[2008] 17 S.C.R. 1013

H.P. STATE FOREST COMPANY LTD.

v. _,

MIS. UNITED INDIA INSURANCE CO. LTD. -l

(Civil Appeal No. 634 7 of 2000)

DECEMBER 18, 2008 8

[DALVEER BHANDARI AND HARJIT SINGH BEDI, JJ,]

Insurance - Insurance company agreed to insure 'timbr

. ..J

- Timber washed away due to flood - Insurance company repudiated claim in 1988 -Complaint filed in 1994: - c Dismissed by National Consumer Commission as time barred - On facts, held: On date of flood, there was no insurance policy in existence nor any commitment on behplf of insurance company to make payment - Even accepting the case at its very best that the period of limitation was 3 D years under s. 44 of the Limitation Act, the complaint was, evfJn • then, beyond time - No case made out for interference by - Supreme Court - Limitation Act, 1963 - s.44.

~ Contract Act, 1872 - s.28 - Contract of insurance - Clause providing for forfeiture or waiver of the right itself if no E action was commenced within period stipulated - Held: Not violative of s.28 - Though curtailment of period of limitation is not permissible in view of s.28 but extinction of the right itself unless exercised within a specified time is permissible and can be enforced.

Respondent insurance company agreed to insure F

... timber lying in forest areas of the State and issued cover note followed by an insurance policy to be purportedly valid for one year from 6th November, 1987 onwards. The timber was washed away some time in September~ 1988

• I G on account of heavy rains and consequent large scale flooding in the State.

When appellant laid claim before the respondent, the latter vide its communication dated 13th October 1988 refuted its liability and repudiated the claim contending H 1013

11 A that the insurance policy was issued for 8 months only

starting from 6th November, 1987 and ending on 5th July; ... 1988 and the period of one year mentioned in the policy ..... was on account of a typographical mistake. It is alleged

),.--

that Respondent even accepted additional premium after

B the policy was repudiated and still declined to make good the loss.

Appellant filed complaint before National Consumer Commission. The Complaint was dismissed as time barred having been filed after expiry of the 12 months ·

~- c period stipulated by Clause 6(ii) of the insurance policy.

The order passed by the National Consumer Commission was challenged in the present appeal on grounds that Clause 6(ii) of the insurance policy could not be sustained being violative of s.28 of the Contract D Act, 1872 and in any event s.44 of the Limitation Act, 1963 provided a limitation period of 3 years from the date of disclaimer. ) Dismissing the appeal, the Court

.....

-+ HELD:1. It is clear from the record that the timber had E been washed away some time in September, 1988 and after prolonged correspondence, the respondent ultimately vide its communication dated 13th October, 1988 repudiated the appellant's claim. It is also clear from the counter affidavit filed by the respondent that the

F appellant had, vide its letter dated 7th November 1987, asked for insurance cover for a period of 8 months and that the period of o'ne year fixed in the insurance policy "' was evidently a typographical mistake which had, in any )

case, been rectified in the records of the company on 17th

G December 1987, that is long before the flo.od. The claim of the appellant that the respondent company had, even after the 13th October 1988, impliedly admitted its liability under the policy also appears to be incorrect as the surveyors had been appointed on.the persistent demand )- of the claimant/appellant and the premium taken H thereafter was only to make good the deficiency in the ' '

H.P. STATE FOREST COMPANY LTD. v. UNITED INDIA 1015

INSURANCE CO. LTD.

premium that had been paid for the policy for the period A of eight months. It is, therefore, apparent that as on the

~ date of the flood, there was no insurance policy in existence or any commitment on behalf of the respondent to make the payment under the policy.

Therefore, even accepting the case of the appellant at its 8 very best that the period of limitation would be 3 yea11s

under Section 44 of the Limitation Act, the complaint would, even then, be beyond time, having been filed in April 1994. [Para 5] [1018-G-H; 1019-A-D]

2. As regards the issue of clause 6 (ii) of the c insurance policy vis-a-vis s.28 of the Contract Act, 1872, the National Commission had relied upon the Sujir Nayak's case to hold that the complaint could not be entertained as being time barred. In Sujir Nayak's case, while dealing with an identical situation where a contrat contained a provision prescribing a period of limitation D shorter than that prescribed by the Limitation Act, it was held that the contractual provision was n9t hit by s.28 s the right itself had been extinguished. The plea of the appellant that in view of the Food Corporation of India's case, the Sujir Nayak's case was liable for reconsideratiQn E has no merit since in Sujir Nayak's case, Food Corporation of India's case was specifically considered. [Paras 6, 8 and

9] [1019-0; 1021-B-D]

National Insurance Co. Ltd. vs. Sujir Ganesh Nayak & Co. & Anr. (1997) 4 SCC 366; Food Corporation of India vs.

F New India Assurance Co. Ltd. & Ors. (1994) 3 SCC 32~;

Vulcan Insurance Co. Ltd. vs. Maharaj Singh & Anr. (1976) 1 SCC 943 and Muni Lal vs. Oriental Fire & General Insurance Co. Ltd. & Anr. (1966) 1 SCC 90, referred to.

Case Law Reference:

(1997) 4 sec 366 referred to

(1994) 3 sec 324 referred to

(1976) 1 sec 943 referred to

(1966) 1 sec 90 referred to

Para 3 Para 3 Para 3 Para 3

A CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTtON : Civil Appeal No. 6347 of 2000.

From the final Judgment and Order dated 16.8.2000 of the

National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission, New Delhi in Original Petition No. 95 of 1994. -

B Naresh K. Sharma for the ARpellant.

K.L. Nandwani and Debasis 'Misra for the Respondent.

The Judgment of the Cou~ was delivered by

HARJIT SINGH BEDI, J. 1. The facts leading to this c appeal are as under:

2. In October 1987, a meeting was convened by the Managing Director of the appellant with representatives of various Insurance Companies in Shimla with a proposal to insure the timber lying in several forest areas of the State. A

D proposal was also made to the National Insurance Company on 26th October 1987 to act as a lead company while the other Insurance Companies were to be co-sharers. After negotiations, the respondent agreed (on the 30th October 1987) to insure the timber lying in the South Zone in the value of

E Rs.3.42 Crores and also issued a cover note dated 7th November 1987 followed subsequently by a policy dated 16th November 1987 to be valid from 6th November 1987 to 5th November 1988. The appellant also deposited a sum of Rs.2,43,504 as the tentative premium subject to the approval by the Tariff Advisory Commission. It appears that on account F of heavy rains in the Shimla region in September 1988 and ··

consequent large scale flooding in the South Zone, the insured I timber was washed away. This fact was conveyed to the respondent by several letters between 3rd October 1988 and 31st September 1989. The case of the appellant is that instead G of meeting its contractual obligations, the respondent refuted its liability to pay on the 13th October 1988 on the pretext that the policy had, in fact, been issued for a period of 8 months only starting from 6th November 1987 and ending on 5th July ) 1988 and the period of one year mentioned in the policy was

H on account of a typographical mistake. It also appears that after

prolonged negotiations, some additional premium was paid A ., with respect to the aforesaid policy. It is the grievance of the ...... appellant that despite having accepted the additional premium ' -J even after the policy had been repudiated on 13th October 1988, the respondent-company still refused to make good the loss. The appellant accordingly issued a legal notice dated 7th B May 1992 followed by another dated 7th December 1992 but to no avail, and on the contrary, the respondent vide its communication dated 24th December 1992 yet again repudiated the appellant' claim. Faced with this situation, the -+ appellant through its Advocate, issued a notice dated 18th April c 1993 to the respondent under clause 13 of the Insurance Policy

.... calling for the appointment of an arbitrator. In its reply dated 19th ....

May 1993, the Insurance Company refused to accept this proposal as well. Frustrated thereby, the appellant filed a complaint before the National Consumer Redressal Forum (hereinafter called the "Commission") on 18th April 1994 on D which notice was issued to the respondent. Several objections

........_ such as the complaint being belated as the claim had been .. repudiated by letter dated 13th October 1988, and that the

"'"' insurance covered only a period of 8 months, were taken by the respondent. A rejoinder affidavit was thereafter filed by the E appellant controverting the pleas raised by the respondent. The Commission, however, after prolonged hearing by its order dated 15th February 1996 relegated the appellants to the remedy of a civil court. This order was challenged and was set aside by this Court on 13th March 1997 and a direction was F issued to the Commission to examine the complaint on merits.

~ The Commission accordingly went in to the matter and '

dismissed the complaint on 16th August 2000 holding that the issues were covered against the appellant by the judgment of this Court in National Insurance Co.Ltd. vs. Sujir Ganesh

Nayak & Co. & Anr. (1997) 4 SCC 366 in which it had been held that the complaint could not be entertained as it was time barred having been brought before the Commission after the

-\ expiry of the period fixed by Clause 6(ii) of the Insurance Policy.

It is against this order that the present appeal has been filed.

3. Mr. Sharma. the learned counsel for the appellant has H

A submitted that Section 44 of the Limitation Act provided a period of limitation of 3 years from the date of disclaimer and as such the period of 12 months fixed by clause 6(ii) could not be sustained by virtue of the provisions of section 28 of the Contract Act, 1872. In this connection, he has pointed out that

8 this matter was concluded against the respondent by the judgment in Food Corporation of India vs. New India Assurance Co.Ltd. & Ors. (1994) 3 SCC 324 which had been reaffirmed in Mu[li Lal vs. Oriental Fire & General Insurance Co.Ltd. & Anr. (1996) 1 SCC 90 and that Sujir Ganesh Nayak case (supra) which was based on the pre amended Section C 28 ibid was, therefore, inapplicable. Mr.-- Nandwani, the learned

counsel for the respondent has, however, submitted that the claim had, in fact, been repudiated on 13th October 1988 and as the 3 years period was deemed to have commenced from that day, the complaint was barred even on the appellant's best D case as the complaint had been filed in April 1994. He has, further, argued that as far back as in the judgment in Vulcan Insurance Co.Ltd. vs. Maharaj Singh & Anr. (1976) 1 SCC 943 and followed subsequently in several judgments (nd even in those referred to above), it had been held that a clause in E an Insurance Policy fixing a period of limitation extinguishing the right to file a suit or complaint within a certain stipulated period which could be less than that prescribed by the Limitation Act, was not violative of Section 28 of the Contract Act and as such the findings of the Commission were perfectly F in accordance with the law for this additional reason as well.

4. We have considered the arguments advanced by the learned counsel for the parties .

. 5. It is clear from the record that the timber had been washed away some time in September 1988 and after G prolonged correspondence, the respondent ultimately vide its communication da_ted 13th October 1988 repudiated the appellant's claim. It is also clear from the counter affidavit filed by the respondent that the appellant had, vide its letter dated 7th November 1987, asked for insurance cover for a period of H 8 months and that the period of one year fixed in the insurance

.policy was evidently a typographical mistake which had, in any A case, been rectified in the records of the company on 17th ' December 1987, that is long before the flood. The claim of the ~

appellant that the respondent company had, even after the 13th October 1988, impliedly admitted its liability under the policy also appears -to be incorrect as the surveyors had beep B appointed on the persistent demand of the claimant/appellant and the premium taken thereafter was only to make good the deficiency in the premium that had been paid for the policy for the period of eight months. It is, therefore, apparent that as om the date of the flood, there was no insurance policy in existence c or any commitment on behalf of the respondent to make the payment under the policy. We, therefore, endorse the argument raised by the respondent that even accepting the case of the appellant at its very best that the period of limitation would be 3 years under Section 44 of the Limitation Act, the complaint would, even then, be beyond time, having been filed in April D 1994.

6. In view of the above observations, we find that the ."" second issue with regard to the implications of clause 6(ii) of the policy vis-a-vis Section 28 is really academic, but as the learned counsel for the parties have addressed us on this E score, we have chosen to deal with it as well. We see from the order of the Commission that it has relied upon .. Sujir Ganesh Nayak's case (supra) to hold that the complaint could not be entertained as being time barred. The counsel for the appellant had, however, argued before the Commission as before us, F that as Section 28 of the Contract Act had 'Undergone . \ significant amendments, the aforesaid judgment required a reappraisal. This, submission had been rejected by the Commission by observing that it was bound by the judgment in Sujir Ganesh Nayak's case and that the appellant could ·

G agitate the question as to its correctness before the Supreme ' Court. The matter was, accordingly, adjourned by us to enable the parties to find out if the amendment had, indeed, been made and, if so, to what effect. During the resumed hearing, the learned counsel for the appellant candidly admitted that the amendment had been made but had thereafter been repealed H

H.P. STATE FOREST COMPANY LTD. v. UNITED INDIA 1021 "

INSURANCE CO. LTD. [HARJIT SINGH BEDI, J.]

Exception 2 - Nor shall this section render illegal any A contract in writing, by which two or more persons agree

....... to refer to arbitration any question between them which has .....,.

already arisen, or affect any provision of any law in force for the time being as to references to arbitration."

8. In Sujir Nayak's case (supra) to which primary reference B has been made by the learned counsel for the parties while dealir:m with an identical situation where a contract contained a provision prescribing a period of limitation shorter than that . -t prescribed by the Limitation Act, it was held that the contractual provision was not hit by Section 28 as the right itself had been c extinguished.

---I"

9. Mr. Sharma has, however, submitted that in view of the observations in some paragraphs in Food Corporation of

" India's case,. the observations in Sujir--Nyak's case were liable

.. to reconsideration. We, however, find no merit in this plea for D the reason that in Sujir Nayak's case, Food Corporation of India's case (supra) has been specifically considered and .; Vulcan Insurance Company's case (supra) too had been "'

relied upon. In Sujir Nayak's case, this Court was called upon to consider condition 19 of the policy which was in the following E terms:

"Condition 19. - In no case whatever shall the company be liable for any loss or damage after the expiration of 12 • months from the happening of loss or the damage unless the claim is the subject of pending action or arbitration."

10. While construing this provision vis-a-vis Section 28 of F

the Contract-Act and the cases cited above andiseveral other cases, in addition, this is what the Court ultimatejy concluded:

I "16. From the case-law referred to above the legal position that emerges is that an agreement which in effect G seeks to curtail the period of limitation and prescribes a shorter period than that prescribed by law would be void

as offending Section 28 of the Contract Act. That is because such an agreement would seek to restrict the ,. party from enforcing his right in Court after the period H

; A prescribed under the agreement expires even though the period prescribed by law for the enforcement of his right has yet not expired. But there could be agreements which r do not seek to curtail the time for enforcement of the right

..,;.

but which provide for the forfeiture or waiver of the right

B itself if no action is commenced within the period stipulated by the agreement. Such a clause in the agreement would not fall within the mischief of Section 28 of the Contract Act. To put it differently, curtailment of the period of limitation is not permissible in view of Section c 28 but extinction of the right itself unless exercised within .~ a specified time is permissible and can be enforced. If the policy of insurance provides that if a claim is made and rejected and no action is commenced within the time stated in the policy, the benefits flowing from the policy shall stand extinguished and any subsequent action would be D time-barred. Such a clause would fall outside the scope .. of Section 28 of the Contract Act. This, in brief, seems to be the settled legal position. We-may now apply it to the facts of this case. ".,

19. The clause before this Court in Food Corpn. case

..,,.

E extracted hereinbefore can instantly be compared with the clause in the present case. The contract in that case said that the right shall stand extinguished after six months from the termination of the contract. lhe clause was.found valid because it did not proceed to say that to keep the right F alive the suit was also required to be filed within six months.

Accordingly, it was interpreted to mean that the right was required to be asserted during that period by making a claim to the Insurance Company. It was therefore held that the clause extinguished the right itself and was therefore

G not hit by Section 28 of the Contract Act. Such clauses are / generally found in insurance contracts for the reason that undue delay in preferring a claim may open up possibilities of false claims which may be difficult of verification with reasonable exactitude since memories may have faded by fthen and even ground situation may have changed. Lapse .....

H of time in such cases may prove to be quite costly to the

insurer and therefore it would not be surprising that the A

----- insurer would insist that if the claim is not made within a

'"' stipulated period, the right itself would stand extinguished. ~

-"' Such a clause would not be hit by Section 28 of the Contract Act.

21. Clause 19 in terms said that in no case would B the insurer be liable for any loss or damage after the expiration of twelve months from the happening of loss or damage unless the claim is subject of any pending action or arbitration. Here the claim was not subject to any action or arbitration proceedings. The clause says that if the claim c is not pressed within twelve months from the happening ... of any loss or damage, the Insurance Company shall ..., cease to be liable. There is no dispute that no claim was made nor was any arbitration prqceeding pending during the said period of twelve months. The clause therefore has D the effect of extinguishing the right itself and consequently the liability also. Notice the facts of the present case. The

":..-" Insurance Company was informed about the strike by the

~· letter of 28-4-1977 and by letter dated 10-5-1977. The insured was informed that under the policy it had no liability. This was reiterated by letter dated 22-9-1977.

E Even so more than twelve months thereafter on 25-10- 1978 the notice of demand was issued and the suit was

" filed on 2-6-1980. It is precisely to avoid such delays and t to discourage such belated claims that such insurance policies contain a clause like clause 19. That is for the F reason that if the claims are preferred with promptitude \

they can be easily verified and settled but if it is the other way round, we do not think it would be possible for the insurer to verify the same since evidence may not be fully and completely available and memories may have faded.

G The forfeiture clause 12 also provides that if the claim is made but rejected, an action or suit must be commenced within three months after such rejection; failing which all

l 4, benefits under the policy would stand forfeited. So, looked

~ at from any point of view, the suit appears to be filed after H

A the right. stood extinguished. That is the reason why in Vulcan Insurance case while interpreting a clause couched in similar terms this Court said: (SCC p. 952, para 23)

"It has been repeatedly held that such a clause is not hit by Section 28 of the Contract Act." B Even if the observations made are in the nature of obiter dicta we think they proceed on a correct reading of the clause."

In the light of the fact that Food Corporation's case has been. considered in Sujir Nayak's case, no further argument remains c in the present matter, as Clause 6(ii) andcondition 19 are, in their essence, pari materia.

11. Mr. Sharma has also placed reliance on Muni Lal's case(supra). In this case, the primary issue before the Court was as to whether an amendment under Order 6 Rul~J 7 of D the CPC ought to be allowed after the relief which had been sought to be introduced had become time barred. We, therefore, find that no case for interference is made out. The appeal is, accordingly, dismissed. There will be no order as to costs.

E B.B.B.

Appeal dismissed.

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