"COMMON CAUSE" A REGISTERED SOCIETY

THROUGH ITS DIRECTOR v.

UNION OF INDIA AND ANR.

MAY 1, 1996

[B.P. JEEVAN REDDY AND S.B. MAJMUDAR, JJ.]

Constitution of India, 1950 : Article 32-Public Interest Litigation- Criminal cases-Unduly long pendency of-Under-trial prisoners-Re/ease, C discharge or acquittal of-Directions issued with regard to particular cases.

Article 21-Undertrial prisoners-Persona/ liberty of--Pendency of criminal cases for long period-Observed that operates as an engine of oppression-To protect and effectuate the life and liberty of citizennsuring of-Directions issued to the States and Union Tenitories.

The petitioner filed a public interest litigation under Article 32 of the Constitution of India, seeking directions with respect to cases pending in criminal courts all over the country for unconditional release and quashing the proceedings against persons accused under Motor Vehicles E Act wherein the proceedings had initiated 1 year ago, against persons charged under Indian Penal Code and other penal statutes which are pending for more than 3 years where maximum sentence is not more than 6 months, against persons in police & judicial custody, accused of offences which are not punishable with more than 7 years with or without fine, and

F against persons charged for offence u/s 309 of IPC where cases are pending for more than 1 year.

Disposing of the petition, this Court.

HELD : The matter deserves serious consideration by the Supreme G Court and the High Courts in the country. The very pendency of criminal cases for long periods, by itself operates as an engine of oppression. It is essential to issue appropriate directions to protect and eflectuate the right to life and liberty of the citizens guaranteed by Article 21 of the Constitution. Accordingly, the following directions are issued :

1. Where the offences under IPC or any of other law for the time

"COMMONCAUSE"AREGD.SOCY. v. u.o.1.1B.P.JEEVANREDDY, J.] 197

being in force, for which the accused are charged, which are punishable A with imprisonment not exceeding three years, five years and seven years, with or without fine and the trial of which are pending for one year, two years and two years respectively and the accused are in jail for six months, and one year or more respectively, the concerned criminal court shall release the accused on bail or on personal bond. [199-G; 200-A; C-F]

2. Where criminal proceedings are pending regarding traffic offences for more than two years on account of non-serving summons to the accused or for any other reason whatsoever, the Court may .discharge the accused and close the cases.

c Where the cases pending in criminal courts for more than 2 years under IPC or any other law for the time being in force, are compoundable with the permission of the court and are non-cognizable and bailable, and if in such cases trial has still not commenced, the Court shall discharge or acquit the accused as the case may be and close such cases, in the case of compoundable cases after hearing the public prosecutor and other D parties represented before it or their advocates.

'\:Vhere the cases pending in criminal courts for more than one year in connection with offences under IPC or any other law for the time being in force, which are punishable with fine only and are not of recurring E nature, where trial has still not commenced, the criminal court shall discharge or acc1uit the accused, as the case may be and close such cases.

Where the cases pending in criminal courts for more than one year and two years for offences under IPC or any other law for the time being in force, which are punishable with imprisonment upto one year and three F years respectively with or without fine, and if such trials have still not commenced, the court shall discharge or acquit the accused, as the may be and close such cases. [202-C-G]

3. For the purpose of directions 1 and 2 above, the period of penden- G cy of criminal cases shall be calculated from the date the accused are summoned to appear in the Court. [202-C]

4. Directions (1) & (2) shall not apply to cases of offences involving

(a) corruption, misappropriation of public funds, cheating, whether under Indian Penal Code, Prevention of Co_rruption Act or any other statutes, H

(b) smuggling, foreign exchange violation and offences under the Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, (c) Essential Commodities Act, Food Adulteration Act, Acts dealing with Environment or any other economic offences, (d) offences under Arms Act, Explosive Substances Act, Terrorists and Disruptive Activities Act, (e) offences relating to the Army

Navy and Air Force, (I) offences against public tranquility; (g) offences relating to public servants; (h) offences relating to coins and Government stamp; (i) offences relating to elections; (j) offences relating to giving false evidence and offences against public justice; (k) any other type of offences against the State; (1) offences under the Taxing enactments; and (m) offences of defamation as defined in Section 499 I.P.C. [202-D-F]

5. The criminal courts shall try the offences in Para-(4) on a priority basis.

The criminal courts and all courts trying criminal cases shall take appropriate action in accordance with the above directions.

The directions are applicable not only to the cases pending on this day but also to cases which may be instituted hereafter. [202-G-H; 203-A)

CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: Writ Petition (c) No. 1128 of 1986.

(U oder Article 32 of the Constitution of India.)

Petitioner-in-person

A.N. Jayaram, Additional Solicitor General, Ms. Binu Tamta, A.

F Subhashini, R.K. Mehta, (C. Balasubramaniam) for K. Ramkumar, Dilip Sinha, J.R. Das, M. Veerappa, Mrs. Manjula Kulkarni, A. Mariarputham, B. Chahar, Ashok Mathur, LS. Goyal, Ms. lndu Malhotra, for the Respondents.

G The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

B.P. JEEVAN REDDY, J. "Common Cause", a registered society espousing public causes has asked for certain general directions in this writ petition, preferred under Article 32 of the Constitution of India, with respect to cases pending in criminal courts all over the country. The H directions asked for are:

..........

"COMMON CAUSE" A REGD. SOCY. v. U.0.1. [B.P . .TEEV AN REDDY, J.] 199

(a) quashing of all proceedings against persons accused of offences A under the Motor Vehicles Act where the proceedings were initiated more than one year ago and are still pending in any court in the country;

(b) to direct the unconditional release of the accused and dismissal of all proceedings pending in Criminal Courts with respect to offences under Indian Penal Code or other penal statutes which have been pending for more than three years from the date of their institution and for which offences the maximum sentence provided under law is not more that six months - with or without fine. This direction is sought in respect of all prosecutions whether lodged by police, other governmental agency or by a private complainant;

(c) directing the unconditional release of all the accused and dismissal of criminal proceedings against persons who have been in police or judicial custody for a period of more than three years from the date of their arrest or remand to such custody, where the offences alleged are not D punishable with more than seven years - with or without fine; and

( d) directing the unconditional release of the accused and dismissal of proceedings against persons accused of offences under Section 309 of the Indian Penal Code (I.P.C.) where the proceedings have been pending in any Court for more than one year from the date of their institution.

The Petitioner has requested that the aforesaid directions should apply not only to cases pending in Courts on the date of the passing of the order but also to cases executed hereinafter.

Notices were directed to Union of India and the State Governments of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar and to the Delhi Administration. Counters have also been filed by them.

We are of the opinion that the suggestions made are well-meaning

and consistent with the spirit underlying Part-III of the Constitution of G India and the criminal justice system. They deserve serious consideration by this Court and the High Courts in the country. It is a matter of common experience that in many cases where the persons are accused of minor offences punishable not more than three years - or even less - with or without fine, the proceedings are kept pending for years together. If they H

A are poor and helpiess, they languish in jails for long periods either because their is no one to bail them out or because there is no one to think of them.

The very pendency of criminal proceedings for long periods by itself operates as an engine of oppression. Quite often, the private complainants institute these proceedings out of oblique motives. Even in case of offences B punishable for seven years of less - with or without fine - the prosecutions are kept pending for years and years together in criminal courts. In a majority of these cases, whether instituted by police or private complainants, the accused belong to poorer sections of the society, who are unable to afford competent legal advice. Instances have also come before c courts where the accused, who are in jail, are not brought to the court on every date of hearing and for that reason also the cases undergo several adjournments. It appears essential to issue appropriate directions to protect and effectuate the right to life and liberty of the citizens guaranteed by Article 21 of the Constitution. It is also necessary to ensure that these criminal prosecutions do not operate as engines of oppression. According- D ly, the following directions are made which shall be valid not only for the States of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Delhi but for all the States and the

Union Territories.

l(a) Where the offences under l.P.C. or any other law for the time being in force for which the accused are charged before any criminal court are punishable with imprisonment not exceeding three years with or without fine and if trials for such offences are pending for one year or more and the concerned accused have not been released on bail bnt are in jail for a period of six months or more, the concerned criminal court shall release the accused on bail or on personal bond to be executed by the accused and subject to such conditions, if any, as may be found necessary, in the light of Section 437 of the Criminal Procedure Code (Cr. P.C.)

l(b) Where the offences under l.P.C. or any other law for the time being in force for which the accused are charged before any criminal court G are punishable with imprisonment not exceeding five years, with or without fine, and if the trials for such offences are pending for two years or more and the concerned accused have not been released on bail but are in jail for a period of six months or more, the concerned criminal court shall release the accused on bail or on personal bond to be executed by the H accused and subject to the imposing of suitable conditions, if any, in the

"COMMON CAUSE" A REGD. SOCY. v. U.0.1. [B.P. JEEVANREDDY, J.] 201

light. of Section 437 Cr. P.C.

l(c) Where the offences under I.P.C. or any other law for the time being in force for which the accused are charged before any criminal court are punishable with seven years or less, with or 'without fine, and if the trials for such offences are pending for two years or more and the concerned accused have not been released on bail but are in jail for a period of one year or more, the concerned criminal court shall release the accused on bail or on personal bond to be executed by the accused and subject to imposing of suitable conditions, if any,_ in the light of Section 437 Cr. P.C.

2(a) \\lbere criminal proceedings are pending regarding traffic offences in any criminal court for more than two years on account of non serving summons to the accused or for any other reason whatsoever, the court may discharge the accused and close the cases.

2(b) Where the cases pending in criminal courts for more than two D years under I.P.C. or any other law for the time being in force are compoundable with permission of the court and if in such cases trial have still not commenced, the criminal court shall, after hearing the public prosecutor and other parties represented before it or their advocates, discharge or acquit the accused, as the case may be, and close such cases.

2(c) Where the cases pending in criminal courts under I.P.C. or any other law for the time being in force pertain to offences which are noncognizable and bailable and if such pendency is for more than two years

and if in such cases trials have still not commenced, the criminal court shall discharge or acquit the accused as the case may be, and close such cases.

2( d) Where the cases pending in criminal courts under I.P.C. or any other law for the time being in force are pending in connection with offences which are punishable with fine only and are not of recurring nature, and if such pendency is for more than one year and if in such cases G trial _have still not commenced, the criminal court shall discharge or acquit the accused, as the case may be, and close such cases.

2( e) Where the cases pending in criminal courts under I.P.C. or any other law for the time being in force are punishable with imprisonment upto one year, with or without fine and if such pendency is for more than H

A one year and if in such cases trials have still not commenced, the criminal court shall discharge or acquit the accused, as the case may be, and close such cases.

2(f) Where the cases pending in criminal courts under l.P.C. or any other law for the time being in force are punishabie with imprisonment upto three years, with or without fine, and if such pendency is for more than two years and if in such cases trial have still not commenced, the criminal court shall discharge or acquit the accused, as the case may be, and close such cases.

3. For the purpose of directions contained in clauses (1) and (2) above, the period of pendency of criminal cases shall be calculated from the date the accused are summoned to appear in the court.

4. Directions (1) and (2) made hereinabove shall not apply to cases D of offences involving (a) corruption, misappropriation of public funds, cheating, whether under the Indian Penal Code, Prevention of Corruption Act or any other statute, (b) smuggling, foreign exchange violation and offences under the Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, (c) Essential Commodities Act, Food Adulteration Act, Acts dealing with Environment or any other economic offences, ( d) offences under Arms E Act, Explosive Substances Act, Terrorists and Disruptive Activities Act,

(e) offences relating to the Army, Navy and Air Force, (I) offences against public tranquility; (g) offences relating to public servants, (h) offences relating to coins and Government stamp,(i) offences relating to elections, Gl offences relating to giving false evidence and offences against public F justice. (k) any other type of offences against the State (I) offences under the Taxing enactments and (m) offences of defamation as defined in Section 499 I.P.C.

5. The criminal courts shall try the offences mentioned in Para (4) above on a priority basis. The High Courts are requested to issue necessary G directions in this behalf to all the criminal courts under their control and supervision.

6. The criminal courts and all courts trying criminal cases shall take appropriate action in accordance with the above directions. These direc- H tions are applicable not only to the cases pending on this day but also to

"COMMON CAUSE" A REGD. SOCY. v. U.0.1. {B.P . .TEEVANREDDY, J.] 203

cases 'Nhich may be instituted hereinafter. As an<l when, a particular case A gets covered by one or the other direction mentioned in Directions (1) and

(2) read with Direction (4) above, appropriate orders shall be passed by the concerned court without any delay.

The writ petition is disposed of with the above directions.

B No costs.

K.K.T.

Petition disposed of .