ST A TE OF PUNJAB

v. • I

DARSHAN SINGH

OCTOBEI, l.)9, 2003

[DORAISWAMY RAJU AND, ARIJIT PASAYAT, JJ.] - .

- .

- ,,- . .

Code of Civil Procedure, l908-Section 152-Exercis~ pf po, wer under-Scope of-Held, the exercise of power under this Section contemplates correction of mistakes by Court.of it~ ministerial actions and • . - ~

, I . . ' - , .

C does not contemplate of passing effective judicial orders after the judgment, decree or order-It is neither' to be equated ·ith ihe power ofr.; iew nor can be said to be akin to reviw;_The prvision 'cannot be invoked t~

t •', • -- 'I •" j • '. :! ' modify, alter or add to the terms of the original judgment, decree or order-Omission sought to.be corrected which goes to the merits of the D case is beyond the scope 1 of Section .152.

Maxim : 'actus curriae neminem gravabit'-An act of Court shall prejudice no man-Jn the context of Section 152, Code of Civil Procedure,

1908, Discussed

E , Respondent was initially employed as a Senior Compositor in the Govt. Press having been appointed in 1970. He was removed form service by order dated 13.3. 77. Respondent made several representations to the Govt. and by order dated 14.2.79 he was appointed as a Junior Compositor on temporary basis as a new appointee. Sebsequently F respondent filed a suit in the Court of Senior Subordinate Judge for a declaration that the order dated 13.3. 77 removing him from service was unconstitutional, illegal, malafide and discriminatory with a further prayer for a declaration that he was entitled to have his pay fixed in the appropriate scale by counting the period of his alleged forced absence. The suit was dismissed. Pursuani thereto, an appeal G was filed before Additional District Judge, being the First Appellate Court, which was allowed. The First Appellate Court made a further order that it was for the department to grant him or not to grant him increments for the past service rendered by him or to decide regarding his promotion. Subsequently the First Appellate Court deleted the H aforesaid directions on an application by the respondent under Section

ST ATE v. DARSHAN SINGH 1043

152 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. Two second appeals were A filed by the State, one against the original judgment of the First Appellate Court being RSA 3618/87 and the other against the order under Section 152 of the Code modifying the judgment being RSA , 1472/88. By a consolidated judgment, High Court dismissed both the appeals. Hence the present appeals.

On behalf of the State, it was contended that there was no , challenge in fact to the fresh order of appointment; that it was not open to the First Appellate Court or the High Court to make out a new case

for interference; that the declaratory suit was filed by the respondent beyond the period of limitation; that there was no scope for amending 'C the order in the manner done in purported exercise of power under Section 152 of the Code.

Allowing the appeal against RSA 1472/88 and dismissing the appeal against RSA 3618/87, the Court D

HELD : 1.1. Section 152 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 provides for correction of clerical or arithmetical mistakes in judgments, decrees or orders or errors arising therein from any accidental slip or omission. The exercise of this power contemplates the correction of E mistakes by the Court of its ministerial actions and does not contemplate of passing effective judicial orders after the judgment, decree or order.

The settled position of law is that after the passing of the judgment, decree or order, the same becomes final subject to any further avenues of remedies provided in respect of the same and the very court or the tribunal, on mere change of view, is not entitled to vary the terms of F the judgments, decrees and orders earlier passed except by means of review, if statutorily provided specifically therefor and subject to the conditions or limitations provided therein. The powers under Section 152 of the Code are neither to be equated with the power of review nor can be said to be akin to review or even said to clothe the Court G concerned under the guise of invoking alter the result of the judgment earlier rendered, in its entirety or any portion or part of it. The corrections contemplated are of correcting only accidental omissions or mistakes and not all omissions and mistakes which might have been , committed by the Court while passing the judgment, decree or order. H

SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A The omission sought to be corrected which goes to the merits of the case is beyond the scope of Section 152 as if it is looking into it for the first time, for which the proper remedy for the aggrieved party if at all is to file appeal or revision before the higher forum or review application before the very forum, subject to the limitations in respect B of such review. It implies that the Section cannot be pressed into service to correct an omission which is intentional, however erroneous that _may be. [1048-C-G)

Dwaraka Das v. State of Madhya Pradesh and Anr., [1999) 3 SCC 500 and Jayalakshnd Coelho v. Oswald Joseph Coelho, (2001) 4 SCC 181, C relied on.

1.2. The basis of the provision under Section 152 of the Code is founded on the maxim 'actus curiae neminem gravabit' i.e. an act of Court shall prejudice no man. The maxim "is founded upon justice and D good sense, and affords a safe and certain guide for the administration of the law." The arithmetical mistake is a mistake of calculation, a clerical mistake is a mistake in writing or typing whereas an error arising out of or occurring from accidental slip or omission is an error due to careless mistake on the part of the Court liable to be corrected.

No new arguments or re-arguments on merits can be entertained to E facilitate such rectification of mistakes. The provision cannot be invoked to modify, alter or add to the terms of the original order or decree so as to, in effect, pass an effective judicial order after the judgment in the case. [1049-B-E]

Master Construction Co. (P) Ltd. v. State of Orissa, AIR (1966) SC F 1047, relied on.

Freeman v. Tranah, 12 C.B. 406, referred to.

2. As regards the plea of the State Government that the suit was G belatedly filed, since neither any specific issue was framednor any specific plea was raised before the High Court in this regard, this Court is not inclined to go into the questiOn of belated filing of the suit.

[1047-H; 1048-A-B)

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION Civil Appeal Nos. 8479- H 8480 of 2003.

From the Judgment and Order dated 23.4.2002 of the Punjab and A Haryana High Court in R.S.A. Nos. 3618/87 and 1472 of 1988.

Atul Nanda, Addi. Advocate General for Punjab and R.S. Suri for the Appellant.

Balbir Singh Gupta for the Respondent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

ARIJJT PASAYAT, J.: Leave granted.

Both the appeals are taken up together for disposal.

The State of Punjab questions correctness of judgment rendered by learned Single Judge of Punjab and Haryana High Court in Second Appeals Nos. 361811987 and 1472/1988 affirming the judgment and decree passed in appeal by the learned Additional District Judge, Patiala. The First D Appellate court had reversed the judgment and decree passed by learned Senior Subordinate Judge, Patiala dismissing the suit filed by the respondentemployee. Factual background giving rise to these appeals in a nutshell is as follows: E Respondent as plaintiff filed a suit in the Court of Senior Subordinate Judge, Patiala for a declaration that the order dated 13.3.1977 passed by the State through the Collector, Patiala removing him from service is unconstitutional, illegal, null and void, malafide, ineffective, inoperdive, improper and discriminatory. A further prayer was for a declaration that F he was entitled to have his pay fixed in the appropriate scale by counting the period of his alleged forced absence. A verments in the plaint were to the following effect: He was employed as a Senior Compositor in the Government Press, Printing and Stationary Department, Patiala. He was appointed in 1970 and was removed from service by order dated 13 .3 .1977.

He made several representations to the Government and by order dated G 14.2.1979 the Government passed an order for appointing him as a Junior Compositor and consequentially the Additional Controller, Patiala issued fresh order of appointment appointing him as a Junior Compositor on temporary basis as a new appointee. Three issues were framed which read as follows: H

"I. Whether the plaintiff is entitled to the declaration prayed for?

2. Whether suit is not -maintainable?

3. Whether the suit is bad for non-joinder and mis-joinder of necessary parties?"

After considering the evidence on record the suit was dismissed. An appeal was preferred before the Additional District Judge who held that the dismissal was bad. Though it was the stand of the State that the work C of the respondent-employee was not up to the required mark, the first Appellate Court held that the rhiew of performance should have been done every year, and since it was done after several years, the order of termination was bad and when the plaintiff was taken_ back in service it could not have been ordered that he wili be taken back as fresh recruit.

D The order being whimsicaHn'nature, no reason was forthcoming as to why his representations were -not rejected altogether and why he was allowed to be taken back as' fresh recruit. While granting this relief the following order was also passed:

"It is made clear that it is up to the department to grant him E or not to grant him increments for the past service rendered by him. It will be again for the departm'ent tci decide whether he is or he is not fit to be promoted after takirig his past service into account".

F The, respondent-employee filed an application purported to be made under Section 152 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (in short the 'Code') claiming that the afore-quoted directions were not in order and deserve , to be deleted. By order dated 3 :2.1988 learned Additional District Judge, Patiala deleted the afore-quoted portion on the ground that if the said portion remains, it would have the effect of neutralizing the relief G granted to the plaintiff-appellant -before it. In the aforesaid manner, the judgment and decree passed on 4.6.1987 in-appeal was reviewed. The State filed Second Appeals Nos. 3618/87 and 1472/1988 under-Section 100, of -- the' :Code before the High Court which by the impugned' judgment dismissed the same. It is relevant to note that first appeafrelated to original H judgment of the .first appellate Court while second one related to the order

dated 3.2.1988 passed under Section 152 of the Code modifying the A judgment.

The High Court by the impugned consolidated judgment in the two appeals came to hold that the decision of this Court in Central Inland Water Transport Corporation Ltd. and Anr. v. Brojo Nath Ganguly and Anr., AIR B ( 1986) SC 1571 was clearly applicable. When the employee was taken back to service it could not have been ordered that he will be taken back as fresh recruit. The plaintiff-employee's services should not have been terminated without assigning any reason after six to seven years of service.

In support of the appeals, learned counsel for the State of Punjab C submitted that the respondent-employee did not approach the Court with clean hands. He was appointed on 22.12.1970 and was terminated by order dated 18.3.1977. He went on making representations and finally an order was passed by the Government on 14.2.1979 for taking him back as a fresh recruit on temporary basis. The consequential order was issued on 23.2.1979. D The suit was filed more than five years of the fresh appointment on 8.12.1984, with a prayer to declare the termination in 1977 to be bad.

Specific stand of the department had not been taken note of that there was no challenge in fact to the fresh order of appointment. It was not open to the First Appellate Court or the High Court to make out a new case for E interference. The period of limitation prescribed under the Limitation Act, 1963(in short the 'Limitation Act') for filing a declaratory suit is 3 years and admittedly a suit was filed after seven years. In any event, there was no scope for amending the order in the manner done in purported exercise . of power under Section 152 of the Code.

In response, learned counsel for the respondent-employee submitted that the decision in Central Water Transport's case (supra) is clearly applicable in view of the unblemished conduct of the employee. There was scope for applying Section 152 of the Code when the original order did

not reflect the true intention of the Court passing the order.

We shall first deal with the case relating to the suit being belated.

It appears that no specific issue was framed in that regard though the Government in its written statement specifically took the plea. Learned counsel for the State submitted that issue No.(2) was wide enough to take H

A note of the plea relating to limitation. If the issue. was not framed specifically a different course was available to be adopted by the respondent which does not appear to have been done. In Second Appeals preferred before the High Court also there was no specific plea regarding the question of limitation. That being so, we are not inclined to go into the question B as to belated filing of the suit.

But learned counsel for the appellant is on terra firma so far as the submission relating to the scope of exercising power under Section 152 is concerned.

C Section 152 provides for correction of clerical or arithmetical mistakes in judgments, decrees or orders or errors arising therein from any accidental slip or omission. The exercise of this power contemplates the correction of mistakes by the Court of its ministerial actions and does not contemplate of passing effective judicial orders after the judgment, decree or order. The D settled position of law is that after the passing of the judgment, decree or order, the same becomes final subject to any further avenues of remedies provided in respect of the same and the very Court or the tribunal cannot, on mere change of view, is not entitled to vary the terms of the judgments, decrees and orders earlier passed except by means ofreview, if statutorily E provided specifically therefor and subject to the conditions or limitations provided therein. The powers under Section 152 of the Code are neither to be equated with the power of review nor can be said to be akin to review or even said to clothe the Court concerned under the guise of invoking after the result of the judgment earlier rendered, in its entirety or any portion or part of it. The corrections contemplated are of correcting only accidental F omissions or mistakes and not all omissions and mistakes which might have been committed by the Court while passing the judgment, decree or order.

The omission sought to be corrected which goes to the merits of the case is beyond the scope 'of Section 152 as if it is looking into it for the first time, for which the proper remedy for the aggrieved party if at all is to G file appeal or revision before the higher forum or review application before the very forum, subject to the limitations in respect of such review. It implies that the Section cannot be pressed into service to correct an omission which is intentional, however erroneous that may be. It has been noticed that the courts below have been liberally construing and applying H the provisions of Sections 151 and 152 of Code even after passing of

effective orders in the !is pending before them. No Court can, under the A cover of the aforesaid sections, modify, alter or add to the terms of its original judgment, decree or order. Similar view was expressed by this Court in Dwaraka Das v. State of Madhya Pradesh andAnr., [1999] 3 SCC 500 and Jayalakshmi Coelho v. Oswald Joseph Coelho, [2001] 4 SCC 181.,

The basis of the provision under Section 152 of the Code is founded B

on the maxim 'actus curiae neminem gravabit' i.e. an act of Court shall prejudice no man. The maxim "is founded upon justice and good sense,, and affords a safe and certain guide for the administration of the law'', said Cresswell J. in Freeman v. Tranah, (12 C.B. 406). An unintentional mistake of the Court which may prejudice the cause of any party must anel C alone could be rectified. In Master Construction Co. (P) Ltd. v. State of Orissa, AIR (1966) SC 1047 it was observed that the arithmetical mistake is a mistake of calculation, a clerical mistake is a mistake in writing or -- typing whereas an error arising out of or occurring from accidental slip or omission is an error due to careless mistake on the part of the Court liable D to be corrected. To illustrate this point it was said that in a case where the order contains something which is not mentioned in the decree, it would be a case of unintentional omission or mistake as the mistake or omission is attributable to the Court which may say something or omit to say something which it did not intend to say or omit. No new arguments or E . re-arguments on merits can be entertained to facilitate such rectification of mistakes. The provision cannot be invoked to modify, alter or add to the terms of the original order or decree so as to, in effect, pass an effective judicial order after the judgment in the case.

Above being the position, the first Appellate Court was not justified F in exercising power under Section 152 of the Code and the High Court was equally in error by putting its seal of approval thereon. Therefore, t4e appeal relatable to the judgment in Second Appeal No.3618/1987 is dismissed while the one relating to Second Appeal No.1472/1988 is allowed. There shall be no order as to costs.

M.P.

Appeals dismissed/allowed.