J.H. PATEL

SUBHAN KHAN

JULY 24, 1996

[A.M. AHMADI, C.TI, DR. A.S. ANAND AND S.B. MAJMUDAR, JJ.]

Rcprese11tation of People Act, 1951-Section 36(2}-Nomination--<Jatlz required by Anicle 173 of the Co11stitutio11 of Jndill-lt has to be taken p1ior to date of scrutiny of ;1on1ination paper and not on the san1e C day-Expression '011 the date fixed for SC1utiny' - It means Oil the whole of the day Oil which sciutiny has to take place'--<Jatlz ollce takell for any constitztellcy would be valid for election of the collcemed assemb(v---Effect of non disclosure of the fact of having subsC1ibed an oath on an earlier date p1ior to scnttiny.

D Election Petitio1.--0rigi11al Proceeding-Jwisdiction of High Co1111 to

consider fresh mateiial--Potential for mischief

Constitutio11 of /11dia--A1ticle 173-Qualification for membe1'hip of Stale Legislature--Oatlz-Requirements.

The respondent filed the election petition challenging the election of the appellant on the ground that his nomination paper was improperly rejected by the returning Officer. For Channagiri Legislative Assembly constituency, the respondent's name was proposed !'or candidature on 29.10.1994. The respondent took oath before the Assistant Returning Officer at 10.50 a.m. on 3.11.1994, the date fixed for scrutiny of nomination papers. The Returning Officer rejected the nomination of the respondent.

Elections were held and the appellant was declared elected. The respondent challenged the election as void on the ground that the rejection of his nomination was improper. The High Court set aside the election on ground G of improper rejection of the respondent's nomination holding that the oath taken on the date of the scrutiny was not sufficient but that the oath taken on 27.10.1994 at another Constituency (Davanagere Constituency), as required by Article 173 of the Constitution, although not brought to the notice of the Returning Officer at the time of scrutiny, would qualify 11im to contest the election from the concerned constituency and that the H respondent was entitled to raise any fresh ground or produce any fresh 864

J.H. PATEL v. SUBl-lAN KHAN 865

material to prove the fact that his nomination paper was improperly A rejected and the fact that the respondent did not bring this fact to the notice of the Returning Ollicer would not disentitle him to rely on the fact before the High Court. This ap11eal had been filed against the decision of the High Court in accepting fresh material produced for the first time before it.

The appellant alleged that the reasoning of the High Court if accepted would lead to absurd results as mischiernus elements could then tile nomination at one place and take oath at another and later challenge

the rejection of the nomination; that the Returning Ollicer was right in rejecting the nomination paper on the basis of material placed before him C and that the plea of the respondent in the face of his unfair and improper conduct \+'ould an1ount to misuse of the electoral process and that even \Vhen the candidate whose no1nination is rejected can be permitted to <1uestion the correctness of the rejection on a ground other than the one on \Vhich the rejection \\-'as founded, the Court should he extren1ely cir~ cun1spect about the same because of the possibility of mischief that can be played to defeat the election if the desired result is not achieved and therefore, the court should permit a new ground to be raised only as a defence and that in such cases the Court should test the bona fldes of the candidate \\'ho challenges the election of' the successful candidate and ascertain if he \\'as put up as a dummy to be used, if need be.

The respondent submitted that election law being a technical law, there \Vas no room for etJUity and that in the instant case, the respondent took oath at the earlies< opportunity on 3.11.1994 since 1.11.1994 and 2.11.1994 were admittedly public holidays and he had returned from F Bombay on 31- 10-1994. In the cross objections filed by the respondent he contended that oath taken on the date of scrutiny was valid and that the finding tliat the High Court to the effect that he had not brought to the notil:e of the Returning Officer about the affirmation at Davangere was incorrect.

The question of fact raised for consideration was, whether the respondent had inforn1ed the Returning Oflicer that he had subscribed an oath or atTirmation in the prescribed for1n in the Davangere Constituency

on 27.10.1994. The questions of la\\-' that arose for consideration were: (a) whether the oath taken at 10:55 a.m. on 3.11.1994 would suflice for the H

A scrutiny held at 11.00 a.m. on that very day; (b) whether the oath taken on 27.10.1994 at Davangere could be taken into consideration for scrutiny of the nomination for the concerned constituency; and (c) whether the election could be set aside on the basis of oath of 27.10.1994 even if the question of fact raised by the respondent was decided in the negative.

B Allowing the appeal, this Court

HELD: 1.1. The oath re11uired by Article 173 of the Constitution of India has to be taken prior to the date of scrutiny of the nomination paper and not on the same day, 1ninutes before the scrutiny. The oath to be taken C under Article 173 of the Constitution of India once taken for any constituency "'ould be vaHd for the election to the concerned assernbly. The earlier oath, the any, has to be subjected to scrutiny on the date and plact: lixed for the purpose. The eligibility of the candidate as per the require- 1nents of Article 173 of the Constitution is St(U'1rely a matter for scrutiny.

The oath subscribed by the candidates would itself be subject to scrutiny.

D The 1nere inf'orn1ation that an oath has been subscribed could not have

fullilled the requirement of scrutiny. Even the certificate of oath would fall short of the re11uiren1eut. The certificate did not reproduce the oath subscrihed:The candidate contesting the election could not, therefore, has scrutinised the validity of the oath and could not have raised any objection E to it. [SiO-E; 871-D-E; 872-C; 873-A)

1.2. An election petition, being original proceedings and not appellate proceedings, the High Court's jurisdiction cannot be confined to the grounds on lrhich the Returning Otlicer rejected the nomination. It \Vas not precluded fro; n considering any other ground or fresh n1aterial bear- F ing on the tiuestion of the rt>jection of the nomination paper. [876-B-C]

1.3. The respondent did not inform the Returning OOicer that he had subscribed an oath on October 27, 1994 nor did ht> produce the certificate of oath before the returning Otlicer. That is the finding of fact recorded by the High Court \Vhich has been subscribed. There was no reason for the G Returning Otlicer not to accept the certificate if it was tendered to him when he himself had written to the respondent on October 29, 1994 to complete that re<1uircment. If that be so, it becomes obvious that he

deliberately allowed the rejection of his nomination paper because he knew fully well that if he did not subscribe the oath before the date of actual H scrutiny his non1ination \-\'ould be rejected. He was not a serious contender

.I.II. PATELv. SUBHAN KHAN 867

for the seat of that Channagiri constituenc)'; othernise he "'cn1ld hin1self A have filed the nomination papers as he did in the case of Davanagere constituency. It is, therefore, obvious that the voter had been responsible for his no1nination in the Channagiri constituency. Fro1n these facts it emerged that he did not inform the Returning Otlicer of his having taken oath before the Returning Otlicer of Davanagere constituency on October B 27, 1994 nor did he produce the certificate before the Returning Oflicer of Channagiri constituency. He did not seek time for its production either.

This backdrop was suflicient to create a doubt regarding the bona }ides of the respondent. The rejection of the non1ination paper \\'as a planned action. In any case, the respondent "'as hin1self to blame for the rejection of his nornination papers rrlating to the Channagiri constituency. It is not C

nu.rcly a question of et1nity but a <JUestion of principle that a person \\'ho deliberately and designedly fails to. disclose inforniation \rithin his special knonledge and fails to produce material in that behalf thereby virtually engineering the rejection of his nomination cannot be per1nitted to raise a fresh ground which would adversely affect the opposite party. A party D \Yhich does not co1ne to court \'t'ith clean hands cannot seek such an indulgence. In the circun1stances of this case, a serious doubt arises as to the hona fides of the respC1ndent in oniitting to produce the n1atcrial evidence before the Returning Ollicer. The respondent had planned the rt'jection of his no1nination. The n1ere production of the certificate on the

record of the present procecdings cannot satisfy the rcquiren1ent of A.rticle E 173 of the Consti.tution. That certificate mercly stated that he had taken an oath as required by Article 173 but what is important is the text of that docu1nent i.e., \\'hether it \\'as in the prescribed form or not. The Returning Oflicer at Channagiri \\'ould huve to satisfy hiniself that the oath taken at Davanagere \\-'as in the form prescribed under Article 173 of the Constitu- F tion and a mere certificate to the efl'ect that he had taken oath \\'ould not sutlice. Even the production of the Certificate \vould not have been suflicient to invalidate the election of the appellant. [879-H-H; 880-A-C]

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil appeal No. 17Y5 of 1996 Etc.

From the Judgment and Order dated 3.l.96 of the Karnataka High Court in E.P. No. 10 of 1995.

S.J. Sorahjcc, K N. Bhatt, S. Sukumaran, for JED & Co., Raju H

A Ramachandran, Ejaz Maqbool, B.K. Mishra, Ms. Shabana Tarannum, and Joseph Pookett for the appearing parties.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

B AHMADI, CJI. By an order dated March 20, 1996, Civil Appeal No. 1795/96 was allowed and the impugned order of the High Court dated January 3, 1996, was set aside. The Civil Appeal No. 3677/96 which was actually cross objections liled by the respondent in Civil Appeal No. 1795/96 was dismissed. The election petition from which the present appeals arose was consequently dismissed. The present judgment is lo pro- C vide reasons for the above order.

First, the facts in brief, Shri Subhan Khan, the respondent in Civil Appeal No. 1795/96, (hereinafter referred lo as the respondent), filed the election petition challenging the election Shri J.H. Patel, the appellant in D C.A. 'lo. 1795196, from 158 Channagiri Legislative Assembly Comtituency

on the ground that his (respondent's) nomination paper \Vas improperly rejected by the Retllrning officer. One Sri E. Shekharappa, a voter from the sa1ne constituency, filed a nomination paper propoing the respondent's name on October 29, 1994. The Returning Officer issued a notice to the respondent to inake and subscribe the oath or affirn1ation E before the date appointed for scrutiny of the nomination paper, that is, November 3, 1994. The preceding two days i.e., November 1, 1994 & November 2, 1994, were public holidays. The respondent came to the office of the Returning officer on November 3, 1994 at 9.00 a.m. and took oath under Article 173 of the Constitution of India at J0.55 a.m. before the F Tehsildar, Channagiri Taluk. The scrutiny was to commence at 11.00 a.m. when the respondent produced the certificate of having taken oath. The Returning officer rejected the nomination of the respondent. Elections were held on November 26, 1994 and on December 9, 1994 the appellant was declared elected. The respondent challenged the election as void on the ground that the rejection of his nomination \Vas improper. The election G petition was contested by the appellant. The High Court held that the oath taken on November 3, 1994, at 10.55 a.m. was not sufficient but the the oath taken on October 27, 1994 at Davanagere Constituency, as required by Article 173 of the Constitution of India as evidenced by Ex. P.l, although nut brought to the notice of the Returning Officer at the tin1e of scrutiny, H would qllalify him to contest the election from the concerned constituency.

. _,.

... -.

J.H. PATELv. SUBHANKHAN[AHMADI,0.] 869

The High Court further held that the respondent was entitled to raise any A fresh ground or produce any fresh material to prove the fact that his nomination paper was improperly rejected and the fact the respondent did not bring this fact to the notice of the Returning Officer would not disentitle him to rely on the fact before the High Court. The High Court accordingly concluded that the rejection of the nomination paper of the respondent was improper and hence set aside the election.

The impugned judgment is challenged on the ground that the decision of the High Court in accepting fresh material produced for the

first time before it was based on an erroneous understanding of the judgments of this Court in N. T Ve/uswami Ihevar v. G. Raja Nainar and C Othm, AIR (1959) SC 422 and Birad Mal Singhvi v. Anand Purohit, AIR ( 1988) SC 1796; that the reasoning of the High Court if accepted would lead to absurd results as mischievous clements could then file nomination at one place and take oath at another and later challenge the rejection of the nomination; that the Returning Officer was right in rejecting the nomination paper on the basis of material placed before him and that the D plea of the respondent in the face of his unfair and improper conduct \vould amount to misuse of the electoral process.

In the cross-objections filed by the respondent, he reiterates that the oath taken at 10.55 a.m. on November 3, 1994 was valid and that the finding E of the High Court lo the effect that he had not brought to the notice of the Returning Officer about the affirmation at Davanagerc is incorrect.

From the above narration, one question of fact comes up for consideration, namely, \Vhether the respondent had informed the returning Officer that he had subscribed an oath or affirmation in the prescribed F from in the Davanagere constituency on October 27, 1994. The questions of law that arise for consideration are: (a) whether the oath taken at 10.55 a.m. on November 3, 1994 would suffice for the scrutiny held at 11.00 a.m. on that very day; (b) whether the oath taken on October 27, 1994 at Davanagere could be taken into consideration from scrutiny of the nomina- G tion for the concerned constituency; and ( c) whether the election could be set aside on the basis of oath of October 27, 1994 even if the question of fact raised by the respondent is decided iri the negative.

So far as the fact in issue is concerned, \VC have to begin from the initial flaw in the pleadings of the respondent. As pointed out by the High H

A Court, the respondent pleaded lhal he had brought to the notice of the Returning Officer lhal he had taken oath al Davanagere but did not plead that he had shown the certificate Ex. P. l evidencing the laking of the oath.

In fact, the best way to satisfy the Returning Oflicer about the oath was lo

present the certificate. His witnesses say that the certificate was shown. The

Assistant Returning Officer and the Returning Officer of the concerned constituency depose to the contrary. The order of the Returning Officer Ex. P.4 does not make any mention of any such certificate or any information being given by the respondent about the previous oath. No allegation of bias has been made against the Returning Officer. We are of the opinion that evaluation of evidence on this aspect by the High Court does not call for any interference and \Ve agree with the finding that the respondent ha<l nol informed the Returning Ofliccr that he had already taken oath as required by Article 173 of the Constitution on October 27, 1994 at Davanagerc.

oath There is hardly any scope for controversy about the validity of the taken at 10.55 a.n1. on Nove111ber 3, 1.994 \Vhich was the datt.; of scrutiny. This C:ourt in its earlier judgn1ents in the ca:-.e of Pashupati Nath Singh v. Hmihal' Pra.rud Singh, [1968] 2 SCR 812 and in the case of KJwje Khanavar KJ1aderkhan Hussain Khan and Others v. Siddavanbafli Nijalingappa & Anotl1e1; [1969] 3 SCR 524 has categorically held that the oath E required by Article 173 of the Constitution of India has to be taken prior to the date of scrutiny of the nomination paper and on the same day, minutes before the scrutiny. This Court look note of the provisions of Section 36(2) of the Representation of People's act, 1951 and made the following observation :

"It .seems to us that the expression

11on the date fixec.1 for scrutiny'' ins. 36(2)(a) means "on the whole of the day on which the scrutiny of nomination has to take place. 11 Jn other \vorcls1 the qualification must exist from the earliest moment of the day of scrutiny. It will be noticed that on this date the Returning Officer has lo decide the objections and the objections have to be made by the other candidates after examining the nomination papers and in the light of s. 36(2) of the Act and other provisions. On the dale of the scrutiny the other candidates should be in a position to raise all possible objections before the scrutiny of <1 particular nomination paper starts."

-..

J.I-1. PATEL v. SUBHAN KHAN [AHMADI, CJ.] 871

We subscribe to the same view. \ A

However, before we proceed to the next point, we must refer lo the decision of this Court in the case of Rani Sivantp v. Har{ Rani and Other'i, [1983J 3 SCC 373 wherein this Court held that it was enough if the candidate could safoly that on the dale of scrutiny he was not qualified or B disqualilied for being chosen to fill the seal under Article 191 of the Constitution. The High Court did not apply the ratio of this decision to the facts of the present case as it turned on the language of Article 191 and not Article 173 with which we are presently concerned. That is perhaps the reason why the Court did not refer to the l\VO decisions relied on \\'hilc deciding the case of Ran1 S1vanl]J. The two-Judge Bench in Rani ~)'ivarup's C case could not have taken a vie\v different fron1 the vie\v taken by the thrce-J udgl'. Benches in the earlier l\VO cases. We are, therefore, of the vic\v on this roint the High Court's decision cannot be faulted.

There was not n1uch controversy at the Bar that the oath to be taken D under Article 173 of the Constitution of India once taken for any constituency \voulJ be valid for the election to the concerned assembly. The earlier judgments of this Court on this point, as pointed out by the High Court, are also to the same effect. The central controversy in the case is the effect of nondisclosure of the fact of having subscribed an oath on an earlier date prior to scrutiny. The earlier oath, if any, has to be subjected E to scrutiny on the date and place lixed for the purpose. The subject matter of scrutiny is prm; ded for the Section 36(2) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 :

"(2) The returning officer shall then examine the nomination F papers and shall decide all objections which may be made to any non1ination and may, either on such objection or on his O\Vll n1otion, after such summary inquiry, if any, as he thinks necessary, reject any non1ination on any of the follov1ing grounds :

(a) that on the date fixed for the scrutiny of nominations the G candidate either is not qualified or is disqualified for being chosen lo fill the seat under any of the following provisions that may be applicable, namely :

Articles 84, 102, 173 and 191.

Part U of this Act, and sections 4 and 14 cf the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963 (20 of 1961); or

(b) that there has been a failure to comply with any of the provisions of section 33 or Section 34; or

( c) that the signature of the candidate or the proposer on the nomination paper is not genuinc.' 1

It can be seen that the eligibility of the candidate as per the requirements of Article 173 of the Constitution is squarely a matter for scrutiny.

The oath subscribed by the candidate would itself be subject lo scrutiny.

C The mere information that an oath has been subscribed could not have

fulfilled the requirement of scrutiny. Even Ex. P.1 would fall short of the requirement. Ex. P.l is quoted below for facility of its examination:

Ex. P.l

ANNEXURE-B

(Certificate for receipt of Furn1 of ()ath)

(To be handed mer lo the candidate by the authorised person)

Certified that Shri Subhan Khan (name) a candidate for election to the 41-Davanagere Legislative Asscn1bly Constituency has made and subscribed the oath/affirmation as required by the Constitution of India, before me at my office at 12-45 (hours) on 27.10.1994 (date).

Date: 27.10.1994

Sd/ 27.10.1994 Electoral Officer No. 41, Davanagere Assembly Constituency

I, the Petitioner, verify that the contents of this document Anne,"llre-B arc true to the best of my knowledge.

sd/ Subhan Khan Petitioner

' JJL PATEL"- S!JBHAN KHAN (AllMADl, CLJ 873

The certificate does not reproduce the oath subscribed. The candidate A contesting the election could not, therefore, have scrutinised the validity of the oath and could not have raise any objection to it.

It was contended on behalf of the respondent thal he had brought to the notice of the Returning Officer that he had taken oath in lhe B Davanagere constituency and had shown Ex. P-1 to him. The High Court has on an evaluation of the evidence of PWs 1 lo 4, 8 and 9 on the one hand, and PWs 5 and 6 on the other, come to the conclusion that this part of the version is unacceptable. The High Court notices that there was no averment in the petition that Ex. P.1 \Vas sho\vn, nor is there any n1cntion about it in the order Ex. P.4 rejecting the n•Jmination. We, too, have C carefully scrutinised the evidence and see no reason lo depart fron1 the conclusion reached by the High Court. Therefore, this finding of the High Court assailed in cross-appeal must be upheld.

In this situation, could the respondent be allowed to prove the factum D and validity of the oath taken by him at Davanagerc on October 27, 1994 by an altogether fresh plea raised before lhc High Court ? Relying on two decisions of this Court, viz., (i) N. T. Veluswami Thevar and (ii) Birad Mal Singhvi (supra), the High Court allowed fresh plea to be raised and concluded that the nomination was wrongly rejected which resulted in the election of the appellant being vitiated. The question is whether the High Court was right in doing so.

In the first mentioned case, the facts were that the election of the success[ ul candidate was cballenged by one of the Voters of the constituency for the reason that the nomination paper of the 4th respondent had been F wrongly rejected by the Returning Officer on the ground that he was holding an office of profit, in that) he \Vas the Headmaster of the Govern ment-aided school at the relevant point of time. The contention was that the ground on \vhich the nomination paper was rejected \Vas improper as the 4th respondent had ceased to be a Headmaster at the time of his G non1ination and further that he was employed in a private institution. The appellant, the successful candidate, who was the second respondent in the petition) contended that even if the ground on \vhich the non1ination \Vas rejected was improper, the decision of the Returning Officer could still be supported as the 4th respondent was interested in (Jovernment contr3cts and had agreed to serve as a teacher under the District Board. The H

874 S[ii'REME COURT REPORTS IJ996] SUPP. 3 5.CR.

A quction \Vhich arose for consideration \Vax \Vhelher in an election petition chaHcnging the correctness of the re, iectiun of a non1ination paper under Seel ion lllll(l)(c) of the Representation of the people Act, 1951 it was open lo the parties tu raise grounds of disqualification other than those put forward .before the Returning Officer. This Court held that an election B petition is in the nature of original proceedings and not appellate proceedings against the or<ler of the Returning Officer and hence the jurisdiction need nut be confined to one exercised by an appellate authority. The Court, therefore, held that it was open to the successful candidate to support the decbion of the Returning Officer on a ground different from the one on which the nomination came to be rejected. c In the second mentioned case, the appellant's, Le., the successful candidate's, election was challenged by the respondent, an elector, on the. ground that the result of the election was materially affected by the improper rejection of the nomination papers of three candidates, Umrao D Ben, Hukmichand and Suraj Prakash Joshi. It was contended that Sml.

Umrao Ben was an elector in Sardarpura Constituency and the Returning Officer wrongly rejected her nomination paper without affording her an opportunity to produce a copy of the electoral roll; Hukmichand and Suraj Prakash Joshi were both more than 25 years of age on the date of their nomination and yet the Returning Officer had rejected their nomination E papers holding them to be below 25 year of age. The mccessful candidate contended that Cmrao Ben had failed to file a certified copy of the relevant entry in the electoral roll of Sardarpura Constituency along with her nomination and had further failed to produce the same for scrutiny and therefore, the Returning Officer was justified in rejecting her nomination F paper. As regards the other two, Hnkmichand and Suraj Prakash Joshi, he contended that neither of them was present before the Returning Officer al the time of scrutiny and since the entries contained in the electoral roll indicated that they were below 25 years of age, the Returning Officer rightly rejected their nomination papers. The High Court held that the nomination of the first mentioned candidate was rightly rejected as she had G failed to comply with <he statutory requirement, but in regard lo the other two, it held that the rejection was improper as both the candidates were above the age of 25 years. The High Court set aside the election of the successful candidate. When the matter was heard in appeal by this Court, the rejection of Umrao Ben's nomination was upheld. Insofar as the H n(imination papers of the other t1vo candidates were concerned, this Courtt

.I.I!. l'ATFL F. SUBllAN KIJAN [AHMADI, Cl.] 875

on an examination of the 1naterial placed on rccorJ, came to the conclusion that the High Court's approach in evalu<:1ting the evidence concerning the dates nf hirth \Vas \Vholly \Vrnng and hence it had con1111ittcd a serious error in Jccepting that evidence and holding the appellant's election to be void.

It would thus be seen that even on the fresh material before the High Court, oral as wel1 as docun1entary, the decision of the Returning ()fficer could not be assailed. On the question whether the decision of the Returning ()f[icer can be a:; sailed \vhcn the candidate or his agent did not re1nain present at the tin1c of scrutiny an<l 111ure particularly \Vhen his decision on the material then available is found to be proper, this Court held that since the enquiry at the stage of scrutiny is of a summary nature and since the proceedings in the High Court arc original and not appellate, it is open to place fresh material before the High Court to show that the rejection of the nomination paper was erroneous. The limited purpose for placing this decision was to show that the decision of the Returning Officer could be challenged on grounds other than one accepted by him, by adducing fresh evidence.

\Ve may mention that in Hussain Klian's case (supra), the election of the first respondent from Shiggaon constituency was challenged on the ground that he had made the affirmation before the Returning Officer of the Shiggaon constituency on the date of scrutiny and not prior thereto as required by the decision in Paslwpati Nat/l's case (supra). The first respondent sought to support the decision of the Returning Ofllcer by pointing out that he had filed his nomination at two other places, Bagalkot and Haspel, and had validly made allirmations at those places prior to the date of scrutiny i.e., January 21., 1967. Thi.s atten1pt \Vas questioned on t\vo grounds, namely (i) that this was a new case being set up on behalf of the first respondent for the first time and (ii) that the affirmation in Bagalkot and. Hospet could not enure Lo the benefit of the first respondent for holding him qualified to stand for election from Shiggaon constituency. On

the first point, this Court held that since the challenge was based on Pashupati Nath's case which itself was as new ground permitted to the G appellants, there was no justification for debarring the first respondent from putting forward the alternative case on the basis of the affirmations made at Bagalkot and Haspel. On the second point, the court referred to the evidence and come to the conc1usion that the affirmations ma<le at the

sai<l t\vo places could be used to support the decision of the Returning Officer in regard to the acceptance of the nomination paper of the first H

876 SUPREME COURT RFPORTS ll996J SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A respondent. It \vill, thus, be seen that in this case also, the successful can<lidate was allowed to defend lhe decision of the Returning Officer on a ground lhan lhe one which weighed with the Returning Officer.

From the case law discussed above, it seems clear lo us that an election petition, being original proceedings and not appellate proceedings, the High Court's jurisdiction cannot be confined to the grounds on which the Returning Officer rejected the nomination. We agree with the High Court that it was not precluded from considering any other ground or fresh material bearing on the question of the rejection of the nomination paper.

It is pertinent to note that in Veluswanli's case as \Vcll as in Hussain's case1 C the successful candidate sought to support the Returning Officer's decision of rejection of the nomination paper on other grounds when it was realised that the ground on which the rejection was based was unsustainable; in other words, the fresh grounds were set up by way of a shield and not a s\vord. Ho\vever: in Birad Mal's case the fresh ground \Vas invoked to D unsettle the election of the successful candidate but the attempt did not succeed. In the present case, the situation is just the reverse, in that, it has resulted in upsetting the election of the successful candidate.

Mr. Soli .I. Sorabjee, the learned Senior Counsel for the appellant, contended that even if it is assumed that the candidate whose nomination E is rejected can be permitted to question he correctness of the rejection on a ground other than the one on which the rejection was founded, the Court should be extremely circumspect about the same because of the possibility of mischief that can be played to defeat the election if the desired result is not achieved. He contended that as an election strategy nomination F papers can be filed in the name of a dummy candidate at two or more places and the oath or afflfmation as required by article 173 can be subscribed at one place and not at other places, thus permitting the nominations to be rejected. If at the other places the candidate of choice wins, the dummy candidate would keep quiet but if the rival succeeds, his

election would be challenged through the dummy candidate by raising the G plea that he had taken oath at another constituency and therefore his nomination was wrongly rejected. If such a plea is allowed to be raised even though he had not brought this fact to the notice of the Returning Officer, the successful candidate who won the election after considerable effort and expense and even personal discomfiture would find all that H wasted for no fault of his own. Jn fact, the wrong doer, that is the person

J.H. PATEL v. SUllHAN KHAN [Al-l~WJI, CJ.] 877

who deliberately suppressed the information, \vould succeed. He, there- A fore, submitted that the court should permit a new ground to be raised only as a defence as in the cases of Ve/uswami and Hussain Khan (supra). He lastly submitted that even if the court does not restrict the scope of its jurisdiction in this behalf, it should permit it sparingly, keeping in view the

possibility of mifsch 1 ief. Hdedurgcdhthathin 11 such cahses

1 the_ Courft hshould test .B the bona }ides o t 1e can 1 ate w o c a enges t e e ect10n o t e success ful candidate and ascertain if he was put up as a dummy to be used, if need be.

Mr. Raju Ramachandran, learned counsel for the respondent, sub milted that election law being a technical law, there was no room for equity. C He submitted that the application of Pashupati Nath's case should be confined to its own facts and Hussain Khan's case does not lay down any law s; nce it merely follows the earlier decision without any discussion whatsoever. He lastly contended that the respondent had gone to Bombay on October 29, 1994 and as soon as his father who received the notice D informed him of the same, he returned on October 31, 1994 took oath at the earliest opportunity on November 3, 1994 since November 1, 1994 and November 2, 1994 were admittedly public holidays. He, therefore, submitted that there was no delay on the part of the respondent.

Now let us carefully examine the facts of this case. The calendar of events for the General Elections case. The calendar of events for the General Elections to the 10th Karnataka Legislative Assembly was published on October 24, 1994. Accordingly to the said calendar the last date for filing nomination papers was fixed as October 31, 1994, and the date for scrutiny of the nominations was fixed as November 3, 1994. According to

F the respondent, he filed his nomination paper for contesting the election from 41, Davanagere Legislative Assembly Constituency on October 27, 1994 and on the same day he took oath as required by Article 173 of the Constitution of India. Two days later on October 29, 1994, the respondent's name was proposed for candidature from 158, Channagiri Legislative G Assembly Constituency by an elector. Since the respondent had not subscribed an oath or affirmation as required by Article 173, the Returning Officer gave notice on the same day reminding him to do so before the date of scrutiny. Indisputably, the respondent took oath before the Assistant Returning Officer at 10.55 a.m. on November 3, 1994, the date fixed for scrutiny of nomination papers. In vie\v of this court's ruling in Pashupati H

A Nath 's case the oath taken minutes before the scrutiny was to commence was of no avail to the respondent. The respondent's contention that he had informed the Returning Officer that he had taken oath on October 27, ;994 when he filed his nomination for the Davanagerc constituency (two days before his proposer tiled the nomination for the Channagiri constituency)

B and that he had produced the certificate Ex. P.1 in that behalf before the Returning Officer has not been accepted as proved by the High Court and we have subscribed to that view.

Since we have already dealt with the case law in the earlier part of this judgment, \VC do not consider it necessary to restate the same except C to say that the potential for mischief as pointed out by Mr. Sorabjee is real

and not imaginary. The Court must, therefore, bear in mind this fact while deciding whether or not lo entertain a fresh plea which was not put forward before the Returning Officer at the time of scrutiny of the nomination paper and the rejection thereof. The evidence.on record in the present case D shows that both the respondent and his father were experienced persons since they had contested assembly elections on more occasions than one.

The respondent had personally filed the nomination papers for the Davanagcre constituency on October 27, 1994 and had also subscribed to the oath under Article 173 of the Constitution. Of course, he withdrew his

candidature later but does not disclose whether he withdrew before the date cf scrutiny or thereafter. He did not file his nomination for the Channagiri constituency. According to him, he had left for Bombay by the afternoon of October 29, 1994 which shows that he had no intention to contest from that constituency. A voter from the Channagiri constituency known to him had proposed his name and filed the nomination papers for election from that constituency on October 29, 1994. He must have informed the respondent or his father about the same, even if we assume the respondent was not aware of the same before the papers were filed. The Returning Officer sent a reminder to the respondent on that very day, i.e., October 29, 1994, informing him that he had failed to subscribe an oath or affirmation in respect of his nomination for the said constituency and G should do so before the date of scrutiny. This letter was admittedly received by the father of the respondent who must have informed him about the same. If the father of the respondent had informed him on telephone, he could have told his father that he had already subscribed an oath an October 27, 1994 at Davanagerc constituency and could have instructed H him to produce the certificate in that behalf before the Returning Officer.

. '

.l.H. PATEL v. SUBIIAN KHAN [AHMADl,0.J 879

He claims that he returned from Bombay on October 31, 1994 and as the A lst and 2nd of November 1994 were public holidays, he could take the oath earliest on November 3, 1994 as soon as the office of the Returning Officer opened for the day. A.s stated earlier that oath is of no avail. No\v, as found on facts he did not inform the Returning Officer that he had subscribed an oath on October 27, 1994 nor did he produce Ex. P.J before the Returning Officer. That is the finding of fact recorded by the High Court to \vhich \Ve have subscribed. There was no reason for the returning Officer not to accept the certificate Ex. P.l if it was tendered to him when he himself had written to the respondent on October 29, 1994 to complete that requirement. If that be so, it becomes obvious that he deliberately allowed the rejection of his nomination paper because he knew fully well that if he <lid not subscribe the oath before the date of actual scrutiny his nomination would be rejected. He was not a serious contender for the scat of the Channagiri constituency otherwise he would himself have filed the nomination papers as he did in the case of Davanagerc constituency. It is, therefore, obvious that the voter had been responsible for his nomination in the D Channagiri constituency. From these facts it emerges that he did not inform the Returning Officer of his having taking an oath before the Returning Officer of Davanagere constituency on October 27, 1994 nor did he produce Ex. P.l before the Returning Officer of Channagiri constituency.

He <lid not seek time for its production either. This backurop is sufficient to create a doubt regarding the bona fides of the respondent. It leaves one with the impression that the rejection of the nomination paper was a planned action. In any case, the respondent was himself to blame for the rejection of his nomination papers relating to the Channagiri constituency.

Should then his omission to produce the material evidence regarding his having taken oath at the Davanagere constituency on October 27, 1994, before the Channagiri Returning Officer result in unseating the appellant,

the successful candidate ? It is not merely a question of equity but a question of principle that a person who deliberately and designedly fails to disclose information within his special knowledge and fails to produce material in that behalf thereby virtually engineering the rejection of his G nomination cannot be permitted to raise a fresh ground which would adversely affect the opposite party. A party which does not come to court with clean hands cannot seek such an indulgence. In the circumstances of this case, as serious doubt arises as lo the bona fidcs of the respondent in omitting to produce the material evidence before the Returning Officer. H

A We feel reasonably sure thal the respondent had planned lhe rejection of his nomination. We are, therefore, of the opinion that the High Court was wrong in seUing aside the election of the appellant on thal ground.

Secondly, lhe mere production of the certificate Ex. P.1 on the record of the present proceet!ings cannot satisfy the requirement of Article B 173 of the Constitution. That certificate merely states that he had taken an oath as required by Article 173 but what is important is the text of that document i.e., whether it was in the prescribet! form or not. The Returning Officer at Channagiri would have to satisfy himself that the oalh laken at Davanagere was in the form prescribet! under Article 173 of the Constitu- C tion and mere certificate to the effect that he had taken oath would nol suffice. We are, therefore, of the opinion that even the production of Ex.

P.1 would not have been sufficient to invalidate the election of the appellant.

These are our reasons in support of the order which we made on D March 20, 1996. As mentioned in the said order, there shall be not order as lo costs.

R.A.

Appeal allowed.

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