SHAMBHU PRASAD SINGH

MST. PHOOL KUMARI & ORS.

March .24, 1971

[J. M. SHELAT, I. D. DUA AND V. BHARGAVA, JJ.)

Hindu Law-Family arrangeme11t-Principles for deciding wh<'lher a doc111nent is jan1ily arrange111ent.

Adverse possession-When established.

Raj Kun1ar, the common ancestor of the parties had four sons-Lalji Singh, Amar Singh, Ramji Singh and Raghunandan Singh.

Amar Singh had three sons, namely, Sonadhari. Girwardhari and Nankhu father of present appellant.

In 1898 Amar Singh purchased the land on which the house in dispute stood from his own funds but in the name of his brother Lalji Singh.

Nankhu was taken in adoption by Ramji Singh.

Shortly thereafter, in 1915, a document .Ex. l was executed between Raj Kumar's descendants.

In it the claim of Nankhu to a half share in the house in dispute \\'as recognised.

Tn 1949, Nankhu and the appellant filed the instant suit for a declaration of their half share in the house in dispute.

The defendants (present respondents) were the branches of Sonadhari and Girwardhari. The suit Vias resisted inter alia on the following grounds:

(i) that Ex. I was not a family arrangement but only a deed of relinquishment; and therefore Nankhu who had no anterior title to the house in dispute did nOt acquire any interest in it by virtue of Ex. I: (ii) that even if he had an interest in the house he lost it by reason of adverse possession by the respondent. The trial court decreed the suit. The decree was upheld by the Single Judge of the High Court. The Division Benoh however decided both the points of dispute in favour of the respondents.

It held that there was no dispute or conflict of interest between the branches of Amar Singh and Ramji Singh, and that Amar Singh and Nankhu had acted in concert in the execution of Ex. I which was therefore not a family arrangerr, ent.

It upheld the claim of the respondents that Nankhu and the appelb.nt had lost title to the house by the adverse possession of the respondentli. The visits of Nankhu and hi;; wife to the house were he!d by the Division Bench to be 'in the nature of visits of guests of the defendants'. In appeal to this Court against the judgment of the High Court.

HELD: (i) The arrangenient under challenge has to be considered as a whole for ascertaining v.hether it was made to allay disputes, existing or apprehended, in the interest of harmony in the family or the preservation of property. lt is not necessary that there must exist a dispute actual or possible in the future, in respect of each and every item of property among all members arraigned one against the other. It v.ould be suffi. cient if it is shown that there were actual or possible claims and counterclaims by parties in settlement whereof the arrangement as a whole had been arrived at, thereby ackDO\vledging title in one to whom a particular property falls on the assumption (not actual existence in law) that he had an antelior title therein. [191 F-GJ

Pullaiah v. Narasilnluun, A.LR. 1966 S. C. 1837, Sahu Madho Das v.

M11kund Ranr, [1955] 2 S.C.R. :?1 and Rani Mewa Kuwar v. Rani Hulas Kuwar. (1873-74) LR. l I.A. 157 at 166, applied.

18 l

SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1971] surr. s.c.&.

Williams v. Williams, (1867) 2 Ch. A. 294, referred to.

An examination of the terms of Ex. 1 showed that it was iocorm:I I<> assume, as the High Court did, that in the disputes amongst the different branches of the family, Nankhu and Amar Singh were actina in~. or that there was no conflict of ioterest among them. The parties to Ex. 1 arrived at a settlement in view of claims and cross claims by 10n.e aa; ain'it the others. Taken as a whole and in the light of the recitals and tho statements in the operative part of the document indicating conflict amongst the members of the family, the document represented an arrangement bona fide entered into, for settling existing or at any rate apprehended disputes, and therefore, satisfied the tests of a family arrangement laid down in the decisions of th~ Court. In this view Nankhu must be said to have ac~ quired a half share in the house in dispute under Ex. I. [193 H, 194 E-G]

(ii) Adverse posses.sion has to have characteristics of adequacy, conti~ nuity and exclusiveness. The onus to establish these characteristics is on the adverse possessors.

Accordingly, if a holder of title proves that be too had been exercising during the currency of his title various acts of possession, then, the quality of those acts, even though they might not be sufficient to constitute adverse possession as against another, may be abundantly sufficient to destroy that adequacy and interrupt that exclusiveness and continuity which is demanded from a person challenging by possession the title which he holds. As between co-sharers, the possession of one con sharer is in law the possession of all co-sharers. Therefore to constitute adverse possession, ouster of the non-possessing co-sharer has to be made out. As between them therefore, there must be evidence of open assertion of a hostile title coupled with exclusive possession and enjoyment by one of them to the knowledge of the other. But once the possession of a cosharer has become adverse as a result of ouster, a mere assertion of a joint title by the dispossessed co-sharer would not interrupt the running of adverse possession.

He must actually and effectively break up the exclusive possession of bis co-sharer by re-entry upon the property or by resuming possession in such manner as it was possible to do. For this purpose the mere fact that a dispossessed co-sharer comes and stays for a few days as a guest is not sufficient. [194 H-195 El

Kutha/i Moothavar v. Paringati Kunharankutcy, (1921) 48 LA 395, 404, Lakshmi Reddy v. Lakshmi Reddy, [1957) S.C.R. 195, 202, Moham

mad Bagar v. Naim-un-Nisa Bibi, A.l.R. 1956


A.mmakannu A.mmal v. Naravanaswami Mudaliar, A.l.R. 1~23 Mad. 633, approved.

Io view of the evidence in the present case the Division Bench was not justHied in interfering with the finding of fact concurrently given by the Trial Court and the learned Single Judge that the adverse possession by Baijnath which commenced from 1933 was sufficiently interrupted by acts of possession by Nankhu, and therefore his title was not extin&uished by adverse possession. [199 ABl

H The appeal must accordingly be allowed.

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 1655 of 1966.

s. P. SINGH v. PHOOL IWMARI (She/at, J.) 183'

Appeal from the judgment and decree dated August 25, 1964 A. of the Patna High Court in Letters Patent Appeal No. 119 of 1958.

D. Goburdhun and R. Goburdhun, for the appellant.

S. V. Gupte, D. P. Singh and N: Nettar, for respondent No. I.

U. P. Singh for respondents Nos. 2 to 4.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

Sbelat, 1.-Two questions arise in this appeal. The first is whether the transaction evidenced by Ex. 1, dated March 20,

191 S was a family arrangement so as to confer on the appellant and bis father, Nanhku Prasad, smce deceased, title to a half share in the house in dispute. The second is that even if it was so, whether such title became extinguished as a result of adverse possession for the statutory period by Baijnath, the deceased husband of respondent I.

The parties are near relations.

The following genealogy explains the relationship amongst them :

Lalji Singh

I I l Sub• F•UJdar

I .

Sonadhar1

I Tarkc•hwar Pd.

alias Daljit (Deft. No. 2)

I (sons of Deft. 2-Nos. 3 to 7)

Rajkumar Singh

Amar 1singh Ramjj Singh Reshmi Kuer Patreja Kuor

I Balkcshwar

I Deena th

Girwardhari

Baijnacl Pd. alias NanuBabu died in 1948 Phu! Kumari Devi (widow) Deft. No. 1.

I NanhkuPd.

Singh (PIH'. No. I)

Sham~Pd.

Singh (PIH'. No. 2)

I Raghunandan

Singh

Kamaldhari

I KamtaPrasad

There is no dispute that Amar Singh purchased from his

own funds under a registered deed, dated January 20, 1898, the fl Uand on which the house in dispute stands.

His son, Nankhu, the deceased father of the present appellant, was taken in adoption sometime prior to March 20, 1915 by Ramji Singh and bis wife Patreja Kuer as they had no issue, whereupon Nankhu ceased

SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1971] SUPP. s.c.R

to have any interest in the properties owned by Amar Singh and his_ branch.

In 1933, Nankhu and the present appellant, then a minor, filed Suit No. 33 of 1933 against Sonadhari Tarkeshwar, Baijnath and Reshmi Kuer (the widow of Amar Singh, wrongly described by the High Court as the wife of Rajkumar in tlie genealogy set out in its judgment) in respect of certain properties. which had nothing to do with the house in dispute. The written statement filed in that suit was that Nankhu had been paid the price of his share in the house in dispute and that the entire house, consequently, belonged to and was since then in the exclusive possession of the defendants. That suit went upto the High Court when in 1941 a compromise application was filed by the parties settling that suit.

But, as the suit had nothing, as aforesaid, to do with the house in dispute, nothing was said about the allegation that Nankhu had been paid off ih respect of his interest in that house.

In 1949, Nankhu and the appellant filed the instant suit for :a declaration of their half share in the house in dispute.

In answer to the suit, the respondents raised three defences : (!) that Nankhu and the appellant derived no interest under Ex. I. Q) that assuming that they derived such interest, it was relinquished by them on being paid the price thereof, and (3) that in any event they Jost their interest by reason of adverse possession by the respondents The Trial Court rejected all the three defences raised by the respondents and decreed the suit, holding that Nankhu had acquired one half share in the said house under Ex. I.

Against that decree, two appeals were filed in the High Court, one by respondent 1 and the other by some of the other respondenls. These appeals were heard first by a learned Single Judge of the High Court. Before the learned Single Judge, the finding of the Trial Court that Nankhu and the present appellant had not relinquished their interest in the house on their being paid the price thereof was not disputed. The only questions agitated before the learned Single Judge, therefore, were whether Nankhu Jtad a half share, that is to say, whether he derived his title to lhe half share under and by virtue of Ex. I, and if so, whether he lost it as a result of adverse possession by the respondents.

In respect of the first question, the parties urged two conflicting pleas.

Nankhu and the appellant contended that Ex. I was a family arrangement under which he got half share in the house and. that that family arrangement was valid and binding on the parties. The respondents, on the other hand, contended that Ex. I was only a Ladavi deed, that is, a deed of relinquishment. The argument on behalf of Nankhu and the appellant was that there were outstanding disputes between the different branches of the family of Rajkumar, and those disputes

s. P. SINGH v. PHOOL KUMAR! (She/at, J.)

were ultimately settled at the instance of and with the aid of certain family friends resulting in Ex. 1 by way of a family

~•rrangement. Therefore, even if Nankhu and the appellant were not able to show their anterior title to the house, they were entitled under Ex. J to a half share therein. The learned Single Judge accepted the contention raised by Nankhu and the appellant.

His reasoning in this connection was that although the land on which the suit house stood was purchased by Amar Singh out of his own funds, it was purchased in the furi name of Lalji, but there was no evidence that Lalji ever admitted to be the

furidar of Amar Singh. Consequently. though Nankhu, by his

"doption. lost all interest in the properties of Amar Singh, yet the fact that in Ex. I Amar Singh acknowledged Nankhu having a half share in the house indicated that there was some apprehension in the mind of Amar Singh of a future dispute and that it was such an apprehended dispute which Ex. I. while dealing with the house. settled. The learned Single Judge added that even assuming that there was no existing or apprehended dispute and the settlement was made out of consideration for the peace of the family or preservation of its properties, the settlement would have to be regarded as a family arrangement. Regarding the plea of adverse possession, he upheld the finding of the Trial Court that Nankhu and the appellant had established their acts of possession during the statutory period. and that conse quently, the continuity and exclusiveness of the respondents' adverse possession had been disrupted.

On these findings. he dismissed the appeals and confirmed the decree passed by the Trial Court.

Respondent I thereupon filed a letters patent appeal which was heard bv a Division Bench of the High Court. The same two questions were reagitated. namely. as to the nature of Ex. 1, :rnd as to the adverse possession.

On the first question. the F reasoning adopted bv the Division Bench was on ihe following lines : -

(!) that the executants of Ex. 1 formed three conflicting groups, namely, -

ta) Suba, Faujdar and Balkeshwar. constituting one group G of members of Lalji's branch, being executants 1 to 3;

tbl Raghunandan and his son. Kamaldhari. being executants 4 and 5 and constituting Raghunandan's branch; and - -

(c) Amar Singh for himself and as the guardian of Baijnath, then a minor, Sonadhari for himself and as guardian of his minor son, Tarkeshwar, and Nankhu, who had,

SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1971] SUPP. s.c.lt.

as earlier stated, gone to the line of Ramji on his adoption, being executants 6, 7 and 8;

(2) that the disputes, in settlement of which Ex. l was executed by these three groups, were, as its recitals sh0w :

(a) conflicting claims made by the said three sets of executants as to whether they were joint or separate in status, the claim of executants l to 3 being that all the members of Rajlrumar's family were still members of an undivided Hindu family, and that therefore, 11lthough the properties stood in the names of and were in possession of individual members, they continued to be joint family properties including properties standing in the names of female members, namely, Reshmi and Patreja;

(b) the allegation by executants 4 and S (Raghunandan's branch) that all the four branches of Rajlrumar's four sons were separate and yet claiming share in the properties standing in the names of members of Lalji's branch, and

(c) the claim by executants 6, 7 and 8 (Amar Singh, Sonadhari and Nankhu-by now in the line of Ramji) that the parties were separate in status, and therefore, the properties in the names of the two said females belonged exclusively to them and the members ofthe other branches had no interest whatsoever in them;

(3) that the Trial Court and the learned Single Judge were in error in holding that what Ex. l did was to evidence relinquishment by the rest of the members of the family of their claims in properties standing in the names of or in possession of particular members, and thereby acknowledging their anterior title in such properties.

In fact Nankhu had no such anterior title, nor could be in law have any such title in the house in dispute in view of bis having got out of Amar Singh's branch as a result of his adoption by Ramji;

(4) that there was no subsisting or apprehended dispute between Amar Singh and his family, on the one band, and Nankhu on the other, the latter not having made any claim for a share in the house in dispute, and that therefore, there was no question of preservation of peace or family property, there being nothing on record to show that Nankhu had held out any threat to the family peace or pro~ therefore, there was a total want of mutuality as in consideration of Nankhu getting a half share.

s. P. SINGH v. PHOOL KIJMAlll (Shelat, J.)

Amar Singh got nothing in return and cases of the type of Williams v. Williams(') had no application;

(5) that the recitals in Ex. 1 showed that the only dispute which prevailed at the time was "branchwise" and in that dispute Nankhu did not set up any contest against Amar Singh and his branch and indeed, both of them acted in concert, both claiming that the members of Rajkumar's family were separate and the properties standing in the names of Reshmi and Patreja were their exclusive properties;

(6) that acknowledgement of exclusive title of Amar Singh

and Sonadhari (exccutants 6 and 7) to certain properties, and likewise acknowledgement of exclusive title of Nanhku (executant No. 8) to certain other properties set out in paras 3 and 4 of Ex. 1 were not by way of settlement of any existing or apprehended dispute between them, and therefore, that part of Ex. 1 could not be regarded as providing any consideration for conferring the half share in the disputed house on Nanhku.

On this reasoning the Division Bench declined to treat Ex. 1 as a family arrangement. The conclusion of the Bench clearly signified that it had relied on two fundamental premises: (1) that there were only three sets of executants, the third set consisting iof executants 6, 7 and 8, and (2) that Amar Singh and Nanbku ltad acted in concert as there were no conflicting claims by and between them.

In view of this conclusion there was no need for the Division Bench to go into the question of adverse possession. However, it decided to do so for the reason that although the finaing on the question of adverse possession was concurrent, it had been seriously challenged before it.

On this question, the Division Bench firstly relied on the Municipal Assessment Register for 1900-1901, (Ex. D), and the extract from the Demand Register of a Patna Municipality for 1915-16, <Ex. E). Ex. D showed the name of Amar Singh as the sole owner of the. property. Ex. E 1111entioned Sonadhari and Baijnath only as the owners of the house as Amar Singh had died soon after Ex. 1 was brought into existence. The Division Bench was impressed by the fact that though only recently, in March 1915, Nanhku's half share in tlie house had been acknowledged in Ex. I, his name was deliberately omitted in Ex. E, which meant that Sonadhari and Baijnath had ; openly asserted their title to the whole of the house and yet Nanhku took no steps to assert his title. Nor did he at any time

(I) [1867] 2 Ch. A. 294.

SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1971] SUPP. s.c.R

'pay his share of the municipal taxes and the costs of repairs carried out later on by Baijnath. The Division Bench was also impressed with the fact that even when Baijnath, in his written statement in suit No. 33 of 1933, claimed that Nanhku's share had been paid off and he had since then been in exclusive posses sion of the entire house, Nankhu took no steps to vindicate his title until he and his son filed the present suit in 1949 The Division Bench came to the conclusion that there was not only an assertion of a hostile claim by Baijnath but that that assertion was accompanied by an ouster which remained open and continuous throughout the statutory period.

As regards the evidence 1that Nanhku and sometimes his wife came and stayed i" the house, the Division Bench took the view that these were casual ,-isits "in the nature of visits of guests of the defendants". and therefore, did not have the effect of interrupting the continuity and the exclusiveness of possession by the respondents.

The Bench even observed that the respondents had completed their title by adverse possession long before Baijnath claimed exclusive possession in his said written statement in I 933.

In this view, the Division Bench held that Nanhku's title in the house was extinguished by adverse possession.

The Division Bench accordingly allowed the respondents' appeal with costs all throughout.

Both the conclusions of the Division Bench have been challenged before us as incorrect.

On the question as to the nature of Ex. 1 a large number of decisions were cited at the bar to show when a transaction , can be said to be a family arrangement. It is not necessary to advert to them as most of them have been considered by this Court in its previous decisions, wherein principles as to when an agreement can properly be regarded as a family arrangement have been set out. Thus, in Pullaiah v. Narasimham(') after setting out how courts in England view family arrangements, Subba Rao. J. (as he then was) observed that the concept of such a family arrangement has also been accepted by courts in India. adapting the concept to suit the family set up in this country which is different in many respects from that obtaining in England.

After examining some earlier decisions which he characterised as illustrations of how family arrangements were viewed. he summarised the Jaw as to a family arrangemect as follows: --

"Briefly stated, though conflict of legal claims i•1 praesenti or in future is generally a condition for the validity of a family arrangement, it is not necessarily so.

Even bona fide disputes, present or possible, which may

(I) A. I. R. 1966 S. C. 1837.

s. P. SINGH v. PHOOL KUMAR! (She/al, J.) 189

not involve legal claims will suffice. Members of a joint A Hindu family may, to maintain peace or to bring about harmony in the family, enter into such a family arrangement. If such an arrangement is entered into buna fide

und the terms thereof are fair in the circumstances of a particular case, Courts .will more readily give assent to such arrangement than to avoid it".

Eve~ in England, family arrangements are viewed as arrangements governed by principles Which are not applicable to dealings between strangers. The courts, when deciding the rights of parties under family arrangements, consider what is most for the interest of families and have regard to considerations which in dealings between persons not members of the same family would not be taken into account. Matters which would be fatal to the validity of similar transactions between strangers are not objections to. the . binding effect of family arrangements. (see Halsbury's Laws of England, (3rd Ed.), Vol. 17, 215). Thus, in Williams v. Williams(') the Court held that a family arrangement might be such as the court would uphold although there were no rights in dispute, and if sufficient motive for the arrangement was proved, the Court would not consider the adequacy of consideration.

But the question of consideration or mutuality would arise, as Williams' case(') shows, when other considerations, such as existing or an apprehended dispute or the question of preser- ,'vation. of property or honour of the family, are absent, so that it is not necessary for a valid family arrangement that there must exist actual competitive claims or disputes or that the arrangements must be backed by proper consideration.

Even disputes 3ikely to arise in future or preservation of family property and honour would be sufficient to uphold an arrangement bona fide 1rnade between the members of a family.

What actually happens when such a family arrangement is lrnade is explained by Bose, J., in Sahu Madho Das v. Mukund

Ram\') in the following words :

"It is well settled that a compromise or family arrangement is based on the assumption that there is an antecedent title of some sort in the parties and the agreement acknowledges and defines what that title is each party reli!lquishing all claims to property other tha~ they had previously asserted, to the portions allotted to them rspec.tively. That explains why no conveyance

~ reqmre~ m hese cases to pass the title from the one Ill whom 1t resides to the person receiving it under the

11) [1867] 2 Ch. A. 294.

(2) [19SS] 2 S. C.R. 22.

190 SUPREllll COUllT llBPORTS,

(1971] SUPP. S.C.R.

family arrangement. It is assumed that the title claimed by the person receiving the property under the arrangement had always resided in him or her so far as tbe property falling to his or her share is concerned and therefore no conveyance is necessary."

He went on to say that this was not the only kind of arrangement which the courts would uphold, and that they would take the next step of upholding "an arrangement under which one 'set of persons abandons all claims to all title and interest in all the properties in dispute and acknowledges that the sole and !absolute title to all the properties resiaes in only one of their number (provided he or she had claimed the whole and made such an assertion of title) and are content to take such properties as are assigned to them as gifts pure and simple from him or her or as a conveyance for consideration when consideration is present". In such a kind of arrangement where title in the ientire property is ackowledged to reside in only one of them and thereupon that person assigns parts of it to others there would be a transfer by that agreement itself which obviously irl such a case would need a registered document.

This decision lays down the assumption underlying a family arrangement, namely, of an anterior title and its acknowledgement in one to whom a property or part of it falls under the arrangement. (see also Rani Mewa Kuwar v. Rani Hulas Kuwar('). Therefore, it is not necessary that there must exist an anterior title sustainable in law in such a person which the others acknowledge.

The arrangement under challenge has to be considered as a whole for ascertaining whether it was made to allay disputes, existing or apprehended, in the interest of harmony in the family or the preservation of property. It is not necessary that there 1mnst exist a dispute, actual or possible in the future, in respect of each and every item oi' property and amongst a\! members \arrayed one against the other. It would be sufficient if it is shown that there were actual or possible claims and counterdaims by parties in settlement whereof the arrangement as a whole had been arrived at, thereby acknowledging title in one to whom a particular property falls on the assumption (not actual existence in Jaw) that he had an anterior title therein.

In the light of these decisions we must now examine Ex. 1 to see if the contention of the appellant that it was a family arrangement is correct or not.

The document Ex. 1, after reciting the death of the common ancestor, Rajkumar, his leaving him surviving four sons and the

(l} (1873-1874) L. R. 1 I. A. 157. at 166.

s. p. SINGH v. PHOOL KUMAR! (She/at, J.) 191

deaths of certain other family members thereafter, reads as A follows :

"Signs of ill feeling developed among us, the executants Nos. 1 to 8, and at the time of survey and settlement operations, dispute in connection with the properties arose.

On account of dispute, wrong statements and claim were made. On account of which the names of some of us, the executants were recorded in a wrong manner in the record of rights and in the office of the land Registration Department, in respect of some of the properties having regard to the real state of affairs and title. At the time of the survey and settlement operations etc. the claims and allegations of us, the executants Nos. I

to 3, were that we, the executants, are all members of the joint family and the properties standing in the names of a certain member of the family as well as those in the name of certain female member of the family, belong to the joint family.

Contrary to this, the claims and allegations of us executants Nos. 4 to 5 were that all the four sons of Raj Kumar Singh became separate and that executants Nos. 1 to 3 always continued to remain separate from the (other) executants and executants Nos. 4 and 5 separate from the (other) executants and executants Nos. 6 to 8 separate from the other executants, but in spite of this allegation of separation, executants Nos. 4 and 5, on account of dispute, made contrary to the real state of affairs with respect to certain properties owned and possessed by executants Nos. 1 to 3, and executants Nos. 6 to 8 also made allegations and claims of separation and it was alleged that executants Nos. 1 to 5 (?) neither had nor have any connection and concern with the properties, which. were and are in the names Of Mosst. Patriga Kuer and Moss!. Reshmi Kuer, although no party was member of a joint family, nor was any property joint. As the dispute among us, the executants is contrary to the real state of affairs, and in case the said dispute continues there is apprehension of consideration loss and damage to us, the executants, therefore, on the advice of the well wishers of the parties and of the respectable persons and on the advice of the legal advisers of the parties, as also with a view to set at rest all kinds of dispute, it was settled that all the disputes should be put to an end by executing a deed of agreement by way of a deed of relinquii!bment of claims ([adav1) and the proprty, which is actually owned and possessed by a certain party should be declared to belong to that party exclusively, and as a

192 SUP!tEMB COURT REPORTS [1971] SUPP. s.c.R

matter of fact, the family of us, the executants, is separate and the property, which stands in the name of a certain person, has been purchased from his or her funds, and in respect of his or her name should continue to remain entered in the land Registration Department etc. and the name should be entered if the same is not entered and the other parties totally gave up their claim with respect thereto."

Then follow paras 1 to 4 in each of which certain properties are set out, and in respect of which, title of each of the four sets of the executants is acknowledged by tbe rest.

Para 4, which relates to properties falling to the share of Nanhku, executant 8, commences with the declaration by the rest of the executants, including Amar Singh and Sonadhari, that Nanhku was \the adopted son of Ramji and Patreja Kuer, that certain properties set out therein were exclusively acquired by Patreja Kuer and that Nanhku, as the adopted son of Ramji and Patreja Kuer. was exclusiively entitled to them on the death of Patreja, and

hat "we, the executants Nos. 1 to 5, 6 and 7, and the heirs of executant No. 6 neither have nor shall have any claim, title or possession and connection in resj>ect thereof in any manner and on any allegation".

Following up the am.ngement made in Paras 1 to 4, four schedules giving particulars of properties which were acknowledged to be belonging to the four sets of executants were appended to Ex. 1.

As regards two houses, one at Rajipur and the other in dispute, Schs. 3 and 4 both set out a half share in them as belonging to executants 6 and 7 and the other half as belonging to executant 8, i.e. Nanhku, in each of them.

As already stated, the fundamental premise on which the Division Bench proceeded to consider Ex. 1 was that there were three sets of executants, namely, those belonging to Lalji's branch, i.e., executants 1 to 3, those belonging to Raghunandan's branch, i.e., executants 4 and 5, and the third set consisting of Amar Singh and Sonadhari executants 6 and 7, and Nanhku, executant 8.

The second premise on which the Division Bench rested its entire reasoning was that whereas there were disputes between the three sets of executants, there were no disputes between Amar Singh, Sonadhari and Nankhu, that in fact the three of them acted in concert, and that therefore, one half share . given to Nanhku in the house in dispute was altogether voluntarily given without any anterior title and without any claim or dispute raised by Nanhku in respect thereof.

In our view, both the premises were incorrect rendering the conclusion drawn therefrom untenable.

It is true that Amar Singh had in 1898 purchased out of his own moneys the land on which the suit house stands.

It is

s. P. SINGH' PHOOL KUMAR! (Shelat, J.)

also true that Nanhku was adopted sometime before the execution of Ex. I. and therefore, on the date of its execution he could not have any valid, claim enforceable in law any property belonging to Amar Singh and his branch. But, as stated earlier, a dispute or a contention, the settlement of which can constitute a family arrangement, need not be one which is actually sustainable in law. The harmony in a family can be unsettled even by competitive and rival claims which cannot be upheld in law.

Therefore, if Amar. Singh and the other executants or some of them were to challenge, for instance, the factum or the validity of Nanhku's adoption, or if notwithstanding his adoption, Nanhku were to make a claim in properties held by Amar Singh and his hranch or if some of the e.xecutants were to claim that the family of Rajkumar was still a joint and undivided family or that though the members of the family were separate, the properties held in the individual names of some of them including Reshmi K uer and Patreja Ku er were joint, there would be sufficient disputes to constitute a settlement of them a family arrangement.

A claim. made by executants I to 5 that the properties held_ by Reshmi Kuer and Patreja Kuer were not their separate properties but were joint family properties, liable to be partitioned amongst all, was bound to affect both Amar Singh and Nanhku. If such a claim were to be persisted and dragged to

t1 court of law there is no gainsaying that it would ; put into

jeopardy not only the interests of Amar Singh and Nanhku but also the harmony of the family.

The recitals in Ex. 1 clearly show that whereas members of Lalji's branch were claiming that the family was still joint and undivided, and therefore, they had interest in all the properties irrespective of their standing in the names 0! particular individuals, Raghunandan and his son claimed that the members of lhe family were not joint and yet clailned share in all the properties including those standing in the names of Reshmi Kuer and Patreja Kuer. Thus the claims by executants 1 to 5 were definitely hostile to the interests of Amar Singh to the extent of the properties standing in the name of Reshmi K uer and of Nanhku to the extent of the properties standing in the name of Patreja Kuer. The claims made by the branches of Lalji and Raghunandan sought to bring all the properties into botch patch including those held by Reshmi Kuer and Patreja IKuer, thus, affecting the rights of A\Jlar Singh and Nanhku in the different properties and not the sam~;!>roperties. Their interests, therefore, were not identical and there was thus no reason

.193

for them to act jointly. Indeed, there was no evidence what-

. H soever and nothing in Ex. 1 itself to show that they were acting In concert as assumed by the Division Bench.

13-1 s. a. lndia/71

SIJPJUl)IB COURT REPORTS [1971] SUPP. s.c.R.

It is true that the recitals in Ex. 1 do not expressly set out any conllict of claims between Amar Singh and Nanhku. Never- :theless, it is significant that in para 4 of Ex. 1 the exccutants

fuimd it necessary to insert therein a declaration not only by executants 1 to S, but also executants 6 and 7 that Nanhku was the adopted son of Ramji and Patreja Kuer, that on the deatli of Patreja Kuer he, as such adopted son, was absolutely entitled to the properties set out therein in addition to those which stood in the name of Patreja Kuer. If the adoption of Nankhu was accepted by all and was not made the subject matter of any ijoubt or dispute, there was no necessity of including such a declaration and in particular joining executants 6 and 7 in such a declaration. If Amar Singh and Nanhku were acting in concert why had Amar Singh and his son, Sonadhari as executants 6 and 7, to be joined as declarants to the adoption of Nanhku.

Para 4 of Ex. 1 also shows that there were certain bonds and mortgage deeds standing in the name of Patreja Kuer which jwere acquired from out of the personal funds of Ramji.

Such a statement had to be acknowledged in paragraph 4 presumably :because rights in those bonds and deeds were not admitted to be the exclusive rights of Patreja. If those rights were to be treated as joint family property, as claimed by executants 1 to S, Amar Singh would get a share in them and to that extent hls interest must be said to be in conllict with that of Nanhku.

A simi1ar result would follow if properties standing in the name of Reshmi Kuer were to be treated as joint family properties. It would not, therefore, be correct to assume that in the disputes amongst the different branches of the family, Nanhku and Amar Singh were acting in concert or that there was no conflict of interest between them. In our judgment, the parties to Ex. 1 arrived at a settlement in view of claims and cross claims by some against the others. Taken as a whole and in the light of the recitals and the statements in the operative part of the document indicating conflicts amongst the members of the family, the document represented an arrangement bona fide entered into, for settling existing or at any rate apprehended disputes, and therefore, satisfied the tests of a family arrangement laid down m the decisions earlier referred to.

In this view Nanhku must be said to have acquired a half share m the house in dispute under Ex. 1.

On the question of adverse possession by a co-sharer against another co-sharer, the law is fairly we!) settled. Adverse possession has to have the characteristics of adequacy, continuity and exclusiveness. The onus to establish these characteristics is on the adverse possessor.

Accordingly, if a holder of title proves

s. P. SINClH v. PHOOL KUMA!tl (She/at, J.)

that he too had been exercising during the currency of his title various acts of possession, then, the quality of those acts, even though they might not be sufficient to constitute adverse posses- 11ion as against another, may be abundantly sufficient to destroy that adequacy and interrupt that exclusiveness and continuity which is demanded from a person challenging by possession the title which he holds. (see Kuthali Moothavar v. Paringati Kunharankutty('). As between co-sharers, the possession of one co-

harer is in Jaw the possession of all co-sharers. Therefore, to constitute adverse possession, ouster . of the non-possessing cosharer has to be made out. As between them, therefore, there must be evidence of open assertion of a hostile title coupled with exclusive possession and enjoyment by one of them to the knowledge of the other. (see Lakshmi Reddy

v. Lakshmi Reddy(') and also Mohammad Baqar v. Naim-un-Nisa Bibi.('" But, once the possession of a co-sharer has become adverse as a result of ouster, a mere assertion of a joint title by the dispossessed co-sharer would not interrupt the running of adverse possession. He must actually and effectively break up the exclusive possession of his co-sharer by re-entry upon the property or by resuming possession in such a manner as it was possible to do. (see Wuntakal Yalpi Chanabasavana Gowd v. Y. Mahabaleshwarappa(')). The mere fact that a dispcssessed co-sharer comes and stays for a few days as a guest 18 not sufficient to interrupt the exclusiveness or the continuity of adverse possession so as not to extinguish the rights of the dispossessed co-sharer.

(see Ammakannu Ammal v. Naravanaswami Mudaljar(')).

On this issue, the parties led considerable evidence, oral and documentary.

On examination of that evidence, both the Trial Court and the learned Single Judge gave a concurrent finding that even if the possession by the respondents was adverse the appellant and his father had done acts of possession at various intervals which were sufficient to interrupt both the continuity and the exclusiveness of possession by the respondents.

The Division Bench, however, did. not agree with the concurrent finding on a re-appraisal of the evidence by it. It is not necessary for us to go into the details of tbat evidence once again as certain facts clearly emerge out of the evidence to prevent the extinguishment of Nanhku's and the appellant's title in the property as a result of adverse possession by tbe respondents.

 The principal facts which impressed tbe Division Bench were lfl tbat though in Ille Demand Register of Patna Municipality for 1915-16 IEx. El Sonadhari and Baijnatb were the only

<O [1921148 1. A. 395, 404.

(2) [19571 s.c.R. 19', 202.

(3) A. I. R.1956 S. C. '48. t4) [1955) IS; C. R.131, 138. (S) A. I. R. 1923 Mad. 633.

1951 I

SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1971] SUPP. s.c.R..

persons named as occupiers, Nanhku had not taken steps to include his name, (2) that all throughout it was Sonadhari and Baijnath who paid the municipal taxes and Nanhku at no time paid his share of the taxes or his share in the cost of repairs and laying of a water pipe in the house, and (3) that though in his written statement in suit No. 33 of 1933 Baijnath claimed that he was in exclusive possession of the house as he had paid Nanhku the proportionate price of his share, Nanhku did not

l~.ke any steps to vindicate his title until he and his son filed !he present suit in 1949 by which time the statutory period for adverse possession had already been completed.

There was, however, evidence of Nanhku and his wife having stayed on different occasions in the house.

But the Division Bench was of the view that such acts of possession were only casual and did not have the effect of interrupting the adverse possession of the respondents.

It needs to mention in this connection that N anhku was a 11 along residing in a village and not in Patna. Therefore, his acts of possession could only be when he came down from his village for some work to Patna.

In 1915-1916, when Sonadhari got his name and that of Baijnath entered in the Demand Register \Ex. E) it might be that Nanhku did not know that they had omitted his name. His half share in the house had been acknowledged in Ex. 1 only recently by Amar Singh and Sonadhari as well.

Relations between the parties had not yet become unfriendly so as to make Nanhku suspect that his name would be deliberately omitted in the municipal records or that possession by Sonadhari and later on by Baijnath would be treated by them as adverse. Baijnath, no doubt, was using the whole house, but so long as his possession did not amount to ouster his possession would be that of both the co-sharers. If Baijnath used the entire house, except when Nanhku stayed in it during his occasional visits, Nanhku would naturally think that Baijnath should pay the taxes. It was not the case of the r1spondents that Baijnath ever demanded a share in the taxes or a share in the cost of repair and that such a demand was refused by Nanhku.

The High Court on these facts was not right in observing that the title of Baijnath was already completed by rdverse possession long before Ba-ijnath filed his written statemellt in 1933, as mere use and enjoyment by him of the house, in the absence of such use amounting to ouster, would not make it adverse possession.

It was for the first time that in the written statement filed in 1933 Baijnath openly asserted his title to the whole of the house.

Since that assertion was accompanied by the fact that he was in enjoyment of the whole house~ that act would amount

s. P. SINGH v. PHOOL KUMAR! (Shelat, J.) 197

to ouster and adverse possession would commence as from that date.

Obviously, the earlier possession could not he tacked on to the subsequent possession because the plea in that very written statement was that Baijnath had paid off the price of Nanhlm's share thereby implied admitting Nankhu's title to a half share in the house. Suit No. 33 of 1933, in which Baijnath filed the said written statement, was settled in 1941. In the compromise application filed by Nankhu and Baijnath, both of them stated lhat they were residing in that house. That assertion by Nanhku was never dispute(! by Baijnath.

But apart from that assertion there was the fact that Nanhku had no other place to reside in Patna. His case was that whenever he visited Patna he used to stay in the house in dispute.

Apart from that assertion being natural, his evidence in that connection was corroborated by Prahhu Narain, P.W. 4, an Advocate residing in the neighbourhood.

The Division Bench brushed aside his evidence without giving any adequate reason although it had been accepted by both the Trial Court and the learned Single Judge. In the light of this evidence it is not possible to say that all throughout the period from 1933 till the statutory period for adverse possession was completed Nanhku had not stayed in the house at any time.

Respondent herself admitted that on suit No. 33 of 1933 being settled, relations between Nanhku and Baijnath became friendly.

If that he so, it was natural that Nankhu would stay in the house whenever he visited Patna in 1941 and thereafter.

The Municipal Survey Khasra (Ex. 2), dated December 19, 1933 mentions Nanhku along with Sonadhari and Baijnath as owners of the house.

Since this entry was made after Baijnath had made a hostile claim to the entire house in the written statement filed in suit No. 33 of 1933 on September 16, 1933, the entry must presumably have been made at the instance of Nanhku.

Such an act on his part would he a clear assertion of his title in the house.

Under the Bihar and Orissa Municipal Survey :Act, 1 of 1920, before such khasra was finalised it had to be published and objections to it. if any, had to be invited and disposed of.

No objection was ever raised by Baijnath to the said khasra.

It is surprising that Baijnath did not resist the entry in the khasra although he had made a claim to the whole of the property only three months before the date of the khasra.

That indicates that his claim was merely a counterhlast against N anhku's suit.

The view of the Division Bench that the occasional putting up by Nanhku and his wife in the disputed house was merely casual and was in the nature of visits as guests of the respondents

SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1971] SUPP. S.C.lt

I c

cannot be accepted. Such stay, however occasional, would not be casual as it was accompanied by an open assertion of his , title as evidenced by the khasra (Ex. 2). It could not also be that he stayed in the house as the guest of the respondents because after he filed the suit in 1933 and until it was settled, his relations with Baijnath could not have been friendly.

These acts on the part of Nanhku were ample enough to interrupt the continuity and the exclusiveness of possession by Baijnath.

The Division Bench also relied on a sale deed (Ex. Cl dated October 12, 1933, executed by Baijnath and Tarkeshwar in favour of one Kamalnain Pandey. The High Court appears to have

aken the view that the land sold under Ex. C appertained to pr was part of the land on which Amar Sil)gh had put up the disputed house, and that although Baijnath and Tarkeshwar sold part of that land, no objection was taken at any time to such a sale by Nanhku.

The recitals in Ex. C show that the land sold under Ex. C. was jointly purchased on January 20, 1898 by Amar Singh and one Gajadhar Singh for construction of a house thereon. Amar Singh had a share in the said land to the extent of I katha 15 dhurs while his co-purchaser had a share of 2 kathas 15 dhurs.

The recitals further show that Amar Singh's original intention in purchasing the land was to build a house thereon. He appears to have given up that idea as till this sale took place the land was lying waste and unutilised. It i~ important to note that this sale was for I katha 10 dhurs, out of

11 'katha 15 dhurs which was the share of Amar Singh.

This land obviously could not be the land on which the house in dispute was built, for, if that was so, Baijnath could not have

old away I katha 10 dhurs out of the total extent of I katha. 15 dhurs to which Amar Singh was entitled. The house could not have stood on 5 dhurs only. Therefore, the land sold under iEx. C was a land different from the one on which the disputed house was situate. This conclusion is also borne out by the description of the sold land in the schedule to Ex. C where its northern boundary is described as follows :

"North : Parti (waste) land thereafter the house of us, the executants."

This description shows that between the disputed house and the land sold under Ex. C there was to the north of it some waste land. The land sold under Ex. C being different land, the High Court was not right in relying on that sale deed to prove adverse possession on the ground that Nanhku never took objection to the said sale. He could not, as this land had nothing to do with the house in dispute. Besides the evidence discussed above, there was other evidence. But the incidents therein described were irrelevant on the question of adverse possession as they took

S. p, SINGH f, PHOOL JtUIWU (SMlat, J.) t It

fplacc in 1948 and thereafter, that is to say, a !Qng time a&r A title by adverse on would have been cmipleled if sach adverse possession were to be accepted as established. In view of the evidence discussed above the Division &n!:h was not justified in interfering with the finding of fact concumntly given by the Trial Court and the learned Single Judge that the -'- possession by Baijnath which. commenced from 1933 was sulli- • ciently interrupted by acts of on by Nanhku. and theRfore, his title was not extinguished by adverse possession.

In the view we take on both the questions. the aweaJ Dlllllt be allowed and the judgment and decree of the Division Beadi Ullust be set aside and the judgment and dccrcc passed by thc

Trial Court and upheld by the learned Single Jodgc must be C restored. The respondents will pay to the appellant his costs al throughout.

G.C.