SMT. SARLA DIXIT AND ANR. v.

BALWANT YADAV AND ORS.

FEBRUARY 29, 1996

[S.P. BHARUCHA AND S.B. MAJMUDAR, JJ.)

Motor Vehicles Act, 1939--Section llOA-Accident claim-Deceased, aged 27 years was serving as Captain in Anny-<iross salary of Rs. 1500 ..., C p.m.-Future-Average gross monthly income of Rs. 2200-1/Jrd deducted by way of personal expenses-Multiplier of 15-Rs. 15,00o-By way of loss of estate and consortium-Award of total amount of Rs. 2,85,000.

Tort-Contributory Negligence-Accident on intersection of public road-Deceased on scooter had crossed centre of road going towards southern D side-Truck coming from western side dashed with right side of scooter-Case of negligence of driver of truck:-Deceased had not contributed to the accident.

The appellants, widow and daughter of the deceased who died in a road accident, filed a claim petition u/s HOA of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939, claiming a sum of Rs. 6,12,524 on various heads against the respon E dents, driver and owner of the offending truck. The Accident Claims Tribunal after computing the compensation of Rs. 1,70,238 on account of untimely death of the deceased, payable to the appellant slicell it down by 75% on the ground that deceased was guilty of contributory negligence to the extent of 75% and the truck driver was negligenct only to the extent of F 25% and awarded in all Rs. 42,569 to the appellants. Respondents nos. 1 and 2 were made liable to pay the amount while respondent no. 3, the insurance company was exonerated by the Tribunal on ground that at the relevant time the offending truck W'dS being driven by respondent no. 2 who was not having any driving licence. In appeal, the High Court awarded a G total compensation of Rs. 54,000 while holding that nothing was required to be sliced down from the amount as deceased was not guilty of any contributory negligence and the entire negligence rested on the shoulder of respondent no. 2, driver of the truck. Appellant's rest of the claim against respondents was dismissed. Challenge of respondents nos. 1 and • 2 to the award of the Tribunal exonerating the insurance company was H rejected by the High Court. It was ordered that the appellants shall receive

SARLADIXITv. B. YADAV 31

one half costs of the proceeding before the Claims Tribunal and one-half A costs of the appeal from respondents nos. 1 and 2 while they had to pay the cost of insurance company i'n the proceeding before the claim Tribunal.

The appellants aggrieved by the order passed by the High Court obtained special leave to appeal under Art. 136 of the Constitution of India from this Court.

The appellants contended that the deceased aged 27 years, serving as Captain in Indian Army, was going on scooter when he was hit by the offending truck while the scooter had entered the intersection, resulting in his instantaneons death; that once it was held that the accident was caused C on account of sole negligence of respondent no. 2, driver of the truck, looking to the yonng age of the deceased and his future prospects in life the High Court should have granted appropriate compensation to the appellants and that the award of Rs. 54,000 was extremely conservative and was too low.

The respondents nos. 1 and 2 while snpporting the award of compensation as granted by the High Court sought to challenge the finding of High Court that deceased was not guilty of any contributory negligence, snbmitting that the Tribunal was right in taking the view that deceased

was guilty of contributory negligence and that in any case the amount E awarded by the High Court was not required to be enhanced, even though it might not be reduced as there was no cross appeal by respondents nos. 1and2.

Y The points raised for determination were (i) what was the proper amonnt of compensation payable to the appellants on account of the F accidental death of deceased caused by the offending truck ? and (ii) whether deceased had contributed towards the accident by his own negligence to any extent.

Disposing of the matter, this Court G HELD : 1.1. Deceased, the only bread-winner in the family of the appellants was cut short in the prime period of life at the age of 27 by the accident caused by the truck.driver respondent no. 2. He had put in seven years of niilitary service by that time. He was earlier a Lieutenant in the Anny. Then he was promoted to the rank of Captain and was fully qualified H

A for promotion to the rank of a major at the time of his death. The certificate issued by Dy. Comdt. showed that the deceased had obtained some medals during active service in various operation areas. He bad passed his M.A. examination at the time of his death. He was in the time scale of Rs. 1000-50-1550. He had large nnmber of years of military service B ahead of him which would have certainly taken him to higher echelons in the military career. The evidence showed that he was a teetotaller. He did not smoke or drink. Deceased in the present case was earning gross salary of Rs. 1,543 per month. Rounding it upto figure of Rs. 1,500 and keeping in view all the future prospects which the deceased had in stable military C service in the light of his brilliant academic record and performance in the military service spread over 7 years, and also keeping in view the other imponderables like accidental death while discharging military duties and the hazards of military service, it will not be unreasonable to predicate that his gross monthly income would have shot up to at least double than D what he was earning at the time of his death, i.e., Rs. 3000 per month had he survived in life and had successfully completed bis future military career till the time of superannuation. The average gross future monthly income could be arrived at by ailding the actual gross income at the time of death, namely Rs. l,500 per month to the maximum which he would have otherwise got had he not died a premature death, i.e., Rs. 3,000 per month E and dividing the figure by two. Thus the average gross monthly income spread over his entire future career, had it been available, would work out to Rs. 4,500 divided by 2, i.e., Rs. 2,200. Rs. 2,200 per month would have been the gross monthly average. income available to the family of the

F deceased had he survived as a bread winner. From the gross monthly income at least l/3rd will have to be deducted by way of his personal expenses and other liabilities like payment of income tax etc. That would work out to Rs. 730 per month but even taking a higher figure of Rs. 750

per month and deducting the same by way of average personal expenses of the deceased from the average gross earning of Rs. 2,200 per month G balance of Rs.1,450 which can be rounded off to Rs. l,500 per month would have been the average amount available to the family of the deceased, i.e., his dependents, namely, appellants herein. It is this figure which would be the datum figure per month which on annual basis would work out to Rs. 18,000. Rs. 18,000, therefore, would be the proper multiplicant which would H be available for capitalisation for computing the future economic loss

SARLADJX!Tv. B. YADAV 33

suffered by the appellants on account of untimely death of the bread A winner. As the age of the deceased was 27 years and few a months, at the time of his death the proper multiplier would be 15. Rs. 18,000 multiplied by 15 will work out to Rs. 2,70,000. To this figure will have to be added the conventional figure of Rs. 15,000 by way of loss of estate and consortium etc. That will lead to a total figure of Rs. 2,85,000. This is the amount which B the appellant would be entitled to get by way of compensation from respondents nos. 1 and 2. [38-D-E, G-H; 42-F-H, 43-A-G)

Hardeo Kaur & Ors. v. Rajasthan State Electricity Corporation & Anr., [1992) 2 sec 567, distinguished

General Man ager, Kera/a State Road Transport Corporation, Trivendrum v. Susamma Thomas (Mrs.) & Ors., [1994) 2SCC176, relied on.

1.2 When the scooterist had entered the intersection from the northc

ern side and had covered almost half the distance of the width of that D intersection the offending truck came from the western side and dashed against the scooter and threw it off along with the driver and the pillion rider. That indicated how fast the truck would have been driven from west to east on the main road and because of that speed the scooterist who had already crossed half the width of the road, was thrown off. That also E indicated that the driver of the truck, respondent no.2 had not cared to see the scooterist who had almost reached half way across his path while he was proceeding from west to east on road no. 7 and without caring for the safety of the scooterist who would have been clearly visible to him in the broad day light while he was coming from the western side of the road F and without least bothering for the safety of the scooterist crossing the intersection. He almost ran over the scooter and threw it off. The injuries noted by the doctor in the post-mortem report did not indicate that the deceased was run over by the wheel of the truck but the severe impact caused by the accident all on the right side of the body of the deceased indicated the fierce collision between the scooter and the front left wheel G of the truck. There would thus be two types of negligence on the part of the truck driver, (i) he was proceeding with very high speed even though he was approaching an intersection on that road; and (ii) the driver did not care to look out for the safety of the scooterist who had already crossed half of the intersection and almost come to the middle of the intersection H and who would naturally be very must visible to the truck driver coming

A from the western side and proceeding towards the east. The driver, respondent no. 2, did not care even to slow down his speed. [46-C-GJ

All these facts unequivocally point to one and only conclusion that it was the rash and negligent driving by respondent no. 2, a young boy aged 20, who was a novice driver without a license to drive such heayy vehicle, B that had caused this nnfortnnate accident. Deceased was not at all negligent and had not contribnted to the accident. [47-E-F]

1.3 Regulation (7) of Tenth Schedule of the Motor Vehicles Act could have been pressed in service against deceased if it was shown that while C entering the intersection, having seen the on coming truck from his right hand side he had not taken due precaution. Such a situation, on the facts of the present case, was found to be absent. On the other hand respondent no. 2 driving the offending truck on the main road no. 7 from west to east was shown to have committed breach of Regulation (6) of the same D Schedule. Respondent no. 2 was required to slow down while approaching the road intersection or junction and as he had not done so but went on driving with full speed the offending truck which threw off the scootcrist who was already in the middle of the intersection, he was guilty of breach of Regulation (6) of Tenth Schedule and had endangered the safety of the persons crossing the said road at the relevant time. Consequently the E recklessness and negligence in driving the offending truck at the relevant time wholly rest on the shoulder of respondent no. 3. Hence the question of slicing down the compensation does not arise. [48-E-F, H; 49-A-B]

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 5157 of 1992.

From the Judgment and Order dated 12.11.84 of the Madhya Pradesh High Court in C.M.A.No. 174 of 1977.

S.K. Gambhir for the Appellants.

S.K. Bagga, Ms. Tanuj Bagga, Ms. Monica Bhanot and Ms. Shureshtha Bagga for the Respondent Nos. 1-2.

Dr. (Ms.) Meera Agarwal, N.L. Kakkar, R.C. Mishra for Agarwal & H Mishra & Co. for the Respondent No.3.

...

SARLADIXITv. B. YADAV[S.B.MAJMUDAR, J.] 35

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by A

S.B. MAJ MUD AR, J. The appellants, who were the original claimants in Claim Petition No.9 of 1976 before the Motor Accidents Claim Tribunal, Gwalior, have felt aggrieved by the order passed by the High Court of Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur, Bench Gwalior in Civil Misc. Appeal B No.174 of 1977 by which, according to the appellants, the High Court only marginally enhanced the compensation payable by respondents nos.1 and 2 to the appellants. They have obtained special leave to appeal under Article 136 of the Constitution of India from this Court and that is how this appeal was placed for final hearing before us.

Introductory Facts

A few relevant facts leading to these proceedings may be noted at

the outset. Appellant No.1 is the widow of late Captain Rama Kant Dixit who died on 16th March 1975 in a road accident. Appellant No.2 was the D minor daughier of appellant no.1 who by no"'. has become major as she was aged 14 years in 1985 when Petition for Special Leave to Appeal was moved in this Court. It is the case of the appellants that late Capt. Rama Kant Dixit was hit by the offending truck owned by respondent no.1 which was driven at the relevant time by respondent no.2. The truck was insured against third party risk by respondent no.3. That on the relevant date of E the accident the deceased was aged 27 years and was serving as Captain in Indian Army. He was going on 16th March 1975 at about 11.00 a.m. from Chandra Prasth Colony side towards Mall Road, Morar, within the city of Gwalior. That at that time respondent no.2 was driving the aforesaid truck and was coming from the side of Gola-Ka-Mandir and was proceeding F towards a locality known as J&K. The said road was a public road admeasuring 25 ft. in width and was running from west to east. The truck was proceeding from west to east going towards eastern side where locality J&K was situated. On the said road intersection no. 7 another public road, was proceeding from. north to south and it was known as Indraprastha Road. The deceased at the relevant time was driving a scooter carrying a. G pillion rider, appellants' witness no.7 one Ramji Sharma. It is the case of the appellants that while the scooter had entered the intersection and was proceeding southwards on the said road respondent no.2 driving the truck from the western side came in high speed and dashed against the scooter resulting in instantaneous death of appellant no.l's husband Capt. Rama H

A Kant Dixit. On account of the said accident the appellants having lost the sole bread winner filed the aforesaid Claim Petition before the Gwalior Tribunal under Section 110A of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939. In the said Claim Petition originally appellant no.l's mother-in-law, that is, mother of deceased Rama Kant Dixit was also joined as one of the claimants but pending the proceedings, she expired and the appellants continued the B Claim Petition also as her heirs with the result that thereafter remained as claimants only the present two appellants. The claimants put forward total claim of Rs. 6,12,524 on various heads against the respondents. However, the Tribunal after computing the compensation payable to the appellants sliced it down by 75% on the ground that deceased Rama Kant was guilty C of contributory negligence to the extent of 75% and the truck driver was negligent only to the extent of 25% and •warded in all Rs. 42,569 to the appellants. Respondents nos.l and 2 were made liable to make good the said amount. Respondent no.3, the insurance company was exonerated by the Tribunal as it was found that at the relevant time the offending truck D was being driven by respondent no.2 who was not having any driving licence. The appellants being aggrieved by the said award of the Tribunal preferred the aforesaid appeal before the High Court of Madhya Pradesh, Jabalpur, Bench Gwalior. It may be noted that so far as respondents nos.1 and 2 were concerned they preferred Cross First Appeal No. 178 of 1977 challenging the award of the Tribunal against them and also to the extent E respondent no3 was exonerated of its liability to meet the awarded claim.

Appellants did not press their challenge to the fmding of the Tribunal exonerating respondent no.3, the insurance company, of its liability to meet the claim of the appellants. So far as respondent nos.l and 2 are concerned, their challenge to the award of the Tribunal exonerating respondent no.3, F the insurance company, was rejected by the High Court. Consequently, the only contest in appeal before the High Court centered round the question about the computation of proper compensation to be awarded to the appellants which in its turn also included the question whether any amount could be sliced down from the computed compensation on the ground of contributory negligence of deceased Rama Kant.

The High Court, therefore, addressed itself on these two main issues and came to the conclusion that the appellants were entitled to get total compensation of Rs. 54,000 and that nothing was required to be sliced down from the said amount as deceased Rama Kant was not guilty of any H contributory negligence and the entire negligence rested on the shoulder

SARLADIX!Tv. B. YADAV[S.B.MAJMUDAR, J.] 37

of respondent no.2, driver of the truck and consequently respondent no.2 A and the owner of the truck, respondent no.1 were liable to meet the claim ,( of compensation awarded to the appellants. The High Court ordered that Rs. 54,000 shall carry simple interest @ 6% from the date of the Claim Petition, that is, 10th July 1975 till 13th October 1975 and then from 19th January 1976 until full realisation. The claimants' rest of the claim against B respondents nos.1 and 2 was dismissed Appellants' appeal was also dismissed with costs against respondent no.3, the insurance company. It was also ordered that the appellants shall receive one-half costs of the proceeding before the Claims Tribunal and one-half costs of the appeal from respondents nos.1 and 2 while they had to pay the cost of insurance company, respondent no.3, in proceeding before the Claims Tribunal. C Respondents nos. 1 and 2 had to bear their own costs throughout.

Rival Contentions

In the present appeal learned counsel for the appellant-claimants D vehemently contended that the award of compensation as granted by tlie High Court in appeal was too much on the lower side. That the High Court had not applied the correct principles in computing compensation in such fatal accidents' cases and that once it was held that the accident was caused on account of sole negligence of respondent no.2, driver of the truck, looking to the young age of the deceased and his future prospects in life E the High Court should have granted appropriate compensation to the appellants. That award of Rs. 54,000 was to say the least extremely conservative and was too low. On the other hand, learned counsel for respondents nos. 1 and 2 tried to support the award of compensation as granted by the High Court and while supporting the same learned counsel for the respondents also sought to challenge the finding of the High Court that deceased F Rama Kant was not guilty of any contributory negligence. It was tried to be submitted that the Tribunal was right in taking the view that deceased Rama Kant was guilty of contributory negligence to the extent of 75% and consequently in any case the amount awarded by the High Court was not required to be enhanced, even though it may not be reduced as there is no G cross appeal by respondents nos. 1 and 2. So far as the exoneration of respondent no.3, the insurance company, is concerned, the said finding reached by the Tribunal as well as the High Court could not be assailed by respondents nos.I and 2 as they have not filed any cross appeal before this Court challenging that part of the appellate decision rendered by the High Court against them.

A In view of the aforesaid rival contentions the following points arise

for our determination :

1. What is the proper amount of compensation payable to the appellants on account of the accidental death of deceased Rama Kant Dixit caused by the offending truck.

2. Whether deceased Rama Kant had contributed towards the said accident by his own negligence to any extent.

3. What final order.

C We shall consider these aforesaid points seriatim :

Point No.1

On the question of computation of proper compensation to be awarded to the appellant certain well established facts on the record of this D case are required to be noted. The deceased was the only bread-winner in the family of the appellants. He was cut short in the prime period of life at the age of 27 by the accident caused by the truck driver resppndent no.2.

He had put in seven years of military service by that time. He was earlier a Lieutenant in the Army. Then he was promoted to the rank of a Captain and was fully qualified for promotion to the rank of a Major at the time of E his death. The certificate issued by Dy. Comdt. & OC Tps. Rampa! Singh showed that the deceased had obtained the following medals during active service in various operation areas :

(a) Senya Seva Service Medal.

F (b) Sangram Medal.

(c) Poorvi Star.

( d) 25th Indept. Anniversary Medal.

G His gross salary at the time of his death was Rs. 1543 p.m. He had passed his M.A. examination at the time of his death. He was in the time scale of Rs. 1000-50-1500. He had large number of years of military service ahead of him which would have certainly taken him to higher echelons in the military career. The evidence showed that he was a teetotaller. He did not H smoke or drink. This is established by the testimony of appellant no.l. The

.. (

SARLADIX!Tv. B. YADAV[S.B.MAJMUDAR, J.] 39

Claims Tribunal on the basis of the aforesaid evidence on record came to A the conclusion that on account of the untimely death of Rama Kant the appellants suffered approximately a total monetary loss of Rs. 1,70,238. But as the Tribunal found that the deceased was 75% responsible for the accident the appellants were awarded only 25% of Rs. 1,70,238 which came to Rs. 42,569. The High Court in appeal took the view that out of the gross B salary of Rs. 1543 p.m. deceased Rama Kant would have spent on himself Rs. 900 and from this an amount of Rs. 375 would have been spent on the clothing of the deceased leaving Rs. 375 for the upkeep of the claimants per month. Considering the earning of the deceased from his salary and allowances from 1976 to 1996 the deceased would have spent a sum of Rs. C 1,28,131 being 25% of the gross emoluments on Appellants nos.1 and 2.

The average figure for 20 years came to Rs. 6406 per annum. This was taken as the annual dependency multiplicant and adopting the multiplier of 15, figure of Rs. 96060 was arrived at. It was noticed that family pension of Rs. 200 p.m. was available to appellant no.1, widow of the deceased. On D that basis a figure of Rs. 36,000 was worked out by adopting multiplier of 15 (that is to say) Rs. 200 multiplied by 12 which lead to a figure of Rs. 2,400 multiplied by 15. These Rs. 36,000 were deducted from Rs. 96,090 and accordingly a figure of Rs. 60,000 was reached. 10% deduction was thereafter effected from the said figure and accordingly an amount of compensation of Rs. 54,000 was worked out. Learned counsel for the E appellants vehemently submitted that the aforesaid methods adopted by the Tribunal as well as by the High Court for computation of compensation are not scientific at all. That both for arriving at proper figure of multiplicand as well as multiplier the High Court had adopted a very conservative approach. In this connection reliance was placed on two decisions of F this Court. lrt the case of Hardeo Kaur and Ors. v. Rajasthan State Transport Corporation & Anr., [1992] 2 SCC ~67, for computing compensation available to the claimant-dependents of deceased Major in the military, who died at the age of 39 because of vehicular accident the Court adopted multiplier of 24. Strong reliance was placed on the said decision for G adopting that multiplier. In our view on the peculiar facts of that case the Court had adopted multiplier of 24. In paragraph 10 of the Report no special reasons were assigned for adopting that multiplier. However, a scientific basis for arriving at proper multiplicand and multiplier is supplied by a latter decision of \his Court in the case of General Manager, Kera/a H

A State Road Transpon Corporation Trivandmm v. Susamma Thomas (Mrs.)

& Ors. [1994] 2 SCC 176. A Division Bench of this Court consisting of M.N.

Vcnkatachaliah, J. (as His Lordship then was) and G.N. Ray, J. considered in details appropriate method for arriving at proper multiplicand and multiplier in fatal accident cases in the light of decided cases in this country B as well as in England and laid down principles for computing compensation in motor vehicle accident cases. In paragraphs 12 and 13 of the Report the following pertinent observations were made :

G ...

"There were two methods adopted for determination and for calculation of compensation in fatal accident actions, the first the multiplier mentioned in Davies case and the second in Nance v.

British Columbia Electric Railway Co. Ltd.

The multiplier method involves the ascertainment of the loss of dependency or the multiplicand having regard to the circumstances of the case and capitalizing the multiplicand by an appropriate multiplier. The choice of the multiplier is determined by the age of the deceased (or that of the claimants whichever is higher) and by the calculation as to what capital sum, if invested at a rate of interest appropriate to a stable economy, would yield the multiplicand by way of annual interest. In ascertaining this, regard should also be had to the fact that ultimately the capital sum should also be consumed-up over the period for which the dependency is expected to last."

Thereafter on consideration of cases decided by English Courts and also observations found in Halsbury's Laws of England in vol. 34, para 98, the Court laid down the test for adopting the multiplier in such cases in paragraphs 16 and 17 of the Report as under :

"It is necessary to reiterate that the multiplier method is logically sound and legally well-established. There are some cases which have proceeded to determine the compensation on the basis of aggregating the entire future earnings for over the period the life expectancy was lost, deducted a percentage therefrom towards uncertainties of future life and award the resulting sum as compensation. This is clearly unscientific. For instance, if the deceased was. say 25 years of age at the time of death and the life expectancy

SARLADIX!Tv. B. YADAV [S.B. MAJMUDAR, J.] 41

is 70 years, this method would multiply the loss of dependency for A 45 years - virtually adopting a multiplier of 45 - and even if one-third or one-fourth is deducted therefrom towards the uncertainties of future life and for immediate lump sum payment, the effective multiplier would be between 30 and 34. This is wholly impermissible. We are, aware that some decisions of the High B Courts and of this Court and of this Court as well have arrived at compensation on some such basis. These decisions cannot be said to have laid down a settled principle. They are merely instances of particular awards in individual cases. The proper method of computation is the multiplier-method. A departure, except in exceptional and extraordinary cases, would introduce inconsistency C of principle, lack of uniformity and an clemenl of unpredictability for the assessment of compensation. Some judgments of the High Courts have justified a departure from the multiplier method on the ground that Section 110-B of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939 insofar as it envisages the compensation to be 'just', the statutory D determination of a 'just' compensation would unshackle the exercise from any rigid formula. It must be borne in mind that the multiplier method is the accepted method of ensuring a 'just' compensation which will make for uniformity and certainty of the awards. We disapprove these decisions of the High Courts which have taken a contrary view. We indicate that the multiplier method E is the appropriate method, a departure from which can only be justified in rare and extraordinary circumstances and very exceptional cases.

The multiplier represents the number of years' purchase on F which the loss of dependency is capitalised. Take for instance a case where annual loss of dependency is Rs. 10,000. If a sum of Rs. 1,00,000 is invested at 10% annual interest, the interest will take care of the dependency, perpetually. The multiplier in this case works out to 10. If the rate of interest is 5% per annum and not 10% then the multiplier needed to capitalise the loss of the . G annual dependency at Rs. 10,000 would be 20. Then the multiplier, i.e., the number of years' purchase of 20 will yield the annual dependency perpetually. Then allowance to scale down the multiplier would have to be made taking into account the uncertainties of the future, the allowances for immediate lump sum payment, H

A the period over which the dependency is to last being shorter and the capital feed also to be spent away over the period of dependency is to last etc. Usually in English Courts the operative multiplier rarely exceeds 16 as maximum. This will come down accordingly as the age of the deceased person (or that of the B dependants, whichever is higher) goes up."

So far as the adoption of the proper multiplier is concerned, it was observed that the future prospects of advancement in life and career should also be sounded in terms of money to augment the multiplicand. While the chance of the multiplier is determined by two factors, namely, the rate of C interest appropriate to a stable economy and the age of the deceased or of the claimant whichever is higher, the ascertainment of the multiplicand is a more difficult exercise. Indeed, many factors have to be put into the scales to evaluate the contingencies of the future. All contingencies of the future need not necessarily be baneful. Applying these principles to the D facts of the case before this Court in the aforesaid case it was observed that the deceased in that case was of 39 years of age. His income was Rs. 1,032 per month. He was more or less on a stable job and considering the prospects of advancement in future career the proper higher estimate of monthly income of Rs. 2,000 as gross income to be taken as average gross E future income of the deceased and deducting at least l/3rd therefrom by way of personal living expenses, had he survived the loss of dependency, could be capitalised by adopting the multiplicand of Rs. 1,400 per month of Rs. 17,000 per year and that figure could be capitalised by adopting multiplier of 12 which was appropriate to the age of deceased being 39 and

F to that amount was added the conventional figure of Rs. 15,000 by way of loss of consortium and loss of estate. Adopting the same scientific yardstick as laid down in the aforesaid judgment, the computation of compensation in the present case can almost be subjected to a well settled mathematical formula. Deceased in the present case, as seen above, was earning gross salary of Rs. 1,543 per month. Rounding it upto figure of Rs. 1,500 and G keeping in view all the future prospects which the deceased had in stable military service in the light of his brilliant academic record and performance in the military service spread over 7 years, and also keeping in view the other imponderables like accidental death while discharging military duties and the hazards of military service, it will not be unreasonable to H predicate that his gross monthly income would have shot up to at least

SARLADIX!Tv. B. Y ADAY [S.B. MAJMUDAR, J.] 43

double than what he was earning at the time of his death, i.e., upto Rs. A 3,000 per month had he survived in life and had successfully completed his future military career till the time of superannuation. The average gross future monthly income could be arrived at by adding the actual gross income at the time of death, namely, Rs. 1,500 per month to the maximum which he would have otherwise got had he not died a premal ure death, i.e., B Rs. 3,000 per month and dividing that figure by two. Thus the average gross monthly income spread over his entire future career, had it been available, would work out to Rs. 4,500 divided by 2, i.e., Rs. 2,200, Rs. 2,200 per month would have been the gross monthly average income available lo the family of the deceased had he survived as a bread winner. From that gross monthly income at least l/3rd will have to be deducted by way of his C personal expenses and other liabilities like payment of income tax etc. That would roughly work out to Rs. 730 per month but even taking a higher figure of Rs. 750 per month and deducting the same by way of average personal expenses of the deceased from the average gross earning of Rs. 2,200 per month balance of Rs. 1,450 which can be rounded up to Rs. 1,500 D per month would have been the average amount available to the family of the deceased, i.e., his dependents, namely, appellants herein. It is this figure which would be the datum figure per month which on annual basis would work out to Rs. 18,000. Rs. 18,000, therefore, would be the proper multiplicand which would be available for capitalisation for computing the E future economic loss suffered by the appellants on account of untimely death of the bread winner. As the age of the deceased was 27 years and a few months, at the time of his death the proper multiplier in the light of the aforesaid decision of this Court in General Manager, Kera/a State Road Transport Corporation Trivandrum (supra) would be 15. Rs. 18,000 multiplied by 15 will work out to Rs. 2,70,000. To this figure will have to be F added the conventional figure of Rs. 15,000 by way of loss of estate and consortium etc. That will lead to a total figure of Rs. 2,85,000. This is the amount which the appellants would be entitled to get by way of compensation from respondents nos.1 and 2 subject to our decision on point no.2.

G Point No. 2

So far as the question of contributory negligence of deceased Rama Kant is concerned, the topography of the place of accident is to be kept in view. The accident occurred in the city of Gwalior on the cross section of H

A two roads. One road was proceeding from Gola-Ka-Mandir situated on the western side and was running eastwards towards another locality known as

.I &K. It was thus running from west to east. It was 25 ft, broad. It was known as Road No.7. A narrow gauge railway line was running parallel to the said road on its southern side. At one place on the northern border of B road no.7 converged another public road from north to south. The said road was approaching Chandra Prasth Colony on the southern side. It is an admitted position on record that the offending truck driven by respondent no.2 was plying on road no.7 and was coming from Gola-Ka-Mandir side and was proceeding towards J &K locality situated towards eastern c

side. Thus the truck was coming on road no.7 from west to east. So far as the deceased was concerned he was coming on a scooter along with the pillion rider on the north-south road leading towards Chandra Prasth Colony. It is also on record that at the intersection of the north-south road on which the scooter was travelling the deceased was plying his scooter from north towards south. It had also been found from the record that at the intersection of north-south road with road no.7 the scooterist Rama Kant had already entered the intersection and had come almost half way so far as the breadth of read no. 7 was concerned. In other words the scooterist had already entered and intersection and was on the middle of the said intersection when the truck coming from the west dashed with the scooter. Evidence of appellants-witness no.7 Ramji Sharma shows that after Rama Kant had crossed the centre of road no.7 the offending truck coming from the western side came with speed and dashed with the scooter. The result was that the right side of the scooter dashed with the left side front wheel of the truck. Witness Ramji Sharma, appellants-witness no. 7 was the pillion rider on the scooter. Therefore, he was in the best position to depose as to what had actually happened on the spot. Witness Ramji Sharma stated that while proceeding from north to south on the Chandra Prasth Colony road deceased Rama Kant had already sounded the horn when he entered the intersection and he had also given a hand G signal to indicate that he intended to go across road no.7 for approaching the southern side of road no. 7 having entered from the northern side of the intersection. That at the relevant time there was no other truck on read no.7 running from west to east. The exact spot of the accident on the intersection of road no.7 with the north-south Chandra Prasth Colony road H also appears to have been well established on the record of the case. It has

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SARLADIX!Tv. B. YADAV [S.B. MAJMUDAR, J.] 45

been brought out in evidence that Rama Kant's scooter had a coat of green A paint and it was the left side of the truck's bumper and the truck's left front wheel' surface that showed green paint marks. The left head-light of the truck 1was also found damaged after the accident. There was no evidence that right side of the bumper of the truck bore any green paint marks or any damage as a result of the collision between the truck and the scooter. B WitneSs Ramji Sharma did not appear ta have received any serious injuries.

This was apparent from his statement that he had been in his senses right from tfie time he was lifted off the road upto the time he was removed in a car t~ the hospital. Dr Jain, Appellants-witness no.3 who had performed post-mortem on the deceased had depo.sed that he had found five ante- C mortem external .injuries on the dead body of the deceased and they were all on his right side. There was abrasion on the right temple and the righi side of ihe face. There was another abrasion on the right side of the chest and the right shoulder with fracture on the upper half of the right humerus. ( There was an abrasion on the right side of the waist. There was another D abrasion over right thigh and right knee. The last abrasion was on the right leg and the right ankle with fracture of the femur near the knee joint. This clearly indicated that the impact of the front left wheel of the truck was on the right side of the scooter driver, Rama Kant. That clearly showed that Rama Kant was travelling inside the intersection on the north-south road from north to south when the truck which came from the western E side dashed with the scooter and threw off the scooter driver and the pillion rider. It is, therefore, clearly established that while Rama Kant's scooter had crossed the centre of road no.7 the offending truck coming from the western side dashed with the right side of the scooter which was proceeding across that road and was going towards the southern side of F the intersection having entered the same on the northern side of road no.7 So far as the exact place of impact on the intersection is concerned we may note that the photographs Ex.P/11, P/8 and Pn indicated that the scooter lay at the distance of 11 ft. from the northern border of road no.7. As seen earlier the width of the road was 25 ft. The scooter was lying almost . lengthwise on the road with its rear wheel towards the west, that is, towards G the direction from which the truck had come and had approached the intersection. The scooter's front portion was towards the west and its underside was towards the south. The photographs also showed that the dead body of Rama Kant was lying slightly diagonally across the width of the road. The head was pointing slightly to the south-west of the centre of H

A the road. The distance between the scooter and the dead body was 6 ft. In other words any one walking from west to east on road no. 7 would have first passed by the dead body of Rama Kant and then would have approached the fallen scooter. It was, therefore, clearly established that the collision between the truck and the scooter had occurred somewhere near B the centre of road no.7. lt showed that the scooter had already entered the intersection from the northern border of road no.7, had travelled upto 11 ft, across the width of the road at the said intersection and but for the accident it would have travelled further south and would have passed through the southern outlet of the intersection. It, therefore, becomes apparent that when the scooterist had entered the intersection from the C northern side and had covered almost half the distance of the width of that intersection the offending truck came from the western side and dashed against the scooter and threw it off along with the driver and the pillion rider. That indicated how fast the truck would have been driven from west to east on the main road and because of that speed the scooterist who had D already crossed half the width of the road, was thrown off. That also indicated that the driver of the truck, respondent no.2 had not cared to see the scooterist who had almost reached half way across his path while he was proceeding from west to east on road no.7 and without caring for the safety of the scooterist who would have been clearly visible to him in the E broad day light while he was coming from the western side of the road and without least bothering for the safety of the scooterist crossing the intersection. He almost ran over the scooter and threw it off. It is true that the injuries noted by the doctor in the post-mortem report did not indicate that the deceased was run over by the wheel of the truck but the severe impact

F caused by the accident all on the right side of the body of the deceased indicated the fierce collision between the scooter and the front left wheel of the truck. There would thus be two types of negligence on the part of the truck driver, (i) he was proceeding with very high speed even though he was approaching an intersection on that road; and (ii) the driver die! not care to look out for the safety of the scooterist who had already crossed G half of the intersection and almost come to the middle of the intersection and who would naturally be very much visible to the truck driver coming from the western side and proceeding towards the cast. The driver, respondent no.2, did not care even to slow down his speed. If he had done so, the unfortunate accident would not have taken place. This showed that H either he did not notice the scooterist who had come almost half way

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SARLADIX!Tv. R YADAV(S-R MAJMUDAR,1-] 47

diogonally across the breadth of the road at the intersection or that he A might not have cared for the safety of the scooterist who had come across his path. This was the most reckless and unsafe driving resorted to by respondent no.2. The fact that even after the accident he had not slowed down his vehicle and went on driving with great speed, is fully established by the further fact that even after the accident, his vehicle could not stop B there and then but had travelled further and had gone upto 70 ft. further and had then stopped near the south-eastern side of the road after the collision. The conclusion is, therefore, inevitable that respondent no.2 while driving fhe offending truck was in a position to see in the broad daylight the scooterist Rama Kant who had already entered the intersection and was almost half way in it, still had continued to drive recklessly in a totally C careless manner. Because respondent no. was not having a driving such heavy vehicle at the cost of such innocent victims like Rama Kant. Being a novice he went on driving fast before approaching intersection of road no.7 and could not control his vehicle by stopping it or by slowing it down so as to avoid collision with th.e scooterist who had come across his way. D Resultantly he dashed with the scooter in the centre of road no.7 with the left side front wheel of his truck which hit the right hand side of the scooterist Rama Kant and his scooter. As seen above having thrown off the scooterist and the pillion rider respondent no.2 could not control his vehicle which was in such speed that he could bring it to a halt after E travelling further to the extent of 70 ft. and then it proceeded towards the wrong side or the road and halted near the southern side of road no.7 after the collision. All these tell-talc facts unequivocally point to_ one and only conclusion that it was the rash and negligent driving by respondent no.2, a young boy aged 20, who was a novice driver without a licence to drive such F heavy vehicle, that had caused this unfortunate accident. Deceased Rama Kant was not at all negligent and had not contributed to the accident save and except to the extent or bringing his body for being subejcted to the impact of the on-coming truck. If at all, his only contribution was that he became a victim of this accident by being on spot on that fateful morning.

It is, therefore, not possible for us to agree with the contention of the G learned counsel for respondents nos.1 and 2 that deceased Rama Kant had contributed to the accident by his own negligence to the extent of 75% or even to the extent of any lesser percentage. On this evidence the High Court was justified in reversing the finding of the Trial Court that deceased Rama Kant was guilty of contributory negligence to the extent of 75%. It H

A must be held that deceased Rama Kant was not at all negligent and the entire cent percent negligence rested on the shoulder of respondent no.2, driver of the truck. It is also not possible to agree with the contention of learned counsel for respondents nos.l and 2 that deceased Rama Kant was guilty of breach of Regulation (7) of Tenth Schedule of the Motor Vehicles

Act, 1939. That regulation read as under :

"7. The driver of a motor vehicle shall, on entering a road intersection, if the road entered is a main road designated as such, give way to the vehicles proceeding along that road, and in any other case give way to all traffic approaching the intersection on his right hand."

On the facts of the present case it is well established from the evidence of pillion rider Ramji Sharma, appellants-witness no.7 that while entering the intersection from the northern side of road no. 7 deceased had already D sounded the horn and had also given a hand signal to indicate that he intended to go across road no. 7. There was no occasion for him to halt and give way to the truck coming from the western side and proceeding towards the eastern side of road no.7 for the simple reason that Rama Kant had already entered the intersection and had travelled almost half way across the breadth of road no.7. In the meantime the offending truck came with E great speed from the western side and dashed against the scooter. Regulation (7) could have been pressed in service against deceased Rama Kant if it was shown that while entering the intersection, having seen the oncoming truck from his right hand side he had not taken due precaution.

Such a situation, on the facts of the present case, is found to be absent. On F the other hand respondent no.2 driving the offending truck on the main road no.7 from west to east is shown to have committed breach of Regulation (6) of the very same Schedule which read as under :

"6. The driver of a motor vehicle shall slow down when approaching a road intersection, a road junction or a road corner, and shall not enter any such intersection or junction until he has become aware that he may do so without endangering the safety of persons thereon.' 1

Respondent no.2 was required to slow down while approaching the road H intersection or junction and as he had not done so but went on driving with

SARLADIXITv. B. YADAV[S:B. MAJMUDAR, J.] 49

full speed the offending truck which threw off the scooterist who was A already in the middle of the intersection, he was guilty of breach of Regulation (6) of Tenth Schedule and had endangered the safety of the persons crossing the said road at the relevant time. Consequently the recklessness and negligence in driving the offending truck at the relevant time wholly rest on the shoulder of respondeni no.2. Point No. 2 is, B therefore, answered in the negative. Hence there is no question of slicing down any amount from the compensation held payable to the claimants as per our findings on point no.1 above.

Point No. 3

 Now is the time for us to bring down the curtain. In view of our findings on point nos. 1 and 2 above the appeal is allowed. The judgment

and order passed by the High Court as well as the Claims Tribunal are set aside. The Claim Petition filed by the appellants is allowed against respondent nos. 1 and 2 who are ordered to pay the total compensation of Rs. 2,85,000. The Claim Petition will stand allowed to that extent. On the said D awarded amount of Rs. 2,85,000 the respondent nos.l and 2 shall also pay 12% interest from the date of the Claim Petition till payment of the aforesaid amount to the appellants or its realisation by them. The Claim Petition will stand dismissed against respondent no.3, the insurance company. In view of the fact that the success is divided between the parties E there will be no order as to costs all throughout.

R.A.

Appeal allowed.