DR. AMI LAL BHAT A

STATE OF RAJASTHAN AND ORS.

JULY 8, 1997

[SUJATA V. MANOHAR AND V.N. KHARE, JJ.) B

SERVICE LAW-Rajasthan Medical Services (Collegiate Branch) Rules 1962--Appointment-Age-Cut off date for detennining maximum or minimum age-Fixation of-Discretion of rule making authority or the employel'-Scope of-Held, the cut off date is valid unless it is so capricious C or whimcial as to be wholly unreasonable-Cut off date fixed with reference to beginning of calender year fallowing the date of application-Whether capricious or unreasonable-Held, No.

Rule B(A)--Appointmel!ts-Delay in issuing advertisement-Effect D of-Held, so long as advertisement is issued within a reasonable time and there is no malafide-Action of the appointing authority in issuing the advertisement cannot be challenged simply because the maximum age qualification is fixed with reference to a fixed date.

The a11pellants challenged fixation of a cut off date with reference to E the calender year for determining the maximum age of a candidate who is to be considered for direct recruitment to a service under the State.

Different Rules of service in the State of Rajasthan provided that the cut off date for deciding the maximum age prescribed for a candidate for appointment will be 1st date of January following the date of application. F Some candidates challenged such a cut off date, uniformally fixed under all the Service Rules of the State, as arbitrary or unreasonable, and liable to be struck down. The appellant's case was that the cut off date should only be fixed with reference to the last date of making the application in question; that all vacancies must be advertised soon after they are G determined and that if on the date when the vacancy occurred, the candidates were within the maximum age prescribed by reference to the cut off date, then if the advertisement is delayed, their age should be considered with reference to the cut off date of 1st January following the date of occurrence of vacancy and corresponding age relaxation should be given to all candidates in the case of all those persons who are adversely H 543

544 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1997] SUPP. l S.C.R.

A affected because the advertisement for recruitment was issued later than the occurrence of the vacancy.

The High Court held that the portion of rule 11 of the Rajasthan Medical Services (Collegiate Branch) Rules, 1962, which prescribed determination of the maximum age with reference to 1st January following the last day fixed for receipt of applications, was arbitrary and unreasonable and struck it down.

The present appeal had been filed against the judgment of the High Court. The question raised for consideration was weather a Rule-making C Authority can fix a cut off date with reference to the calendar year for determining the maximum age of a candidate who is to be considered for direct recruitment to a service under the State.

Dismissing the appeals of the candidates and allowing the appeals filed by the State, this Court

HELD : 1.1. The fixing of a cut off date for determining the maximum or minimum age prescribed for a post is not per se, arbitrary. Basically, the fixing of a cut off date for determining the maximum or minimum age required for a post, is in the discretion of the Rule making Authority or E the employer as the case may be. Such a cut off date cannot be fixed with any mathematical precision and in such a manner as would avoid hardship in all conceivable cases. As soon as a cut off date is fixed there will be some persons who fall on the right side of the cut off date and some persons who will fall on the wrong side of the cut off date. That cannot make the cut off date, per se, arbitrary unless the cut off date is so wide off the mark F as to make it wholly unreasonable. [548-B-D]

1.2. In the present case, the cut off date had been fixed by the State of Rajasthan under its Rules relating to various services with reference to 1st of January following the year in which the applications were invited. All Service Rules are uniform on this point. Looking to the various dates on G which different departments and different heads of administration may issue their advertisements for recruitment, a uniform cut off date has been fixed in respect of all such advertisements as 1st January of the year following. This is to make for certainty. Such a uniform date prescribed under All Service Rules and Regulations makes it easier for the prospective H candidates to understand their eligibility for applying for the post in ques-

AMI LAL v. STATE 545

tion. Such a date is not so wide off the mark as to be construed as grossly A unreasonable or arbitrary. The time gap between the advertisement and the cut off date is less than a year. It takes into account the fact that after the advertisement, time has to be allowed for receipt of applications, for their scrutiny, for calling candidates for interview, for preparing a panel of selected candidates and for actual appointment. The cut off date, therefore, B cannot be considered as unreasonable. (549-DG]

1.3. The last date for receipt of applications under a given advertise ment undoubtedly, can be a possible cut off date, but there is no basis for urging that this is the only reasonable cut off date. Even such a date is liable to question in given circumstances. Making a cut off date dependent C on the last date for receiving applications, makes it more subject to vagaries of the department concerned, making it dependent on the date when each department issues an advertisement, and the date whfoh each department concerned fixes as the last date for receiving applications. A person who may fall on the wrong side of such a cut off date may well contend that the cut off date is unfair, since the advertisement could have D been issued earlier, or in the alternative that the cut off date could have been fixed later at the point of selection or appointrhent. Such an argument is always open, irrespective of the cut off date fixed and the manner in which it is fixed. The cut off date is valid unless it is so capricious or whimsical as to be wholly unreasonable. To say that the only cut off date can be the last date for receiving applications, appears to be without any E basis. The cut off date which is fixed in the present case with reference to the beginning of the calende1' year following the date of application, cannot be considered as capricious or unreasonable. On the contrary, it is less prone to vagaries and is less uncertain. (550-A-C]

1.4. While construing the validity of any given Rule, this Court cannot F desire the reasonableness or unreasonableness of that rule by looking at borderline cases. There is no allegation that the advertisement was deliberately postponed to eliminate the writ petitioner or that there was any deliberate delay in advertising the post. The delay between September and the following January cannot be considered as unreasonable. Role 8(A) ia G merely for the purpose of determining the actual number of vacancies occur ring during the financial year. It does not cast any obligation on the appoint ing authority to issue an advertisement within any specific time for recruitment to such a vacancy. So Icing as such an advertisement is issued within a reasonable time, and there is no mala fide delay, the action of the appointing authority in issuing the advertisement cannot be challenged H

A simply because the maximum age qualification is fixed with reference to a fixed date, The power of relaxation is required to be exercised in public interest, or to mitigate hardship in a given case. Such a relaxation in special circumstances of a given case is to be exercised by the administration after referring that case to the Rajasthan Public Service Commission. There cannot be any wholesale relaxation because the advertisement is delayed or B because the vacancy occurred earlier especiallywhen there is no allegation of any ma/a fides in connection with any delay in issuing an advertisement. This kind of power of wholesale relaxation would make for total uncertainty in determining the maximum age of a candidate. It might be unfair to a large number of candidates who might be similarly situated, .but who may not C apply, thinking that they are age-barred.

[550-G-H; 551-A-B; 551-G; H; 552-A-B]

Union of India and another etc. v. Mis Parameswaran Match Works etc., AIR (1974) S.C. 2349; A.P. Public Service Commission, Hyderabad and another v. B. Sharat Chandra and Ors., [1990] 2 SCC 669 and Union of India D andAnr. v. Sudhir Kumar Jaiswal, [1994] 4 sec 212, relied on.

Surinder Singh v. 7'1:!e State of Rajasthan (1995) 1WLR197, approved.

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 2691 of 1991.

E From the Judgment and Order dated 14.2.91 of the Rajasthan High

Court in Civil Writ Petition No. 1058 of 1988.

S.K. Bhattacharya, Kamini Jaiswal, K.M. Bas~ L.M. Sharma, T.N.

Singh, Aruneshwar Gupta, Manoj Swarup, Lalita Kohli, B.D. Sharma, M.S.

Dahiya and Sushil Kr. Jain for the appearing parties.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

MRS. SUJATA V. MANOHAR, J.

Leave granted.

In all these appeals the common question which arises for consideration is whether a Rule-making Authority can fix a cut off date with reference to the calendar year for determining the maximum age of a candidate who is to be considered for direct recruitment to a service under the State. The petitions and appeals before us deal with different Rules of H service in the State of Rajasthan pertaining to various services under the

AMI LAL v. STATE [SUJATA V. MANO HAR, J.] 547

State. Some of the Rules which are under challenge before u> are the A Rajasthan Medical Services (Collegiate Branch) Rules. 1962. Rajasthan Panchayat Samiti and Zila Parishad Service Rules 1959, Rajasthan Class IV Services (Recruitment and other service conditions) Rules, 1963, and Rajasthan Educational Subordinate Service Rules, 1971. All these Rules provide the cut off date for deciding the maximum age prescribed for a B candidate for appointment will be the Ist day of January following the date of application. The affected candidates who are before. us contend that such a cut off date which is uniformly fixed under all the Service Rules of the State of Rajasthan, is arbitrary or unreasonable and mus< be struck down. c For the sake of convenience we are citing Rule 11 (1) of the Rajasthan Medical Services (Collegiate Branch) Rules, 1962 which came up for consideration in a writ petition filed by Dr. Rajeev Mathur before the Rajasthan High Court. The Rajasthan High Court, held that the portion of Rule 11 which prescribes determination of the maximum age with reference to Ist of January following the last date fixed for receipt of applica- D tions, was arbitrary and unreasonable and struck it down. The appeal before us from this judgment and order is Civil appeal No. 2691/91 which is filed by the candidate who was 2nd in the order of merit for that particular selection. Rule 11 (1) provides as follows:- E "11 (1) : A candidate for direct recruitment to a Juior post enumerated in part C of the Schedule must not have attained the age of 35 years on the first day of January following the last date fixed for receipt of applications.

Provided

(1) That the upper age limit mentioned in Sub-rule (1) and (2) above, may be relaxed by 5 years in exceptional cases by Govem

ment in consultation with the Commission.'' G

The High Court held that the words "the first day of January following" in Rule 11 (1) must be deleted.

Is such a cut off date fixed by the Rules applicable to the relevant service, arbitrary? It has been urged before us by the petitioners and/or H

A appellants that the cut off date of 1st of January following the last date fixed for receipt of applications is arbitrary. The cut off date should only be fixed with reference to the last date of making the application in question. It is submitted before us that the date of 1st of January has no nexus with the application in question and, therefore, must be struck down.

B This contention. in our view. is not sustainable. In the first place the fixing of a cut off date for determining the maximum or minimum age prescribed for a post in not per se, arbitrary. Basically, the fixing of a cut off date for determining the maximum or minimum age required for a post, is in the discretion of the Rule making Authority or the employer as the C case may be. One must accept that such a cut off date cannot be fixed with any inathematical precision and in such a manner as would avoid hardship in all conceivable cases. As soon as a cut off date is fixed there will be some persons who fall on the right side of the cut off date and some persons who will fall on the wrong side of the cut off date. That cannot make the cut off date, per se, arbitrary unless the cut off date is so wide D off the mark as to make it wholly unreasonable. This view was expressed by this Court in Union of Indian and another etc. v. M/s. Parameswaran Match Works etc., AIR (1974) S.C. 2349 and has been reiterated in subsequent cases. In the case of A.P. Public Service Commission, Hyderabad and another v. B. Sharat Chandra and Ors. (1990) 2 SCC 669, the relevant E service rule stipulated that the candidate should not have completed the age of 26 years on the 1st day of July of the year in which the selection is made. Such a cut off date was challenged. This Court considered the various steps required in the process of selection and said, "when such are the different steps in the process of selection the minimum or maximum age of suitability of a candidate for appointment cannot be allowed to depend F upon any fluctuating or uncertain date. If the final stage of selection is delayed and more often it happens for various reasons, the candidates who are eligible on the date of application may find themselves eliminated at the final stage for no fault of theirs. The date to attain the minimum or maximum age must, therefore, be specific and determinate as on a particular date for candidates to apply and for the recruiting agency to scrutinize the applications''. This G Court, therefore, held that in order to avoid uncertainty in respect of minimum or maximum age of a candidate, which may arise if such an age is linked to the process of selection which may take an uncertain time, it is desirable that such a cut off date should be with reference to a fixed date. Therefore, fixing an independent cut off date, far from being arbitrary, makes for certainty in H determining the maximum age.

AMI LAL v. STATE[SUJATAV.MANOHAR, J.] 549

In the case of Union of Indian and Anr. v. Sudhir Kumar Jaiswal, A (1994] 4 sec 212, the date for determining the age of eligibility was fixed at Ist of August of the year in which the examination was to be held. At the time when this cut off date was fixed, there used to be only one examination for recruitment. Later on, a preliminary examination was also introduced.Yet the cut off date was not modified. The Tribunal held that B . after the introduction of the preliminary examination the cut off date had become arbitrary. Negativing this view of the Tribunal and allowing the appeal, this Court cited with approval the decision of this Court in Panneshwar Match Works case (supra) and said that fixing of the cut off date can be considered as arbitrary only if it can be looked upon as so capricious or whimsical as to invite judicial interference. Unless the date C is grossly unreasonable, the court would be reluctant to strike down such a cut off date.

In the present case, the cut off date has been fixed by the State of Rajasthan under its Rules relating to various services with reference to the D 1st of January following the year in which the applications are invited. All Service Rules are uniform on this point. Looking to the various dates 011 which different departments and different heads of administration may issue their advertisements for recruitment, a uniform cut off date has been fixed in respect of all such advertisements as 1st January of the year following. This is to make for .certainty. Such a uniform date prescribed E under All Service Rules and Regulations makes it easier for the prospective candidates to understand their eligibility for applying for the post in question. Such a date is not so wide off the mark as to be construed as grossly unreasonable or arbitrary. The time gap between the advertisement and the cut off date is less than a year. It takes into account the fact that F after the advertisement, time has to be allowed for receipt of applications, for their scrutiny, for calling candidates for interview, for preparing a panel of selected candidates and for actual appointment. The cut off date, therefore, cannot be considered as unreasonable. It was, however, strenuously urged before us that the only acceptable cut off date is the last date for receipt of applications under a given advertisement. Undoubtedly, G this can be a possible cut off date. But there is 'no basis for urging that this is the only reasonable cut off date, Even Such a date is liable to question in given circumstances. In the first place, making a cut off date dependent on the last date for receiving applications, makes it more subject to vagaries of the department concerned, making it dependent on the date when each H

550 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1997] SUPP. lS.C.R.

A department issues an advertisement, and the date which each department concerned fixes as the last date for receiving applications. A person who may fall on the wrong side of such a cut off date may well contend that the cut off date is unfair, since the advertisement could have been issued earlier: Or in the alternative that the cut off date could have been fixed B later at the point of selection or appointment. Such an argument is always open, irrespective of the cut off date fixed and the manner in which it is fixed. That is why this Court has said in the case of Parameshwaran Match Works (supra) and later cases that the cut off date is valid unless it is so capricious or whimsical as to be wholly unreason'able. To say that the only' cut off date can be the last date for receiving applications, appears to be C without any basis. In our view the cut off date which is fixed in the present case with reference to the beginning of the Calendar year following the date of application, cannot be considered as capricious or unreasonable.

On the contrary, it is less prone to vagaries and is less uncertain.

D Learned advocate for Dr. Rajeev Mathur in Civil Appeal No. 2691/91 drew our attention to Rule 8 (A) of the Rajasthan Medical (Collegiate Branch) Rules, 1962. Under Rule 8 (A) as originally framed the appointing authority was required to determine each year the number of vacancies anticipated during the following 12 months and the number of persons likely to be recruited by each method. This rule was amended at the E material time under a notification dated 21st of February, 1981. Under the amended rule 8 (A) the appointing authority shall determine on 1st April every year the actual number of vacancies occurring during the financial year. He contended that in the light of this rule all vacancies must be advertised soon after they are determined. In the case in question, the F vacancy had occurred in September, 1987. It was, however, advertised only in January, 1988. Dr. Rajeev Mathur became over aged on 1st of January of the following year. It was submitted that had the vacancy been advertised in 1987. the cut off date would have been the 1st of January 1988, and Dr.

Rajeev Mathur would have been eligible.

G In the first place, while construing the validity of any given Rule, we cannot decide the reasonableness or unreasonableness of that rule by looking at borderline cases. There is no allegation that the advertisement was deliberately postponed to eliminate Dr. Rajeev Mathur or that there was any deliberate delay in advertising the post. The delay between H September and the following January cannot be considered as

AMI LAL v. STATE(SUJATAV.MANOHAR, J.] 551

unreasonable. Rule 8 (A) is merely for the purpose of determining the A actual number of vacancies occurring during the financial year. It does not cast any obligation on the appointing authority to issue an advertisement within any specific time for recruitment to such a vacancy. So long as such an advertisement is issued within a reasonable time, and there is no ma/a fide delay, the action of the appointing authority in issuing the B advertisement cannot be challenged simply because the maximum age qualification is fixed with reference to a fixed date.

It is next contended on behalf of the appellants/petitioners that undeY all the concerned service rules there is a provision for age relaxation. In Rule 11 (A) of the Rajasthan Medical Services (Collegiate Branch) Rules, C there is a provision for age relaxation by 5 years by the Government in consultation with the Commission. There is also Rule 35 in the said Rules which gives a general power to relax rules in exceptional cases where the Government is satisfied that it is necessary, inter alia, to relax any provision of these Rules with respect to age or experience of any person and this can D be done with the concurrence of the Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms and in consultation with the Rajasthan Public Service Commission. It is urged that in the case of all those persons who are adversely affected because the advertisement for recruitment is issued later than the occurrence of the vacancy, corresponding age relaxation should be given to all candidates. In other words, what is contended is that E if on the date when the vacancy occurred, the candidates were within the maximum age prescribed by reference to the cut off date, then if the advertisement is delayed, their age should be considered with reference to the cut off date of 1st January following the date of occurrence of vacancy.

For example, if the vacancy has occurred on 1st of April of a given year, F and the applicant would be within the maximum age on the 1st of January of the following year, then such a candidate will be considered as eligible even if the advertisement is issued not in April of that year but say February of the following year. All the candidates will get age relaxation of one year.

In our view this kind of an interpretation cannot be given to a rule G for relaxation of age. The power of relaxation is required to be exercised in public interest in a given case: as for example, if other suitable , candidates are not available for the post, and the only candidate who is . suitable has crossed the maximum age limit; or to mitigate hardship in a given case. Such a relaxation in special circumstances of a given case is to H

A be exercised by the administration after referring that case to the Rajasthan

Public Service Commission. There cannot be any wholesale relaxation because the advertisement is delayed or because the vacancy occurred earlier especially when there is no allegation of any ma/a fides in connection with any delay in issuing an advertisement. This kind of power

B of wholesale relaxation would make for total uncertainty in determining the maximum age of a candidate. It might be unfair to a large number of candidates who might be similarly situated, but who may not apply, thinking that they are age barred. We fail to see how the power of relaxation can be exercised in the manner contended.

C In the premises we do not see any reason to set aside the cut off date fixed by the relevant rules. The judgments of the Division Benches of the Rajasthan High Court in so far as they strike down 1st of January of the following year as the cut off date for determining the maximum age of a candidate for selection, require to be set aside.

D Of the various judgments of the Rajasthan High Court which are before us, it is necessary to note that a Division Bench of the Rajasthan High Court, differing from the view taken by the earlier Division Benches referred this question to a Full Bench of the Rajasthan High Court in the case of Surinder Singh v. The State of Rajasthan, (1995) 1 WLR 197. The E Full Bench of the Rajasthan High Court overruled the earlier judgments of the two Division Benches of the Rajasthan High Court and upheld the relevant service Rules. We agree with the reasoning and conclusion of the Full Bench of the Rajasthan High Court.

It was however, pointed out to us by the third respondent (Dr. Rajeev F Mathur) in C.A. No. 2691/1991 that from the decision of the Division Bench of the Rajasthan High Court in his own case (Dr. Rajeev Mathur v.

The State of Rajasthan,) the Rajasthan Public Service Commission filed a Special Leave Petition before this Court being Special Leave Petition No. 6931 of or 1991. In the Special Leave Petition, on 30th of April, 1991 this G Court passed the following order:

"We express no views on the question of law raised but on facts found we decline to interfere. The Special Leave Petition is dismissed."

H It is contended by Dr. Mathur that in view of the dismissal of the [

AMILAL v. STAIB[SUJATAV.MANOHAR, J.] 553

Special Leave Petition filed by the Rajasthan Public Service Commission, A the decision of the Division Bench of the Rajasthan High Court in the case of Dr. Rajeev Mathur v. The State of Rajasthan has become final and cannot be set aside. Hence the appointment of Dr. Rajeev Mathur cannot now be challenged. Dr. Rajeev Mathur was over age on the 1st of January of the year following the date of application. And his application was rejected by B the Rajasthan Public Service Commission on the ground that he was over age. Immediately he preferred a writ petition before the Rajasthan High Court. In the writ petition he averred that his case was being considered by the Government of Rajasthan for age relaxation. The High Court, under an interim order, directed the Rajasthan Public Service Commission to consider his application and interview Dr. Rajeev Mathur. Accordingly he C was interviewed. His application for a relaxation has been rejected by the Rajasthan Public Service Commission as well as by the State. But in view of his being interviewed, his case was considered and he was selected. His position was 1st in the merit list. The High Court has directed that he should be appointed. Does the dismissal of special leave petition filed by D the Rajasthan Public Service Commission against this decision makes this decision final as far as Dr. Mathur is concerned? In the order dismissing the special leave petition this Court has left the question of law open. But what is more relevant, the candidate who was second in the merit list in that case also thereafter filed a special leave petition before this Court from E the same judgment. He was granted leave and his appeal is numbered as C.A. 2691/1991. This appeal, which is before us, directly challenges the appointment of Dr. Rajeev Mathur and the High Court judgment under which he is appointed. If Dr. Rajeev Mathur is not eligible, then the appellant in this appeal is entitled to be appointed to that post. Therefore, F at the instance of the Rajasthan Public Service Commission this Court was not inclined to examine the merits of the individual case before it; though it left the question of law open. But when the affected candidate came up before this Court asking for special leave to appeal against the same judgment of the Division Bench, leave was granted and the appeal has been entertained. It is, therefore, not possible to hold that the decision of the G Division Bench of the Rajasthan High Court in the case of Dr. Rajeev Mathur v. The State of Rajasthan is final on the facts of that case and the appointment of Dr. Rajeev Mathur cannot be challenged. This appointment is directly under challenge in C.A.No. 2691/1991 which requires to be considered and decided on merit. Therefore, we do not see H

A any reason to make any exception in the case of Dr. Rajeev Mathur.

Lastly, in the appeal arising from Special Leave Petition No. 10659 of 1995, the respondent contended that he was in fact not over age on the cut off date which was, in that case 1st of January, 1992. This contention was raised on a wrong reading of the date of birth. It is now accepted by B the parties that the correct date of birth of the petitioner in that case was 1st of January, 1959 and not 19th. January 1959 as originally urged. The petitioner would, therefore, complete 33 years of age which was the maximum age prescribed in the concerned advertisement, on 1st of January, 1992, the cut off date. His case, therefore, is not different from C the case of other aggrieved candidates before us who are age barred on the cut off date.

In the premises the appeals of the candidates who have challenged the cut off date under the relevant Rules are dismissed while the appeals filed by the State of Rajasthan are allowed. The validity of the concerned D Rules relating to the cut off date being fixed with reference to 1st of January of the year following the application is upheld. There will be no order as to costs.

R.A.

Candidates appeals dismissed States appeals allowed.