STATE OF KARNATAKA v.

PUTTARAJA

NOVEMBER 27, 2003

[DORAISWAMY RAJU AND ARIJIT PASAYAT, JJ.]

Sentencing :

Appropriate sentence-Award of--Principles-Discussed.

C Penal Code, 1860:

Section 376-Rape of pregnant woman in the presence of her husband-Minimum sentence prescribed as seven years-Trial Court awarding 5 years-High Court reducing sentence to the period of custody D of 46 days already undergone-Justificiation of;_Held: There was no scope of awarding sentence lesser than prescribed minimum-Reasons given by High Court for reducing the sentence not adequate and special- Before the High Court, State has not challenged the quantum of sentence- Hence sentence awarded by trial Court restored-Code of Criminal E Procedure, 1973-Section 29.

A pregnant womari was raped in the presence of her ftusband.

Respondent-accuse~ was charged unde.r Section 376 IPC. Though the minimum sentence prescribed was 7 years," tril court sentenced the respondent to 5 years imprisonment and fine of Rs. 2000. High Court F maintained the conviction, but reduceed the sentence to the period of custody of 46 days already undergone. Hence the present appeal.

Appellant-State contended that if such minuscule sentence is awarded for such a grave offence, it would be giving premium to one of the most obnoxious acts punishable under the IPC; that the sentence G should be commensurate with the nature. of the offence; that the High Court did not indicate any reason for reducing the sentence below the prescribed minimum which under the proviso to Section 376(l) IPC can be done for adequate and special reasons.

H Respondent-accused contended that the High Court has given

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STA TE OF KARNA T AKA v. PUTT ARAJA 275

adequate reasons as to why it considered the custodial sentence arf.eady A undergone to be adequate.

Allowing the appeal, the Court

HELD : 1. In operating the sentencing system, law should adopt the 1 corrective machinery or the deterrence ideology based on factual matrix. B By deft modulation sentencing process be stern w!tere it should be, and , tempered with mercy where it warrants to be. The facts and given circumstances in each case, the nature of the crime, the manner in which . it was planned and committed, the motive for commission of the crime, the conduct of the accused, the nature of weapons used, the indelible 'C impact on the victim and his family and all other attending circumstances are relevant facts which would enter into the area of consideration.

Further, it is the duty of every court to award proper sentence having regard to these. Furthermore, the aggravating and mitigating factors and circumstances in which a crime has been committed are to be D delicately balanced on the basis of really relevant circumstances in a dispassionate manner by the Court. (278-G-H; 279-A-C; 280-8)

Sevaka Perumal etc. v. State of Tamil Nadu, AIR (1991) SC 1463, referred to.

Dennis Councle MCGDautha v. State of California, 402 US 183: 28 L.D. 2d 711, referred to.

Law in Changing Society by Friedman, referred to.

2.1. Criminal law adheres in general to the principle of F proportionality in prescribing liability according to the culpability of each kind of criminal conduct. Proportion between crime and punishment is a goal respected in principle, and in spite of errant notions, it remains a strong influence in the determination of sentences. (279-C-D, 279-F) G 2.2. The object should be to protect the society_ and to deter the criminal in achieving the avowed object oflaw by imposing appropriate sentence. It is expected that the Courts would operate the sentencing system so as to impose such sentence which reflects the conscience of the society and the sentence process bas to be stern where it should be. H

A Imposition of sentence without considering its effect on the social order in many cases may be in reality a futile exercise. Any liberal attitude by imposing meager sentences or taking too sympathetic view merely on account of lapse of time or considerations personal to the accused only in respect of such offences will be result-wise counter productive B in long run and against social interest which needs to be cared for and strengthened by the required string of deterrence inbuilt in sentencing system. {280-E-H]

2.3. Leniency in matters involving sexual offences is not only undersirable but also against public interest. Such types of offences are C to be dealt with severity and with iron hands. Showing leniency in such matters would be really a case of misplaced sympathy. (281-G-HJ

Dhananjoy Chatterjee v. State of W.B., (1994] 2 SCC 220; Ravji v.

State of Rajasthan, [1966) 2 SCC 175 and State of MP. v. Ghanshyam D Singh, (2003) 8 sec 13, referred to.

3. In the instant case, where there was no scope for awarding sentence lesser than prescribed minimum and it should have been highest prescribed. But the trial court awarded sentence of 5 years for reasons, which may not be strictly meeting the requirements of , law.

E The only reason indicated by the High Court for awarding sentence lesser than prescribed minimum is that the accused is a cooli and agriculturist, young man aged 22 years old and requires sympathy and also that long time has lapsed. These cannot be described as adequate and special reasons. Therefore, the High Court was not justified in F restricting the sentence to the period already undergone, which is 46

days. Further, since the State had not questioned the sufficiency of sentence before High Court, the sentence awarded by the trial court along with the fine imposed is restored. (282-C-D, 282-A-B)

G CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 506 of 1997.

From the Judgment and Order dated 10.10.96 of the Kamataka High Court in Crl. A. No. 827 of 1994.

H Anil Kr. Mishra for Sanjay R. Hegde for tile Appellant.

... .

Rao Ranjit (A.C.) for the Respondent .

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

ARIJIT PASAYA T, J. A rapist not only causes physical injuries but more indelibly leaves a scar on the most cherished possession of a woman i.e. her dignity, chastity, honour and reputation. The depravation of such B animals in human form reach the rock bottom of morality when they sexually assault children, minors and like the case"~ hand, a woman in the advance stage of pregnancy.

We do not propose to mention name of the victim. Section 228-A of C the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (in short the 'IPC') makes disclosure of identity of victim of certain offences punishable. Printing or publishing name of any matter which may make known the identity of any person against whom an offence under Section 376, 376-A, 376-B, 376-C or 376-D is alleged or found to have been committed can be punished. True it is, the restriction does not relate to printing or publication of judgment D by High Court or Supreme Court. But keeping in view the social object of preventing social victimization or ostracism of the victim of a sexual offence for which Section 228-A has been enacted, it would be appropriate that in the judgments, be it of this Court, High Court or lower Court, the name of the victim should not be indicated. We have chosen to describe E her as 'victim' in the judgment.

21st August, 1985 is a day on which the victim suffered unfathomable physical agony and traumatic ignominy that one can conceive of at the hands of the accused-respondent. The libidinousness and the lustful design F of the accused crossed all borders of indecency and he raped the victim in the presence of her husband, unmindful of the shattering mental tra1:1ma the latter (PW-I) suffered, Law was set into motion and the accused was charged for commission of offence punishable under Section 376 of the IPC. He was found guilty by the trial Court which imposed sentence of 5 years imprisonment, (though the minimum sentence prescribed is 7 G years) and fine of Rs.2000. What seems to have weighed with the trial Court for inflicting a lesser sentence was age of accused's parents his dependent sisters, wife and two young children. Accused questioned correctness of the conviction and sentence before the Karnataka High Court. While the conviction was maintained, the sentence was reduced by H

A a learned Single Judge to period of custody already undergone i.e. 46 days.

The State of Karnataka questions the propriety of the sentence imposed. According to learned counsel for the appellant, if such minuscule sentence is awarded for such a grave offence, it WO!Jld be giving premium B to one most obnoxious acts punishable under the IPC. It is submitted that the sentence should be commensurate with the nature of the offence. In this case the High Comt has not even indicated any reason for reducing the sentence below the prescribed minimum which under the proviso to Section 376(1) IPC can be done for "adequate and special reasons to be C mentioned in the judgment".

Learned counsel appearing for the respondents submitted that the evidence on record does not establish commission of the offence of rape and at the most the offence for which accused could be convicted is under Section 354 IPC, dealing with the assault or criminal force to a woman with D intent to outrage her modesty. Additionally, it is submitted that the High Court has given adequate reasons as. to why it considered the custodial sentence undergone to be adequate.

The law regulates social interests, arbitrates conflicting claims and E demands. Security of persons and property of the people is an essential function of the State. It could be achieved through instrumentality of criminal law. Undoubtedly, there is a cross cultural conflict where living law must find answer to the new challenges and the courts are required to mould the sentencing system to meet the challenges. The contagion ::if

lawlessness would undermine social order and lay it in rui"n.s. Protection F of society and stamping out criminal proclivity must be the object of law which must be achieved by imposing appropriate sentence. Therefore, law as a comer stone of the edifice of "order" should meet the challenges confronting the society. Friedman in his "Law in Changing Society'; stated that, "State of criminal law continues to be-as it should be-a decisive G reflection of social consciousness of society". Therefore, in operating the sentencing system, law should adopt the corrective machinery or the deterrence ideology based on factual matrix. By deft modulation sentencing process be stern where it should be, and tempered with mercy where it warrants to be. The facts and given circumstances in each case, the nature H of the crime, the manner in which it was planned and committed, the

motive for commission of the crime, the conduct of the accused, the nature 'A of weapons used the indelible impact on the victim and his family and all other attending circumstances are relevant facts which would enter into the area of consideration.

Undue sympathy to impose inadequate sentence would do more harm to the justice system to undermine the public confidence in the efficacy B of law and society could not long endure under such serious threats. It is, therefore, the duty of every court to award proper sentence having regard to the nature of the offence and the manner in which it was executed or committed et_c. This position was illuminatingly stated by this Court in Sevaka Perumal etc. v. State of Tamil Naidu, AIR (1991) SC 1463.

The criminal law adheres in general to the principle of proportionality in prescribing liability according to the culpability of each kind of criminal conduct. It ordinarily allows some significant discretion to the Judge irt arriving at a sentence in each case, presumably to permit sentences that reflect more subtle considerations of culpability that are raised by the D special facts of each case. Judges in essence affirm that punishment ought always to fit the crime; yet in practice sentences are determined largely by other considerations. Sometimes it is the correctional needs of the perpetrator that are offered to justify a sentence. Sometimes the desirability of keeping him out of circulation, and sometimes even the tragic results of his crime.

Inevitably these considerations cause a departure from just desert as the basis of punishment and create cases of apparent injustice that are serious and widespread.

Proportion between crime and punishment is a goal respected in F principle, and in spite of errant notions, it remains a strong influence in the determination of sentences. The practice of punishing all serious crimes with equal severity is now unknown in civilized societies, but such a radical departure from the principle of proportionality has disappeared from the law only in recent times on account of misi.-laced sympathies to the perpetrator of crime leaving the victim or his family into oblivion. Even G now for a single grave infraction drastic sentences are imposed. Anything less than a penalty of greatest severity for any serious crime is thought then to be a measure of toleration that is unwarranted and unwise. But in fact,

quite apart from those considerations that make punishment unjustifiable when it is out of proportion to the gravity of the crime, uniformly }-I

A disproportionate punishment has some very undesirable practical consequences.

After giving due consideration to the facts and circumstances of each case, for deciding just and appropriate sentence to be awarded for an B offence, the aggravating and mitigating factors and circumstances in which a crime has been committd are to be delicately balanced on the basis of really relevant circumstances in a dispassionate manner by the Court. Such act of balancing is indeed a difficult task. It has been very aptly indicated in Dennis Co uncle MCGDautha v. State of Callifornia, 402 US 183 : 28 L.D. 2d 711 that no formula of a foolproof nature is possible that would C provide a reasonable criterion in determining a just and appropriate punishment in the infinite variety of circumstances that may affect the gravity of the crime. In the absence of any foolproof formula which may provide any basis for reasonable criteria to correctly assess various circumstances germane to the consideration of gravity of crime, the D discretionary judgment in the facts of each case, is the only way in which such judgment may be equitably distinguished.

The object should be to protect the society and to deter the criminal in achievin& the avowed object of iaw by imposing appropriate sentence.

E It is expected that the Courts would operate the sentencing system so as to impose such sentence which reflects the conscience of the society and the sentencing process has to be stern where it should be.

Imposition of sentence without considering its effect on the social order in many cases may be in reality a futile exercise. The social impact F of the crime, e.g. where it relates to offences against women like the case at hand, dacoity, kidnapping, misappropriation of public money, treason and other offnces involving moral turpitude or moral delinquency which have great , jmpact and serious repercussions on social order, and public interest, cannot be lost sight of and per se require exemplary treatment. Any G liberal attitude by imposing meagre sentences or taking too sympathetic view merely on account of lapse of time or considerations personal to the accused only in respect of such offences will be result-wise counter productive in the long run and against societal interest which needs to be cared for and strengthened by the required string of deterrence inbuilt in H the sentencing system.

In Dhananjoy Chatterjee v. State of WB., (1994] 2 SCC 220, this A Court has observed that shockingly large number of criminals go unpunished thereby increasingly, encouraging the criminals and in the ultimate making justice suffer by weakening the system's creditability. The imposition of appropriate punishment is the manner in which the Court responds to the society's cry for justice against the criminal. Justice demands that Courts B should impose punishment befitting the crime so that the Courts reflect public abhorrence of the crime. The Court must not only keep in view the rights of the criminal but also the rights of the victim of the crime and the society at large while considering the imposition of appropriate punishment. c

Similar view has also been expressed in Ravji v. State of Rajasthan, [ 1996] 2 sec 17 5. It has been held in the said case that it is the nature and gravity of the crime but not the criminal, which are germane for consideration of appropriate punishment in a criminal trial. The Court will be failing in its duty if appropriate punishment is not awarded for a crime D which has been committed not only against the individual victim but also against the society to which the criminal and victim belong.

The punishment to be awarded for a crime must not be irrelevant but it should conform to and be consistent with the atrocity and brutality with which the crime has been perpetrated, the enormity of the crime warranting public E abhorrence and it should "respond to the society's cry for justice against the criminal". These aspects have been highlighted in State of MP. v.

Ghanshyam Singh, (2003] 8 SCC 13. Rape is violation with violence of the private person of the victim, an abominable outrage by all canons.

In the background what has been stated in Ghanshyam Singh 's case

(supra) the inevitabl.e conclusion is that the High Court was not justified in restricting the sentence to the period already undergone, which is 46 days. eniency in matters involving sex•1al offences is not only undesirable

but also against public interest. Such types of offences are to be dealt with G severity and with iron hands. Showing leniency in such matters would be really a case of misplaced sympathy. The acts which led to the conviction of the accused are not only shocking but outrageous in their contours. The only reason indicated by the High Court for awarding sentence lesser then prescribed minimum is quoted below: H

"I have heard at length the submission of Mr. Bhagavan, learned counsel for the accused, on the question of sentence. He submitted that the accused is a cooli and agriculturists, young man aged 22 years old and requires sympathy. It is also relevant to point out that the occurrence took place in the year 1985 and a long time has lapsed. The trial and the appeal have kept the appellant busy in court. Taking all these factors into account I feel that the appellant need not be sentenced to imprisonment since he was already in custody for a period of 46 days."

If the above can be described as "adequate and special reasons" then C it would be insulting to ratiocination.

According to us this is a case where there was no scope for awarding sentence lesser than prescribed minimum and it should have been highest prescribed. But the trial Court awarded sentence of 5 years for reasons, D which may not be strictly meeting the requirements of law. Since the State

had not questioned the sufficiency of sentence before the High Court, we restore the sentence awarded by the trial Court along with the fine imposed:

The appeal is allowed.

E N.J.

Appeal allo~d.

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