HUSSAINARA KHATOON & ORS.

HOME SECRETARY, STATE OF BIHAR, PATNA

March 9, 1979

(P. N. BHAGWATI & D. A. DESAI, JJ.J

Adn-1inistrc.tion of Justice-Speedy trial-:--Fundamental right of accused- Conslitutional obligation of State.

Constit11tion of India 1950-Arts. 21 and 39A-Free legal services to poor 1 essential efen1ent of 'reasonable fair and just', procedure.

At the resun1ed hearing of the petition for release of under-tria1s in the State o! Bihar.

HELD : ( 1) The procedure under which a person may be deprived of his life or liberty should be 'reasonable fair and just.' Free legal services to the poor and the needy is an essential element of any 'reasonable fair and just' procedure.

A prisoner who is to seek his liberation through the oourt's process should have legal services available to him. [537 C, DJ

Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, [1978] 1 SCC 248; M. H. Hosko1 v.

S1ate of Maharashtra, (1978] 3 SCC 544; Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 US 335; ' L. ed. at 799; John Richard Argersinger v. Raymond Hamlin, 407 U.S. 25 : 3' L. ed. 2d 530 at 535-36; referred to.

(2) Article 39A also emphasises that free legal service is an inallew.ible element of 'reasonable, fair and just' procedure for without it a person suffer in, g from econL'IDic or other disabilities would be deprived of the opportunity for securing justice, The right to free legal service is therefore, clearly an esscnti'RJ ingredient of 'reasonable, fair and just' procedure for a person accused of, an offence and it must be held in1plicit in the guarantee of Art. 21.

This is a coustitutional right of every accused person who is unable to en{!age a lawyer and secure legal services, on account of reasons such as poverty, indigence or incomn1unicado situation and the State tS under a mandate to provide a lawyer to an accused person if the circumstances of the case and the needs of justice so require, provided of course the accused person does not object to the provision of such Jawyer. [539 F-540 A]

(3) The poor in their contact with the legal system have always been on the wrong side of the law. They have always come across "law for the pCIOr" rother than "law of the poor".

The law is regarded by them as semeU1ing mysterious and forbidding-always taking something away from them and not as a positive and constructive social device for changing the socio ecrinomic order and improving their life conditions by conferring rights and beneftte on them. The result is that the legal system has lost its credibility for the weaker sections of the community.

It is, therefore, necessary to inject ~(Ual ju.-itice into legality and that can be done only by a dynamic and aed\rist scheme of kgol setvices. [541 E-F]

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4. The urgent necessity of introducing a dpnamic and comprehensive legal services programme impressed upon the Government of India as also the State

Go\'ernments.

That is not only a mandate of equal justice implicit in Ait. 14 and right to life and liberty conferred by Art. 21 but also the compulsion of -the constitutional directive embodied in Art. 39A'. {542 DJ

J, The State cannot avoid its constitutional obligation to provide speedf tria1 to tht ttccused by pleading financial or administrative inability. The State is under a constitutional mandate to ensure speedy trial and whatever i~ necessary fer this purpose has to be done by the State. It is also the constitutional obligation of this Court, as the guardian of the fundamental right.1 of the peOp]e, as a sentinel on the qui-vive, to enforce the fundamental right of tJ.e ac::used to speedy trial by issuing the necessary directions to the State which may include taking of positi\'e action, such as augmenting and strengthening the investigative machinery, setting up new courts, building new court

houses, appointment of additional judges and other measures calculated to ensure speedy trial. [543 D-E]

(6) The courts in the United States have adopted a dynamic and constructive role in regard to prison reform by utilising the activist magnitude of the Eighth Amendment.

The courts have ordered substantial improvements to bC made in a variety of archaic prisons and jails through its decisions. [543 Fl

Rhem v. Malclm, 377 F. Supp. 995, Jackson v. Bishop, 404 F. Supp. 2d. 571, Holl v. Sarv,,., 309 F. Supp. 362; Jones v. Wittenberg, 330 F. Supp. 707;

Newman' v. ,1labama, 349 F. Supp. 278; Gates v. Collier, 349 F. Suppl. 881; referred to.

(7) The powers of this Court in protection of the Constitutional rights arc of the widest ami}litude and this Court should adopt an activist approach and issue to the State, directions which may involve taking of positive action with a view to securing enforcement of the fundamental right to speedy trial.

But in order to enable the court to discharge this constitutional obligation, it

is necessary that the court should have the requisite information bearing on th' problem. [543 H-544 Al

Directed that :

(a) On th~ next remand dates when the under-trials are produced before the Magistrates or the Sessions Courts the State Government should provide them a la\l.')'er at its own cost for the purpose of making {l!Il application for bail and opposing remand provided that no objection is raised to such a lawyer en their behalf. [540 Bl

(b) 1'fle .State Government and High Court to fun1ish particulars as to the location of the courts of magistrates and courts of sessions in the State of Bi'1ar togetl1er with the total number of cases pending in each of these courts as on 31st December. 1978 giving year-wise break up of such pending cases

and alllO explaining why it ha~ not been possible to dispose of such of those cot1•• aa hO\e been pending for more than six month•. [544 DJ

ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Petition No. 57 of 1979.

K. Hillgorani for the Petitioners.

U. P. Singh for the Respsndent.

A The Order of the Court was delivered by

BHAGWATI, J.-This writ petition again comes up for hearing before us pursuant to the directions given by us on 26th February, 1979(') and today three additional counter-affidavits have been filed on behaU" of the respondents: one by Mrinmaya Choudhri, Assistant Inspector General of Prisons: the other by Bageshwari Prasad Pande, Superin-· tendent of the Patna Central Jail and the third by Pradip Kumar Ganguly, Superintendent of the Muzafferpur Central Jail.· Mrinmaya Choudhri has in his affidavit given particulars of the under-trial prisoners in 48 jails in the State of Bihar in addition to the particulars of: the undertrial prisoners in 17 jails already submitted on 26th February, 1979.

We directed the State of Bihar by our order dated 26th February, 1979 to file a revised chart showing a year-wise break-u]l of the under-trial prisoners after making a division into two broad categories viz. minor offences and major offences but this direction has not yet been carried out by the State of Bihar. Mrinmaya Choudhri has, however, assured us in his affidavit tllat several steps regarding the different directions given by the Court are being promptly implemented but due to shortage of time it has no! been possible 18 complete the same by 3rd March, 1979.

We direct that the State of Bihar will file within three weeks from to-day a revised chart in regard to the under-trial prisoners in all the 65 jails in a manner which would clearly show year-wise as to what is the date from which each of them is in jail after making a broad division into two categories of minor offences and major offences.

We are glad to note that so far as wo'men under 'protective custody' are concerned, the State has assured us in the affidavit of Mrinmaya Choudhri that necessary steps for transferring women under "protective custody' in jails to the insti- tutions run by the welfare department have been taken and directions to that effect are issued by the Government. We hope and trust that this direction given by us in our earlier order dated 26th February, 1979 will be carried out by Government and compliance report submitted to us within the prescribed time.

Though we directed the State of Bihar by our order dated 26th February, 1979 to intimate .to the court by a proper affidavit to b•~ filed .on or before 3rd March, 1979 whether the under-trial prisoners whose particulars were given in the counter-affidavit filed on 26tl1 February, 1979 were periodically produced before the Magistrates in compliance with the proviso to section 167(2), we find that the only averment made by Bageshwari Prasad Pande in his affidavit in res- ponse to this direction is that petitioners Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 17 confined in the Patna Central Jail prior to their release were

(!) S'e PP. 393-198 of this volume.

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H. KHATOON V. HOME SECRETARY 535

regularly produced before the courts "as aud when required by the 'A courts", This averment does not at all constitute compliance with the direction given by us.

We would like to know frcim the State of Bihar in a proper affidavit to be filed within two weeks from today whether t]!e under-trial prisoners who were directed to be released by us <in their personal bond were periodically produced before the

Magistrateii in compliance with requirement of the proviso to section 167(2). We would suggest that the State should furnish to this Court the dates on which these under-trial prisoners were remanded to jUdicial custody from time to time by the Magistrates, so that we can satisfy ourselves that the requirement of the proviso was complied with .

We also .find an averment in the affidavit of Pradeep Kumar Gariguly that Petitioners Nos. 10, 11, 12, 13. 15, 16 and 18 who were previously confined in the Muzaffarpur Central Jail prior to their release were regularly produced before the Court' "as and when required by the courts".

This avennent, as we have pointed out, is wholly unsatisfactory and it does not inform the Court as to what were the dates on which these under-trial prisoners were remanded from time to time by the Magistrates. It is only if these particulars are furnished to us that we can satisfy ourselves in regard to compliance with the requirement of the proviso to section 167 (2) and we would, therefore, direct the State of Bihar to furnish fhese particulars to us in an affidavif to be filed within two weeks from today.

We should also like to have the particulars in regard to the dates on which remand orders were made from time to time by the Magiiltrates in regard to under-trial prisoners at items Nos. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 21, 22, 24, 28, 29, 30, 43, 56, 69, 71, 72, 79, 85, 92, 96, 97,

101, 129, 133, 136 to 142, 165 to 167, 170 to 174, 177, 191, 199, 210, and 236 in the list of under-trial prisoners in Ranchi Central Jail submitted on behalf of the respondents. These under-trial prisoners have been in jail for a period of over six to seven years and we would like to satisfy ourselvie that the requirement of the proviso to section 167 (2) was complied with in their case.

The affidavit giving these particulars should be filed by the State Government within three weeks from today.

There arc quite a large number of under-trial prisoners who are languishing in jail for long periods of time and it is nbt possible for us to examine the individual cases of these undertrial prisoners for the purpose of satisfying ourselve5 in regard to compliance with the proviso to section 167 (2)' but we would request

thee High Court of Patna to pick out a few names from the lists of under:trlal prisoners which have been filed before us by the State of

Bihar on 26th February, 1979 and 5th March, 1979 and satisfy itself

whether these under-trial prisoners have been periodically remillded from time to time by the 1'4.agistrates as required by the pr<i\lillo to section 167(2).

We would direct the State of Bihar to furnish oopies of these lists of under-trial prisoners to the Chief Justice of the Patna

High Court within ten days from today.

We find from the lists of under-trial prisoners filed before us on behalf of the State of Bihar that the under-trial prisoners whose names are set out in the chart filed by Mrs. HinlJ(lrani to-day have been in jail for periods longer than the maximum term for which they could have been sentenced; if convicted. This discloses a shocking state of affairs and betrays complete lack of concern for human yalues. It exposes the callousness of our legal and judical system which can remain unmoved by such enormous misery and suffering resulting from totally unjustified deprivation of personal liberty. It is indeed difficult for us to understand how the S.a'e Government could possibly remain oblivious to the continued incarceration of these under-trial prisoners for years without eve'n their trial having commenced.

The judiciary in the State of Bihar also cannot escape its share of blame because it could not have been unware of the fact that thousands of under-trial prisoners are languishing in jail awaiting trial which never seems to commence.

We fail to see how the continued detention of these under-trial prisoners mentioned in the list of Mrs. Hingorani can be justified when we find that they have already been in jail for a period longer than what they would have been sentenced to suffer, if convicted.

They have in fact some jail term to their credit.

We, therefore, direct that these under-trial prisoners whose names and particulars are given in the list filed by Mrs. Hingorani should be rekased forthwith as continuance of their detention is clearly illegal and in violation of their fundamental right under Article 21 of the Constitution.

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Then there are several under-trial prisoners who are charged with • offences which are bailable but who are still in jail presumably because no application for bail has been made on their behalf or G being too poor they are u1iable to furnish bail. It is not uncommon • to find that under-trial prisoners who are produced before the Magistrates are unaware of their right to obtain release on bail and on account of their poverty, they are unable to engage a lawyer who would apprise them of their right to apply for bail and help them to secure release on bail by making a proper application to the Magistrate in Iha!

H behalf.

Sometimes the Magistrates also refuse to release the undertrial prisoners produced before them on their personal bond but in- sist on monetary bail with sureties, which by reason of their poverty

the under-trial prisoners are unable to furnish and which, therefore, effectively shuts out for them any possibility of release from pretrial detention.

This unfortunate situation cries aloud for introduction of an adequate and comprehensive legal service programme, but so far,

lhesc cries do not seem to have evoked any response.

We do not think it is possible to reach the benefits of the legal process to the poor, to protect them against injustice and to secure to them their constitutional and statutory rights unless there is a nation wide legal service programme to provide free legal services to them. It is now well settled, as a result of the decisiion of this Court in Maneka Gandhi

v. Unio1t of India(') that when Article 21 provides that no person shall be deprived of his life or liberty except in accordance with the procedure established by law, it is not enough that there should be some semblance of procedure provided by Jaw, but the procedure under which a person may be deprived ot his life or liberty should be 'reasonable, fair and just'.

Now, a procedure which does not make available legal services to an accused person who is too poor to afford a lawyer '!nd who would, therefore, have to go through the trial without legal assistance, cannot possibly be regarded as 'resonable, fair and just'. It is an essential indegredient of reasonable, fair and just procedure to a prisoner who is to seek his liberation through the court's process that he should have legal services available to him.

This Court pointed out in M. H. Hoskot v. State of Maharashtra('). '. "Judicial justice, with procedural intricacies, -legal submissions and critical exainination of evidence, leans upon professional expertise; and a failure of equal justice under the law is on the cards where such supportive skill is absent for one side.

Our judicature, moulded by Anglo-American models and our judicial process, engineered by kindred legal technology, compel the collaboration of lawyer-power for steering the wheels of equal justice under the law".

Free legal services to the poor and the needy is an essential element of any 'reasonable,, fair and just' procedure. It is not necessary to quote authorativc pronouncements by judges and jurists in impport of the view that without the service of a lawyer an accused person would be. denied 'reasonable, fair and just' procedure.

Black, J., observed in Gideon v. Wainwright(") :

"Not only those precedents but also reason and reflecdon require us to recognise that in our adversary system of criminal justice, any person haled into court, who is too poor to hire a lawyer cannot be assured a fair trial unless counsel is provided for him.

This seems to us to be an obvit'11s

(1) [1978] 1 s.c.c. 248

(2) {J978] 3 s.c.c. 544

(3) 372 U.S. 335 : 9 L. ed. 2d at 799

538 WPkbME COURT REPORTS

(1979] 3 S.C.R.

truth.

Governments, both State and Federal quite properly spend vast sums of money to establish machinery to try defendants accnsed of crime.

Lawyers to prosecute are every where deemed essential to protect the public's interest in an orderly society.

Similarly, there are few defendants charged with crime who fail to hire the best lawyers they can get to prepare and present their defences.

That government hires lawyers to prosecute and defendants who have the money hire lawyers to defend are the strongest indications of the widespread belief that lawyers in criminal courts are necessties, not luxuries.

The right of one charged with crime to counsel may not be deemed fundamentaJ and essential to fair trials in some countries, but is in ours.

From the very beginning, our state and national constitutions and laws have laid great emphasis on procedural and substantive safeguards designed to assure fair trials before impartial tribunals in which every defendant stands equal before the law.

This noble idea cannot be realised if the poor man charged with crime has to face his accusers without a lawyer to assist him."

The philosophy of free legal service as an essential element of fair procedure is also to be found in the following passage from the judgment of Douglas, J. in Jon Richard Argersinger v.

Raymond Hamlin(')

"The right to be heard would be, in many cases of little avail if it did not comprehend the right to be heard by counsel Even the intelligent and educated layman has small and sometimes no skill in the science of law, if charged with crime, he is incapable, generally of determining for himself whether the indictment is good or bad.

He is unfamiliar with the rules of evidence.

Left without the aid of counsel he may be put on trial without a proper charge and convicted upon incompetent evidence,. or evidence irr~Iec van! to the issue or otherwise inadmissible.

He lacks both the skill .and knowledge adequately to prepare his defence, even though he has a perfect one.

He requires the guiding hand of counsel at every step in the proceedings against him.

Without it, though he be not guilty, he faces the danger of conviction because he does not know how to establish his innocence. lf that be true of men of i11tellige11ce,

(l) 407 U.S. 25~35 L. ed. cd 530 t 535-36.

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how much more true is it of the ignorant and i/li1erate or those of feeble il!!e/lecl.

The right of one charged with crime to counsel may not be deemed fundamental and essential to fair trials in some countries but it is in ours. From the very beginning our state and national constitu!ions and laws have laid great emphasis on procedural and substantive safeguards designed to assure fair trials before impartial tribunals in which every defendant stands equal before the law. This noble ideal cannot be realized if the' poor man charged with crime has to face his accusers without a lawyer to assist him.

Both Powell and G; deon involved felonies.

But their rationale has relevancc to any criminal trial, where an accused

is deprived of his liberty. x x x x x x The court should consider the probable sentence that will follow if a conviction is obtained. The more serious the likely consequences, the greater is the probability that a lawyer should be appointed . . . . . The court should consider the indiv:dual factors peculiar to each case.

These, of course would be the most difficult to anticipate. One relevant factor would be the competency of the individual defendent to pre-

•ent his own case. (emphasis added)" We may also refer to Article 39A the fundamental constitutional directive which reads as follows:

"39A. Equal justice and free legal aid:-The State shall , ecure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice,

on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall, in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities. (emphasis added)" This Article also emphasises that free legal service is an inalienable clement of 'reasonable, fair and just' procedure for without it a per.on suffering from economic or other disabilities would be deprived of the opportunity for securing justice.

The right to free legal services is, therefore, clearly an essential ingredient of 'reasonable, fair and just, procedure for a person accnsed of an offence and it must be held implicit in the guarantee of Article 21.

This is a constitutional right of every accused person who is unable to engage a lawyer and secure legal services n account of reasons such as poverty, indigene or incommunicado situation and the State is under a mandate to provide a lawyer to an accused person if the circumstances of the case and the

540 lli'l<E.ME COURT REPORTS

[1979] 3 S.C.R.

needs of justice so required, provided of course the accused pcrs.)n does not object to the provision of such Ja"1yer.

We would, therefore,. direct that on the next remand dates, when the under-trial prisoners, charged with bailable offences, are produced before the Magistrates, the State Government should provide them a lawyer at its own cost for the purpose of making an application for bail, provided that no objec tion is raised to such lawyer on behalf of such under-trial prisoners and if any application for bail is made, the Magistrates should dispose of the same in accordance with the broad outlines set out by us in our judgment dated 12th February, 1979. The State Government will report to the High Court of Patna its compliance with this direction within a period of six weeks from today.

There are also various unrkr-trial prisoners who have been in jail for periods exceeding one-half of the maximum punishment that could be awarded to them if convicted, for the offences with which they are charged.

To take an example, Budhu Mahli, who is at item No. I in the list of undertrial prisoners in Ranchi Central Jail has been in jail since 21st November, 1972 for offences under Section 395 of the Indian Penal Code and Section 25 of the Indian Arms Act.

The maximum punishment for the offence under Section 395 of the Indian Penal Code is 10 years while that for the offence under Section 25 of the Indian Arms Act is mnch less. Yet Budhu Mahli has been in jail as an under-trial prisoner for over six years. So also Jairam Manjhi, Samra Manjhi, Jugal Munda and Gulam Munda at Item Nos. 2 to 7 in the list of under-trial prisoners confined in Ranchi Central Jail have been in jail as under-trial prisoners from 21st February, 1974 that is, for a period of over five years for the offence under Section 395 of the Indian Penal Code which is punishable with a maximum term of imprisonment of ten years. There are numerous other instances which can easily be gleaned from the lists of under-trial prisoners filed on behalf of the State of Bihar, where the under-trial prisoners have been in jail for more than half the maximum term of imprisonment for which they could be sentenced, if convicted_. There is no reason why these undertrial prisoners should be allowed to continue to langnish in jail, merely because the State is not in a position to try them within a reasonable period of time. It is possible that some of them, on trial may be acquitted of the offences charged against them and in that event, they would have spent several years in jail for offences which they are ultimately found not to have committed. What faith would these people have in our system of administration of justice? Would they not carry a sense of frustration and bitterness against a society whlch keeps them in jail for so many years for offenoes which they did not commit?

It is, therefore, absolutely essential that persons accused of offunces

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should be speedily tried, so that in cases where bail, in proper exercise of discretion, is refused, the accused persons have not to remain in jail longer than is absolutely necessary. Since there are several undertrial prisoners who have been in jail for periods longer than half the maximum term of imprisonment for which they could if convicted, be sentenced, we would direct that on the next remand dates when they are produced before the Magistrates or the Sessions Courts, the State Government should prov:de them a lawyer at its own cost for the purpose of making an application for bail and opposing remand provided that no objection is raised to such lawyer on their behalf and if any application for bail is made, the Magistrates or the Sessions Courts, as the case may be should dispose of the same in accordance with the broad guidelines indicated by us in our judgment dated 12th February, 1979.

The State Government will comply with this direction as far as possible within a period of six weeks from today and submit report of compliance to th'-. High Court of Patna.

We may also take this opportunity of impressing upon the Government of India as also the State Governments, the urgent necessity of introducing a dynamic and comprehensive legal service programme with a view to reaching justice to the common man.

Today, unfortunately, in our country the poor are priced out of the judicial system with the result that they are losing faith in the capacity of our legal system to bring about changes in their life conditions and to deliver justice to them.

The poor in their contact with the legal system have always been on the wrong side of the law.

They have always .come across "law for the poor" rather than "law of the poor".

The Jaw is regarded by them as something mysterious and forbidding-always taking something away from them and not as a positive and onstruc tive social device for changing the socio economic order and impnving their life conditions by conferring rights and benefits on them.

The result is that the legal system has lost its credibility for the weaker sections of the community. It is, therefore, necessary that we 'hould inject equal justice into legality and that can be done only by dyna, nic and activist scheme of legal services.

We may remind the Government of the famous words of Mr. Justice Brennan

"Nothing rankles more in the human heart than a brooding sense of injustice. Illness we can put up with.

But injustice makes us want to pull things down. When only the rich can enjoy the law, as a doubtful luxury, and the poor, who need it most, cannot have it because its expense puts it beyond their reach, the threat to the continued existence of free emocracy is not imaginary but very real, because

• 542 SUPREME COURf REPORTS [ l979] 3 s.c.R .

democracy's very Efe depends upon making the machinery of

justice so effective that every citizen shall believe in and benefit by its impartiality and fairness."

And also recall what was said by Leeman Abbot years ago in relation to affluent America.

"If ever a time shall come when in this city only the rich can enjoy law as a doubtful luxury, when the poor who need it most cannot have it, when only a golden key will unlock the door to the courtroom, the seeds of revolution will be sown, the fire-brand of revolution will be lighted and put into the hands of men and they will almost be justified in the revolution which wilt follow."

We would strongly recommend to the Government of India and the State Governments that it is high time that a comprehensive legal .service programme is introduced in the country.

That is not only a mandate of equal justice implicit in Article 14 and right lO life and liberty conferred by Article 21, but also the compulsion of the onsti tutional directive embodied in Article 39A.

We find from the counter affidavit filed on behalf of the reiipondents that no reasons have been given by the State Government as to why there has been such enormous delay in bringing the under-trial prisoners to trial. Speedy trial is, as held by us in our earlier judgment dated 26th February, 1979, an essential ingredient of 'reasonable, fair and just' procedure guaranteed by Article 21 and it is the eoastitutional obligation of the State to device such a procedure as would ensure speedy trial to the accused.

The State cannot be permitted to deny the constitutional right of speedy trial to the accued on he ground that the State has no adequate financial resources to incur the necessary expenditure needed for improving the administrative and judicial apparatus with a view to ensuring speedy trial.

The State may have its financial constraints and its priorities in expenditure, but, as pointed out by the Court in Rhem v. Ma/elm(') : "The law does not permit any Government to deprive its citizens _of constitutional ri1thts on a plea of poverty". It is also interesting to notice wliat Justice, then Judge, Blackmum said in Jackson v. Bishop('):

"Humane considerations and constitutional requirements are not, in this day, to be measured by dollar considera- H tions .... "

(I) 377 F. Supp. 995

(2) 404 F. Supp. 2d. 571.

So also in Holt v. Sarver('), affirmed in 442 F. Supp. 362, the Court, dealing with the obligation of the State to maintain a Penitentiary System which did not violate the Eighth Amendment aptly and eloquently said

"Let there be no mistake in the matter; the obligation of the Respondents to eliminate existing unconstitutionalities does not depend upon what the Legislature may do, or upon what the Governor may do, or, indeed upon what Respondents may actually be able to accomplish. If Arkansas is going to operate a Penitentiary System, it is going to have to be a system that is countenanced by the Constitution of the United States." The State cannot avoid its constitutional obligation to provide speedy trial to the accused by pleading financial or administrative inabi!tiy. The State is under a constitutional mandate to ensure speedy trial and whatever is necessary for this purpose has to be done by the State. It is also the constitutional obligatio!! of this Court as the guardian of the fundamental rights of the people, as a sentinel on the qui vive, to enforce the fundamental right of the accused to speedy trial by issuing the necessary directions to the State which may include taking of positive action, such as augmenting and strengthening the investigative machinery, setting up new courts, build ing new court houses, providing more staff and equipment to the courts, appointment of additional judges and other measures calculated to ensure speedy trial. We find that in fact the courts in the United States have adopted this dynamic and consructive role so far as the prison reform is concerned by utilising the activist magnitude of the Eighth Amendment. The courts have ordered substantial improve- ' • ments to be made in a variety of archaic prisons and jails through -( - decisions such as Hot v. Sarver (supra), Jones v.

Wittenberg('), "- Newman v. Alabama(') and Gates v. Collier('). The Court in the last mentioned case asserted that it "has the duty of fashioning a decree that will require defendants to eliminate the conditions and practices at Parchman here-in-above found to be violative of the United •

State's constitution" and in discharge of this duty gave var\ons directions for improvement of the conditions of those confined in the State Penitentiary.

The powers of this Court in protection of the Constitutional rights are of the widest amplitude and we do not see why this

[(I) 309 F. Supp. 362.

(2) 330 F. Supp. 707,

(3) 349 F. Supp. 278.

(4) 349 F. Supp. 881.

15-253SCU79

Court should not adopt a similar activist approach and issue to the State . directions which may involve taking of positive action woth a view to securing enforcement of the fundamental right to speedy trial.

But in order to enable the Court to discharge this constitutional obligation, it is necessary that the Court should have the requisite infor- !!lation bearing on the problem.

We, therefore, direct the State: of Bihar to furnish to us within three weeks from today particulars as to the location of the courts of magistrates and courts of sessions in the State of Bihar together with the total number of cases pending in each of these courts as on 31st December, 1978 giving yearwise br<eakup of such pending cases and also explaining why it has not been possible to dispose of such of those cases as have been pending for more than six months.

We would appreciate if the High Court of Patna also furnishes the above particulars to us within three weeks from today since the High Court on its administrative side mus:t be having records from which these particulars can be easily gathered.

We also direct the State of Bihar to furnish to us within three W<eeks from today particulars as to the number of cases where first information report have been lodged and the cases are pending investigntion by the police in each sub-division of the State as on 31st December, 1978 and where such cases have been pending investigation for more than six months, the State of Bihar will furnish broadly the reasons why there has been such delay in the investigative process. The writ petition will now come up for hearing and final disposal on 4th April,

1979. We have already issued notice to the Supreme Court Bar Association to appear and make its submissions on the issue arising in the writ petition since they are of great importance.

We hope and tru!t that the Supreme Court Bar Association will respond to the notice and appear to assist the Court at the hearing of the writ petition.

N.V.K.

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