COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, MADHYA PRADESH, A

NAGPUR

SETH GOVINDRAM SUGAR MILLS LTD.

March 26, 1965

JK. SUBBA RAO, J.C. SHAH ANDS. M. SIKRI, JJ.J

. Partnership Act (9 of 1932), ss. 31 and 42(c)-Sco:oe of-Two joint Hindu families-Partmership between-When po.i; sfbie--!nconie-ta:c Act (11 of 1922), s. 164(1). ·

A joint Hindu family consisting of two branches owned a sugar mill. After partition, the two kartas entered into a partnership in 1943. to carry on the business of the sugar mill. The two partners represented the respective joint families, and the partnership deed provided that the death of any of .the parties shall not dissolve the partnership and either the legal heir or the nominee of the deceased partner , hould take his place. One of the kartas died in 1945 leaving as memof his branch of the family, three v.1idov,1s and two minor sons.

The other partner continued the business of the sui<ar mill in the firm

name. For the assessment year 1950-51, the assessee (respondent-firm) applied for registration on the basis of the partnership agreement of

1943. The Income-tax Officer, Appellate Assistant Commissioner And the Tribunal held that there was no partnership between the members of the two families after the death of one of the k<iTtas. On a reference to the High Court, it was held that the partnership business wa• carried on by the representatives of the two families after the de3th of one of the kartas.

In the appeal to this Cuurt, on the question as to whether during the assessment year 1950-51, the assessee, was a flrm within the meaning of s. lR(l) of the Income-tax Act, 1922, or an association of persons,

HELD: The High Court was wrong in its finding. But, as a result of the concession by the appellant, that there was a partneri:hip from 13th December 1949, when one of the minor_ sons had become a major, the status of the assessee was that of a firm for the assessment year

rn5o-5L r49BBJ

A joint Hindu family as such cannot be a partner of a firm, but it may through its karta enter into a partnershlp with the karta of another family. [4f15H] , Kshetra Mohan Saiiuasi Charan Sadhukhan v. Commissioner of Excess Profits Tax .. (1954] S.C.R. 268. followed.

A wido\v, though a member of a family, cannot become its manager. [ 495B] Commissivner of Income-tax. C.P. & Berar v. Seth Lakshmi Narayan Raghunathdas, (19481 16 I.T.R. 313 and Pandurang Dakhe v.

Pand1irang Gorle, l.L.R. (19471 NM. 299. overruled.

H Therefore, in the instant case, when one of the kartas died, the partnen; hip had come to an end. There was no scope for applying s. 42(c) of the Partnership Act. 1932, because, the section is applicable only to a partnership with more than two partners. In such a case. if one of them dies, the firm is dissolved, but if there is a contract to

c. I. T. v. GOVINDRAM Mll, LS (Subba, Ruo, J.) 489

A the contrary, the surviving partners will continue the firm. On the

'>ther hand, if there are only two partners and one of them dies, the firm automatically comes to an end and, thereafter, there ls no part. nership for a third party to be introduced.· Section 31, which deals with the validity of a contract between the partners to introduce a third party into the partnership without the consent of all the existing partners, presupposes the subsistence of a partnership and does B not cpply to a partnership of two partners. which is dissolved by

the death of one of them. [ 492E-H]

Hansraj Manot v. Me'8rs. Gorak NOJth Pandey, (1961) 66 C.W.N 262, disapproved.

Further. there was no evidence that the representatives of the two famil'es constituted a new partnership and carried on the business of the sugar mill before 13th December 1949, when, it was cone ceded a new partnership had come into existence.

C1v1L APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 38 and 39 of 1964.

Appeals from the judgment and order dated April 10, 1961 of the Madhya Pradesh High Court in Miscellane-ous Civil Case No.

D 63 of 1961.

C. K. Daphtary, Attorney-General, R. Ganapathy Iyer and R. N. Sachthey, for the appellant (for both the appeals).

N. D. Karkhanis, Rameshwar Nath, S. N. Andley and P. L.

Vohra, for the respondent (in both the appeals).

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by .Subba Rao, J. These two appeals by certificate arise out of the judgment of the High Court of Madhya Pradesh, Jabalpur, in Miscellaneous Case No. 63 of 1961 from a reference under s. 66(2) of

the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, made by the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal, Bombay.

F To appreciate the of the parties the following

genealogy will be useful:

I Govindra.m (d. in January 1943)

i Ma.danlal (predeceased his

father)

I Jankibai

I Radheyahyam (predeceaiied

his father)

I Shantibai

8hantibai

Vishwa.nath (adopted)

(b. 13-4-19tl'

Kaloora.m Todi

Nandlal (d. 9-12-1945)

I Banarsibai

I Venka.Ual (b. 13-12-1931)

Gangapras&d (d. in 1933)

Bachh•lal

(b. 25-1-JgS5)

100 8UPHEME COURT Hl<:PORTS [IUG5] 3 s:c.R,

Afler the death of Kdooram Todi, his two sons by name

and Ganguprnsad constituted a joiut Hindu family which owned extensiye in Jacra State and a sugar mill callei "Seth Govindram Sugar Mills" at Mahidpur Road in Holkar State. In the year 1942 Bachhulal filed a suit for partition against

Govindram and obtained a decree therein. In due course the pro perty was divided and a final decree was made. We are concerned in these appeals only with the Sugar Mills at Mahidpur Road. After

the partition Govindram and Bachhulal jointly \Wrked the Sugar Mills at Mahidpur Road. After the death of Govindram in 1943, Nandlal, the son of Govindram, and Bachhulal, as kartas of their respective joint families, entered into a partnership on September 28, 1943 to carry on the business of the said Sugar Mills. Nandlal died on December 9, 1945, leaving behind him the members of his branch of the joint family, namely, the thtee widows and the two minor sons shown in the genealogy. After the death of Nandlal, Bachhulal carried on the business of the Sugar Mills in the name of "Seth Govindram Sugar Mills". For the assessment year 1950-51, the said firm applied for registration on the basis of the agreement of partnership dated September 28, 1943. The Income-tax Officer refused to register the partnership on the ground that after the death of Nandlal the partnership was dissolved and thereafter

Bachhulal and the minors could be treated only as an association of persons. On that footing he made another order assessing the income of the business of the firm as that of an association of persons. Against the .said orders, two appeals-one being Appeal No. 21 of 1955-56 against the order refusing regi!ltration and the other being Appeal No. 24 of 1955-56 against the order of assess- . ment-were filed to the Appellate Assistant Commissioner. The

Appellate Assistant Commissioner dismissed both the appeals. In tlae appeal against the order of assessment, the Appellate Assistant Commissioner exhaustively considered the question whether there was any partnership between the members of the two families after the death of Nandlal and came to the conclusion that in fact as well u in law such partnership did not exist. Two separate appeals, being Income-tax Appeal No. 8328 of 1957-58 and Income-tax Appeal No. 8329 of 1957-58, preferred to the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal against the orders of the Appellate Assistant Commissioner were dismissed. The assessee made two applications to the

Tribunal for referring certain questions of law to the High Court.

but .they were dismissed. Thereafter, at the instance of the assessee the Htgh Court directed the Tribunal to submit the following two questions for its decision and it accordingly did so:

"(]) Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the status of the assessee. "Seth Govindram Sugar Mills, Mahidpur Road, Proprietor Nandlal Bachhulal, Jaora", is an Association of Persons or a firm wi!hin the meaning of Section 16(1)(h) of the Income-tax Act."

c. I. T. v. GOVI'WRAM MILLS (Subba

J.) 491

A "(2) Whether the order of the Appellate Tribunal is illegal on account of the Tribunal having committed an error of record and having omitted to consider the relevant material in the case." The High Court. for reasons given in its judgment, held on the fim :& question that in the assessment year 1949-50 the status of the

assessee was that of a firm within the meaning of s. 16(l)(b) of the

1 ncome-tax Act and on the second question it held that the Tribunal misdirected itself in law in reaching the conclusion that the parties could not be regarded as partners. The present two appeals are preferred against the said order. c

At the outset we must make it clear that the question of regietration could not be agitated in these appeals, as that question was not referred to the High Court. We shall, therefore, only consider the points raised by the questions referred to the High Court and held by the High Court agaiust the appellant. Indeed, the enlf effective question is whether during the assessment year 1950-51 tilt aSiiessee was a firm or an association of persons.

The first question raised by the learned Attorney General ii that on the death of N andlal the firm of Seth Govindram Sugar Mills was dissolved and thereafter the income of the said businCM

could only be assessed as that of an association of persons.

To appreciate this contention some more necessary facts may be atated. The deed of partnership dated September 28, 1943, was executed between Nandlal and Bachhulal. It is not disputed that each of the said two partners entered into that partnership as repretheir respective joint families. Under cl. (3) of the partnerdiip deed, "The death of any of the parties shall not dissolve the partnership and either the legal heir or the nominee of the deceasetl partner shall take his place in the provisions of the partnership."

The question is whether on the death of Nandlal his the members of his branch of the family, automatically became Ill• partners of the said firm. The auswer to the question turns upoia G s. •2 of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932 (Act 9 of 1932), tlte

material part of which reads :

"Subje.ct to contract between the partners a firm is dissolved by the. death of a partner." While for the appellant the learned Attorney General contendc4 H that s. 42 applied only to a partnership consisting of more than two partners, for the respondent Mr. Karkhanis argued that the section did not impose .any such limitation and that on its terms it equall17 applied to a partnership comprising only two partners. It was argued that the contract mentioned in the over-riding clause was a

contract between the partners and that, if the parties to the contract agreed that in the event of death of either of them his successor

would be inducted in his place, the said contract would ube binding

Sl'l'!U<.:ME COUHT gEPOHT:') I l%Gj 3 S.C.lt.

on the surviving member. On the death of one of the partners. it A was said. his heir would. be automatically inducted into the partnership, though after such entry he might opt to get out of it. This conclusion the argument proceeded also supported by s. 3 l of the Partnership Act. Section 31 of the Partnership Act reads:

"(] i Subject to contract between the partners and to , the provisions of section 30, no person shall be introduced as a partner into a firm without the consent of all the existing partners." Converting the negative into positive, under s. 31 of the Partnership Act if there was a contract between the partners, a person other than lhe partners could be introduced as a partner of the firm without the consent of all the existing partners. A combined reading of ss. 42 and 31 of the Partnership according to the learned counsel, would lead to the only conclusion that two partners of a firm could by agreement induct a third person into the partnership after the death of one of them.

There is a fallacy in this argument. Partnership, under s. 4 of the Partnership Act, is the relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all. Section 5 of the said Act says that the relation

of partnership arises from contract and not from status. The fundamental principle of partnership, therefore, is that the relation of partnership arises out of contract and not out of status. To accept the of the learned counsel is to negative the basic principle of law of pa_rtnership. Section 42 can be interpreted without doing violence either to the language used or to the said basic principle. Section 42(c) of the Partnership Act can appropriately be applied to a partnership where there are more than two partners.

If one of them dies, the firm is dissolved; but if there is a contract to the contrary, the surviving partners will continue the firm. On the other hand, if one of the two partners of a firm dies, the firm automatically comes to an end and, thereafter, there is no partnership for a third party to be introduced therein and. therefore, there is no scope for applying cl. (c) of s. 42 to such a situation. It may be that pursuant to the wishes of the directions of the deceased partner the surviving partner may enter into a new partnership with the heir of the deceased partner, but that would constitute a new partnership. In this light s. 31 of the Partnership Act falls in linewith s. 42 thereof. That section only recognizes the validity of a contract between the partners to introduce a third party without the consent of all the existing partners: it presupposes the subsistence of a partnership; it does not apply to a partnership of two partners which is dissolved , by the death of one of them, for in that event there is no partnership at all for any new partner to be inducted into it without the consent of others.

The.re is a conflict of judicial decisions on this question. The decision of the Al!ahabad High Court in Lal Ram.Kumar v.

'" 1. '!'. '" noVINDRAH {Subba Rao, J.)

/{ uhori Lal(') is not of any practical help to decide the present case.

There, from the conduct of the surviving partner and the heirs of

the deceased partner after the death of the said partner. the contract

between the original partners that the partnership should not be dissolved en the death ol any of them was inferred. Though the

p3rtnership there was only between two partners, the question of the inapplicability of s. 42(c) of the Partnership Act to such a part nership was neither raised nor decided therein. The same criticism applies to the decision of the Nagpur High Court in Chainkaran Sidhakaran Oswal v Radhakisan Vislnvanath Di.lit('). This queslion was directly raised and clearly answered by a Division Bench 0t the Allahabad High Court in Mt. Sughra v. Babu(') against tht

legality of such a term of a contract of partnership consisting of only two partners. Agarwala, J., neatly stated the principle thus:

"In the case of a partnership consisting of only two partners, no partnership remains on the death of one of

them and, therefore, it is a contrudiction in terms to say that there can be a contract betwcc,1 two partners to the effect that on the death of one of them the partner ship will not be dissolved but will continue .............. ..

. . ............ ..... Partnership is not a matter of. status, it is a matter of contract. N" heir c2n be said to become a

partner with another person without his own consent, express or implied."

This view accords with that expressed by us earlier. In Narayanan

v. Umaya[('), Ramachandra Iyer J., as he then was, said much to the same effect when he observed thus:

" ............ if one of the partners died. there will not be any partnership existing to which the legal representatives of the deceased partner could be taken in. In such a case the partnership would come to an end by the death of one of the two partners, and if the legal represen tatives of the deceased partner joins in the business later, it should be referable to a new p3rtnership between them."

But ChattCi'jee J., in Hansraj Manot v. Messrs. Corak Nath

Pandey(') struck a different note. His reasons for the contrary view are expressed thus:

"Here the contract that has been referred to ; s the contract between the two partners Gornk Nath and Champa!al -. .................... Therefore, it cannot be '"id that the contract ceased to have effect becaDse a partner died. The contract was there. There was no new contract

(') A.I.R. 1946 All. 259. (') A.I.R. rn;, o Xng 46. (') A.I.R. 1962 All. 508, ,,07. (') A.I.R. 1959 Mad. 2"?. "&4,

LjP(Xl4SC l-5

(') [1961] 68 O.W.!;', 262, 264.

with the heirs and there was no question of .a new contract with the heirs of the original contract, and by virtue of the original contract the heirs become partners as soon as one of the partners died .. .. . . . .. . .. .. .. . . As soon as there is the death, the heirs become the partners automatically without any agreement between the original partners by virtue of the original agreement between, the partners while they were surviving. There is no of interregnum. As soon as the death occurs the nght of somebody else cccurs. The question of interregnum does not arise. The heirs become partners not because of a contract between the heirs on the one hand and the other

partners on the other but because of the contract between the original partners of the firm.'.'

With great respect to the learned Judge, find it difficult to appreciate the said reasons. The learned Judge seems to suggest that

by reason of the contract between the partners, heirs of the deceased partner enter the field smmltaneously with the removal by death of the other partner from the partnership. This implies that the personality of the deceased partner projects into that of his heirs, with the result that there is a continuity of the partnership without any interregnum. There is no support either on authority or on principle for such a legal position. In law and in fact there is an interregnum between the death of one and the

to him. We accept the view of the Allahabad and Madras High Courts and reject the view expressed by Nagpur and Calcutta High Courts;

The result of the discussion is that the partnership between Nandlal and Bachhulal came to an end on the death of Nandlal on

December 9, 1945.

The question is whether after the death of Nandlal a new partnership was entered into between the representatives of the two

branches of the families, i.e .. Nandlal's and Bachhulal's: Before we consider this question it is as well that we advert to incidental questions of law that were raised. One is whether the widow of Nandlal could under Hindu law be a karta of the joint Hindu family consisting of three widowsand two minors. There is conflict of view on this question. The Nagpur l:figh Court held that a widow could be

"' karta: see Commissioner of Income-tax, C. P. & Berar v. Seth La.uni Narayan Pandurang Dahke v. Pandurang Corle('). The Calcutta High Court expressed the view that where the male members are minors and their naturat guardian is the mother, the mother can represent the Hindu undivided family for the purpose of assessment and recovery of taxes under the Incometax Act: see Sushi/a Devi Rampurla v. lncome-tax Officer('); and

(')(1948) 16 I.T.R. 313. (') I.L.R. M147tNag .. (') (1959) 38 I.T.R .. 3rn.

c. I. T. v. GOVINDRAM MILLS (Subba Rao, J.) 495

A Sm. Champa Kumari Singhi v. Additional Member, Board of Reve•

nue, West Bengal('). The said two decisions did not recogniz<! the widow as a karta of the family, but treated her as the guardian of the minors for the purpose of income-tax assessment. The said decisions, therefore, do not touch the question now raised .. The Madras and Orissa High Courts held that coparcenership is a neces- B sary qualification for the managership of a joint Hindu family and as a widow is not admittedly a coparcener, she has no legal qua!ifi-. cations to become the manager of a joint Hindu family. The decision of the Orissa High Court in Budhi Jena v. Dhobai Naik(') followed the decision of the Madras High Court in V.M.N. Radha

Ammal v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Madras(') wherein Satya- C narayana Rao J., observed:

"The right to become a manager depends upon the fundamental fact that the person on whom the right devolved was a coparcener of the joint family ............ .

Further, the right is confined to the male members of the family as the female members were not treated as coparce- D ners though they may be members of the joint family." Viswana tha Sastri J., said :

"The managership of a joint Hindu family is a creature of law and in certain circumstances, could be created by an agreement among the coparceners of the joint E family. Coparcenership is a necessary qualification for managership of a joint Hindu family."

Thereafter, the learned Judge proceeded to state:

"It will be revolutionary of all accepted principles of Hindu law to suppose that the seniormost female member of a joint Hindu family, even though she has adult sons who are entitled as coparceners to the absolute ownership ofthe property, could be the manager of the family .......

.. .. . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . She would be the guardian of her minor sons till the eldest of them attains majority but she would not be the manager of the joint family for she is not a coparcener."

The view expressed by the Madras High Court is in accordance with well o_f Hii:idn law, while that expressed by the Nagpur High .court 1s m d!fect conflict with them. We are clearly of the opm10n that the Madras view is correct.

. Anotho:r. which is also equally well settled may be A iomt Hmd_u family as such cannot be a partner in a firm, but 1t may, Its karta enter into a valid partnership with a stranger or with the karta of another family. This Court in Kshetrtt

(') (1961) 46 .T.T.R. 81

(') A.I.R.

Ori"• 6

(') (1950) 18 I.T.R. 225, !30, 232, 233. .

Mohan Sanyasi Charan Sadhukhan v. C.E.P.T.(') pointed out that A when two kartas of different families constituted a partnership the other members of the families did not become partners, though the karta might be accountable to them.

The question, therefore, is whether after the death of Nandlal the representatives of the two families constituted a new partner• B ship and carried on the business of the Sugar Mills. Admittedly no fresh partnership deed was executed: between Banarsibai, acting as the guardian of the minors in Nandlal's branch of the family and Bachhulal. It is not disputed that partnership between the representatives of two families can be inferred from conduct. Doubtless tho accounts produced before the income-tax authorities disclosed that c Bachhulal was carrying on the business of "Seth Govindram Sugar Mills Ltd." in the same manner as it was conducted before the death of Nandlal. Therein Kalooram Govindram and Gangaprasad Bachhulal were shown as partners, Govindram having 10 annas sh; u:e and Bachhulal having 6 annas share. There were separate current accounts for the two parties. The Appellate Assistant Com- D mi<>sioner, who examined the accounts with care, gave the followdetails from the accounts as on November l, 1948:

Joint ca.pita.I account of Kaloora.m Govindram and Gangapra.sad

Ba.chhulaJ in the ratio of 10 : 6

Current Accounts:-

Gangaprasad Bachhulal

Credit balance

Do.

Rs. . 10,78,660

10,46,797 Kalooram Govindram Do. 8,30,348 Profit & LoBS Account Debit balance 14,01,669

No profit or loss was adjusted to the current account of the F parties. Thereafter the accounts were closed as on when the capital account was squared up by transferring that much loss from the profit and loss account and balance in the profit and loss

account was transferred in the ratio of 10: 6 to the current accounts of the two parties.

Thus the profit and loss account showed:- G Net debit balance incJuding current;

year's loss Loss set off aga.inst capital account , .

Transferred to partners' a.ccounts:-

Messrs. Kalooram Govindra.m Messrs. Ganga.pre.sad Bachhulal

Balance ------

(') [1954] S.C.R. 268

Rs.

4,20,829 2,62,497

Rs. 17,61,992 10,78,666

6,73,326

6,73,326

Nil

.fl

0. I. T. v. GOVINDRAM MILLS (Subba Rao, J.) 497

The accounts only establish that Bachhulal was doing the business of Govindram Sugar Mills Ltd. But Banarsibai's name was not found in the accounts. If she was a partner, her name should have found a place in the accounts. Not a single document has been produced on behalf of the assessee which supports the assertion that

Banarsibai acted as a partner or was treated by the customers of the

firm as a partner. There is not a little of evidence of conduct of Bachhulal, Banarsibai or even of third parties who had dealings with the firm to sustain the plea that Banarsibai was a partner of the firm. Indeed, the conduct of the parties was inconsistent with any such partnership between Banarsibai and Bachhulal. After the death of Nandlal, Banarsibai and Shantibai applied to Jaora District Court for the appointment of guardians to look after the properties and the persons of the two minors; and on January 21, 1946, four persons other than these two widows were appointed as guardians of the minors. If Banarsibai was acting as a guardian of the

minors representing the family in the business, she would not have applied for the appointment of others as guardians. On October 4,

1952, a partnership deed was drawn up between Bachhulal on the one hand and the minors represented by the said four guardians on the other. If Banarsibai was the representative of the family in the business, this document would not have come into being Banarsibai also had no place in another partnership de.ed which was executed on March 27, 1953, between Venkatlal represented by the aforesaid guardians and Bachhulal. The evidence, therefore, demonstrates beyond any reasonable doubt that Banarsibai was nowhere in the picture and that Bachhulal carried on the business of the Sugar Milis on behalf d the two families. Nor is there any evidence to show that from 1943 till the assessment year the guardians of the minors appointed by the District and Sessions Judge, Jaora, in 1946

the minors entered into a partnership with Bachhula!.

The partnership deeds of 1952 and 1953 were subsequent to the order of assessment and they contain only self-serving statements

and they cannot, in the absence of any evidence, sustain the plea of earlier partnership. Indeed, the guardians were only appointed for the properties situated within the jurisdiction of the District Judge, J aora, and they could not act as guardians in respect of the properties outside the said jurisdiction. If they were acting as partners with

Bachhulal, their names would have been mentioned either in the accounts or in the relevant documents pertaining to the business.

The conflicting version given by the assessee in regard to person or persons who actually represented the family in the partnership in itself indicates the falsity of the present version. It must, therefore, be held that the Court guardians did not enter into a partnership with Bachhulal.

But, Venkatlal became a major on December 13, 1949, i.e., during the accounting year 1949-50. On October 17, 1951, an ap

plication for registration was received by the Income-tax Officer

signed by Venkatlal and Bachhula1 wno are shown as partners representing their respective joint families. The return of income submitted along with the application for registration was signed by Venkatlal on August 29, 1951. After Venkatlal became a major, there was no obstae!e in his representing his branch of the family; in the partnership. Indeed, it w:i.s conceded in the High Court that there was a partnership from December 13, 1949, when Venkatla1 attained majority. Having regard to the said circumstances and the concession, we must hold that from December 13, 1949, the business was carried on in partnership between Venkatlal, representing his branch of the family, and Bachhulal, representing his branch of the family.

In the result we set aside that part of the finding of the High Court holding that the partnership business was carried on by the representatives of the two families after the death of Nandlal, but confirm the finding to the extent that such a partnership came into existence only after December 13, 1949. In this view, we answer the two questions referred to the High Court as under:

(!) For the assessment year 1950-51 the status of the

assessee was that of a firm within the meaning of s. 16 (l)(b) of the Income-tax Act, 1922.

(2) The Tribunal misdirected itself in law in reaching the

conclusion that the parties could not be regarded as partners.

In the result the appeals are dismissed. But as the respondent failed in its main contentions, the parties will bear their own costs in this Court. ·

A ppea/s dismissed.