[2008] 15 S.C.R. 865

_____.,.._

T.VENKATESVVARULU A

II.

EXECUTIVE OFFICER, TIRUMALA TIRUPATHI

DEVASTHANAMS & ORS. (Civil Appeal Nos. 6583-6584 of 2008)

NOVEMBER 7, 2008 B

,-4

[C.K. THAKKER AND D.K. JAIN; JJ.]

Service Law - Parity in posts - Determination of - Promotional avenues provided to the. post of 'Supervisor' - c . Draughtsman Grade I claiming promotion - Denial of since he was not entitled under existing Rules - Subsequently promotion granted on the basis of subsequent Rules w.e.f. the date the Rules came into force - Claim for promotion from r

anterior date i.e. from the date. he attained eligibility for the D promotional post-Denial of - Challenged as discriminatory claiming parity with the post of 'Supervisor' - Held: Plea of discrimination not sustainable - The posts were different - Claimant also failed to establish discrimination on the part of the State - In order to determine discrimination, not only the E functional parity, but also mode of recruitment, qualification and responsibilities attached to the two offices have to be established -:- The burden to establish the discrimination is

' ,,,;. _ on the claimant - Claimant was not entitled to all the Government orders available to graduate supervisors - The F decision to promote graduate supervisors, was a policy decision - Courts should ordinarily not interfere with Equation of posts and determination of pay scales unless it is absolutely necessary to undo injustice being caused - Tirumala Tirupathi Devasthanam Service Rules, 1978 - G A.

Tirumala Tirupathi Devasthanam Employees Service Rules, 1989 - Constitution of India, 1950 - Articles 14 and 16. '/ Appellant was appointed as a 'Draughtsman Grade- • I, with respondent No.1. The post was lower tothe post 865 H

A of 'Supervisor'. State Government by G.O. 563 dated 17.3.1978 provided that Supervisors who acquire graduate qualification could be promoted temporarily to tl:le post of Junior Eng.ineers which was later red.esignated as Asstt. Executive Engineer. Under Tirumala B Tirupathi Devasthanam Service Rules, 1978, there was no provision for promotion of Supervisors as Junior Engineers. In the meantime, appellant acquired Graduation degree on 28.8.1983. He sought benefit of G.Q. 563~ but the same was denied. In writ petition c challenging the same, High Court directed to consider the

appeHant for promotion sought, if he was eligible according to Rules. Respondent No. 1 found him not suitable under 1978 Rules. Writ petition challenging the Qfder resulted in direction to respondent No. 1 to

0 consider his case on the basis of rules existing on the date the order was passed. In the meantime Tirumal.a Tirupati Devasthanams Employees Service Rules, 1989 came into force w.e.f. 24.10.1989. Respondent No.1,

there.fore~ considered the case of appellant under 1989 Rules an~ appointed him on the post w.e.f .. 26.10.1989 i.e.

E the date the 1989 Rules were enforced. Appellant filed another writ petition seeking his promotion w.e.f. the date of his qualifying degree examination i.e. 28.8.1983. He contended that denial of the benefit to th'a appellant since 28.8.1983 was discriminatory and violative of Articles 14 F and 16 of the Constitution as the same benefit was given to the Supervisors. Single Judge of High Court allowed the writ petition. Cross Writ Appeals w,.ere filed. Division Bench of High Court set aside the order of the Single Judge. Hence the present appeals.

G Dismissing the appeals, the Court

HELD: 1.1. Single Judge of High Court fell into an error in accepting the plea of discrim1ination, for: which there was no factual basis. Since thu plea of parity of H

)..._ .

T. VEN KA TESWARULU v. EXECUTIVE OFFICER, 867

TIRUMALA T!RUPATHI DEVASTHANAMS & ORS. ,- "'\ Draughtsmen Grade-I with the Supervisors had to be A examined on the touchstone of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution, the burden was upon the appellant to establish discrimination by placing on record cogent

I materials. For this purpose, the crucial factor to be established is not only the functional parity of the two B cadres, but also the mode of recruitment, qualification

A and the responsibilities attached to the two offices. All this

\,. information is necessary to analyse the rationae behind the State action in giving different treatment to two classes of i~ employees and then determine whether or c not an invidious discrimination has been practised. [Para

15] (875-E-G]

1.2. In the instant case, there is not even a whisper in the pleadings on the aspect of discrimination. On the contrary, the Division Bench found that the two posts did D r not carry the same scale of pay initially. Moreover, indubitably all the Government Orders, starting 17th March, 1978, giving certain benefits to graduate Supervisors did not refer to Draughtsman Grade-I. Even the decision taken by the respondent on 16th March, E 1981, adopting G.O. Ms. No.563 dated 17th March, 1978,

id not refer to the Draughtsman Grade-I and applied only to the Supervisors working in the TTD (civil/electrical/

_j,.._

, . mechanical) who had acquired graduate qualification in engineering for appointment by transfer as Junior F Engineers. No one from the cadre of Draughtsman raised any demand for extending similar benefit to them. It has also been noted by the Division Bench that it was the policy of the Government to appoint only Supervisors in Public Works (Irrigation Department), who had acquired G graduate qualification as Junior Engineers. Under these

)- circumstances, the appellant was not entitled to all the benefits under the Government Orders available to the graduate Supervisors. [Para 16] [875-G; 876-8-F]

A 1.3. Equation of posts, and determination of pay scales is the primary function of the executive and not the judiciary and, therefore, ordinarily courtS do not enter upon the task of job evaluation which is generally left to expert bodies as several factors have to be. kept in view B while evolving a pay structure. Being a complex matter, the court will interfere only if there is cogent material on record to come to a firm conclusion that a grave error has crept in such an exercise and court's interference is absolutely necessary to undo the injustice being caused. c [Para 17] (876-G-H]

Secretary, Finance Department and Ors. vs. West Bengal Registration Service Association and Ors. 1993 Supp (1) SCC 153 and Devi Prasad and Ors. vs. Government of Andhra Pradesh.and Ors. 1980 Supp SCC 206, relied on.

1.4. In the instant case, prior to 1989, the cadre of Draughtsman Grade-I was treated as a distinct class inasmuch as they even did not figure in the feeder cadre for recruitment to the post of Assistant Executive E Engineer. It was only on 24th October, 1989, by virtue of

G.O. Ms. No.1660, a channel of promotion of Draughtsman Grade-I to the category of Assistant Executive Engineer, on acquisition of graduate qualification was created. Though 'the appellant had been F pursuing his remedy for promotion as Assistant Executive Engineer under the TTD Service Rules, 1978 but he always got limited relief to the extent that direction was issued by the High Court for consideration of his case, iri terms of the rules existing at that relevant time ..

G Evidently, when his writ petition was disposed of on 30th

March, 1990 with a direction to the respondent Management to consider his case on the basis of the rules, which were in force at that relevant point of time, he felt satisfied and did not challenge the said order further. For all these reasons, there is no infirmity in the H

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T.VENKATESWARULU v. EXECUTIVE OFFICER,

TIRUMALA TIRUPATHI DEVASTHANAMS & ORS.

decision of the Division Bench warranting interference in A the exercise of discretionary and equitable jurisdiction under Article 136 of the Constitution. [Para 19] [877-E-H;

878.; A]

Case Law Reference:

1993 Supp (1) SCC 153 Relied on.

1980 supp sec 206 Relied on.

Para 17

Para 18

CIVJL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal Nos.

6583-6584 of 2008.

From the final Judgment and Order dated 8.7.2004 of the High Court of Judicature of Andhra Pradesh at Hyderabad in W.P. Nos. 767 & 846 of 2000.

L. Negeswara Rao, Roy Abraham, Seema Jain' and D . Himinder Lal for the Appellant. _

K. Rajendra Chowdhary, Guntur Prabhakar and Rakesh K.

Sharma for the Respondents.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

E ,

D.K. JAIN, J. 1. Special leave granted.

• 2. These appeals are directed against a common judgment and order dated 8th July, 2004 passed by the High Court of Judicature, Andhra Pradesh at Hyderabad in Cross F

.· Writ Appeals No.767 and 846 of 2000. By the impugned judgment, the Division Bench while reversing the decision of the learned Single Judge has held that the appellant is eligible for conversion as Assistant Executive Engineer only with ef{ect from 26th October, 1989 and not from an anterior date when G he passed the qualifying graduate examination i.e. 28th August; .1983.

3. To understand the controversy involved, a few material facts may :be stated, which are as under: H

A The appellant, a diploma holder, who was initially /

sponsored by the Employment Exchange for the post of "Supervisor", was considered and appointed as a )

"Draughtsman Grade-I" in Tirumala Tirupathi Devasthanams (for short

1TTD') 0n 3rd August, 1977. The post of Draughtsman B Grade:..I was considered to be lower to the post of "Supervisor". ·

On 17th March, 1978, by G.O. 563, the State of Andhra Pradesh provided some promotional opportunities to the > Supervisors. It was ordered that Supervisors who acquire ... engineering graduate qualification may be promoted c temporarily to the post of Junior Engineers. The TTD Rules, 1978 came into force on 2nd August, 1978. Under these Rules, the only method of recruitment to the post of Junior Engineer was by direct recruitment and, therefore, under tne 1978 Rules, there was no provision for promotion of Supervisors as Junior

D Engineers. It was only by virtue of G.O. 563, Supervisors, who had acquired BE qualification could be promoted as a Junior Engineer. By G.O. No.173 dated 8th April, 1981, the post of Junior Engineer Wt; iS re-designated as Assistant Executive Engineer and the post of Supervisor was re-designated as

E Assistant Engineer.

4. The appellant acquired BE Degree on 28th August,

1983. Aggrieved by the denial of the same benefit as was extended to the Supervisors, the appellant filed a writ petition inthe High Court. By judgment dated 22nd August, 1986, TTD F was directed to consider the appellant's case for promotion as Junior Engineer, re-designated as Assistant Executive Engineer, if he was otherwise eligible according to the rules.

5. Pursuant to and in furtherance of the said direction by

G the High Court, the appellant made a representation to the authorities concerned, which was rejected on 19th April, 1987 .. for the reason that he was found to be not eligible for promotion i, as Assistant Executive Engineer under the TTD Service Rules,

1978. The appellant challenged the said order by filing another

H writ petition, which was again disposed of on 30th March, ..

T. VENKATESWARULU v. EXECUTIVE OFFICER, TIRUMALA 871 \

TIRUPATHI DEVASTHANAMS & ORS. [D.K. JAIN, J.]

1990, with a direction to the TTD Management to consider the A appellant's case taking into consideration the promotional channels set out for Category 5 employees in the engineering department, meaning thereby the appellant was to be considered for promotion on the basis of the rules existing as on the date of the order. It may be noted that on 24th October, 8

~ 1989, TTD Employees Service Rules, 1989 (for short 'the 1989

:..

Rules') had come into force. Pursuant to the said direction, the case of the appellant was considered under 1989 Rules and he was appointed, on conversion, as an Assistant Executive Engineer with effect from 26th October, 1989, i.e. the date with c effect wherefrom the 1989 Rules were enforced vide G.O. Ms.

No.1060.

6. Still being dissatisfied with the treatment meted out to r him, the appellant preferred yet another writ petition in the High Court. The grievance of the appellant before the High Court, D sans unnecessary details, was that: .... (i) he was entitled to appointment by conversion as Assistant Executive Engineer from the date next to the last date of his qualifying degree examination viz. 28th August, 1983, (ii) persons similarly situated like him had been appointed by transfer as Assistant E Executive Engineers al}g were accorded the benefit of such promotion with effect from the date on which the Management

_),. of TTD by- Resolution adopted G.O. Ms. No.563 dated 17th March, 1978 (order of the Government granting promotional benefits in the category of Assistant Executive Engineers to F graduate qualified Supervisors) and, therefore, the action of the Management in not extending a similar benefit to the appellant amounts to hostile discrimination, violative of Article 14 and 16 of the Constitution and (iii) on representation by the Supervisors, the TTD Management had granted benefit in the G

,~ promotional post of Assistant Executive Engineer to them with effect from the date of their acquiring graduate qualification in Engineering, which benefit has been denied to him.

7. Refuting the allegations made by the appellant, the TTD H

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,...

A. Management stated thatthe benefit of converion undr G.O ....

Ms. No. 563 dated 17th March, 1978, was granted by the State Government only to the category of graduate Supervisors for . promotion to the post of Assistant Executive Engineers and not to Draughtsman Grade-I, which benefit continued to be

8 avaifable only to the Supervisors till a provision was made in

the 1989 Rules vide G.O. Ms. No.1060 dated 24th October,

1989, creating a channel of promotion for Draughtsme1n Gradel also to the category of Assistant Executive Engineers on acquisition of graduate qualification. It was, thus, pleaded.that C it was on account of the said amendment that the appellant .

-· became eligible for the said promotion with effect from 26th October, 1989 and was given promotion accordingly and that the two cadres of "Supervisors" and "Draughtsman Gr:ade-1" being distinct, no element of discrimination was involved in. not

0 extending the same benefit to the two cadres.

8. On consideration of the material on record, , the learned Single Judge finally concluded as under:

"It is admitted by the TTD that though the Supervisors who were given the benefit initially from the date of resolution. of the Board adopting the orders of the Governmnt, they were subsequently given the benefit with effect from the . date of their acquisition of graduate qualification. In so far as the petitioner is concerned, it is stated that the Government has been addressed to clarify whether the case of the petitioner could also be considered. for appointment as an Assistant Executive Engineer with effect from 29.08.1983, the date on which he acquired the graduate qualification. At the same time, it is averred that the petitioner is not eligible for conversion as Assistant Executive Engineer with retrospective effect from 29.08.1983. Genuine reasons are not advanced by the respondent in support of this contention. In the circumstances above, this court is of the considered view that the respondent TTD is obligated to consider the case

T. VENKATESWARULU v. EXECUTIVE OFFICER, TIRUMALA 873 \

-TIRUPATHI DEVASTHANAMS & ORS. [D.K. JAIN, J.]

of the petitioner for extension of the benefit of conversion A to the category of Assistant Executive Engineer with effect from the date next to the date he acquired graduate qualification on par with similarly situated persons who were extended the said benefit viz. Supervisors who had acquired graduate qualification. Draughtsman Grade-I are B

~ entitled to the benefits of conversion consequent on

~ acquisition of graduate qualification, and they sho•Jld be 1

treated similar to the category of supervisors who have been extended the said benefit. The TIO being amenable to public law and Constitutional processes is obligated to c treat these two classes of Supervisors and Draughtsman Grade-I similarly in the matter of extending the benefit i.e. the date from which the conversion is to be accorded viz. the date next to the date of acquisition of graduate T qualification." D

9. Accordingly, the learned Single Judge directed the TTD Management to consider the case of the appellar.t for promotion as Assistant Executive Engineer with effect from 29th August, 1983, the date on which he had acquired the graduate qualification, within four months.

10. Being aggrieved by the decision and direction of the

__.l. learned Single Judge, the TTD Management preferred an intracourt appeal to the Division Bench. As noted hereinabove, the Division Bench reversed the decision of the learned Single F Judge and consequently dismissed the writ petition. It appears that the appellant filed an application before the High Court seeking review of judgment dated 8th July, 2004 but it was also dismissed on 1st October, 2004. The appellant, feeling aggrieved by the judgment rendered by the Division Bench of G the High Court, is before us in these appeals.

I t-

11. We have heard learned counsel for the parties:

12. Mr. L. Nageswara Rao, learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant submitted that the pay H

...

/''

A scales of the "Draughtsman Grade-I" and "Supervisor" being one and the same, the incumbents in the said post were to be treated equally and, therefore, the appellant was also entitled to the benefits extended to the Supervisors under Government t Orders, issued from time to time. It was urged that on his

B acquiring BE Degree, the appellant was eligible for promotion to the post of Junior Engineer by conversion in terms of G.O. " 563 dated 17th March, 1978 and then for re-designation under .... . G.0.173 dated 8th April, 1981, as in the case of Supervisors.

~ It was argued that the appellant was praying for parity in rank c with the Superv.isors and not equality with them. ~

13. Per contra, Mr. K. Rajendra Chowdhary, learned

~ counsel appearing on behalf of the TTD Management, ..

Isupporting the view taken by the Division Bench, submitted that neither prior to the enforcement of 1989 Rules nor thereafter T D the posts of Supervisors and Draughtsman Grade-I were

equivalent posts and/or there was any functional' or pay scale parity. It was only by virtue of G.0.1060 dated 24th October, 1989, that the employees in the cadre of Draughtsman Grade- I, with BE Degree, became eligible for recruitment to the post E of'Assistant Executive Engineers. It was, thus, submitted that in the absence of any rules, regulations or Government Orders in that behalf, the appellant could not be appointed as Junior t Engineer (now Assistant Executive Engineer) prior to 24th l.._' October, 1989. Learned counsel asserted that the cadres of

F Draughtsman Grade-I and Supervisor being different, the appellant could not claim any parity with the Supervisors prior to 26th October, 1989, when they were placed at par with the Supervisors only as a feeder cadre for recruitment to the post of Assistant Executive Engineer. Relying on the decision of this

G Court iri State of Andhra Pradesh & Am: Vs. K.S. Muralidhar & Ors. 1, learned counsel argued that the crucial date for all

~- intents and purposes is to be reckoned on the basis of the actual

date of appointment and not on the date of ac.quiring the

H 1. (1992) 2 sec 241

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T. VENKA TESWARULU v. EXECUTIVE OFFICER, TIRUMALA 875

TIRUPATHI DEVASTHANAMS &. ORS. {D.K.JAIN, J., J

degree qualification.

14. Having bestowed our anxious consideration to the rival submissions, in our view, there b no scope for interference.with .

. the reasoning and the conclusion reached by the Division Bench. It is evident from the afore-mdracted order of the learned

Single Judge that he accepted the stand of the appellant to the effect that the Draughtsman Grade-I was at par with the Supervisor and, therefore; could not be treated differently.

According to the learned Judge, being amenable to public law and constitutional processes, TTD was obligated to treat the two classes of Supervisors and Draughtsmen Grade ... 1 similarly C in the matter of extending the benefit of conversion consequent to the acquisition of graduatiion qualification by the Draughtsman Grade-I, as in the case of Supervisors. We feel that in the light of the factual position as emerging from the material on record, the learned Single Judge fell into an error D in accepting the plea of discrimination, for which there was no factual basis.

15. Since the plea of parity of Draughtsmen Grade-I with the Supervisors had to be examined on the touchstone of E Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution, the burden was upon the

appellant to establish discrimination by plaCing on record cogent materials. For this purpose, the cruCial factor. to be established is not only the functional parity of the. two cadres, but also the mode of recruitment, qualification and the responsibilities attached to the two offices. All this information is necessary to analyse the rationah3 behind the State action in giving different treatment to two classes of its employees and then determine whether or not an invidious discrimination has been practised.

16. In the instant case, there is not even a whisper in the pleadings on that aspect. On the contrary, it is pointed out by the Division Bench that initially the scale of pay of Draughtsman Grade-I was iower to the scale of pay of Supervisor. The scale

. of pay of Supervisor was 430-20-6!50-25-800 whereas the H

A scale of pay of Draughtsman Grade-I was 400-18-590-20-715.

The revised. pay scale of the Supervisor was 700-.1200 and Draughtsman Grade-I was 650-1100. In 1986 when pay scales were revised, the scale of pay for the post of Draughtsman Grade-I and Supervisor (Assistant Engineer) were made equal .

B i.e. 1300-60-1930-70-2630. Thus. the Division Bench found that the two posts did not carry the same scale of pay initially.

Moreover, indubitably all the aforenoted Government Orders, starting 17th March, 1978, giving certain benefits to .graduate ·· Supervisors did not refer to Draughtsman Grade-I. Even the c decision taken by the TTD on 16th March, 1981, adopting G; Q.

Ms. No.563 dated 17th March, 1978, did not refer to the Draughtsman Grade-I and applied only to the Supervisors .. working iri the TTD (civil/electrical/mechanical) who had acquired graduate qualification in engineering for appointment

0 by transfer as Junior Engineers in TTD. No one from the cadre of Draughtsman raised any demand for extending similar benefit to them. It has also been noted by the Division Bench that it was the policy of the Government to appoint only Supervisors in Public Works (Irrigation Oepartment), who had acquired graduate qualification as Junior Engineers. Under E these circumstances, the Division Bench found it difficult and in our opinion rightly, to accept the submission of the appellant that being at par with the Supervisors, he was entitled to all the benefits under the Government Orders available to the graduate Supervisors.

17. It is well settled that equation of posts and determination of pay scales is the primary function of the executive and not the judiciary and, therefore, ordinarily courts do not enter upon the task of job evaluation which is generally G left to expert bodies as several facon~; have to be kept in view while evolving a pay structure. Being a complex matter, the court will interfere only if there is cogent material on record to come to a firm conclusion that a grave error has crept in such an exercise and court's interference is absolutely necessary to H undo the injustice being caused. (See: Secretary, Finance

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T. VENKATESWARULU v. EXECUTIVE OFFICER, TIRUMALA 877 .

TIRUPATHI DEVASTHANAMS & ORS. [D.K. JAIN, J.]

Department & Ors. Vs. West Bengal Registration Service A Association & Ors. 2}

18. In Devi Prasad & Ors. Vs. Government of Andhra Pradesh & Ors. 3, a Government order was questioned on the ground of unreasonableness in the matter of giving weightage 8 for promotion between two categories of servants inducted from different sources on the ground that the weightage rule was violative of Article 14 of the Constitution. Rejecting the challenge, this Court had said that ultimately it is a matter of Government policy to decide what weightage should be given as between two categories of Government servants rendering C somewhat similar kind of service. There may be that one group would suffer from hardship consequent to this rule and the weightage conferred thereby. But mere hardship without anything arbitrary in the rule does not ca.11 for judicial intervention, especially when it flows out of a policy which is not D basically illegal.

19. From a resume of facts set out hereinabove, it clearly emerges that prior to 1989 the cadre! of Draughtsman Gradel was treated as a distinct class inasmuch as they even did not E figure in the feeder cadre for recruitment to the post of Assistant Executive Engineer. It was only on 24th October, 1989, by virtue of G.O. Ms. No.1660, a channel of promotion of Draughtsman Grade-I to the category of Assistant Executive Engineer, on acquisition of graduate qualification was created. Though it does appear that the appellant had bHen pursuing his remedy for promotion as Assistant Executive Engineer under the TTD Service Rules, 1978 but he always got limited relief to the extent that direction was issued by the High Court for consideration

of his case, in terms of the rules existing at that relevant time.

Evidently, when his writ petition was disposed of on 30th March, G 1990 with a direction to the TTD Management to consider his case on the basis of the rules, which were in force at that

2. 1993 Supp (1) sec 153.

3. 1980 Supp sec 206.

A relevant point_of time, he felt satisfied and did not callenge the said order further.

20. For all these reasons, we do not see any infirmity in the d, ecision of the Division Bench warranting our interference

8 in the exercise of discretionary and equitable jurisdiction under Article 136 of the Constitution. In our judgment, the appeals have no substance and, therefore, deserve to be dismissed. ).. ~

21. For the reasons aforesaid, the appeals must fail and are accordingly dismissed. There will, however, be no order as C to costs.

K.K.T~ Appeals dismissed.