TATA ENGINEERING & LOCOMOTIVE CO. LIMITED A

DIE ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER OF COMMERCIAL

TAXES & ANOTifER

March 2, 1970 B

[J. C. SHAH, K. S. HEGDE, A. N. GROVER, A. N. RAY AND

I. D. DUA, JJ.]

Central Sales Tax A.ct, 1956-Trucks maaufactured In Biliar said from producer's stockyards in other States-Thoug/J agreement u•ith dealers envisaged fir1n advance orders, actual sales by allocat(o11 froni stockyards- /I inter-state sa/es--Wltetlzer S.T.O. bound to examine each transaction or C declde on general basis of silnilar transactions.

The appellant carried on the business of manufacturing trucks in Jamshedpur in the State of Bihar. It did not have any stockyard in the State but maintained such stockyards in different States for the purpose cl{ effective distribution of vehicles among its dealers. A form of agreement between the appellant and its dealers provided that• the company agreed to sell and supply from its Works at Jamshedpur or from its stockyanls D outside the State vehicles to the dealer which would be allotted to the dealer by the Company at its discretion. In another provision it was laid down that by the 15th of each month the dealer shall mail to the company his •latements containing firm orders for purchases to be effected during the next succeeding month.

In the course of its assessment to sale< tax for the years 1964-65 and 1965-66. the appellant claimed that as the demand for the vehicles far ex• E ceeded the production, no firm orders as envisaged in the dealership agree. ment had in fact been received. The actual procedure followed by the appellant was that the sales office of the app<:!ant in Bombay, after taking into account the production schedule nnd requirements in Jiffcrent States, instructed the factory to transfer stocks o'f vehicles to the stockyards in the various States by Stock Transfer Authorisations in which the model of the chassis and the number of units were mentioned. The stocks availabJe F in the stockyards were distributed from time to time to dealers taking care to ensure that the over-an supply to the dealers in any State \vas in propor .. lion to the number of orders pending with the dealer on May I, 1963 or on the basis of the off-take by the dealer during the year ending Septemher 30, 1961 as required by the Commercial Vehicl"' (Di; tribution and Sale) Control Order, 1963.

For this purpose allotments were made to the dealer for each month by an allocation Jetter by the sale• office. It wa; claimed that the trans'fer of the vehicles from the factory to the various G stockyards was a continuous process and was not related to the require¥ ment of any particular customer; that there tvas no connection between the Stock Transfer Authorisation and the allocation Jetter. It was the stock .. yard inchargc \.\'ho appropriated the rt:'quired number of vehicles to the contract of sale out of the stocks available with him. This was done after a delivery order had been addressed by the sales office at Bomll'ay to the ; tockyard incharge for delivery of stated number of vehicles of specified model to a particular dealer. Till such appropriation of vehicles.. it was 11

a1ays open to the company to allot anv vehiCfe t<' any purchaser or to tran!\fer the vehicles from the !itockynrd in one State to a stockyaJd in an other State.

However, the respondent Assistant Commissioner of Commercial Taxes levied tax under the Central sales Tax Act on all the vehicles which moved to the stockyards in the States other than Bihar from Jamshedpur. The appellant challenged the assessment orders in petitions filed under Article 226 but these were dismissed by the High Court. On appeal to this Court,

HELD : The order of the High Court and that df the Assistant Commissioner must be set aside.

(i) The explanation of the procedure followed by the appellant which prima facie seemed to be business-like and plausible, together with the proved absence of any firm -0rders, indicated that the allocation letters and the statements furnished by the dealers did not by themselves bring about transactions of sale within the meaning of Section 2(g) of the Central Sales Tax Act. It appeared from the material on record that generally the oompletion of the sales to the dealers did no: take place at Jamshedpur and the final steps in the matter of such completion were taken at the stockyards. E\(en on the assumption that anv orders had been. received by the appellant they could not be regarded as .anything but mere offers in view of the specific terms in the dealership agreement according to which it was open to the appellant to supply or not to supply the dealer with any vehicle in response to such orders.

There were, therefore, no firm con tracts which occasioned the movement df vehicles out of the State of Bihar. [870 D-871 Bl

(ii) Another serious infirmity in the order of the Assistant Commis-. sioner was that instead of looking into each transaction in order to find out whether a completed contract df sale had taken place which could be brought to tax only if tb.e movement of vehicles from Jamshedpur had been occasioned under a convenant or incident of that contract, the Assistant Commissioner made bis order on. the general basis that all transactions were of a: similar nature. The Assistant Commissioner was bound to examine each individUal transaction and then decide whether it constituted an Inter-State 'sale exigible to tax under tbe provisions of the Act.

[8781 CJ

Tata Iron & Steel Co. Ltd. Bombay v. S. C. Sarkar & Ors. [1961] 1 S.C.R. 379, Ben Gann Nilgiri Plantations Co. Cooncor & OtJ1ers v.


CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeals Nos. 2105 and 2106 of 1969.

Appeals from the judgment and order dated July l, 1969 of the Patna High Court in Civil Writ Jurisdiction Cases Nos. 993 of 1968 and 72 of.1969.

'N. A. Palkhivala, Sant P. Mehta, P. C. Bhartari, and B.

Datta, for the appellant (in both the appeals).

Lal Narain Sinha, Advocate-General, State Sarwar A Ii and U. P. Singh, for the respondents appeals).

The Judgment o, f the Court was delivered by

of Bihar, S. (in . both the

Grover, J; The only P<>int for detennination in these appeals. by certificate is whether certain sales of motor vehicles manufac-

864 SUPJ.BWB COUJ.T J.BPOl.TS [1970] 3 s.c.R..

A tured by the appellant were inter-atate.sales and were liablo to t, ax

under the provisions of the Central Sales Tax Act 1956, hCrelllaftcr called "the Act".

The appcllant carries on the buainels of JD!Ulufacturing inter alia Tata M~ Benz trucks and bu.sal, chassis, i:rarts and accessories thercot at Jams!w1pur in the State of • These B are sokho the Government of India, the State Transport, Corporations, commercial and induatrial undertalcingJ and other persons.

These appeals relate to the •88C!ISmenta made by the Auistant Commissioner of 'Commercial Taxes, hereinafter called the "Alaiatant Commissioner", with rcprd to the assessment periods April 1, 1964 to March 31, 1965 and April I, 1965 to March 31, c

1966. As the points are cOmm.oo to botR the appeals we shall deal with the facts relating to the second period, namely, April l, 1965 to Match 31, 1966.

The appellant did not maintain any stockyard in the State of Bihar but in dilfercnt States stockyards were &eing maintained since Decembec 1964. This, it is stated, was done for the pur- D pose of more ellective distributi!'lt of the vehicles particularly among the network of dealers. These stockyards were rated

by the appellant's own personnel and the sales of the vchiclos, it is claimed, were elfectCd to the dealers as well as to the other u5crs in the different States from the stockyards. The dispute relates

only to the assessment made in respect of the vehicles which moved 1 from the manufacturing plant ill J amshedpur to the stockyards in diflerent States in the country. The sales tax was duly paid in accordance with the respective State laws on the sales ellected from the stockyards there.

The As.<i<tant Commissionei: has levied tax under the Act on all the vehiclei which moved to the stockyards in States other tJian f Bihar from J ams!w1pur. Tax amounting to Its. 173 la1tha was levied on April 1, 1966 for the period April 1, 1965 to September 30, 1965. The appellant moved the P'atna High Court under Art. 226 of the Constitution in April 1966 challenging the order of asSessment but petition was dismissed in llmini in April

1966. This Court was thereafter approached against the order G of the High Coun and special leave to appeal was granted.

The. appeal was finally allowed in February 1967 and the High Court was directed to entertain and decide the. petition on merits. In November 1967 an agreed order was made by which the previous order of assessment was set aside and fresh assessment was to be made in accordance with law. On January 24, 1968 the appel- H !ant addressed a detailed communication giving the entire procedure which was bting followed in the matter of sales of motor vehicles sent to dilfercni Stales from the works at Jariishedpur.

It appears that the Assistant Commissioner paid a personal visit to the head office of the appellant at Bombay and relevant records were shown to him there or later on according to his requisitions.

On March 13, 1968 he made e assessment order in which he created a demand for Rs. 2,79,13,599.32 by way of sales tax under the provisions of the Act on the vehicles which had moved from J amshedpur to the. stockyards in the various States and had been disposed of from there.

The appellant filed petitions under Art. 226 of the Constitution challenging the above order as also the assessment on similar lines for the period April 1, 1964 to March 31, 1965.

The petitions were dismissed by a division bench of the High Court.

The controversy throughout has. centered on the question whether the sales subjeeted to tax were of the nature which were covered by the provisions of the Act or whether those sales took place in the different States where the stockyards were situate and from where they were disposed of.

Sections 3 and 4 Qf the .Act may be read in this connection. ·

"3. A sale or purchase of goods shall be deemed to take place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce if the sale or purchase--

(a) occasions the movement of go11ds from one State to another; or

(b) is effected by a transfer of documents of title to the goods during their movement from one State to another.

Explanation I. ...................... .

Explanation II ..........•........•....•

"~. ( 1) Subject to the provisions contained in section 3; when a sale or purchase of goods is determined in accordance with sub-section (2) to take place inside a State such sale or purchase shall be deemed to have taken place. outside all other States. ·

( 2) A sale or purchase of. goods shall be deemed to take place inside a State if the goods are within the State-:-

(a r in the case of specific or ascertained goods, at .the time the contract of sale is made; and

(b) in the case of unascertained or future goods at the time of their appropriation to the contract of sale by the seller or by the buyer whether assent

of the other party is prior or subsequent to such appropriaiion.

El t. " xp ana ion, ..................... .

It is also necessary to refer to the definition of "sale" as given in s. 2(g). The substance of that definition is that sale means any transfer of property in goods by one person to another for cash or for deferred payment or for any other valuable consideration.

As observed in Tata Iron & Steel Co. Ltd. Bombay v. S. C. Sarkar &

Ors. ( 1 ) a transaction of sale is subject to tax under the Act on the completion of the sale.

A mere contract of sale is not a sale within the definition of "sale" in s. 2(g). A sale being transfer of property becomes taxable under s. 3 (a) "if the movement of goods from one State to another is under a covenant or incident of the contract of sale". In Ben Gorm N ilgiri Plantarions Co.

Cooncor & Others v; Sales Tax Officer, Special Circle, Ernakulam & Others('), the provisions of s. 5 of the Act came up for consideration and the principle settled by that decision would indisput ably be applicable to s. 3(a) of the Act.

It has been laid down that the sale in the course of export predicated connection between the sale and export, the two activities being so integrated that the connection between the two cannot be voluntarily interrupted without a breach of the contract or the compulsion arising from thernature of the transaction.

To occasion export there must exist such a bond between the contract of sale and the actual exportation that each link is inextricably connected with the one immediately preceding it.

The principle thus admits of no doubt, according to the decisions of this Court, that the sales to be exigible to tax under the Act must be shown to have occasioned the movement of the goods or articles from one State to another.

The movement must be the result of a covenant or incident of the con tract of sale.

The points which would require determination would be whether the transactions which have been subjected to tax were of sale within the definition of that expression contained ins. 2{g) and whether the movement of goods from Jamshedpur to the stockyards of the appellant in the different States was occasioned by any covenant or' incident of the contract of sale.

The procedure according to which dealings took place and supply of vehicles was made was outlined in a communication which was addres;-ed by the appellant to the Assistant Commissiop.er in February 1969.

PriorJo 1958 each dealer had to place every month what were caUed "firm orders" for the vehicles which the dealers wanted to purchase.

By 1958 Tata Mercedes Benz

(\) [1961] t S.C. R. 379:


D - E

vehicles are stated to have gained remarkable reputation for quality.

The demand fr exceeded th~ productio~ .. It was no longer necessary to restnct the ptoduct1on to any lumted demand or to depend on the number of firm orders for planning of production schedule.

Therefore about the year 1958 the appellant stopped insisting on the firm orders from the dealers.

It was asserted that the company's records did not contain any firm orders after 1958. It is unnecessary to mention certain circulars issued by the company prior to the promulgation in May 1963 by the Government of India of the Commercial Vehicles (Distribution and Sale) Control Order 1963 which was valid upto September

1967.

The Control Order provided for the general principles of distribution.

Pursuant to the Conlrol Order the appellant issued a circular dated June 14, 1963 asking the' dealers to submit the following statements at the end of each month instead of the weekly statements as submitted by them prior to the Control Order : (I) list of applications registered during the month; (2) list of retail sales during the month; (3) list of applications cancelled during the month and ( 4) stocks and sales report. The appellant explained that this was done to keep itselfinformed of the market movement and the sale prospects of the vehicles and to avoid any possibility of irregular allotment by the dealer. According to the appellant the extracts of the register kept by . the dealer, could not, under any circumstances, be equated to firm orders nor was there any relationship between the actual number of vehicles supplied and the informati<•n contained in the extracts.

A new form of dealership agreement (Ext, I) was introduced by the appellant after the promulgation of the Control Order.

Clause I (a) of this agreement provided that "the ompany agrees to sell and supply from its "works at Jamshedpur in the State of Bihar or from its-depots and stockyards outside the State of Bihar to the dealer" the vehicles which shall allotted to the dealer by the c.ompany at i\s discretion for resale in accordance with the provi-- s10ns of the agreement.

Clause 11 (b) is reproduced below :

"The dealer shall mail to the Company o~ the 15th of ech month, or so so that the Company will be in receipt thereof by the 20th of each month, his firm urder for purchases. to b.e effected d!lring the next succeeding month and his estimated requirements of the said vehicles for the two months following the next succeeding month, for the said vehicles.

Jn the communication which has been referred to before sent to' the Assistant Commissiner it had been emphasised that although the above clause regardmg the firm order was included in the

dalership agreement, in fact no finn orders were called for in view of the Control Order.

It was maintained that during the

relevant period sales were effected from the stockyards alone, the procedure adopted being as follows : The sales office of the appellant in Bombay, after taking into account the production schedule requirements of individual States, the Government directives and other relevant factors instructed the factory at Jamshedpur to transfer stocks of vehicles to the stockyards in the various States.

The instructions for transfer were given by the sales office by Stock Transfer Authorisation in which the model of the chassis and the number of units were mentioned. along with the name of stockyard to which the same were to be transferred. Pursuant to the Stock Transfer Authorisation the works prepared a Stock Transfer Memo which indicated the quantity of the vehicles to be transferred to the stockyard specified in the Memo. This memo was signed by the transport contractor appointed by the appellant for transportation of the vehicles to the stockyards.

On receipt of the vehicles at the stockyard any deficiency in or damage to the vehicles was noted by the stockyard incharge.

Unless the damage to the vehicles was set right they were not appropriated to any .contract of sale.

The stocks available in the stockyards were distributed from time to time to dealers takillg care to ensure that the overall supply to the dealers in any State would be in proportion to the number of orders pending with the dealer on May l, 1963 or on the basis of the off-take by the dealer during the year ending September 30, 1962 as required by the Control Order. For this purpose allotments were made to the dealer for each month by an allocation letter by the sales office.

It is claimed that the transfer of the vehicles from works to the various stockyards was a continuous process and was not related to the requirement of any particular customer whether a dealer or a corporation or a private individual.

These vehicles were transferred by way of stock to ihe stockyards or depots from where the transactions of sale were effected. It was pomted out that there was no connection between the Stock Transfer Authorisation and the allocation letter.

The vehicles were delivered to the dealers as and when they were available in the stockyards irrespective of whether or not allocation for the dealers had been made or notified to them.

There bad been many instances where the vehicles had been actually delivered from the stockyards prior to the issue of the allocation 1etter.

The vehicles delivered to the dealer from the stockyard were accounted for against the allocation over the period.

It was the stockyard incharge who appropriated the required number of vehicles to the contract of sale out of the stocks available with him and out dcwn the vehicle engine and chassis number in the •delivery challan.

This was done after a delivery order had been :addressed by the sales office at Bombay to the stockyard in-charge

for delivery of stated. number of vehcls of specifi~ model to a particular dealer.

Till .such appropr!ation of vhicles through specification of the engme and chassis numbers, 1t was always open to the company to allot any vehicle to any purchaser or to transfer the vehicles from the stockyard in one State to a stockyard in another State. ·

Now the Assistant Commissioner has not examined each transaction as indeed he ought to have done and has arrived at certain conclusions which appear to be wholly erroneous and are based on a complete misapprehension of the true position.

He has firstly treated the allocation or alloltment letters together with their confirmation as transactions of sale.

According to him once the availability of vehicles for allocat10n was determined for any particular month allocations were made to incliv1dual dealers and Stock Authorisation Memos were issued by the sales office at Bombay to the works at Jamshedpur.

The movement of vehicles from the works to the stockyards was the direct result of the allocations so made.

The conclusion on this pomt was m these words:-

"It was therefore clear that generally the movement of vehicles from works to the stockyards was not completely disassociated from the allocation made to the dealers.

Consequently it would (7) not be said that the movement of vehicles from the works at Jamshedpur was completely unrelated to contract of sale".

It was recognised that in some cases vehicles had been delivered to some dealers in advance against the allocation made for the following months.

The appellant further showed and this was accepted that 15 vehicles from the Delhi stockyard wec transferred to Karna! stockyard. After finding that the allocation letters together with their confirmation constituted transactions of sale the Assistant Commissioner referred to the dealership agreement and stated that on placing of the demand by the daler a complete contract came into existence.

He proceeded to regard the statements which were required to be furnished to the dealers in accordance with the letter dated June 14, 1963 addressed by the appellant to them as firm orders within the meaning of the relevant clause in the dealership agreement.

The final conclusion of the Assistant Commissioner was that as contemplated by clause 11 (b) of the dealership agreement every one of the dealers placed his demand or orders for supply which amounted to a contract for the sale of the vehicles deman.ded and clause 12 of the dealership agreement under which allocations were made by the appellant to the dealers amounted to fulfilment of orders. The appellant had throughout .maintained that firm orders were no longer placed with it by the dealers after 1958. .It has not been found or shown that

any such orders were i.n existence relating to the transactions in dispute.

Thus on the question that transactions of sale took place the decision of the Assistant Commissioner rested mainly on the al.ocation letters and the statements furnished by the dealers as requireJ by the circular of June 14, 1963.

It is somewhat unfortunate that the High Court fell into the same error as the Assistant Cummissioner as it accepted his findings on the ground that they were on questions of fact and could not be re-examined by the High Court.

It was said that the terms and covenants of the contract made it clear that since the vehi- . des were despathed in pursuance of orders irrespective of appropriation or specific vehicles being sent to specific dealers the despatch and supply to the dealers must of necessity be regarded d:> mcecrral part of a single transaction.

It is difficult to see what . contrnits the High Court had in mind because none have been shown to u.1 even by the learned Advocate General for the State.

He al5o relied largely .:m the findings of the Assistant Commissioner and urged that they were not open to re-examination.

The explanation of the procedure followed by the appellant Which prima facie seems to be business-like and pl.ausible together with the proved absence of any firm orders lends support to the argument pressed on its behalf that the allocation letters and the statements furnished by the dealers did not by themselves bring about transactions of sale within the meaning of s: 2 (g) of the Act.

The Assistant Commissioner himself found that sometimes •he vehicles were sent from the works at Jamshedpur even before an allocation letter had been issued.

It would appear from the inaterials placed before us that generally the completion of the sales to the dealers did not take place at J amshedpur and the final steps in the matter of such completion were taken at the stockyards.

Even if the appellant took into account \he requirements of the dealers which it naturally was expected to do when the vehicles were moved from t}\e work; s to the stockyards it was not necessary that the number of vehicles allocated to the dealer should necessarily be delivered to him.

The appropriation of the -.•ehicles \Vas done at the stockyards through specification of the engine and the chassis number and it was open to the appellant till then to allot any vehicle to any purchaser and to transfer the vehicles from one stockyard to another.

Even the Assistant Commissioner found that on some occasian vehicles had been moved from stockyard in one State to a stockyard in another State. It is not possible to comprehend how in -the above situation it could be held that the movement of the vehicles from the works to the stockyards was occasioned bv any covenant or incident of the contract of sale.

As regard< the so called firm orders it has already been pointed out that none have been . shown to

~- E

have existed in respect of the relevant periods of assessment. Even <>n the assumption that any such orders had been received by the appellant they could not be regarded as anythmg but mere offers in view of the specific terms in Exh. I (the dealership agreement) according to which it. was open to the appellant to supply or not to supply the dealer with any vehicle in response to such order.

What was, therefore, relevant was the acceptance of firm orders occasioning the movement of vehicles out of the State of Bihar.

Another serious infinnity in the order of the Assistant Commissioner was (a matter which even the Advocate General quite fairly had to concede) that instead of looking into each transaction in order to find out whether a completed contract of sale had taken place which could be brought to tax only if the movement of vehicles from Jamshedpur had been occasioned under a convenant or incident of that contract the Assistant Commissioner based his order on mere generalities.

It has been suggested that all the transactions were of similar nature and the appellant's

representtive had himself submitted that a specimen trans1ction alone need be examined.

In our judgment this was a wholly wrong procedure to follow and the Assistant Commissioner, on whom the duty lay of assessing the tax in accordance with Jaw, was bound to examine each individual transaction and then decide whether it constituted an inter-State sale exigibJe to tax under the provisions of the Act.

Consequently the appeals are allowed and the order of the High Court and that of the Assistant Commissioner is set aside in so far as it relates to the assessments in dispute in the present appeals.

It will be open to the Assistant Commissioner to make a fres~ assesment n accord.ance. with law.

Te appellant shall be entttled to costs mcurred m this Court One hearing fee.

R.K.P.S.

Appeals allowed.