-G, 808-A]

Girja Shankar Kashi Ram v. Gujarat Spinning and Weav-

A ing Co. Ltd., (1962) Supp 2 SCR 890; Textile Labour Association, Bhadra, Ahmedabad v. Ahmedabad Mill Owners Association, Ahmedabad, 1970 (3) SCC 890; Santuram Khudai

v. Kimatrai Printers and Processors Pvt. Ltd. and Ors., 1978

(1) sec 162, - relied on. 8 4.3 Combined reading of Sections 27A, 30, 32, 33 and 80 of the Act make it clear that consistent with the avowed policy and prevention of exploitation of workmen and augmention of their bargaining power, the Legislature has clothed the Representative Union ith plenary power to C appear or act on behalf of employees in any proceeding under the Act. Keeping in view the said object, it has deprived individual employees or workmen of the right to appear or act in any proceeding under the Act where the Representative Union enters appearance or acts as repre- D sentative of the employees. [Para 45] [815-8, C, D]

4.4 Mala tides or bona tides of the Representative Union has no relevance in construing the relevant provisions of the Act. In case the employees find that the Representative Union is acting in a manner which is prejudicial to their E interests, their remedy lies in invoking the aid of the Registrar under Chapter Ill of the Act requesting him to cancel the registration of the union. In the instant case in the local area concerned respondent No. 8 is admittedly the only Union which has the status of Representative Union in F Textile Industry under the Act. In view of the above fact, no other Union/Assocjation of employees or individual empioyees have right to represent the workmen of that industry in that area. [Paras 46 and 47] [815-E, FG,, 8_16-A]

G 4.5 There were about 4500 employees in respondent No.1-Mill when it was closed down in February, 1995.

Within a period of about a decade, 400 workmen had already died. None of them, however, received any wages or other benefits because of the pendency of several proceedings in different courts .. The Representative Union H

SHIVANAND GAURISHANKAR BASWANTI v. LAXMI 789

considered'. their legitimate grievance and thought it A proper toge'~ the matter settled if reasonable amount could be paid to them, keeping in view well-known saying "one in hand is better than two on bush". They considered the matter in its entirety, financial condition of the first respon- -y dent-Company, claim of secured and unsecured creditors, B a number of decrees and orders passed by various Authoritis under different laws and the properties of the Company. In the larger interest, the Union decided to accept the amount of Rs.22.21 crores for workers towards full and final settlement. By no stretch of imagination, such c action could be held improper, illegal or mala fide. The approach adopted and decision taken by the Representative Union-respondent No.8 suffers from no infirmity and cannot be regarded as illegal or otherwise unreasonable. [Para 48] [816-A,8, C, D, E] D CIVILAPPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 4324 of 2008

From the Judgment and final Order dated 12.2.2007 of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay in W.P. No. 5664/2006

E K.V. Vishwanathan, Goutam Godara and Gopal Balwant Sathe for the Appellant.

Anil Diwan, Shekhar Nephade, S. Ganesh, Santosh Paul, M.J. Paul, V.8. Joshi, Kailash Pandey, Vinay Navare, Abha R. -) Sharma, Aparajita Singh, Sanjay V. Kharde, Asha Gopalan Nair, F

C.G. Solshe; Vinesh C. Solshe, Malvika Trivedi, T. Mahipal, Arvind Gupta, John Mathew and C.K. Sasi for the Respondents.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

C.K. THAKKER, J. 1. Leave granted.

...... +

2. The present appeal is directed against summary dismissal of writ petition No. 5664 of 2006 on February 12, 2007 by the High Court of Judicature at Bombay observing that it was not a fit case to entertain the petition in exercise of extraordi- H

+. . ._

A nary jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

3. The case has a chequered history and with a view to appreciate the contentions raised by the parties, .the background B is required to be kept in view; Laxmi Vishnu Textile Mills ('Comy pany" for short)+respondent No, 1 herein was formerly known as Vishnu Cotton Mills Ltd. It was registered on May 19, 1908 under the.Indian Companies Act, 1873 (then in force). It was operating through two cotton textile mills, namely, (i) Laxmi Mill, c and (ii) Vishnu Mill. Somewhere inthe year 1961, Laxmi Mill

was merged in Vishnu Mill and was given the present name i.e.

LaxmiVishnu Textile Mills Ltd.There were large number of workers in the mill and there was considerable profit in the business.

By the passage of time, however, the Company started incur~

D ring losses and things turned worse in later eighties. Proceed-. ings under the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) + Act, 1985 (hereinafter referred to 'SICA') had been initiated.

On April 28, 1994, the Board of Industrial and Financial Reconstruction, New Delhi ('BIFR' for short) issued an order declaring

E the Company as 'sick unit' and in exercise of powers conferred on it under Section 22A of the Act, it restrained the promoters/ management from disposing or transferring its assets described in the order without prior permission of the Board. It was also stated that violation of the order passed by the Board would be dealt with under Section 33 of SICA.

4. It is also the case of the appellant that without issuing ,._

notice and without obtaining permission from the Appropriate Authority as required under Sections 25-0 and 25-N of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, the management of the Company

G resorted to illegal closure and lockout of the Company. Thus, from February 28, 1995, the Company is illegally closed.

5. According to the appellant, BIFR considered the facts ~)>.

and circumstances of the case in their entirety and on December 30, 1996 passed an order recording its satisfaction as re- H

SHIVANAND GAURISHANKAR BASWANTI v. LAXMI 791 . ~...;.

VISHNU TEXTILES MILLS & ORS. [C.K. THAKKER, J.]

quired by sub-section (1) of Section 20 of the Act that it was not A possible for the Company to revive and it was just and equitable that Company should be wound up. The opinion was for-· warded to the High Court of Judicature at Bombay with a request that banks and financial institutions may explore the possibility of sale of the assets of the Company. It was proposed to B entrust the work of sale of assets to State Bank of India (SBI), the lead bank in the case. The Operative Agency (OA), namely,

I DBI was directed to hold a joint meeting of all participating banks and financial institutions and to furnish a detailed report on sale of assets of the Company through SBI latest by February 28, c 1997.

6. It may be stated at this stage that SBI was one of the major creditors. It initiated recovery proceedings against the Company by filing Original Application No. 2638 of 1999 and + got a decree from Debt Recovery Tribunal (DRT)-1, Mumbai D for a sum of Rs.84.39 crores with interest. Other financial institutions had also initiated proceedings for recovery of their dues.

Receiver was appointed by DRT-1, Mumbai, who took possession of the properties of the Comrany. Steps were also taken to protect properties by employing police force. The Receiver E also met representatives of Rashtriya Girni Kamgar Sangh, recognized Union-respondent No.8 herein. The Receiver was in possession of the property except those properties which were occupied by the employees who were in service of the Com-

- ); pany and were residing in the quarters provided to them while F they were in employment. Possession of the machinery and other movable properties of the Company was also taken over.

Since the dues of workers were neither settled nor paid, several workers approached Controlling Authority under the Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 for gratuity. Orders were passed in G their favour directing the Company to pay full amount of gratuity

"""'-+ with interest thereon. The said amount was also not paid. Meanwhile, Trans Asia Global Company-respondent No.7 expressed its desire to purchase the property. According to the appellant, respondent No.8-Union had no authority to repre- H

A sent the interests of workers of respondent No.1-Company and yet on March 8, 2005, it purportedly entered into a tripartite ,,. agreement with respondent No.1-Company, respondent No.8-Union and respondent No.7-M/s Trans Asia Global Company. Respondent No.1-Company under the tripartite agreement s sold the property to respondent No. 7 for Rs.46.65 crores. The Y claim of the workmen was settled at Rs.22.21 crores whereas in fact, the claim of the workmen was more thanHs.132 crores.

The purported agreement never brought to the notice of the workmen and they were kept in complete dark. The property of C the Company was worth Rs.250 crores which could have satisfied claims of SBI, legitimate dues of the workmen as also of financial institutions and other creditors. According to the appellant, the other agreement was also entered into between secured and unsecured creditors, labour representatives, the

0 Company and the purchaser on April 20, 2005. The agreement + states that all secured creditors, unsecured creditors and representatives of the workmen had a meeting and they all agreed on One Time Settlement (OTS) and accepted the scheme of selling the entire property by a private treaty to respondent No. 7 and accordingly the property was sold. The action, however, E was totally illegal, uncalled for and in contravention of various provisions of law.

P/L WRIT PETITION

7. According to the appellant, as soon as he came to know F about the above agreements, sale of property by private negotiations and without taking workers in confidence, he submitted a representation to the Chief Justice of High Court of Bombay pointing out several illegalities committed by respondent No.1- Company in not settling the dues of workmen. The representa- G tion was converted into Public Interest Litigation (PIL) and was registered as PIL Writ Petition No. 126 of 2005. The appellant herein filed an affidavit in the said petition on June 27, 2006.

The writ petition came up for hearing before a Division Bench - of the High Court on July 13, 2006 and after hearing learned H counsel for the parties, the writ petition was disposed of by the

SHIVANAND GAURISHANKAR BASWANTI v. LAX.Ml 793

Court observing that the grievance of the workers could be re- A dressed before 'appropriate forum'. The complaint against sale of property by private treaty also could be adjudicated in 'proper proceedings' and the controversy did not deserve to be taken into PIL. Liberty, however, was granted by the Court to all aggrieved parties to pursue 'appropriate remedy' for redressal of B their grievances.

PRESENT WRIT PETITION

8. The appellant, thereafter, filed present Writ Petition No. 5664 of 2006 in the High Court of Bombay under Article 226 of c the Constitution and prayed for a writ of certiorari or any other appropriate writ, direction or order quashing all the actions in the matter of recovery proceedings before the Recovery Officer, Mumbai Debt Recovery Tribunal No.1 and by examining the validity, propriety and correctness of such proceedings and to D quash and set aside order of sale of properties-movable and immovable-of respondent No.1-Company in favour of respondent No. 7. A writ of mandamus was sought directing DRT- 1, Mumbai not to disburse any amount to anyone till the claims of the workers have been properly adjudicated and the amount E paid. A prayer was made to continue to employ all workers till their services are legally terminated or till lawful closure is etfected. Interim relief was also prayed.

ORDER OF HIGH COURT

- >:

9. The High Court, as observed above, dismissed the writ F

petition observing that it was not a fit case to interfere with by an order dated February 12, 2007 in exercise of extraordinary jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution. The said order is challenged by the appellant in this appeal.

10. Notice was issued by this Court on September 7, 2007 G

""~-

and meanwhile order passed by DRT was stayed. Affidavits and further affidavits were thereafter filed by the parties. The Registry was directed to place the matter for final disposal and that is how the matter is before us.

+-.\ A 11. We have heard learned counsel for the parties.

APPELLANT'S SUBMISSIONS

12. Learned counsel for the appellant contended that all . orders passed and actions taken by the Authorities are unlaw-

B ful, illegal and contrary to law. It was submitted that the first rey spondent-Company had resorted to illegal closure and unlawful lockout due to which workers had suffered a lot. It was also submitted that when proceedings had been initiated under SICA and anorder was passsd by BIFR restraining the management c of the 1st respondent-Company from transferting, alienating or disposing its property, no action could have been taken for sale of the property. Apart from the factthat such action is Illegal and in violation ofthe order passed by BIFR, it is also contrary to law and is punishable under Section 33 of SICA. A grievance

D was also made that though there were several secured and unsecured creditors and more than 4,000 workers, whose dues + r had not been paid, they were never taken in confidence and private settlement had been arrived at. Such action could not be said to be legal or in consonance with law. Moreover, the

E property of the 1st respondent-Company which is worth more than Rs.250 crores had been sold away by a 'throw away' price of less than Rs.50 crores. It has prejudicially affected the interest of families of thousands of workers who would have otherwise got their legitimate dues but for the illegal settlement by

F 'interested' persons. According to the appellant, most of the workers were not in favour of so called settlement of accep- ;\- tance of an amount of Rs.22.21 crores towards full and final settlement of their dues when they were actually entitled to six times more the said amount. Respondent No.8 could not have represented all the workers and entered into such settlement G by accepting less than 20% of their dues. According to the appellant, most of the workers have objection against such settlement and they have supported the appellant and several em- .... - ployees had expressed their opinion in writing to that effect.

The appellant had stated that when he came to know about the H decree passed by ORT and execution proceedings in pursu-

SHIVANAND GAURISHANKAR BASWANTI v. LAXMI 795

ance of the said decree and sale of property, he drew the atten- A tion of the Hon'ble Chief Justice of High Court of Bombay by making a representation which was treated as PIL Writ Petition. The High Court ought to have granted relief in that proceeding. The High Court, however, disposed of the writ-petition -y by granting liberty to the parties to take appropriate proceed- B ings in accordance with law. The appellant, therefore, filed fresh petition but the High Court by a 'cryptic' order; dismissed the same without entering into the merits of the matter. It was, therefore, submitted by the appellant that the impugned order passed by the High Court deserves to be set aside quashing and setc ting aside the order of sale in favour of respondent No. 7 and by directing the authorities to decide the matter afresh in accordance with law.

RESPONDENTS' SUBMISSIONS -+

13. The contesting respondents, on the other hand, strongly D

urged that the appeal deserves to be dismissed and no interference by this Court is called for. The appellant has no locus standi to file a petition either in the High Court or to prefer an appeal in this Court. It was contended that respondent No.1- E Company was in continuous loss since several years and in the year 1995, it was closed, down. Crores of rupees were required to be paid to State Bank of India, other financial institutions as also to workers. Proceedings had been initiated under SI.CA

- }-. and BIFR was satisfied that the Company could not be revived and it favoured winding up of the Compny. A decree was passed F

in favour of SBI by DRT-1, Mumbai for substantial amount of more than Rs.80 crores with interest. Over and above the said amount, there were other secured and unsecured creditors.

Moreover, outstanding dues of workers were also there. Movable and immovable property of the Company was not enough G

....\ .l_ to clear up all the dues. It was, therefore, felt that a fair settlement could be arrived at so that all the parties could get an equitable share and proper and reasonable amount from the property owned and possessed by respondent No.1-Company. It is in the light of the above facts that the parties i.e., (i) Company; H

~- t li A

(ii) Secured and unsecured creditors; and (iii) Union sat to- . " gether, discussed the problem and settled the matter. SBI which 1t .,. was having a decree for Rs.84 crores with interest thereon, )o agreed to let go substantial part of the amount so that workers may not be prejudicially affected. Other creditors also adopted B positive and constructive attitude. The Union considered the fate of families of several workers and in the capacity of 'Representative Union' under the Bombay Industrial Relations Act, 1946 exercised the power and agreed to the settlement. In fact, it

" was the case of respondent No.7-Union that during the interc vening period of about one decade after the closur~ of the Mills

in 1995, about 400 workers died. If settlement wo'uld not have been arrived at, it would have resulted into further agony to the remaining workers and their families as also the families of those workers who lost their lives during the pendency of pro-

D ceedings. It was in these circumstances that the best solution + had been thought by way of settlement and no fault can be found against Representative Union in agreeing to such settlement.

14. It was also submitted that under the Act of 1946, it is the Representative Union which alone has exclusive right in any E industry to represent the entire class of workmen in the local area. The appellant had no locus or standing to agitate grievance or raise dispute on behalf of workers/labourers. But, even otherwise,.arepresentation which was treated as PIL Writ Petition was dismissed by the High Court and that order had never

F been challenged by the appellant by approaching this Court and ;}. - the decision had become final. It was contended that from the

Iorder of the Court it was very clear that liberty was granted to aggrieved parties to take appropriate remedy, in appropriate ,. forum in appropriate proceedings. The appellant, however, nei-

G ther approached Labour Forum nor went to Debt Recovery Appellate Tribunal but filed a fresh writ-petition. Obviously, the subsequent petition in which the impugned order Is passed was ).f not PIL as it was registered as Writ Petition instituted by an individual. The High Court was. therefore, wholly right and fully

H justified in dismissing the said petition in limine, particularly in

SHIVANAND GAURISHANKAR BASWANTI v. LAXMI 797

fi~

the light of the order passed in previous PIL Writ Petition.

A i --r

15. It was submitted that the situation today is irreversible inasmuch as after the settlement had been arrived at between the parties, the purchaser-respondent No.7 had deposited the entire purchase price with ORT. The secured creditors as well

B ---( as labourers were paid their dues as per the said settlement and their respective shares. Creditors had issued 'discharge certificates'. The Assistant Labour Commissioner had disbursed the amount to the workers and their family members who are more than four thousand. The appellant who was also one of the workers was paid more than Rs.60,000/- and he issued a c

receipt in token of acceptance of the said amount. The order of • sale in favour of respondent No. 7 was confirmed by ORT and the sale became final. Sale certificate was also issued in favour of the purchaser. It had also paid an amount of Rs.2.25 crores

--\ -+ towards stamp duty and got the property registered in its name.

D All those orders were never challenged by the appellant by taking 'appropriate proceedings'. If at this stage, this Court interferes and sets aside the orders passed by the authorities from time to time, irreparable injury and loss would be caused not only to the purchaser-respondent No. 7, but to other respondents E as well. For instance, it would be very difficult for the workers who had received the amount to refund or pay back the said amount which would be the direct consequence. It would be difficu It for respondent No. 7 also if it will not be able to recover the

- .k amount which it as paid. Moreover, no secured or unsecured F creditor has come forward and has made a.complaint to this Court that though he was entitled to a particular amount, he had not

.;- been paid and he has grievance against the settlement. The appellant who is only one pecson and has received his dues, has approached the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution G after dismissal of Public Interest Litigation and it is he who con- .. ,,,.\ tends that several creditors have not been paid their dues and workers have also suffered and the settlement should be set aside. It was submitted that the High Court was right in not entertaining such petition and this Court, in exercise of power under Article 136 of H

A the Constitution, may not interfere with the said order.

CONSIDERATION OF RIVAL CONTENTIONS

16. Having heard the learned counsel for the parties and h_aving gone through the records and proceedings of the case, B in our opinion, this is not a fit case for exercise of discretionary and equitable jurisdiction under Article 136 of the Constitution.

17. It is clear that so far as the present proceedings are concerned, they are not in the nature of por bonopublico. The appellant herein had made representation to-the Hon'ble Chief C Justice of 'High Court of Judicature at Bombay earlier which was treated as Writ Petition (PIL) and the petition was disposed . of by the Court granting liberty to the aggrieved parties to ap- . preach appropriate forum in appropriate proceeding without granting any relief. Prima facie, therefore, in our opinion, the D contention of the contesting respondents is well-founded that if

the appellant herein was aggrieved by certain orders passed by Debt Recovery Tribunal (ORTH, Mumbai, he ought to have approached Debt Recovery Appellate Tribunal (DRAT) by filing appeals against those orders. lfhe had grievance against the E Company or inaction on the part of the Authorities under Labour Laws on the ground that they had not protected the interests of workers of Laxmi Vishnu Textile Mills, he ought to have approached Labour Forum. The appellant, however, did neither.

As soon as the PIL Writ Petition was disposed of, within few F days, he filed another writ petition in his individual capacity. The High Court, in our opinion, therefore, was right in dismissing it in '!imine by passing the impugned order that it was not a fit case to exercise extraordinary jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution.

MERITS OF THE MATTER

18. On merits also, we find no substance in the contention raised by the learned counsel for the appellant. From the record, it is clear that from eighties the respondent No. 1..:Company was H in financial doldrums. Day-by-day, the position deteriorated and

SHIVANAND GAURISHANKAR BASWANTI v. LAXMI 799

VISHNU TEXTILES MILLS & ORS. [C.K. THAKKER, J.]

it had incurred heavy losses. So much so that. the Mill was re- A quired to be closed down somewhere in 1995. Admittedly, after February, 1995, the Company has never revived. It is also clear from the record that substantial amount was due and payable by the Company to State Bank of India, several other financial institutions, secured and unsecured creditors and to B workers. Proceedings had been initiated under SICA. BIFR

had passed orders from time to time and finally it recommended winding up of the Company on being satisfied that rehabilitation of the Company was not possible. A recommendation was, therefore, made and papers were forwarded to the High Court c concerned, i.e. the High Court of Judicature at Bombay. It is further clear that in favour of one major creditors, i.e. State Bank of India a decree was passed by ORT-I, Mumbai for Rs.84.39 crores with interest thereon. It has been brought on record that several other financial institutions had approached ORT and 0 either orders were passed in their favour or proceedings were pending. It is brought to our notice that many workers had gone to Controlling Authority under the Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 and obtained orders in their favour directing the first respondent Company to pay gratuity with interest thereon. The Company was not in a position to pay entire dues. In the circum....

E stances, ORT-I, Mumbai ordered to take appropriate steps so that joint meeting of all financial institutions and representatives of workers be held and the matter could be settled. Meanwhile, respondent No. 7-Trans Asia Global Trade expressed its desire to purchase the property. On March 8, 2005, a tripartite F agreement had been arrived at between respondent No. 1-Company, representatives of respondent No.8-Union of workers an.d Trans Asia Global Trade-intending purchaser. In the agreement it was stated that the Comp:ny had huge liability and there were several secured creditors. The property owned by the Company G was not enough to meet with all liabilities. The representatives of respondent No.8 Union were aware of the said fact and agreed to accept amount of Rs.22.21 crores towards full and final settlement of dues of workers. Respondent No. 7 decided to purchase the property for Rs.46.65 crores. The agreem¢nt H

A was executed on March 8, 2005 and signed by all the three parties to the agreement, i.e. by the Mill-Company, by the purchaser of property and also by representatives of respondent No.8 Union. A joint meeting of secured and unsecured creditors was also held on April 20, 2005 wherein secured and un- B secured creditors of the first rel;)pondent-Company agreed to share sale proceeds of Rs.46.65 crores by accepting and finalizing One Time Settlement (OTS). Final decision was taken on the basis of the agreement arrived at earlier on March 8, 2005.

It was decided to sell the property to respondent No. 7 for c Rs.46.65 crores. The amount which was to be paid as per the final agreement came as under;

1 nstitutions/Banks/ Principal O/S On Rs. (in Crore Labour 31.3.1999 Proposed Share)

SBI 28.05 14.02

IDBI 4.08 2.04

ICICI 1.24 0.61

IFCI 1.28 0.63

1181 1.54 0.76 E .Labour 22.21

Bank of 1.50 0.50 Maharashtra

MSEB 5.37 4.00

F Sales Tax 0.99

Solapur 0.89 Municipal Corporation and Octroi G

GRAND TOTAL 46.65

' ' ....

19. On October 6, 2005, an order was passed by Recov- ~-,.. ery Officer, ORT-I, Mumbai in which all the above facts had been stated. The Recovery Officer referred to tripartite agreement and payment of amount to creditors and workers. The order H also recited that as per the direction of the High Court, the work-

SHIVANANO GAURISHANKAR BASWANTI v. LAXMI 801

"'~

ers' claim was to be adjudicated by ORT. The applicant Bank A

,. was, therefore, directed to issue advertisement and invite work- ...... men as per the guidelines formulated by ORT. All the workers were directed to lodge their claims in appropriate format in the Tribunal and all such claims were ordered to be placed before

--..,. the Presiding Officer for adjudication.

20. Regarding valuation of property, it was stated;

"Since the valuation was done in the year 2002, before considering the proposal, the property was valued again from the approved valuer from the panel of ORT. According c to the valuation report, offer of the purchaser is above the distress valuation price".

21. It was mentioned that the Tribunal accepted the offer of Mis Trans Asia Global Trade for purchasing movable and

~+ immovable property of the Company in the custody of Receiver D appointed by ORT for an amount' of Rs.47.82 crores. The auction-purchaser had deposited the amount of Rs.47,81,57,777 towards sale consideration and other expenses. The recovery officer directed the purchaser to pay balance amount. The matter was adjourned for confirmation of sale. An order was passed E to send report to BIFR after confirmation of sale. The above order has not been challenged by the appellant in accordance with the provisions of 1993 Act.

22. On December 6, 2005, again, the matter was placed

~.J:- before the Recovery Officer, DRT-1, Mumbai. Reference was F made to all proceedings, settlement arrived at between the parties and sale of property for Rs.47.82 crores. It wes noted that no objection had been received from any person under Rule 60, 61 or 62 of the Second Schedule to the Income Tax Act, 1961 for setting aside sale and the sale was required to be G confirmed. Accordingly, the sale was confirmed. Even this order was not challenged under the Act.

"' -f

23. On January 20, 2006, the Recovery Officer, DRT-1, Mumbai issued a sale certificate for immovable property for Rs.45 crores in favour of respondent No.7-Purcha.ser. Another H

'"'~ A certificate of sale for movable properties for Rs.2.82 crores was issued by ORT. Those orders have remained unchallenged ex- ..._ ...... cept in the present proceedings.

21 The learned counsel for the appellant strenuously urged

B that on Kpril 28, 1994, BIFR had issued interim order restraining the first respondent-Company from alienating, transferring

t-~

or disposing the property of the Company without prior permission of the Board. It was stated that if any action would be taken in violation of the said order, it would be punishable under Section 33 of SICA. In view of the said order, neither the property c could have been sold without the prior permission of BIFR nor such sale could have been confirmed. It was also urged that even under 1993 Act, Recovery Officer could not have permitted or. confirmed sale and it could have been done only by the Debt Recovery Tribunal. Hence, all proceedings were non est D and are required. to be ignored altogether. +

 25. The learned counsel for the contesting respondents, on the other hand, submitted that the order passed by BIFR was merely an interim order and in 1996, it directed winding up

E of the Company and forwarded its opinion to the High Court.

Moreover, no such point had been taken by the appellant earlier. As discussed above, even prior to the present petition which had been filed by the appellant-herein in the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution, he had submitted a representation to the Chief Justice which was registered as PIL Writ Peti- F tion. No such contention was taken in that petition. Even in the

;.l_,,~

present proceedings, what was contended by the appellant before the High Court was as regards a transaction under which property was sold by Chairman of the first respondent-Company Mr. M.L. Apte through his constituted Attorney Kantilal J G Shankarlal Shah. Nothing was stated as to other properties. .

26. But even on merits, the impugned action calls for no ~- ... interference. The order dated April 28, 1994 passed by BIFR reads as under;

H "Whereas a draft scheme for rehabilitation of M/s Laxmi

SHIVANAND GAURISHANKAR BASWANTI v. LAX.Ml 803

Vishnu Textile Mills has been prepared, circulated and A published by the Board under Section 18 of the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1935 in pursuance of its proceedings held/orders face in the case on 14.2.1994. --+ And whereas, the Board is of the opinion that in the interest B

of rehabilitation of the sick industrial company; creditors, shareholders as also in public interest, it is necessary to direct the existing promoters/management of sick industrial company; Mis Laxmi Vishnu Textile Mills not to disposed of, except with the consent of the Board, any of its fixed C'

and other assets charged/hypothecated to the financial institutions, banks and other creditors, the board, in exercise of powers conferred on it by Section 22A of the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985

~- hereby directs the existing promoters/ management is D invited to the provisions of Section 33, where under violation of any of the orders of the Board is punishable in the manner laid down therein".

27. Plain reading of the order makes it clear that the Board E was of the opinion that in the interest of rehabilitation of the sick industrial company, its creditors, shareholders as also in public interest, certain directions were necessary. The Company was, therefore, restrained from disposing the property which was charged /hypothecated to financial institutions. The submission "..l: of the learned counsel for the contesting respondents is that there F

was no question of revival of the Company in view of order passed by BIFR in 1996 and its recommendation for winding up of the Company. Regarding interests of creditors and other persons, it was stated that in March, 2005, tripartite agreement had been arrived at wherein representatives of labour Union, first respon- G

"'.,, I.

dent-Mill Company and the purchaser were present and the agreement was signed by all of them. Likewise, in April, 2005, joint meeting of secured and unsecured creditors, representatives of Union and vendor and vendee was held and all of them agreed for OTS and expressed their willingness to accept lesser H

A amount. In the circumstances, charge imposed and prohibition issued by BIFR on the Company no more remained operative.

On October 6, 2005, therefore, it was observed by the Recovery Officer of ORT-I, Mumbai to send information to BIFR after confirmation of sale. Consequential action of confirmation of sale was B thereafter taken on December 6, 2005 and sale certificate was also issued on January 20, 2006. All the actions were taken only after March/April 2005. They, therefore, could not be said to be contrary to law or in violation of the order passed by BIFR.

28. Even otherwise, on the facts and in the circumstances C of the case, we are fully satisfied that had the agreements in question not been arrived at, all parties including workers for whom great concern had been shown by the appellant would have suffered. In fact, in an affidavit filed on behalf of the State Bank of India, it was stated that in the light of the decree passed D in favour of State Bank of India by ORT-I, Mumbai, the Bank

would be entitled to Rs.222.34 crores. Similarly, other institutions were also entitled to substantial amount. It was because of conjoint and combined efforts of all the parties that agreements could be arrived at. It was stated that a Cabinet Minister E used his good offices and One Time Settlement (OTS) had been arrived with Banks and financial institutions and workmen were able to get the amount which had not been paid to them for many years. The contention that secured and unsecured creditors and workers have not received their dues has no force.

29. Again, who has approached this Court? Neither a secured nor an unsecured creditor. Nor a representative of a labour union. Nor even a person acting pto bono publico. As already adverted to earlier, PIL Writ Petition at the instance of the appellant was dismissed by the High Court and the said decision G was never challenged by him. Here is an employee who is also one of the workers, who has been paid his dues. He accepted the amount of Rs.62,555/- and issued 'No Objection Certificate'

(No Dues Certificate) -no doubt by putting an endorsement "Accepted under Protest". He has urged that the workmen have H not been paid their dues and injustice had been done to them.

SHIVANAND GAURISHANKAR BASWANTI v. LAXMI 805

To us, even there, the appellant is not right. A Representative A Union has taken a decision which is binding on all employees.

That aspect, however, we will deal with at a later stage.

30. The learned counsel strongly relied upon a decision of -+ this Court in NGEF Ltd. v. Chandra Developers (P) Ltd., (2005)

B 8 SCC 219. In that case, this Court held that the provisions of SICA would prevail over the provisions of the Companies Act

since it is a special statute and a 'complete code' in itself. The Court also held that the jurisdiction of the Company Court in the matters relating to winding up of a sick Company would arise only when BIFR or AAIFR exercises its jurisdiction under Secc

tion 20 of SICA recommending the winding up of the Company upon arriving at a finding that there does not exist any chance of revival of the Company. Referring to Gray's Inn Construction Co. Ltd., Re, (1980) 1 All ER 814: (1980) 1WLR711 and Pankaj

~· Mehra v. State of Maharashtra, (2000) 2 SCC 756, however, D the Court observed that "disposition of assets during the interregnum may not be irretrievably void but the courts are required to exercise power with caution and circumspection".

STATUS ANO POSITION OF REPRESENTATIVE

UNION E

31. The learned counsel for the appellant contended that respondent No. 8 could not have agreed to accept a meager amount of Rs.22 crores when the outstanding dues were more

x than Rs.130 crores. It was also stated that majority of workers F are with the appellant and they are opposed to the settlement.

Thousands of workers have so stated in writing and informed the appellant that the grievance raised by the appellant is wellfounded and they are entitled to much more amount than what had been paid under the settlement.

...

32. Even this contention has no force. The learned coun- ,.: sel for the Union, in our opinion, is right in submitting that under the Bombay Industrial Relations Act, 1946, it is the 'Representative Union' which has all powers to enter into a settlement on behalf of workers in the industry and it is only that Union which H

' ..

~ ....

A can fake a decision under 1946 Act. The said decision would

bind not only the members of the Union, but also to those workers who are not members of such Union.

33. The learned counsel, in this connection, invited our

B attention to various provisions of 1946.Act. As the Preamble of :;. - the Act declares, the Act has been enacted "to regulate the relations of employers and employees, to make provision for settlement of industrial disputes and to provide for certain other purposes". The Act contains elaborate provisions for registration of Unions and their powers. c

34. Section 2 defines various terms. Chapter II deals with Authorities constituted or appointed under the Act. Chapter Ill provides .for registration of Unions. Chapter IV relates to Approved Unions. Chapter V titles "Representatives of Employ-

D ers and Employees, and appearance on their behalf'. +

35. Section 27 enables the State Government to recognize any combination of employers as Association of Employers in an industry in any local area and to represent an emplayer in any proceeding under the Act. Section 27 A correspond-

E ingly provides for appearance on behalf of employees. It is, however, in negative terms and enacts that save as provided in certain cases (Sections 32 and 33), "no employee shall be allowed to appear or act in any proceeding under this Act except through the representative of employees". The section thus puts an embargo on appearance of any employee except through

;.1..,...

F the representative of employees.

36. Section 14 empowers Registrar to register a 'Representative Union' for any 'Industry' in ariy 'Local Area'. It is thus clear that there can be only one Representative Union for one

Industry in one Local Area. Section 30 enumerates representatives of employees and provides for order of preference in which such representatives are allowed to appear or act in any 'Indus- ~,.... try' in any 'Local Area'. It reads thus;

30. Representative of employees

H Subject to the provisions of section 33A, the following

' •

SHIVANAND GAURISHANKAR BASWANTI v. LAXMI 807

""""' )\

shall be entitled to appear or act] in the order of preference A specified as the representative of employees in an industry in any local area-

(i) a Representative Union for such industry;

--~ (ii) a Qualified or Primary union of which the majority of B employees directly affected by the change concerned are members;

(iii) any Qualified or Primary Union in respect of such industry authorised in the prescribed manner in that behalf by the employees concerned; c

(iv) the Labour Officer if authorised by the employees concerned;

(v) the persons elected by the employees in accordance ·* with the provisions of section 28 or where the proviso D to sub-section (1) thereof applies, the employes themselves;

(vi) the Labour Officer:

Provided - E

Firstly, that the persons entitled to appear or act under clause (v) may authorise any Qualified or Primary Union in respect of such industry to appear or act instead of them; ·-Jc F Secondly, that where the Labour Officer is the representative of the employees, he shall not enter into any agreement under section 44 or settlement under section 58 unless the terms of such agreement or settlement, as the case may be, are accepted by them in G the prescribed manner;

~ _._ Thirdly, where in any proceeding the persons entitled to appear or act under clause (v) are more than five, the prescribed number elected from amongst them in the prescribed manner shall be entitled to appear or act H

--.:

)t__ """ A instead.

37. It is thus clear that Representative Union is having priority and 'preference' over other Unions to appear on behalf of employees of such industry in the area. Section 42 in Chapter

VIII provides for change and lays down procedure for such change. It reads; ."--

42. Notice of change

(1) Any employer intending to effect any change in respect of an industrial matter specified in Schedule c II shall give notice of such intention in the prescribed form to the representative of employees. He shall send a copy of such notice to the Chief Conciliator, the Conciliator for the industry concerned for the local area, the Registrar, the Labour Officer and such other D person as may be prescribed. He shall also affix + copy of such notice at a conspicuous place on the premises where the employees affected by the change are employed for work and at such other place as may be directed by the Chief Conciliator in E any particulars case.

(2) Any employee desiring a change in respect of an

industrial matter not specified in Schedule I or Ill give a notice in the prescribed form to the employer

F through the representatives of employees, who shall forward a copy of the notice to the Chief Conciliator, ).._~ ;

the Conciliator for the industry concerned for the local

A-,_

area, the Registrar, the Labour Officer and such other person as may be prescribed.

I ~

G (3) When no settlement is arrived at in any conciliation proceeding in regard to any industrial dispute which has arisen in consequence of a notice relat_ing to any ... change given under sub-section (1) or sub-section (2), no fresh notice with regard to the same change

H or a change similar in all material particulars shall be

SHIVANAND GAURISHANKAR BASWANTI v. LAXMI 809

given before the expiry of two months from the date A of the completion of the proceeding within the meaning of section 63. If at any time after the expiry of the said period of two months, any employer or employee again desires the same change or a

- + change similar in all material particulars, they shall B give fresh notice in the manner provided in subsection (1) or (2), as the case may be.

(4) Any employee or a representative union] desiring a change in respect of (i) any order passed by the employer under standing orders, or (ii) any industrial c

matter arising out of the application or interpretation of standing orders, or (iii) an industrial matter specified in Schedule Ill, except item (5) thereof shall make an application to the Labour Court and as

-~ respects change desired in any industrial matter D specified in item 5 of Schedule Ill, to the Industrial Court:

Provided that no such application shall lie unless the employee or a representative union has in the prescribed E manner approached the employer with a request for the change and no agreement has been arrived at in respect of the change within the prescribed period.

38. The aforesaid provisions came up for consideration

~ before this Court in Girja Shankar Kashi Ram v. Gujarat Spin- F ning & Weaving Co. Ltd., (1962) Supp 2 SCR 890. In that case, 'G'closed its business and sold its assets to T. The old

~ company discharged all its workmen when it closed the busi- _, ness. The new company re-started the business and employed all the workmen of the old company. At the time of closure of G 'G', a dispute was pending between the company and its work- ,,. men with respect to bonus. A 'Representative Union' of the Tex- -4'

tile Workers in the city of Ahmedabad filed an application before the Labour Appellte Tribunal wherein the dispute was pending and the matter was sub-judice. The matter was compro- H

......

A mised and 'G' consented to pay agreed bonus. The Representative Union accepted the amount and gave an undertaking not ,_, to claim compensation in future. Later on, however, about 400 employees issued a notice and claimed compensation for closure. The Representative Union appeared before the Labour B C'ourt and contended that the application was liable to be dis- -trmissed in view of the compromise arrived at between the Mill Company and Representative Union. The Labour Court upheld the objection and dismissed the application. The order was con'firmed by Industrial Court in appeal as well as by the High c Court in a petition under Article 227. The employees approached this Court.

39. This Court considered the relevant provisions of the 1946 Act, the object underlying conferment of power on Representative Union and the action taken by it and held that when a D Representative Union appears in any proceeding under the Act, +- none else can be allowed to appear not even the employee at whose instance proceedings might have been started under Section 42(4) of the Act. The Court held that if the Representative Union appears, the decision te1ken by that Union would be E final and binding.

40. Explaining the scheme of the Act, the Court stated;

"It will be seen thats. 27 A provides that no employee shall

- be allowed to appear or act in any proceeding under the F Act, except through the representative of employees, the ~~ only exception to this being the provisions of Sections 32 and 33. Therefore, this section completely bans the appearance of an employee or of any one on his behalf in ) any proceeding after it has once commenced except i: G through the representative of employees. The only exceptions to this complete ban are to be found in Sections 32 and 33; to which we shall presently refer. But it is clear ,..

that bona tides or mala tides, of tfie representative of

4employees can have nothing tq_;~.P with the ban placed by

Section 27 A on the appearance of any one else except

SHIVANAND GAURISHANKAR BASWANTI v. LAXMI 811

the representative of employees as defined in Section 30 A and that if anyone else can appear in any proceeding we must find a provisions in that behalf in either Section 32 or Section 33 which are the only exception to Section 27 A. It may be noticed that there is no exception in Section

-""

27 A in favour of the employee, who might have made an B application under Section 42(4), to appear on his own behalf and the ban which is placed by Section 27 A will apply equally to such an employee. In order however to soften the rigour of the provisions of Section 27 A, for it may well be that the representative of employees may not c choose to appear in many proceedings started by an employee under s. 42(4), exceptions are provided in ss. 32 and 33. The scheme of these three provisions clearly is that if the Representative Union appears, no one else can appear and carry on a proceeding, even if it be begun D ·~ on an application under s. 42(4) but where the Representative Union does not choose to appear there are provisions in ss. 32 and 33 which permit others to appear in proceedings under the Act.

Section 32 gives power to a conciliator, a board, a wage E board, a labour court and the industrial court to permit an individual, whether an employee or not, to appear in any proceeding before him or it. This shows that the complete ban imposed bys. 27A can be removed if the authorities

~· ..4.. under the Act think it expedient to permit another person F to appear and that person may be an employee or not.

Thus the employee who has made an application under s. 42(4) may be permitted to appear before the authorities under the Act; but this provision is subject to a proviso namely that no such individual which would include an G employee who has himself made an application under s.

~ 42(4), shall be permitted to appear in any proceeding in which the Representative Union has appeared as the representative of employees. Reading therefore ss. 27 A, 30 and 32 together, it is clear that on one else can appear H

,<t_

;..__ ! - ~.

A in any proceeding under the Act except a representative of employees; but the authorities are empowered to permit anyone to appear whether he be an employee or not, if ' they consider it expedient for the ends of justice (and we have no doubt that where representative of employees

B does not choose to appear the authorities will generally

~- permit the employee who has made the application under s. 42(4) to appear), but this power is subject to the proviso, namely, that on one will be allowed to appear if the Representative Union has made an appearance. It will be c seen that the proviso puts the Representative Union in a special positiori out of the six classes mentioned as representatives of employees in s. 30. Thus s. 32 makes

f.. it clear that where the Representative Union of the six classes s. 30, appears no one else can appear, including

D the persons who might have made an application under s. 42(4). If the other five classes which are mentioned ins. + 30 as representatives of employees appear, the authorities have the power to allow the employee or any other person to appear along with them.

E Then we come to s. 33, which starts with a non-obstante clause and deals with the appearance of an employee or a representative union through any person. Section 33 thus is a exception to s. 27 A and authorises an employees who could not appear in any proceeding under the Act

F except through the representative of employees under s.

; l_ .... 27 A, to appear through any person in certain proceedings mentioned in s. 33, but this again is subject to provisos, with the first of which we are not concerned here. The ,-

second proviso lays down that no employee shall be ~

G entitled to appear through any person in any proceeding under the Act in which the Representative Union has appeared as the representative of employees. This proviso

~.·"' again gives a special position to the Representative Union

out of the six classes of representatives of employees

H provided in s. 30 and makes it clear that though an

SHIVANAND GAURISHANKAR BASWANTI v. LAXMI 813

employee may appear in certain proceedings specified A ins. 33 through any person in spite of s. 27A, he cannot do so where a Representative Union has appeared as the representative of employees. Here again the position is the same as ins. 32; if a representative of employees

~~ other than a Representative Union has appeared in the B proceeding the employee can also appear through any person in the proceedings mentioned ins. 33; but he cannot did so where the representative of employees which has appeared even in proceedings under s. 33 is the Representative Union". c

41. The Court also held that bona fides or mala fides of the representative Union has nothing to do with the complete ban imposed by the Act on the appearance of any one else except the representative of employees under Section 30 of

~-t the Act.

42. It was argued that if such interpretation is accepted, there would be tyranny of the Representative Union. This Court, however, negatived even that argument and observed that the so-called tyranny or motive of Representative Union cannot E change the legal position and it has no relevance if the intention of the Legislature is clear and unambiguous.

43. The Court, therefore, concluded;

... _...._ "The result therefore of taking ss. 27 A, 32 and 33 together F is that s. 27 A first places a complete ban on the appearance of an employee in proceedings under the Act once it has commenced except through the representative of employees. But there are two exceptions to this ban contained in ss. 32 and 33. Section 32 is concerned with all proceedings before the authorities and gives power to G

_;> .... the authorities under the Act to permit an employee himself to appears even though a representative of employees may have appeared but his permission cannot be granted where the representative Union has appeared as a representative of employees. Section 33 which is the other H

exception allows an employee to appear through any person in certain proceedings only even though a representative of employees might have appeared; but here again it is subjectt_o this that no one else, not even the employee who might have made the application, will

have the right to appear if a Representative Union has put in ap.pearance as the representative of employees. It is quite clear therefore that the scheme of the Act is that where a Representative Union appears in any proceeding . under the Act, no one else can be allowed to appear n.ot even the employee at whose instance the proceedings might have begun under s. 42(4). But where the appearance is by any representative of. employees other than a Representative Union authorities under s. 32 can permit the employee to appear himself in all proceedings before them and further the employee is entitled to appear by any person in certain proceedings specified in s. 33. But whenever the Representative Union has made an appearance, even the employee cannot appear in any proceeding under the a.ct and the representation must be confined only to the representative Union. The complete ban therefore laid by s. 27 A on representation otherwise than through a representative of employees remains complete where the representative of employees is the Representative Union that has appeared; but if the representative of employees that has appeared is other 'than the Representative Union then ss. 32 and 33 provide for exceptions with which we have already dealt. There can therefore be no escape from the conclusion that the Act plainly intends that where the Representative Union appears in any proceeding under the Act even though that proceeding might have commenced by an employee under s. 42(4) of the Act, the Representative Union alone can represent the employee and the employee cannot appear or act in such proceeding".

44. Again, in Textile Labour Association, Bhadra,

. \

fl ,~.-(

A tire class of workmen in that industry in the concerned local area.

r ,, In the instant case in the local area of Solapur District, respon- dent No. 8 is admittedly the only Union which has the status of Representative Union in Textile Industry under the Act. In view of the above fact, no other Union/Association of employees or

B individual employees have right to represent the workmen of ~-· that industry in that area.

48. In the counter-affidavit, it was stated by the Representative Union that there were about 4500 employees in respondent No.1 Mill when it was closed down in February, 1995. Within c a period, of about a decade, 400 workmen had already died.

None of them, however, received any wages or other benefits because of the pendency of several proceedings in different courts. The Representative Union considered their legitimate grievance and thought it proper to get the matter settled if rea- 0 sonable amount could be paid to them, keeping in view wellknown saying "one in hand is better than two on bush". They considered the matter in its entirety, financial condition of the first respondent-Company, claim of secured and unsecured creditors, a number of decrees and orders passed by various

E Authorities under different laws and the properties of the Company. In the larger interest, the Union decided to accept the )

amount of Rs.22.21 crores for workers towards full and final settlement. By no stretch of imagination, such action could be held improper; illegal or mala fide. We are of the view that the

F approach adopted and decision taken by the Representative Union-respondent No.8 suffers from no infirmity and cannot be

, i.._ ...

regarded as illegal or otherwise unreasonable.

EQUITABLE JUR/SD/CT/Oiv UNDER ARTICLE 136

49. There is one more reason for not interfering with the

I G

I order passed by the High Court and impugned in the present appeal. The appellant has invoked Article 136 of the Constitu- "' tion. The said Article does not confer a right of appeal on any party. It merely confers discretionary power on this Court to grant

H special leave to appeal in suitable and appropriate cases. In

SHIVANAND GAURISHANKAR BASWANTI v. LAXMI 817 *

VISHNU TEXTILES MILLS & ORS. [C.K. THAKKER, J.] ~

several cases, this Court has held that the provision confers A 4 right on a litigant merely to prefer an application seeking leave to appeal and the discretion is vested in this Court to grant or refuse such leave in its wisdom. In view of the language of Article 136, this Court is not expected to act as 'regular Court of

~.., appeal' settling disputes by converting into a 'Court of Error. It B interferes only when justice demands intervention by the highest Court of the country.

50. It is undoubtedly true that the power of this Court is plenary, overriding and extensive and there are no words qua Iitying, restricting or limiting that power. The very conferment of c

discretionary power defies any attempt at exhaustive definition of that power. The power, however, has to be exercised for doing full and complete justice. But wider the discretionary power, the more sparing its exercise. Times out of number this Court

~~ has stressed that though parties promiscuously provoke this D jurisdiction, the Court parsimoniously invokes the power [vide Sadhanathan v. Arunachalam, (1980) 3 SCC 141).

51. While exercising power under Article 136 of the Constitution, this Court not only acts as a Court of law but also as a E Court of equity and hence the power exercised by this Court under Article 136 must subserve ultimately the cause of justice.

The Court must decide all issues coming before it on the considerations of justice, equity and good conscience. Legal for-

,......, mulations cannot be divorced from ground realities, fact-situations before the Court and the effect of laws on the human be- F

ings for whom they are meant. Discretionary jurisdiction under Article 136, therefore, has to be tampered with equity. This Court would be failing in its duty if it does not notice equitable considerations.

52. We are reminded of the following pertinent and instruc- G

> -k tive observations of Lord Watson in La Cite de Montreal v. Les Eccelesiasticues, (1889) 14 AC 660.

"Caes vary so widely in their circumstances that the principle upon which an appeal ought to be allowed do not H

1 -r A admit of anything approaching to exhaustive definition.

No rule can be laid down which would not necessarily be t'- subject to future qualification, and an attempt to formulate any such rule might therefore prove misleading ... A case may be of a substantial character, may involve matter of

B great public interest, and may raise an important question ~- of law, yet the judgment from which leave to appeal is sought may appear to be plainly right, or at least to be unattended with sufficient doubt to justify."

53. As observed by this Court in Statesman Ltd. v. Workc men, ( 1976) 2 SCC 223, the very width of the power under Article 136 is a warning against its 'freewheeling exercise save in grave situations'. Circumspection and circumscription must, therefore, induce the Court to interfere with the decision under ~

challenge only if the extraordinary flaws or grave injustice or other D. recognized grounds are made out. -1-·

54. We have elaborately dealt with the facts of the present case. Respondent No.1-Company was closed down in February, 1995. It never started functioning thereafter. Financial Ii-

E ability continued mounting up day by day. There were several secured and unsecured creditors and dues of workers. Proceedings under SICA had been initiated, decrees and orders were passed against the Company and the property owned by the Company was not sufficient to clear up all debts and liabilities. Keeping in view the entire facts and circumstances that ' F initially, tripartite agreement was entered into between respon-

_ ......

dent No.1-Company, Representative Union and intending purchaser on March 8, 2005, a joint meeting was held between secured and unsecured creditors, representatives of the Union, the Company and the purchaser in April, 2005 and in that meet- G ing, One Time Settlement (OTS) had been reached. Several

actions were taken in pursuance of the settlement. The amount was deposited by the purchaser, dues of creditors were paid, ). ...

workers and laborers were informed and they were also paid the amount. The property was sold by respondent No.1 to re-

H spondent No.7 on October 6, 2005, sale was confirmed on

...

SHIVANAND GAURISHANKAR BASWANTI v. LAXMI 819

VISHNU TEXTILES MILLS & ORS. [C.K. THAKKER, J.] ,,.,. l December 6, 2005, possession of the property was given to A respondent No.7 on December 14, 2005, sale certificate was issued on January 20, 2006, respondent No. 7 got the property registered in its name on January 30, 2006 by paying stamp duty of Rs.2.25 crores, secured creditors gave discharge to re- . _., spondent No.1-Company on March 30, 2007. By May 17, 2007, B 4054 workers were paid and the said figure, at the time of hearing of this appeal reached to 4105. It was also stated by respondent No. ?-purchaser that plant and machinery were removed and sold as scrap materials.

55. If, at this stage, we set aside sale in favour of responc dent No.7, serious prejudice will be caused not only to respondent No.1 and-respondent No.7-vendor and vendee, respectively, but also to others like banks, financial institutions, other creditors and also to workers for whose benefit and welfare the

-\ appellant is fighting. It is pertinent to note that no secured or D unsecured creditor has come forward making grievance that though he was entitled to more amount, he has not been paid such amount. So far as workers are concerned, we have already dealt with rights of Representative-Union in detail and have held that the Representative Union has preferential right E to appear in the proceedings under the Act. Hence, taking any view of the matter, in our opinion, this is not a fit case to exercise discretionary and equitable jurisdiction under Article 136 of the Constitution.

"-"

FINAL ORDER F

56. For the forgoing reasons, in our opinion, the appeal has no substance. It deserves to be dismissed and is hereby dismissed. On the facts and in the circumstances of the case, however, there shall be no order as to costs.

K.K.T.

Appeal dismissed . ..__ _..