6 S.C.R.

SUPREME COURT REPORTS 411

either with cl. (1) of Art. 15 or cL (2) of Art. 29 to require 1964 the consideration of the castes of persons tto be borne in R. Chilraleklw mind for determining what are socially and educationally Stat• ofM"Jton backward classes. It is true that cl. ( 4) of Art, 15 contains a non-obstante clause with 1the result that power conferred Mudholkar 1. by that clause can be exercised despite the provisions of

cl. (1) of Art. 15 and cl. (2) of Art. 29.

But that does not justify the inference that castes have any relevance in determining what are socially and educationally backward communities. As my learned brother bas rightly i; iointed out the Constitution has used in cl. ( 4) the expression "classes" and not "castes".

Upon the view which I have taken on the two points I have discussed the appeals must be allowed and a direction be issued to the Selection Committee to make the selection of candidates solely on the basis of the result of P.U.C. examination. I would allow them with costs here as well as in the High Court.

ORDER BY COURT In view of the judgment of the majority, the appeals fail and are dismissed.

There will be no order as to costs.

INCOME-TAX OFFICER, A-WARD, SITAPUR v.

MURLIDHAR BHAGWANDAS, LAKHIMPUR KHERl

(B. P. SINHA, C.J., K. SUBBA RAO, RAGHUBAR DAYAL,

N. RAJAGOPALA AYYANGAR AND J. R. MUDHOLKAR JJ.)

lncome Tax-Assessment or reassts!ment made under order or direction

from higher authority must relate to the assessment o/ tlae year under revfcw:....__Mear.ing of "finding", "direction." and "any person''- Decision of lncometax Officer for a particular year not res judicata for subsequent year-Indian Income-tax Act, 1922 (11 of 1922), s. 34(3), provi•o-M<aning and ico~ of.

The respondent was a firm carrying on business in different Jines. It was .. sessed lo income-tax under s. 23 ( 4) of tho Income lax Act, 1922 for

the assessment year 1949-50 on the ground that notices issued under

~. 22(2) aud ( 4) bad not been complied with. Later on, that assessment

January, 29

lHf

J, T. Officer, A-Ward, Sitapur

Murlidhar Bhagwandas, Lakhimpurkheri

was cancelled.

However, before tbc cancellation. ii waa found that ID interest income of Rs. 88,737 in the shape of U.P. Encumbered Estatea.

Act Bonds received by the respondent from third parties had escaped assessinent as the assessce failed to disclose the same. The Income-tu Officer isseed a notice for the assessment year 1949-50 on the ground that

a sum of Rs. 88,737 had escaped assessment in the said assessment year.

After the caiJceJlation of the assessment made under s. 23(4), the Incom~

tax Officer, ignoring the notice isued by hi1n under s. 34(l)(a). included that amount in the fresh assessment made by him for the }'ear 1949- 10.

The respontlent 2ppcaled to the Appell::te Assistant Commissioner who ordered the deletion of the sum of Rs. 88,737 from the assessment for the year 1949-SO and directed the same to be included in th• ass ..... ment for the year ending 1948-49.

Pursu:111t to the direction given, the I:icome.tax Officer sened a notice on the respondent under s. 34(1). Against that notice the aesse.s filed a writ petition in the High Court for quashini; the abovernentioned proceeding on the ground that these were initiated beyond the time p,..,_ cribed by s. 34. The High Court accepted the petition and quashed the

notice on the ground that it was issued by the appellant beyond the ordinary period of limitation It also overruled the contention of the appel lant that no period of limitation governed the notice in as much as the second proviso to s. 34(3) was attracted to the facts of the case. The only direc!ion which the Appellate Assistant Commissioner could give was one which was covered by s. 31 of the Act and as the appeal before him was confined to a particular assessment year, the tlirection must necessarily be limited to a matter falling within that year. If the direction be treated as based on a finding recorded by AppeJiate Assistant Commissioner, tbot findin& would have to be disregarded when applyiq the proviso. The appellant came to this Court by special leave.

Held: (po.r B. P.

Sinh•, CJ., K. Subba Rao and N. Rajagopala Ayyangar JJ.). The proviso to sub•· (3) of s. 34 of the Indian Incom.,. tax Act, 1922 dOCll not save the time limit prescribed under sub-s. (1) ot s. 34 in respect of an escaped assessment of a year other than that which is the subject matter of appeal or revision as the case may be and hence the notice under s. 34(1) (a) issued in the present = was clearly

barred by time.

The jurisdiction of the High Court or the Supreme Court under s. 66 ors. 66(b) is a limited one and is confined only to the questions referred to them.

Moreover, the questions referred by Tribunal cannot excee4 it.9 jrnisdiction. Therefore the assessment or reassessment made under fbe said !ections or pursuant to the orders or directions made thereunder most necessarily relate to the assessment of the year under review, rerision or appeal as the case may be. The proviso to sub-s. (3) of s. 34 does not confer any fresh power upon the lncome--tax Officer to mate assessment in respect of the escaped incomes without any time limit. It

only lifts the ban of limitation in respect of certain assessments made under certain provisions of the Act and the lifting of the ban cannot bl so construed as to increase the jurisdiction of the tribunal under Ille

levant sections. The lifting of the ban was only to give effect to the orders that may be made by the appellate, revisional or reviewing Tribu nal within the scope of its jurisdiction. If the intention wu to remove the period of limitation in respect of any assessment against any person, the proviso would not have been added as proviso to sub-s. (3) which deals with completion of an assessment but would have belln added to .UbS. (I) of s. 34.

The word 'finding' covers only the material questions which arise in a particular case for decision by the authority hearing the case or the appeal which, being necessary for passing the final order or giving tbc final decision in the appeal, has been the subject of contrOTerny between the interested partie!:I: or on which the parties concerned have been given • hearing.

The expression 'direction' refm to a direction which the appellate or revisivnal authority is empowered to give under the law. The expression "any person"' must be confined to a person intimately connect ed with the assessment of the year under appeal or revision.

Held: per Raghubar Dayal and J. R. Mudholkar JJ. (dissenting): That the notice Was not in contravention of the provisionl of 1. 34 and hence could not b~ quashed on that grund~ Whcri an appeal is before

an appeHate authority, the whofe ..matter is at large before it and therefore when a specific case is put bef6re it by an assessee, it lias both the power as welt as the duty to give its finding thereon. The ground given by an e1ssessee for claiming: a reduction or annulment of assessment may be that the income upon which he had been assessed was not earned in the accounting period of the year to which the assessment pertained but in respect of a specified earlier or later year.

The appellate authority is

I. T. Offica.

A-Wlll'd, Si1-

"· M urlld1"" Bhagwandal, LIZkhlmpurkhm

entitled to go into the whole question and come to a finding one way or ' the other.

Thc-fin:Jirig af a tribunal is its conclusion on a point agitated before it and for a conclusion to amount to a finding, it is not necessary that it should be the final and ultimate conclusion.

The contention of respondent that the second proviso to e. 34(3) enabling a notice to issue only to P.Ssesscc in respect of escaped income without limit of time on the ground that the appellate authority has made a finding or direction in the proceeding before it makes a discrimination against such assessec because it does not lift the bar of limitation with regard to other assessees similarly situated but with regard to whom no finding has been made or direction given by appellate authority, was rojected, It was held that prima facie, there was a reasonable basis for the classification.

The ground on which classification was made had a rational relationship with the object which was intended to be achieved by law, i.e., lo detect and bring to assessment the escaped income.

Comminioner of Income-tax v. S. M. Chitnavi1, (1932) L.R. 59 I.A. 290, Sir Kikabhai Premchand •· Commi<1ioner of lncom .. tax (Ctntral),

Somay, [' 954) S.C.R. 219. Pr. Bazar! Lal v. Income-tax Officer, Kanpur,

(1960) 39 LT.R. 26$, L1Zk1/unan PraktUll •· Commiuioner of Incom,.

1964 tax, UP., (1963 J 48 J.T.R. 70S, A. S. Khader Ismail v. lncomt-la:t Of!ic.rl T Otfi Salem, (1963)48 l.T.R. 16, Simrathmul v. Additional Income-ta:< Officer, .A.:W,;, d, sft":i,,,, Ootachamund, (1959)36 l.T.R. 41, Brindaban Chandra Bosak v. lncome-

Y. tax Officer, ( 1962) 46 I.T.R. 14, K. C. Thomas, First Income-tax Officer.

Mutlldhu Bombay v. Vasant Hira Lal Shah [1964] 6 S.C.R. 431, Prashar & Anr. v. :.::tf."and":k 1 Sasantsen Dwarkadas 49 I.T.R. (S.C.) 1, Kamlapat Hotilal v. Income-tax

•mpur ' Of!icer, 29 l.T.R. 192, Hiralal Amrit Lal Shah v. K. C. Thomas, Income lax Officer, Bombay, 34 I.'f, R. 4 ... 6, General Construction and Supply Co.


CIVIL APPELLATE JURISJ; llCT!ON: Civil Appeal No. 130 of 1962.

Appeal by special leave from the Judgment and decree dated March 17, 1959, of the Allahabad High Court in Misc. Writ Petition No. 280 of 1958.

K. N. Rajagopal Sastri and R. N. Sachthey, for the appellant Bishan Nar4in, G. C. Sharma, O.C. Mathur, /. B.

Dadachanji and Ravinder Narain, for the respondent.

A. Y. Yishwanatha Sastri, D. N. Mukherjee and B. N.

Ghosh, for the intervener.

January 29, 1964. The Judgment of B. P. Sinha C.J., IC. Subba Rao and N. Rajagopala Ayyangar JJ., was delivered by Subba Rao J. The dissenting opinion of Ragbubar Dayal and Mudholkar JJ., was delivered by Mudholkar J .

.SltbN Boo J.

SullBA R.Ao J.-This appeal by special leave raises the question of the construction of the proviso • ., sub-s. ( 3) of s. 34 of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, as amended by Act 2S of 1933, hereinafter called the Act.

The facts lie in a small compass and they ate as follows: The respondent is a firm can'}'ing on business in different lines. It was assessed to income-tax under s. 23 ( 4) of the Act for the assessment year 1949-50 on the ground that the notice issued under sub-ss. ( 2) and ( 4) of s. 22 of the

Act had not been complied with.

On September 27, 1955, the said assessment was cancelled under s. 27 of the Act.

But before the said cancellation, it was found that an in'teiest income of Rs. 88,737 in the shape of U.P. Encum- ' bered &tales Act Boiids received by him in discharge of

the debts due from third parties had escaped assessment as 1964 the assessee failed to disclose the same. The Income-tax • 1. T. Of/ictr, Officer issued a notice under s. 34 ( 1 )(a) of the Act for A-Word, Sitopur the assessment year 1949-50 on the ground that the said Murlidhar sum of Rs. 88,737 had escaped assessment in the said assess- Bhagwandtu, ment year. After the assessment of that year was set aside Lakhlmpurkh4n under s. 27 of the Act, the Income-tJx Officer, ignoring the Subba Rao I. notice i>s1.ed by him under s. 34( 1 l (a) of the Act, included that amount in the fresh assessment made by him.

The assessee preferred an appeal against that order and that was disposed of by the Appellate Assistant Commissioner on December 4, 1957. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner in his order held that the bonds were received by the assessee in the previous accounting year and, therefore, directed that the sum representing interest on the bonds should be deleted from the assessment for the year ending 1949-50 and included in the assessment for the year ending 1948-49.

Pursuant to the direction givn by the Appellate Assistant Commissioner the Income-tax Officer initiated proceedings under s. 34( 1) of the Act in respect of the assessment year 1948-49. The notice issued under that section was erved on the respondent on December S, 1957.

The assessee filed a petition under Art. 226 of the Constitution in the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad for quashing the said proceedings, mairily on the ground that the proceedings were itiated beyond the time prescribed by s. 34 of the Act.

The High Court accepted the contention and quashed the proceedings initiated by the Income-tax Officer.

Hence the appeal.

The proceedings would be in time, if the second proviso: to s. 34 ( 3) of the Act could be invoked. The question, therefore, is what is the true meaning of the terms of the ICCODd proviso to s. 34(3) of the Act. It reads:

"Provided further that nothing in this section limit

ing the time within which any action may bo taken, or any order, assessment or re-assessment may be made, shall apply to a re-assessment made under s. 27 or to an assessment ot to-auessment made on the assessee or any person in consequmce of or to give effect to ant

I. T. Officer, .A-Ward, Sitapur ...

Murlidhar Bhagwandas, Lakhimpurkheri

lubba Rao /.

finding or directiOn contained in an order lll!der s. 31, s. 33, s. 33A, s. 33B, s. 66 or s. 66A."

Prima facie this proviso lifts the ban of limitation imposed by the other provisions of the section in the matter of taking an action in rpect of or making an order of assessment or re-assessment falling within the scope of the said proviso.

The scope of the proviso is confinedl to an assessment or re-assessment made on the assessee or any person in consequence of an order to give effect to any finding or direction contained in any order made under s. 31 i.e., in an appeal before the Assistant Appellate Commissioner, under s. 33 I.e., in an appe.al before the Tribunal, under s. 33A i.e., in a revision before the Commissioner, under s. 33B i.e .. in a revision before the Commissioner against an order of the Income-tax Officer, and under ss. 66 and 66A i.e., .in a reference to the High Court and appeal against the High Court's order to the Supreme Court.

Learned counsel for the appellant contends that the scope of the proviso is only confined to the assessment of the year that is the subjectmatter of the appeal or the revision, as the case may be.

Learned counsel for the Department argues that the comprehensive phraseology used in the pro"'.iso takes in its broad sweep any finding given by the appropriate authority necessary for the disposal of the appeal or the revision, as the case may be, and to any direction given by the said authority to effectuate its finding and that the said finding or direction may be in respect of any year or any person.

As the phraseology used in the proviso is not clear or unambiguous, the question raised cannot be satisfactorily resolved without having a precise appreciation o~ a brief history of s. 34 of the Act culminating in the enactment of the proviso in the present form.

Under s. 3 of the Act, income-tax for any year shall be charged in respect of the total income of the previous year <if every assessee.

Notice under s. 22 calling for return of income is the first step in the assessment proceedings.

Two types of. notices are mentioned in that section, namely,

(i) the public notice and (ii) the individual notice.

The public: notice shall be issued on or before the 1st May of each year and the individual notice may be issued at any

time in the course of the assessment year.

Income-tax 1964

proceedings, therefore, for a particular assessment year have . 1. r. Ofl"r, to be initiated in the course of that year.

But there may be A-Ward, Sitopw cases of escaped assessment or under-assessment.

Section Murlklhar 34 empowers the Income-tax Officer to take proceedings f.,.'kf;",:;!";;,.,, under that section both in respect of concealed income and also in bona fide cases where the income has escaped assess- Sxbba R• 1. ment or full assessment.

Section 34 ( 1 )(a) provides for the initiation of assessment proceedings in respect of concealed income and s. 34(l)(b) for other escaped income, Section 34 ( 1) has been amended from time to time.

Under the said section, as it originally stood, the Income-tax Officer

was empowered to initiate proceedings at any time within one year of the end of the year in respect whereof the income escaped assessment.

By Act 7 of 1939 that section was amended arid eight years' limitation from the end of the year was prescribed in respect of concealed income and a limitation of four years for other escaped income.

Under Act 48 of 1948, the same periods of limitation were retained, but certain conditions were imposed.

By the Finance Act of 1956, it was enacted that in the case of concealed income the proceedings could be initiated at any time within 4 years of the end of the relevant assessment year. Though no period of limitation was prescribed in respect of concealed income, three conditions were imposed, namely, (i) that an Income-tax Officer shall not issue a notice for any year prior to the year ending on March 31, 1941, (ii) that if the escaped income was less than rupees one lakh, he shall not issue a notice if 8 years have elapsed after the expiry of the relevant assessment year, and (iii) that unless he has recorded his reasons and unless the Central Board of Revenue in any case falling under cl. (2) of the proviso and in any other case, the Commissioner, is satisfied that for such reasons as recorded it is a fit case for the issue of a notice.

Before 1939, there was no period of limitation for completing the assessment once it had been initiated within the prescribed period of limitation.

But Act 7 of 1939 for the first time introduced cl. (2) in s. 34 whereunder "no order of asseisment under s. 23 or of assessment or re-assessment under sub-section ( 1) of this section shall be made after tht

134-159 s. c~27

1964 expiry, in any case to which ( c) of sub-section (1) of sec- . 1. r. Offic••· tion 28 applies, of eight years, and in any other case, of four . A-Ward, Sitapur years from the end of the year in which the income, profits

MurTidhar or gains were first assessable". Section 28 ( 1) ( c) dealt with

Bhaanda•, . a case of an assessee concealing the particulars of his income Lakhimpurkhw or deliberately furnishing inaccurate particulars of his in- Subka Rao 1. come.

Act 23 of 1941 inserted a proviso in s. 34(2) providing that "nothing contained in this sub-section shall apply to a re-assessment made in pursuance of an order under section 31, section 33, section 66 or section 66-A'', i.e., provisions relating to appeals, revisions and references: that is to say, if the assessment made by the Income-tax Officer was set aside and a re-assessment was directed to be made, the said periods of limitation would not apply to such reassessment.

Act 48 of 1948 introduced sub-s. ( 3) in s. 34 in substitution of sub-s. (2) thereof.

Under that sub-section the period of limitation prescribed by sub-s. (2) was retained, and the proviso to s. 34(2) before the amendment was made the second proviso, with some modifications, to the amended sub-s. ( 3). While the scope of the previous proviso was confined only to the completion of re-assessment proceedings, the scope of the amended proviso is much wider in that it exempts the subject-matter o( that proviso from the operation of the period of limitation prescribed by the section; that is to say, it gives full scope to the operation of the substantive part of the section unhampered by the periods of limitation prescribed by sub-ss. (1), ( 2) and ( 3) of s. 34 of the Act.

While the previous proviso lifted the ban only in regard to the period of limitation prescribed for the completion of the assessment, the new proviso lifted the ban even in respect of the initiation of proceedings under s. 34 (1) of the Act. It fo!Iows that if a matter fell within the terms of the proviso, there would be no period of limitation for initiating an action or making an assessment or reassessment in respect of that matter. Briefly stated, the said proviso is a proviso to the entire s. 34: We shall consider the scope of the proviso at a later stage of our judgment. Then came the Finance Act of 1956. It amended s. 34 ( 1) and introduced a proviso to the said sub-section, which we have noticed earlier.

That proviso, while removing the period of limitation in respect of concealed income, Imposed

some conditions in respect thereof, but the four-year period of limitation in respect of other escaped income was retained. We are not concerned in this appeal with the subseauent amendments.

The history of the section gives us the following hack ground to the proviso under consideration.

Broadly stated, under s. 34, as it existed in 1956, (i) there was no time limit for initiating proceedings under s. 34 (1) in respect of concealed income, but such initiation could be made only subject to the conditions laid down in the proviso to s. 34 (1);

(ii) in the case of other escaped income, the proceedings could not be initiated after the expiry of 4 years from the end of the relevant assessment year; (iii) the assessment proceedings once commenced shall be completed within the period of limitation prescribed under s. 34(3); and (iv) to a case to which the proviso to s. 34(3) applies, there is no period of limitation either for initiating the proceedings under s. 34 or for completing the assessment commenced either under s. 23 or under s. 34( 1).

With this background let us give a closer look to the relevant terms of the proviso.

The first part of the proviso released the operation of the proviso from the restriction imposed by s. 34 only in respect of the time-limit within which any action may be taken or any order of assessment or re-assessment may by made. It means that the proviso continues to be subject to the other restrictions imposed under the section and it cannot override the said provisions in that regard.

Under the proviso, the period of limitation will not apply to a re-assessment made under s. 27 or to an assessment or re-assessment made on the assessee or any person in consequence of or to give effect to any finding or direc tion contained in an order under s. 31, s. 33, s. 33B, s. 66 or s. 66A of the Act.

It was not contended, nor was it possible to contend, that by reason of the referei:ice to the said provisions the powers and jurisdiction conferred on the respectivr. auth_orities, tribunals or courts referred to therein were enlarged or modified by a reference in the proviso or that the proviso could be read or construed as amending those sections conferring on those bodies wider or different powers or jurisdiction. Learned counsel for the department

express!·~ disclaimed any such submission.

Therefore, the

_ I. T. OIJic.r,

A.· Ward,- Sitapur

Murlidhar BhagwandaJ, Lakhimpurkherl

Subba Rao J.

scope of the proviso cannot ordinarily exceed the scope of !!!!_ the jurisdiction conferred on an authority under the said

1. T.

Officer, provisions. It is not, and cannot be disputed that under .A-Ward, Sitapur th I ta A t h ' f Th . v. e ncomex c , year rs t e umt o assessment. e Murlidhar Judicial Committee in Commissioner of Income-tax v. S. M.

Bhag'!'anda.J, Chitnavis(') pointed out Lakhimpurkhtrl •

Suhba Rao I. "For the purpose of computing the yearly profits and gains, each year is a separate self-contained period, time, in regard to which profits earned or losses sustained before its commencement are irrelevant."

This Court in Sir Kikabhai Premchand v. Commissioner of lncome-tG..< (Central), Bombay(') accepted this legal position when it said:

" ........ for income-tax purposes, each year is a

solf-coiitained accounting period and we can only take into consideration income, profits and gains made in that year and are not concerned with potential profits which may be made in another year any more than we are with loss~ which may occur in the future."

Indeed, the decision of an Income-tax Officer given in a particular year does not operate as res judicata in the mattec of assessment of the subsequent years.

The jurisdiction of the tribunals in the hierarchy created by the Act is no higher than that of the Income-tax Officer.

It is also confined to the year of assessment.

Under s. 27 of the Act, the Incometax Officer cancels the best-judgment assessments made by him if the assessee shows that he was prevented by sufficient cause from making the returns under s. 22 of the Act.

Section 31 prescribes the mode of disposal by an Assistant Appellate Comrrussioner ot an appeal preferred to him: the

appel before him is certainly confined to an assessment year; after hearing the appeal, he can either confirm, reduce, enhance or annul the assessment; he can set aside the

(1932) L. R. 59 I. A. 290, 297. (') [I9l~I s. C.R. 219, :122.

assessment and direct the Income-tax Officer to make a fresh 1964

assessment.

The various sub-sections of that section describe /. T. Officer, 1 h d" h A-Ward, Sitapur m detru t e orders or Irect1ons t at can be made or issued v. by him in respect of various matters; but, no power is con- Murlidhar ferred on him to make an order or issue directions in respect Lafi.~'::; und':i.eri of an assessment of a year which was not the subject-matter of the appeal. It may, therefore, be held on a construction Subba Rao J. of the provisions of s. 31, that the jurisdiction of the Appellate Assistant Commissioner ii strictly cruifined to the assessment orders of a particular year nnder appeal. Section 33, inter alia, deals with an appeal to the Tribunal against the order of the Appellate Assistant Commissioner under s. 31; and s. 33B confers power of revision on the Commissioner against an order of the Income-tax Officer. The jurisdiction of the Appellate Tribunal or the Revisional Tribunal, as the provisions indicate, is confined only to the subject-matter which is under appeal or revision.

The jurisdiction of the High Court or the Supreme Court under s. 66 or s. 66B, as the case may be, is far more limited and it is confined only to the questions referred to them. Obviously the questions referred by the Tribunal cannot exceed its jurisdiction.

It is, therefore, manifest that assessment or re-assessment made under the said sections or pursuant to the orders or directions made thereunder must necessarilv relate to the assessment of the year under review, revision or appeal, as the case may be.

It is important to remember that the proviso does not confer any fresh power upon the Income-tax Officer to make assessments in respect of escaped incomes without any time-limit. It only lifts the ban of limitation in respect of certain assessments made under certain provisions of the Act and the lifting of the ban cannot be so construed as to increase the jurisdiction of the Tribunals under the relevant sections.

The lifting of the ban was only to give effect to the orders that may be made by the appellate, revisional or reviewing tribunal within the scope of its jurisdiction. If the intention was to remove the period of limitation in respect of any assessment against any person, the proviso would not have been added as a proviso to sub-s. (3) of s. 34, which deals with comp!etion of an 11S1essment, but would have been added to sub-s. ( 1)

thereof.

1964 Now, let us scrutinize the expressions on which strong

I. T.

Offier, reliance is placed for the contrary conclusion. The words AWard, v Sitapur relied upon are "section limiting the time", ".any person", "in

Murlidhar consequence of or to give effect to any finding or direction". , -kBhhagwandKash. . Pointing out that before the amendment the word "sub- """' 1mpur ari . ,, . th . secl!on was m e proviso but it was replaced by the Subba Rao I. expression "section", it is contended that this particular amendment will be otiose if it is confined to the assessment year under appeal. for it is said that under no circumstances the Income-tax Officer would have to initiate proceedings for the said year pursuant to an order made by an Appellate Assistant Commissioner. This contention is obviously untenable. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner or the Appellate Tribunal may set aside the notice itself for one reason or other and in th.at event the Income-tax Officer may have to initiate the proceedings once again in which case s. 34 (1 ) will be attracted.

The expression "finding or direction", the argument proceeds, is wide enough to take in at any rate a finding that is necessary to dispose of the appeal or directions which Appellate Assistant Commissioners have in practice been issuing in respect of assessments of the years other than those before them in appeal. What does the expression "finding" in the proviso to sub-s. ( 3) of s. 34 of the Act mean? "Finding" has not been defined in the Income-tax Act. Order XX, r. 5 of the Code of Civil Procedure reads :

"In suits in which issues have been framed, the Court shall state its finding or decision, with the reasons therefor, upon each separate issue, unless the finding upon any one or more of the i'ues is sufficient for the decision of the suit."

Under tfils Order, a "finding" is, therefore, a decision on an issue framed in a suit.

The second part of the rule shows that such a finding shall be one which by its own force or in combination with findings on other issues should lead to the decision of the suit itself.

That is to say, the finding shall be one which is necessary for the disposal of the suit.

The scope of the meaning of the expression "finding" is considered by a Division Bench of the Allahabad High Court in

Pt. Hazari Lal v. Income-tax Officer, Kanpur(').

There, the learned Judges pointed out:

"The word "finding", interpreted i.n the sense indicated by us above, will only cover material questions which arise in a particular case for decision by the authority hearing the case or the appeal which, being necessary for passing the final order or giving the final decision in the appeal, has been the subject of controversy between the interested parties or on which the pwties concerned have been given a hearing."

We agree with this definition of "finding".

But a Full Bench of the same High Court in Lakshman Prakash v.

Commissioner of Income-tax, U.P. (') construed the word "finding" in a rather comprehensive way. Desai, C.J., speaking for the Court, observed:

"A finding is nothing but what one finds or decides

and a decision on a question even though not absolutely necessary or not called for is a finding."

If that be the correct meaning, any finding on an irrelevant or extraneous matter would be a finding.

That certainly cannot be the intention of the Legislature.

The Madras High Court also in A. S. Khader Ismail v. Income-tax Officer, Salem(') gave a very wide interpretation to that won1, though it did not go so far as the Full Bench of thP Allahabad High Court. Ramachandra lye J ., as he then was, speaking for the Court, observed tha: :he w0rd "finding" in the proviso must be given a wide significance so as to include not only findings necessary for the disposal of the appeal but also findings which were incidental to it.

With respect, this interpretation also is inconsistent with the well-known meaning of that expression in the legal terminology.

Indeed, learned counsel for the respondent himself will not go so far, for be concedes that the expression "finding" cannot be

(1) (1960) 39 I. T. R. 265, 272.

(') (1963) 48 I. T. R. 705, 718.

(') (1963) 48 I.T.R. 16.

I. T. O/finr, A-Ward, $itapw ...

MurUdhar Bhagwandal, Lakhlmpurkherf

Subbo Roa I.

1964 any incidental finding, but says that it must be a conclusion I. T. Officer, on a material question necessary for the disposal of the 4.-Ward, Sitapur appeal, though it need not necessarily conclude the appeal.

Muriidhar This concession does not materially differ from the definition

La Bhak. hf1':"andh • we have given, but the difference lies in the application of

impur. '" th d fi · h find" · th at e mtion to t .e mg given m e present case.

A Subu Raa I. ''finding", therefore, can be only that which is necessary for the disposal of an appeal in respect of an assessment of a particular year. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner may hold, on the evidence, that the income shown by the assessee is not the income for the relevant year and thereby exclude that income from the assessment of the year under appeal.

The finding in that context is that that income does not belong to the relevant year.

He may incidentally find that the income belongs to another year, but that is not a finding necessary for the disposal of an appeal in respect of the year of assessment in question.

The expression "direction" cannot be construed in vacuum, but must be collated to the direc; tions which the Appellate Assistant Commissioner can give under s. 31. Under that section he can give directions, inter a/ia, under s. 31 ( 3) (b), ( c) or ( e) or s. 31 ( 4). The expression "directions" in the proviso could only refer to the directions which the Appellate Assistant Commissioner or other tribunals can issue under the powers conferred on him or them under the respective sections.

Therefore, the expression "finding" as well as the expression. "direction" can be given full meaning, namely, that the findin~ is a finding necessary for giving relief in respect of the assessment of the year in question and the direction is a direction which the appellate or revisional authority, as the case may be, is empowered to give under the sections mentioned therein.

TI1e words "in consequence of or to give effect to" do illOt create any difficulty, for they have to be collated with, and cannot enlarge, the scope of the finding or direction under the proviso. If the scope is limited as aforesaid, the said words also must be related to the scope of the findings and . directions.

The words "any person", it is said, conclude the matter in favour of the Department.

The expression "any person~ in its widest c0nnotation may take in any peNon, whether connected or not with the assessee, whose income for any

1964 year has escaped assessment; but this contruction cannot be accepted, for the said expression is necessarily ircumscribcd . 1. T.O/licn-, by the scope of the subject-matter of the appeal or revision, A-Ward, Sitapur

as the case may be.

That is to say, that person rr:ust be one Murlidhar who would be liable to be assessed for the whole or a part Bh;:rand"tkrt of the income tliat went into the assesment of the ye.qr under La •mpur appeal or revision. If so construed, we must turn to s. 31 Subba Rao 1. to ascertain who is that person other than the appealing assessee who can be liable to be assessed for the income ot the said assessment year.

A cobined reading of s. 30 ( 1.) and s. 31 (3) of the Act indicates the cases where persons other than the appealing assessees might be affected by orders passed by the Appellate Commissioner.

Modification or setting aside of assessment made on a firm, joint Hindu family, association of persons, for a µarticuhr year may affect the assessment for the said ye.ar on a partner or partners of the firm, member or members of the Hindu undivided family or the individual, as the case may be.

Iu such cases though the latter are not eo nomine parties to the appeal, their assessments depend upon the assessments on the former.

The said instances are only illustrative. It is not necessary to pursue the matter further.

We would, therefore, hold that the expression "any person" in the setting in which it appears must be confined to a person intimately connected in the aforesaid sense with the assessment of the year under appeal.

We shall now briefly touch upon the conflict of decisions on the question. The Full Bench of the Allahabad High Court in Lakshman Prakash's case(') overruled the decision of the Division Bench in Pt.

Hazari Lat's case(').

A Division Bench of the Madras High Court consisting of Rajagopalan and Balakrishna Ayyar JJ., in Simrathmull v.

Additional Income-tax Officer, Ootacamund(3 ), took the same view as the Full Bench of the Allahabad High Court in Lakshman Prakash's case('). But a Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court, consisting of Bose C.J., and Mookerjee J., in Brindaban Chandra Basak v. Income-tax

Officer('), though it had not finally expressed any opinion

( 1) [1963) 48 I.T.R. 705, 718.

(') (1959) 36 I. T. R. 41.

(') [1960139 I.T.R. 265, 272.

(') (1962) 46 I. T. R. 14.

1964 on that, was inclined to accept the view expressed by tnc

1. T.

Officer, Division Bench of the Allahabad High Court in Pt. Hazari A-Ward, Sitapur Lal's case('). We have gone through the decisions carefully.

MurTidhar For the reasons given by us, we agree with the view Bhagwandas,. expressed by the Division Bench of the Allahabad High Lakh, mpurkhm C rt p H L l' (') th · h Subba Rao 1. ou m I. azarz a s case on e mterpretahon of t e proviso to sub-s. ( 3) of s. 34 of the Act.

In the result, we hold that the said proviso would not save the time-limit prescribed under sub-s. ( 1) of s. 34 of the Act in respect of an escaped assessmcDt of a year other than that which is the subject-matter of the r.ppcal or the revision, as the case may be. It follows that the notice under s. 34 ( 1) (a) of the Act issued in the present case was ckarly barred by limitation.

In this view no other question anses for our consideration.

In the result, the appeal fails and is dismissed with costs.

lludholkar 1.

MUDHOLKAR J.-This is an appeal l:Jy special leave from the judgment of the Allahabad High Court in the writ petition under Art. 226 of the Constitution quashing a notice under s. 34 (1) of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922 issued by the appellant, Income-tax Officer, A Ward, Sitapur on December 5, 1957 against respondent No. 4.

The relevant facts are briefly these: For the assessment year 1949-50, corresponding to Samvat year 2005, the appellant made an ex-parte assessment under s. 23 ( 4) of the Act on November 13, 1953 which he later set aside under s. 27 of the Act.

Before that he had issued a notice to the respondent firm under s. 34( 1 J

la) of the Act in respect of the same assessment year on the ground that a sum of Rs. 88,737 representing interest alleged to have been earned by the firm during that year had escaped assessment in the assessment made under s. 23 ( 4).

After, however, fresh proceedings were tken under s. 23 ( 3) by the appellant consequent upon his order under s. 27, he proceeded to include in the assessment a sum of Rs. 88,737 which was alleged to have escaped assessment in the notice earlier issued under s. 34 (1 )(a) and made an assessment

(1)

(1963) 48 I. T. R. 705, 718.

order on January 31, 1957.

Against this order the respondent preferred an appeal before the Appellate Assistant Commissioner in which he urged two main grounds and the one accepted by the Appellate Assistant Commissioner was that the aforesaid amount of interest was received by the firm in the accounting period of the previous assessment year and not in that of the assessment year 1949-50. Upon this view, the Appellate Assistant Commissioner reduced the assessment and observed as follows in his order :

"I, therefore, hold that the amount in dispute should be deleted from the assessment for 1949-50 and that, instead, the Income-tax Officer should take steps to assess the amount for the assessment year 1948-49."

Treating this as a direction or finding of the Appellate Authority, the appellant issued the impugned notice dated December 5, 1957 under s. 34(1)(a). The respondent immediately moved the High Court for quashing the aforesaid notice.

The High Court quashed the notice on the ground that it was issued by the appelLnt beyond the ordinary period of limitation, overruling the appellant's contention that no period of limitation governed the notice inasmuch as the second proviso to s. 34 ( 3) of the Act was attracted to the facts of the case.

The High Court in doing so purported to follow its own decision in Pt. Hazari Lal v.

The Income-tax Officer, Distt. II, Kanpur(').

Briefly stated, the view taken by the High Court is that the only direction which the Appellate Assistant Commissioner can competently give is one which is covered by s. 31 of the Act and that since the appeal before him was confined to a particular assessment year, the direction must also be necessarily limited to a matter falling within that year.

The High Court further held that if the direction be treated as based on a finding recorded by the Aµpellate Assistant Commis sioner, that finding will have to be disregarded when applying the proviso. The correctness of the view taken by the High Court is challenged before us on behalf of the appellant. ·

----····---

(') Civil Misc. Writ. 2227 of 1956.

196'

I. T. 0(/icer, A-Ward, Sitapur

MurUdlrJJI Bhagwandm,

Lakhimpurkrl

Mudholkar 1.

1964 The relevant part of s. 34(3) and the second proviso

• I. T.

Officer, thereto run thus: A-Ward, Sitapur

Murridhar "No order of assessment or reassessment, other tha~ Bhagwandtu, an order of assessment under s. 23 to which Lakhimpurkheri clause ( c) of sub-section ( 1) of section 28

Mudholka1 J. applies or an order of assessment or reassessment in cases falling within clause (a) af subaoction (1) or sub-section ( lA) of this section shall be made after the expiry of four years from the end of the year in which the income, profits or gains were first assessable:

Provided further that nothing contained in this section limiting the time within which any action may be taken or any order, assessment or reassessment may be made shall apply to a reassessment made under section 27 or to an assessment or reassessment made on the assessee or any person fu consequence of or to give effect to any finding or direction contained in an order under section 31, section 33, section 33A, section 33B, section 66 or section 66A."

This is how the provision stands as from April 1, 1956 and it is not disputed before us that it is the amended provision which would apply to the present case.

What is, however, contended on behalf of the respondent is that the only issue before an Income-tax Officer in every case being the assessment for a particular year and no other year, the direction or finding contemplated by the second proviso which the Appellate Authority could make must necessarily be limited to that year alone.

The alternative contention is that if the second proviso is so construed as to permit of a direction or finding being made with respect to any other year, it is ultra vires being violative of Art. 14 of the Constitution. It was further contended that since the amount in this case is below one lakh of rupees, the second proviso will not apply.

As regards the last point we may advert to our judgment delivered today in K. C. Thomas, First Income-tax Of]icer, Bombay v. Vasant Hiralal Shah(') in which we have

( 1) (1964] 6 S.C.R. 437

negatived a similar contention. For the reasons given there, we reject the argument of learned counsel for the respondent.

Coming to the first contention of the respondent, it is no doubt true that the whole scheme of the Income-tax Act is to confine the assessment pursuant to the notice given under s. 22 to a particular year and particular year alone and in the proceed.1ng before him he is bound to confine himself to the income of that year. If income in previous years has escaped assessment, he has no power to bring it to assessment along with the income of a subsequent year.

The only power which he has for bringing such income to assessment is to resort to the provisions of s. 34 (1) and issue a separate notice with respect to it to the assessee and the Appellate Assistant Commissioner of Income-tax hearing an appeal from an order of assessment made by the Income-tax Officer is in no better position in this matter than the Income-tax Officer. All that is perfectly true. But the question which we have to consider is whether the wide language employed by the legislature in enacting the second proviso should not be.given its natural meaning.

This proviso removes the bar of limitation enacted bys. 34(1) and its first two provisos not only with respect to the assessee but with respect to "any person" in certain circumstances.

No doubt, this Court has recently held in S. C. Prashar & Anr. v.

F_,•a1<1sen Dwarkadas & ors. (1) that the proviso in so far as it 1emoves the bar of limitation with respect to persons other than the assessee, is invalid as it infringes the provisions of Art. 14 of the Constitution.

That, however, is a question apart.

What we have to consider is the legislative intent, and for ascertaining it, it is legitimate to look also at that part of the enactment which has been held to be invalid.

By permitting the Appellate Authority to make a finding or give a direction with respect to a person other than the assessee the Legislature has made it abundantly dear that for bringing escaped income to assessment the bar of limitation would not apply provided there is a finding or direction of the Appellate Authority that a particular item of income had escaped assessment and may, therefore, be brought to assessment.

Under the operative portion of s. 34(1), the Income-tax Officer is empowered to give notice

(1) [19f4l r-S.C.R. 29.

1. T. 0/fictr, A-Ward, Sitapur

Murlidhar Bhagwandas, LlzkhimpurkMri

Mudholkar I.

1964 to an assessee in respect of escaped assessment.

He can _ 1. r. Officer, issue such notice under cl. (a) thereof where income has A-Ward, Sitapur escaped assessment due to any conduct on the part of the Muriidhar assessee and in such a case he can issue a notice at any time.

Bhag':"andaJ, . Certain restrictions, however, have been placed upon his IAkhimpurkheri power by the first proviso to sub-s. ( 1) of s. 34, one of which Mudholkar J. is the period of limitation of eight years with respect to income of less than a lakh of rupees.

The second proviso to sub-s. ( 3) is a proviso to the whole of s. 34 and would consequently apply to a case falling under s. 34(1)(a). The restrictions placed by the enacting provisions of s. 34(3) would not, as made clear in the second proviso, apply to such a case.

Thus, the proviso in terms says that when a notice is issued under s. 34 ( 1) (a), no question of limitation would arise when such notice is issued in pursuance of a direction or finding of an appellate authority.

Since the proceeding in pursuance of a notice under s. 34 is necessarily independent of the assessment proceedings under s. 22 with respect to a particular year, the provio in question need not be so interpreted as to be limited to a direction made by the Appellate Authority while dealing with an appeal for that particular year.

The fact that certain income has escaped assessment may come to the notice of an Appellate Authority in any case and it clearly appears to be the intention of the Legislature to require an Income-tax Officer to take cognizance of it in the circumstances stated in the proviso.

It is, however, contended that the power of the Appellate Authority to make a direction or finding in any appeal before it is confined to matters specified in s. 31 and that upon a pro;>er conlltruction of that provision, a direction or finding with respect to income of any 'particular year other than the one with respect to which there is an appeal before it, cannot be competently made by the Appellate Authority.

In support of this contention reliance is placed up on the decisions in Kamlapat Motilal v. Income-tax Officer and anr.( 1 ), Hiralal Amritlal Shah v. K. C. Thomas, Income-tax Officer, Bombay('); Pt. Hazari Lal v. Income-tax Officer, Dist.

II Kanpur("); Brindaban Chandra Basak v. Income-tax

(I) (1956) 29 !. T. R. 192.

(2) (1958) 34 J. T. R. 446. '

(3) (196o) 39 I. T. R. 265.

Officer('). In the first of these cases the learned judges have observed:

"In our opinion the powers of the Appellate Tribunal under section 33 ( 4) are limited to the passing of such order as it thinks fit to make in the proceedings which are then before it on appeal, and in our judgment it has no power under this section to pass an order or give directions with reference to the proceedings of an earlier year which are concluded."

We may point out that s. 33 ( 4) only refers to a finding or direction made by an Appellate Authority and does not itself confer any power on an Appellate Authority to make a finding or direction. fndeed, s. 34 deals with entirely a different aspect, that of empowering an Income-tax Officer to bring to assessment escaped income, and has no concern with the powers of an Appellate Authority. The provisions which deals with the powers of an Appellate Authority is ~. 31 and it is with that provision that we must concern ourselves primarily.

The next case is not strictly relevant to this point.

But the third one which is again a decision of the Allahabad High Court has proceeded to construe s. 31 of the Act and we, therefore, have to consider it.

After observing that the scope of the orders which can be passed by the Appellate Authority under s. 31 the learned Judges have observed:

"The very fact that the Appellate Assistant Commissioner of Income-tax, when making an order under section 31, is dealing with an appeal filed by an assessee in respect of an assessment order indicates the scope of his jurisdiction to give findings and to make consequential orders. The various orders, which an Appellate Assistant Commissioner of Income-tax can make, are detailed in section 31 (3) though there is no detailed provision about the findings which he can record.

It appears to us, however, that,

(t) (1962) 46 I. T. R. 14.

1. T. Officer, A-Ward, Sitaplll"

Murlidhar Bhagwandtu, Lakhimpurklwrl

11!11dholkar I.

• l. T. Officer, A-Ward, Sitapur v.

Murlidhar BhagwandaJ, 1Akhimpurkheri

Mudholkar J.

from the very nature of the jurisdiction which an Appellate Assistant Commissioner of Income

tax exercises, it must follow that his power of recording findings is limited to matters which he is called upon to decide when passing an order in appeal in conformity with the details laid down in section 31 ( 3). Any order passed by him, which is beyond the scope of section 31 ( 3), would be an order without jurisdiction and, similarly, any finding recorded by him, which is not necessary for the purpose of making an order covered by s. 31 ( 3), would be a find ing without jurisdiction. Further, when apply ing the second proviso to section 34(3) of the Income-tax Act, the Income-tax Officer is only competent to take into account orders which are in conformity with the provisions of section 31(3) and findings which are necessary for passing those orders.

Orders, which are out side the scope of section 31(3) or findings which are not at all necessary for making such orders, cannot be taken into account by the Income-tax Officer for the purpose of relying on the second proviso to section 34 ( 3) which we are now considering." (p. 271)

The learned Judges have proceeded to hold that the word ''finding'' must be given the same meaning as that in the Code of Civil Procedure, that is. a decision of the Court.

In other words, they seem to hold that a finding means only the final conclusion in the case.

In support of this conclu sion they placed reliance upon 's. C. Prashar v. V asantsen Dwarkadas(').

Section 31 ( 3) of the Act confers certain express powers upon the Appellate Authority, one of which is to 'confirm. reduce, enhance or annul the assessment'. This power can be exercised only after the Appellate Authority arrives at some conclusions on facts.

Thus, if an assessee wants to be exonerated from tax with respect to a particular item of

(1) (1956) 29 I. T. R.857

income and sets out the grounds on which he bases his claim for exoneration the Appellate Authority has to consider them and arrive at its findings with regard to them before it can reduce or annul the assessment.

It would follow, therefore, th.at the power to confirm, reduce, enhance or annul an assessment is implicit in the power of giving findings on the grounds on which a claim is made for one or the other of these results by the department or the assesee.

No express mention of such power was required in s. 31( 3).

When an appeal is before an Ap; iellate Authority the whole matter is at large before it and, therefore, when a specific case is put before it by an assessee it has both the power as well as the duty to give its finding thereon.

The ground given by the assessee for claiming a reduction or annulment of assessment may well be that the income upon which he has been assessed was not earned in the accounting period of the year to which the assessment pertains but in respect of a specified earlier or later year.

The Appell.ate Authority is entitled to go into the whole question and come to a finding one way or the other, whether the income was earned in the year in which it was alleged by the assessee to have been earned or in the year with respect to which he has been assessed by the Income-tax Officer.

To give a finding on this question would be obligatory upon the Appellate Authority and his duty to give a finding must necessarily be referable to the provisions of s. 31(3). We cannot accept the view of the Allahabad High Court that the word "finding" occurring in s. 34(3) is susceptible of only one meaning, and that is that ascertainable from the Code of Civil Procedure.

The finding of a tribunal is its conclusion on a point agitated before it and for a conclusion to amount to a finding it is not necessary that it should be the final and ultimate conclusion.

We are, therefore, unable to accept the view taken by the Allahabad High Court. The last mentioned case does not decide the matter finally. But there the learned Judges have expressed a preference for the view taken by the Allahabad High Court as against that taken by the Madras High Court in K. Simrathmull v. Additional Income-tax Officer, Ootacamurd( 1). In that case a sirnil.ar argument to that urged before us and before the ----------

(1) (1959) 36 I. T. R. 4t. 134-159 s. c.-28.

I. T.

Officer, A-Ward, Sitapur

Murlidhar Bhagwanda.t, Lakhimpurkheri

Mrulholkar J.

1964 Allahabad- High Court was advanced.

Dealing with it the r. T. Officer, learned Judges have observed: A-Ward, Sitapur

Murlidhar Bhagwanda, Lakhimpurlch<ri

Mudhclkar ., J.

"To support this argument no authority was cited and it appear to us to be completely untenable.

When an assessment is made and either the Department or the assessee appeals, the who!e matter would be before the Assistant Commissioner, and, no express provision would be necessary to enable him to give directions in respect of a matter already before him.

This would apply also to the Commissioner and the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal." (p. 47)

They then explained the reason for an express provision like the one contained in s. 34(3) by saying that it was necessary to have such provision o as to enable the Income-tax Officer to take action in pursuance of a finding recorded or direction given by an Apellate Authority.

Finally they observed:

"To construe the proviso in the manner in which Mr. Subbarya Aiyar invited us to do would be to make that proviso otiose."

With these observations we concur.

This decision has been followed by the Bombay High Court in General Construction and Supply Co., v. Income-tax Officer (8th) C. Ward, Bombay(').

The same High Court has reaffirmed the view taken in Simrathmull's case( 2) in A. S. Khader Ismail v. Income-tax Officer, Salem(') and held that the word "finding" .in the proviso to s. 34(3) must be given a wide significance so as to include not only findjngs necessary for the disposal of the appeal but also findings which are incidental to it and would include its conclusion as to whether the income in question in the appeal was not received during the year to which the appeal relates.

Upon this view the High Court held that if in pursuance of such a finding, the Income-ta"I: officer proceeds to investigate afresh as to in which year the income was received, the action of the Income., ax Officer

(1) (1962) 44 I. T. R. 16.

(2) (1959) 36 I. T. R. 41.

(3) (1963) 47 I. T. R. 16.

6 S.C.R.

SUPREl\IE COURT REPORTS 435

~would still be the result of or the logical consequence of 1964 the finding arrived at for the purpose of the clispoal of the , 1. -r. Officer, appeal and the proviso to s. 34 ( 3) would apply to such a •A-Ward: Sitapur case. The view taken by the High Court is in our judgment Murlidhar correct. ' BhagwandaJ.

Lakh:impllrkheri Thus in our view upon a construction of the relevant Mudholkar J. provisions we have no doubt that the notice was not in contravention of the provisions of s. 34 of the Income-tax Act and could not be quashed on that ground. ·

The question then remains whether the second proviso belows. 34(3) is bad as offending Art. 14 of the Constitution. In support of this contention reliance is placed by Mr. Bishan Narain for the respondent on the decisions of this Court in Suraj Mall Mohata & Co. v. A. V. Visvanatha Sastri & anr.(1 ) and S. C. Prashar & anr. v. Vasantsen Dwarkadas & ors.('). In the first case it was held that both s. 34 of the Income-tax Act and sub-s. ( 4) of s. 5 of the Taxation on Income (Investigation Commission) Act, 1947, deal with all persons who have similar characteristics and similar properties, that the procedure prescribed in the later Act is substantially more prejudicial and more drastic to the assessee than the procedure under the former Act and that, therefore, sub-s. ( 4) of s. 5 of the former Act in so far as it affects the persons proceeded against thereunder is void as offending the provisions of Art. 14 of the Constitution.· On the analogy of this case learned counsel contends that the second proviso to s. 34(3) enabling a notice to issue only to an assessee in respect of escaped income without limit of time on the ground that an Appellate Authority has made a finding or direction in the proceeding before it makes a discrimination against such an assessee because it does not lift the bar of limitation with regard to other asses. sees, similarly sjtuate, but with regard to whom no finding has been made or direction given by an Appellate Authority. No doubt, persons whose income have escaped assessment, and the fact that they have escaped assessment has not been discovered till after the lapse of eight years from the year in which they could have been assessed to tax on such

(1) [1955] l S. C.R. 448.

(2) [1964] l S. C. R. 29

1964 income, can be placed in one class. But surely it does not

1. r. Offtctr, follow that even in that class there can be no further classi- A-Ward, Sitapur fication.

The legislature in enacting the particular provi- Muriidhar sion has made a further or a sub-classification by putting B"; r; nd";;, under one head those whose assessments have come up for La prtr erl scrutiny before an Appellate Authority and with respect to Mudhnlkar J. whose escl!Qed assessment a judicial finding or direction is made by the Appellate Authority and under another head other assessees whose escaped income was not detected by the Appellate Authority and with respect to which no judicial finding or direction was, therefore, made by such authority.

There is a real difference between the two categories of assessees. Prima facie there is reasonable basis for the sub-classification and the grounds on which-, it is made, that is, discovery by a higher Income-tax Authority and a judicial finding or direction made with' respect to the fact by it. These grounds have a rational relationship with the object which was intended to be achieved by the law. that is. to detect and bring to assessment the escaped income. (See for example A. Thangal Kunju Musaliar v. M. Venkitachalarn Patti & anr.( 1) where a further classification of war porfiteers into those who had evaded substantial amount of income-tax and those whose evasion was not of a substantial amount was upheld.) We can find nothing in the decision upon which reliance i~ phced which runs counter to our view.

On the other hanrl we find ample support from the decision in Ba/aji v. Income

tax Officer, Special Investigation Circle(') where it has been pointed out that the two tests of permissible classification under Art. 14 are (a) that the classification must be founded on an intelligible differentia and (b) that the differentia must be reasonably connected with the object of the legislation, and that where thev are satisfied by a statute. it does not violatP Art. 14 of the Constitution.

As regards the other decision relied upon. it is sufficient to point out that the majoritv of the learned Judges have only struck down that part of the proviso which enables a notice to issue "to any person" on the ground that it is violative of Art. 14.

ThP Precise question which we have before us does not appear to have been the subject of decision in that case.

(I) [19~5) 2 $, C.R. n96,

(2) [1g62l 2 S.C.R. 983

are, therefore, unable to accept the contention of learned counsel.

For the foregoing reasons we allow the appeal and quash the writ of certiorari issued by the High Court. It may be mentioned that in the absence of a stay of proceedings by the High Court the Income-tax Officer has actually made an assessment in pursuance of the impugned notice.

That assessment wii.1 stand unless it is modified or annulled in any proceeding permitted by law.

Costs of the appeal and the petition before the High Court will be borne by tbe respondent.

ORDER BY COURT

In view of the judgment of the majority, the appeal fails and is dismissed with costs.

K. C.

THOMAS,

FIRST INCOME-TAX OFFICER,

BOMBAY

VASANT HIRALAL SHAH & ORS.

(B. P. SINHA, C.J., K. SuBBA RAo,

RAGHUBAR DAYAL,

N. RAJAGOPALA AYYANGAR AND J. R. MUDHOLKAR JJ.)

Income Tax-Escaped income-Notice issued for assessment after expiry

of 8 years-If sanction required-Indian lncom1-tax Act, 1922 (11 of 1922). ss. 34(i), 34(ii), 34(3) proviso. os amended b1 Act XXV of 1953 and Act XVIl of 1956.

The appellant had issued notice to the respondents under s. 34( I) (a) of the Income Tax Act, 1922 in respect of an escaped income of Rs. 47,595 for the assessment year 1944-45. The ca.e of tte respondents was that the, impugned notice was bad because the Income-Tax Officer proceeded against the respondents without obtaining the necessary sanction of the Central Board of Revenue as required by cl. (iii) of the proviso to s. 34(1) of the Act. The respondents filed a writ petition in the High Court challenging the notice issued under s. 34( I) of the Act.

The respondents succeeded bofore the High Court.

1. T. Officer, A-Ward, Sitapur v.

Murlidhar Bhagwandas, Lakhimpurkheri

M11dho/kar J.

January, 29