RAMANLAL BHOGILAL SHAH AND ANOTHER A v.

D. K. GUHA AND OTHERS

January 24, 1973

{S. M. SIKRI, C. J., A. N, RAY, D. G. PALEKAR, M. H. BEG AND

S. N. DWIVEDI, JJ.J B Constitution of India, Art. 20(3)-Whether accused mentioned in an F.J.R. is bound to appear before Enforcement officer to give evidence In

connection with the same offence.

The point of law being same in both the writ petitions, the facts of writ petition No. 164 of 1972 are as follows:-

The p, etiti<>i>er was the General Manager of United Comm.

Ban~ till January 17, 1968 when he became its Chainmn and wholetime Director and after nationalisation of the bank, he was appointed Custodian thereof.

In 1966, the United Comm.

Bank had booked a forward .exch-.inge contract for Htndustan Motors for £ 9,32,617 at th<! rate -0f Is. 529/32d. per rupee.

Thereafter, the rupee was devalued and on May 24, 1971 the petitioner was served with summons under s. 19-F of tju, Foreign Exchange (Regulation) Act, 1947 to give evidence in an enquiry held by respondent No. 1 into certain offences under the Foreign Exchange Act. The petitioner was examined on June 3, 16 .and 17, 1971.

According to the petitioner, the entire examination these days related to the booking by the bank of the said forward exchange , contract.

On August 31, 1971, the petitioner was arrested under s. 19B of the Foreign Exchange Act. Sub-s. 1 of S . 19B of the Act provides that "if any officer of Enforcement .... has reason to believe that any person in India etc., has been guilty of an offo.nce punishable under the Foreign Exchange Act, he may arl'est such person and shall. as soon .as may be, inform him of the ground of such arrest." Sub.sec. (2) p~

vides that every person arrested under sub section ( 1) shall, without necessa'ry delay, be take, tl to a Magistrate. Sub-s. (3) empowers the -0fficer concerned to release an arrested person on bail and he has the same powers and as that of an O/c of a police station.

The grounds, -served on the petitioner, for the offence under s. 4(2), and uinder s. 22 of the Act punishable under s. 23, are elaborate.

Paras 31 to 40 of the grounds of arrest are inter alia, :-conversion of pound sterling not at the prescribed rate, false information fur, oished to the Reserve Bank in contravention of Sec. -22 of the Act etc.

[The question arose whether after these grounds had been served <>n the petitioner, it ciluld be said that he was a person accused of an off-e within Art. 20(3) of the Constitution].

Th, e petitioner was later produced before the Chief PresideQCy Magistrate who released him on bail with a direction that he should .contact the investigating officer from time to time.

Thereafter, an F. I. R. was recorded under s. 154 Cr .P .C. by the• D.S. P., C. B. I., New O,, lhi and an order was obtained from the 438

Chief Presidency Magistrate Calcutta permitting the il>vestigation to be made under s.155(2). Cr. P.C .. The offences alleged in the F.I.R. are s.120B read with s.420 I.P.C. and under s.4(2) read with •· 23(1) (b) of the Exchange Act.

The names and addreases of the accused were given as tlie Management and other o111cers of the

Unitd Commercial Bllll!k and the Management and otlloers of Hindustan Motors Ltd.

On April 17, 1972 another summons was issued to the petitioner under s. 19F of the Exchange Act to appear before the Enfdroement Directorate and to give evidence regarding the transaction of Exchange Contract booked from Hilndustan Motors Ltd.

After objecting to appear before the Enforcement Directorate as .

Witness the petitioner filed the present writ petition before this Court.

It was contended by the petitioner that after the Enforcement officer had xamined the petitionr and put his CO!llClusions in the grounds of afrest, the petitioner was definitely a "person accused of an offence" within the meaning of Art. 20(3) of the Constitution of India and at any rate, the petitioner was accused of an offence when the F .. I. R, was recerded and therefore. the summons dt.

April 17, 1972 was illegal.

Allowin~ the petition, . HELD : (i) It is wll settled that with the lodging of a First Informati01' .Report a person is accused of an offence Within the meaning of Art .. 20(3). [445E-Fl . Ramesh Chandra Mehta v. State of West Bengal [1969] 2 S.C.R. 461 Raja Narayan/al Brlslla/ v, Manack Phiroz Mistry [1961] 1 S.C.R.

417 and M. P. Sharma v. Satish Chandra, [1954] S.C.R. 1077, re forred to.

(ii) Although the petitioner is a person accused of an offence within thlo meaning of Art. 20(3), the only protection that Art. 20(3) gives to him is that he caninot be compelled to be a witness against himself; but it.his does not mean that he need not give information regarding matters whic'h do J>Ot tend to incriminate him.

[4460-H] State of Bombay v, Kathi Kalu Oghad, [1962]

3 S .C.R. 1032,

refed to. l'herefore in the present case the summons must not be set aside.

The petitio; ner must appear before the enforcement Directorate and answer such questions as do not tend to incriminate him. [447C-D]

ORIGINAL JURISDICTION.: Writ Petitions Nos. 164 and 165 of 1972.

Petitions under Art. 32 of the Constitution of India for the enforcement of fundamental rights.

A. K. Sen, (in W.P. No. 164) B. Sen, (in W.P. No. 165) Krishna Sen, S. R. Agarwala and R. K. Khanna, for the petitioners.

F. S. Nariman, Additional Solicitor-General of India and S. P.

Nayar, for the respondents.

The Judgment of the Court was delibered by SIKRI, C.J. The same point of law arises in both the writ petitions and it will suffice if facts in writ petition No. 164 of 1972 are set out. The petitioner, Ramanlal Bhogilal Shah, was the Gene-

SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1973] 3 S.Cl.R,

ral Manager ol United Commercial Bank Ltd. till January 17, 1968 when he became the Chairman and wholetime Director of the said bank. Upon nationalisation of the bank, the petitioner was appointed Custodian thereof and he continued as Custodian till September 1, 1971.

On June 4, 1966 the United Commercial Bank had booked a forward exchange contract for Hindustan Motors for £ 9,32,617 at the rate of ls. 529/32d, per rupee. On June 6, 1966, the rupee was devalued. On May 24, 1971 the petitioner was served with summons under s. 19-F of the Foreign Exchange (Regulation) Act, 1947-hereinafter referred to as the Exchange Act to give evidence in the enquiry which Shri D. K. Guha, Deputy Director, Enforcement Directorate, Was making into certain offences under the Exchange Act. The petitioner was examined on June 3, 1971, June 16, 1971 and June 17, 1971.

According to the petitioner, the entire examination on the said dates related to the booking by the United CommercialBank of the aforesaid forward exchange contract dated June 4, 1966. On August 31, 1971, the petitioner was arrested under s. 19B of the Exchange Act. Sub-section ( 1) of s. 19B provides that "if any officer of Enforcement. . . . . has reason to believe that any person

in India or within the Indian customs waters has been guilty of an offence punishable under the Exchange Act, he may arrest 'such person and shall, as soon as may be, inform him of the grounds for such arrest." Sub-section (2) provides that "every person arrested under sub-section ( 1) shall, without unnecessary delay, be taken to a Magistrate." Sub-s. (3) empowered an officer of Enforcement arresting any person to release such person on ball or otherwise. In this connection he has the same powers and Is sµbject to the same provisions as the officer-in-charge of a polfoe litation.

The grounds of arrest served on the petitioner are elaborate.

These give detailed reasons why the enforcement officer had .reasons to believe that the petitioner had been guilty of an offence under

s. 4(2) and under s. 22 of the Exchange Act punishable under s. 23 thereof. We may reproduce paras 31 to 40 of the grtl\inds of arrest. ·

"31. AND WHEREAS by such criminal acts the Bank converted pound sterling not at the rate prescribed by the Foreign Exchange Dealers Association of India effective from 8-6-66 as aforesaid but at the rate of Rs. 1-5 29/32d.Re. 1 during the period of 8-7-66 to 3-3-67 on the total amount of £ 9,32,617-0-od;

32. AND WHEREAS the aforesaid amount of £ 9,32,617-0-0d has been converted into Indian currency at rates other than the rates authorised by the Reserve Bank of India;

33. AND WHEREAS such unauthorised conversion has been made without fulfilling the condition prescribed in Section XXVIII of the Exchange Control Manual published by the Reserve Bank of India as aforesaid.

34. AND WHEREAS such conversion of pound sterling into Indian currencies has been made in contravention of Section 4(2) of the said Act;

35. AND WHEREAS false information has been furnished to the Reserve Bank of India thereby contravening the provisions of Section 22 of the said Act;

36. AND WHEREAS the aforesaid contraventions, have been committed by the said Bank or have taken place with the consent of the said R. B. Sha\!;

37. AND WHEREAS at the time of the aforesaid contraventions were committed, the said R. B. Shah was in charge of, or was responsible to the United Commercial Bank Limited for the conduct of the business of the said Bank;

38. AND WHEREAS lhe said R. B. Shah failed tQ prove in course of his statements made under Sec!iQll

19F of the said Act before Shri D. K. Guha, Deputy Director of Enforcement that the contravention tooll:

place without. his knowledge or that he exercised all due diligence to prevent the aforesaid contravention, as

reqltired under Section 23C of the said Act.

39. AND WHEREAS, in view of the aforesaid facts 1111d circumstances, I, Onkar Nath Chattopadhyay, Enforcement Officer, Enforcement Directorate, l)epaJitment ot Personnel, Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India, being an officer of Enforcement authorised .by the Central Government to exercise 'the powers under Section 19B of the said Act, have reason to believe that the said R. B. Shah in India has been guilty of oll'ences under Section 4(2) and under Section 22 of the said Act punishable under Section 23 of the said Act; ·

40. NOW, THEREFORE, I arrest the said R .. B. • Shah on the grounds stated herein above, todav the 3 ls t August, 1971 at 10.35 a.m. under Section 19E{i) of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947." The question arises with which we will presently deal with, whether after those grounds have been served on the petitioner,

SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1973] 3 s.c.R.

it could be said 1hat he was a person accused of an offence within art. 20(3) of the Constitution.

The petitioner was produced before the Chief Presidency Magistrate, Calcutta, on August 31, 1971, who released him on bail of Rs. 10,000 with the direction that the petitioner should con

tact the Investigating Officer every alternate day during the next two weeks and thereafter as and when called for.

On September 6, 1971, the Chief Presidency Magistrate, Calcutta, recorded : ,; Both accused are on C.B. and present. Perused report submitted by 1.0. 1.0. prays for three months time for submitting further report. Time allowed till 6-12-71 for submission of report."

On December 6, 1971, the order is recorded as follows :

"Both accused are on C.B. and present.

Persued report submitted by Enforcement Directorate. Further three" months time. Time allowed till 6-3-72 for compl~ tion of investigation. 1.0. is directed to expedite and file complaint, if any, at an early date."

On March 6, 1972, it was inter alia ordered : ". , ... Since no regular complaint has till now been filed, personal exemption prayed for is allowed.'' The order further proceeds :

_ "Considered I.O.'s remand report. He submits that the matter is pending before the Supreme Court and concerned documents remain sealed in that connection.

He further says complaint will be filed soon after the matter .is disposed by the Supreme Court. Considering such 'aspects of the qµestion 1.0. is. allowed time till 5-6-72 for a report about progress of investigation and submission of regular complaint, if any, against the accused persons.'' It is alleged in the petition that "pursuant to enquiries made in this behalf, your petitioner has come to learn that the Supreme Court proceedings referred to by the respondent No. 4 before the C.-'hief Presidency Magistrate, Calcutta, as recorded in his order dated 6th March 1972 arose out of a writ petition filed by Hindusthan Motors Ltd. before the Hon'ble High Court at Cakutta challenging inter a/ia the search at the premises of Hindusthan Motors Ltd. conducted by the Enforcement Directorate in or about October 1969 and the seizure of documents as a result

thereof." In the course Of this enquiry the petitioner learnt that a case had. been registered on a First Information Report dated

November 9, 1971, recorded under s. 154 of the Criminal Procedure Code and an order dated November 25,1971 had been obtained from the Chief Presidency Magistrate, Calcutta, permitting the investigation to be made under s. 155(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 'This First Information Report des with the forward exchange contract purported to have been entered on June 4, 1966 by M/s Hindusthan Motors Ltd. and the United Commercial Bank Ltd. The offences alleged in the first Information Report are s. 120B read with s. 420 I.P.C., and urtder s. (2) read with s. 23(1) (b) of the Exchange Act, and the names and addrs.1es of the accused are given as the Management and other officers of the United Commercial Bank and the Management and officers of the Hindusthan Motors Ltd.

On April 17, 1972 another summons was issued to the petitioner under s. 19-F of the Exchange Act tei appear before the Deputy Director, Enforcement Directorate, on April 28, 1972 to give evidence relating to the transaction of exchange contract booked from Hindusthan Motors Ltd. on June 4, 1966. The petitioner wrote to the Deputy Director submitting that the summons was violative of art. 20(3) of the Constitution: In this conneetion he submitted as follows :

"I remind you that after examining on the 3rd June, 1971, 16th June. 1971and17th June 1971 proceedings have been initiated atia!was arrested on the 3 lst August, 1971 and in the grounds of arrest .one of the grounds of accusation mentioned is the transaction referred to by you in the summons."

The petitioner requested the Deputy Director to withdraw !he summons.

On April 22, 1972 the Deputy Director informed the petitioner that the contentions had no substance at all. He further informed the petitioner that the summons issiied on April 17, 1972 could not be withdrawn and requested the petitioner to comply with the name.

TI1e petitioner thereupon filed the present petition on April 27, 1972.

The learned counsel for the petitioner, Mr. A. K. Sen, contends that on the facts given above the petitioner fell within the description of a "person accused of an offence" within the meaning of art. 20(3). He contended that after the Enforcement Officer had examined the petitioner and put his conclusions in the grounds of arrest, the petitioner was definitely accused of an offence under the Exchange Act. He next contends that at any rate, the petitioner was accused of an offence when the J:'.irst l3-L 796Sup.C.l./73

SUPREME COURT REPORTS


Information Report was recorded under s. 154, Cr.

P.C., by Shri J. N. Prabhakar, Deputy Superintendent of Police, Central

Bureu of Investigation, Special Police Investigation Unit, New

Delhi.

The learned Additional Solicitor General says that tb.e first point is concluded by the decision of this Court in Romesh Chandra, Mehta v. State of West Bengal.(1') He strongly relies on the following passage at p. 4 79 :

"It was strenuously urged that under s. 104 of the Customs Act, 1962, the Customs Officer may arrest a person only if he has reason to believe that any person in India or within the Indian Customs waters has been guilty of an offence punishable under s. 135 and not otherwise and he is bound to inform such person of the grounds of his arrest. Arrest of tlle person who is guilty of the offence punishable under.'s. 135 and information to be given to him amount, it was contended, to a formal accusation of an offence and in any case the person who has been arrested and who have been informed of the nature of the infraction committed by him stands in the character of an accused person.

We are unable to agree with that contention. Section

104(1) only prescribes the conditions in which the power of arrest may be exercised. The officer must have reason to believe that a person has been guilty of an offence punishable under s. 135, otherwise he cannot arrest such person. But by informing such person of the grounds of his arrest the Customs Officer does not formally accuse him with the commission of an offence.

Arrest and detention are only for the purpose of holding effectively an inquiry under s. 107 and 108 of the Act with a view to adjudging confiscation of dutiable or prohibited goods and imposing penalities. At that stage there is no question of the offender against the Customs Act being charged before a Magistrate. Ordi• narily after adjuding penalty and confiscation of goods or without doing so, if the Customs officer forms an opinion that the offender should be prosecuted he may prefer a complaint in the manner provided under s. 137 with the sanction of the Collector of Customs and until .a complaint is so filed the person against whom an inquiry is commenced under the Customs Act does not stand in the character of a person accused of an offence under s. 135.


The learned counsel for the petitioner, however, contends that the facts here are different. He says that under the Exchange Act the position is slightly different. He further says tha~ in Romesh Mehta's case('') no enquiry had been made while in the present case an enquiry under s. l 9F had been made and the Deputy !Director had come to a definite conclusion that the petitioner was guilty of an offence. He further says that the next steri would be an enquiry under s. 23 of the Exchange Act which might result in a penalty under s. 23(1)(a) or the case being sent to a Court for trial. He says that as far as the enquiry under s. 23(1 )(a) is concerned, it is an enquiry in respect o~ an offence and no further charge or complaint is necessary before undenaking the enquiry.

He contends that the protection under art. 20(3) extends not only to criminal trials, but also to trials of all offences under the Exchange Act because for the same offence one person may be convicted and penalty levied under s. 23(l)(a) or convicted by a Court and sentenced to imprisonment.

These aspects have not been considered by this Court i11 any case which has been brought to our notice, but we do not think that it is necessary to dispose of these contentions because "e arc of the .opinion that the second point raised by Mr. A.

Sen must prevail.

It is well settled that with the lodging of a' first information

repor~ a person is accused of an offence within the meaning of art.

20(3). In M. P, Sharma v. Satish Chandra(') where search warrants were issued against persons who had been included in the category of accused in the first information report, Jagannadhadas, J., obserYed at p. 1088 :

"Nor is there any reason to think that the Protection in respect of the evidence so procured is confined to what transpires at the trial in the court room. The phrase used in article 20(3) .is "to be a witness' and not to "appear as a witness"; It follows that the protection afforded to an accused in so far as it is related to the phrase "to .be a witness" is not merely in respect of testimonial compulsion in the court room but may well extend to compelled testimony previously obtained from him. It is available therefore to a person against whom a formal accusation relating to the commission of an offence has been levelled which in the normal course may result in prosecution. Whether it is available to other persons in other situations does not call for decision in t)lis case."

(!) !19691 2 S.C.R. 46L

(Z} [19541 S.C.R. 1011.

446 SUPREME COURT REPORiS


Jn Raja Narayan/al Bansilal v. Maneck Phiroz Mistry (') it was observed :

"Similarly, for invoking the constitutional right against testimonial compulsion guaranteed under Art'. 20(3) it must appear that a formal accusation has been made against the party pleading the guarantee and that it relates to the commission of an offence which in the normal course may result in prosecution."

In Ramesh Chand Mehta v. State of West Bengal(') Shah, J., after reviewing a number of authorities, observed at p. 4 72 :

"Normally a person stands in the character of an accused when a First Information Report is lodged against him in respect of an offence before an Officer competent to fnvestigate it, or when a complaint is made relating to the commission of an offence before a

Magistrnte competent to try or send to another D MagislnM for trial of the offence."

The Additional Solicitor General says that the petitioner had not been specifically named as accused in the First Information Report and, therefore, he is not entitled oo the protection under Art. 20(3). We are unable to agree with him in this respect. The petitioner was the General Manager of the United Commercial I.

Bank and it was alleed in the grounds of arrest that the petitioner was in charge of, or was responsible to the United Commercial Bank Ltd. for the conduct of the business of the said Bank, and that he failed to prov_e _in course of his statements made under s. 19F before Shri D. K. Guba, Deputy Director of Enforcement, that the contravention took pfaee withqu~ his knowledge or that f he exercised all due diligence to prevenf the aforesaid contraven tion, as required under s. 23C of the Exchange Act.

In view of these allegations i~ is idle to cqntend that the petitioner was nqt included in the priqn "the management and other qfljcs of the U~~ CO~tj~ Bll1!1c Ltd." V!e. have r. already mentioned that m the Fust Inf91lll811i!>D Report 1t is lbe " si@eforwarit i:change Gn\traet which is titil sul>iectmll~ ol chll1"ge.

Although we held that the ., etitioncr is a person accuaod of an oll'encc within the meaning of art. 20(3), the only protection that art.20(3) gives to him is that he cannot be compelled to be H a witness against himself. But this does not mean that he nCed not give information regarding matters which do not tend to lncriml-

(1) [1961] 1S.C.R.417; 438.

(I) [1969J 2'5.C.R. 461.

nate him. This Court observed in State of Bombay v. Kathi Kalu Oghad('1) as follows :

"In order that a testimony by an accused person may be said to have been self-incriminatory the compulsion of wjiich comes within th~ prohibition of the constitutional provision, it must l>e pf such a cliaracter that by itself it shcn!ld have the ten<le11cy' pf ffici'imim\ting the

accimi~. if ii!\! also q( actully doing so .. 'Ill other words. it s!\pilld pe' a s!l)teffieilt which ni~~ !ll@ c~ gains!

he ..

1 :f.cuse4' prson alteast prol>ple, considered by

1te +·

'.fherfpre we are uµabli: to set asi4e ~~ sulllmons, The petilirmer ffi1lsl appear befor~ tl)e J?ep1Jl¥ 1J,1rector 311<! qswer such 8., IJestions as do qot tencj IP 1µcr11qjµat~ im, as xpla1qed by this t,.:pµrt. .

The pe\itioq is &Fcor<linsly iillowaj ta tjle extent that it is clraj ~t tjie titionef is a peiln accus~4 pf n olfnce withi!l art. ~Q(3). The fcts jll Writ Petitioll Np. 165 of 197211re similar and the

~; unc decl:iraljon is given.

Pet#jpn allowed.

(I) (1962) 3 S.C.R. 10 32.