SRI ABANI KANT A RAY

STATE OF ORISSA AND ORS.

OCTOBER 13, 1995

IJ.S. VERMA AND K. VENKATASWAMI, JJ.]

Sc1vice La1<v : Transfer orders 111ade in public interest-Coiat not to inte1fere lvith such orders.

Advc1:re Rc111arks-Nonns of judicial propriety and restraint in exercise C of judicial power-Use of intemperate language or making di.1paraging ren1arks-lnconsistent with judicial behaviour unless that be the requirenzent for deciding the case.

After some controversy, a Bench of the 01-issa Administrative Tribunal was created at Cuttack. Respondent No. 3 who was posted at the D relevant time as Additional Secretary to the Revenue Divisional CommisM sioner held additional charge of Additional Registrar of the Cuttack Bench of the Tribunal. The appellant as Chairman of the Tribunal not being satisfied with the performance of the respondent No. 3 as the Additional Registrar wrote a confidential letter dated 10-4-1992 to the Chief Secretary recommending that any other officer might be deputed to function as the Additional Registrar while stating that the function of the Cuttack Bench of the Tribunal was unsatisfactory and could not improve because respondent No. 3 was not interested in doing this work and was only creating confusion and problems in spite of being explained everything by him as wdl as the Registrar and that the attitude of the respondent was obstructive and, therefore, urgent action was necessary.

A contempt petition was tiled by an Advocate against the Chief Secretary to Government of Orissa and Chairman of the Tribunal, the appellant. The High Court, in its order dated 8.5.1992, stated that some G allidavits of the prncticing Advocates had been filed stating that they had gone several times to the Additional Secretary for filing new cases, but he had refused to accept because of which they were compelled to tile new cases at Bhubaneshwar and that almost all the members of the Bar who were present on the date of hearing had also made a statement that though fifing \\'as \\'illy-nilly accepted since a few days, the case record was trans- H

A ferred to Bhubaneshwar for registration and after it was numbered there, it could he taken up in the next circuit Bench of the Tribunal to be held at Cuttack and so, for urgent matters, a counsel had invariably to go to Bhuhanesh\\'ar to obtain interhn order.

B Re, iecting the stand of respondent No. 1, as an eye \\'ash, the High Court held that the Chief Secretary had violated the orders of the High

Court relating to establishment and functioning of a permanent Bench at Cuttack which were affirmed by the Supreme Court. However, a further opportunity was granted to the Chief Secretary to implement its order. The High Court recorded its satisfaction with the action taken by the Chairman C of the Tribunal to ensure proper functioning of the Cuttack Bench. The order dated 11.5.1992 was made by the State Government transferring respondents No. 3 to the post of Additional District Magistrate which had the effect of his ceasing to function as the Additional Registrar of the Cuttack Bench of the Tribunal. Respondent No3 challenged his transfer

D order. A Division Bench of the Tribunal comprising of Vice-chairman and Member (Administrative) granted ex-pmte stay of the transfer order resulting in the continuance of the respondent No. 3 as the Additional Registrar of the Cuttack Branch. The State Government filed an application for vacating the interim stay order stating therein the facts and circumstances in which the respondent had been transferred to facilitate E proper functioning of the Cuttack Bench of the Tribunal. The respondent made an application to implead the appellant as a party in that proceeding and made allegation of personal malice against him. The appellant as Chairman of the Tribunal made an order constituting a Division Bench of the Vice-chairman and Member (Administrative) who made the order

llllashing the transfer order \\1hile making strong critical conuuents and adverse remarks against the appellant as Chairman of the Tribunal. This appeal by special leave had been filed by tbe appellant to expunge the critical comments and adverse remarks against him in the impugned order made by the Division Bench.

Allowing the appeal, this Court

HELD : 1. It is settled that a transfer which is an incident of service is not to be interfered with by the Courts unless it is shown to be clearly arbitrary or vitiated by 1nalajldes or infraction of any professed norm or H principle governing the transfer. Jn the instant case, the transfer of the

AK.RAY v. STATE 335

respondent No. 3 being clearly in public inter.est, there was no permissible A ground available to the Tribunal for lJUahing it. [340-G]

N.K. Sinl{h v. Union of India pm! Othe1:1, [1994] 6 SCC 98, relied on.

2. Use of' inten1perate laI;1guage or making disparaging remarks B against anyone unless that be the ret111ire1nent for deciding the case, is inconsistent with judicial behaviour. Written words in judicial orders form permanent record which make it even 1nore necessary to practice self restraint in exercise of judicial power while making written orders. In the instant case, the Division Bench of the Tribunal overlooked this aspect and misread the documents in the record including the High Courts' judgment C to make disparaging remarks against the appellant as Chairman of the Tribunal based on a non-existing foundation without even notice to the appellant. [347-C-D]

The Division Bench of the Tribunal which made the impugned order D quashing the transfer of the respondent on the ground of notice of the appellant as the Chairman of the Tribunal did so against the material on record and the facts beyond controversy which bordered on judicial impropriety. The background in which the transfer order was issued by the Government posting the respondent No. 3 as Additional District Magistrate resulting in his ceasing to function as Additional Registrar of E the Cuttack Bench of the Tribunal was sufiicient to indicate that the transfer was made in public interest and it was to ensure proper functioning of the Cuttack Bench of the Tribunal. The attitude of the respondent No. 3 as Additional Registrar of the Tribunal had led to legitimate grievance in the Bar requiring the Chairman of the Tribunal to take F prompt steps for proper functioning of the Registry at the Cuttack Bench of which respondent No. 3 was Incharge. The resentment of the Bar escalated to a contempt proceeding before the High Court alleging violation of the Court's order for establishment of the Cuttack Bench and ensuring its proper functioning. Notice of the contempt petition against G the appellant was discharged only because of favourable conclusion reached by the High Court in respect of the appellant holding that the Chairman had properly discharged his responsibilities to ensure proper functioning of the Cuttack Bench. This alone was suflicient to indicate total lack of justification for any adverse comment against the appellant.

The Division Bench appeared to have been totally oblivious to the respon- H

A sibility of the Chairman of the Tribunal in this behalf. The appellant as Chairman of Tribunal had a duty lo explain to the High Court the actual position with regard to the functioning of the Registry to enable the High Court to decide properly the contempt petition. This had been unfairly described hy the Division Bench of the Tribunal as undue zeal of the

B Chairman. Considering the illegality and impropriety of the observations made by the Division Bench of the Tribunal, it is the duty of this Court to expunge these unwarranted remarks made unfairly against the appellant.

All the disparaging remarks against the appellant as Chairman of the Tribunal were, therefore, expunged. [340-B-F, 343-H, 344-B-C]

C Niranjan Patnaik v. Sashiblrnshan Kar, [1986] 2 SCR 470; State of MP

v. Nandla/ Jaiswal, [1987] I SCR I and A.M. Mathur v. Pramod Kumar

Gupta, [1990] 2 SCR 110, relied on.

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 9383 of 1995.

From the Judgment and Order dated 26.8.93. of the Orissa Administrative Tribunal, in 0.A. No. 102 (C) of 1992 (O.A. 866/92).

G.L. Sanghi and R.K. Mehta, for the Appellant.

E Jayant Dass, G.S. Chatterjee, P.N. Mishra and AK. Panda (NP) for

the Respondents.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

J.S. VERMA, J. Leave granted.

This appeal by special leave is by the Chairman of the Orissa Adn1inistrative Tribunal to expunge certain remarks made against him in the Order dated 26.8.1993 in Original Application No. 102(C} of 1992 (0.A. 866/1992) by a Division Bench comprising of S.K. Misra, Vice-Chairman G and U.N. Mallik, Member (Administrative) of the Tribunal. That application was made by respondent No. 3 Dandanirodha Mishra for cancellation of his transfer. The transfer order was quashed by the Division Bench of the Tribunal. In making that order, strong adverse comments were made against the appellant as Chairman of the Tribunal.

H The background is of some significance. After some controversy, a

A.K. RAY v. STATE [J.S. VERMA, J.) 337

Bench of the Orissa Administrative Tribunal was created at Cuttack but A its functioning led to litigation and therein the making of an or.der even by this Court about its functioning. However) some grievance persisted in those favouring creation of the Cuttack Bench and a contempt petition was filed by an advocate against the Chief Secretary to Government of Orissa, Ramakanta Rath and the Chairman of the Tribunal, A.K. Ray. That contempt petition (Org. Cr! Misc. Case No. 73 of 1992) was decided by an order dated 8.5.1992. Reference lo this order of the High Court is made because of its reference in the impugned order of the Tribunal.

Respondent No. 3 D.N. Mishra was posted at the relevant time as Additional Secretary to the Revenue Divisional Commissioner, Central C Division at Cuttack and in addition he held the charge of Additional Registrar of the Cuttack Bench of the Tribunal. Apparently, the appellant as Chairman of the Tribunal was not satisfied with the performance of D.N.

Mishra as the Additional Registrar of the Tribunal. The appellant wrote a confidential letter dated 10.4.1992 to the Chief Secretary R.K. Rath recom- D mending that any other officer may be deputed to function as the Additional Registrar. In that letter, the appellant had stated that the functioning of th_e Cuttack Bench of the Tribunal was unsatisfactory and could not improve because respondent No. 3 D.N. Mishra was not interested in doing this work and was only creating confusion ar ' problems in spite of being explained everything by him as well as the Registrar. The letter further E stated that the attitude of D.N. Mishra was obstructive and, therefore, urgent action was necessary in com.pliance with the High Court's direction confirmed by the Supreme Court. The appellant concluded the letter by stating as under :

1 ' ••••••••••• Sri D.N. Mishra seems to be determined to undo our effort to hold circuit al cuttack. You may take such action as you think fit against this officer. But I may also suggest the Secretary to R.D.C. (Central Division) or any other Officer to function as Additional Registrar, which we shall notify immediately."

G This letter was written by the appellant to the Chief Secretary on 10.4.1992 and thereafter the contempt petition was finally heard in the High Court on 20.4.1992 and decided by order dated 8.5.1992. The High Court, in its order dated 8.5.1992, slated as under :

" ......... This apart, some affidavits of the practising Advocates H

have been filed stating that after the notification of 23.3.1992 had been issued, they had gone several times to the Additional Secretary for filing new cases, but he had refused to accept because of which they were compelled to !ile new cases at Bhubaneshwar.

Almost all the member of the Bar who were present on the date of hearing on 20.4.1992 (it may be slated that quite a large number of numbers were so present) had also made a statement that though filing is being willy-nilly accepted since a few days, the case record is transferred to Bhubaneshwar for registration and after it is numbered there, it can be taken up in the next circuit Bench of the Tribunal to be held at Cuttack So, for urgent matters, a counsel has invariably to go to Bhubaneshwar to obtain interim order . ............... "

The High Court then rejected the stand of respondent No. 1, the Chief Secretary as an eye wash. The order proceeded to hold that the Chief Secretary had violated the orders of the High Court which were affirmed D by the Supreme Court. However, the High Court considered it appropriate to grant a further opportunity to the Chief Secretary to implement its order relating to establishment and functioning of a permanent Bench at Cuttaek. The High Court did not hold anything against the Chairman of the Tribunal who was the 2nd respondent in the contempt E petition. The High Court actually recorded its satisfaction with the action taken by the Chairman of the Tribunal and concluded as under :

" ....... Secondly, we do hope that the Registry at Cuttack functions properly. We may also state that we have noted with satisfaction the statement made in the affidavit filed on 30.4.1992 that remedial measures in this regard, after knowing about the complaints from his Advocates, have already been taken by the Chairman.11

There is thus nothing in the High Court's order against the Chairman G of the Tribunal, the appellant, and in fact there is a record of its satisfaction with the steps taken by the Chairman to ensure proper functioning of the Cuttack Bench in accordance with its directions. It is in this background the order dated 11.5.1992 was made by the State Government transferring D.N. Mishra to the post of Additional District Magistrate, Koraput, which had the effect of this ceasing to function as the Additional Registrar of the H Cuttack Bench of the Tribunal.

A.K. RAY v. STATE [.l.S. VERMA . .l.J 339

Respondent No. 3 challenged his transfer order dated 115.1992 hy A an application made to the Tribunal. There was no allegation of any kind, much less of maiafidcs, against the Chairman of the Tribunal,. in the application so made. On 15.5.1992, a Division Bench comprising of S.K.

Mishra, Vice-Chairman and U.N. Mallik, Member (Administrative) granted ex paitc stay of the transfer order of D.N. Mishra resulting in the continuance of D.N. Mishra as the Additional Registrar of the Cuttack Bench in spite of the above background. On 29.5.1992, the State Government filed an application in that proceeding for vacating the interim slay order stating therein the facts and circumstances in which D.N. Mishra had been transferred to facilitate proper functioning of the Cuttack Bench of

the Tribunal. D.N. Mishra then made an application to implead the appellant-Chairman of the Tribunal as a party in that proceeding and made allegation of personal malice against him because of the letter dated 10.4.1992, he had written to the Chief Secretary for rdieving D.N. Mishra

of the responsibility of functioning as . the Additional Registrar of the Tribunal. The State Government's application came before the appellant D as Chairman of the Tribunal because of the vacation of the Tribunal. The appellant then transferred the matter to I. Roy, Member (Judicial) by order dated 29.5.1992 with a note refuting the allegation of malice made by D.N.

Mishra and stating that his request to the Chief Secretary to change D.N.

Mishra from the post of Additional Registrar was occasioned by the fact that his improper functioning resulted in inconvenience to the lawyers of E Cuttack who had a legitimate grievance against the improper functioning of the Registry at the Cuttack Bench. The appellant stated in the note that as Chairman of the Tribunal, it was his duty to see that the Circuit Bench at Cuttack functions properly and therefore, he had to adopt such a course.

The Member (Judicial) then directed the matter to be placed before the Chairman for listing it before a Division Bench of which he did not wish to be a member. The appellant as Chairman then made an order on 29.6.1992 constituting a Division Bench of the Vice-Chairman and Member (Admn.) to hear the matter. This is how the matter came to be heard by the Vice-Chairman S.K. Mishra and Member (Administrative) U.N. Mallik who have made the order dated 26.8.1993 in which strong critical G comments and adverse remarks have been made against the appellant as Chairman of the Tribunal while quashing the transfer order of D.N.

Mishra.

We are informed that D.N. Mishra has thereafter been transferred H

A by the Government and he is no longer functioning as the Additional Registrar of the Cuttack Bench of the Tribunal. The quashing of the transfer order is not challenged in this appeal. The only question is of the legality and propriety of the critical comments and adverse remarks made against the appellant in the impugned order dated 26.8.1993.

The background in which the transfer order dated 11.5.1992 was issued by the Government posting D.N. Mishra as Additional District Magistrate, Koraput resulting in his ceasing to function as Additional Registrar of the Cuttack Bench of the Tribunal is sufficient to indicate that the transfer of D.N. Mishra was made in public interest and it was to ensure proper functioning of the Cuttack Bench of the Tribunal. The attitude of D.N. Mishra as Additional Registrar of the Cuttack Bench had led to legitimate grievance in the Bar requiring the Chairman of the Tribunal to take prompt steps for proper functioning of the Registry at the Cuttack Bench of which D.N. Mishra was Incharge. The resentment of the Bar D escalated to a contempt proceeding before the High Court alleging violation of the court's order for establishment of the Cuttack Bench and ensuring its proper functioning. Even the Chairman of the Tribunal was impleaded therein as a respondent and he escaped therein because of the High Court's conclusion that the Chairman had properly discharged his responsibilities to ensure proper functioning of the Cuttack Bench and for E that purpose he had also written to the Chief Secretary on 10.4.1992 to shift D.N. Mishra who was making the functioning of the Registry difficult. In fact, notice of the contempt petition against the appellant was discharged only because of this favourable conclusion reached by the High Court in respect of the appellant. This alone is sufficient to indicate total lack of F justification for any adverse comment against the appellant.

It is settled that a transfer which is an incident of service is not to be interfered with by the courts unless it is shown to be clearly arbitrary or vitiated by malafides or infraction of any professed norm or principle governing the transfer. Sec N.K. Singh v. Union of India and Other, [1994] G 6 SCC 98. The transfer of D.N. Mishra in this background being clearly in public intere\t, there was no permissible ground available to the Tribunal for quashing it. We are constrained to observed that the Division Bench of the Tribunal which lnadc the impugned order dated 26.8.1993 quashing the transfer of D.N. Mishra on the ground of malice of the appellant as the H Chairman of the Tribunal did so against the material on record and the

AK. RAY v. STATE[J.S. VERMA, J.] 341

facts beyond controversy which borders on judicial impropriety. It may also be noted that such comn1ents \Vere 1nade against the -chairn1an \Vithout even a notice to him and as stated in the order itself after treating the application for impleading the Chairman to be deemed rejected.

We arc distressed at the tenor nf the impugned order which lacks judicial propriety and sobriety at many places. We may quote some portions of thal order which compel us to make this observation. Sarne of the extracts from the order of U.N. Mallik, Member (Administrative) are as under:

" ................. The Chairman of the Tribunal who had practically nothing lo do in the matter with regard to providing infrastructure for smooth functioning of the Bench, had no reason to join hands with the Chief Secretary and though there was no notice to the Chairman by the Hon'ble High Court in the contempt matter, he volunteered himself to be dragged into the litigation and through

a common lawyer both Respondent-2 and the Chairman of the D Tribunal filed their affidavits staling to have provided already all facilities to the Registry at Cuttack. The Hon'ble High Court did not believe the plea taken by both Respondent-2 and the Chairman of the Tribunal and strongly commented upon it to be an 'eye wash' and 'travesty of truth'. We are in absolute agreement with judgment of the Orissa High Court in this regard. . ..... " E

"Now we come to the litigation stage in the present case. Even during pendency of this litigation a judicial restraint which was expected from any judicial officer was given a complete go-by.

Whether the petitioner had any case or not. Whether he would F have succeeded or failed in the litigation is a complete different position altogether. The amount of haste, anxiety and interest shown by the Chairman of the Tribunal to hear and dispose of this case in a vacation Bench without the case being listed speaks volumes by itself. We are not able to appreciate the initial action G before the transfer order was issued in respect of the applicant and the subsequent action during pendency of the litigation by a responsible person discharging judicial function like the Chairman of the Tribunal. .......... .

Judged the conduct of the Chairman in the light of the obser- H

vations of the Apex Court. I find that be had completely transgressed the minimu1n judicial norm and constraints required.

In the premises, for the discussions n1adc in the foregoing paragraphs we have absolutely no hesitation to hold that the impugned order of transfer is arbitrary and actuated by malafide of Respondent-2 for which the Order has beco111e unsustainable and untenable in law. Accordingly, we quash the orde( Of transfer relating to the applicant, ........ " -

Thereafter, in a separate order, the Vice-Chairman S.K. Mishra expressed his agreement with the conclusion of the Member (Administrative) and after observing that the application for imp leading the Chalrrriaf was deemed to be rejected, proceeded to say as under: ·. -.

"In the Judgment of the Hon'ble Member (Administrative) though mention has been made in regard to the application filed by the applicant for impleading the Chairman of this Tribunal as a party-respondent, it must be assumed to have been rejected since without the Chairman being made a party the case has been disposed of. I think I should mention here that rightly the prayer of the applicant in that regard has not been allowed, since the Chairman in view of what is stated above does not appear to be a necessary or proper party, .......... .

This proceeding which I would term to be an unfortunate one so far as the dignity of the Tribunal is concerned gave occasion for discussion on the conduct of the Chairman. The Chairman on account of his own indiscretion landed himself in the present situation. Had he been discreet, he would not have landed himself in the present soup or his conduct would not have become relevant for discussion for ar(iving at the conclusion in regard to malafide alleged against the Chief Secretary. The sequence of events which are relied upon by the applicant to substantiate the allegation of malafide '?ac!, e against the Chief Secretary which brough't about the impugned transfer became relevant for discussion and the Chairman of the Tribunal caffiie to the picture .

................. I am also baffled as to what for the Chairman of this H Tribunal against whom no notice of contempt had been issued

A.K. RAY v. STATE[J.S. VERMA, J.] 343

chose to appear before the High Court alongwith the Chief A Secretary through common lawyer. It is suggested that he <lid so only to bail out the Chief Secnaary from a diflicult situation. This

suggestion appears to be quite reasonable and acceptable ........ .

U nfortunatcly, for the Chairman of this Tribunal and the Chief

Secretary of the State Government, adverse comn1cnt5 were made by the High Court and it was said that the aforesaid plea advanced before the High Court was untrue and was an eyewash. . ....... .

Applicant's assertion in this regard appear to be reasonable and true. Events, prior and subsequent, to issuance of the impugned order of transfer in respect of the applicant bear out such an inference.

I express my extreme unhappiness to be in a situation like this

an<l associate myself with the observations made in regard to the aetiom of the Chairman of this Tribunal which became necessary while dealing with the allegation of malafide advanced against the D Chief Secretary, which again became necessary for disposal of the present proceeding."

A bare perusal of the High Court's order dated 8.5.1992 referred earlier, the letter dated 10.4.1992 of the appellant to the Chief Secretary and the proceedings of the case before the Tribunal containing the note dated 29.5.1992 of the Chairman transferring the mater to be heard by some one else in the Tribunal and later the order constituting the Division Bench comprising of S.K. Mishra, Vice-Chairman and U.N. Mallik, Member (Administrative) to hear the matter finally leaves no doubt that in 1naking the above observations against the appellant, the Division Bench of the Tribunal has completely misread the unambiguous language of these documents to make the wholly unwarranted adverse remarks against the . appellant without even notice to him. Appearance of the appellant before

the High Court in the contempt petition was on account of he being responsible for the proper functioning of the Registry which is under the G control of the Chairman of the Tribunal since the functioning of the Registry at the Cuttack Bench of which D.N. Mishra was incharge was the subject matter of that contempt petition. The Division Bench appears to have been totally oblivious to the responsibility of the Chairman of the Tribunal in this behalf. Just as the responsibility for the proper functioning of the Registry and control over it in the High Court is of the Chief Justice H

A alone by virtue of Article 229 and that in the Supreme Court of the Chief .Justice of India by virtue of Article 146, so also it is the Chairman of an Ad1ninistrative Tribunal who has the responsibility for proper functioning of the Registry and he alone exercise direct control over it. Jn such a situation, the appellant as Chairman of the Tribunal had a duty to explain

lo the High Court the actual position with regard to the functioning of the Registry at the Cultack Bench to enable the High Court to decide properly the contempt petition moved by the members of the Bar. This has been unfairly described by the Division Bench of the Tribunal as undue zeal of the Chairman. What we have said is sufficient to indicate the illegality and impropriety of the observations made by the Division Bench of the Tribunal against the appellant as Chairman of the Tribunal. This is sufficient to indicate that it is the duty of this Court lo expunge these unwarranted remarks made unfairly against the appellant. We are informed that the appellant as well as the Vice-Chairman and Member (Administrative )who constituted the Division Bench of the Tribunal have all by now D retired. It is, therefore, not necessary to discuss these remarks any further.

Before parting with this case, we consider it necessary to refer to the observation in some earlier decisions of this Court in similar context indicating the need for sobriety and restraint in making adverse and critical comments. In Niranjan Patnaik v. Sashibhushan Kar & Anr. [1986] 2 SCR E 470, in a similar context, after referring to earlier authorities, it was stated as under :

"It is, therefore, settled law that harsh or disparaging remarks arc not to be made against persons and authorities whose conduct comes into consideration before courts of la\V unless it is real1y F necessary for the decision of the case, as an integral part thereof to animadvert on that conduct. We hold that the adverse remarks made against the appellant were neither justified nor called for."

(at page 483)

G In State of Madhya Pradesh & Ors. v. Nandla/ Jaiswal & Ors., [1987] 1 SCR

1, one of the questions raised was the propriety of certain observations and some disparaging remarks made by a learned Judge of the High Court in his separate concurring opinion in a matter decided by a Division Bench.

While holding that those disparaging remarks were unwarranted, this Court H expressed its strong disapproval of the same as follows :

AK. RAY v. STATE IJ.S. VERMA, J.] 345

11Before \Ve part with this case we must express our strong A disapproval of the observations made by B.M. Lal, .I. in paragraphs 1, 9, 17, 18, 19 and 34 of his concurring opinion. The learned Judge inade sweeping observations attributing 111alafides1 corruption and under-hand dealing to the State Government. These observations arc in our opinion not at all justified by the record.

(at page 62)

" ......... What the learned Judge has said is based entirely on conjecture and suspicion - and approach which does not go well

with judicial disposition of a case. ........

(at page 63)

"We may observe in conclusion that Judges should not use strong and carping language while criticising the conduct of parties or their witnesses. They must act with sobriety, moderation and D restraint. They must have the humility to recognise that they are not infallible and any harsh and disparaging strictures passed by them against any party may be mistaken and unjustified and if so, they may do considerable harm and mischief and result in injustice.

Here, in the present case, the observations made and strictures passed by B.M. Lal, J. were totally unjustified and unwarranted E and they ought not to have been made. "

(at page 66)

Against this Court inA.M. Mathur v. Pramod Kumar Gupta, [1990] 2 SCR 110, reiterated this position while expunging the disparaging remarks F made against an advocate who was also the former Advocate General of the State while dismissing a review petition. These disparaging remarks were also contained only in the separate concurring order of one of the learned Judges of the Division Bench. Incidentally, this matter was the aftermath of Nandlal Jaiswal (supra) which made it worse. While expung- G il'e the C.lsparaging remarks made by the learned .Judge in a separate concurring order, this Court stated as under :

"It may be noted that C.P. Sen, J. dismissed the review petition on the ground of maintainability, limitation and /ocm standi of the petitioner. Thereafter the application wad filed to pass strictures H

against the appellant in the light of the Vidhan Sabha proceedings.

B.M. Lal, J. Seems to have acceded to that request. No doubt each Judge is independent to form an opinion of his own in deciding cases or in any phase of the decisional function. But the facts of the present case against the background of the views expressed by this Court apropos to the earlier strictures against the Government, should have warned B.M. Lal, .I., no matter how clear he was in his mind, not to criticise the appellant. The avoidance of even the appearance of bitterness, so in1portant in a Judge required him not to cast aspersions on the professional conduct of the appellant."

(at page 116)

"Judicial restraint and discipline are as necessary to the orderly administration of justice as they are to the effectiveness of the army. The duty of restraint, this humility of function should be a constant theme of our judges. This quality in decision making is as much necessary for judges to command respect as to protect the independence of the judiciary. Judicial restraint in this regard might better be called judicial respect; that is, respect by the judiciary. Respect to those who come before the Court as well to other coordinate branches of the state, the Executive and Legislature. There must be mutual respect. When these qualities fail or when litigants and public believe that the judge has failed in these qualities, it will neither good for the judge nor for the judicial process.

The .Judges Bench is a seat of power. Not only do judges have power to make binding decisions, their decisions legitimate the use of power by other officials. The Judges have the absolute and unchallenged control of the Court domain. But they cannot misuse their authority by intemperate comments, undignified banter or scathing criticism of counsel, parties or witnesses. We concede that the Court has the inherent power to act freely upon its own conviction on any matter coming before it for adjudication, but it is a general principle of the highest importance to the proper administration of justice that derogatory remarks ought not to b<; rna<lc agciinst persons or authorities whose conduct comes into consideration unless it is absolutely necessary for the decision of

AK. RAY v. STATE[J.S. VERMA, J.] 347

the case to animadvert on their conduct. (See (i) R.K. Lakshmanan A

v. A.K Srinivasan, [1976] 1 SCR 204 and (ii) Niranjan Patnaik Sashibhushan Kar, [1986] 2 SCC 567 at 576)."

(at page 117)

'We therefore, allow the appeal and expunge all the remarks B made by B.M. Lal, .T. against the ppellanl in the impugned order."

(at page 118)

What we have said above is nothing new and is only a reiteration of the established norms of judicial propriety and restraint expected form' C everyone discharging judicial functions. Use of intemperate language or making disparaging remarks against any one unless that be the requirement for deciding the case, is inconsistent with judicial behaviour. Written words in judicial orders form permanent record which make it even more necessary to practise self-restraint in exercise of judicial power while making D written orders. It is helpful to recall this facet to remind ourselves and avoid pitfalls arising even from provocation at times. The Division Bench of the Tribunal overlooked this aspect and misread the documents in the. record including the High Court's judgment to make disparaging remarks against the appellant as Chairman of the Tribunal based on a nonexisting foundation. All the disparaging remarks in the impugned order. against the . E appellant are, therefore, expunged. This being the limited scope of this appeal, nothing else needs consideration. The appeal is allowed, accordingly.

R.A.

Appeal allowed.