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SHIVRAJ FfNE ART LIHIO WORKS

THE STATE INDUSTRIAL COURT, NAGPUR & ORS

February 28, 1978

[N. L. UNTWALIA, JASWANT SINGH AND P. S. KA!LASAM, JJ.\

lndustria[, Disputes Act, 1947-Powers of the Industrial Tribunal to fix Industrial mininium wage-In the absence, Mininu1m Wage fixed under Minin1un1 Wages Act 11 of 1948 will prevail-Factors to be reckoned f(Jr COHrputing Fair lf'agc Dcanlf'SS Allolvance etc .

An industrial award known as Puranik Award dated 26-10-1956 -f<hich fixed Rs. 35 /- a5 the minimum \vage in the Litho Industry in the Vidarbha regio• stood terminated with effect from July 22, 1958 as per a notice dated January 22, 1958 from the employees of Litho Industry. Pending the deci!i, ion in tke reference riiade under s. 3 lA of the C.P. and Berar Industrial Disputes Settlement Act, 1947 arising out of the demands of the employees of the Litho IndHstry, an agreement \Vas entered into on February 21, 1966 between the etnployers and the employees of various concerns requesting the State Go\'ernment to exercise its po\ver u/s 39 ot the Act and to refer to the arbitration of the State Industrial Court the disputes mentioned in the agreement.

By the notification dated 7-1-1965 the Government referred the disputes in respect of the demands of the employees set out in Schedule II to the Notification made against the 10 employers specifically mentioned in Schedule I to the notification, being the employers in the Litho Press Industry in the Vidarbha region.

The demands in particular V.'ere to the disputes as to the living v; agc, for fitment of the einptoyees already in service at the date of the demand for revised scales

of w; lges with retrospective effect from 1956, :ind for the <lea-mes~ allowance with retrespective efiect from 1959 to be linked with the index nun1ber at the rate of 8 paisc per point with 1956 as 100. The State Government by its nctification dated Dcce-mber 31, 1964 fixed Rs.- 70/- per month as the minimum wage under the Minimum Wages Act. The notification divided the employees into several classes.

It did not attach any scale of pay to the minimum wages fixed but previded that at interval of every six months the State Government may issue a notification fixing certain amounts payable in addition to the mi&im11m wages as special allowances.

The Industrial Court made its award on May 10. 1968.- The Award divided the employers into two classes being Class A and Class B on the basi~ of the financial capacity of the employers to pay. The award fixed rate~ and seal~ of wages for the employees of the three employers in Class A being Shivraj Shakti and Vasant Litho Works. The award did not fix any rates and scales of wages in respect of other units of the industry the reason being that they did not have adequate :financial capacity. In the case of Class A the award also fixed the employees of various duration of service by way of fitment into the scales of wages awarded in the award. It also fixed the date from which the new rates and scales of \vages \\'ere to be deemed to have commenced.

Against the award six writ petitions were filed before the High Court, three by the appellants in this Court and other three by the employees. The High Court agreed with the view of the Industrial Court and held that the award classifying the employers into two classes A & B on the basis of their paying capacity, determining the rates and scales of wages and the dearaess allowance regarding Class A employees is valid .

The appellants in these appeals by special leave contend that there is no H warrant for the direction by the High Court to the Industrial Court to fix an industrial minimum wage regardless of the paying capacity of the industry or the employer.

.A Allowing the appeals in part and modifying the order of remand the Court

HELD : 1.

(a) It is permissible to divide the industry into appropriate classes and then deal with the capacity of the industry to pay c!Jss-wise. l 418 H, 419 Al

Express .iVcwsparers (P) Ltd. & Anr. v. []nfoii of Jndin arid Ors. [1959] S.C.R. 12. followed.

(b) The extent of the business carried on by the concerns, the capital invested, the profits made, the nature of the business., their standing, the strength of labour force, the dividends declared and the prospects about the future of business and other relevant factors have to be borne in mind for the purpose of comparison.

The principle is that in applying the industry-cun1region formula for fixing wage scales. the Tribunal should lay stress on the industry part of the formula if there were a large number of concerns in the same region carrying on the same industry, but where the number of industries of the same kind in a particular region were small, it was the region part of the formula which assumed importance. In the former case in order that production cos.t may not be unequal and there may be equal cornpetition, wages should generally be fixed on the basis of the comparable industries, namely, industries of the ame kind. [419 B-C, GH, 420 A1

Williamsons (India) Pvt. Ltd. v. The Warkmen, [1962] I L.L.J. 302; French Motor Car Co. Ltd. v. Workmen, [1963] Supp. (2)S.C.R. 16; Cinema Theatre

v. Their Workmen, [1964] 2 L.L.J. 123; Workmen of Balmer Lawrie & Cc.

v. Balmer Lawrie & Co., [1964] 5 S.C.R. 344; Greaves Cotton & Co. & Ors.


v. Mill Mazdoor Sabha, [1973] I S.C.R. 277 referred to.

2. 1'he dispute, in the instant case on the stand taken by th~ en1ptoyecs related to fixation of a fair wage and not a minimum \vage, In fact, the employees requested the Government to fix a minimum wage 1,1.rhich was accordingly fixed.

Fair wage is a mean between the living wage and minimum wage.

The minimum wage contemplated above is something more than the bare minimum of the subsistence1 wage sufficient to cover the bare physical needs of the worker and his family, providing also for the preservation of the efficiency of the worker and for some measure of education, medical requirements and amenities. So far as the minimum wage is concerned it is to be fixed without any reference to the paying capacity of the indutry. [420 F-Ci.

421 A-DJ

Express News Papers (P) Ltd. v. Union of India, [1959] S.C.R. 12 and U.

Unichoyi & Ors. v. The State of Kera/a [1962] I S.C.R. 946 referred to. 3(a) When a dispute is pending before any tribunal regarding the minimum wage, the award will bind and to that extent the yrovisions of the Act will not be applicable but in other cases the Government is entitled under the Minimum Wages Act to fix a minimum wage.

Section 5 prescribes the procedure under which the minimum wage is to be fixed and revised.

Provision is made for appointment of committees and consultation of the persons concerned before the minimum wage is fixed.

The procedure is that in the absence of a dispute pending before the Tribunal regarding the fixation of minimum wages, the rninimnm 'Yages fixed by the Government will bind the pro.rtirs. f421 G-lt

422 A]

(b) In nn industrial dispute a ba-sic minimum wage can b-:- fixed when the statute has not fixed the minimum wage.

Section 3 (2A) of the Minimum Wages Act does contemplate fixation of minimum wages by the Tribunal. In fixing such a minimum wage the Tribunal may take into account an the facts and fix a minimun1 wage which may be higher than the minimum wage contemplated under Minimum Wages Act.

The Industrial Tribunal was not called upon to fix a minimum wage for both the employers as well as the employees proceeded on the basis that the tribunal was fixing a fair wage.

In fact, the employees. reques, ted the Government to fix a minimum wage which was accordingly done. In this view no further referenceneed be made

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' SHIVRAJ LITHO WORKS v. INDUSTRIAL COURT, NAGPUR 413 (Kailasam, J.) to Section 3(2A) of the Minimum Wages Act. The tribunal proceeded on A the basis that it was called upon to fix a fair wage.

In the circumstances, the view taken by the High Court that it was incumbent on the tribunal to fix an industrial wage apart from the minimum wage without taking into account the paying capacity of the Industry is erroneous. (422 B-E]

(c) In view of the finding that what the Tribunal was called upon to tix was a fair wage and not a minimum wage, the financial capacity of the concerns

classified under B is relevant and the finding of the fribunal tha:: their tinances would not justify any provision for fair wages has to be accepted.

Further. 1t will be seen that the employees of the concerns classified under, B have not preferred any appeaJ. and the question cannot be gone into the appeals. [422 H, 423 Al

4. The fixation of rate of wages which includes within its compass the fixa~ tion of scales of wages and fitment of workmen into wages scales will also depend upon the paying capacity of the industry. The tribunal dealing with Demand No. 5 in its award accepted the suggestion that the Court may grant some increments in proportion to the years of service put in by an employee.

It provided two increments for persons who have put in 2 to 5 years of service, three increments for persons who put in service of 5 to 10 years, four increments for persons who have put in service of 10 to 15 years and five increments who have put in service over 15 years.

The Tribunal also directed that tb.ere shall be a fitment and the employee should be fitted into the scale of pay by placing him at the itage in the scale equal to next above, his basic pay.

The award regarding the fitment and increment was accepted by the High Court but in the order of remand the High Court directed a general revision as it was not satisfied with the manner in "'hich the financial capacity of the.

concerns \Vas determined. [423 A-q

5. (a) After fixing of the financial capacity, the fair \vage which would. inchxle fitment, wage scales and dearness allowances payable has to be determined. The qutstion as to the period during v.hich retrospective etiect has to be given for payment of fair wages has also to be considered. A fair wage i~ related te the earning capacity and workload. While the lower limit of wage structure is the minimum w"age

CJ.DY increase over that will depend upon the capacity of the industry to pay. Tha factors which determine the capacity to pay will be the productivity of the labour, the prevailing rates of wages in the same or similar industries, in the same or neighbouring localities, the present economic position of the industry, its prospect as 1n the near future etc.

The fair wage will grow wi~ the growth and development of the national economy and the progress made by the industry and must approximate to the capacity of the industry to pay. The claim of the employees for a fair and higher wage depends not only on the financial capacity of the employer but also on the interests of the consumer and the State, the employers' desire for a reasonable profit the rise in price which may effect the consumer and the national economy \Vhich may have an adverse effect on the la"bour Itself. [423

D-H]

(b) In order to determine the fair wage including the scale of pay, the price rise, the dearness .allowance etc., the financial capacity of the concern ha~ to be determined. A close scrutiny of the concern's working has to be made.

The profit and la"s account, the prospects of the company improving il'lelf in future and all other relevant matters will have to be taken into account. The expenses properly incurred for working the industry such as buying of raw

materials, expenses incurred in running the factory, office and other transport expenses, the expenses incurred in marketing and other such allowable expenditure has to be deducted. Neither the contention of the respondents that the gross profits alone has to be taken into account nor the pleas on behalf of the appellants that the net profit alone should be the basis of detern1ining the financial capacity can be accepted. The determination of cross profit arid net profit vary according to the basis of accounting adopted. The provision for income tax and for reserves must take second place a~ compared to provision for wage structure and gratuity, which stands on the same footing as Provident Fund which is also a retiral benefit.

The provisioi..~ for income-tax,

9-277 SCI /78

A reserve and depreciation are not permitted.

The High Court, was therefore right in its view that no rebate can be allowed towards payment of income.tax.

(424 A-H, 425 AJ

Gramophone Company Ltd. v. Its Workmen,

[1964] 2 L.L.J. 131 and Indian Link Chain Manufacturers Ltd. v. Their Workmen, [1973]

1 S.C.R. 791l; applied.

(c) The High Court is not correct in its view that any amount paid a~ bonus in addition to the minimum bonus cannot be deducted as expenses. The amount which is paid as bonus goes, in substance to augment the wages and as such is liable to be, deducted in determining the paying capacity of the employer. It seems that the High Court was influenced by the fact that the additional bonus cannot be deducted at the beginning of the year. This fact will not make any difference for the paying capacity of the concern call be ascertained after deducting the amount in the subsequent year. [425 B-D]

6. When a dearness allowance is fixed as a part of the fair wage it will have to depend upon the paying capacity of the employer. Though the dearness allowance is given to compensate for the rise of cost of living, cent per cent neutralisation is not given as it may, lead to inflation, and therefore Dearness Allowance is often little less than 9ne-Hundred per cent neutralisation. In fixing of the dearness allowance, the principle that is followed in determining the paying capacity for fixing wage structure, is equally applicable.

In deterrn!ning the dearness allowance increase in the cost of living, the resulting change in the economic conditions and the pattern of dearness allowance prevailing in other concerns in the same region are factors, to be taken Into consideration. The increase in the cost of living since the titue when the dearness allo\11.rance was last fixed is also taken into account. Therefore the High Court is not right in its observation that the dearness allowance should effect a cent per cent neutralisation. [425 F-H, 426 A-B] Clerks of Calcutta Tramways v.

Calcutta Tramways Co.


The Textile Labour Association. [1966] I S.C.R. 382, followed.

7. In granting retrospective effect the Tribunal has a discretion to fix the date taking into account the financial position of the Company.

[426 G]

8. The High Court is not correct in its view that the Industrial fnbunal should fix an industrial minimum wage without taking into account, the paying capacity of the employer. r427 A-B1 •

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 2418 of 1972.

Appeal by special leave from the Judgment and Order dt. 25-11-71 of the Bombay High Court (Nagpur Bench) in Special

Civil Application No. 640 of 1968.

Civil Appeal No. 2419 of 1972 Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 23-12-1971 of the Bombay High Court (Nagpur Bench) in Special Civil Application No. 614/68.

And Civil Appea; No. 2643 of 1972 Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 25-11-71 of the Bombay High Court (Nagpur Bench) in Special H Civil Application No. 641 of 1968.

P. N. Phadke, A. G. Menesses, J. N. Sinha &. K. J. John for the Appellants in CA Nos. 2418-2419/72.

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SHIVRAJ LITOO WORKS V. INDUSTRIAL COURT, NAGPUR

(Kai/asam, J.) 415

M. C. Bhandare, V. P. Sathe & S. Bhandare for Respondent

A No. 2.

P. C. Bhartari for Respondent No. 8.

C.A. No. 2418/72 set down exparte against RR 1, 3, 4, 7, 9 & 11.

C.A. No. 2419/72 set down exparte against RR 1, 3, 4, 6 & 12 .

Shankar Anand & A. G. Ratnaparkhi for the appellant in CA B No. 2643/72.

V. P. Sathe & S. Bhandare for R2 in CA 2643/72.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

KAILASAM, J: Ti>ese three appeals are filed by the Shivraj Fine Ar1E Litho Works, Vasant Fine Arts Litho Works and Shakti Offset Works by special leave granted by this Court against the decision of C the Nagpur High Court. The history of the industrial dispute may be shortly stated.

The dispute relates to the Litho industry in the Vidarbha region. An award known as the Puranik Award was made on October 26,

1956. The award fixed Rs. 35 as the minimum wage but did riot attach any scale of pay to the basic pay of Rs. 35 for the unskilled D employees. By a notice dated January 22, 1958 the employees of th<> Iitho industry gave notice of change and as a result the Puranik award stood terminated as from July 22, 1958. The employees af Shivraj, Shakti and Raj gave notice of change dated September 8, 1960 making certain demands against their .respective employers.

On March 13, l'J61 the employees of the said three Units filed three references under section 38A of the C. P. and Berar Industrial Disputes Settlement E Act, 1947, before the State Industrial Court, which were numbered as references 9, 10 and 11 of 1961. When the three references were pending employees of other industrial concerns made certain demands against their employers. Pending the decision in reference~ 9, I 0 and 11 of 1961 an agreement was entered into on February 21, 1964 between the employers and the employees of various concerns requesting the State Govermnent to exercise its powers under section 39 Of the F Act and to refer to the arbitration of the Stale Indu; trial Court the disputes mentioned in that agreement. On January 7, 1965 the State

Govermnent issned its notification making a reference to the State Industrial Court under section 39 of the Act. By tl1e notification the Government referred the disputes in respect of the demands of the employees set out in Schedule II to the notification made against the 10 employers specmcally mentioned in Schedule I to the notificat!on, G being the employers in the Litho Press Industry in the Vidarbha reg10n.

The demands that are set out in Schedule II are 15 in number bnt as we are concerned only demands 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 we will leave the rest out of consideration. Demand No. 3 relates to the dispute as to living wage and Demand No. 4 for 'scales of wages for each category and occupation. Demand No. 5 is for fitment of the employees already in service at the date of the demand Demand No. 6 is that the revised H scales of wages should be given with retrospective effect frbm 1958, and Demand No. 7 is for dearness allowance with.retrospective effect from 1959 and that the dearness allowance should be linked with the

index number at the rate of 2 paise per point with 1955 as 100. The State Government by the notification dated December 31 1964 fixed Rs. 70 per month as the minimum wage under the Minimum Wages Act.

The notification divided the employees into several classes. It did not attach any scale of pay to the minimum wages fixed but provided that at an interval of every six months the State Government may issue a notification fixing certain amounts payable in addition to the minimum wages as special allowances.

The Industrial Court made its award on May JO, 1963. Tiile award divided the employers into two classes being Classes A and B on the basis of the financial capacity of the employers to pay. The award fixed rates and scales of wages for the employees of the three employers in Class A being Shivraj, Shakti and Vasaut Litho Works.

Tue award did not fix any rates and scales of wages in respect of other units of the industry the reason being that they did not have adequate financial capacity.

In the case of class A the award also fixed the employe~ of various duration of service by way of fitment into the scales of wages awarded in the award. It also fixed the date from which the new rates and scales of wages were to be deemed to have commenced.

Against the award six writ petitions were filed before the High Court, three by the appellants in this Court, Shivraj Fine Arts Litho Works, Vasant Fine A:rfs Litho Works and Shakti Offset Works.

Another three writ petitions were filed by the employees, they being Special Civil Applications Nos. 210 of 1969, 733 of 1969 and 734 of 1969. There are no appeals filed in this Court by the employees.

The High Court agreed with the view of the Industrial Court and held that the award classifying the employers into two classes A and B on the basis of their paying capacity determinirig the rates and scales of wages and the dearness allowance regarding class 'A' employers is valid.

The High Court set aside the award on Demands 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 and directed the Industrial Court to reconsider the above 5 Demands and to make a fresh award in accordance with the law and principles laid down by the High Court.

In so directing the High Court held that fixation of au industrial minimum wage is necessary and that in fixing such industrial minimum wage the factor of employer's capacity to pay is irrelevant and the industry or th!l' employer must pay it or perish.

According to the High Court the industrial minimum wage should be

fixd on a consideration of different ingredients which it seeks to provide for i.e. contents of the basket. It was possible that the industrial mini

mum wage can be higher in some, cases than the current statutory minimum wage and when the industrial minimum wage happens to be higher than the statutory minimum wage it will be industrial minimum wage which has to be paid because when it is fixed by an industrial award it becomes enforceable at law.

The High Court further held that the provisions of minimum wages show that there is nothing in it to prevent payment of anything more than the minimum wage fixed under it.

The appellants in these appeals seriously challenge the direction of the High Court to the Industrial Court to fix an industrial minimum wage regardless of the paying cpacity of the industry or theemployer.

Their contention is that there is no warrant for such a: .conclusion.

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SHIVRAJ LITHO WORKS V. INDUSTRIAL COURT, NAGPUR . 417

(Kailasam, !.) The High Court went into the question as to how the capacity of u industry to pay a fair wage has to be determined.

For determining the surplus for paying capacity the High Court held that a sort of Joss and profit account will have to be prepared having a credit and debit side.

On the credit side will appear all the gro8s takings of the unit of the industry.

Gross taking will include gross realisations by the sale of the goods or services, the income, if any, earned by way of rents, interest or dividends or investments and the mcome 0£ all other nature.

Dealing with the items of expenses that can be legitimately deducted from the gross income the High Court held that all the expenses incurred by the employer in connection with the working of the industry will have to be deducted. It accepted the plea on behalf of the. employers that the cost of raw materials which are necessary for production and expenses in connection with the working of the industry and sale of the finished products will have to be deducted, but not any other wage paid apart from the minimum wage payable.

The court held that appropriate amount for depreciation i£ deductible and interest on capita! will also have to be deducted. It also held that a fair amount of remuneration payable to the partners can also be deducted.

Regarding the bonus the High Court held that annual incidence of only the minimum bonus can be deducted, and any excess bonus paid is not deductible. It disallowed the claim of the an1ounts that wer~ paid as income-tax or other taxes in ascertaining the paying capacit i of the industry or the employer.

Regarding dearness allowance the High Court held that the industrial minimum wage has got to be paid on the basis of pay or perish and the neutraJigation must be 100 per cent of the rise in prices. Reiarding the claim for giving e.ffect to the enhanced rates of wage, scales of wages and dearness allowance from the date of the order of reference i.e. from 7th January, 1965 the court held that the provisions of the award should Uike effect from January 7, 1965 being the date of the order ol reference.

While fixing January 7, 1965 as the date of operation it gave a discretion to the Industrial Court for valid and lawful reasons to fix a later date in respect of all or any of the employer-units.

In the rei>ult the High Court found that the award in respect of Demands 3, 4, 6 and 7 was not in accordance with law and had to be set aside as the award did not ascertain the rates and scales of wages and dearness allowance on the basis of an industrial minimum wage and that the indus.. trial minimum wage should be ascertained without any referenco to the capacity of the industry or the employer to pay. The court also found tha( the correctness and truthfulness of the accounts and the balancesheets of some of the employer-units has not been praperly appreciated, investigat!)d into and taken into account. The financial capacity to pay has not been properly evaluated.

The financial capacity to pay has not been taken into consideration fol'. the purpose of awarding a fair wage with corresponding dearness allonance. Finally, the question of

¢.ving retrospective effect and fixing the date from which the wages and dearness allowance awarded should become operative has not been properly considered.

As Demand No. 5 is also an integral part of the , award the court also quashed the award on that Demand.

The appellants in these appeals challenge the correctness of the order of the High Conrt remanding the award for fresh disposal according to the directions given in the judgment. First and foremost the appellants questioned the correctness of the order of the Industrial Court as confirmed by the High Conrt classifying the employers into two categories Classes A and B and directing that the employers belonging to Class A should pay enhanced wages, dearness allowance etc.

Secondly, it was submitted that the High Court misdirected itself in holding; that the Industrial Court ought to have fixed an industrial minimum wage and that such wage should have been fixed without taking into account the paying capacity of the industry or the employer. Thirdly, it was contended that the conrt erred in holding that in determining the paying capacity certain items such as minimum wage and the minimum bonus can alone be deducted.

The disallowance of the income-ta'!: and other taxes that were paid was also questioned.

The method of fixation of the dearness allowance as well as the direction to give retrospective effect to the payment of wages, dearness allowance etc. from the date of the order of, reference was challenged as imposing an intolerable burden on the industry.

We will now proceed to deal with each of the above contentions.

D Mr. Phadke, the learned counsel for the appellants, submitted that the classification of the employers into two categories A and B depending upon the profits is not justified in law.

He submitted that the rule is that the wages, dearness allowance, scales of pay etc. should be fixed on the basis of region-cum-industry, the wages normally being the same in all industries in the region.

The Tribunal in its award found that the Industrial Court is entitled to fix a wage for every unit in accordance E with its capacity to pay.

This view was affirmed by the High Court.

But the submission of the learned counsel is that this view is unsustainable in law.

Before the High Court apart from the proposition of law enunciated that the classification should be fixed on the basis of region-cum-industry, it was submitted that as on the facts of the present case no such classifi- F cation was contemplated in the agreement between the parties or in the reference by the Government, the Tribunal ought not to have classified the industry into two categories.

Reliance was placed on the word~ ing of the agreement requesting the Government to make an industrywise reference to the entire region and the reference necessarily being in accordance with the agreement it was submitted would not justify any such classification.

This argument was rejected by the High Court on G the ground that the Industrial Court had inherent jurisdiction to classify the employers into several categories.

Reference was made by the appellants to the demands and it was submitted tlfat the power to classify was restricted only in respect of employees and not as regards employers.

This plea was rightly rejected by the High Court as no such express reference is necessary in view of the powers of the Industrial Court. The third contention of the appellants before the High Court was that the H pleadings did not refer to the classification of the employers.

It was rightly held by the High Conrt that the absence of any reference to the classification of the employers in the pleadings would not affect the power of the Industrial Conrt. The other contentions put forward

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SH!VRAJ LITHO WORKS V. INIJUSTRIAL COURT, NAGPUR 41 \j (Kailasam, !.) before the High Court basing on the construction of section 22 of the A Industrial Disputes Act and Rule 238 of the C.P. and Berar Industrial Disputes Settlement Rules, 1949, that the increase or decrease of wages should be in an industry as a whole and not differing from one industry to another is also without any basis.

This Court has clearly laid down in a series of decisions starting from the case of Express Newspapers (P) Ltd. and Anr. v. The Union B of lndia and Others('), that it is permissible to divide the industry into appropriate classes and then deal with the capacity of the industry to pay classwise.

At p. 20 of the Reports this Court in laying down the principle in determining the capacity of an industry observed : "The relevant criterion should be the capacity of a particular industry in a specified region, and as far as possible the same wages should be prescribed for all units of that industry in that region." But the Court C qualified the rule by stating "It is clear therefore that the capacity of an industry to pay should be gauged on an industry-cum-region basis after taking a fair cross-section of that industry.

In a given case it may be even permissible to divide the industry into appropriate classes and then deal with the capacity of the industry to pay classwise."

In Williamsons (India) Private Ltd. v. The Workmen(') this Court D he:Jd that the extent of the business carried on by the concerns the capital invested by them, the profits made by them, the nature of the business carried on by them, their standing, the strength of their labour force, the dividends declared by them and the prospects about the future of their business and other relevant factors have to be borne in mind for the purpose of comparison.

Approving the view expressed in the above decision in French .Motor Car Co. Ltd. v. Workmen,(8) this Court E. observed at p. 20 thai comparison should be made in the same line of business and a small concern cannot be compared even in the same line'

of business with a large concern.

When there is a large disparity in the two concerns in the same business, it would not be safe to fix the same wage structure as in the large concern without any other consideration.

In Cinema Theatres v. Their Workmen,(') this Court approved the F dassification of the Tribunal of the Cinemas into two classes based on gross revenue.

The Court observed that the gross revenue taken by the Tribunal as the oasis for classification. appears to be a satisfactory criterion.

In Workmen of Balmer Lawrie and Co. v.

Balmer T.awrie cmd

Co.,(~) at p. 353 this Court held ihat in determining the question whec;. ther one concern is comparable with another in th.e matter of fixing wages, the total capital invested by the concern, the extent of its bnsiness, the order of the profits made by th~ concern, the dividends paid, the number of employees employed in the concern, the standing in the industry to which it belongs and other matters have to be examined. In

(I) (1939] S.C.R. 12.

(2) [1962] 1 L.L.J. 302.

(3) [1963] Snpp, 2 S.C.R. 16.

(4) [1964] 2 L.L.l. 128.

(5) [1964} 3 S.C.R. 344.

Greaves Cotton and Co. and Others v. Their Workmen,(') after referring to the decision in French Motor Car Co. Ltd. v. Workmen (supra) this Court held that the principle is that in applying the industry-<:umregion formula for fixing wage scales the Tribunal should lay stress on the industry part of the formula if Uurre were a large number of concerns in the same region carrying on the same industry, but where the number of industries of the same kind in a particular region was small, it was the region part of the formula which assumed importance. In the former case in order that production cost may not be unequal and there may be equal competition, wages should generally be fixed on the basis of the comparable industries, namely, industries of the same kind.

In Unichem Laboratories Ltd. v. The Workmen(") this Court after referring to the cases cited above held that in the fixation of wages and dearness allowance the legal position is well-established that it has to be done on industry-cum-region basis having due regard to the financial capacity of the unit under consideration.

The same view was reiterated in The Silk and Art Silk Mills' Association Ltd. v.

Mill Mazdoor Sabha( 3 ) at p. 288, where the Court re-emphasised the principles laid down in the earlier cases. There is !hus ample authority in support of the view taken by the Tribunal and the High Court that the employer can be classified according to his paying capacity.

n1e second contention of the learned counsel for the appellants is that the High Court was in error in holding that the Tribunal ought to have fixed an industrial minimum wage without any reference to the paying capacity of the employer.

According to the High Court even when a statutory minimum wage is payable an industrial minimum wage has to be ascertained to find out which is high because it is the higher of the two which has to be paid. The High Court also held that the industrial minimum wage will have to be fixed without reference to the paying capacity of the industry.

The agreement dated July 30, 1968 entered into between the parties which led to the reference by the Government states that both the parties also requested the Govemmen~ to expedite fixation of minimum wages in the Litho Industry in the Vidarbha region if necessary by appointing a sub-committee for this purpose. In pursuance of the agreement the notification was issued by the Government on January 7, 1965. Schedule II lists the demands of the employees. The demands with which we are concerned in this appeal have already been referred to.

The demand is that the employees should be paid a living wage.

In pursuance of the agreement the Government fixed a minimum wage

on December 30, 1964 under the Minimum Wages Act, 11 of 1948 and again revised it pending the appeal before this Court on May 7,

1966. It was conceded before the Tribunal by the employees that there was no justification for demanding a living wage but that the units had the capacity to pay fair wages. On the basis of the stand taken by the employees, the Tribunal proceeded to fix a fair wage taking into account the paying capacity of the industry. The dispute therefore related


(2) 11972] 3 S.C.R. 367. (31

(1973] 1 S C.R. 277

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SHIVRAJ LITHO WORKS V. INDUSTRIAL COURT, NAGPUR 421 (Kai/asam, J.) to fixation of a fair wage and not a minimum wage. In fact, the employees requested the Government to fix a mi; iimum wage wih was accordingly fixed.

The High Court relied mainly on two dec1S1ons of this Court in Express Newspapers (P) Ltd. and Anr. v. The Union of India and Others (supra) and U. Unichoyi and Others v. The State of Kera/a,(') for coming to the conclusion that the Tribunal is bound to

fix an industrial minimum wage. In the former case this Court stated that broadly speaking the wages have been classified into three categories, the living wage, the fair wage and th~ minimum wage. After elaborately setting out the concept of living wage at p. 79, the concept of minimum wage at p. 82 and the concept of a fair wage at p. 84 of the Reports, this Court observed that fair wage is a mean between living wage and minimum wage and even the minimum wage contemplated above is something more than the bare minimum of the subsistence wage which would be sufficient to cover the bare physical needs of the worker and his family, a wage which would provide also for the preservation of the efficiency of the worker and for some measure of education, medical requirements and amenities. The Court fnrther observed that it must be remembered that whereas the bare minimum or subsistence wage wonld hav, e to be fixed irrespective of the capacity of the industry to pay, a minimum wage thns contemplated postulates the

apacity of the industry to pay and no fixation of wages which ignores this essential factor of the capacity of the industry to pay could ever be supported. This view is explained in U. Unichoyi and Others v. The State of Kerala (supra). The Court in rejecting thfl contention on behalf of the employers that the minimum wage prescn'bed under the Minimum Wages Act can only be fixed taking into account the capacity of the industry to pay held that it had no hesitation in rejecting the argument that because the Act prescribed the minimum wage rates it is necessary that the capacity of the employer to bear the burden of the wage structure must be considered. It is now not in dispute that so far as minimum wage is concerned it is to be fixed without any reference to the paying capacity of the industry .

The Minimum Wages Act, Act 11 of 1948, secures the payment of the minimum wage.

This Act was enacted with a vk-w to provide for fixing minimum rates of wages in certain employments.

It pmvides under section 3 that the appropriate Government shall fix the' minimum rates of wages according to the provisions of the section. Section 4 provides that the minimum rate of wages fixed or revised by the Government in respect of scheduled employments under section 3 may consist of basic rate of wages and a special allowance at a rate to be adjusted, at such intervals and in such manner as the appropriate Government may direct, to accord as nearly as practicable with the variation in the cost of living index.

Section 5 provides the procedure for fixing and revising minimum wages.

Section 3 (2A) provides that when an industrial . dispute relating to !he rates of wages payable to any of the employees employed in a 5cheduled employment is pending before a Tribunal or National Tribunal under the Industrial Disputes Act, 194;' or before any like authority under any other law for tiJe time being in force, or an award made by any Tribunal, National Tribunal or such authority is in

(!) [1962] I S.C.R. 946.

422 SUPREME COURT RllPORTS

[1978] 3 S.CR.

operation, d a notification fixing or revising the minimum rates of wages is issued during the pendency of such proceeding or the operation of the award, then, notwithstanding anything contained in the Act, the minimum rates of wages so fixed or so revised shall not apply to those employees during the period in which the proceeding is pending and the award is made.

It is therefore clear that when a dispute is pending before any Tribunal regarding the minimum wage, the award will bind and to that extent the provisions of the Act will not be applicable but in otheo: cases the Government is entitled under the Minimum Wages Act to fix a minimum wage.

Section 5 prescribes the procedure under which the minimum wage is to be fixed and revised. Provision is made for appointment of committees and consultation of the persons concerned before the minimum wage is fixed.

The procedure is that in the absence of .a dispute pending before the Tribunal regarding the fixation of minimum wages the minimum wages fixed by the Government will bind the parties. It has been decided in Ah1nedabad Mill Owners' Association v. The Textile Labour Association('), that in an industrial dispute a basic minimum wage can be fixed when the statute has not fixed the minimum wage.

Section 3 (2A) of the Minimum Wages Act does contemplated fixation of minimum wages by the Tribunal. In fixing such a minimum wage the Tribunal may take into account all the facts and fix a minimum wage which may be higher tl1an the minimum wage contemplated under the Min.imum Wages Act.

We have already found that the Industrial Tribunal was not called upon to fix a minimwn wage for both the employers as well as the employees proceeded on the basis that the Tribunal was fixing a fair wage. In fact, the employees requested the Government to fix a minimum wage which was accordingly done. In this view no further reference need be made to section 3 (2Al of the Minimum Wages Act.

The Tribunal proceeded on the basis that it was called upon to fix a fair wage. In the circwustances, we do not find any support in law for the view taken by the High Court that it was incumbent on the Tribunal to fix an industrial wage apart from the minimum wage without taking into account the paying capacity of the industry.

The Tribunal was not called upon to fix the mininlum wage. The demand by the employees was for a living wage and after observing that living wage cannot be secured the Tribunal proceeded to determine the fair wage. In the circmmtances, there is no substance in the plea of the respondent that the Tribunal was only fixing a minimum wage. The plea of the respondents that the cases under appeal fall under section 3 {2A) in that the dispute as to fixation of minimum wage was pending before the Tribunal and it was a continuation of the proceedings in reference 9, 10 and 11 cannot be accepted, for the three references in question got merged in the reference by the Government under section

39 which included not only demands which were not included in the original reference but also disputes relating to either industries. The reference as i' bas been pointed out earlier did not relate to the fixation of minimum ages as shown either in the agreement or i!1 !he .order of reference by the Government..


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SHIVRAJ L!THO WORKS V. INDUSTRIAL COURT, NAGPUR

(Kailasam, J.) 423

At this stage it will be proper to deal with the plea of the respondents that the Tribunal was in error in stating that so, far as the industries classified as B are concerned, the employees are not entitled to any relief by way of fair wage fixation, fitment or dearness allowance as the concerns did not have the financial capacity.

In view of our finding that what the Tribunal was called upon to fix was a fair wage and not a minimum wage, the financial capacity of the concerns classified under B is relevant and the finding of the Tribunal that their finances would not justify any provision for fair wages has to be accepted. Further, it will be seen that the employees of the concerns classified under B have not preferred any appeal and the question cannot be gone into in these appeals.

The fixation of rate of wages which include;; within its compass the fixation of scales of wages and fitment of workmen into, wage scales will also depend upon the paying capacity of the industry. The Tribunal dealing with Demand No. 5 in its award accepted the suggestion that the Court may grant some increments in proportion to the years <:'! >ervice put in by an employee. It provided two increments for persons who have put in 2 to 5 years of service, three increments for persons who put in service of 5 to 10 years, four increments for persons who have put in service of 10 to 15 years and five increments who have put in service over 15 years. The Tribunal also directed that there shall be a fitment and the employee should be fitted into the scale of pay by placing him at the stage in the scale equal to next above, his basic pay.

The &ward regarding the fitment and increment was accepted by the High Court but in the order of remand the High Court directed a general revision as it was not satisfied with the manner in which the financial capacity of the concerns was determined.

This leaves us with the question as to how the financial capacity of the concerns is to be determined.

After fixing of the financial capacity the fair wage which would include fitment, wage scales and dearnes~ allowance payable has to be determined.

The question as to the period during which retrospective effect has to be given for payment of fair wages has also to be considered.

A fair wage is a mean between the Jiving wage and the minimum wage.

Wages must be fair, that is to say sufficiently high to provide a standard family with food, shelter, clothing, medical care and education of children appropriate to the workmen but not at a rate exceeding its wage earning capacity in the class of establishment to which he belons.

A fair wage is thus related to the earning capacity and workload .. While the lower limit of wage structure is the minimum wage any increase over

chat will depend upon the capacity of the industry to pay. The factors which determine the capa.City to pay will be the productivity of the labour, the prevailing rates of wages in the same or similar industries. in the same or neighbouring localities, the present economic position of the industry, prospects in the near future etc.

The fair wage will grow with the growth and development of the national economy ana the progress made by the industry and must approimate to th~ cpacity

of the industry to pay.

As stated by the Nattonal Comnuss1on on Labour a policy dealing with this chronic problem cannot be simply

A .economic as it is to reckon with relative multi-dimensional, social phenomena in which the workers and the management, the consumer and the society at large and in consequence the State are all vitally interested.

The claim of the employees for a fair and higher wage depends not only on the financial capacity of the employer but also on the interests of the consumer and the State, the employers' desire for a reasonable profit, the rise in price which may affect the consumer and B the national economy which may have an adverse effect on the labour itself.

In order to determine the fair wage including the scale of pay, the price rise, the dearness allowance etc., the financial capacity of tht: concern has to be determined.

A close scrutiny of the concern's working has to be made.

The profit and loss account, the prospects of the company improving itself in future and all other relevant matters will have to be taken into account.

The expenses properly incurred for working the industry such as buying of the raw materials, expenses incurred in running the factory, office and other transport expenses, the expenses incurred in marketing and other such allowable expenditure has to be deducted.

We are unable to accept the contention of the learned counsel for the respondents that the gross profit alone has to be taken into account. Equally we are unable to accept the pleas on behalf of the appellants that net profit alone should be the basis of detern1ining the financial capacity.

The determination of gross profit and net profit vary according to !he basis of accounting adopted. Jn Gramophone Company Ltd. v. Its Workmen('), this Court held that "When an industrial tribunal is considering the question of wage structure and gratuity which, in our opinion, stands more or less on the same footing as wage-structure, it has to look at the profits made without considering provision for taxation in the shape of income-tax and for reserves.

The provision for income-tax and for reserves must, in our opinion, take second place as compared to provision for wage-structure and gratuity, which stands .on the same footing as provident fund which is also a retiral benefit. Payment towards provident fund and gratuity is expense to be met by an employer like any other expense including wages and if the financial position shows that the burden of payment of gratuity and provident fund can be met without undue strain on the financial position of the employer, tha't burden must be home by the employer .. , .. While on the one hand casting of this burden reduces th, e margin of profit, on the other hand it will result in th~, reduction of taxation in the shape of income-tax." This Court affirmed the view taken in the above case in Indian Link Chain Manufacturers Ltd. v. Their

Workmen( 2 ). The law was stated in Unichem Laboratories Ltd. v.

The Workmen (supra) at p, 583 as follows :-

"From the above decision it is clear that : ( 1 ) Fixation of wage-structure stands more or less on the same footing as framing of a gratuity scheme and the principles applicable for ascertaining the profits are the same; (2) Provision for taxation and provision for reserves cannot take precedence ovt>r

(I) [J964J2LLJ. 131.

(2) [1973] I S.C.R. 790 ..

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SHIVRAJ LITHO WORKS V. INDUSTRIAL COURT, NAGPUR 425 (Kailasam, !.) for gratuity and fixation of wages; and (3) the provision for income-tax_and for reserves must take second place as compared to provision for wage-structure and gratuity."

Summing up the position the Court held that the above decision ( Gramaphone Company Ltd .. v. Its Workmen) categorically rules out any deduction of ation. It also excludes from deduction all provision for reserves which will take in depreciation reserve also.

The decision makes it clear that provisions for taxation and reserve cannot take precedence over gratuity and fixation of wages.

The provisions for income-tax, reserve and depreciation are not pennitted.

The High Court was therefore right in its view that no rebate can be allowed towards payment of income-tax.

After allowing certain deductions the High Court held that so far as bonus is concerned as the minimum bonus is compulsorily payable it can be deducted in determining the financial capacity of t)le employer.

But the High Court .was of the view that in the case of any amount which was prrid as bonus in addition td the minimum bonus fixed, such amount cannct be deducted. The reason given by the High Court is thaf the incidence of minimum bonus like the incidence of basic wage is fixed and is known at the beginning of the financial year of the employer and is not to be calculated unlike in the case of excess bonus

after the end of that year when the amount of profit that is available surplus is determined. We are unable to agree with the view taken by the High Court that any amount paid as bonus in addition to the minimum bonus cannot be deducted as expenses. The amount which is paid as bonus goes, in substance, to augment the wages and as such is liable to be deducted in determining the pa)ing capacity of the employer. I: seems that the High Court was influenced by the fact that the additional bonus cannot be deducted at the beginning of the year. We do not think that it will make any difference for, the paying capacity of the concern can be ascertained after deducting the amount in the subsequent year.

The two questions that now remain. for consideration are the fi:o.ation of dearness allowance and the date from which the dearness allowance and the wage structure as determined should be given effect to.

The Government in fixing the minimum rate of wages under the Minimum Wages Act also makes a provision for special allowance to be paid along with the basic rate of wages.

The special allowance is fixed by the Government to accord as nearty as practicable with the variation: in the cost of living index number applicable to such workers. So far as provisions under the Minimum Wages Act relating to the minimum wage~

and special allowances are concerned they are fixed without any reference to the paying capacity of the employer, but when a dearness allowance is fixed as a part of the fair wage it will have to depend npon the paying capacity of the employer.

It has been held that thon)!'h the dearness allowane is given to compensate for the rise of cost of livin)!'. cent per cent neutralisation Is not given a:s it may tend to inflation. It was held in Clerks of Calcutta Tramways v. Calcutta Tramways Co.

Ltd.('), "We can now take, it as settled that in matters of the grant of

(1) [1956] S.C.R .. 772.

Dearness Allowance accept to the very lowest class of manual labourers whose income is just sufficient to keep body and soul together, it is impolitic and unwise to neutralise the entire rise in the cost of living by Dearness Allowance." In Hindustan Tlines Ltd., New Delhi v. Their

Workmen('), it was held that the purpose of Dearness Allowance was to neutralise a portion of tl\e increase in the cost of living.

The same view was exj""essed ini Kamani Metals and Alloys Ltd. v. Their Workmen(2). It was noted that one-hundred per cent neutralisation is not advisable as it will lead to inflation and therefore Dearness Allowance is often a little less than one-hundred per cent neutralisation. In fixing the dearness allowance, the principle that is followed in determining the paying capacity for fixing wage structure, is equally applicable.

In determining the dearness allowance, increase in the cost of living, the resulting change in the economic conditions and the pattern of dearness allowance j""evailing in other COl!cems in the same region are factors to be taken into consideration.

The increase in the cost of living since the time when the dearness allowance was last fixed is also taken into account.

In Ahmedabad Mill Owners' Association v.

The Textile Labour Association (supra) it has been held that in giving effect to the demand for a fair wage including the payment of Dearness Allowance to provide for adequate neutralisation, industrial adjudication must always take into account the problem of the additional burden which such wage-structure would impose upon the employer and ask itself whether the employer can reasonably be called npon to bear such burden.

The Tribunal has taken into account the paying capacity of the three concerns which it has classified as A and fixed the dearness allowance payable by them. But the High Court has found that the Tribunal has not adopted the correct principles in arriving at the paying capacity.

The learned counsel appearing for the respcildents also pointed out that even n: cursory examination of the profit and Joss account would show that the three companies which are classified as A had a larger income than was taken into account by the Industrial Tribunal.

The High Court is' not right in its observation that the dearness allowance should effect a cent per cent neutralisation as it is not in conformity with the decisions cited above.

Regarding the date from which retrospective effect should be given the High Court has observed that the reference was made on 7th Jann• ary, 1965 and the award was given on 10th May, 1968, that is after a lapse of about three and a half years.

Taking all the circumstances into acco:mt the High Court directed that subject to any other consideration which may require to the contrary effect should have been itlven to the provisions of the award relatin!( to the rates and scales of ,;; ages and dearness allowance as and from 7th January, 1965 being the date of the general reference. Having observed so the High Court left it open to the Tribunal to examine whether there are any other circum stances which would require the later date to be fixed in the case of all or any of the employers.

In granting retrospective effect the Tribunal has a discretion to fix the date taking into account the financial position of the company.

The delay in giving the award and the subsequent proceedings in the High Court and in the Supreme Court has caused

(I) [1964] I S.C.R. 234.

(2) [19671 2 S.C.R. 463.

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SHIVRAJ LITHO WORKS V. INDUSTRIAL COURT, NAGPUR 427 (Kai/asam, 1.) a lapse of severall years.

Though the employees are entitled 1o be A given the increase in wages from the date of reference it may not be practicabletaking into account the considerable lapse of time- The employers may not have the capacity to pay the entire arrears.

It may be tliat in some cases the employer may be able to do so if it is directed to make the payment in instalments.

Th~ questions will have to be taken into account depending upon the facts and circumstances of each ~- B To sum up we agree with the view taken by the Tribunal and the High Court that the appellants belong to A category and are liabltj to pay fair wages.

We Jo not agree with the view taken by the High Court that the Industrial Tribunal should fix an industrial minimum wage without taking C into account the paying capacity of the employer. To this extent the order of the High. Court will have to be set aside.

Mr. Phadke, the learned counsel for the appellants, submitted that as the. employees have not preferred any appeal against the judgment of

t.'ic High Court no order adverse to the industry can be passed in these appeals.

As we have not agreed with the view of the High Court that an industrial minimum wage should be fixed by the Tribunal even though it was fixed by the Government under the Minimum Wages Act, the judgment of the High Court cannot be sustained. As in the absence of an appeal by the employees final decision can only be by the Tribunal, we confirm the order of the High Court remanding the matter for afresh disposal by the Tribunal.

But as we do not agree with some of the conclusions arrived at by the High Court we modify the order of remand.

We confirm the classification of the industries into class A and B as determined by the Tribunal and the High Court.

We also find that the appellants and industries belonging to class A are in a position to pay fair wages.

We also find that so far as the order of the Industrial Tribunal <tS confirmed by the High Court that the industries classified as B are not in a position to pay anything more than the minimum wages under the Mmimum Wages Act is concerned, it will have to be confinned.

The High Court has found that the determination of the paying capacity of the industry has not been satisfactory.

It has found that some of !he accounts maintained by the industry are suspicious and cannot be accepted. The Tribunal will have to examine the accounts afresl1 and determine the paying capacity. In fixing the paying capacity G the Tribunal will have to fix the income aswell as permitted deductions and allowances properly incurred. There can be no dispute that expenses incurred for purchase of raw material, maintenance of the factory expenses incurred towards rent, public charl!es, maintenance of the establishment and expenses incurred in marketing of the produce should be deducted. The items mentioned above are not exhaustive.

As to whether a particular item of expenditure is liable to be deducted II or not will have to be determined on the facts of the case.

This Court has clearly laid down that no deduction should be allowed for payment of income-tax or for allowances made for depreciation or for making

provision for reserves.

So far as expenses incurred towards payment of wage bill inclusive of dearness allowance, bonus, gratuity etc. are concerned they will have to be deducted.

After properly determining the paying capacity of the industry the Tribunal will have to proceed to fix fair wages which would include the fitment, scale of wages and dearness allowance.

While after fixing the above the Tribunal will have to determine as to from which date retrospective effect will have to be given for payment of the wages thus fixed.

As the paying capacity will have to be re-determined the wage structure inluding fitment, scale of wages, dearness allowance, period during which retrospective effect is to be given will have to be determined afresh.

We, accordingly, allow the5e appeals in part and modify the order of remand made by the High Court to the extent and in the manner C indicated above.

We make no order as to costs.

As there has been enormous delay, the tribunal will dispose of the case as expeditiously as possible preferably not more than six months.

S.R.

Appeals allowed in part.

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