191iZ

180 SUPRElm OOURT REPoRTS (1962] SOPP.

BANWARI v.

:::.TATE OF UTTAH PRADESH

( J. L. I\ APUR, A. K. SA1uu.u and i{AOHUBA/~

DAYAL, JJ.)

<...:rimiu'!'I 1rial-1'hret co1n.mitment orders for three offence~ -uffe11cts. lna&/e at one trial-Se<Jaiu11a Judge recording all tt'1dence m one tri<il-Leyality of trial-Charges-l'oll'er of

1:Je.'>Si~1wJudge to subat1'tute churycs framed by Cum11iilli11g Alugistrak-.Jl urder-(}onunon Intention-Indian 1'enal Code, 1860 (Act .XLV of 1860), s. 34-Co<k of Criminal Procedun,

1~98 (V of 1898), "· l!26, 234, 23.9, ~37.

llanwari armed with a gun and Rani Charan arrnc<l with an axe were going together when they met Lakhan.

After some talk Banwari shot at and killed Lakhan.

They then proccc<lt:d together for son1e distance \\-hen they met Bhag\van.

After some talk llanwari shot at and killed Jlhagwan.

Thereupon the villagers started pursuing them and they ran and Bany..ari shot aud injured Narayan.

One report was lodged of the three incidents and the police sent up thre.e charge sheets. 'l'he !vlagistrace ma:de three orders of commitrncnt, framing charges against the two appellants under s- 302 and s.307 rrad withs- 34 Indian Penal <':ode respectively in respect of the first incident, under s. 302 read with s. 34 in respect of the second incident and under s. 307 read with s. 34 in respect of the third incident.

The Sesions Judge framed certain charges describing thern as a1nen<lcd charges, undrr s. 302 read with s. 34 against both accused for the murder of Lakhan, under s. 302 against Banwafi for the murder of Bhagv:an and under s. 307 against Banwari for the attcn1pted murder of Narayan. He recorded the entire evidence in one trial and by a comn1on judgment convicted Ban"ari and Ram Charan and scntcncetj the former to death and the latter to in1prison ment for life. The appellants contended that the trials were illegal as the procedure followed by the Sessions Judge w,15 not v.arrantcd by law, that Ram .Charan's convictio11 for the murder of Bhagwan and attempted murder of Narayan \Vas bad as he was not tried for those offences and that the conviction of Ram Charan with the aid of s. 34 was bad as he had no common intention with Banwari to com1nit any of the offences.

Held, that though the procedure of recording evidence in one trial with respect to offences which were the .:>ubjcct of diffrrent trials was unwarranted the trials were not vitiated

on this account. The procedural error was curable under ss. 537 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.

The three offences with which the appellants were charged were of the same kind and one joint trial of those

offeqces was justifiable under s. 234 Code of Criminal Procedure. A joint trial of both the appellants for the three offences each of which was alleged to be committed by them jointly within twelve months would have been justifiable under ss. 234 and 239 of the Code.

Even if there were three committal orders the Sessions Judge could try the accused at one trial if the provisions of ss. 234 to 239 permitted a joint trial.

In the present case the Sessions Judge did not purport to consolidate the committal orders and try the accused at one trial though really that is what actually happened' when he recorded evidence in one case only and presumably examined the accused also once. The trial was not vitiated by any procedural error nor had any prejudice been shown to have been caused to the appellants.

Payare Lal v. The State of Punjab, (1962) 3 S.C.R. 328, referred to.

Ram Charan had been charged for all the offences for which he was convicted.

The s0-c, lled amended charges framed by the Sessions Judi; e were really additional charges and not in substitution of the charges framed by the Mclgistrate.

The Sessions J ud!!e had no power to drop any charges under which the accused had brcn committed for trial ; he could frame a charge, or add to or otherwise alter the charge as the case may be where a person was committed for try without a charge or with an imperfect or erroneous charge.

But the conviction of Ram Charan could not be sustained. He did nothing in any of the three incidents. The facts and circum stances of the case did not establish that he hd a common intention 'vi th Banwari to commit any of the offences.

There was no allegation that he had enmity with any of the victims or that there was any pre-concert betWfen him and Banwari.

From the fact that he was in the company of. Banwari all along no inference of common intention could be drawn.

The question of his dissociating from Banwari did not arise when he had n0t associated himse]f in the first instance with him.

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 80of1961.

Appeal by special leave from . the judgmPnt and order dated December 8, 1960 of the Allahabad

196!

Banwari v. .State nf Uttar Pradesh

1!62

Br.nu, ari

v, State of Uflar P1adtJh

SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1962] SUPP.

High Court in Criminal Appeal No. 1517 of 1960 and Referred No. W4 of 1960.

A. S. R. Chari, 0. P. Ra11il and K. K. Sinha, for the appellants.

G. C. Mathur and C. P. Lal, for the respondent.

1962. February 14. The Judgment of the court was delivered by

Rcg\ub" TJa; al J,

RAOH'C:BAR DAYAL, J.-Banwari and Ram Charan appeal, by special leave, against the ocder

of the Allahabad High Court dismissing their appeal R nd confirming their conviction by the II Additional Sessions Judge, Etnwah. Banwari W!ls conviC'ted of the offences undPr s. 302 Indian Penal Code for committing the murder of Lakhan Singh and Bhagwan Singh and also for an offence under s. 30i Indian Penal Code, for having attcm Jt(id to Commit the murder of Babu Singh.

Ram Charan was convicted of the same throe offences mad with s. 34, Indian Penal Codo.

The facts leading to the appeal nre these, Banwari, a Lodh by c'asti. and Ram Charan, armed with a gun and axe respeetivi>ly, pa8sed the field of Lakhan Singh, Lakhan Singh asked Banwari as to where he was going.

Banwari replied that he was going for shooting birds. I.a.khan Singh turned back.

Banwari fired two shots at Lakhan Singh.

Lakhan Singh fell clown and died.

Banwari and Ram Charan, thereafter, proceeded south-wards and at a distance of about six or seven furlongs, mot Bhagwan Singh, who was grazing his cattle. Bhagwan Singh questioned Ranwari as to where he was going.

Banwari said he was going to shoot crocodils in the river.

Bhagwan Singh said there were no crocodiles in the river and asked Banwari to go back and look to his work. When Bhagwan Singh turned towards

soth1 Banwari fireq a s}iot. at liiw, Bhai; wan

Singh sat down. Banwari again fired a shot at him. He further fired two more shots, Bhagwan

Singh died.

The village people pursued the two appellants and Banwari fired at them. He fired at Babu

Singh, but hit Narayan Singh.

One report was lodged at the Police Station with respect to these incidents. The police, after . Pnquiry, sent up three charge-sheets ·. under s. 173,

Code of Criminal Procedure.

The Magistrate registered three cases, one with respect to the murder of Lakhan Singh, another with respect to the murder of Bhagwan Singh and the third with respect to the offence under s. 307 Indian Penal Code, for shooting at Babu Singh and Narayan Singh. Ultimately he committed both the accused for trial to the Sessions Court in each of the cases. Sessions Trials Nos. 34, 37 and 38 of 1960 were registered on the basis of those three committal orders.

In the case with respect to the murder of Lakhan Singh, the Magistrate framed one charge under s. 302, Indian Penal Code, against Banwari and another charge age.inst Ram Charan for an offrince under s. 302 read with s. 34, Indian Penal

Code.

In the proceedings with respect to the murder - of Bhagwan Singh, he framed one charge aaainst both the accused Banwari and Ram Charan, for an offence under s. 302 read with s. 34, Indian Penal

Code.

Lastly, in the proceedings uner s, 307, be again framed a common charge agamst both the accused for an offence under a. 307 read with s. 34 Indian Penal Code.

At the commencement of the hearin" of the Sessions Trial No. 34 of 1960 on July 18, 1960, on

w4ic4 date presumabl; Y the otqer two Sessions

Banwari v.

Slate of Uttar Pradesh

Raghubar DayatJ,

Banwari

State aJ Uttar Pradesh

Rt11hubar Dayal J,

SUPREME COLTRT REPORTS [19621 SUPP.

Trials wore also fixed for hearing; the loamed Sessions Judge framed ccrtrtin charges describing them as amend Pd chrtrgcA.

In Sessions Trial X o. 3t of 1960, ho framed a chargo against Banwari an<l Ram Charan for an off<•nce un<ler s. 302 read with s. 34 Indian Penal Code with respect to the murder of Lakshan Singh. In Sessions Trial JI o. 37 of 1960 he framed an amended charge against Banwari under s. 302 Indian Penal Corle, for his committing t.ho murder of Bhagwan Singh. In Se8sions Trial No. 38 of 1960 he framed an amended charge against Banwari of an offence under s. 307 Indian Penal Code, for h1wing shot. a.t Bahu Singh and Narayan Singh with such intention and knowledge !Ind in such circumst<LIJC<'S tl11tt if by that act ho had cause(! the <leath he would have been guilty of murder.

He rear! over and explainerl the amended charges to the accused.

In the proceedings of the Court date<l July 18, 1960, thn l<•arned essions Judge noted: "The amended charge was read out in Court and explained to the prisoner (Re<•tion

2il., Criminal Procedure CodP) who pleads not guilty.

The S.T 3i /<iO and 38/60 are consolidated with the case and evidence is recorder! in the present case (unrler section 234 Cr. P.C.). The L.D.G.C. op('ned his case and examine<! the following witnPsses." The learntd Session~ Judge opened hiR judgment with the following obsPrvat.ion:

"Three 8essionB trials No~. 34, 37 and :!8 of 1960, in which both Ilanwari and Ram Charnn figure a; i accused persons, were hPard together .\nd arn heing disposed of hy on<' judgment. Banwari f~CCtJscd stands charge<! under section 30~ Indian Penal Cncfo f"r hav ing committed the murders of Lakhan Singh

• -

and Bhagwan Sfogh and also under section

307 Indian PenaLCode for having made an attempt to kill Narayan Singh on 12th November, 1'!)59, in village Boorhadana, police station Dibiapur.

He a.long with Ram Charan ha.s further been charged under section 302 read with 34 and 307 read with 34 of l he Indian Penal Code for having in furtherance of their common intention committed the above murders and made a.n attempt to kill Narayan Singh."

In his order at the end of the judgmem the learned Additional Sessions Judge said:

"Banwari accused is found guilty under section 302 of the Indian Penal Code for the murder of Lakhan Singh and is convicted and sentenced to death. He is further found guilty under section 302 of the Indian Penal Code

for the murder of Bhagwan Singh and is convicted and sentenced to death for this incident also.

He shall be hanged by the neck till he be dead.

He is further found guilty under section 307 of the Indian Penal Code and is convicted and sentenced to eight years R. I.

The other ace-used Ram Charan is found guilty under section 302 read with 34 'Of the Indian Penal Code for the murder of Lakhan Singh and is Convicted and sentenced to life. imprisonment.

He is farther found guilty under section 302 read with 34 of the Indian

Penal Code for the murder of Bhagwan Singli and is convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment on this count also.

He is further found guilty under section 307 read with 34 of the Indian Penal Code and is convicted and sentenced to five years R. I. The sentences shall run concurrently. He is in custody and shall be detained to serve out his sentences.

Bonwari v.

Srate of Uttar Pradesh

Ra:hubar Dayal J.

196~

Banwari

Stale of Uttsr Prad,1h

11.thubar Dayal J.

186 SUPREME OOURT REPORTS [i.962] SUPP.

This judgment governs all the Sessions Trials Nos. :H, :~7 and 38 of60 and a copy of it shall be placed on the records of 8.T. Nos. 37 and 38 of 60 ."

The criminal &ppcal filed by the appellants in the High Court perported to be an appeal against the order of the Sesions Judge in Criminal

S1)~S ions Trial Nos. 31, ~7 and 38 of 60 and the grounds taken in tho appeal were that the conviction was against the weight of evidence on the record, that no offence was made out from the evidence of the prosecution witnesses anrl that tho sentence was too Heverc.

The High Court considerer! the CMe proved against the appellants and dismissed their appal.

Mr. Chari, for the appellants, has urged the following points:

(I) Ram Charan, appellant, was not tried for the offences of committing the murdor of Bhag wan Singh and of attempting t, o murder Babu Singh and Narayan Singh, as the learned Sessions Judge tried the appellants with respects to the offonc8 mentioned in tho amended charges which 'l'ero road ' and explained by him to the accused, and there fore nam Charan's conviction for those tWl' offoncc8 wns• bad,

(2) The Sessions , Judge conducted thrrw separate trials on the basis of the three commit ment orders, but recorded evidence in one case onlv . i. e., in Ses.ions Trial No. :!4 of l91i0.

Such a procedure which in a way amount<:<l t.o the amal gamnt.ion of the three .Ses8i6ns Tria18 into one, was not warrantecl by the provision of the Code of Criminal Procedure and that this error in tho mode of trial, being not cnrablo under R. :i:n of the Code; vitiated it.

( 3) If the trial be held to be Ya lid, the

sentence of death on Banwari errs on the side of severity.

(4) Th'e conviction of Ram Charan is bad as there is no evidence on the record that the various offences were committed by Banwari in furtherence of the common intention of both Banwari and Ram Charan. In the absence of any evidence about previous concert and of Ram Charan's having any motive to join in the commission of the offences, the fact that Ram Charan was with Banwari at the time the three offences were committed is insufficient to convict him.

Mr. Mathur, for the State, has urgP.d that the learned Sessions Judge framed amended charges in addition to the ()barges framed by the Magistrate, that both the appellants 'could be legally tried for the v.arious offences in one trial and that Ram Charan's conviction is correct.

The first question therefore to determine is whether the learned Sessions Judge framed amended charges in addition to the charges which had been framed by the Magistrate and for the trial of which the Magistrate had committed the appellants to the Court of Sessions, or he su bstimted those charges in the place of the ones prepared by the Magistrate. The learned Sessions Judge, in his judgment, has clearly said in the paragraphs quoted above, that Banwari stood charged for the three offences simpliciter and also jointly with Ram Charan for the three offences read with s. 34, Indian Penal (')ode.

This clearly indicates that he <.lid not contemplate the amended charges to be in substitution of the charges framed by the Magistrate. This is also indicated by two further facts.

The learned Sessions Judge had no power, under the Code of Criminal Procedure, to drop any charges under which the accused had been committed for trial. He can in the e:icercise of the :powers under

1~62

Banwati

v, Stole ef Utto• Privl<•h

Roghubar Dayol.J.

1~62

Rar1uari

Stott of (JltM Jlradtsh

Ra"ghubar Dn; o/ J.

188 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1962) SCPP.

8. 226 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, frame a charge, or add to or otherwise al!Rr the charge as the case may be in cases where a person is committed for trial without a charge or with au imperfect or erroneous charge. As the Magistrate had not framed a charge under s. 302, Indian Penal Code, simpliciter, with respect to the murder of Bhagwan Singh and a charge under R. 30i, simplicitcr, for attempting to murder Babu Singh and Narayan Singh, the learned Sessions Judge thought it neceSRary to frame such charges against him and he did so.

Banwari was not charged by the Magistrate under 8. 302 read with e. 34, Indian Penal Code for the offence of commit.tin11 the murrlcr of Lakhan Singh and therefore the .. Sesions Judge prtpared the charge against both Blmwari a.ncl Ra.m Charan with respect to such an offence. It is only this amended charge which was in reality in substitution of the charge framed by the Magistrate.

Ur, it may be said, that this amended charge was the charge framed by the Magistrate, but amended hy the Sessions .Judge by adding the name of Banwari among the pPron8 charged and altering the languag-e as a cpnseguence of it.

Lastly, t.he final order of the learned SPssion8 Judge recorded eonviction of Banwari foe tho ofTen<'eS implicitcr and of Ram Chara11 for those offencPR n•a.d with s. 34, Indi:tn Pena.I Code: At that stag.,, there was no point. in recording the conviction of Banwari with rPspect to the chargeB for tho vario118 ofTPnCPS read withs. :J4, Indian P!nal Code.

It was, however, rlesirahle that at the commencement of thn trial Banwari charged both for offences sim pliciter and for offences read with s. 34, Indian Penal Codi>, to avoid any contention in future in case ho be conviete<l for an ofT .. nce with which he was uot a.dually charged, i. e. convicted of an offence rear! with s. :14, Indian Penal Code when there was no such charge against him or he c, mvic- •

ted of an offence simpliciter there being no charge for that offence.

We are therefore of opinion that there is no force in the argument that Ram Charan was convicted of an offence with which he was not.charged and tried by the Sessions Judge.

The learned Sessions Judge did not comply with the provisions of s. 271 of the Code of Criminal Procedure inasmuch as he did not read over and explain the charges framed by the Magistrate. This omission on his part, however, does not vitiate the trial in view or' s. 537 of the Code when it is not shown that any prejudice has resulted to the appellants on account of this omission.

I ' .

The procedure of recording evidence with respect to the offences which were the subject of different Sessions Trials in the proceedings of one Sessions Trial alone, is not certainly warranted by the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure.

Every separate trial must proceed separately with result that every proceeding, including the recording of evidence, in each trial should be separate.

The question, however, is whether this wrong procedure adopted by the learned Sessions Judge, has vitiated the trial, irrespective of the fact whether prejudice has been caused to the a, ccused or not.

It is contended for the State that both the appellants, Banwari and Ram Charan, could have been tried at one trial for the offences they were charged with in view of the provisions of ss. 234 and :l35 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. We are of opinion that the provisions of s. 235 Cr. P. C. would not have justified one trial for these offences.

We do not have the three chargesheets submitted by the police to the Magistrate, but the fact that three charge-sheets were submitted and that the Magistrate made three commitment orders indicate that th~ prosecution did not come to Court with the allegation that three offeaces

Banwari

State of Uttar Pradesh

Raghu~.ar Day, al o!.•

Statt of Uttor PtadtJh

R•gluhor Da)'<ll J.

'\. -


I!JO SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1962) SUPP.

were committed in the course of the same transaction. However, we agree thatthe provisions of ss. 234 and 239 of the Code of Criminal Procedure would have justified the joint trial of the appfllants for the offences they were charged with and tried.

Section 234 allows the trial of a person accused of three or less number of offences of the same kind commitkd within the space of twelve months, and provides that offences of the same kind are those which are punLhable with the same amount o( punishment under the same section of the Indian Penal Code or of any special or local law.

The two offences under s. 302 with respect to the murder of Lakhan Singh and Bhagwan Singh arc punitthable under the same section of the Indian Penal Code with the same amount of punishment. In viow of the proviso to s. 234, an offence of attempting to commit an offence is of the same kind as that other offence. Thus the offence under s. 307 Indian Penal Code, is of the same kind as the offence under s. 302.

The three offences of which the appellants were charged, therefore, aro of the same kind and one joint trial of those offences would therefore be justified under s. 234 of tho Code.

Section 239 lays down the joinder of persons at one trial and provides that persons :iccused of more than one offence of the same kind within the meaning of s. 234 committed by them jointly within a period of twelve months could be charged and tried together. Therefore, the trial of both Banwari and Ham Charan for tho aforesaid three offences each of which was alleged to have been committed by them jointly within twelve months, would have been justified.

The learned Sessions Judge did not., however purport to try tho appellants at one trial, as is clear from the record that he proceeded with the three trials but just recorded evidence in only one.

3 s.c.k. sbi>REME COURT REPORTS 191

It has been urged that amalgamation of three different Sessions Case11 is not' warranted by the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure.

The Code simply provides by ss. 233 to 239 that ordinarily each distinct offence must be separately tried except in cases covered by the pro visions of ss. 234, 235, 236 and 239. It is clear that if separate commitments had been made of such distinct offences, which did not come within the exception to s. 233, they c0uld not be tried at one trial by consolidating those three cases. But this does not mean that if there had been sepa rate commitments of person who could be tried together at one trial, or of the same person for offences which could be tried together at one trial, the accused could not be tried at one trial. It often hap pens that persons accused of committing a particular offence or offences jointly or in the course of the same transaction are not put up for trial at the same time, usually for the reason that some of them were not available. They may be available later on and sub sequently committed for trial. If no trial has proceeded with respect to the first commitment by that time, the Sesions Judge is not bound to have two separate trials, one with respect to each commitment. He can certainly try all the accused at one tri<tl and in that way consolidate the proceedings on t.he two committal orders in one. The committal order just gives the Sessions Court cognizance . over the trial of the persons committ.ed. The committal order does not bind the Sessions Jlj.dge to try those persons alone at one trial, who have been committed by the particular committal order.

The question of the trial of the various committed persons does not depend on the number of committal orders, but on the provisions of ss. 233 to 239 of the code. If one trial can be justified under those provisions and there is no prejudice to the accused, the Sessions Judge can certainly consolidate the committal orders in those cases and try the accused

Banwari v.

Stale of U ttar PradeJh

Raghubar Dayal J.

19G2

Banwa1i

"· Stalt of Uttar Pradesh

Raglwb111 Dayal .J.

192 SUPREME COUR'f REPORTS [1962] SUPP.

at one trial.

He may, for the purpose of the trial, frame a fresh charge with appropri, te counts against

the accused, in substitution of tho charges framed by the Ilfagistrate in the different committal proceedings. ff tho persons have been committed by one committal order alone with rcspccL to different

offencos which could not be tried at one trial in accord11nce with th<'se sections, the joint trial uf those persons on those charges would be illegal.

This makes it clear that the validity of a joint trial before the Sesoions JULlge is dependent on the fact whether the provisions of the Code justify one joint. trial or not.

\Ve therefore hold that though a Sessions J udgo cannot try at one trial persons committed under different committal orders with respect to distinct offencea whose joint trial is not warranted by the provisions of ss.:!34 tu 2:39 of the Code, he is competent tu try at one trial pernons who can be tried at one trial under tho provisions of thoso sections even if there had hoen separate committal orders.

In the present case, however, the learned Sessions Judge did not purport to consolidate tho committal orders aud try the accuse'.! jointly at one trial, though really that is what actually happened when he recorded evidence in one case only and presumably ho examined the accused also once. He heard the arguments once and he actually delivored one common judgment in all the three Sessions Trials.

There therefore duos not really arise in the present ca.so the question that the Sessions Judge wrongly a.malgamatod or consolidated the three Sessions Trials. ill the circumstances of this caso the trial is not vitiated by any procedural error nor has any prejudice bcou shown to have been caused

in the conduct of the trial or its result.

Wll have already said that the proceedingR in each separate trial should be separate and that on

that basis the procedure adopted by the learned

Sessions Judge was wrong.

The question for determination, then, is whether his following the wrong procedure vitiates the trial and the conviction of the appellants or is curable under s. 537 of the Code. ·

We are of opm10n that such a defect does not invalid<tte the trial in view of s. 537 of the

Code.

In Payare Lal v. The State of Punjab (1) this Court said:

"In rega, rd to this section ( s. 537), it was said by the Privy Council in Pulnlcuri Kottaya

v. King Emperor (L. R. 74 I. A. 65), at p. 75,

"When a trial is conducted in a manner different from that prescribed by the

Code (as in N. A. Subramania lyer's case, L. R. 28 I.A. 257), the trial is bad, and no question of curing an irregularity arises; but if the trial is conducted substantially in the manner prescribed by the Code, but some. irregularity occurs in the course of such conduct, the irregularity can be cured under section 537, and !Jone the Jess so because the irregularity rnvolves, as must nearly always be the case, a bniach of one or more of the very comprehensive provisions of the Code.' It seems to us tha, t the case falls within the first category mentioned by the Privy Council. This is not a cas.o of irregularity but want of competency."

As a]rAady held, tbe impugned procedure adopted hy the learned Sessions Judge in the persent case doAs not relate to the competency of the Court to try the various offences a, t one trial.

(1) [19G2]

3 S.C.R. 328.

196S

11anwari

Slate of Uitar Pradesh

Raghubar Dayal J.

Banwari

Str.le rJj Uttar Pradesh

Rn:hub.Jr Dayal J,

l!l4 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1962J SUPP.

The amendment made in s. 537 of the Code by the Code of Criminal Procedme (Amendm<'nt) Act,

l!l55 (Act XX\'I of l\l:)5)does not in any way go in favour of th(' app<'llants as the result of the amendment is that the scope of s . .537 is made wider, covering cases nf misjoinder of charges as well.

We therefore hold that tbe trial of the appellants had been valid.

Ramrnri bas heen sentenced to death under s. 302 Indian Penal C'ode. Mr. C'bari urges that Jlanwari must have shot at Lakhan Singh as a result of the latter giving provocation as allrged by Banwari in his statement ns, otherwise, there was no motiv" for hi~ hnot ing at Lakhan Singh and tha~ thoreforn the less<'r. penalty for the offence of murder would he the prnpcr sentence <1gainst him. We do not agrco.

The Courts below dihelievPd Banwari'a version of the oomersation with Lakhan Singh.

Even if that conversation be believed, we do not think tbat that Rhould have provoked him to such: an cxhnt tlmt be should have fired at. Lakhan in11h not only once, bnt also a second time. There could be no jnstificatio11 for his firing at Bhagwan Singh who is not Aaid to have giv!'n any provocati(•n evt'n.

Banwnri fire<! s"Ycral shots at. Bhagwan Singh.

In the circnmstanr.e~, we do not see any reason to Cull si<l<'r thP sent€1we of death to be unjustified and to reduce it.

So far us Ham Charan is concl'nwd, we are of opinion that bis ronvietion cannot be sustained. He did nothing nt any of thl• thn'e incidents. His <:onduct in remaining with Ranwari throughout cannot lead to anv conclusion that he had comm"n int<>ntion with Banwari to shoot at Lakhan Singh or

Bhugwan Singh or Bahn Singh arnl Narain Singh, what, to s"~' of his IHL\•ing a common inl<'ntion with Banwari to commit the mmder of thu firHt two.

It is not tbe caHe of the pro•erntion that Ban wari and Ram Charan had an) enmity with any of

the victims or that they had prearranged between themselves to pick up any sort of conversation or quarrel with Lakhan Singh or Bhagwan Singh and then to shoot at them. All the incidents happened by accident. If Lakhan Singh and Bhagwan Singh had not questioned Banwari, probably, nothing would have happened. They questioned him and for some reason Banwari fired at them. He might have considered that their questions to him a.s to . where he was going was an indirect reference to his going armed and a sort of reflection on his possessing a gun.

The Courts lbeow imputed common intention to Ram Charan on account of his not disassociating himself from the activities of Banwari.

The question of dis-association did not arise when he had not associated himself in the first instance with Banwari's activities.

He was proba blv much bewildered at the conduct of Banwari in shooting Lakhlln

Singh down as Lakhan Singh or any one else would have been. After the shooting of Lakhan Singh

both Banwari and Ram Charan are said to have just proceeded towards t.he south. It was after Bhagwan Singh had been shot dead that they took to their heels.

Ram Charan could not have anticipated a second incident with Bhagwan Singh. There was no reason for their pre-arranging the shooting of Bhagwan Singh. Ram Cha.ran's running away simultaneously with the running away of Banwari after the shooting of Bhagwan Singh could have been motivated by the instinct of saving himself from the villagers who could have thought that he was a party to the various incidents.

Wben Courts could consider his presence in that light, the villagers could have thought on those lines much more easily.

His running away, therefore, is uo indication of his guilty conscience. [twas the result of his anticipating popular reaction. In the circumstances, his possessing an axe at the time was nut for committing any violence against L:.khan Singh or the

Banwari v.

State of Uttar Prad1sh

Raghubar Dau al J.

Bomvari

Stott of Ultar p, adt•h

ll1tlrubar Dayal J.

Ft1-1Ili.

196 SUPREJ\IE COURT REPORTS [1962] SUPP.

other viotims.

He had it with him Eithrr as a matter of courc or for doing the work hP mil!ht have bren doing that day. We are therrfore of the opinion that ltam Charnn had no common intention with Banwari in his acts towards the \'arious victims of tho incident anrl t.hat he has been wrongly convicted.

"\Ve therefore dismiss the appciil of Ranwari and allow the appeal of Ram Cha.ran and acquit the latter of the offonccs he has been convict.id of.

AppP.al pa.rtly allowed.

THE FINE KNITTING CO., LTD. v.

THE IN"DCSTIUAL COURT, BOJ\IBAY

AND OTHEHS

(P. B. GA.H::S-DRAGADKAR, A. K. SARKAR :ind

K. N. WA:S-CHOO, JJ.)

lncfu.<; lrial dispu.tt -lndu,, trial conrern-8plit-Linq up of a. going concern-Hosiery Gonzpany-lnsfa!lalion n.f spinnin!f 1nflchinf', ry -Rrc<;1j11ition of Com[>finy as ho-ier11 und.rf1tkinr1 and t.ipinning undlcrtak:1.q 1v~ sr.para.1p -Vrzlidity -Rrnnba.1J [ntb1stri!tl R•Jation-• Act, 1.94r, (Rom. 1 I of /!147), s. 11.

The. appellant Comparv was incorporated in 1908 and its principal activity then ""as to manufac.turc hosiery.

In 1924 \\'hen tilt' appellant shifted its factor to Ahmcdtbarl it installr:d spinnin~ n1achinr:ry \\ich a view to ensure suitable and e\r.n s111)ply of yarn for its hosiery manufacture. ()riginally, a notifiratior. had hccn isst"d on fay 30, ll39,

under the Bo1nl>ay Industrial l)i.-p11tc Act, l 93n, ,., hereby hosierv concerns , .. rrc includccl in t.hc dcfination of 11Cotton

Tr.xtil~ Tndusrry•·, h11t suhsrqucntly on July 17, t 9:t.1, another

notification vvas issued as a result of which the lloirry manu facture \\'as excluded from thP. (otton 'fcxtile lnd 11stry and it \'•:ls covt"red by a separate notificatinn.

For the purposrs of th~ Ro1n\Jav Industrial Rlations Act, 1916, th~ appellant concc-rn ,.,•as rccognisr<l as an undertaking of th~ hosiery industry by the Rcgiitrar nncler s. 11 of that Act.

Subsequently as a re-;11lt of certain proceedings taken liy the Textile Lobour Association of Ahmedabad, the Registni.r decided