HAR! DATT KAINTHLA & ANR. v.

STATE OF IDMACHAL PRADESH & ORS.

April 9, 1980

[D. A. DESAI AND E. S. VENKATARAMIAH, JJ.J

Promotion claim for-Appellants admittedly juniors in the gradation list of Subordinate Judges in the State of Himachal Pradesh to Respondents 3, 4 and 5- Whether apj, ellants could question the legality and validity of the promotion of respondents 3, 4 and 5 to the cadre of District/ Additional District & Sessions Judges and also the promotion of respondents 6 & 7 to the selection grade post subordinate Judges in accordance lvith Chapter VI of Part VT of Constitution- Constitution of India Article 16, whether offended-Constitution of India Articles 233, 235 and 236.

Necessary parties to the proceedings-Whether Govern111§nt and H1'gh Court, should necessarily appear before the High Court, 1vhen they are made parties challenging their action.

Himachal Pradesh was a Union Territory till January 25, 1971, when at the apex of the Judicial hierarchy there was a court of Judicial Commissioner.

On the introduction of the Punjab Reorganization Act, 1966 effective from November 1, 1966, certain. territories were transferred and added to the Union Territory of Himacbal Pradesh simultaneously extending the jurisdiction of the Court of Judicial Commissioner of Himachal Pradesh to the transfeITed tenitories.

Consequently provision was made for allocation of persons belonging to different services in pre-reorganized State of Punjab (Respondent 4 to 7 being such officers) to Union Tenitory of Himachal Pradesh. On May 2, 1967, the judiciary of Unioru Territory of Himachal Pradesh was placed under the jurisdiction of Delhi J!igh C'ourt which continued till January 25, 1971, when state-hocxl was conferred on the Union Territory and a full fledged High Court of Himachal Pradesh was set up.

Promotional avenues in Himachal Pradesh Subordinate Judicial servicei moved vertically from the grass root entry as subordinate judge promoted as senior sub-Judge-cum-Assistant Sessions Judge. and when the further prontotional avenue is DSJ /ADSJ. They \'Vere initially governed by the Himachal Pradesh (Courts) Order, 1948 issued by the Union Government in exercise of the power cenferred by sections 3 and 4 of the Extra Provincial Jurisdiction Act, 1947. This ordet remained in force till it was replaced by the1 Himachnl Pradesh Subordinate Judicial Service Rules, 1962. Rule 16(2) of the 1948 Order provided for the appointment of District and Sessions Judges,, The Chief Commissioner had power to appoint as many parsons as he considered necessary to be District Judges. In the 1962 Rules, there was no change in this regard. Effective from January 25, 1971 when statehood was conferred on the Union Territory of Himachal Pradesh, the Chief Commisisoner was replaced by the Governor and the Judicial Commissioner by High Court.

B Both the appellants were working as Senior Sub-Judge-cum-Assistant Sessions Judge and they questioned the validity and legality of promotion of respondents 3, 4 and 5 given on May 18, 1971 as DSJ/ADSJ on the ground that the-

HAR! DATT V. HIMACHAL PRADESH 365

post of DSJ I ADSJ is a selection post and the criterion for selection must be merit alone, seniority being treated as thoroughly irreilevant and therefore, all those who were within the zone of eligibility should have been considered before selecting respondents 3, 4 and 5 and this having not been done the promotion having been purely as the basis of seniority, their promotion: is inv&lid .

Simultaneously they contended that same. criterion would 1nutatis-muta11di~ apply while giving promotion to senior sub-Judge cum Assistant Sessions Judge tD selection grade post and that having not been done and the promotion having been given only on the basis of seniority, the, same is invalid, as per the rnemorandum dated June 15, 1957 issued by the Himachal Administration.

The High Court through its Registrar did not appear and participate in the proceedings, though made a party. Noc did the Bench hearing the rna<ter call for the relevant files from the office' of the High Court though a prayer was made to that effect in the writ petition.

The State of Himachal Pradesh, Respondent No. 1 contended that appointment to the post of D.S.J. was governed by Art. 233 of the Constitution under v.1hich appointments were to be made by the Governor in consultation with the High Court and since respondents 3, 4 and 5 were promoted and appointed as DSJ I ADSJ on the recommendation of the High Court, the appointments

were not open to challenge. The High Court accepted this plea of the State D Government and dismissed the v.rrit petitions. Hence the appeal by special leave.

DismiS$ing thet appeail the Court,

HELD : ( 1) Article 309 of the Constitution confers power on the legislature by appropriate legislation to regulate the recruitment and conditions of service E of persons appointed to public services nd posts in connection with the affairs

of the Union or of a State and till such legislation is enacted the power is conferred by the proviso to Article 309 of the President and the Governor, as the case may be, to make rules in that behalf. Undoubtedly such rules will have to be in conformity with other provisions of the Constitution such as Article 16 and the provisions included in Chapter VI of Part VI of the Constitution. No rules have been enacted under Article 309 proviso regulating the P recruitment and conditions of service of DSJ I ADSJ till such rules are framed appointment to the post of DSJ I ADSJ will have to be made in accordance with the provisions of Articles 233 and 235 of the Constitution.

[371 F-H, 372 A]

Article 233 confers power on the Governor of the State to appoint persons either by direct recruitment or by promotion from amongst those in the judicial G service as Dhtrict Judges but this power is hedged in with the condition that it can be exercised by the Governor in consultation with the High Court. In order to inake this consultation meaningful and purposive the Governor has to consult High Cou1t in respect of appointment of each person as District Judge which includes an Additional District Judge amd the opinion expressed by the lligh Court must be given full weight.

Article 235 invests control over subordinate courts including the officers manning subordinate courts as v.'ell as thei H ministerial staff attached to such courts in the High Court. Therefore, when promotion is to be given to the post of District Judge from amongst these

belonging to subordinate judicial service, the High Court unquestioniibly will be competent to decide "'hether a person is fit for promotion and consistent with its decision to recommend or not to recommend such person. The Governor who would be acting on the• advice of the Minister would hardly be in a position to have intimate knowledge about the quality and qualification of such person for promotion. Similarly, when a person is to be directly recruited as District Judge from the Bar the reasons for attaching full weight to the opinion of the High Court for its recommendation in the case of sub:. ordinaite judicial service would niutatis n1uta11dis apply because the performance of a member of thei Bar is better known to the High Court than the' }; finister or the Governor. [372 A-FJ '

Chandra Mohan v. State of Uttar Pradesh [1967] SCR 77 at 83. Chandrarnou!e.shwar Prasad v. Patna lligh Court & Ors. [1970] 2 S.C.R. 666 and A. Pa•1duranga Rao v. State of Andhra Pradesh [1976] I S.C.R. 620; followed.

2. Right to be considered for selection is distinct from an assertion that if considered the person so considered would of necessity be selected and then -

alone his grievance that he was not considered even though eligible could be examined by the court. And it is impossible, to expect a person to aver that if along with others eligible he was considered he \VOuld have, been selected.

[376 B-C]

In the instant casei as the situation stood not the time of the impugned rec01nmendations for promotion and the consequent appointment made by

- Governor lhere was no such rule providing merit alone as the criterion for promotion and the High Cburt, though it does .not reveal its 1nind, appears to have proceeded on the criterion of seniority.cum-merit which is a valid criterion under Article 16 and not violative of Art. 233 and the appellants, therefore, who were juniors to respond.ents 3, 4 and 5 cannot be. heard to make al grievance about the promotion of respondents 3, 4 and 5 who as and when their turn canle \\'ere considered and on being found fit were recon1n1ended for promotion ond the Govern;, r appointed them.

[376 C-E]

3. It is true that the.Office Memorandum No. F.1/4/55/RPS dated May 16, 1957, issued by the Govennent of Indra I\1inistry of Home Affairs did contain certain guidelines laying down criterion in giving promotions to selection posts.

In the absence of any material as to whether the Memorandum was endorsed to the High Court or whether the High Court adopted or acted upon the same or not it is difficult to accept that it was binding on the High Court and any recommendation for promotion made1 in breac.h of contravention thereof would render the promotion invalid. Even apart from this, the impugned promotions T"v'ere made on May 18, 1971, after Himachal Pradesh became a full fledged

State \Vith a High Court at the apex of judiciary and. the memora.ndum ould cease to have any force or binding effect.

[377 G, 378 CEJ

4.· Promotion from the post of subordinate Judge to the selection! grade post of subordinate Judge is a promotion from one post in subordinate judici:il service to another post in the same service. This promotion V.'ould definitely be under the control of the High Court as provided in Art. 235 of the COn.stitution. In the absence of a sta-tutory rule, the High Court would be the sole authority to decide the question of promotion in exercise of its control .Under Art. 235.

By Art. 235 the Jfigh Court has been vested with complete

-~·

HARI DA TT v. HIMACHAL PRADESH 367

control over the subordinates courts and this exercise of control comprehends the power to decide eligibility for promotion from one post! in the subordinate judicial service to higher post in the samej service except where one reaohes the stage of giving promotion as DSJ /ADSJ when Art. 233 would be attracted and the power to give promotion would be in Governor hedged in with the: cvndition that the Governor can act a.fter consultation with the High Court which has been understood to mean on the recommendation of the High Court.

But when it comes to promotion in the judicial service under the Distt. Judge the High Court would be the sole authority to decide the question Of promotion.

[378 F-H, 379 A-BJ

While promotion to the post of Distt. Judge which includes various posts as set out in Art 236, is with the Governor, the High Court would be competent to decide the promotion from one post in subordinate judicial service to any higher po5t in subordinate judicial service under the District Judge. In the present case promotions of respondents 6 and 7 from the rank of subordinate

Judge to the selection grade post of subonlinate fudge is also valid.

[379 G-H, 380 A]

High Court of Calcutta v. Amal Kumar Ray [1963] I S.C.R. 437 al 454;

State of Assam & Anr. v. Kuseswar Saikia & Ors. [1970] 2 SCR 923 applied.

5. The power to confirm any one in the sµbordllmte judicial service vests in tho High Court in exercise of the colltrol vest_ed in .the High Court under Art. 235; in fact the power to promote to va~_ious poSts in the1 sllbordina-te judicial\ service under the District Judge comprehends. also the power to confirm arid that veet<> in the High Court.

[3SO-D-E]

The in1pugncd appoint_ments \Vere µiade by promoti_on as

DS~/ ADSJ ot" those belonging to subordinate judicial service by the Governor on the recommendation of the I-ligh Court as envisaged by Arf. 2"33 and in the absence of any other valid rule promotion made on the generally well accepted principle of seniority-cum-merit is valid.

Therefore the promotion of respondents 3, 4 and 5 to the post of DSJ I ADSJ and promotions of respondents 6 and 7 to the selection grade post are valid.

[381 A-CJ


6. Where the Governn1ent acts on the recommendation of the High Court and the action of the Government j_s challenged by way of a writ petition, ill order to facilitate appreciation of issues raised, the administratiVe side of thei High Court, if joined as a P"rty, must appear and place bef6re the Court !lie entire record for a fair and judicial adjudication of the issues on the judicial side of the High Court. In this case the appellants in their writ petition requested the High Court to produce the proceedings which . culminated.in the recommendation of the High Court to the Governor for -appointme:Dt of respondents 3, 4 and 5 as DSJ/ADSJ. No action appears to have been taken on this request because no such record appears to have been produced before the High Court. Such silence militates against fair adjudication of. t.he iss:ues. Just and fair adjudication must not only inform the administrative side oJ\ the High Court

A but in order to put its record beyond the slightest pale of controversy it musi:

avoid any secrecy in this behalf consistent with public interest.

[381 CF]

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No., 991 of 1975.

From the Judgment and Order dated 25-9-1973 of the Hirnachal Pradesh High Court in Civil Writ Petition No. 158/71.

Yogeshwar Prasad, A. K. Srivastava and Mrs. Rani Chhabra for the Appellant

Dr. S. Chitale, R. N. Sachthey and S. K. Dhingra for Respondent ,.

No. 1.

S. K. Mehta, P. N. Puri and EME Anam for Respondent No. 4.

K. R. Nagaraja, for Respondent No. 6.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

DESAI, J.-Would Article 16 of the Constitution come to the rescue and be successfully invoked by appellants, admittedly juniors in th0 gradation list of Subordinate Judg_es in the State of Him.achal Pradesh to respondents 3, 4 and 5, questioning the legality and validity of their promotion to the cadre of District/ Additional District & Sessions Judges ('DSJ/ ADSJ' for short), as also questioning the legality and validity of promotion of respondents 6 nnd 7 to the selection grade post of Subordinate Judge?

Uncontroverted facts are that Himachal Pradesh was a Union Territory till January 25, 1971, when at the apex of judicial hierarchy there was a Court of Judicial Commissioner.

On the introduction of the Punjab Re-organisation Act, 1966, ('Re-organisation Act' for short) effective from November 1, 1966, certain territories were transferred and added to the Union Territory of Himachal i'radesh simultaneously extending the jurisdiction of the Court of Judicial Com.- missioner of Himachal Pradesh to the transferred territories. Consequently, provision was made for allocation of persons belonging to different services in pre-reorganised State of Punjab (Respendents 4 to 7 being such allocated officers) to Union Territory of Himachal Pradesh.

On May 2, 1967, the Union Territory of Himachal Pradesh was placed under the jurisdiction of Delhi High Court which continued till January 25, 1971, when statehood was conferred on the Union Territory and a full-fledged High Court of Himachal Pradesh was set up.

tB Himachal Pradesh (Courts) Order, 1948, ('1948 Order' for short), 'Was issued by the Union Government in exercise of the power conferred by sections 3 and 4 of the Extra. Provincial Jurisdiction

·~

HARi DATT v. HIMACHAL PRADESH (Desai, J.) 369

Act, 1947, and this Order remained in force till it was replaced by the Himachal Pradesh Subordinate Judicial Service Rules, 1962 ('1962 Rules' for short). Para 16 (2) Of the 1948 Order provided for the appointment of District & Sessions Judges.

The Chief Commissioner had power to appoint as many persons as he considered necessary

to be District Judges. 1962 Rules appear not to have made any B departure in this behalf.

Promotional avenue in Himachal Pradesh Subordinate Judicial Service moves vertically from the grass-root entry as Subordinat~, Judge promotable as Senior Sub-Judge-cum-Assistant Sessions Judge and then the further promotional avenue is DSJ I ADSJ. c

Both U1e appellants were working as Senior Sub-Judge-cum-Assistant Sessions Judge and they questioned the validity and legality of promotion of respondents 3, 4 and 5 given on May 18, 1971, as DSJ j ADSJ on the ground that the post of DSJ / ADSJ Is a selection post and ilie criterion for selection must be merit alone, seniority being treated as thoronghly irrelevant and, therefore, all those , who were within the zone of eligibility should have been considered before selecting respondents 3, 4 and 5 and this having not been done, the promotion having been given purely on the basis of seniority, their promotion is invalid. Simultneously they contended that same criterion would mutatis mutandis apply while giving promotion to Senior-sub-

Judge-cum-Assistant Sessions Judge to selection grade post and that having not been done and the promotion having been given only on the basis of seniority, the same is invalid. In support of the contention reliance has been placed amongst other thing on a Memorandum dated June 15, 1957, issued by the Himachal Pradesh Ad ministration.

There is a serious controversy whether this memorandum was effective and in force on the date of impugned promotions and whether the same would apply to the case of judicial officers.

Appellts inlpleaded the State of Himachal Pradesh as respondent l and the High Court of Himachal Pradesh as respondent 2.

Though the High Court would be the most competent to throw light on the vexed question as to by what criterion it selected respoi!dents

3. 4 and S for promotion to the post of DSJ / ADSJ and recommended their names for appointment to the Governor, surprisingly the IDgh

Court through its Registrar did not appear and participate in the proceedings.

Nor did the Bench hearing the matter call for the relevant files from the office of the High Curt though a prayer to that effect was made in the writ petition.

Respondent 1 State of Himachal Pradesh filed the return to the wrii as per the affidavit of Shri A. K. Goswami, Joint Secretary to the .Goiernment, Department of Personnel, Simla.

State Law Dcpartwent also appears to have scrupulously kept out from the arena of

Controversy.

In the return it was admitted that appointments to the post of Subordinate Judges were made in accordance with the provisions of para 18 of the 1948 Order till the 1962 Rules were e•acted !Ind brought into force on April 10, 1962.

It was averu.d that the appointment to the post of Dist!.

Judge used to be made under the provisions of para 16 (2) of the 1948 Order which conferred power on the Grief Commissioner after consultation with the Judicial Com- (! missioner to appoint as many pen>ons as he thought necessary to be j District Judges. It was furth, er contended that since Himachal Pra- desh attained full statehood on January 25, 1971,. appointment to the

post of DSJ was governed by Art. 233 of the Constitution and, therec fore, the appointments were to be made by the Governor in consultation with the Iligh Court and accordingly respondents 3, 4 and 5 D were. promoted and appointed as DSJ / ADSJ on the recommendation of the High Court.

The averment to that effect in para 12 of the writ petition was admitted in the return.

Identical position was iidopted §Upporting the promotion to selection grade give~ to respondents 6

Iii

and 7.

The return leaves no roor:i for doubt that the promotions to the post of DSJ I ADSJ were given by the Governor on the recommendayon: made by the High Court to the Governor and the Governor acted upbn °thti'' recoilllilenctaticln. It was, therefore, absolntely incuri1benl upon t11e High Court to' have pointed out what criterion if adopted in selecting 'respondents 3, 4 and.$ for promotion before fr went hi searcli

of what principle ought to be adopted in selecting persons from Suborclinate Juclicial Service for promotion to the post of DSJ / ADSJ.

There is not even a whinlper as to what criterion was adopted by:the High Court in formulating its recommendations both for promotion as'DSJ I ADSJ and to selection grade in the seal~ of Sµb0; djnate _j adge cum=Alisistant Sessions Judge, the latter having :Qee!l given~ by the High coW:t itself evidenced by the notifiati0n dated MarJ:h 19, 1971. . . . .. -- ~-

Rele!'ant provisions_of the Constitution bearing on the questiQU of appointment of District Judges and control of the High Court over the snbordini\te courts may be noticed.

Article 233 reads as under :

"233, Appointment of i:lisfrict' judgeS---(1) Appointments of pen>ons to be, and the ; pqstfng and promotion of,-

.,.

II ..

Iii

\I!

1 '

' " "

HAR! DATT v. HIMACHAL PRADESH (Desai, J.) 3 71

district judges in any State shall be made by the Governo~·

of the State in consultation with the High Court exercising

juri5diction in relation to such State.

(2) A person not already in the service Of the Union or of the State shall only be eligible to be' appointed a District Judge if he has been for not Jess than seven years an advoate 0r a pleader and is recommended by the High Court for appointment".

Article 235 reads as under :

"235. Control over subordinate courts-The control over district courts and courts subordinate thereto including the posting and promotion of, and the grant of leave to. persons belonging to the judicial service of a State and holding any post inferior to the post of district judge shall be vested in the High Court, but nothing in this article shall be construed as taking away from any such person any right of appeal which he my have under the Jaw regulating the conditions of his service or as authorising the High Court to deal with him otherwise than in accordl!_nce with conditions of hi> service prescribed under such Jaw".

Article 236 provides that in Chapter VI of Part VI of the Constitution the expression 'District Judge' includes a judge of city civil court, additional district judge, joint district judge, assistant district judge, cbiet judge of a small cause court, chief presidency magistrate, additional chief presidency magistrate, sessions judge, additional sessions judge and assistant sessions judge.

The expression 'Judicial Service' in the chapter means a service consisting exclusively of persons intended to fill the post of district judge and other civil judicial posts inferior to the post of district judge.

Article 309 confers power on the legislature by appropriate legislation to regulate the recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to public ,; ervices and posts in connection with the affairs of the union or of a State and till such legislation is enacted the power is conferred by the proviso to Article 309 on the President and the Governor, as the case may be, to make rules in that behalf.

At the outset it must be noticed that no Rules appear to have

been enacted under Art. 309 proviso regulating recruitment and con

ditions of service of DSJ/ADSJ. Undoubtedly such rules will have H to be in conformity with other provisions of the Constitution such as Art. 16, and the provisions included in Chapter VI of Part VI of the

4-289SCI/80

Constitutio'n.

Till such rules are framed appointment to the post of DSJ./ ADSJ will have to be made in accordajice with the provisions of Arts. 233 and 235 of the Constitution.

Article 233 confers power on the Governor of the State to appoint persons either by direct recruitment or by promotion front amongst those in the judicial service as District Judges but this power is hedged in with the condition that it can be exercised by the Governor in consultation with the High Court.

In order to make this consultation iµeaningful and purposive the Governor has to consult High Conrt in respect of appointment of each person as District Judge which ir1cludes an Additional District Judge and the opinion expressed by the High Court must be given full weight.

Article 235 invests control over subordinate courts including the officers manning subordinate courts

as well as the ministerial staff attached to such courts in the High Court.

Therefore, when promotion is to b~ given to the poot of District Judge from amongst those belonging to subordinate judicial service, tne High Conrt unquestionably will be competent to decide whether a person is fit for promotion and consistent with its decision to recommend or not to rc_tommend such person.

The Governor who would be acting on the advice of the Minister would hardly be in a position to have intimate knowledge about the quality and qualification of such person for promotion.

Similarly when a person is to be directly recruited as District Judge from the Bar the reasons for attaching full weight to the opinion of the High Court for its recommendation in case of subordinate judicial service would mutatis mutandis apply because the performance of a member of the Bar is better known to the High Court than the Minister or the Governor.

In Chandra Mo/zan v. State of Uttar Pradesh & Ors.,(') a Constitution Bench of this Conrt observed as under :

"The constitutional mandate is clear.

The exercise of the power of appointment by the Governor is conditioned by his ccnsultation with the High Court, that is to say, he can only appoint a person to the post of District Judge in con. sultation with the High Court.

The obiect of consultation is apparent. Tho High Court is expected to know better than the Governor in regard to the suitability or otherwise of a person, belonging either to the 'judicial service' or to the Bar, to be appointed as a district judge, Therefore, a dutv is enioined on the Governor to make the apoointment in consultation with a body which is the appropriate authority to cive advice to him".

(1) [1967] ls. c. R. 77 at 83.

HAR! DATT v. HIMACHAL PRADESH (Desai, !.) 3 7 3

This view was reaffirmed in Chandramouleshwar Prasad v. Patna High Court & Ors.(') observing:

"The High Court is the body which is intimately familiar with the efficiency and quality of officers who are fit to be promoted as District Judges.

The High Court alone knows their merits as also demerits".

In A. Panduranga Rao v. State of Andhra Pradesh & Ors.(') this Court observed that there are two sources of recruitment to the post of District Judge, viz., judicial service in subordinate rank and members of the Bar. In either case the consultation would assume the form of recommendation made by the High Court.

It is thus incontrovertible that appointment to the post of DSJ/ ADSJ in Himachal Pradesh will have to be made in accordance with the provisions contained in Art. 233. If any rules are enacted under

Art. 309 for regulating recruitment and conditions of service of DSJ I ADSJ, the rules will have to be in conformity with Art. 233 and if D they violate the constitutional mandate of Art. 233 of the rules will be held ultra vires as succinctly laid dow in Chandra Mohan's case (supra). To be precise so as to leave no ambiguity, in that case rule 13 of U .P. Higher Judicial Services Rules' provided for procedure for selection by promotion to the post of District Judge from thei subordinate judicial service and amongst others, the procedure provided for E selection to be made by a Committee consisting of two judges of the: High Court and the Judicial Secretary to Government.

This rulc was held to be ultra vires as being violative of Art. 233 inasmuch as the High Court could be said to have abdicated its constitutional function of making recommendation to au outside authority not known to Constitution.

Turning to the facts of the case, save and except the 1948 Orde~ no rules' appear to have been enacted regulating recruitment and conditions of service DSJ I ADSJ in Himachal Pradesh.

Therefore, appointment to the post of DSJ I ASDJ in Himachal Pradesh will have to be made in conformity with Art. 233.

Even if para 16(2) of the G 1948 Order held the field it merely provided for appointment by the Chief Commissioner (now replacect by the Governor) in consultation with the Judicial Commissioner (now replaced by the High Court).

That provision would be in confonnity with Art. 233.

The High Court in this case recommended the names of respondents 3, 4 and

5 for promotion to the post Of DSJ I ADSJ as averred by appellants H

(I) [1970] 2 S. C.R. 666.

(2) [1976] I S C. R. 620.

374 SUPREME COURT REPOlUS


thelllSelves and the Governor accepted the recommendation and the appointments were made consistent with the recommendation. It cannot be gainsaid that this is in conformity with Art. 233 and the constitutional mandate is complied with and no statutory rule in the

abence. of any c?uld be said to have been violated by promotion' betng given m this manner. In our opinion the matter should have ended there.

The High Court, however, completely oblitera_ting from its mind the criterion it mnst have followed in making the recommendation which prima facie appears to be one of the seniority-cum-merit, undertook an exercise of a search of what ought to be the criterion for promotion from the subordinate jndicial s_ervice to the responsible post of District Judge.

The High Court framed the question thus :

"The first question is whether in law appointment to the post of District Judge/ Addl District Judge must be made by selection of most meritorious officer upon an D appraisal of the comparative merit of eligible subordinate judges or is it sufficient that it is made on the basis of seniority-cum-fitness ?"

We find it a bit difficult to follow and appreciate how the High Cour~ could proceed on such a fruitless and bizarre enquiry unconnected with and wholly unnecessary in the fact of the case before it. The same High Court on its admicistrative side must have known its own mind when while maldng recommendation for promotion, the principle or criterion it adopted.

The High Court must be presumably aware even while making recommendation for promotion to the post of DSJ / ADSJ that it was a responsible post and merit alone must guide it in making recommendation.

Presumably the full court made the recommendation.

The High Court took notice of the fact that there were no rules at the relevant time in Himachal Pradesh formulating the principle or criterion on which such promotion as Distt. Judge was to be recommended. If thus there was no rule and the High Court pnxeeded to adopt merit-cum-seniority, or seniority-cum-fitness as a criterion for recommending promotions from subordinate judges to the post of district judge neither of which appears to violate either Art. 233 or Art. 16 or any other constitutional mandate or any statutory rule, it would be futile to proceed to examine what ought or possible criterion should really govern the decision for recommending persons from subordinate judicial service for promotion to the post of DSJ / ADSJ. If the High Court felt that the post of district judge is a very responsible post and merit alone should govern promotion from subordinate judicial service to the post of district judge it was

HAR! DATT v. HIMACHAL PRADESH (Desai,!.) 375

incumbent upou the High Conrt to propose necessary rules and get

th~ en'icted under Art. 309. That appears not to have been done.

Alternatively, High Court should while making recommendation for promotion put the principle of merit-cum-seniority iq the forefront and act accordingly.

The High Court and the Governor appear to be agreed that the recommendation for promotion made was proper and the same was accepted without a demur.

In our opinion it is then futile to examine what ought to be the criterion for such promotion, unless there is no discrenible principle on which recommendation can be justified or the recommendation is attacked as arbitrary, ma/afide or vitiated by bias.

There is no such allegation.

The High Court after referring to some books on public administrati:Qn and public services and keeping in view the status and responsibility attaching to the post al'. District Judge, concluded as under :

"I would therefore hold that having regard to the duties and responsibilities attaching to the post of District Judge and the position occupied by the District Judge in the judicial hierarchy, appointment to that post must be made by selection of the most meritorious officer upon an appraisal of the comparative merit of eligible Subordinate Judges. In my opinion, the principle of seniority-cum-fitnesg would not be a valid principle".

It is difficult to appreciate how such a principle can be enunciated in abstract. If for regulating recruittnent and conditions of service of district judges it was considered essential by the High Court that promotion to the post of District Judge from the subordinate judicial service shall be on merit alone and seniority having no place in the consideration unless two are considered equally meritorious, it was incumbent upon the High Court to have proposed such a rule to be enacted under Art. 309.

Neither the High Court nor the Governmcnfl have propooed such rules. And 6urprisingly, after reaching thi~ conclusion the High Court rejected the writ petition, frankly, on an untenable ground that the petitioners have failed to show that if they had been considered at the time when the impugned promotions were made they would have stood ru fair choice of being preferred over

rei; pondents 3, 4 and 5.

This is an unsiistainable conclusion. If the High Court is otherwise right that when promotion is to be given on the criterion of merit alone, all those in the zone of selection or field' of eligibility must be simultaneously considered and the best among them dlould be selected and recommended for promotion. The silence of the High Court on the most important question as to whati

criterion it adopted while formulating its recommendation coupled with the fact that those at the top of gradation list according to their seniority were recommended is eloquent enough to conclude that principle of seniority-cum-merit was adopted by the High Court.

Wha~ the High Court appears to have done is as and when the vacancy occurred the seniormost in the cadre of subordinate judges was considered and if found fit was recommended.

The present grievance is by persons junior to respondents 3, 4 and 5 whose promotion is questioned and the grievance is that they were not considered along with other eligible.

It is impossible to expect a person to aver that if along with others eligible he was considered he would bavc been\ s'electcd.

Right to be considered for selection is distinct from an 'assertion that if considered the person so considered would of necessity be selected and then alone his grievance that he was not considered even though eligible could be examined by the Court.

It is, however, not necessary to dilate on this point because in our opinion as the situation stood at the time of the impugned recommendation for promotion and the consequent appointments made by Governor there was no such rule providing merit alone as the criterion for promotion and the High Court, though it does not reveal its mind, appears to have proceeded on the criterion of seniority-cum-merit which is a valid criterion under Art. 16 and not violative of Art. 233 a!'d the appellants, therefore, who were junior to respondents' 3, 4 and 5, cannot be heard to make a grievance about the promotion of respondents 3, 4 and 5 who as and when their turn came were considered, and on being found fit were recommended for promotion and the Governor appointed them.

It was', however, said that Office Memorandum No. F.1/4/55-RPS dated May 16, 1957, issued by the Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, was applicable to the services including subordinate judicial service nuder the Union Territory of Himachal Pradesh before it attained statehood and that even if an office memorandum of the Government of India may not be directly applicable, it appears to have been adopted by the Union Territory of Himachal Pradesh because the same was issued by the Assistant Secretary to the Himachal Pradesh Administration as per his Memorandum No. Apptt.1/350/ 57, dated June 15, 1957, with a request that the contents of the Memorandum may also be brought to the notice of each member of the Departmental Promotion Committee for Class I, II and III posts constituted for each Department under the Union Territory of Himachal Pradesh. This Memorandum, appellants say, prescribes gudielines and lays down criterion in giving promotions to posts which are styled as 'selection posts' as also to selection grades. Broadly

HARI DATT v. HIMACHAL PRADESH (Desai, J.) 377

sfated, the guidelines are that appointments to selection post and selection grade shonld be made on the basis of merit with regard to seniority only to the extent indicated in the memorandum.

It further provided that Departmental Promotion Committee or other selecting authority should first decide the field of choice, i.e., the number of eligible officers awaiting promotion who should be considered for inclusion in the selection list provided, however, that an officer of outstanding merit may be included in the list of eligible candidates even if he is outside the normal field of choice.

Field of choice was to be confined to five or six times the number of vacancies expected within a year.

It was indicated that those found unfit should be excluded.

Even in respect of those who are included in the field of choice each officer should be classified as outstanding, very' good, good, on the basis of merit as determined by the respective records of service and thereafter a select list should be drawu up by placing the names in the order of merit as indicated earlier without disturbing the seniorityinter se within each cadre.

Promotion should thereafter be confined, it was suggested, to the select list and by following the order in which the names are finally arranged. It was considered desirable to periodically revise the select list.

Appellants contend that the memorandum laying these guidelines was issued, no doubt, by the Government of India when Himachal Pradesh was a Union Territory and, therefore, Government of India was competent to issue such directions in respect of services under the

Union Territory of Himachal Pradesh but even if there is any doubt, once the same was adopted by Himachal Pradesh Administration, in the absence of any statutory rule it is binding and any promotion made in breach or violation of the prescribed guidelines would be invalid.

There is nothing to show that that office memorandum was endorsed 1o the High Court and that the Administration suggested tht the High Court should adopt it while making recommendations for promotion to the post of DSJ / ADSJ.

Jn the absence of a return by the High Court to writ petition it is difficult to say whether the Administration desired that the guidelines prescribed in the memorandum should also be accepted or adopted by the High Court. In the return filed on behalf of the Himachal Pradesh Government it has been staled that the memorandum was received from the Government of India and that the memorandum did contain some guiding principles for appointment to selection posts and selection grade but they were merely directory in nature and were only issued for the sake of guidance implying that if the facts and circumstances of any particular case so warranted, the concerned authority could make deviation therefrom. It was, further stated that after Himachal Pradesh attained statehood on

January 25, 1971, the memorandum ceased to have any force and in the absence of any other statutory rule promotions and appointments to the posts of DSJ / ADSJ can only be made in conformity with Art. 233 of the Constitution and any other direction to the contrary would be void and of no effect.

The High Court disposed of the memorandum by a cryptic observation that there has been a serious debate before the Court on the question whether the direction contained in the aforesaid memorandum had to be complied with by the High Court and the State Government when the impugned appointments were made.

After noting this debate the High Court did not proceed to dispose of the contention and did not record a finding whether the memorandum was or was not required to be complied with QY the High Court while making recommendations for promotion to the posts of DSJ/ ADSJ.

In the absence of any material as to whether the memorandum was endorsed to the High Court or whether the High Court adopted or acted upon the same or not it .is difficult to accept that it was binding on the High Court and any recommendation for promotion made in breach or contravention thereof would render the promotion invalid.

Even apart from this, the impugned promotions were made on May 18, 1971, after Himachal Pradesh became a full fledged State with a High Court at the apex of

jdicial and the memorandt1m would cease to have any force or binding effect.

The same memorandum was relied on in support of the contention that in giving promotion to selection grade to respondents 6 and 7 the guidelines in the memorandum of 1957 were not only not followed but the promotions were made completely overlooking the guidelines or in contravention of the guidelines.

Reasons for rejecting the efficacy of memorandum in relation to promotion to the post of DSJ / ADSJ will mutatis mutandis apply and the contention will have to be negatived.

This contention must also be negatived for the additional reason that promotion from the post of subordinate judge to the selection grade post of subordinate judge is a promotion from one post in subordinate judicial service to another post in the same service.

This promotion would definitely be under the control of the High Court as provided in Art. 235 of the Constitution.

No statutory rule was pointed out as to how such promotion was to be given. . In the absence of a statutory rule the High Court would be the sole authority to decide the question of promotion in exercise of its control under Art 235.

By Art. 235 the High Court has been; vested with complete control over the subordinate courts and this exercise of control comprehends the power to decide eligibility for promotion

HAR! DATT v. HIMACHAL PRADESH (Desai, J.) 379

from one post in the subordinate judicial service to higher post in the same ilervice except where one reaches the stage of giving promotion as DSJ/ ADSJ when Art. 233 would be attracted/ and the power to give promotion would be in Governor hedged in with the condition that the Governor can act after consultation with the High Court which ha• been understood to mean on the recommendation of the High Court. But when it comes to promotion in the judicial service unde~ the Distt. Judge the High Court would be the sole authority to decide the question of promotion (see The High Court, Calcutta v.

Amal Kumar Roy) ( ') . This becomes manifestly clear from State of Assam & Anr. v. Kuseswar Saikia & Ors.('). Jn that case one Upendra Nath Rajkhowa was promoted by the Governor as Addi. District Judge purporting to act under Art. 233 a; id a writ of

<JUO warranto waSi sought challenging the appointment on the ground that the promotion as Addi. District Judge could only be made by the High Court acting undoc Art. 235.

It was also contended that his further appointment as District Judge by the Governor would be void.

It was so held by the High Court. On appeal when the matter came to this Court, analysing Art. 233 this Court held as under:

"It means that appointment as well as promotion of persons to be District Judges is a matter for the Governor in consultation with the High Court and the expression 'District Judge' includes an additional district judge and an additional sessions judge. It must be remembered that District Judges may be directly appointed or may be promoted from the subordinate ranks of the judiciary.

The article is intended to take care of both. It concerns initial appointment and initial promotion of persons to be either District Judges or any or the categories included in it.

Further promotion of District Judges is a matter of control of the High Court. What is said of District Judges here applies equally to additional District Judges and Additional Sessions Judges."

This Court accordingly held that the promotion of Rajkhowa as

Addl. District Judge by the Governor was made under Art. 233 and G that it was a valid appointment.

Accordingly the appeal was allowed.

It thus becomes crystal clear that while promotion to the post cf District Judge which includes various posts as set out in Art. 236, is with the Governor, the High Court alone would be competent to decide the promotion from one post in subordinate judicial service to any hij!her post in subordinate judicial service under the District H

(I) [1963] 1 S. C. R. 437 at 454.

(2) [1970] 2 S. C. R. 928.

Judge.

Appellants contend that promotion of respondents 6 and 7 from the rank of subordinate judge to the selection grade post of subordinate judge is invalid as being in contravention first of ihe memorandum and secondly such promotion must only be on the basis of merit and not seniority.

This contention must fail because no statutory rule is pointed out as to how the promotion was to be given and the High Court having given the promotion it was most competent to do so.

The challenge must accordingly fail.

Appellants also contended that e, ven if the criterion for recommendation for promotion to the post of DSJ / ADSJ is senior; ty-cnmmerit, respondents 3, 4 and 5 did not deserve to be promo led because their unfitness stares in the face inasmuch as they were not considered suitable for confirmation as subordinate judge as and when their turn came for confirmation and that would show that they W'etc not men of merits. It was pointed out that respondents 4 and 5 were not confirmed due to their unsatisfactory perfonnance in discharge of duties while their colleagues in the same batch were confirmed earlier.

It was further pointed out that respondent 4 was not even allowed to cross the efficiency bar for a period of about 10 years and that he was allowed to cross it for the first time in 1970.

These averments have hardly any relevance.

The power to confirm any one in the subordinate judicial service vests in the High Court in exercise of the control vested in the High Court under Art. 235.

In fact, the power to promote to various posts in the subordinate judicial service under the Distritt Judge comprehends also the power to confirm and that vests in the High Court. It is not necessary to dilate on this point because it is concluded by a decision of this Court in State vf Assam & Anr. v. S. N. Sen & Anr., (') wherein this Court held that under Art. 235 of the Constitution the powerc of promotion of personsholdin1r

posts inferior to that of the District Judge being in the High Court, the power to confirm such promotees is also in the High Court and any rule in conflict with Art. 235 must be held to be invalid. This view was affirmed in State of B:hal' v.

Madan Mohan Prasad & Ors.(2 } This Court held that since1 Art. 235 of the Co"stitution vests the power of confirmation in the High Court, the power of determining the seniority in the service is also with the f!igh Court.

Of course, in doing so the High Court is bound to act in conformity with any rules made by the Governor under the provisions of Art. 309 of the Constitution, if there be a rule.

(I) [1972] 2 S. C.R. 251.

(2) [1976] 3 S. C. R. 110.

HARi DATT v. HIMACHAL PRADESH (Desai, J.) 381

The administrative side of the High Court having chosen not to participate in the proceedings this Court must dispose of the appeal on the scanty material available on record. On the available material the appellants failed to establish violation of any existing rule, statutory or otherwise, governing promotion of persons to the pst of DSJ/ ADSJ as there is no such rule.

The impugned appointments appear to have been made by promotion of those belonging to suJ>. ordinate judicial service by the Governor on the recommendation of the High Court as envisaged by Art. 233 and in the absence of any other valid rule, promotions made on the generally well accepted principle of seniority-cum-merit appear to be valid.

There is, therefore, no substance in the contention that the promotion of respaHdents

3, 4 and 5 to the post of DSJ I ADSJ and th~ promotion of respondents 6 and 7 to the selection grade post were in ; iny manner invalid.

Before we conclude it must be pointed out that where the Government acts on the recommendation of the High Court and the action of the Government is challenged by way of a writ petition, in order to facilitate appreciation of issue~ raised, the administrative side of tht: High Court, if joined as a party, must appear and place before the Court the entire record for a fair and judicial adjudication of the issues on the judicial side of the High Court. In this case the appellants in their writ petition requested the High Court to produce the proceedings which culminated in the reconnnendation of the High Court to the Governor for appointment of respondents 3, 4 and 5 as

DSJ/ ADSJ.

No action appears to have been taken on this request because no such record appears to have been produced before the High Court.

Such silence militates against fair adjudication of the issue•.

Just and fair adjudication must not only inform the admiitis trative side of the High Court but in order to put its record beyond the slightest pale of controversy it must avoid any secrecy in this behalf consistent with public interest.

If the High Court felt that the criterion for promotion to the p-Ost

of District Judge being a post of status and responsibility in the judi- G cial hierarchy must only he merit, seniority having no or very litile place, it was incumbent upon the High Court to propose such a rule to be made under Art. 309 or adopt to itself such a rule and conform to it.

But if the High Court on th!" one hand recommended respondents 3, 4 and 5 according to their seniority as it appears to be the case, when the vacancies occurred and accepted their appointment B and on the other hand when such appointments were challenged it went in search of a principle on the basis of which promotion to the

post of DSJ / ADSJ should be given, it is rather difficult to reconcile these diametrically opposite actions.

The High Court also was in error in proceeding to reject the appellants petition without recording a finding regarding the basis on which recommendations were made by it.

We have, however, on the basis of the material before us tried to resolve the said question.

Having examined the matter in all its ramifications we are no substance in this appeal and the same is dismissed with no order as to costs.

S.R.

Appeal dismissed.