3 S.C.R.

SUPREME COURT REPORTS. 579

INTERNATIONAL CONTRACTORS LTD. v.

PRASANTA KUMAR SUR. (J. L. KAPUR and J. C. SHAH, JJ.)

Sale-Repudiation of contract by vendor---, Suit for specific performance, if lies without formal tender of purchase money.

The appellant purchased the property in dispute from the respondent but soon thereafter there was an agreement for reconveyance of the property to the respondent within a period of two years for almost the same value for which it was sold. The relevant clause of this agreement was as follows:-

"Clause 3-The purchase shall be completed by the purchasers within two years, i.e., to say on or be lure the roth day of February, 1943, time being the essence of the contract. If the purchasers shall on or before the IOth day of February, 1943, pay to the vendor a sum of Rs. 10,001 the vendor shall at the cost of the purchasers execute such conveyance as may be necessary for conveying and transferring its right, title and interest in the said property free from encumbrances, if any, created by it."

Before the expiry of the stipulated period the respondent entered into correspondence with the appellant asking for the completion of the agreed reconveyance and irttimatingthatthe purchase money was ready to be paid; but after some correspondence the appellant's solicitors totally repudiated the agreement for reconveyance. The respondent did not then tender the price agreed to be paid and filed a suit for specific performance which was dismissed by the trial court on the ground that the respondent had not paid the money. The High Court decreed the suit.

Held, that as the appellant had totally repudiated the contract for reconveyance and had failed to perform his part of the contract it was open to the respondent to sue for its enforcement and the High Court was right in holding that the respondent was entitled to a decree for specific performance.

In a case of total repudiation ot"the agreement for sale it was useless to make a formal tender of the purchase money.

Hunter v. Daniel (1845) 4 Hare 420, andChalikani v. Zamindar of Tuni and Others (1922) L.R. 50 I.A. 41, followed . .

Ismail Bhai Rahim v. Adam Osman I:L.R. [1938) 2 Cal. 337, distinguished

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 205of1956.

Appeal from the judgment a.nd decree dated May 26, 1954, of the Calcutta High Court in Appeal from Original Decree No. 127 of 1950. ·

January 25.

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SUPRE~IE COURT REPORTS - [1961] \" '' . -. -. ·. \ ' '. .

'9~' -n. N. Mukherjee, for the a.ppella.nts •. ....

Jnter•atio•al '\ . N. C. ChlJtterjee a.nd R. R. Biswas, for respondents Confra<tors Ltd. 'Nos. l(a.) a.nd 2. • •

v. ' - \ p,., •• ,. Kumar

1961. Ja.nua.ry 25. The_Judg!llent of the Court was

Kapur].

delivered by , __ . _

- KAl'UR, J.-This is a.n a.ppea.l a.ga.inst the i"udgment and decree of the High Court of Judicature a.t Calcutta..

The a.ppella.nt wa.s the defendant in the suit out of which this a.ppel has a.risen a.nd respondent No: I was -the plaintiff,· a.nd the second respondent wa.s a. proforma. defendant. The facts 'of this ca.se a.re these:

On Febrria.ry' 4, 1941, the_ respondent sold the pro. perty in dispute to the appellant for a. sum o_f_J;!.s •. 10,000. __ j On February IO, 1941, there-. was a.n a.greement':J0r, '" _; reconveya.nce wihin a. period up to February .10; ,;:· -· ·.

1943, for a. sum of Rs; 10,001. The relevant clause of this agreement was the third clause which was a.s follows:- - - . -

- - " Clausi 3.-The purchase sha.11 be completed by the purchasers within two ye_ars, i.e., to say on or before the 10th da.y of February, 1943, time being the essence of the contra.ct; If the purchasers sha.11 on or before the 10th da.y of Februa.ry, 1943, pa.y to . the vendor a sum of Rs. 10,001 the vendor sha.11 a.t the cost of the purchasers execute such conveyance a.s ma.y be.necessary for conveying a.nd transferring its right, title a.nd interest in the sa.id property free from encum'bra.nces, if a.ny, created by it." On November 26, 1942, the solicit<Jt"for respondent

-- No. 1 wrote a. letter to the a.ppella.nt s.tating that that _respondent wa.s rea.dy. a.nd willing to ha.ve the pur. _ chase, completed_ a.s early as. possible on payment of __ -Rs. IQ; OOl •. Along with that letter a draft conveyance was sent fora.ppto'val but a.II this was subject to the result of a. search a.s to the encumbra.'lces, if any; : .created by the appellant. On November 30,1942, the . solicitors for the a.ppella.nt company wrote back saying - -

; tha.t immediate a.rra.ngements should be ma.de for giving inspection of the_ agreei:nerit of sa.le on which the respondents were relying a.s the a.ppella.nt wa.s utia.ble to trace the copy of the said agreement from its record.

Again on December 11, 1942, the respondent's solicitor sent a letter stating: International "My client is very eager to complete the purchase Co1t1ractors Ltd. and the full consideration money therefore is lying v. idle in his hands awaiting the return of the relative Prasanta Kuma. draft conveyance as approved by you on your Sur clients' behalf." To this the reply of the appellant's solicitors dated December 18, 1942, was:-

"Our clients deny that there was any concluded or valid agree:nent for sa.le with your client or with any other person in respect of the above premises." On June 10, 1943, respondent No. l filed a suit for specific performance and in the alternative for redemption on the footing that the transaction was in reality a mortgage.

The trial court dismissed the suit on May 16, 1950, holding that the transaction on the basis of which the suit was brought was not a mortgage but was out and out sale with an agreement for repurchase and as the vendor had not pa.id the money " punctually according to the terms of the contract, the right to repurchase was lost and could not be specifically enforced", and the court had no power to afford any relief against forfeiture of this breach. The plaintiff-respondent took an appeal to . the High Court and it was there held that the failure on the part of the respondents to actually tender the amount of the consideration does not bar a suit for specific performance because after the repudiation of the contract by the appellant, the tender would have been a useless formality. The appeal was therefore allowed and the suit for specific performance decreed.

It is against this judgment and decree that the a.ppeJ. !ant has come in appeal to this Court.

The correspondence which has been proved in this case shows that when the respondent's solicitor called upon the appellant to reconvey thf property in dispute to the respondent and also sent a draft conveyance, the appellant denied that there was any concluded or valid agreement for sale in respect of the prop!)rty in dispute. This was a complete repudiation of the contra.ct to reoonvey which the

Kapu• ].

• x96x appellant had agreed to by cl. 3 of the agreement

I I I. 1 which has been set out above. As the appellant had n erna iona , . c ontiactors Ltd. repudiated the contract and had thus failed to carry ·

v. out his part of the contract it was open to the respond.

Prasanta Kumar ent to sue for its enforcement. But it was argued on

Sur behalf of the appellant that the respondent did not

Kapur]. tender the price, i.e., Rs. 10,001 nor was be in a position to do so and in that view of the matter the respondent is not entitled to get a decree for specific performance.

In cases of this kind no question of formal tender of the amount to be paid arises and the question to be decided is not whether any money was within the power of the respondent but whether the appellant definitely and unequivocally, refused to carry out his part of the contract and intimated that money will be refused if tendered. The principle laid down in Hunter v. Daniel (1) is applicable to cases of this kind.

In that case Wigram, V. C., stated the position as follows:-

" The practice of the Courts is not to require a party to make a formal tender whare from the facts stated in the Bill or from the evidence it appears the teder would have been a mere form and that the party to whom it was made would have refused to accept the money." Lord Buckmaster in Ohalikani Venkatarayanim v.

Zamindar of Tuni (')accepted this statement of the law and observed:-

"Their Lordships think that that is a true and accurate expression of the law, and the question therefore is whether the answer that was sent on behalf of the mortgagee amounted to a clear refusal to accept the money." This principle applies to the facts of the present case also and the question is whether the answer sent on behalf of the appellant amounted toan unequivocal refusal to carry out its part of the contract which in our opinion it was.

It was next contended that the offer made by a solicitor is not a proper offer in law and therefore when

(1) (1845) 4 Hare 420: 67 E.R. 712-

(2) (1Q2') L.R. 50 I.A. 41, 47.

the solicitor for the respondent called upon the appellant to execute the documents they were not bound to do so. We are unable to accord our assent to this proposition. The case upon which the Counsel for the appellant relied, i.e., Ismail Bhai Rahim v. Adam Osman (1), in our opinion has no application to the facts and circumstances of this case. It was held in that case that the offer made by a promisor through a solicitor to pay a debt with interest thereon at the date of the offer does not of itself afford a reasonable opportunity to the. promisee of ascertaining that the promisor is able and willing to perform his promise.

Unless there is something peculiar in the circumstances of that case that case does not lay down good law. It is difficult to see why a tender made through a solicitor who is for that purpose an agent, is not a proper tender.

In our opinion the High Court rightly .held that the respondents were entitled to a decree for specific performance and we therefore dismiss this appeal with costs.

Appeal dismissed.

STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH

AHMAD ULLAH.

(A. K. SARKAR and N. RAJAGOPALA AYYANGAR, JJ.)

Murder-Plea of unsoundness of mind-Crucial time-Acquittal -High Court's refusal to reverse, if justifiable-Indian Penal Code, ss. 84, 3oz.

The High Court affirmed an order of acquittal of the respondent on a charge of murder under s. 302 of the Indian Penal Code passed by the Sessions Judge on the ground that the accused was of unsound mind. The prosecution case was that the accused committed the murder of his mother-in-law against whom he had borne ill-will, by severing her head from her body while she was asleep at dead of mght. He made" confession of the crime but a plea of insanity was taken at the trial. On appeal with special leave by the State : H dd, that the crucial point of time at which unsoundness of mind should be established is the time when the crime jg actually

(1) I.L.R. [1938] 2 Cal. 337. 75

I96I

lnlef'national Contractors Ltd.

Prasanta Kum at

Sur

Kapur J.

z96z