INDIA'I/ THERMAL POWER LTD. ETC. ETC.

A v.

STATE OF M.P. AND ORS.

FEBRUARY 16, 2000

[G.T. ~A"IAVATI AND S.N. PHUKAN, JJ.j B

Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948:

Section 43A(2)-Tariff notification-Dwing negotiation of tenns of various agreements relating to power projects with private investors pursuant C to Policy Decision of the Government to privatise the power sector--Eff ect of, on the ongoing negotiations-After the issue of tariff notification, Central Government suggested to give priority to those projects offering least tariff so as to ensure benefit of capacity addition from such projects in the 9th Five Year Plan-Electricity Board decided to prioritise the projects for providing D escrow protection mainly On the basis of least tariff criterion-Held, decision of Board not ariJitrary or unreasonable-Board was also entitled to alter the tenns of escrow agreement as there was no statutory obligation under Section 43 or 43-A of the Act to maintain escrow account-Although Power Purchase Agreements were concluded contract, but there was no obligation under PPA E to execute escrow agreement at a date prior to the first unit commercial operation date-Tariff criteria based on and consistent with the notification issued under Section 43-A (2) cannot be described as a hoax, unrealistic or

arbitronstitution of India, Articles 298, 299-Policy decision Administrative Law-Arbitrariness.

Electricity-Board deciding to give priority to those power projects offering least tariff f1Xed in accordance with the mandate of such notification-Held, court would not interfere and substitute a different criterion-<:onstitution of India-Articles 226 and 136-lnterference with.

Constitution of India-Articles 226 and 136-Decision of Expert Committee-Certain assumption made by it for determining the project costs-Held, if such assumptions based on valid basis and not fanciful or arbitrary--<:ourt would not invalidate such assumptiom~Practice and Procedure.

926 St:PREME COURT Rr.PORTS

(2000] 1 S.C.R.

A Words and f'hrases-'Statutory contract'~Meaning of-Within the meaning of Contract Ac~ 1872.

Pursuant to liberalisation of the electricity sector by the Government of India, MO Us and Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) were entered into B by the State Government and Madhya Pradesh Electricity Board (MPEB),

with independent power producers (IPPs) for establishing the power projects and for sale of entire electricity generated by these projects to MPEB. Under the PPA, MPEB W'ds supposed to open the letters of credit in respect of amounts payable by it. According to the escrow agreement, MPEB was also to maintain escrow account with its ban!t following the C first commercial operation date o~ the P°'"er projects. Execution of escrow

agreement and opening of escrow account subject to conditions of the parties agreeing to the terms and conditions of the proposes escrowable thereof.

D The IPPs were insisting upon escrow coverage/protection and is suance of Letter of Comfort in their favour so as to enable the Financial Institutions ("Fis') to lend them enough money. MPEB had agreed to cooperate with and assist lPPs in obtaining financial assistance from the Fis by making a provision for different types of securities for payment of its dues to the lPPs. There was no reluctance or refusal on the part of E MPEB to provide escrow coverage to all or as many as possible, but it was not possible for it to issue Letters of Comfort and provide escrow coverage and enter into escrow agreements with all of them as the appellants desired and the Fis required better escrow coverage than the one which the MPEB was willing to provide. The IPPs including the appellants could obtain tile F financial closure because of their inability to persuade the l<'ls to lend them enough money.

During the course of negotiations between M.P. Government, MPEB and IPPs, Central Government in exercise of its power under Section 43A(2) of Electricity (Supply) Act isued a notification amending its G earlier tariff notification. Under the amended tariff notification and sug

gestion made by the Government of India to give priority to those projects which offered the least tariff so as to get the benefit of capacity addition from those projects during the 9th Five Year Plan, :\-JPEB decided to prioritise the projects for providing escrow protection mainly on the basb H of least tariff criterion and after considering an optimum mix of liquid

INDIA n-!rJ{MAL POWER LTD. v. STATE 927

fuel, hydel and coal based projects. The IPPs were also called upon to A furnish security deposit of an amount equal to 2% of the approved project cost.

Writ petition Wds filed by the appellants before the High Court praying for a writ of mandamus directing the respondents to grant escrow facility to it. Similar petitions were filed by other IPPs. A single Judge of the High Court directed the Government and MPEB to take fresh decision.

Letter Patent Appeals were filed by the State Government, IPPs and MPEB, and the Division Bench allowed the appeals and dismissed the writ petitions filed by the IPPs. Hence this appeal.

c It was contended by the appellants/IPPs that they had entered into PPAs under Sections 43 and 43A of the Electricity Supply Act and as such they were statutory contracts and therefore, MPEB had no power and authority to alter their terms and conditions; that the MOUs and PPAs were concluded contract and therefore, it was not open to MPEH to unilaterally change the conditions of those contracts and to invite fresh D bids on the basis of the new least tariff criterion; that MPEB having decided to provide escrow coverage to 4 or 6 IPPs, no need had arisen for it to change that decision, even though it was justified in entering into negotiations for reduction of tariffs.

Disposing of the aplleals, this Court E

HELD : 1.1. Provisions of Sections 43 and 43A of the Electricity Act indicate that the agreement can be on such terms as may be agreed by the parties except that the tariff is to be determined In accordance with the provision contained in Section 43-A(2) and notifications issued there under. Merely because a contract is entered into in exercise of an enabling power conferred by a statute that by itself cannot render a contract a statutory contract. If entering into a contracts containing the prescribed terms and conditions is a must under the statute then that contract becomes a statutory contract. If a contract incorporates certain terms and conditions in it which are statutory then the said contract to that extent is G statutory. A contract may contain certain other terms and conditions which may not be of a statutory character and which have been incur

porated therein as a result of mutual agreement between the parties.

Therefore, PP As can be regarded as statutory only to the extent that they contain provisions regarding determination of tariff and other statutory H

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

(2(){,'0] 1 S.C.R.

A requirements of Section 43-A(2). Opening and maintaining of an escrow -<-::-- account or an escrow agrement are not the statutory requirements and, therefore, merely because PPAs contemplate maintaining escrow accounts that obligation cannot be regarded as statutory. [936-A-D]

1.2. Though MOUs and PPAs were concluded contracts it cannot be B said that under those contracts the appellants and other IPPs acquired a legal right and MPEB incurred an enforceable obligation in respect of providing escrow coverage. The provisions of MOUs and PPAs disclose that the obligation to open and maintain and escrow account is to be discharged by MPEB to execute an escrow agreement at an earlier date.

C Execution of the escrow agreement and opening of an escrow account are contingent upon an agreement between the parties regarding the terms and conditions of those agreements and accounts. The terms and conditions of the escrow agreement could not be finalised in view of the disagreement of the financial institutions with the terms and conditions suggested by D MPEB and some of the appellants and their insistence upon certain other conditions. It was not because of any lack of effort on the part of MPEB.

In any case it cannot be said that any legal right in favour of IPPs to have an escrow agreement at that stage had come into existence. Therefore, the question of MPEB going back upon the terms and conditi11ns of the concluded contract does not arise at all. [938-F; H 939-A-C] E

1.3. The Minister of Power, Government of India had drawn the attention of the State Government to the delay in finalising the projects and the need to take a final decision in the matter as early as possible and to the recent amendments to the notifications issued under Section 43-A F of the Electricity (Supply) Act. Though the said amendment is prospective it cannot be said that it was totally irrelevant and could not have been taken into consideration by MPEB to seek revision of PP As by revising better terms from those IPPs who had agreed to undertake the projects.

But the situation in which all were placed was such that it was not possible G for the MPEB, IPPs and Fis to enter any further agreements regarding escrowable coverage and financial closures. Therefore, the decision of

MPEB to invite offers for better terms in its favour by different parameters so as to enable it to prioritise the projects for providing escrow protection based on the least tariff criterion and to decide about the optimum mix of liquid fuel, hydel and coal based projects cannot be said to be un- H reasonable and arbitrary. [940-B-D)

LN!JlA THERMALPOWhR LTD. v. STATE ')21)

1.4. The least tariff criterion cannot be said to be a hoax when it is based upon and consistent with the notification issued under Section 43-A(2). To give priority to that project which will supply electricity to MPEB at a cheaper rate far from being regarded as a hoax or as an excuse must be regarded as a rational criterion because it will be more beneficial to the MPEB and the general public who are the ultimate consumers of electricity. The situation in which MPEB was placed at a relevant time justified adopting that criterion and the Court cannot in such matters substitute its opinion and say that it would have been better if a different criterion had been adopted. After the event it may be visualise that it would , have been better if a different course was adopted or decision was taken.

But that cannot render the decision already taken arbitrary or invalid so C long as it is taken bona fide and is based upon consideration of relevant aspects. Prioritisation could have been done on the basis of the dates on which Techno-Economic Clearance was sanctioned or it could have been on the basis of the date of sanction given by the financial institutions. If, however, considering all the relevant aspects MPEP thought to prioritise D the projects on the basis of the least tariff criterion it cannot be said. thereby it acted in an arbitrary or unreasonable manner. It is also not possible to accept the contention that the said criterion was adopted with a view to favour some and rule out others as no material is available on record to justify such an inference. (941-H; 942-A-C]

2. Though it was argued that the Expert Committee, which was constituted for tariff evaluation for the improved offers submitted by IPPs, had made certain wrnog anc! unrealistic assumptions on the basil; of which the project cost was to be estimated and the lcal tariff to be determined,

but it would not be proper for this Court to examine in detail the various F assumption as they are technical matters and moreover, the technoeconomic clearance was given by Central Electricity Authority on the basis of such assumptions. Certain assumpti\ms had to be made while determining the project cost and inviting offers on the basis thereof. Once it is found that there was some valid basis for maldng these assumptions and that it is found that there was some valid basis for making these assumptions G and that they are not fanciful or arbitrary it would not be proper to invalidate the decision taken on the basis of such ussumptions. They were made applicable equally in all. The rate of foreign exchange variation was adopted on the basis of the advice of the Ministry of Finance. Having considered all the relevant facts and circumstances it is not possible to H

SCPREMF COURT REPORTS [2000J l S.C.R.

A agree with the contention that the least tariff criterion was not a good criterion as it was unrealistic and arbitrary. [942-lJ; 943-A-C] <::::,,_

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 1140-43 of 2000 Etc. Etc ..

, B From the Judgment and Order dated 25.6.99 of the \1adhya Pradesh High Court in LP.A Nos. 106, I: L, 71 and 99 of 1999.

C.S. Vaidydnathan, K.N. Rawal, Additional Solicitor General, K.K Venugopal, Kapil Sibal, K. Parasaran, ML Jaiswal, Anoop G. Choudhary, C T.R. Andhyarujina, K.S. Coop.:r, Dushyant Dave, Shanti Bhushan, 8.

Dutta, H.N. Salvt:. Dr. Abhishek Singhvi, F.S. Nariman, V.A Mohta, Raju Ramachanclran, Gopal Sut>ramanium, S1Jbramonium Prasad, Gaurav Aggarwal, Aditi Singh Samccr Vyas, Ms. Bina Gopta, J.S. Goswami, Ms.

Seema Sapra, Ms. Vanita Bhargava, h. Neena Gupta, P.S. Shroff, Ms.

D Suparna Srivastava, Ms. Gouri Rasgotra, Ms. Purnima Singh, Suman J.

Khaitan Jayant Bhushan, Ashok Kumar Gupta, Bharat Sangal, Ms. Asha Pathak, Anand Pandey, Prasanto Sen, S. Ganesh, S. Vajifdar., P.N ..

Kapadia, UA. Rana, Ms. Rashmi, Raj..:sh Nair, Ms. Shally Maggon, Zubin Behramkamdin, Ms. Alka Bharucha, RN. Karanjawala, ~1s. Nandini Gort:, Vishwanathan, Manik Karanjawala, M. G. Ramachandran, Piyush Sharma, E Pramod Dayal, Anand Padmanabhan, Salish K. Agnihotn, Raji:ndra

Singhvi, R. Sasiprabhu, Manish Garg, Sumant Batra, Ms. Asha Barmola, Ms. Manjula Gupta, S.K. Gambhir, Awanish Sinha, Anil Sharma, Krih nanand Pandt:ya, Dilip Tandon, B. Krishna Prasad, Rajiv Shakdhar, Vipin Nair, P.B. Suresh, Parag Tripatlu, Ms. Swdthi Singh, I\!;,. Rakhi Ray, tvh.

F Monica Sharma, Ravindra Snvastavd, Pdrag Tupathi. ;-... P . .'vlidha, S.B.

t.: padhyay, Kcvic Sctalvad, Prasanto St:n, A Sapn:, Ms. Shobhna Bajaj, Manish Garg and Nikivesh R. Amit Srivastava for tJ.u: appearin3 parties.

The Judgment. of tht: ( '.ourt WdS ddivcrccl by

G G.T. NANAVATI, J. Leave granted in all the S.L.Ps.

These appeals arise out of the common judgment of thi: Division Bench of the Madhya Pradt:sh High Court in a batch of Letters Patent Appeals (Nos. 70 to 72, 93 to 99, Wb, 108 and 117 of 1999 and Writ Petition H No. 1685 of 1998) filed against the common judgment and order of a single

lN")lA THERMAL POWHRLTD. v. STATE [U.I. NANAVAll, J.J 931

Judge of that Court in Wnt Petitions filed by India Thermal Power Ltd. A

(W.P. 3534/1988), Bhandcr Power Ltd, (W.P. 4253/98), G.V.K. Power Ltd. (W.P. 4631;98), S.I.P. Power India Ltd. (W.P. 4694/98), ,\;1/s Shahpoorii Pallan.ii Powtr Co. Ltd. (W.P. 4742/<J8), Bhilai Power Supply Co. Ltd. (W.P. 238/98) and Jindal Power Ltd. (W.P. 6175/98).

In the year 1991-92, the Government of India declared a policy of liberalisation in tht: ckctricity sector and thereby widened the scope for privak participation in generation, distribution and supply of electricity.

Pursuant to that policy the State of Madhya Pradesh decided to invite private companies for setting up power plants at different places within the State so as to increase it power generating capacity by about 7000 ,\; IW.

On 272. 1992 Madhya Pradesh Electricity Board (MPEB) invited offers from pokntial private investors for pn; qualification in establishment of

four powcr proj<:clh. One of them wa' Thermal Power Project at Korba (West) in th;;; distnct of Bila; pur. Indian Thermal Power Ltd. (hereinafter reft:rred to as 'ITPL') made an applicaton for establishment of that power D plant. After con, idering its application the Uovcmmi::nt of Madhya Pradesh madt: an offer by issuing a ktttr of intent to ITPL to establish, operate and maintain a power plant at Korba (W t:st) as a generating company. Simiiar advertisi::ments wt:n: issm; d for other projects also and ktters of intent were issued to those;: who were found qualifit:d. In all 21 E MOU's which wen; entt:rt:d into between them and the Stak Government and MPEB. 13 Independent Power Producer; (IPPs) en!tred into Power pun:haM: Agrccmrnrs (PPA~) \\ffh :vtP!2B

l; ndtr tlK MOlJ dll<l !'PA t:1.: generating company has to undertake the projc:ct and otkr for >a!e all nd dcctrical out-put from the project to ,\;!PEB and the MPEB is under an obligation to purchas;;; the samt:. Wt:

arc not concerned with the other terms and condi!lons contained in the agreements and the mutual rights and obligations flowing from them exa.:pt those n:fating to method and amount of paymt:nt. Article 8 of the PPA provides for the same. In order to secure payment to the lPP the MPEB G will have to opi::n one or mori:: Letters of Credit in respect of amounts payable by it. Tlu: aggn:gate of each Letter of Credit , ha]! be an amount m:cessary to mt:et two months projc::cted tariff paymcnts. By way of further security Clause ( c) of Article 8.3 of ITPL's PPA provides for maintaining an Escrow Account with MPEB's bank at all times following the First Cnit H

SUPRFME COURT REPORTS

(2GCOJ 1 S.C.R.

A Commercial Operation Date, in such for and substance, as may be mutually agreed by the parties. It further provides that such Escrow Account shall be (i) established and maintained by MPEB in accordance with Escrow Agreement and (ii) in form and substance acceptable to the parties. In the

PPAs with other IPPs the provision regarding Escrow Account is different- B ly worded. According to these agreements the Company and the MPEB

have to cooperate and asist each other in establishing a practicable and appropriate Escrow Account mutually acceptable to the parties as a satisfactory security mechanism for the payment obligations of MPEB. The Escrow Account must take :nto account reasonable n:quirements of the C lenders of the projects. The amount of th;; Escrow Account shall have to be the 'Escrow Account Amount' which means the amount equal to one and a half (1.5) times of the .!Stimated average amount payable by MPEB in a Billing period. They do not provide for any Escrow Agreement before opening an Escrow Account. In addition to the Letter of Credit and the D Escrow Account, the Articfo further provided for a guarantee by the Government of Madhya Pradesh.

In discharge of its obJ'igations under the MOV's and PPA's the Madhya Pradesh Government in December 1997 decided to recommend

(1) Daewoo, (2) Pench, (3) Bina, (4) GBL, (5) ST! and (6) Maheshwar to E the Financial Institutions (Fis) for providing Escrow Protection to them and accordingly letkrs of comforts wen: sent to those six IPPs. Meanwhile negotiations were going on between Madhya Pradesh Government, MPEB and the IPPs regarding the terms and conditions of the Escrow Agreement The Government had proposed to give facrow Protection equal to one

F month's invoice. A meeting bLtween Government Officer~. MPEB and the Financial Institutions was abo held on 5.9 J 997 for discussing the bsue of escrowable capacity available with MPEB and whether it was possible to reduce Escrow Covt:r to one month's invoice amount. In that meeting the Government suggested that in order to accommodate mon: number of IPPs the Escrow Cover may be reduced from 1.5 times to at least 1.2 times. The G banks and Financial Institutions accepted the escrowable capacity of

MPEB at about 22CO M.W. only and stated that Escrow Cover equal to 1.25 times could be accepted as reasonable. Even for this relaxation it insisted that MPEB shall have to take certain steps to improve its finances.

The Financial Institutions also directed that MPEB should indicate to IPPs H its ability/inability to provide Escrow Account facility to them so that there

I l

INDIA THERMAL POWER LTD. v. STATE(G.T.NANAVATI, J.]

Y33

may not remain any misunderstanding in that behalf. After considering A various aspects the Financial Institutions decided to consider financial assistance to those four projects which had already received technoeconomic clearance by them. IPPs thus approved were Shree Maheshwar Hydel Power Corporation Ltd., Daewoo Power India Ltd., Bina Power Supply Co. Ltd. and GBL Power Ltd. MPEB was requested to issue letters B to all those IPPs to take steps to negotiate and achieve financial closure within next two or three months. Therefore, MPEB on 21.12.1997, wrote letters to the four approved IPPs about its decision to recommend them for grant of Escrow Protection and called upon them to finalise the negotiations within one month from the date of the letter and obtain financial closure and start commencement of the project work within three months of the execution of Escrow Agreement. They were told that in case of failure to perform any of the stipulations the Escrow Agreemt:nt will stand cancelled.

ITPL received techno-economic clearance from the Ct:ntral D Electricity Authority on 12/15.9.1997. Pursuant to the decision taken in the meeting with the Financial Institutions. MPEB wrote to ITPL on 21.4.1998 that it was considering granting Escrow Protection to them equal to one months' invoice amount and inquired whether ITPL was agreeable to that condition and also to the condition of executing the Escrow Agreement within one month and achieve financial closure within next three months.

ITPL expressed its willingness. But IDBI, which was the main financial institution, did not agree to any reduction below 1.25 times the monthly billing and u1siskd that the Escrow A!,'fcemt:nt should be executed before financial closure and COD. It also informed MPEB that as a part of the security package, Fis/banks would require lPPs to have first charge of its receivables. It further told MPEB that in absence of compliance with the above onditions it will be difficult for them to grant any financial closure

to any of the IPPs. Thus the terms of the Escrow Agreement and the decision to whom Escrow Protection should be extended and to what extent could not be finalised because of lower assessment of the i::scrowable G capacity of MPEB and unwillingness of the Fis to relax their stipulations.

While the negotiations and discussion in that behalf were going on the Central Government, in exercise of its power under Section 43A(2) of the Electricity Supply Act, 1984, issued a notification on 8.6.1998 amt:nding H

SUPREME CUL RT RHORTS 1wao11 s.c.K

A its earlier tariff notification datt:d 30.3.1992. That wa~ followcd by a lettt:r

dated 12,'15.6.1998 of the Ministt:r of Power, Cfovcrnment of India to the: Chid Minister of Madhya Pradesh Gowrnment pointing out the ncccssity to finalisc the projects quickly and drawing attcntion tu the amendment madc in the tariff notification datcd 8.6.l 998. He requcsted the Uuvi.:rn- B ment to take an early dcci, sio11 by giving pnority tu those projects which offer thc kast tariff so as to ensl!rc that in t'.1e 9th Fiw Y car P!an they get the bcnefit uf the capa<-ity addition from those projects. Tht: Minister of Power again wrote to the Govenmt:nt on 5. 7. 1998 and l l 7.1998 tu quickly finalisc the projccts. The Madhya Pradesh Guv..:rnrnt:nt t:i.; rfon.:, dc:cided to call all the IPPs on 14.7.1998 for discussion for altering tcrms and PP As C in view uf the amendment in the tariff notification and the >uggcstiun made

by the Miniter of Power. After the meeting MPEB took the decision to prioritise tht: prnjcct> for providing Escrow Prott:ctiun mainly on tht: basis of least tariff criteria md after considering an optimum mix of liquid fuel, hydd and coal projects. By its lttter datd 24.7.1998 it brought that D decision to the notice of all the lPPs and calh:d upon them to submit their offers containing better terms on the basi.~ of t"1e changcd parameters mentioned in Part B of the proforma sent alnng with that :etter. The lPPs were also called upon to furnish security deposit uf an amount equal to of 2% of the approved project cost.

E ITPL protested and maintaincd that the terms of its PP A remained unchanged that the tariff offor by it wa' th1: cheapest, that ir cannot be asked to givt: security of 2% and that it should be givcn six months' time from the' dat..: of approval uf the F, now by the f'inannal lnstitutil•ns I'. 1r obtainfr;.g tinan1 i:: i ch , ur o.nd t.Jn;.pktw>t t'• hi:< fonu ... .Lr '' ' ll tht '.l ftler!

F a writ petition in the MadhyJ Pradc'h High Court chaH:.:n!, ring tht: rnmmunication dated 24.71998 and prayed for a Writ of Mandamus directing the respondents to giant Escrow facility to it Similar petitions wert: then fik:d by six other IPPs. AH the seven writ pt:titions were heard by a :earned single Judge. He was of the view that thc Ou\ernment and MPEB had not proper:y applied their mind before taking the impugned decision. Ht: G directed them to take a fresh decision objectively and dispassionately.

As some of the IPPs the State and MPEB were not satisfied with the said order they filed Letters Patents Appeals before the Diviion Bench of that court. The' eontcntions raised bdore the Division Bt:nch wen: that the H PP As are statutory contracts and the condition regarding facrow Cuvt:r is

INDIA TifER\1AL POWER !.1ll. v. STATE [G.T. NA."IAVA1 !, J.J 935

a statutory condition and, therefore, it 1s not open to the State Government A to go back upon ; t. It was also contended that the principles of promissory estoppel and legitimate expectation would apply to the facts of these cases and, therefore, it was not open to MPEB to invite fn; sh bids and determine giving of priority for Escrow Protection on the basis of the new least tariff criteria. Contentions regarding priority of adopting least tariff criteria and B who can be >aid to be lowest according to that criteria were also raised.

The Division Bench held that the PP As are statutory contracts as they have be.:n entered into under Sections 43 and 43A It, however, upheld the contt:ntion raised by the State and MPEB that the decision to invit.: fresh bids on the basis of least tariff was taken in larger public interest and the least tariff criteria is a good criteria. It also held that once the IPPs participated in the negotiations and gave their fresh bids they can be said

to have abandoned their right to stek enforcement of the PP As and to challenge the letter dakd 24.U998. It also held that as the ITPL had not challenged the earlier decision of issuing Letters of Comfort to six lPPs it D was not now entitled to any relief. Taking this view the Division Bench allowed tht: appeals and dismissed the writ petitions filed by the IPPs.

It was contended by Mr. Cooper, learn.:d senior counsel appearing for appellant GBL and also by some counsel appearing for other appellants that the appdlant1PPs had entered into PP As under Sections 43 and 43A uf the Electricity Supply act and as such they are tatutory contracts and, therefore, MPEB had no power or authority tu alter their terms and conditions. Thi.s wntentinn has been uphdd by thi: Hifh ( 'ourt. fn our opinion the said cuntenuon 1s not currect and High Court was wrung in accepting the same. Section 43 empowers Electricity Board to nter into arrangement for purchase of electricity on such terms as may be •:greed.

Section 43 A(l) provides that a gt:nerating company may enkr into a contract for the sale of electricity generated by it with Electricity Board.

As regards the determination of tariff for the sale of electricity by a generating company to the Board, Section 43(1)(2) provides that the tariff G shall be determined in accordance with the norms regarding operation and plant load factor as may be laid down by the authority and in accordance with the rates of depreciation and reasonable return and such other factors as may be determin'-'d from time to time by the Central Government by a notification 1!1 th~ official gazette. These provisions clearly indicate that the H

936 SUPREME COURT RhPORTS [20(,'0j 1 S.C.R.

A agreement can be on such terms as may be agreed by the parties except that the tariff is to be determined in accordance with the provision contained in section 43A(2) and notifications issued thereunder. Merely because a contract is entered into in exercise of an enabling power conferred by a statute that by itself cannot render the contract a statutory contract.

B ff entering into a contract containing prescribed terms and conditions is a must under the statute then that contract becomes a statutory contract. If a contact incurporates certain terms and conditions in it which are statutory then the said contract to that extent is statutory. A contact may contain certain other terms and conditions which may not be of a statutory C character and which have been incorporated therein as a result of mutual agreement between the parties. Therefore, the PP As can be regarded as statutory only to the extent that they contain provisions regarding determination of tariff and other statutory requirements of Section 43A(2).

Opening and maintaining of an Escrow Account or an Escrow Agreement arc not the statutory requirements and, therefore, merely because PP As D contemplate maintaining Escrow Accounts that obligation cannot be regarded as statutory.

It was contended by Mr. Harish N. Salve, learned senior counsel appearing for ITPL, Mr. Cooper, appearing for GEL, Mr. Dave, appearing E for STI and other counsel appearing for the appellants that the MO Us and

PP As are concluded contracts and, therefor.:, it was not open to MPEB to unilaterally change the conditions of those contracts and to invite fresh bids on the basis of the IllW least tariff criteria. There is no disputt; on the potnt that MOUs and PP As an; cuncludt:d contracts but tu say that MOL's alld F PPAs are concluded contract is one thing and to say that under those contracts the appellants and other IPPs acquired a legal right and the

MPEB incurred an enforceable obligation in respect of providing an Escrow coverage is a different thing. The MOUs and IPPs while providing for payment of dues by MPEB has also at the same time made provisions for securing these payments. Apart from an undertaking by MPEB under G those agreements an obligation is imposed upon MPEB to open a revolving letter of credit or letters of credit for payment of the dues. By way of further security it is provided in those contrncts that Escrow Account shall be opened and maintained by MPEB to securt: payment of the amount equal to 1.5 times the monthly bill. Those contracts also provid~ for a H guarantee agreement with the State Government for paym.:nt of du.:s ot

INDIA 11-lr.RMALPOWERLTD. v. STATE[G.T.NANAVATI, J.] 937

MPEB. Thus the purpose of opening and maintaining an Escrow Account A is to secure payment for the electricity to be supplied by the generating companies to MPEB. The Escrow Account is, therefore, really required to be opened at that stage and, therefore, it is provided in most of these contracts that the Escrow Account shall be opened at the time of the First

Unit Commercial Operations Date.

The MOUs with ITPL and SPPL do not specifically provide for an Escrow Agreement or an Escrow Account. The MOUs with other appellants is in the following terms :

"The Board shall open a revolving letter of credit as well as create C an escrow account in favour of ....... , which ,. .... shall have recourse to in case of default."

The PP As with ITPL and Jindal contain the following clause with respect to Escrow Agreement and Escrow Account ;

"To the extent such is agreed in accordance with the following, MPEB shall at all times following the First Unit Commercial Operations Date maintain an Escrow Account with MPEB's. Bank, in such from and substance as is mutually agreed by Parties and on terms no less favourable then those applicable to any other independent power generating company and into which MPEB shall, for each month, place funds therein and from which overdue payments under this Agreement may be made to the Company in the event of MPEB failing to maintain, replenish, renew, restore or replace one or more Letters of Credit in the amounts provided for above. Such Escrow Account shall be, (i) established and maintained by MPEB in accordance with Escrow Agreement; (ii) in form and substance acceptable to the Parties."

The clause relating to Escrow Account in PP As with GBL, STI, SPP and Madhya Bharat is differently worded and is as under :

"Escorw Account.

The Company and MPEB shall in good faith and expeditiously cooperate with the assist each other in establishing a practicable

and appropriate Escrow Account mutually acceptable to the Par- H

938 SUPREME COURT Rr PORTS 12(){,'()) 1 s. C.R.

A ties as a satJSfactory security mechanism for the payment obligations of MPEB, taking into account the following parameters :

(i) the Escrow Account 'hall take into account tht! rt!asonabk requin:ments of the Lenders of the Project; and

(ii) the amount of the Escrow Account shall be the Escrow Account Amount.''

The Escrow Account clause in the PP A with Bhilai is different from others and is in the following terms :

''Escrow Account. MPEB shall at all times following the First unit Commercial operations Date or tht date of deemed Commissioning for the first Generating Unit, maintain an Escrow Account with a Scheduled Bank pursuant to an Escrow Agreement in form and substance as is mutually 2, greed by tht: Parties and into which MPEB shall, for each Month, place funds therein and from which overdue payments under this Agr;; ement may be made to the Company in tht: event of MPEB failing tu maintain, replenish, renew, n:ston: or replace one or more Letters of Credit in the amounts provided for above. Such Escrow Account shall be established and maintained by MPEB in accordance with an Escrow Agreement which shall be i11 form and substance acceptable to the Parties.''

These provisions in the MOt:se and PP As clearly disclose that tht: obligation to open and maintain an Escrow Account is to be discharged by F MPEB after the First Unit Commt!rcial Operations Date. They do not impose an obligation on MPEB to executt an Escrow Agreement at an earlier date. The Escrow Agreement is to be in such form and substance as is Acceptable to the parties. The Escrow Account is also to be established and maintained in the manner and to the extent agreed by the parties. The G only obligation of MPEB which had came into existence on execution of the MOUs and PPAs was to cooperate with and assist the appellants in the matter of execution of an Escrow Agreement and opening of an Escrow Account. Execution of the Escrow Agreement and opening of an Escrow Account are thus contigent upon an agreemtnt between the parties regarding the terms and conditions of those agret:ments and accounts. The terms H and conditions of the Escrow Agreement could not bt: finalised in view of

I I

I--.

INDIA THhR\-IAL POWER ITU. v. STATE :nr NANAVATIJJ 939

the disagn:ement of the Fis with the terms and conditions suggested by the A MPEB and some of the appdlants and their insistence upon certain other conditions. Even though MPEB and most of the appdlants were willing for an Escrow Coverage to the extent of one billing month's amount, the Fis insisted that !t should be for one: and a half month's billing amount. Even though :V1PEB was willing to provide Escrow Coverage to as many IPPs as poss[blt: on the basis of its assessment that its Escrowable capacity is B more the Fh did not agn.:e with that assessment and showed their willingness to assist the IPPs on the basis of MPEB's Escrowabk capacity at 2200 l\IIW only. Thus it was because of the FI's reluctance to agree with MPEB and the IPPs that the terms and conditions of the Escrow Account, could not be finalised and Escrow Agreements could not be ext:cuted. It was not C because of any lack of effort on the part of MPEB. In any cast: it cannot be said that any h:gal right in favour of IPPs to have an Escrow Agreement at that stage had come into existence. Therefore, the question of MPEB going back upon the terms and conditions of the concluded contract does not arise at an. :VIr. Nariman, learned senior counst:! appearing for SPPL also submitted that till 24.7.1998 no kgally enforceable right to have an D Escrow Agreement had come into existence Mr. Shanti Bhushan, learned senior counsd appearing for Jindal has also not disputed this position.

The IPPs were insisting upon facrow Coverage/protection and issuance of Letters of Comfort in their favour so as to enable them to persuade the Fis to lend them enough money and obtain financial closure. E For executing the projects it is their duty to being enough finance. No doubt when such large projects are undertaken it is expected that the party undt:rtaking the project will require monetary help from Fis. They are financed partly by equity and partly by debt. Consistently with this position MPEB had agreed to cooperate with and assist IPPs in obtaining financial F assistance from the Fis by making a provision for different types of securities for payment of its dues to the IPs. Though the Escrow Account will have to be opemd at a later stage the appellants were insisting for letters of Comfort and Escrow Agretments even before even obtaining financial closure. There was no reluctance or refusal on the part of MPEB to provide Escrow Cowrage to all or as many as possible. But it was not G possible for it to issue Letters of Comfort and provi.de Escrow Coverage and enter into Escrow Agreements with all of thi::m as the appellants desired and the Fis required better Escrow Coverage than the one which the MPEB was willing to provide. The situation which had arisen was beyond the control uf MPEB. The lPPs including the appdlants also could not obtain financial closure because of their inability to persuade the Fis H

SUPREME COURT RHORTS [2COOJ l S.C.R.

A to lend them enough money. This was the position in the month of July 1998.

The Minister of Power, Government of India had drawn the attention of the State Government to tht:: delay in finalising the projects and the need to take a final decision in the matter as early as possible and to the recent B amendments to the notifications issm:d under section 43A of the Electricity

Supply Act. Though the said amendment ii. prospective it cannot be said that it was totally irrdevant and could not have been taken into consideration by MPEB to seei revision of PP AS by inviting better terms from those IPPs who had agreed to undertake the projtcts. But the situation in which all were placed was such that it was not possible for the MPEB, the IPPs C and the Fis to enter into further agreements regarding Escrowable Coverage and financial closure. We are, therefore, of tht opinion that the decision of the MPEB to invite offers for better terms in its favour on different parameters so as to enable it to priorities the projects for providing Escrow Protection based on least tariff criteria and to decide about the D optimum mix of liquid fuel, hydel and coal based projects cannot be said to be unreasonable or arbitrary.

The ITPL was of the view that the least tariff criteria was a 'hoax' and, therefore, it did not give its fresh bid on the basis of that criteria. It has, therefore, no right to make any grievance with respect to what has E happened after 24.7.1998. Jindal did make a fresh bid on the basis of least tariff criteria but protested against the condition of 2% security deposit and expressed its inability to give the security deposit as it believed that it was impossible to achieve financial closure within two months of providing a bankable Escrow Agreement Form. It was submitted by the learned counsel Mr. Shanti Bhushan that the condition to complete the formality F regarding financial closure within two months should be held discriminatory and invalid and Jindal should be considered on that basis. He submitted that the tariff offered by Jindal was the lowest earlier and even after the revised offers. He submitted that those who were given Letkrs of Comfort earlier have a larger timt.: to persuadi: the Fls and obtain financial G closure. He submitted that considering tht: timt: usually taken by the Fis it was impossible to get financial closure within two months and, therefore, Jindal was entitled to be granted longer time for obtaining financial closure.

He submitted that the Court should not deny it the relief which otherwise it is entitled to for non-compliance with the condition which was really impossible of compliance. He submitted that the conditions to give security H deposit of 2% and to obtain financial dosun: within two month~ was

INDIA TIIERMALPUWERLTD. v. STATE[G.T. NANAVATI, J.] 941

imposed with a view to favour some and exclude others whom they did not A like. He also submitted that no such condition was included earlier in December when MPEB had issued Letters of Comfort. What is Important to be noted is that Jindal did not furnish the security deposit nor had shown its willingness to give 2% security depoit if any longer time was given to it for obtaining financial closure. It is, therefore, obvious that it did not comply with one of the conditions of e-invitation of offer and, therefore, B cannot complain if it's offer has not been considered for prioritisation and grant of Escrow Coverage on that basis.

It was submitted by Mr. Dave, learned senior counsel appearing for STI that MPEB having decided to provide Escrow Coverage to 4 or 6 IPPs, C really no need had arisen for it to change that decision, even though it was justified in entering into negotiations for reduction of tariffs. The Minister of Power, Government of India had pointed out in his letter dated 12/25.6.1998 that it would be better to give priority to those projects which offers the State the least tanffs for the power to be supplied to MPEB. He had also suggested that it was necessary to establish a mechanism to quickly D finalise those steps and select projects with least tariffs for being given an Escrow facility urgently so as to ensure that in the 9th Plan they get the benefit of the capacity addition from those projects. It was under these circumstances that a fresh policy decision was taken and, therefore, no purpose would have been served by retaining the selection earlier made for recommending Escrow protection and going for negotiations for reduc- E tion of tariffs. No other IPP except those who had been given Letters of Comfort would have possibly participatt:d in such negotiations. Therefore, it is not possible to agree with the contention that the priority fixed earlier should have been maintained by MPEB.

Some of the learned counsel challenged the least tariff criteria as 'hoax' because it is not rational, as an 'excuse' because it was adopted to favour some and rule out others and as 'unrealistic' as it is based upon certain assumptions which are not valid. It is difficult to appreciate how

the least tariff criteria can be said to be hoax when it is based upon and consistent with the notification issued under section 43A(2). To give G priority to that project which will supply electricity to MPEB at a cheaper rate far from being regarded as an hoax or as an excuse must be regarded as a rational criteria because it will be more beneficial to MPEB and the gem:ral public who are the ultimate consumers of the electricity. The situation in which MPEB was placed at the relevant time justified adopting H

SCPREME COURT REPORTS

[2000] 1 S.C.R.

A that l\:*eria and the Court cannot in such matters substitute its opinion and say th't it would have been better if a different criteria had been adopted. After the event it may be possible to visualise that it would have been better if a difft:rent course was adopted or decision taken. But that cannot render the decision already taken arbitrary or invalid so long as it is taken bonafide and is based upon consideration of relevant aspects.

B Prioritisation could b.avc been done on the basis of the dates on which TEC was sanctioned or it could have been on the basis of the date of sanction given by the Financial Institutions. If, however, considering all the relevant aspects MPEB thought it proper to priorities the projects on the basis of least tariff criteria it cannot be said that thereby it acted in an arbitrary or C unreasonable mann;:; r. It is also not possible to accept the contention that the said criteria was adopted with a view to favour some and rule out others as no material is available on record to justify such an inference. It was submitted that least tariff criteria adopted by MPEB for deciding prioritisation is unrealistic. Our attention was drawn to certain assump- D tions on the basis of which the project cost was to be estimated and least

tariff was to be dett; rminated. Our attention was also invited to the report of the Expert Committee which was constituted for tariff evaluation for the improved offers submitted by IPPs. The said Committee had opined as under:

"CONCLUSION : - Based on the factors and assumptions as brought out in para 3/N above, it can be stated that the project cost as complied on Commercial Operation Date (COD) is not realistic or accurate. Any subsequent tariff caleqlations based on the unrealistic project cost are also un-reliable and unrealistic.

Given the set of assumptions, the resulting tariff for various IPPs falls in narrow range and a change in any of the assumptions can lead to a different tariff for the lPPs. Therefore such resulting tariffs, should not be depended upon to arrive at any conclusions or any subsequent decisions."

G The Cabinet Sub Committee in spite of the objections raised by Bhilai and Bina had evaluated the offers on the basis of said wrong assumptions. It was submitted that the decision taken by the Cabinet Sub Committee based on unrealistic assumptions should be regarded as bad. We do not think that it would be proper for this Court to examine in details the various H assumptions as they are technical matters and moreover, the techno-

!NlJ!A TiiERMALPOWERLTO. v. STATEjG.T. NANAVATl, J.] 943

economic clearance was given by the CEA on the basis of such assump- A lions. Catain assumptions had to be made while determining the project Cost and inviting offers on the basis tht:reof. Once we find that there was some valid basis for making these assumptions and that they are not fanciful or arbitrary it would not be proper to invalidate the decision taken on the basis of such assumptions. They were made applicable equally to all. It was, however, submitted by Mr. Singhvi that the Foreign Exchange V aria ti on percentage fixed at 2.553 was very low and that has benefited some of the IPPs with large foreign exchange equity participation. As indicated in the minutes of the Cabinet Sub Committee meeting the rate of foreign exchange variation was adopted on the basis of the advise of the Ministry of Finance. Having considen:d all the relevant facts and circumstances it is not possible for us to agree with the contention that the least tariff criteria was not a good criteria as it was unrealistic and arbitrary.

As regards the application of the least tariff criteria for evaluating

the various revised bids for deciding prioritisation also there were some D objections raised on behalf the appellants. Having gone through the minutes of the met:ling of the Cabinet Sub Committee antl the relevant facts and circumstances and on taking an overall view we find that the decision to rncommend Maheshwar, Daewoo and Bina in respect of Maheshwar Hyde! Project (82MW), Korba (East) Thermal Power Project (1070 MW) and Bina Thermal Power Project (578 MW) cannot be faulted. E The decision in favour of these projects appears to have been taken bona fide and in overall public interest. That decision, therefore, did not call for any interference by the Court and the High Court was right in upholding that decision.

However, as regards Pench Thermal Power Project we find that it is not a pit-head project and it did not have any appropriate coal linkage.

The coal linkage which was sugested by the State Government was neither approved by the coal companies nor by the Railways. lts project cost was

also not properly evaluated and the cost of supplying water from the dam G was not taken into consideration on the ground that the whole cost of the dam is to be borne by MPEB. We need not go into the further details regarding the merits and demerits of the Pench Project, as in view of the remaining available Escrowable capacity we are diiecting MPEB to reconsidc::r its decision as to which remaining coal based project should be given priority in recommc::nding it for Escrow Coverage.


(2000] 1 S.C.R.

A It was next contended by Mr. Nariman appearing for SPPL that right from the beginning the Government of India and even the State Government of Madhya Pradesh had accepted the policy of an optimum mix f liquid fuel project, h:ydel project and coal based project. He submitkd that while deciding prioritisation on the basis of lt:ast tariff criteria the Government and the MPEB ought to have compared tht: tariffs within tht: fuel B category and not between different fuels used. The MPEB also in its letters

dakd 24.7.1998 had declared that it would d..:cide prioritisation of projects after considering an optimum mix of liquid fud projects, hydel projects and coal bast:d projt:cts. He, therefore, submitted that the MPEB ought not to haw exhausted all its Escrowable capacity by recommending one hydel C project and three coal based projects for Escrow Coverage dlld financial assistance. As disclosed by the decision of the Cabinet Sub Committee and also by the order of the High Court produced before this Court no decision to recommend any liquid fuel project on priority basis for Escrow Coverage could be taken because of a stay order issued by the Madhya Pradesh High Court. No doubt it was an interim order and after the same was vacated D the State Government could have soon thereafter taken a decision. However, not taking a decision then cannot be regarded as sufficient to vitiate the decision taken with respect to the hydt:l and thermal power projects.

To us it appears that the compulsions of the situation have prevented the MPEB for not extending priority for Escrow coverage to any liquid fuel project. The decision to give priority to the two coal based and one hydel E power projects was not taken with a view to favour them. Nor does it imply giving up an optimum mix policy.

In the result, the appeals filed by ITPL [out of SLP (C) Nos. 8654-8657/99), Jindal (out of SLP (C) Nos. 9796-9797/99), Bhilai (out of F SLP (C) Nos. 10799-10802/99). SPPL (out of SLP (C) No. 14853/99), Madhya Bharat (out of SLP (C) No. 14792/99) and GBL (out of SLP (C) No. 9678/99) are dismissed and the appeals filed by STI (out of SLP (C) Nos. 9770-9772/99) are partly allowed. The decision to give priority to Pench is quashed and the MPEB is directed to take a fresh decision for giving priority for Escrow Covt.rage after considering its Escrowable G capacity and other relevant factors. Tht: MPEB shall do so within two months from the date of this order.

R.K.S.

Appeals dismissed Partly allowed.