Amjad Khan v.

The State.

Boil /,

Feb. 27.

SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1952]

on the doors were not the isolated acts of a few scattered individuals. It was the mob that was doing it .and in the High Court's words,

"The very fact that in the town of Katni two shots should have struck four Sindhis and none else shows that the rival community was on the move in that area."

In our opinion, the appellant did not use than was necessary. Indeed, the firing, acting as a deterrent, spurred them on ransacked and looted the place.

more force far from and they

We have confined our attention to the right of private defence of the person though in this case the question about the defence of property happens to be bound up with it.

The appeal is allowed. The convictions and sentences are set aside and the appellant will be released.

Agent for the appellant: 0. P. Verma.

Agent for the respondent: P. A. Mehta.

MOHAMMAD YASIN

THE TOWN AREA COMMITTEE,

JALALABAD AND ANOTHER.

[PATANJALI SASTRI C.J., MEHR CHAND MAHAJAN, MUKHERJEE, DAs and

CHANDRASEKHARA AIYAR JJ. )

Constitution of India. 1950, Arts. 19(l)(g), 32-U. P. Municipalities Act, 1916, ss. 293(1), 298(2) (g)(d)-Municipal byc-laws- Bye-law imposing fee for carrying on wholesale trade in vegetables and fruits within municipal area-Validity-Restraint on fundamental right to carry on trade-Licence and tqx, difference.

There is a difference between a tax like the income-tax and a licence fee for carrying on an occupation, trade or business.

A licence fee on a business not only takes away the property of the licensee but also operates as a restriction on his fundamental

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f '

...

right to carry on his business.· Therefore if the imposition of a 19'2: licence fee is without authority of law it can be challenged by way of an application under Art., 32.

Mohammal

Yasin Under Art. 19(1)(g) of the Constitution a citizen has the right v. to carry on any occupation, trade or business and the only The Town Area restriction on this unfettered right is the authority of the State Committtl!, to make a law relating to the carrying on of such occupation, /alalabad trade or business as mentioned in cl. ( 6) of that article as mendand AntlJer, ed by the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951. If therefore a licence fee imposed for carrying on an occupation, trade or business cannot be justified on the basis of any valid law, no question of its reasonableness can arise, for an illegal impost must at all times be an unreasonable restriction and will necessarily infringe the right of the citizen to carry on his occupation, trade or business under Art. 19( 1) (g), and such infringement can properly be made the subject matter of a challenge under Art. 32 of the Constitution.

Bye-law No. 1 of the Bye-laws of the Town Area Committee of Jalalabad (in the United Provinces) provided that no person shall sell or purchase any vegetables or fruit within the prescribed limits of the Town Area Committee by wholesale or auction, without paying the fees fixed by these bye-laws to the licensee appointed by the Town Magistrate.

Bye-law No. 4(b) provided that any person can sell in wholesale at any place in the town area provided he pays the prescribed fees to the licensee.

A person who had been carrying on the business of wholesale dealer in vegetables and fruits in his own shop at Jalalabad for a period e>f seven years applied for protection under Art. 32 contending tl\.at these bye-laws infringed his fundamental right to carry on his trade guaranteed by Art. 19( I) (g) and were therefore void.

Held, thats. 293(1) and s. 298(2) (J) (d) of the U. P. Municipalities Act, 1916, as amended at the time they were extended to the town areas in the United Provinces did not empower the Town Area Committee to make any bye-law authorising it to charge any fees otherwise than. for the use and occupation of any property vested in or entrusted to the management of the Town Area Committee including any public street.

The bye-laws in question which imposed a charge on the wholesale dealer in the shape of the prescribed fee, irrespective of any use or occupation by him of immovable property vested in or entrusted to the management of the Town Are; t Committee inch; ding any public street, are obviously ultra vires the powers of the Committee and, therefore, the bye-laws cannot be said to constitute a valid law which alone may, under Art. 19( 6) of the Constitution, impose ai restriction on the right , conferred by Art. 19(1) (g). In the absence of any valid law authorising it, such illegal imposition must undoubtedly operate as an illegal restraint and must

ifringe the unfettered right of the wholesale dealer to carry oIJ& ., .

Mohammad

his occupation, trade or hu!; iness which is guaranteed to him by Art. 19 (1) (g) of our Constitution.

Yasin Kairana case [1950] S.C.R. 566 and Ramji Lal v. !ncome-ta1t v.

Officer, Mohindargarh [ 1951] S.C.R. 127 distinguished.

The Town Ar<a ..

Committee

ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Petition No. 132 of 1951. /a/a/abad' Petition under Art. 32 of the Constitution for a writ •nd Anoth<r, in the nature of mandamus. The material facts are

Das/. set out in the judgment.

Nuruddin Ahmad for the petitioner.

K. N. Aggarwal for .the respondents.

1952. February 27; The Judgment of the Court - was delivered by

DAs J.-This i& an application under article 32 of the Constitution made by Mohammad Yasin for the protection of his fundamental right of carrying on his business which, according to him, is being infringed by the respondent.

The case sought to be made out in the petition may be shortly stated as follows:- The petitioner is a whole11ale dealer in fresh vegetables and fruits at 1alalabad in the district of Muzaffarnagar in the State of Uttar Pradesh and claims to have been carrying on such business for the last 7 years or so at his shop situated in the town of

Jalalabad. The vegetable and fruit growers used to bring their goods to the town and get them auctioned through any of , the vegetable dealers of their choice ' who used to charge one anna in the rupee as and by way of commission.

The respondent Committee which is a Town Area Committee has framed certain bye-laws under which all right and power to levy oc collect commission on sale or purchase of vegetables and fruits within the limits of the town vt in the respondent Committee or any other agency appointed by the Committee and no one except the respondent Committee is authorised to deal in wholesale vegetables and fruits and collect the commission thereof in any place and in any event. The respondent committee has by auction given the contract for sale of

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vegetables and fruits and for collecting the commis- -sion for the current year to the respondent Bishambcr who, it is alleged, has never dealt in vegetables and fruits. The respondent Committee has not set up any market nor has it framed any bye-laws for issue of licences to the vegetable and fruit merchants. The bye-laws also provide for prosecution for the breach of

any of the provisions of these bye-laws.

Although, in ierms, there is no absolute prohibition against carrying on business as wholesale dealer in vegetables and fruits, the result of the bye-laws requiring the wholesale dealers to pay the prescribed fee of one anna in the rupee to the contractor who holds the monopoly is, in effect, to bring about a total prohibition of the business of the wholesale dealers in vegetables and 'fruits. The petitioner contends that by granting a monopoly of the right to do wholesale business in vegetables and friuts to the respondent Bishambcr the . .respondent Committee has in effect totally prevented the petitioner from carrying on his business and has 'thereby infringed his fundamental right under article 19(1) (g) of the Constitution.

In the alternative, .the petitioner contends that the respondent Committee has no legal authority to impose a tax of the kind it has sought to do, that the imposition of a tax calculated at one anna in the rupee is in the nature .of a sale-tax and cannot be regarded as a licence fee . and such unauthorised impost constitutes an illegal res-

.traint on his fundamental right under article 19 (1) (g).

The notice of motion has been served Oil the rea- pondent Committee as welll as on respondent Bish- .amber.

The respondents have entered appearance and filed an affidavit in opposition to the present :application affirmed by their agent on record.

Paragraph 4 of that affidavit is as follows:-

"4. Paragraphs 4, 5, 6 and 7 of the petition arc wrong and misleading and do not convey the correct l<lea. If the bye-laws are read from beginning to end, <the correct position is that the Town Aiea. Committee !has lawfully impooed certain taxes on the purchase

Mohammad

Yasin

The Town Are11

Committee,

/11Wabatl 11nd Another.

Das /.

Mohammad

YaSin

The Town Area Committee, falalabad and Another.

Das J.

and sale of fruits and vegetables within the ambit of the Town Area; and instead of collecting the aforesaid taxes departmentally the Committee finds it more convenient and less expensive to auction the 'right to collect the taxes' and give the contract to the highest bidder or whomsoever it thinks fit and proper. There is absolutely no restriction on anybody who wants to purchase or anybody who wants to ell; only he must pay the prescribed tax to the Town Area Committee through the Contractor.

The market is open, and writ large throughout the territory of the Town Area Committee and anybody can purchase from anybody and anybody can sell to anybody, without any control or intervention by the Contractor, whose position is simply that of a taxcollector on behalf of the Town Area Committee. Instead of getting the pay, he gets the profits, if any, and runs the risk of incurring losses if his gross realisations are less than what he paid. This is clearly the position, and it is submitted, there is nothing wrong with it legally and no interference of the petitioner's rights.'"

The petitioner has to his petition annexed copies of a set of bye-laws dated June 24, 1942, and a copy of a resolution of the respondent Committee dated March 16, 1950, recommending the addition of several bye-laws to the previous bye-laws. At the hearing . of the petition before us it was agreed by and between counsel on both sides that the petition has to be disposed of on the basis of the bye-laws of 1942 only and learned counsel for the respondent Committee has. produced the original bye-laws of 1942 before us ..

Bye-law 1 only provides that no person shall sell or- . purchase any vegetable or fruit within the prescribed

limits of the Town Area Committee, Jalalabad, by wholesale or auction, without paying the fee fixed under , the51e lie-Laws to the li, censee appointed by the Town Magistrate. Bye-law 4 (b) expressly provides that any person can sell in wholesale at any place in the Town Area provided he pays the prescribed fees. to the licensee. It is, therefore, clear that these bye-- laws do not, in terms, prohibit anybody from dealing~ . in veget!ables and fruits as alleged by the petitioner:

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and in this respect they materially differ from the bye-laws which this Court had to consider in the Kairana case(1) which consequently does not govern this case.

Learned counsel, however, contends-and we think with considerable force and cogency-that although, in form, there is no prohibition against carrying on any wholesale business by anybody, in effect and in substance the bye-laws have brought about a total stoppage of the wholesale dealers' business in a commercial sense.

The wholesale dealers, who will have to pay the prescribed fee , to the contractor appointed by auction, will necessarily have to charge the growers of vegetables and fruits something over and above the prescribed fee so as to keep a margin of profit for themselves but in such circumstances no grower of vegetables and fruits will have his produce sold to or auctioned by the wholesale dealers at a higher rate of commission but all of them will flock to the contractor who will only charge them the prescribed commission. On the other hand, if the wholesale dealers charge the growers of vegetables and fruits only the commission prescribed by the bye-laws they will have to make over the whole of it to the contractor without keeping any profit themselves. In other words, the wholesale dealers will be converted into mere tax collectors for the contractor or the rpondent Committee without any remuneration from either of them.

In effect, therefore, the bye-laws, it is said, have brought about a total prohibition of the business of the wholesale dealers in a commercial sense and from a p_ractical point of view. We are not of opinion that this contention is unsound or untenable.

Learned counsel for the petitioner, however, does not leave the matter there. He goes further and urges that the respondent Comm~tee has no legaL authority to impose this fee of one anna in the rupee on the value of goods sold or auctioned and that such imposition is in the nature of a sale tax rather than a licence fee.

(') {1950] S.C.R. 566.

Mohammad Yasin v.

The Town Ared

Committee, /alalabad and Another.

Das/.

Mohammad

Yasin

v. 0'1.'he Town Area

Committee,

falalabad end Another.

Das./.

Learned counsel for the respondent in reply takes a preliminary objection to this line of argument. He points out that as the levying of a tax without authority of law is specifically prohibited under article 265 of the Constitution, article 31(1) must be construed as referring to deprivation of property otherwise than by levying of a tax and that levying of a tax in contravention of article 265 does not amount to a breach of a fundamental right. He contends, on the authority of 'the decision of this Court in Ramjilal v. Income-tax

Officer, Mohindargarh('), that while an illegal imposition of tax may be challenged in a properly constituted suit, it cannot be questioned by an application under article 32. This argument overlooks the difference between a tax like the income-tax and a licence tee for carrying on a business. A licence fee on a business not only takes away the property of the licensee but also operates as a restriction on his right to carry on his business, for without payment of such fee the business cannot be carried on at all. This aspect of the matter was not Ta\ised or oonsidered in the case relied on by the learned counsel, and that case, , therefore, has no application to .the facts of this case.

Under article 19(1) (g) the citizen has the right to carry on any occupation, trade or business which right under that clause is apparently to be unfettered. The only restriction to this unfettered right is the authority of the State to make a law relating to the carrying on of such occupation, trade or business as mentioned in clause ( 6) of that

article :as amended by the Consttuon (Fi.t\st Amendment) Act, 1951. If therefore, the licence fee cannot be justified on the basis of any valid law no question of its reasonableness can arise, for an illegal impost must at all times be an unreasonable restriction and will necessarily infringe the right of the citizen to carry on his occupation, trade or business under article 19

(1) (g) and such infringement can properly be made the subject-matter of a challenge under article 32 of the Constitution.

(1) [1951] S.C.R. 127

. .,

Learned counsd for the respondents then refers. us 1952

Mohammaa:

Yasin

to the U.P. Town Areas Act (No. II of 1914) which governs the respondent Committee.

Section 14 of this Act requires the Committee to annually determine and report to the District Magtrate the amount required to be raised in any town area for the purposes

The Town Are1i

Committee, /alalabad of this Act and provides that the amount so determined shall be raised by the imposition of a taX to be assessed on the occupiers of houses or lands within the limits of the town area according either to their

general circumstances or to the annual rental value of the houses or lands so occupied by them as the Committee may determine. There were, at the time when the bye-laws of the respondent Committee were framed, five provisps to this section none of which authorised the imposition of any tax on any business and, therefore, they have no bearing on the question now under consideration. Learned counsel for the respondents, however, draws our attention to section 38 of the Act which authorises the Provincial Government by notification in the Official Gazette to extend to all or any or any part of any town area any enactment for the time being in force in any municipality in.

the United Provinces and to declare its extension to. be ubject to such restria11ions and modifications, if any, as it thinks fit. Then he proceeds to draw oiir attention to Notification No. 397/XI-871-E, dated the 6th February, 1929, whereby in supersession of all

previous notifica, tions, the Provincial Government, in exercise of the powers conferred by section 38(1) of the

United Provinces Town Areas Act, 1914, extended the provisions of sections 293(1) and 298(2) (J) (d) of the

United Provinces Municipalities Act (II of 1916) to, all the town area in the United Provinces. in the modified form set forth therein. The original bye-laws produced by learned counsel purport, however, to,

have been framed by the respondent Committee under

sections 298 (2) (F) (a) and 294 of the United Provinces Municipalities Act (II of 1916). We have not been referred to any notification whereby: section 2941

ond Another •.

Das/.

Mohammad Yasin v.

The Town At-ea

Committee,

/alalabad , and Another.

])as].

of the United Provinces Municipalities Act was extended to the respondent Committee. It appears, however, that the bye-laws of the respondent Committee were revised in September 1942 and were then said to have en made under section 298 (2) (J) (d). It will have, therefore, to be seen whether these bye-laws come within the purview of section 298 (2) (J) ( d) as modified in their application to the respondent Committee.

It_}:\'ill be noticed that under section 298 (2) (J) ( d) as modified as aforesaid the respondent Committee is authorised only to make bye-laws fixing any charges or fees or any scale of charges or fees to be paid under section 293(1) and prescribing the .times at which such charges -0r fees shall be payable and designating the persons authorised to receive payment thereof. Section 293 ( 1 ), as modified, authorises the respondent Committee to charge fees to be fixed by bye-laws or by public auction or by agreement for the use or occupation ( etherwise than under a lease) of any immovable property vested in, or entrusted to the management -0f the T-0wn Area Committee, including any public street or place of which it allows the use or occupation whether by allowing a projection thereon or otherwise. Bye-law 1 of the respondent Committee to which a reference has already been made forbids a person from 1using any land within the limits of the town area for the sale or purchase of fruits and vegetables without -paying the prescribed fee.

Bye-law 4 (b), however, allows any person to sell in wholesale at any place in the town area, provided he pay~ the prescribed fees to the licensee. Th'8C bye-laws do not purport to fix a fee for the use or occupation of any immovable pr<> perty vested in or entrusted to the management of the Town Area Committee including any public street -0r place of which it allows the use or occupation whether by allowing a projection thereon or otherwise . . Sections 293(1) and 298(2) (J) (d) of the United Province ~Ml!lnicipalities Act, 1916, as amended at the time they .were extended to the town areas in the United Provinces do not empower the Town Area Committet .t::> make any bye-law authorising it to

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'charge any fees otherwise than for the use or occupation of any property vested in or entrusted to the management of the Town Area Committee including .any public street. Therefore, the bye-laws prima facie go much beyond the powers conferred on the respondent Committee by the sections mentioned above and the petitioner complains agairu, t the enforcement of these bye-laws against him as he carries on business in his own shop and not in or on any immoveable property vested in the Town Area Committee or entrusted to their management. Learned counsel for the respondent Committee, however, urges that the growers of vegetables and fruits come on foot or in carts or on horses along the public street and stand outside the petitioner's shop and for such use of the public street the respondent Committee is well within its powers to charge the fees. From the way the case was formulated by the learned counsel, it is quite clear that if anybody uses the public street it is the growers of vegetables and fruits who come to the petitioner's shop to get their produce auctioned by the petitioner and the petitioner cannot be charged with fees for use of the public street by those persons.

In our opinion, the bye-laws which imp~ a charge on the wholesale dealer in the shape of the prescribed fee, irrespective of any use or oc.cupation by him of immoveable property vested in or entrusted to the management of the Town Area Committee including

any; public street, are obviously ultra vires the powers of the respondent Committee and, therefore, the bye-

Iaws cannot be said to constitute a valid law which alone may, under article 19(16) of the Constitution,

ime a restriction on the right conferred by article 19(1) (g). In the absence of any valid law authorising it, such illegal imposition must undoubtedly operate as an illegal restraint and must infringe the unfettered right of the wholesale dealer to carry on his occupation, trade or business which is guaranteed to him by article 19(1) (g) of our Constitution.

A{ohammad

Yasin

The Town Arca

Committee,

Jalalabad and Another.

Das/.

Mollammtul

Yasin

The To""' Area

Committee.

/altdtlbail

v .. 1.

In this view of the matter the petitioner is entitled, to a suitable order for protection of his fundamental right. The prayer in the petition, however, has been, expressed in language much too wide and cannot be granted in that form. The proper order would be to direct the respondent Committee not to prohibit the petitioner from carrying on the business of a wholesale dealer in vegetables and fruits within the limits of the Jalalabad Town Area Committee until proper and valid bye-laws are framed and tl1ereafter except in accordance with a licence to be obtained by the petitioner under the b)ie-laws to be so framed. The . respondent Committee will pay tlie costs of thj.g application to the petitioner.

Agent for the petitioner: Nan nit Lal.

Agent for the respondent: P. C. Aggarwal-

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GIPN-S3--6 S.C. India/71-12-10-72-700.