ASSOCIATED CEMENT COMPANIES LTD. E.TC.

T.C. SHRIVASTAVA & ORS.

March 29, 1984 B

[V.D. TULZAPURkAR AND R.S.' PATHAK, JJ.]

Industrial Ernploynient (Standing Orders) Art, 1946-Standing Orde1s-Certified Standing Order. No. Ji-Praiding that all disn1issal orders shall be passed by the Manager or A Cring A1anager who shall do so after giving the accusd an cppot tunity to o_ffer any exp!anation-Jr:terpreation of-IVhether co11te1nplates sei:ond ;'.) opportunity to" workman aftfi conclusion of ehquiry and before inflicting puish n1ent of dis1r1isSal_.:._Whether enquiry gets vitiated in absence of such opportunitjl.

 Fol.Jr workmen of the appellant company in Civil Appeal No. 209/73 \Vere charged for mis-conduct as defined in Standing Order No. 16. The enquiry -Officer found them guilty of the charges .• on the basis of the Enquiry Officer's

report and after looking into the previous record of the workmen, the' General Manager dismised theITi.

On a dispute having been raised it was referred to the arbitrator, first respondent, un<ler section lOA of the Industrial Disputes Act 1947. The arbjtr<itor held that the enquiry which was otherwise fair and valid was viiatep because no secOnd opportunity was given to the workrrien be~ fore disrcissing them as required by the Standing Order No: 17. The Arbitratot set aside the dismissal of two workmen and confinTied that of-the other hvo: The managem!nt and theworkn1en challenged the award in the High Court by two writ petitions. lfhe High Court cor, firmed the. a, vard arid di_smissed both lhe writ petltions. Hence these appeals by management .and the workmen.

Allowing the appal of the managcn1cnt and dismissing that of the workmen.

IIELD: Under Standing Order No. 17 no second _opportunity of showing cause on the question of punishment is contemplated. [3670]

Neither. under the ordinary Jaw of the land nor under industrial law a

secondopportunity 'to show cause against the proposd punishment is nece'isary.

This of course, does nOt n1ean th1t the sta'nding order may not. provide far it but unless the standing order provide for it either expressly or by necessary iin'pl!cation, no enquiry which is otherwise fair and alid Will be vitiated by non-affording of such opportunity. 13698-D]

Standing Ordef No. 17 provides that a worker mii.y be suspended, fined or

dismissed if found guilty of mis-conduct as defined in Stnding Order No. 16. . ., Para 3 of Standing Order No. 17 says that "all dismissal orders shall be passed by the Manager or Acting Man.ager who shall do so after giving the accu<ed an H opportunity to Offer any explanation." The question is whether para 3 provides for such second opportunity eing given to the delinquent The words ''all dis~

missal orders shall be passed by ihe Manager Ofter giving the accused an opportunity to any offer explanation" in para 3 of Sanding _Order No. 17 are wholly inappro"':..

p'tiate to convey the idea of a second hearing or opportunity On the que'stion of punbhment but appropriate in th~ contl!Xt of seeking an 61Xplanation in regard to the alleged mis-conduct charged against hin1: An 'explanation• is to be call ed from the 'accused' which suggests that the _sam.e is to be called for prior to the recording of a finding that the. dl!linquent is guilty of mis-conduct ; W: is the alleged misconduct that is. to be -explftincd by him and not the proposed punish ment. On a plain reading of the relevant words no second opportunity of 5how . ing cause against the. proposed punish1nent is conten1plated either exprcsS?y or . by necessary implication. In other word<>, it is'.Ctear that the opportunity spoken of by para 3 of Standing Order No. 17 is the opportuni.ty to be given to the delin9i1ent to meefte charges framed against hin1.

Further, since the instant

Stanng Order \Vas certified prior to the enunciation of the law by. Courts regarding the observance of the principles' of natural justice such as i-; suance of a charge-sheet, holding vf an inquiry, opportunity to lead evidence, etc. It

erey contains a bald provision for 'giving tl):e accued an oppOrtunity to offer any explanation'. In Other W; Jrd3, diff::re_nt stages in do1nestic inquiry \vere never in the contemplation of the framers.<tof the Standing Order. That being the posilion it would be difficuh to attritbute any inrension to the framers thereof to provide for a second opportunity being given to the delinquent of s.howing.cause against theproposed p_unisijrnent. l368A-E; 369C-H ; 370A-B)

The view of tl:rc Arbitrator as also the view of the High Cciurt proceecl. on

a11 assumption the .Stnding Ordr o 17 d.!{lls with t\VO different stages..concerning disciplinary proceding5 agairist a dlinquent, first holding of~ departn1ental inquiry into the charges where principles or natural justice must be irnpl_i- "'ed and second' the infliction of graver punishment before awarding whch opportu'"

nity io show cause has been provided for ; but the .plain reading of the Standing Order read as a whole does not warrant any such assumption and, therefcire, the coustruction placed on Standing Order No. -17 by t.he Arbitrator or.the High Court is.not possible much less reasonabl) possible. [37JH; 371A B] • ·

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In the inHanl case; admittedly, opportunity to offr explanation i:i regard to the <illeged mis-col"\, ducr was not oly afforded but was availed of by theco_n c.; rned four workers by submitting their written explanations to the ~1:inai; er whereafte.r the departmenta'J inquiry was held. In other words Standing. 01der No. 17 was fully con1plkd with and what is more the Arbitrator has held that the inquiry was otlierwie f:'iir and valid. [371DJ

Ctv1L APPELLATE. JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No .. 2Q9 of 073.

(Appeal by Special leave frbm the Judgment and Order dated the 27th July 1972 of the Madhya Pradesh High Coo.rt in Misc"._

Petition No. 129 of 1970)

AND

Civil Appeal No .. 1140 of 1974 (From the Judgment and order dated the 27th July, 1972 of the Madhya Pradesh High Court in Misc. Case No. 365 of 197().)

i-· :

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• ASSOCIATED CEMENT v. T.C. SHRIVASTAVA (Tulzupurkar, J.) 363-

F.N. Kaka and D.N, Misra for the Appellants in CA. No. 209 .\ -0f 1973 & Foi;, the Respondent No.2 in CA. l.l40/74.

M.K.' Ramamurt/Jy, Vieet Kumar and Naresh .K. Sharnw, for -the Respondent Nos.2 & 4 in CA.209/73 & for the Appellant in 'CA. No.1!40 of 1974.

The Judgment of the Court was deliercd by

TULZAPURKAR, J. The principal question raised for our <:letermination in these appeals is: Whether on its proper construction -the certified Standing Order 17 providesfor second opportunity being

-given to a workman after conclusion of the inquiry into his mis-· >Conduct and before inflicting on him the punishment of dismissal

.and if so whether the enquiry gets vitiated by not affording.him such -Opportunity?

Facts giving rise to the question may"be stated. The Associated Cement Co; npanies Limited. (hereinafter called 'the Appellant') has quarries worked by its department called Kymore & Bamangaon Lime-stone Mines at Kymore, District Jabalpur, M.P, Workers employed _in the sa:id quarries have a unio,; called Kymorc Qu1rry

Karamchri Sangh and the four concerned workmen Ram1 Shanker, llarmapradhan, Emmanual arid Mohd. Rauf (hereinafter tailed "the '.Respondents') were at the material time the office bearers in the

-1.lnion.

In connection with the implementation of the Recommenda- 1ions of Second Central Wage Board for the cement industry, after -serving a strike notice on the' m1nagement of the Appe)lant on !3th 'Septem'Jer,' l 968, the Kara1hchari Sangh and all its Members went

on a strike for 24 hours commencing from.the mid-nig, ht of !9th 'September, 1968 which was accompanied by acts of intimidation, . G 1hreats, ghearoes and unlawful obstruction.

According to the management before the commencement of the strike two meetings -were organized by the Respondents, one at 4 P.M. and the other at 11 P.M. on 19th September at which fiery speeches were made by them wherein they not only instigated the quarry workers to resort to strjke. buhnti\fiiclated and prevented the willing workers from ft ..

going to their work and threatened the supervisory staff and officers with 4ire consequences if they tried to work thejquarries and wha1 is more from the mid-night of 19th September till 4.30 A.M. on 20th September the quatry Manager and the supervisory staff were ghearoed and at 4.30 A.M. the Agent's car stopped at the gate and he was unlawfully obstructed from visiting the "querry premises. Since resorting to a strike without giving 14 days' prior notice as , also the aforesaid acts on the part.'of the Respondents amounted to serious. mis-conduct under the ce\tified Standing Orders applicable to the quarries th.e Management served Charge-sheets dated 3rd of October, 1968 on t])e Rspondents in which four common charges were level: led against all of them; in addition a fifth charge was. levelled against two of them Emmanual and Mohd. Rauf; and yet another 6th charge Was levelled against Mohd. Rauf. The common charges were (a) themselves going on strike without 14 days' prior notice, (b) , inciting and instigating othe~ workers to go on strike, (c) gheraoing the Quarry' Manager and other supervisorystaff between mid-night and 4.30A~M. on 20th September and inciting others to gherao the said staff and (d)-forcibly , and unauthqrisedly occupying the area near. the quarry can.teen between 4 P.M. on 19th Sept. and l A.M. • .on 20th Sept. and insta.!ling and using loud-speakers for inciting the . workers. Shri Emnianual and Shri Rauf were forth.er charged_, with threatening the gheraoed staff with dire consequences, if they moved ' ' out; and Mohd. Rauf was charged iii addition for having Testrained the Quarry Agent from entring the quarry premises. The respon : dents were called upon to submit their explanlltion . in r.espect of the charges to the General Manager which they did; in their Explana tions they by and large denied the charges levelled against them. A departmental enquiry was held against them by Shri H.S. Mathur during the course of which at one stage the Respond'ents withdrew. from the enquiry on 24th October, 1968 on the plea that the Quarry Agent should be examined first which was not bein.g done, whereafter~ the enquiry proceeded ex-parte and on a consideration of the entire

evidence)d before him the Enquiry Officer came to the conclusion that the first three charges were fully _proved and the fourth charge was partly proved against al!the respondents while the additional charges against Emmanual and Mohd. Rauf were also. proved. The Enquiry Report was forwarded to t)1e Genera\. Managerl. who after considering the same and after taking into accou.nt the previous service record of the Respondents by his order dated 31st December, 1968 dismissed the Respondents from service. That order was served: on the Respondents on 30th January, 1969 . •

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ASSOCIATED CEME!<T v, T.C. Sl!R!VASTAVA (Tulzapurkar, J.) 365

A dispute having been raised with regard to their dismissal, by common consent, the same was referred tb the arbitration of Shri T.C. Shrivastava, a retired Judge of M.P. High Court, under sec. 1@cA of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 on 14th 'April, 1%9. The . .

Arbitrator gave his Award on 9th February, 1970 whereby he came to the conclusion that the enquiry which was otherwise fair and valid was viti_ated because no second o"pportunity was given to _the Respondentsof showing cause against the proposed punishment before the issuance of their dismissal order as required by the Standing Order ·

No.17; he further held that though before him che Management had by leading evidence proved their mis-conduct by establishing the first three charges against all, the fiiftli charge against Emmanual and Mohd. Rauf (fourth charge be'ing held not to have been proved) the punishment of dismissal in respect of Emmariual and Mohd. Rauf , could be confirmed but set aside t!ie .dismissal in respect of Rama Shanker and Barmapradhan n the ground that while fomenting the strike the conduct of Emmanual and Mohd. Rauf was graver than that of Rama Shanker and Barmapradhan and instead ordered their reinstatement but without back wages. The Appllant challe11ged

the Award in the High Court by means of" a Writ Petition (Misc.

Petition No. 129 of 1970) contending that the Arbitrator had misconstrued Standing Order No. 17 and that no second opportunity was required to be given to the Respondents and that in the alternative . the interference with the punishment of dismissal in respect of Rama

Sha11ker and Barmapradhan was erroneous while another writ petition (Misc. Petition No.365 of 1970) was filed by the Respondents against the punishments that were awarded to each one of them- The High Court by its judgment dated 27th July, 1972 confirmed the Award of the Arbltra(or by dismissing both the writ petitions.

The Appellant.has come up irt appeal' (beiug Civjl Appeal No .. 209/73) by special leave challenging the interference with the dismissal of Rama.Shanker and Burma Pradhan while the Respondents have preferred their appeal (being Civil Appeal No. i 140 of 1974) on a Certificate granted by the "High Court challenging the punishments operating against each one of them. At this stage itJ may be stated that as regards Emmanual and Mohd. Rauf the maiter has been compromised between the-parties which has already ibeen recorded' by this Court with the result that Civil Appeal No.11<\0 of 1974 in so far as their dismissal is concerned no longer survives and the same needs to be dealt with by us only as regards back wages that have be.en denied to Rama Shanker and Burmapradhan.

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WPRIME COURT REPORTS [1984] 3 s.c.R.

In support of civil Appeal N:o. 201} of J973 Counsel for the Appellant raised three contentions before us. In the first place, he contended that the learned Arbitrator as well as the High Court ha.ve erroneously construea the certified.Standing Order No. '17 as requiring a second opportunity being given to a workman at the conclusion of the enquiry into his mis-conduct and before inflicting. upon him th~ punishment of dismissal ; he urgecP"that the <?oncept . of second opportunity being given to a delinquent which obtained under sec. 240(3) of the Government of India Act, 1935. or Art. 311 of the Constitution prior to the insertion of the Proviso to Article 311 (2) could not be invoked or applied to the instant cas.c nor wa$ such second opportunity any requirement of the ordinary Jaw .of the 'land or of Industrial law and in this. behalf reliance was placed on two decisions 'Of this Court in fla; ndard DJwakhanal') case and in Saharnpw Light Rly, l') case. Counsel u'rged tha! on proper construe-• tionof the Standing Order it should have been held that no second opportunity was contemplated thereunder a!ld therefore the finding that the enqniry was vitiated deserved to be set aside and according to him , if the enquiry was valid and was not \•itiated the punishment of dismissal imposed on Rama Sl)anker and Barmapradhan could not be interfered with. In. the alternative coi.msel contended that assuming that the enquiry was vitiated for the reason mentioned by t.he Arbit.rator even than once serious mis-conduct was proved by leading evidence before the learned Arbitrator it was not open to him to' interfere with the punishment of dismissal unless the punish men! was so harsh as to smack of victimisation. In the further alternative counsel contended that assuming that-the Arbittator had power to interfere with the punish.men! in the.insta.nt case having to the facts and .. circumstances he was not justified in setting aside the dismissal of Rama Shanker and Bafmapradhan especially on the grou!'d on which he diq so namely, that the conduct of Sh.ri Emmanual and Mohd. Rauf was more grave tf1an that of. Rama Shanker and Barmapradhan while fomenting the strike ; counsel urged that passively taking part in the strike was distinguishable from the more serious miS-conduct. of fomenting or inciting the strike and all the .retpondents wer; found guilty by the learned Arbitrator of such

s, erious mis-conduct and as snch .no distinction on the distinction on the basis indicated between the two sets of workmen should . have been made in. the matter of punishment, On the other hand coun- . t

(I) [t96l 2 LLJ. 772. (2) [1969] 2 LW. i34.

• ASSOCIATED CEMENT v. T.C. SHRIVA5TAVA (Tulzapurkar, !.) 367

set for the Respon.denis urged that Standing Order No. 17 had been

properly construed by tlie Arbitrator and the High Court and that construction should be upheld and in any case if twoconstructions were reasonably possible no interference by this Court was called for and counsel in thlt behalf relied upon the decision Agnanl (W.M.) v. B2dri JJas and Ors.(1! Counsel further urged that once the enquiry got vitiated the entire field of determining the mis-conduct

a~ also the' purnshment th.erefor became. open and the Arbitrator had jurisdiction and power to consider both the <ispects and1 that the Arbitrator in the facts, and circumstances of the case had justifiably interfered with the dismissal of Rama Shanker and

Barmapnrtlhan and had directed their reinstatement.

From the rival contentions summarised above it will appear clear that the real question that arises in these-appeals is, does the certified Standing Order , No. 17 provide forsecond opporlOJnity being given to a workman to show cause agaiost the proposed punish ment of dismissal, for, it was not disputed before us that if no such second opportunity is contemplated by it then the only ground on which the inquiry has been held to be invalid by the learned Arbitrator and the High Court would disappear and the Arbitrator could not have entered into merits of the case or interfered with the punishment of dismissal inflictd upon Ramashanker and Barmapradhan. The question obviously depends upon the proper construction to be placed on said S.0. 17.

It may be stated that the certified S.0.16 enlists several acts or omissions that constitute 'mis-conduct' and striking work either singly or with other workers witfiput giving 14 days previ?us noiice, inciting whilst on the premises and. worker to strike work and indulging in a Gherao, which would amount to an 'act subversive of discipline or efficiency' are obviously included therein. S.0.17 which deals with punishments and procedure therefor runs thus : .

"17. A worker may be suspended for a period not exceeding 4 days or fined in accordance wfrh the Payment of Wages Act or dismissed without notice or any compensation in lieq of notice it found guilty of misconduct defined in Standing Order No. 16.

(!) '[1963] 1 LLJ. 684. •

lB .

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Ali Orders of suspensfon and fines shall be in writing setting out the misconduct for which the punishment is award-· ed. No officer below the rank of the Head of Oepartment shall award the above punishinent.

All dismissal order shall be passed by the Manager or Acti1ig Manager who shall do so after g;~; ng ac<; used an opportunity to qfferany explanation. Due consideration to the. gravity of the misconduct and the previous record of the worker shall be. given in awarding the maximum punishment.

In the event of a discharge of dismissal, the worker shall be paid off. within the second working day following the discharge or dismissal."

Th,.ciuestion is whether when paragraph 3 0f the S.O. says : "all dismissal , orders shall be passed by the Manager or. Acting Manager who shall do so after giving the accused ah opportunity to offer any explanation", it contemplates giving of a second opportunity to the delinquent to show cause against the proposed punishment of dismissal after he has been found guilty or.the opportunity spoken of is the opportunity to meet the charges in the domestic inquiry?

At the outset the legel position a-s has been clarified by this Court in the Sa!!aranppr Light Railway Co.'s case (supra) may be stated: In the context of certain modification sought .to be introduced in a.Standing Qrder requiring a second show couse notice this Court .has observed thus :

"As regards the modification requiring a second show cause notiCe, neither he ordinary law of the land nor !ht industrial Jaw requires an employer to give such a notice. In none of.the decisions given by the Courts or the Tribunals such a second show cause notice in the oose of removal has ever been demand or considered necessary. The only class of cases where such a notice has been held to be necessary are those arising under Art.3ll.

Even that has now been removed by the recent <1mendment of that. Article. To import such a retirement f(om Art. 311 in industrial matters does qot

appear to_be either necessary. or poper and would be equating industrial employees with civil servants. In our view, there is no justification -0r any principle for such_ equation.

A.SSOCIATED cs>tmff v. T.C. SHRIVASTAVA (Tulzaplirkar, J.)' 369

Besides, such a requirement would unnecessarily prolong A. disciplinary enquiries which in the interest of industrial peace should be disposed of in short time as possible.

In our view it is not possible to consider this modification as justifiable either on the grouhd of reasonableness of fairness and should therefore be _set aside."

It is thus clear neither under the ordinnry law of the land nor under industrial law a second opportunity to show cause against the proposed punishment is necessary. This, of course, does not mean that a Standing .Order may not provide for it but unless the Stand- . jng Order provides for it either expressly or by necessary implication .no inquiry which is otherwise fair an!! valid will be vitiated by nop- . .affording of such second opportunity. The question is whether para

3 of the Standing Order No. 17 provides for such second opportunity being" given to the delinquent ? The relevant words are "all dismissal order shall be passed by the Manager·······a/M giving the accused an opportunity to offer any explanation". The underlined words are wholly inappropriate to convey the idea of a second hear- . ing on opporiunity on the question of punishment but appropriate in the context of seeking an explanation in regard to the alleged misconduct charged against him. An 'explanation' is to be c"alled from the 'accused' which suggests that, the same is to be called for prior to the recording of finding that the delinquent is guilty of misconduct : it is the alleged misconduct that is to be e)Cplained by

B ,

him and not the proposed punishment. On a plain reading of the relevant words no second opportunity of showing cause against the' propose.d punishment is contemplated ither expressly or by necessary implication. In other words, it is clear clear to us that the opportunity" spoken of by" para 3 of S.0.17 is the opportunity to be given . F to the delinquent to meet the charge framed against him .• In this connection it will be pertinent to mention that the concerned S.O.

was framed and came into force on March. I, 1946 and was duly certified on October 16, 1954 under the Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946 i.e. prior to the enunciation of the law by Courts regarding the observance of the principles of natural justice such as issuance of a charge-sheet, holding 0f an inquiry., opportunity to lead evidence, etc. and it is well-known that after the enunciaiio1i of these principles model standing orders have been framed to provide for the detailed steps required to be undertaken ·

during .!\. domestic inquiry. Since the instant Standing Order was certified prior to the formulation of the above principles it merely

{ E

contains a bald provision for 'giving the accused an opportunity t<> offer any exjllanation'. In other words, different stages in domestic; inquiry were never in the contemplation of the framersof the S.O. That being the pqsition it would be di!Iicult to attribute any intention to the framers thereof to provide for a second opportunity being given to the delinquent of showing cause against the proposed. punishment. The latter part . of para 3 merely casts a unilateral obligation on concerned authority or the officer , to give due consideration to the gravitiof the misconduct and the previous record of . t.he delinquent in awarding the maximum pu.nishment.

It is true that the Arbitrator. has undoubtedly taken the view that the opportunity spoken qi by para 3 does not refer to theopportunit~ to meet the charges but refers to the further opportunity being. given to the dJ.'linquent to show cause against the graver punishment of dismisal that may be proposed to be inflicted on . him. But for. reaching such a conclusion he has reso.rted to sorne; . involved reasoning which 'is not warranted by the Standing Order if

read as a whole. According to him in the earlier paragraph which speaks of awarding lighter punishment there is no reference to any opportunity being given to meet the charges but no punishment-not even lighter punishment-can be inflicted without inquiry being held according to the principles of natural justice and if such an inquiry

1s implicit in cases of lighter punishments it would be so in cases of graver. punishmnt like dismissal and since specific mention of opportunity is made in cases of graver ppnishment in the relevant sentence of para 3 jt n1ust have a meaning and the words cannot be, considered a surpulsage, and, therefore, the opportunity mentioned in the relevant sentence of para 3 refers to the second opportunity being given to tile

delinquent at the stage of inflicting the punishment 6f ?ismissal. The Hiih Court has confirmed the view of the basis that the first part of the Standing Order deals with several punishments and requires finding of guilt in respect of each one of them and_ this pro.cedure is, therefore, different from that which has been contemplated iri the last part of the Standing. Orde~ and that last. part dtals only with: the punishment of dismissal arid for that punishment alone makes a special prbvision that no orde.r awarding that J:\llnishment wilJbepassed unless the Manager gives n opportunity to a workman t<> offer his explanation. In our opinion, the.viewof the. Arbitrator as.

also the view of the High Couri proceed on an assumption that the Standing Order No, 17.deals with two different stages concerning qisciplinery proceedings' against a delinquent, first holding of a

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ASSOCIATED CEMc>'-:T v. T.C. SHRIVASTAYA (Tulzapurkar, J.) ': 371

departmntal inquiry into the charges where principles cif natural A justice must be implied and second the infliction of graver punishment

beforJ awarding whicb opportunity to show cause has been provid

ci for ; but the p1ain reding of the Standing Order read as a whole does not warrant any such assumption and, therefore, we do not feel that the construction placed on Standing Qrder No. 17 by .the Arbitrator or the High Court is possible inuch less reasonably

possibl~. The ratio of tis tourt's decision in Agnani ( W. M.) v.

Badri Das & Ors. (supra) is, therefore, not attracted. _

In view of the construction which w~ are-placing on S.O. No. 17, it Wjll be clear that th"o only'8fOUOd On which inquiry 'was held to be invalid by the Arbitrato.r and by the High Court must dis~ . appear. Admittedly, opp)rtunity to." offe~ explanation i~ regard to the alleged miscdnduct..vas not only afforded"but was availed. of by

the con:erned four workers (including !lam1 Shankar and Burma) Pradhan) by submitting thei.r written explanations to the Manager wher.eafter t~ departmental inquiry was held by H.S, Mathur. In . I> other. words S.O. 17 w.is fully complied with and what is more the Arbitrator has held that the inquiry was otherwise fair and valid.

The solitary grou;1d on which the inquiry was held to be invalid having disappeared it must follow that the Arbitrator had no Jurisdiction to enter into the merits of the case or interfere with the punishment of dismissal inflicted upon Rama Shankar and Burma . Pradhan. That part of the Arbitrator's award which has been

confirmed by.the High Court is, therefore, set aside. The alter-·. native contentioas raised by counsel for the Management in these appeals do not survive.

C.A. No.' 209 of 1973 (filed by the Management) is allowed and C.A; No. 1140 of. 1974 (filed by the two workmen Rama Sha:nkar and, -BLlrma pradhan) is dismissed.

There will he no order as to costs.

H.S.K.

C.A. 209/72 allowed and CA.· JJ40/l4 dismissed .